document_title: Commonwealth Games

question_text: when did india host the commonwealth games for the first time

question_tokens: when did india host the commonwealth games for the first time

text: Commonwealth Games

text: History of the Games[edit]

text: A sporting competition bringing together the members of the British Empire was first proposed by John Astley Cooper in 1900, when he wrote an article in The Times suggesting a "Pan-Britannic-Pan-Anglican Contest and Festival every four years as a means of increasing goodwill and good understanding of the British Empire". John Astley Cooper Committees were formed worldwide (e.g. Australia) and helped Pierre de Coubertin to get his international Olympic Games off the ground.[8] In 1911, the Festival of the Empire was held at The Crystal Palace in London to celebrate the coronation of George V. As part of the Festival of the Empire, an Inter-Empire Championships were held in which teams from Australia, Canada, South Africa, and the United Kingdom competed in athletics, boxing, wrestling and swimming events.

text: Canada won the championships and was gifted a silver cup which was 2 feet 6 inch high and weighed 340 oz (9.6 kg). It was gifted by Lord Lonsdale. However, the 1911 championships were followed by the first world war which happened from 1914 to 1918. The organisers had lost hopes of hosting such sporting events for the empire athletes.

text: Melville Marks Robinson, who went to the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam to serve as the manager of the Canadian track and field team, strongly lobbied for the proposal of organising the first British Empire Games in Hamilton in 1930.

text: Editions of the Games[edit]

text: During the 20th century[edit]

text: British Empire Games[edit]

text: The 1930 British Empire Games were the first of what later become known as the Commonwealth Games, and were held in Hamilton, in the province of Ontario in Canada from August 16–23, 1930.

text: Eleven countries sent a total of 400 athletes to the Hamilton Games. The opening and closing ceremonies as well as athletics took place at Civic Stadium. The participant nations were Australia, Bermuda, British Guyana, Canada, England, Northern Ireland, Newfoundland, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa and Wales. The Hamilton Games featured six sports: athletics, boxing, lawn bowls, rowing, swimming and diving and wrestling and ran at a cost of $97,973. Women competed in only the aquatic events.[9] Canadian triple jumper Gordon Smallacombe won the first ever gold medal in the history of the Games.[3]

text: The 1934 British Empire Games were the second of what is now known as the Commonwealth Games, held in London, England. The host city was London, with the main venue at Wembley Park, although the track cycling events were in Manchester. The 1934 Games had originally been awarded to Johannesburg, but were given to London instead because of serious concerns about prejudice against black and Asian athletes in South Africa.  Seventeen national teams took part, including the Irish Free State (the only Games in which they did take part) and new participants Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Southern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago.[10]

text: The 1938 British Empire Games were the third British Empire Games, which were held in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. They were timed to coincide with Sydney's sesqui-centenary (150 years since the foundation of British settlement in Australia). Held in the southern hemisphere for the first time, the III Games opening ceremony took place at the famed Sydney Cricket Ground in front of 40,000 spectators. Fifteen nations participated down under at the Sydney Games involving a total of 464 athletes and 43 officials. Fiji and Ceylon made their debuts. Seven sports were featured in the Sydney Games – athletics, boxing, cycling, lawn bowls, rowing, swimming and diving and wrestling.[11]

text: The 1950 British Empire Games were the fourth edition and was held in Auckland, New Zealand after a 12-year gap from the third edition of the games. The fourth games were originally awarded to Montreal, Canada and were to be held in 1942 but were cancelled due to the Second World War. The opening ceremony at Eden Park was attended by 40,000 spectators, while nearly 250,000 people attended the Auckland Games. Twelve countries sent a total of 590 athletes to Auckland. Malaya and Nigeria made their first appearances.[12]

text: British Empire and Commonwealth Games[edit]

text: The fifth edition of the games, the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, were held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. These were the first games since the name change from British Empire Games took effect in 1952. The fifth edition of the Games placed Vancouver on a world stage and featured memorable sporting moments as well as outstanding entertainment, technical innovation and cultural events. The ‘Miracle Mile’, as it became known, saw both the gold medallist, Roger Bannister of England and silver medallist John Landy of Australia, run sub-four minute races in an event that was televised live across the world for the first time. Northern Rhodesia and Pakistan made their debuts and both performed well, winning eight and six medals respectively.[13]

text: The 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games were held in Cardiff, Wales. The sixth edition of the games marked the largest sporting event ever held in Wales and it was the smallest country ever to host a British Empire and Commonwealth Games. Cardiff had to wait 12 years longer than originally scheduled to become host of the Games, as the 1946 event was cancelled because of the Second World War. The Cardiff Games introduced the Queen's Baton Relay, which has been conducted as a prelude to every British Empire and Commonwealth Games ever since. Thirty-five nations sent a total of 1,122 athletes and 228 officials to the Cardiff Games and 23 countries and dependencies won medals, including for the first time, Singapore, Ghana, Kenya and the Isle of Man.[14]

text: The 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games were held in Perth, Western Australia, Australia. Thirty-five countries sent a total of 863 athletes and 178 officials to Perth. Jersey was among the medal winners for the first time, while British Honduras, Dominica, Papua and New Guinea and St Lucia all made their inaugural Games appearances. Aden also competed by special invitation. Sarawak, North Borneo and Malaya competed for the last time before taking part in 1966 under the Malaysian flag. In addition, Rhodesia and Nyasaland competed in the Games as an entity for the first and only time.[15]

text: The 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games were held in Kingston, Jamaica. This was the first time that the Games had been held outside the so-called White Dominions. Thirty-four nations (including South Arabia) competed in the Kingston Games sending a total of 1,316 athletes and officials.[16]

text: British Commonwealth Games[edit]

text: The 1970 British Commonwealth Games were held in Edinburgh, Scotland. This was the first time the name British Commonwealth Games was adopted, the first time metric units rather than imperial units were used in events,  the first time the games were held in Scotland and also the first time that HM Queen Elizabeth II attended in her capacity as Head of the Commonwealth.[17]

text: The 1974 British Commonwealth Games were held in Christchurch, New Zealand. The Games were officially named "the friendly games". Following the massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics, the tenth games at Christchurch were the first multi-sport event to place the safety of participants and spectators as its uppermost requirement. Security guards surrounded the athlete’s village and there was an exceptionally high-profile police presence. Only 22 countries succeeded in winning medals from the total haul of 374 medals on offer, but first time winners included Western Samoa, Lesotho and Swaziland.[18]

text: Commonwealth Games[edit]

text: The 1978 Commonwealth Games were held in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. This event was the first to bear the current day name of the Commonwealth Games and also marked a new high as almost 1,500 athletes from 46 countries took part. They were boycotted by Nigeria in protest of New Zealand's sporting contacts with apartheid-era South Africa, as well as by Uganda in protest of alleged Canadian hostility towards the government of Idi Amin.[19][20]

text: The 1982 Commonwealth Games were held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Forty-six nations participated in the Brisbane Games with a new record total of 1,583 athletes and 571 officials. As hosts, Australia headed the medal table leading the way ahead of England, Canada, Scotland and New Zealand respectively. Zimbabwe made its first appearance at the Games, having earlier competed as Southern Rhodesia and as part of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.[21]

text: The 1986 Commonwealth Games were held in Edinburgh, Scotland and were the second Games to be held in Edinburgh. Participation at the 1986 Games was affected by a boycott by 32 African, Asian and Caribbean nations in protest of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's refusal to condemn sporting contacts of apartheid era South Africa in 1985, but the Games rebounded and continued to grow thereafter. Twenty-six nations did attend the second Edinburgh Games and sent a total of 1,662 athletes and 461 officials.[22]

text: The 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Auckland, New Zealand. It was the fourteenth Commonwealth Games, the third to be hosted by New Zealand and Auckland’s second. A new record of 55 nations participated in the second Auckland Games sending 2,826 athletes and officials.[23] Pakistan returned to the Commonwealth in 1989 after withdrawing in 1972, and competed in the 1990 Games after an absence of twenty years.[24]

text: The 1994 Commonwealth Games were held in Victoria, British Columbia, the fourth to take place in Canada. The games marked South Africa's return to the Commonwealth Games following the apartheid era, and over 30 years since the country last competed in the Games in 1958. Namibia made its Commonwealth Games debut. It was also Hong Kong's last appearance at the games before the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China. Sixty-three nations sent 2,557 athletes and 914 officials.[25]

text: The 1998 Commonwealth Games were held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. For the first time in its 68-year history, the Commonwealth Games were held in Asia. The sixteenth games were also the first Games to feature team sports - an overwhelming success that added large numbers to both participant and TV audience numbers. A new record of 70 countries sent a total of 5,065 athletes and officials to the Kuala Lumpur Games. The top five countries in the medal standing were Australia, England, Canada, Malaysia and South Africa. Nauru also achieved an impressive haul of three gold medals. Cameroon, Mozambique and Kiribati debuted.[26]

text: During the 21st century[edit]

text: The 2002 Commonwealth Games were held in Manchester, England. The 2002 Games were to be hosted in England to coincide with the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II, head of the Commonwealth. In terms of sports and events, the 2002 Games were until the 2010 edition the largest Commonwealth Games in history featuring 281 events across 17 sports. The final medal tally was led by Australia, followed by host England and Canada. The 2002 Commonwealth Games had set a new benchmark for hosting the Commonwealth Games and for cities wishing to bid for them with a heavy emphasis on legacy.[27]

text: The 2006 Commonwealth Games were held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The only difference between the 2006 games and the 2002 games was the absence of Zimbabwe, which withdrew from the Commonwealth of Nations. For the first time in the history of the Games the Queen's Baton visited every single Commonwealth nation and territory taking part in the Games, a journey of 180,000 km (112,500 miles). Over 4000 athletes took part in the sporting competitions. Again the Top 3 on the medal table is Australia, followed by England and Canada.[28]

text: The 2010 Commonwealth Games were held in Delhi, India. The Games cost $11 billion and are the most expensive Commonwealth Games ever. It was the first time that the Commonwealth Games were held in India,also the first time that a Commonwealth Republic hosted the games and the second time they were held in Asia after Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 1998. A total of 6,081 athletes from 71 Commonwealth nations and dependencies competed in 21 sports and 272 events. The final medal tally was led by Australia. The host nation India achieved its best performance ever in any sporting event, finishing second overall.[29] Rwanda made its Games debut.[30]

text: The 2014 Commonwealth Games were held in Glasgow, Scotland. It was the largest multi-sport event ever held in Scotland with around 4,950 athletes from 71 different nations and territories competing in 18 different sports, outranking the 1970 and 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, capital city of Scotland. Usain Bolt competed in the 4×100 metres relay of the 2014 Commonwealth Games and set a Commonwealth Games record with his teammates.[31] The Games received acclaim for their organisation, attendance, and the public enthusiasm of the people of Scotland, with Commonwealth Games Federation chief executive Mike Hooper hailing them as "the standout games in the history of the movement".[32]

text: The 2018 Commonwealth Games were held in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, the fifth time Australia hosted the Games. There were an equal number of events for men and women, the first time in history that a major multi-sport event had equality in terms of events.[33][34]

text: The 2022 Commonwealth Games will be held in Birmingham, England. They will be the third Commonwealth Games to be hosted in England following London 1934 and Manchester 2002.[35]

text: The three nations to have hosted the Commonwealth Games the most times are Australia (5), Canada (4) and New Zealand (3). Furthermore, six editions have taken place in the countries within the United Kingdom (Scotland (3), England (2) and Wales (1)), twice in Asia (Malaysia (1) and India (1)) and once in the Caribbean (Jamaica (1)).[1]

text: Paraplegic Games[edit]

text: The Commonwealth Paraplegic Games were an international, multi-sport event involving athletes with a disability from the Commonwealth countries. The event was sometimes referred to as the Paraplegic Empire Games and British Commonwealth Paraplegic Games. Athletes were generally those with spinal injuries or polio. The event was first held in 1962 and disestablished in 1974.[36] The Games were held in the country hosting the Commonwealth Games for able-bodied athletes. The countries that had hosted the Commonwealth Paraplegic Games were Australia, Jamaica, Scotland and New Zealand in 1962, 1966, 1970 and 1974 respectively. Six countries — Australia, England, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales — had been represented at all Commonwealth Paraplegic Games. Australia and England had been the top-ranking nation two times each: 1962, 1974 and 1966, 1970 respectively.

text: Inclusion of Para-sports[edit]

text: Athletes with a disability were then first included in exhibition events at the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Victoria, British Columbia,[37] and, at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, England, they were included as full members of their national teams, making them the first fully inclusive international multi-sport games. This meant that results were included in the medal count.[38]

text: During the 2007 General Assembly of the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) at Colombo, Sri Lanka, the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and CGF signed a co-operative agreement to ensure a formal institutional relationship between the two bodies and secure the future participation of elite athletes with a disability (EAD) in future Commonwealth Games.

text: IPC President Philip Craven said during the General Assembly:

text:
“We look forward to working with CGF to develop the possibilities of athletes with a disability at the Commonwealth Games and within the Commonwealth. This partnership will help to galvanize Paralympic sports development in Commonwealth countries/territories and seek to create and promote greater opportunities in sport for athletes with a disability.”
— IPC President Sir Philip Craven

tag: div

text: The co-operation agreement outlined the strong partnership between the IPC and the CGF. It recognized the IPC as the organization for overseeing the co-ordination and delivery of the Commonwealth Games EAD sports programme and committed both organizations to work together in supporting the growth of the Paralympic and Commonwealth Games Movements.[39]

text: Winter Games[edit]

text: The Commonwealth Winter Games were a multi-sport event comprising winter sports, last held in 1966. Three editions of the Games have been staged. The Winter Games were designed as a counterbalance to the Commonwealth Games, which focuses on summer sports, to accompany the Winter Olympics and Summer Olympic Games. The winter Games were founded by T.D. Richardson.[40] The 1958 Commonwealth Winter Games were held in St. Moritz, Switzerland and was the inaugural games for the winter edition.[41][42] The 1962 Games were also held in St. Moritz, complementing the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth, Australia, and the 1966 event was held in St. Moritz as well, following which the idea was discontinued.[43]

text: Youth Games[edit]

text: The Commonwealth Youth Games are an international multi-sport event organized by the Commonwealth Games Federation. The games are held every four years with the current Commonwealth Games format. The Commonwealth Games Federation discussed the idea of a Millennium Commonwealth Youth Games in 1997. In 1998 the concept was agreed on for the purpose of providing a Commonwealth multi-sport event for young people born in the calendar year 1986 or later. The first version was held in Edinburgh, Scotland from 10 to 14 August 2000. The age limitation of the athletes is 14 to 18.[44]

text: Commonwealth Games Federation[edit]

text: The Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) is the international organisation responsible for the direction and control of the Commonwealth Games and Commonwealth Youth Games, and is the foremost authority in matters relating to the games.[45] The Commonwealth House in London, United Kingdom hosts the headquarters of CGF.[46] The Commonwealth House also hosts the headquarters of the Royal Commonwealth Society and the Commonwealth Local Government Forum.[47][48]

text: The Commonwealth Games Movement is made of three major elements:

text:
International Federations (IFs) are the governing bodies that supervise a sport at an international level. For example, the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) is the international governing body for basketball.[49]
Commonwealth Games Associations (CGAs) represent and regulate the Commonwealth Games Movement within each country. For example, the Commonwealth Games England (CGE) is the CGA of England. There are currently 70 CGAs recognised by the CGF.[50]
Organising Committees for the Commonwealth Games (OCCWGs) are temporary committees responsible for the organisation of each Commonwealth Games. OCCWGs are dissolved after each Games once the final report is delivered to the CGF.

text: English is the official language of the Commonwealth. The other language used at each Commonwealth Games is the language of the host country (or languages, if a country has more than one official language apart from English). Every proclamation (such as the announcement of each country during the parade of nations in the opening ceremony) is spoken in these two (or more) languages, or the main depending on whether the host country is an English speaking country.

text: Queen's Baton Relay[edit]

text: The Queen's Baton Relay, is a relay around the world held prior to the beginning of the Commonwealth Games. The Baton carries a message from the Head of the Commonwealth, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The Relay traditionally begins at Buckingham Palace in London as a part of the city's Commonwealth Day festivities. The Queen entrusts the baton to the first relay runner. At the Opening Ceremony of the Games, the final relay runner hands the baton back to the Queen or her representative, who reads the message aloud to officially open the Games. The Queen's Baton Relay is similar to the Olympic Torch Relay.[51]

text: The Relay was introduced at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff, Wales. Up until, and including, the 1994 Games, the Relay only went through England and the host nation. The Relay for the 1998 Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia was the first to travel to other nations of the Commonwealth. The Gold Coast 2018 Queen’s Baton Relay was the longest in Commonwealth Games history. Covering 230,000 km over 388 days, the Baton made its way through the six Commonwealth regions of Africa, the Americas, the Caribbean, Europe, Asia and Oceania. For the first time, the Queen's Baton was presented at the Commonwealth Youth Games during its sixth edition in 2017 which were held in Nassau, Bahamas.[52]

text: Ceremonies[edit]

text: Opening[edit]

text: Various elements frame the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games. This ceremony takes place before the events have occurred. The ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem. The flag of the Commonwealth Games Federation, flag of the last hosting nation and the next hosting nation are also hosted during the opening ceremony. The host nation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance and theatre representative of its culture. The artistic presentations have grown in scale and complexity as successive hosts attempt to provide a ceremony that outlasts its predecessor's in terms of memorability. The opening ceremony of the Delhi Games reportedly cost $70 million, with much of the cost incurred in the artistic segment.[53]

text: After the artistic portion of the ceremony, the athletes parade into the stadium grouped by nation. The last hosting nation is traditionally the first nation to enter. Nations then enter the stadium alphabetical or continental wise with the host country's athletes being the last to enter. Speeches are given, formally opening the Games. Finally, the Queen's Baton is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the final baton carrier, often a successful Commonwealth athlete from the host nation, who hands it over to the Head of the Commonwealth or their representative.

text: Closing[edit]

text: The closing ceremony of the Commonwealth Games takes place after all sporting events have concluded. Flag-bearers from each participating country enter the stadium, followed by the athletes who enter together, without any national distinction. The president of the organizing committee and the CGF president make their closing speeches and the Games are officially closed. The CGF president also speaks about the conduct of the games. The mayor of the city that organized the Games transfers the CGF flag to the president of the CGF, who then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Commonwealth Games. The next host nation then also briefly introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theater representative of its culture. Many great artists and singers had performed at the ceremonies of the Commonwealth Games.

text: At the closing ceremony of every Commonwealth Games the CGF President makes an award and presents a trophy to one athlete who has competed with particular distinction and honour both in terms of athletic performance and overall contribution to his or her team. Athletes are nominated by their Commonwealth Games Association at the end of the final day of competition and the winner is selected by a panel comprising the CGF President and representatives from each of the six Commonwealth Regions. The ‘David Dixon Award’ as it is called was introduced in Manchester 2002, after the late David Dixon, former Honorary Secretary of the CGF, in honour of his monumental contribution to Commonwealth sport for many years.[54]

text: Medal presentation[edit]

text: A medal ceremony is held after each event is concluded. The winner, second and third-place competitors or teams stand on top of a three-tiered rostrum to be awarded their respective medals. After the medals are given out by a CGF member, the national flags of the three medallists are raised while the national anthem of the gold medallist's country plays. Volunteering citizens of the host country also act as hosts during the medal ceremonies, as they aid the officials who present the medals and act as flag-bearers.

text: List of Commonwealth Games[edit]

text:
Edition

Year

Host City & Host Nation

Opened by

Start Date

End Date

Sports

Events

Nations

Competitors

Top Nation

Ref

Inter-Empire Championships

–

1911

 London, United Kingdom

George V

12 May

1 June

4
9
4
Unknown

 Canada

British Empire Games

I

1930

 Hamilton, Canada

Viscount Willingdon

16 August

23 August

6
59
11
400

 England

[1]

II

1934

 London, England

–

4 August

11 August

6
68
16
500

 England

[2]

III

1938

 Sydney, Australia

Lord Wakehurst

5 February

12 February

7
71
15
464

 Australia

[3]

–

1942

 Montreal, Canada

Cancelled due to the Second World War[55]

–

1946

 Cardiff, Wales

IV

1950

 Auckland, New Zealand

Sir Bernard Freyberg

4 February

11 February

9
88
12
590

 Australia

[4]

British Empire and Commonwealth Games

V

1954

 Vancouver, Canada

Earl Alexander of Tunis

30 July

7 August

9
91
24
662

 England

[5]

VI

1958

 Cardiff, Wales

Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

18 July

26 July

9
94
36
1122

 England

[6]

VII

1962

 Perth, Australia

22 November

1 December

9
104
35
863

 Australia

[7]

VIII

1966

 Kingston, Jamaica

4 August

13 August

9
110
34
1050

 England

[8]

British Commonwealth Games

IX

1970

 Edinburgh, Scotland

Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

16 July

25 July

9
121
42
1383

 Australia

[9]

X

1974

 Christchurch, New Zealand

24 January

2 February

9
121
38
1276

 Australia

[10]

Commonwealth Games

XI

1978

 Edmonton, Canada

Elizabeth II

3 August

12 August

10
128
46
1474

 Canada

[11]

XII

1982

 Brisbane, Australia

Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

30 September

9 October

10
142
46
1583

 Australia

[12]

XIII

1986

 Edinburgh, Scotland

Elizabeth II

24 July

2 August

10
163
26
1662

 England

[13]

XIV

1990

 Auckland, New Zealand

Prince Edward

24 January

3 February

10
204
55
2073

 Australia

[14]

XV

1994

 Victoria, Canada

Elizabeth II

18 August

28 August

10
217
63
2557

 Australia

[15]

XVI

1998

 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Tuanku Jaafar

11 September

21 September

15
213
70
3633

 Australia

[16]

XVII

2002

 Manchester, England

Elizabeth II

25 July

4 August

17
281
72
3679

 Australia

[17]

XVIII

2006

 Melbourne, Australia

15 March

26 March

16
245
71
4049

 Australia

[18]

XIX

2010

 Delhi, India

Pratibha Patil

3 October

14 October

17
272
71
4352

 Australia

[19]

XX

2014

 Glasgow, Scotland

Elizabeth II

23 July

3 August

17
261
71
4947

 England

[20]

XXI

2018

 Gold Coast, Australia

Charles, Prince of Wales

4 April

15 April

19
275
71
4426

 Australia

[21]

XXII

2022

 Birmingham, England

TBA

27 July

7 August

18

XXIII

2026

Election in 2019

TBA

text: Note: The 1911 Inter-Empire Championships held in London is seen as a precursor to the modern Commonwealth Games, but is not normally considered an official edition of the Games themselves. Also, the United Kingdom competed as one country, unlike the Commonwealth Games today when they compete as England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Canada topped the medal table by winning 4 events.[56]

text: All-time medal table[edit]

text: Below is a Top 10 all-time medal table.

text:
Rank

Nation

Games

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

1
 Australia (AUS)
21
932
774
709
2415

2
 England (ENG)
21
714
715
715
2144

3
 Canada (CAN)
21
484
516
555
1555

4
 India (IND)
15
181
175
148
504

5
 New Zealand (NZL)
21
158
219
277
654

6
 South Africa (RSA)
13
130
123
136
389

7
 Scotland (SCO)
21
119
132
200
451

8
 Kenya (KEN)
16
85
75
77
237

9
 Nigeria (NGR)
14
70
75
91
236

10
 Wales (WAL)
21
67
98
141
306

text: List of Commonwealth sports[edit]

text: There are a total of 22 sports (with three multi-disciplinary sports) and a further seven para-sports which are approved by the Commonwealth Games Federation. Core sports must be included on each programme. A number of optional sports may be picked by the host nation, which may include some team sports such as basketball.

text:
Sport

Type

Years

Archery (Recurve)

Optional

1982, 2010

Athletics

Core

1930–present

Para Athletics

Core

1994,2002–present[57]

Badminton

Core

1966–present

Basketball 3x3

Optional

2006, 2018, 2022

Boxing

Core

1930–present

Cricket

Optional

1998

Cycling (Mountain Bike)

Optional[58]

2002-2006, 2014-present

Cycling (Para Track)

Optional[58]

2014–present

Cycling (Road)

Core[58]

1938–present

Cycling (Track)

Optional[58]

1934–present

Diving

Optional

1930–present

Hockey

Core

1998–present

Gymnastics (Artistic)

Core[58]

1978, 1990–present

Gymnastics (Rhythmic)

Optional

1978, 1990–present

Judo

Core[58]

1990, 2002, 2014,starting in 2022 as core sport

Lawn bowls

Core

1930–1962, 1970–present

Sport

Type

Years

Para Lawn bowls

Core

1994,2002,2014–present[57]

Netball (Women)

Core

1998–present

Powerlifting

Core

2002–present[57]

Rugby sevens

Core

1998–present

Shooting

Optional

1966, 1974–2018

Squash

Core

1998–present

Swimming

Core

1930–present

Para Swimming

Core

2002–present[57]

Table tennis

Core[58]

2002–present

Para Table tennis

Optional[58]

2002–2010, 2018-present

Triathlon

Core[58]

2002- 2006, 2014-present

Volleyball (beach)

Optional

2018

Weightlifting

Core

1950–present

Wheelchair Basketball

Optional[58]

Never

Wrestling (Freestyle)

Core[58]

1930–1986, 1994, 2002, 2010–present

text: In 2015, the Commonwealth Games Federation agreed large changes to the programme which increased the number of core sports, whilst removing a number of optionals, those removed are listed below. [59]

text:
Sport

Type

Years

Canoeing

Optional

Never[60]

Rowing

Optional

1930, 1938–1962, 1986

Sailing

Optional

Never

Softball

Optional

Never

Synchronised swimming

Optional

1986–2006

Sport

Type

Years

Taekwondo

Optional

Never

Tennis

Optional

2010

Ten-Pin Bowling

Optional

1998

Wrestling (Greco-Roman)

Optional

2010

text: Recognised sports are sports which have been approved by the Commonwealth Games Federation but which are deemed to need expansion; host nations may not pick these sports for their programme until the Federation's requirements are fulfilled.[61]

text:
Sport

Type

Years

Billiards

Recognised

Never

Fencing

Recognised

1950–1970

Association Football

Recognised

Never

Golf

Recognised

Never

Handball

Recognised

Never

Sport

Type

Years

Life saving

Recognised

Never

Rugby league

Recognised

Never

Volleyball (indoor)

Recognised

Never

Water Polo

Recognised

1950

text: Participation[edit]

text: Only six teams have attended every Commonwealth Games: Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand, Scotland and Wales. Australia has been the highest scoring team for thirteen games, England for seven and Canada for one.

text:
showTable of Team Participation by Commonwealth Games Edition

Team

Edition

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

XI

XII

XIII

XIV

XV

XVI

XVII

XVIII

XIX

XX

XXI

Year

1930

1934

1938

1950

1954

1958

1962

1966

1970

1974

1978

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

2014

2018

Host Flag

Host City

Hamilton

London

Sydney

Auckland

Vancouver

Cardiff

Perth

Kingston

Edinburgh

Christchurch

Edmonton

Brisbane

Edinburgh

Auckland

Victoria

Kuala Lumpur

Manchester

Melbourne

Delhi

Glasgow

Gold Coast

Participation \\ Host nation

Canada

England

Australia

New Zealand

Canada

Wales

Australia

Jamaica

Scotland

New Zealand

Canada

Australia

Scotland

New Zealand

Canada

Malaysia

England

Australia

India

Scotland

Australia

 Aden 1
1962

 Anguilla 2
1998–

 Antigua and Barbuda
1966–1970, 1978, 1994–

 Australia
1930–

 Bahamas
1954–1970, 1978–1982, 1990–

 Bangladesh
1978, 1990–

 Barbados
1954–1982, 1990–

 Belize 4
1978, 1994–

 Bermuda
1930–1938, 1954–1982, 1990–

 Botswana
1974, 1982–

 British Guiana 3
1930–1938, 1954–1962

 British Honduras 4
1962–1966

 British Virgin Islands
1990–

 Brunei Darussalam
1990–

 Cameroon
1998–

 Canada
1930–

 Cayman Islands
1978–

 Ceylon 5
1938–1950, 1958–1970

 Cook Islands
1974–1978, 1986–

 Cyprus
1978–1982, 1990–

 Dominica
1958–1962, 1970, 1994–

 England
1930–

 Falkland Islands
1982–

 Fiji 6
1938, 1954–1986, 1998–2006, 2014–

 Gambia 7
1970–1982, 1990–2010, 2018-

 Ghana 8
1958–1982, 1990–

 Gibraltar
1958–

 Gold Coast 8
1954

 Grenada
1970–1982, 1998–

 Guernsey 9
1970–

 Guyana 3
1966–1970, 1978–1982, 1990–

 Hong Kong 10
1934, 1954–1962, 1970–1994

 India
1934–1938, 1954–1958, 1966–1982, 1990–

 Ireland11 12
1930

 Irish Free State 11
1934

 Isle of Man
1958–

 Jamaica
1934, 1954–1982, 1990–

 Jersey 9
1958–

 Kenya
1954–1982, 1990–

 Kiribati
1998–

 Lesotho
1974–

 Malawi 13
1970–

 Malaya 14
1950, 1958–1962

 Malaysia
1966–1982, 1990–

 Maldives
1986–2014

 Malta
1958–1962, 1970, 1982–

 Mauritius
1958, 1966–1982, 1990–

 Montserrat
1994–

 Mozambique
1998–

 Namibia
1994–

 Nauru
1990–

 Newfoundland 15
1930–1934

 New Zealand
1930–

 Nigeria
1950–1958, 1966–1974, 1982, 1990–1994, 2002–

 Niue
2002–

 Norfolk Island
1986–

 North Borneo 14
1958–1962

 Northern Ireland 11 16
1934–1938, 1954–

 Northern Rhodesia 18
1954-1958

 Pakistan
1954–1970, 1990–

 Papua New Guinea
1962–1982, 1990–

 Rhodesia and Nyasaland 17
1962

 Rwanda
2010–

 Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla 2
1978

 Saint Helena19
1982, 1998–

 Saint Kitts and Nevis 2
1990–

 Saint Lucia
1962, 1970, 1978, 1994–

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1958, 1966–1978, 1994–

 Samoa 20
1998–

 Sarawak 14
1958–1962

 Scotland
1930–

 Seychelles
1990–

 Sierra Leone
1958, 1966–1970, 1978, 1990–

 Singapore 14
1958–

 Solomon Islands
1982, 1990–

 South Africa
1930–1958, 1994–

 South Arabia 1
1966

 Southern Rhodesia 18
1934–1958

 Sri Lanka 5
1974–1982, 1990–

 Swaziland
1970–

 Tanganyika 21
1962

 Tanzania
1966–1982, 1990–

 Tonga
1974, 1982, 1990–

 Trinidad and Tobago
1934–1982, 1990–

 Turks and Caicos Islands
1978, 1998–

 Tuvalu
1998–

 Uganda
1954–1974, 1982, 1990–

 Vanuatu
1982–

 Wales
1930–

 Western Samoa 20
1974–1994

 Zambia 13
1970–1982, 1990–

 Zimbabwe 13 22
1982, 1990–2002

Legend

  Participated
  Withdrew for political reason
  Not eligible to participate
  To be determined

text:
Nation
Years participated

 Aden1
1962

 Anguilla2
1998–

 Australasia
1911

 Antigua and Barbuda
1966–1970, 1978, 1994–

 Australia
1930–

 Bahamas
1954–1970, 1978–1982, 1990–

 Bangladesh
1978, 1990–

 Barbados
1954–1982, 1990–

 Belize4
1978, 1994–

 Bermuda
1930–1938, 1954–1982, 1990–

 Botswana
1974, 1982–

 British Guiana3
1930–1938, 1954–1962

 British Honduras4
1962–1966

 British Virgin Islands
1990–

 Brunei Darussalam
1990–

 Cameroon
1998–

 Canada
1911, 1930–

 Cayman Islands
1978–

 Ceylon5
1938–1950, 1958–1970

 Cook Islands
1974–1978, 1986–

 Cyprus
1978–1982, 1990–

 Dominica
1958–1962, 1970, 1994–

 England
1930–

 Falkland Islands
1982–

 Fiji6
1938, 1954–1986, 1998–2006, 2014–

 Gambia7
1970–1982, 1990–2010, 2018-

 Ghana8
1958–1982, 1990–

 Gibraltar
1958–

 Gold Coast8
1954

 Grenada
1970–1982, 1998–

 Guernsey9
1970–

 Guyana3
1966–1970, 1978–1982, 1990–

 Hong Kong10
1934, 1954–1962, 1970–1994

 India
1934–1938, 1954–1958, 1966–1982, 1990–

 Ireland11 12
1930

 Irish Free State11
1934

 Isle of Man
1958–

 Jamaica
1934, 1954–1982, 1990–

 Jersey9
1958–

 Kenya
1954–1982, 1990–

 Kiribati
1998–

 Lesotho
1974–

 Malawi13
1970–

 Malaya14
1950, 1958–1962

 Malaysia
1966–1982, 1990–

 Maldives15
1986–2014

 Malta
1958–1962, 1970, 1982–

Nation
Years participated

 Mauritius
1958–1982, 1990–

 Montserrat
1994–

 Mozambique
1998–

 Namibia
1994–

 Nauru
1990–

 Newfoundland16
1930–1934

 New Zealand
1930–

 Nigeria
1950–1958, 1966–1974, 1982, 1990–1994, 2002–

 Niue
2002–

 Norfolk Island
1986–

 North Borneo14
1958–1962

 Northern Ireland11 17
1934–1938, 1954–

 Northern Rhodesia19
1954–1958

 Pakistan
1954–1970, 1990–

 Papua New Guinea
1962–1982, 1990–

 Rhodesia and Nyasaland18
1962

 Rwanda
2010–

 Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla2
1978

 Saint Helena20
1982, 1998–

 Saint Kitts and Nevis2
1990–

 Saint Lucia5
1962, 1970, 1978, 1994–

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1958, 1966–1978, 1994–

 Samoa21
1998–

 Sarawak14
1958–1962

 Scotland
1930–

 Seychelles
1990–

 Sierra Leone
1958, 1966–1970, 1978, 1990–

 Singapore14
1958–

 Solomon Islands
1982, 1990–

 South Africa
1911–1958, 1994–

 South Arabia1
1966

 Southern Rhodesia19
1934–1958

 Sri Lanka
1974–1982, 1990–

 Swaziland
1970–

 Tanganyika22
1962

 Tanzania
1966–1982, 1990–

 Tonga
1974, 1982, 1990–

 Trinidad and Tobago
1934–1982, 1990–

 Turks and Caicos Islands
1978, 1998–

 Tuvalu
2002–

 Uganda
1954–1974, 1982, 1990–

 United Kingdom
1911 24

 Vanuatu
1982–

 Wales
1930–

 Western Samoa21
1974–1994

 Zambia13
1970–1982, 1990–

 Zimbabwe13 23
1982, 1990–2002

text:
^  Aden later joined South Arabia in 1963 and departed the Commonwealth in 1968.
^  Anguilla was completely separated from Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla in 1980 and remaining Saint Kitts and Nevis became independent from the United Kingdom in 1983.
^  British Guiana was renamed Guyana in 1966.
^  British Honduras was renamed Belize in 1973.
^  Ceylon was renamed Sri Lanka in 1972.
^  Fiji was re-suspended from the Commonwealth and Games in 2009.[62] Fiji's suspension from the Commonwealth was lifted in time for the 2014 Games following democratic elections in March, 2014.
^  The Gambia withdrew from the Commonwealth in 2013, but rejoined on 8 February 2018; The Gambia was readmitted to the Commonwealth Games Federation in March 2018.
^  Gold Coast (British colony) was renamed Ghana in 1957.
^  Including neighbouring Islands.
^  Hong Kong was never a Commonwealth member but was a territory of a Commonwealth country; it ceased to be in the Commonwealth when the territory was handed over to China in 1997.
^  Ireland was represented as a single team from the whole of the island in 1930, and by two teams, representing the Irish Free State, and Northern Ireland in 1934. The Irish Free State was officially renamed Éire in 1937 but did not participate in the 1938 Games, and withdrew from the Commonwealth when it unilaterally declared that it was the Republic of Ireland on 18 April 1948.
^  Contemporary illustrations show Green Flag used for the Irish team.
^  Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe competed in 1962 as part of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
^  Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore federated as Malaysia in 1963. Singapore left the federation in 1965.
^  The Maldives withdrew from the Commonwealth in 2016.[63]
^  Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949.
^  The Ulster Banner was the flag of the former Government of Northern Ireland only between 1953 and 1972, but the flag has been regarded as flag of Northern Ireland since 1924 among unionists and loyalists. The Ulster Banner is the sporting flag of Northern Ireland in other events as the FIFA World Cup and in the FIVB Volleyball World Championship.
^  Southern Rhodesia and Northern Rhodesia federated with Nyasaland in 1953 as Rhodesia and Nyasaland, which dissolved at the end of 1963.
^  Southern Rhodesia and Northern Rhodesia competed separately in 1954 and 1958 while both were part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
^  Under the name of "Saint Helena" in the Commonwealth Games.[64] Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha were dependencies of Saint Helena, so the territory was officially called "Saint Helena and Dependencies" until 2009. Saint Helena, Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha became equal parts of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha in 2009.
^  Western Samoa was renamed Samoa in 1997.
^  Zanzibar and Tanganyika federated to form Tanzania in 1964.
^  Zimbabwe withdrew from the Commonwealth in 2003.
^  United Kingdom were the host of the Inter-Empire Championships in 1911. This event was held before the 1st edition of the Games held in Hamilton, Canada in 1930.

text: Commonwealth nations yet to send teams[edit]

text: Very few Commonwealth dependencies and nations have yet to take part:[65][66]

text:
Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha, former dependencies of Saint Helena and current parts of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, have never formed their own teams independent from the Saint Helena team.
Other states, territories and territorial autonomies with native populations within the Commonwealth that may be eligible include Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (territories of Australia), Nevis (a federal entity of the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis), Rodrigues (outer islands of Mauritius), and Zanzibar (a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania).
Cornwall, represented by the Cornwall Commonwealth Games Association (CCGA), sent a bid for participation in the 2006 Commonwealth Games, however, their application was rejected by the CGF, who stated that the constitutional status of Cornwall was not an issue that should be resolved through this medium. However, in 2010, the CCGA sought to launch a legal challenge to the decision of the CGF, stating that the Cornish bid of 2006 fulfilled the entire criterion of the CGF, and by rejecting the bid, the CGF had violated their own code, failing to follow their own criteria for participation. The Cornwall team will therefore seek competition in the 2014 games.[67]
The British Indian Ocean Territory currently has no permanent population although there is a sizeable population who were born in the BIOT but currently live in Mauritius and the United Kingdom and so would be eligible to compete on birth criteria.
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus has made applications to the CGF to send teams.
It is also conceivable that any future members of the Commonwealth such as applicants (for example South Sudan, Sudan and Yemen) may participate in future games. The Colony of Aden and Federation of South Arabia, precursors to modern Yemen, participated before in 1962 and in 1966. Sudan was an Anglo-Egyptian protectorate until independence in 1956.
The Pitcairn Islands' tiny population (currently 50 to 60 people) would appear to prevent this British overseas territory from competing.
Tokelau was expected to take part in the 2010 Games in Delhi but did not do so.
The lack of a permanent population would seem to prevent the British overseas territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and British Antarctic Territory, the New Zealand territory of Ross Dependency and the Australian external territories of Australian Antarctic Territory, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Coral Sea Islands and Heard Island and McDonald Islands from competing.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Host city contract[edit]

text: The 1934 British Empire Games, originally awarded in 1930 to Johannesburg was moved to London after South Africa's pre-apartheid government refused to allow nonwhite participants.[68]

text: The 2022 Commonwealth Games were originally awarded to Durban on 2 September 2015, at the CGF General Assembly in Auckland.[69] It was reported in February 2017 that Durban may be unable to host the games due to financial constraints. On 13 March 2017, the CGF stripped Durban of their rights to host and reopened the bidding process for the 2022 games.[70] Many cities from Australia, Canada, England and Malaysia expressed interest to host the games. However, the CGF received only one official bid and that was from Birmingham, England.[71] On 21 December 2017, Birmingham was awarded for the 2022 Games as Durban's replacement host.[72]

text: Boycotts[edit]

text: Nigeria boycotted the 1978 Commonwealth Games at Edmonton in protest of New Zealand's sporting contacts with apartheid-era South Africa. Uganda also stayed away, in protest of alleged Canadian hostility towards the government of Idi Amin.[19][73]

text: During the 1986 Commonwealth Games at Edinburgh, a majority of the Commonwealth nations staged a boycott, so that the Games appeared to be a whites-only event. Thirty two of the eligible fifty nine countries—largely African, Asian and Caribbean states—stayed away because of the Thatcher government's policy of keeping Britain's sporting links with apartheid South Africa in preference to participating in the general sporting boycott of that country. Consequently, Edinburgh 1986 witnessed the lowest number of athletes since Auckland 1950.[74] The boycotting nations were Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Bermuda, Belize, Cyprus, Dominica, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, Grenada, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sierra Leone, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Tanzania, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[75] Bermuda was a particularly late withdrawal, as its athletes appeared in the opening ceremony and in the opening day of competition before the Bermuda Olympic Association decided to formally withdraw.[76]

text: Budget[edit]

text: The estimated cost of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi were US$11 billion, according to Business Today magazine.[77] The initial total budget estimated by the Indian Olympic Association in 2003 was US$250 million. In 2010, however, the official total budget soon escalated to an estimated US$1.8 billion, a figure which excluded non-sports-related infrastructure development.[78] The 2010 Commonwealth Games are reportedly the most expensive Commonwealth Games ever.[79]

text: Notable competitors[edit]

text: Lawn bowler Willie Wood from Scotland was the first competitor to have competed in seven Commonwealth Games, from 1974 to 2002, a record equalled in 2014 by Isle of Man cyclist Andrew Roche.[80]

text: They have both been surpassed by David Calvert of Northern Ireland who in 2018 attended his 11th games.[81]

text: Greg Yelavich, a sports shooter from New Zealand, has won 12 medals in seven games from 1986 to 2010.

text: Lawn Bowler Robert Weale has represented Wales in 8 Commonwealth Games, 1986–2014, winning 2 gold, 3 silver and 1 bronze.

text: Nauruan weightlifter Marcus Stephen won twelve medals at the Games between 1990 and 2002, of which seven gold, and was elected President of Nauru in 2007. His performance has helped place Nauru (the smallest independent state in the Commonwealth, at 21 km2 and with a population of fewer than 9,400 in 2011) in nineteenth place on the all-time Commonwealth Games medal table.

text: Ian Thorpe, Australian swimmer (now retired), has won 10 Commonwealth Games gold medals and 1 silver medal. At the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, he won 4 gold medals. At the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, he won 6 gold medals and 1 silver medal.[82]

text: Chad le Clos, South Africa’s most decorated swimmer, has won 17 medals from just three Commonwealth Games (2010, 2014 & 2018), seven of which are gold. At the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast, he won three golds, a silver and a bronze.[83]


document_title: Woody Woodpecker (2017 film)

question_text: where was the movie woody wood pecker filmed

root

text: Woody Woodpecker (2017 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the Pine Grove forest in Washington state, Woody Woodpecker toys with two taxidermist poachers, brothers Nate and Ottis Grimes, and eventually cause them to tranquilize each other. In Seattle, Lance Walters, a real estate lawyer, gets fired after a video of him claiming wildlife conservation is unprofitable goes viral. He tells his girlfriend Vanessa that he intends to build an investment home on a large piece of property located near the Canadian border, left to him by his grandfather. Meanwhile, Lance's ex-wife Linda leaves their son Tommy with him and Vanessa, since she needs to visit her hospitalized father in Philadelphia.

tag: p

text: At the Pine Grove forest, Lance, Tommy, and Vanessa meet the park ranger named Samantha Bartlett. As Lance and Vanessa unpack, Tommy goes into the forest for a walk. There, he discovers and befriends Woody after he gives him peanut butter crackers. Woody visits the family at lunchtime and eats almost all of the food. Lance tries to shoo Woody away, but he accidentally wrecks the table and hits Vanessa in the face with a broom. The next morning, construction on the investment home begins, prompting an agitated Woody to cause chaos at the site. Later, in a nearby town, Tommy befriends a young musician named Jill, who persuades him to join her band in the annual Firefly Festival. Tommy is then saved from two bullies by Woody.

text: As days pass, Lance grows more agitated because of Woody's constant interference with his project, and he goes to meet Samantha at the ranger station. She reveals that the woodpecker is an endangered species known as a red-crowned pileated woodpecker, which Native Americans saw as a god of mischief and chaos. Lance continues with his work, but Vanessa leaves him after Woody blows up their RV with her inside as a prank. Samantha eventually advises Lance to get along with Woody. Lance reluctantly attempts to surrender to Woody by giving him crackers, but Woody agrees to let him and the workers continue with their construction, as long as he is given crackers every day. Eventually, the investment home is completed despite excessive payment and extended scheduling.

text: At the town's Firefly Festival, Tommy and Jill's drummer Lyle comes down with indigestion, prompting Woody to take over using a homemade drum kit. The performance is a hit, and Lance is surprised to hear that Woody gave Tommy some friendly support. Realizing that having humans around again isn't a bad idea, Woody heads back to the investment home and carves a mural above the fireplace. However, as he signs his name into the carving, he accidentally burns the house down after hitting exposed wiring. Ashamed of his mistake, he flies back to his tree. Infuriated by this, Lance hires Nate and Ottis to hunt Woody down. The brothers find him and tase him unconscious. As they leave, Tommy reprimands his father and runs away. He then forms a plan to rescue Woody and heads to Grimes' shack with Jill and Lyle, as the brothers try to sell Woody at an online black market auction.

text: Lance finds the mural that Woody had created. Having a change of heart, he enlists Samantha's help and they set out to find both Tommy and Woody. However, everyone is captured by the brothers. As Nate grabs a tranquilizer, Lance tilts his cage towards Woody's so he can free him. After beating the brothers, Woody chases them as they attempt to flee to Canada. He carves a hole in the middle of a bridge, and the brothers fall into the river below, where they are later arrested. Later, Lance apologizes to Woody for not knowing that the house fire was an accident and therefore replaces Woody's cut-down tree with a birdhouse. Woody accepts both the gift and the group to be called his new family, much to their generosity. That night, as Lance and Tommy fall asleep in a tent, Woody carves the words "Home Sweet Home" into the new birdhouse, only to accidentally make it topple onto the tent.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Eric Bauza as the voice of Woody Woodpecker, a mischievous rare pileated woodpecker.
Timothy Omundson as Lance Walters, a Seattle lawyer who is Tommy's dad and Linda's ex-husband.
Thaila Ayala as Vanessa, Lance's girlfriend.
Graham Verchere as Tommy Walters, Lance's son. He befriends Woody whenever he visits him.
Jordana Largy as Samantha Bartlett,[5] a park ranger at Pine Grove National Park.
Scott McNeil as Nate Grimes, an evil poacher who plans to sell Woody on the black market. He serves as the main antagonist of the film.
Adrian Glynn McMorran as Ottis Grimes, a dimwitted poacher who is Nate's partner and younger brother.
Chelsea Miller as Jill Ferguson, a musician who becomes Tommy's friend.
Emily Holmes as Linda Walters, Tommy's mom and Lance's ex-wife.
Jakob Davies as Lyle, a drummer who becomes Tommy's friend.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In the early 2010s, Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment planned a Woody Woodpecker feature film. John Altschuler and Dave Krinsky (King of the Hill) were in talks to develop a story,[6] but in July 2013, Illumination canceled the project.[7] In October 2013, Bill Kopp announced that Universal Pictures had hired him to direct an animated feature film with three interwoven stories.[8] On July 13, 2016, Cartoon Brew reported that Universal 1440 Entertainment was filming a live-action/CG hybrid film based on Woody Woodpecker in Canada. Filming began in June 2016, and ended later in July of that year.

text: In December 2016, a teaser trailer for the film was leaked by Universal Pictures Brasil with the Brazilian Portuguese dub.[9] A trailer for the original English version premiered in the US on December 13, 2017.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received an approval rating of 17% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on six reviews.[10] Common Sense Media rated the film a 1 out of 5 stars, stating "Inanely cruel villains, an unoriginal story, ham-handed performances, and reliance on farts and burps are the low lights of this awkward effort to bring back a less-than-engaging cartoon bird."[11]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of February 22, 2018, Woody Woodpecker has grossed $13.4 million. It debuted at $1.5 million, finishing second at the Brazilian box office behind Blade Runner 2049. The movie increased by +45.4% in its second weekend, moving to first place to $2.1 million.


document_title: Pick 6

question_text: what is a pick 6 in american football

question_tokens: what is a pick 6 in american football

text: Pick 6

text: Pick 6 may refer to:

text:
Pick 6 (horse racing), a wager in which a bettor picks one horse in each of six races
Pick 6 (lottery), a game in which six regular numbers are picked
Pick 6 (American football), an interception returned for a touchdown
In wrestling, a ranking system used by Ring of Honor to determine championship contenders

text:
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pick 6.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

tag: table

text: Disambiguation pages

text: All article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Heat shield

question_text: what was the apollo heat shield made of

question_tokens: what was the apollo heat shield made of

text: Heat shield

text: Uses[edit]

text: Automotive[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Due to the large amounts of heat given off by internal combustion engines, heat shields are used on most engines to protect components and bodywork from heat damage. As well as protection, effective heat shields can give a performance benefit by reducing the under-bonnet temperatures, therefore reducing the intake temperature. Heat shields vary widely in price, but most are easy to fit, usually by stainless steel clips or high temperature tape. There are two main types of automotive heat shield:

text:
The rigid heat shield has, until recently, been made from solid steel, but is now often made from aluminum. Some high-end rigid heat shields are made out of aluminum sheet or other composites, with a ceramic thermal barrier coating to improve the heat insulation.
The flexible heat shield is normally made from thin aluminum sheeting, sold either flat or in a roll, and is bent by hand, by the fitter. High performance flexible heat shields sometimes include extras, such as ceramic insulation applied via plasma spraying. These latest products are commonplace in top-end motorsports such as Formula 1.
Textile heat shields used for various components such as the exhaust, turbo, DPF, or other exhaust component.

text: As a result, a heat shield is often fitted by both amateur and professional personnel during a phase of engine tuning.

text: Heat shields are also used to cool engine mount vents. When a vehicle is at higher speed there is enough ram air to cool the under hood engine compartment, but when the vehicle is moving at lower speeds or climbing a gradient there is a need of insulating the engine heat to get transferred to other parts around it, e.g. Engine Mounts. With the help of proper thermal analysis and use of heat shields, the engine mount vents can be optimised for the best performances.[1]

text: Space[edit]

text: Spacecraft that land on a planet with an atmosphere, such as Earth, Mars, and Venus, currently do so by entering the atmosphere at high speeds, depending on air resistance rather than rocket power to slow them down. A side effect of this method of atmospheric re-entry is aerodynamic heating, which can be highly destructive to the structure of an unprotected or faulty spacecraft.[2] An aerodynamic heat shield consists of a protective layer of special materials to dissipate the heat. Two basic types of aerodynamic heat shield have been used:

text:
An ablative heat shield consists of a layer of plastic resin, the outer surface of which is heated to a gas, which then carries the heat away by convection. Such shields were used on the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo spacecraft.
A thermal soak heat shield uses an insulating material to absorb and radiate the heat away from the spacecraft structure. This type was used on the Space Shuttle, consisting of ceramic or composite tiles over most of the vehicle surface, with reinforced carbon-carbon material on the highest heat load points (the nose and wing leading edges). Damage to this material on a wing caused the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.

text: Some spacecraft also use a heat shield (in the conventional automotive sense) to protect fuel tanks and equipment from the heat produced by a large rocket engine. Such shields were used on the Apollo Service Module and Lunar Module descent stage.

text: Industry[edit]

text: Heat shields are often affixed to semi-automatic or automatic rifles and shotguns as barrel shrouds in order to protect the user's hands from the heat caused by firing shots in rapid succession. They have also often been affixed to pump-action combat shotguns, allowing the soldier to grasp the barrel while using a bayonet.[citation needed]