document_title: Gun laws in Texas

question_text: minimum age to carry a handgun in texas

question_tokens: minimum age to carry a handgun in texas

text: Gun laws in Texas

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes

State permit to purchase?
No
No

Firearm registration?
No
No

Owner license required?
No
No

Assault weapon law?
No
No

Magazine capacity restriction?
No
No

Carry license required?
No
Yes
GC Ch. 411.172[1]
Licensed carry of a handgun requires a "shall-issue" license, and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed. People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21, felons, fugitives, people who are "chemically dependent" or "incapable of exercising sound judgment", and those in arrears for taxes or child support.

Open carry?
Yes
Yes
PC 46.02
Long gun and black powder weapon (including handgun) open carry is not forbidden by law, unless in a manner "calculated to cause alarm."
Effective January 1, 2016, individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly, per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session. Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law.

Concealed carry on college campus?
No
Yes

May carry in parking lots, parking garages, outdoor walkways on campus.
Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as "gun free zones"; these will be subject to legislative analysis.

State preemption of local restrictions?
Yes
Yes
LGC §229.001.
State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership, transfer, storage, or licensing of firearms, ammunition, or accessories. Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms (such as for noise, nuisance or public safety), but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm.

NFA weapons restricted?
No
No
PC 46.01, PC 46.05
Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that "explosive weapons", "machine guns", "short-barrel firearms", and "firearm silencers", as defined in Section 46.01, be "registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice". Prior to May 22nd 2015, Section 46.05 called "registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act" a "defense to prosecution".[2]

Peaceable journey laws?
Yes
Yes
PC 46.02, PC 46.15
A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control. The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft, and 46.02, which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft, is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling, pursuant to said activities. 46.15(b)(2).

Castle doctrine/ stand your ground law?
Yes
Yes
PC 9.32
A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful, forceful intrusion into their dwelling, or to prevent an unlawful, forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling, or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson. There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be.

Background checks required for private sales?
No
No

text: Firearms possession[edit]

text: Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age, without felony convictions; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law. A person of any age, except certain Felons, can possess a firearm such as at a firing range. Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older, and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers. However, a private citizen may sale, gift, lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon. NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions; no State regulations exist. Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden (preempted) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution, which gives the Texas Legislature (and it alone) the power to "regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent crime".[4] Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute. Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof, but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force.

text: In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole, whichever is later. Under Texas Penal Code §§ 12.33, 46.04, the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,001.

text: Firearms carry[edit]

text: There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun (pre-1899 black powder weapons, and replicas of such, are not legally firearms in Texas).[5] However, if the firearm is displayed in a manner "calculated to cause alarm," then it is "disorderly conduct". Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas, except when the carrier was on property he/she owned or had lawful control over, was legally hunting, or was participating in some gun-related public event such as a gun show. However, the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly. The bill was signed into law on June 13, 2015, and took effect on January 1, 2016. A License to Carry (LTC) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public.

text: License to Carry[edit]

text: The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a "Concealed Handgun License" or CHL. This has changed on Jan 1. 2016 to LTC "License To Carry" and at the same time the laws changed to include "Open Carry". Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ("shall-issue") basis to all eligible, qualified applicants. Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states, not including Vermont (which is an "unrestricted" state and neither issues nor requires permits), most of these having some residency restrictions (the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state). Texas recognizes an additional 11 states' concealed-carry permits unilaterally; those states do not recognize Texas' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction, usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own.

text: The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met. For example, an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws (including an age restriction of 21), however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over. Additionally, a number of factors may make a person ineligible (temporarily or permanently) to obtain a license, including:

text:
felony convictions (permanent) and Class A or B misdemeanors (5 years, permanent in cases of domestic violence), including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication;
pending criminal charges (indefinite until resolved);
chemical or alcohol dependency (defined as 2 convictions for substance-related offenses in a 10-year period; 10-year ban from the date of the first conviction);
certain types of psychological diagnoses (indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission);
protective or restraining orders (indefinite until rescinded); or
defaults on taxes, student loans, child support and/or other governmental fees (indefinite until resolved).[6]

text: This last category, though having little to do with a person's ability to own a firearm, is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing; those who are delinquent or in default on State-regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State-issued license (including driver licenses), as an incentive to settle those debts.

text: "Information regarding any psychiatric, drug, alcohol, or criminal history" is required only from new users.[7] Renewals are required every five years, but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information.

text: An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC (formerly CHL) must take a State-set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours, covering topics such as applicable laws, conflict resolution, criminal/civil liability, and handgun safety, and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun.[6] The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1, 2017.[8] Such courses vary in cost, but are typically around $100–$125 for new applicants (usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition). They may then apply, providing a picture, fingerprints, other documentation, and a $40 application fee[9] (as of September 1, 2017; previously $140 and $70 for renewals), – active and discharged military are eligible for discounts – to the DPS, which processes the application, runs a federal background check, and if all is well, issues the permit. Permits are valid for five years, and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states (nonresidents may carry in all but four of those),[10] due to reciprocity agreements.[11] Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military (through one year after discharge), to $25 for military veterans.[12]

text: College Carry Laws[edit]

text: Restrictions on licensed carry[edit]

text: While a permitted resident of Texas (or a nonresident holding a recognized permit) is generally authorized to carry in most public places, there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations. These include:

text:
Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law. It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location, and possession of a State-issued concealed firearms permit is no defense. Such places commonly encountered include post offices, Federal courts, and offices of the IRS, FBI, Justice Department, Department of Energy, USDA, FDA, etc. A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas. However, Army Corps of Engineers properties (including all reservoir lakes and included park areas) are still off-limits.
Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03: "A person commits an offense if the person intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm, illegal knife, club, or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05(a): …on the physical premises of a school or educational institution, any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted, or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution, whether the school or educational institution is public or private, unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution [emphasis added]."[13] The age/grade level, funding type or for-profit status of the school does not matter. Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted; as defined by TPC 46.035(f)(3), "premises" refers only to a building or part of a building, and does not refer to driveways, streets, sidewalks, parking lots, parking garages, or privately owned vehicles.[12] Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1, 2017.[8]
Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event, unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm (i.e. a target shooting competition).
Businesses posting a compliant "51% sign" - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51% of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on-premises consumption (colloquially "bars", "nightclubs", "taverns", "saloons", etc.). A person with a CHL that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage, as required by the Government Code section 411.204. The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders, but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry, and a background containing a red "51%" to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to CHL holders.
Correctional facilities - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building generally termed a "jail" or "prison".
Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19, Code of Criminal Procedure, on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that: (A) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited; or (B) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited.
Courts or court offices - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal, state or federal court for official business. Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices, such as judges, attorneys, baliffs, and law enforcement officials.
Election polling places - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal, state and/or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway. This is significant, as a local business or other generally public building, which would normally not prohibit concealed carry, may offer their facilities for use as a polling place. A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs, even if the polls are not open at the time, and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote.
Racetracks - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack (horse or dog).
While intoxicated - CHL holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated (Penal Code 46.035.), defined as: (a) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a combination of two or more of those substances, or any other substance into the body; or (B) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more (Penal Code 49.01.)

text: 30.06 signage[edit]

text: TPC section 30.06 covers "Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun". It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed. It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage. As of January 1, 2016, the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor, unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor. This is a significant difference, in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years, this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor.

text: Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called "30.06 signs" or "30.06 signage".

text:
The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06, but CHL permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec. 30.06(c)(3)(B) is not binding. The law states a compliant sign must be:

In contrasting colors;
With block letters;
Having text 1" or greater in height;
Containing "identical" text to the following:

"Pursuant to Section 30.06, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a concealed handgun"[14]

In both English and Spanish;
Posted conspicuously and "clearly visible to the public".

Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility:

License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization, under TPS 46.035(b)(4).
An amendment in 2007 added paragraph (i) to the same section, stating that (b)(4) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice (oral or written communication, including posting of a sign, under TPC 30.06) of the prohibition.
But, a hospital may be a "teaching hospital" and considered a school, where firearms carry is prohibited, under TPC 46.03(a)(1).
It may also be a VA or military hospital, and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry.
All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204(b) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony. It is unknown, given the amendments to 46.035, whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying, as it would not constitute "effective notice under section 30.06" and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder.

Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing, inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property.

text: Open Carry[edit]

text: As of January 1, 2016, holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions. Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster.

text: Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license. New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns.

text: Exceptions to Open Carry

text:
Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway, street, sidewalk or walkway, parking lot, parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform[15]

text: 30.07 signage[edit]

text: This law took effect January 1, 2016, and covers the new Open Carry law. Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry.

text: TPC section 30.07 covers "Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun" This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun. An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor, unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor. The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property. (In both cases the sign must be "clearly visible to the public".)

text: The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property, or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner, or by written communication.

text: Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below, or a sign posted on the property.

text: Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following (30.07 notice):

text:
"Pursuant to section 30.07, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly"
Additionally, signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations:

Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish
Must appear in contrasting colors
Must be in block letters at least one inch in height
Must be "displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property"

text: Castle Doctrine[edit]

text: On March 27, 2007, Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law, making Texas a "Castle Doctrine" state which came into effect September 1, 2007.[17] Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who "unlawfully, and with force, enters or attempts to enter the dwelling", or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling, or who commits or attempts to commit a "qualifying" felony such as "aggravated kidnapping, murder, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated robbery" (TPC 9.32(b)).

text: Stand Your Ground[edit]

text: Senate Bill 378 also contains a "Stand Your Ground" clause; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he/she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no "duty to retreat" before being justified in shooting. The "trier of fact" (the jury in a jury trial, otherwise the judge) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting (TPC 9.32(c,d)).

text: Civil Immunity[edit]

text: In addition, two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force. Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person, including the firing of a weapon.[18] Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used.[19] This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified, such as a bystander hit by an errant shot.

text: This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force. The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code.

text: Motorists Protection Act[edit]

text: Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature, a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit.[20] The bill revised Chapter 46, Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not "Unlawful Carry of a Weapon", as defined by the statute, for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control, or to carry while heading directly from the person's home to that car. However, lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers: (1) the weapon must not be in plain sight (in Texas law, "plain sight" and "concealed" are mutually exclusive opposing terms);[21] (2) the carrier cannot be involved in criminal activities, other than Class C traffic misdemeanors; (3) the carrier cannot be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm; and (4) the carrier cannot be a member of a criminal gang.[22][23]

text: Previous legislation (H.B. 823) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ("Non-Applicability") to include the "traveller assumption"; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was "travelling" under a pre-existing provision of 46.15, and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply, absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity, a member of a gang, or prohibited from possessing a firearm. However, attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption,[24] leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815.

text: National Firearms Act[edit]

text: Possession of destructive devices, automatic firearms (machine guns), short-barrel shotguns (SBS), short-barrel rifles (SBR), suppressors, smoothbore pistols and other such NFA-restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item(s) into the NFA registry. This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms, processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE.[25]


document_title: List of cities in India by population

question_text: what is the second biggest city in india

root

text: List of cities in India by population

text: Map

text: List

text: The list includes the cities and not urban agglomerations.

tag: p

text:
Towns/Cities with populations of 1 lakh (100,000) are categorized as Class-I towns or Cities[1][2]
The 46 cities with populations of 1 million and above are known as Million Plus UAs or Cities
The 3 cities with populations of 10 million  and above are known as Mega Cities (The census defines the three as Greater Mumbai UA (18.4 million), Delhi UA (16.3 million) and Kolkata UA (14.1 million)[1])

tag: ul

text: The cities listed in bold are the capitals of the respective state / union territory.

text: 1 to 25

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

Ref

1
Mumbai
12,442,373
11,978,450
Maharashtra
[4]

2
Delhi
11,034,555
9,879,172
Delhi
[5]

3
Bangalore
8,443,675
4,301,326
Karnataka
[6]

4
Hyderabad
6,993,262
3,637,483
Telangana
[7]

5
Ahmedabad
5,577,940
3,520,085
Gujarat
[8]

6

Chennai
4,646,732
4,343,645
Tamil Nadu
[9] [10]

7
Kolkata
4,496,694
4,572,876
West Bengal
[11]

8
Surat
4,467,797
2,433,835
Gujarat
[8]

9
Pune
3,124,458
2,538,473
Maharashtra
[12]

10
Jaipur
3,046,163
2,322,575
Rajasthan
[13]

11
Lucknow
2,817,105
2,185,927
Uttar Pradesh
[14]

12
Kanpur
2,765,348
2,551,337
Uttar Pradesh
[15]

13
Nagpur
2,405,665
2,052,066
Maharashtra
[16]

14
Visakhapatnam[a]
2,035,922
982,904
Andhra Pradesh
[18]

15
Indore
1,960,631
1,474,968
Madhya Pradesh

16
Thane
1,818,872
1,262,551
Maharashtra

17
Bhopal
1,798,218
1,437,354
Madhya Pradesh

18
Pimpri-Chinchwad
1,729,359
1,012,472
Maharashtra

19
Patna
1,683,200
1,366,444
Bihar

20
Vadodara
1,666,703
1,306,227
Gujarat

21
Ghaziabad
1,636,068
968,256
Uttar Pradesh

22
Ludhiana
1,613,878
1,398,467
Punjab

23
Coimbatore[19]
1,601,438
930,882
Tamil Nadu

24
Agra
1,585,704
1,275,134
Uttar Pradesh

25
Madurai[20]
1,561,129
928,869
Tamil Nadu

tag: table

text: 26 to 50

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

26
Nashik
1,486,973
1,077,236
Maharashtra

27
Faridabad
1,404,653
1,055,938
Haryana

28
Meerut
1,309,023
1,039,405
Uttar Pradesh

29
Rajkot
1,286,995
967,476
Gujarat

30
Kalyan-Dombivali
1,246,381
1,193,512
Maharashtra

31
Vasai-Virar
1,221,233
693,350
Maharashtra

32
Varanasi
1,201,815
1,091,918
Uttar Pradesh

33
Srinagar
1,192,792
898,440
Jammu and Kashmir

34
Aurangabad
1,171,330
873,311
Maharashtra

35
Dhanbad
1,161,561
1,065,327
Jharkhand

36
Amritsar
1,132,761
966,862
Punjab

37
Navi Mumbai
1,119,477
704,002
Maharashtra

38
Allahabad
1,117,094
975,393
Uttar Pradesh

39
Ranchi
1,073,440
847,093
Jharkhand

40
Howrah (city area)
1,072,161
1,007,532
West Bengal

41
Jabalpur
1,054,336
932,484
Madhya Pradesh

42
Gwalior
1,053,505
827,026
Madhya Pradesh

43
Vijayawada
1,034,358
851,282
Andhra Pradesh[21]

44
Jodhpur
1,033,918
851,051
Rajasthan

45
Raipur
1,010,087
605,747
Chhattisgarh

46
Kota[22]
1,001,694
694,316
Rajasthan

47
Guwahati
963,429
809,895
Assam

48
Chandigarh
960,787
808,515
Chandigarh

49
Solapur
951,118
872,478
Maharashtra

50
Hubballi-Dharwad
943,857
786,195
Karnataka

text: 51 to 75

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

51
Tiruchirappalli[23]
916,674
752,066
Tamil Nadu

52
Bareilly
898,167
718,395
Uttar Pradesh

53
Mysore
887,446
755,379
Karnataka

54
Tiruppur
877,778
644,543
Tamilnadu

55
Gurgaon
876,824
173,542
Haryana

56
Aligarh
872,575
669,087
Uttar Pradesh

57
Jalandhar
862,196
706,043
Punjab

58
Bhubaneswar
837,737
648,032
Odisha

59
Salem
831,038
696,760
Tamil Nadu

60
Mira-Bhayandar
814,655
520,388
Maharashtra

61
Warangal[24]
811,844
530,636
Telangana

62
Thiruvananthapuram
752,490
744,983
Kerala

63
Guntur[25]
743,354
514,461
Andhra Pradesh

64
Bhiwandi
711,329
598,741
Maharashtra

65
Saharanpur
703,345
455,754
Uttar Pradesh

66
Gorakhpur
671,048
622,701
Uttar Pradesh

67
Bikaner
647,804
529,690
Rajasthan

68
Amravati
646,801
549,510
Maharashtra

69
Noida
642,381
305,058
Uttar Pradesh

70
Jamshedpur
631,364
573,096
Jharkhand

71
Bhilai
625,697
556,366
Chhattisgarh

72
Cuttack
606,007
534,654
Odisha

73
Firozabad
603,797
279,102
Uttar Pradesh

74
Kochi
601,574
596,473
Kerala

text: 76 to 100

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

75
Nellore[26]
600,869
378,428
Andhra Pradesh

76
Bhavnagar
593,768
511,085
Gujarat

77
Dehradun
578,420
426,674
Uttarakhand

78
Durgapur
566,937
493,405
West Bengal

79
Asansol
564,491
475,439
West Bengal

80
Rourkela
552,734
426,354
Odisha

81
Nanded
550,564
430,733
Maharashtra

82
Kolhapur
549,283
493,167
Maharashtra

83
Ajmer
542,580
485,575
Rajasthan

84
Akola
537,149
400,520
Maharashtra

85
Gulbarga
532,031
422,569
Karnataka

86
Jamnagar
529,308
443,518
Gujarat

87
Ujjain
515,215
430,427
Madhya Pradesh

88
Loni
512,296
120,945
Uttar Pradesh

89
Siliguri
509,709
472,374
West Bengal

90
Jhansi
507,293
383,644
Uttar Pradesh

91
Ulhasnagar
506,937
473,731
Maharashtra

92
Jammu[27]
503,690
369,959
Jammu and Kashmir

93
Sangli-Miraj & Kupwad
502,697
436,781
Maharashtra

94
Mangalore
499,486
399,565
Karnataka

95
Erode[28]
498,129
173,600
Tamil Nadu

96
Belgaum
488,292
399,653
Karnataka

97
Ambattur
478,134
310,967
Tamil Nadu

98
Tirunelveli
473,637
411,831
Tamil Nadu

99
Malegaon
471,006
409,403
Maharashtra

text: 100 to 125

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

101
Gaya
463,454
385,432
Bihar

102
Jalgaon
460,468
368,618
Maharashtra

103
Udaipur
451,735
389,438
Rajasthan

104
Maheshtala
449,423
385,266
West Bengal

105
Davanagere
435,128
364,523
Karnataka

106
Kozhikode
432,097
436,556
Kerala

107
Kurnool
430,214
269,122
Andhra Pradesh

108
Rajpur Sonarpur
423,806
336,707
West Bengal

109
Rajahmundry[29][30]
419,818
315,251
Andhra Pradesh

110
Bokaro
413,934
393,805
Jharkhand

111
South Dumdum
410,524
392,444
West Bengal

112
Bellary
409,644
316,766
Karnataka

113
Patiala
405,164
303,151
Punjab

114
Gopalpur
404,991
271,811
West Bengal

115
Agartala
399,688
271,811
Tripura

116
Bhagalpur
398,138
340,767
Bihar

117
Muzaffarnagar
392,451
316,729
Uttar Pradesh

118
Bhatpara
390,467
442,385
West Bengal

119
Panihati
383,522
348,438
West Bengal

120
Latur
382,754
299,985
Maharashtra

121
Dhule
376,093
341,755
Maharashtra

122
Tirupati[31]
374,260
228,202
Andhra Pradesh

123
Rohtak
373,133
286,807
Haryana

124
Korba
363,210
315,690
Chhattisgarh

125
Bhilwara
360,009
280,128
Rajasthan

text: 126 to 150

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

126
Berhampur
355,823
307,792
Odisha

127
Muzaffarpur
351,838
305,525
Bihar

128
Ahmednagar
350,905
307,615
Maharashtra

129
Mathura
349,336
302,770
Uttar Pradesh

130
Kollam
349,033
361,560
Kerala

131
Avadi
344,701
229,403
Tamil Nadu

132
Kadapa
343,054
125,725
Andhra Pradesh

133
Kamarhati
336,579
314,507
West Bengal

134
Sambalpur
335,761
296,662
Odisha

135
Bilaspur
330,106
274,917
Chhattisgarh

136
Shahjahanpur
327,975
296,662
Uttar Pradesh

137
Satara
326,789
228,175
Maharashtra

138
Bijapur
326,360
228,175
Karnataka

139
Rampur
325,248
281,494
Uttar Pradesh

140
Shivamogga
322,428
274,352
Karnataka

141
Chandrapur
321,036
289,450
Maharashtra

142
Junagadh
320,250
168,686
Gujarat

143
Thrissur
315,596
317,526
Kerala

144
Alwar
315,310
260,593
Rajasthan

145
Bardhaman
314,638
285,602
West Bengal

146
Kulti
313,977
289,903
West Bengal

147
Kakinada
325,985
296,329
Andhra Pradesh

148
Nizamabad
310,467
288,722
Telangana

149
Parbhani
307,191
259,329
Maharashtra

150
Tumkur
305,821
248,929
Karnataka

text: 151 to 175

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

151
Khammam
305,000
218,689
Telangana

152
Ozhukarai
300,028
217,707
Puducherry

153
Bihar Sharif
296,889
232,071
Bihar

154
Panipat
294,150
261,740
Haryana

155
Darbhanga
294,116
267,348
Bihar

156
Bally
291,972
260,906
West Bengal

157
Aizawl
291,822
228,280
Mizoram

158
Dewas
289,438
231,672
Madhya Pradesh

159
Ichalkaranji
287,570
257,610
Maharashtra

160
Karnal
286,974
210,476
Haryana

161
Bathinda
285,813
217,256
Punjab

162
Jalna
285,349
235,795
Maharashtra

163
Eluru
283,648[32]
190,347
Andhra Pradesh

164
Kirari Suleman Nagar
282,598
153,874
Delhi

165
Barasat
283,443
231,515
West Bengal

166
Purnia
280,547
171,687[33]
Bihar

167
Satna
280,248
225,464
Madhya Pradesh

168
Mau
279,060
212,657
Uttar Pradesh

169
Sonipat
277,053
214,974
Haryana

170
Farrukhabad
275,750
228,333
Uttar Pradesh

171
Sagar
273,357
232,133
Madhya Pradesh

172
Rourkela
273,217
224,601
Odisha

173
Durg
268,679
232,517
Chhattisgarh

174
Imphal
264,986
221,492
Manipur

175
Ratlam
264,810
222,202
Madhya Pradesh

text: 176 to 200

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3][34]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

176
Hapur
262,801
211,983
Uttar Pradesh

177
Arrah
261,099
203,380
Bihar

178
Karimnagar
260,899
205,653
Telangana

179
Anantapur
261,004
218,808
Andhra Pradesh

180
Etawah
256,838
210,453
Uttar Pradesh

181
Ambernath
254,003
203,795
Maharashtra

182
North Dumdum
253,625
220,042
West Bengal

183
Bharatpur
252,109
204,587
Rajasthan

184
Begusarai
251,136
93,378
Bihar

185
New Delhi
249,998
302,147
Delhi

186
Gandhidham
248,705
166,388
Gujarat

187
Baranagar
248,466
250,768
West Bengal

188
Tiruvottiyur
248,059
212,281
Tamil Nadu

189
Pondicherry
241,773
220,749
Puducherry

190
Sikar
237,579
184,904
Rajasthan

191
Thoothukudi
237,374
216,058
Tamil Nadu

192
Rewa
235,422
183,274
Madhya Pradesh

193
Mirzapur
233,691
205,053
Uttar Pradesh

194
Raichur
232,456
207,421
Karnataka

195
Pali
229,956
187,641
Rajasthan

196
Ramagundam[35]
229,644
236,600
Telangana

197
Haridwar
228,832
175,010
Uttarakhand

198
Vijayanagaram
228,025
174,324
Andhra Pradesh

199
Katihar
225,982
175,169
Bihar

200
Nagercoil
224,849
208,179
Tamil Nadu

text: 201 to 225

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3][34]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

201
Sri Ganganagar
224,773
210,713
Rajasthan

202
Karawal Nagar
224,666
148,549
Delhi

203
Mango
223,805
166,125
Jharkhand

204
Thanjavur
222,943
215,314
Tamil Nadu

205
Bulandshahr
222,519
176,425
Uttar Pradesh

206
Uluberia
222,240
202,135
West Bengal

207
Murwara
221,883
187,029

Uttar Pradesh

208
Sambhal
220,813
182,478

Uttar Pradesh

209
Singrauli
220,257
185,190
Madhya Pradesh

210
Nadiad
218,095
192,913
Gujarat

211
Secunderabad
217,910
206,102
Telangana

212
Naihati
217,900
215,303
West Bengal

213
Yamunanagar
216,677
189,696
Haryana

214
Bidhan Nagar
215,514
164,221
West Bengal

215
Pallavaram
215,417
144,623
Tamil Nadu

216
Bidar
214,373
172,877
Karnataka

217
Munger
213,303
188,050
Bihar

218
Panchkula
211,355
140,925

Haryana

219
Burhanpur
210,886
193,725
Madhya Pradesh

220
Raurkela Industrial Township
210,317
206,693
Odisha

221
Kharagpur
207,604
188,761
West Bengal

222
Dindigul
207,327
196,955
Tamil Nadu

223
Gandhinagar
206,167
195,985
Gujarat

224
Hospet
206,167
164,240
Karnataka

225
Nangloi Jat
205,596
150,948
Delhi

text: 226 to 250

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3][34]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

226
English Bazar
205,521
161,456
West Bengal

227
Ongole
204,746
150,471
Andhra Pradesh

228
Deoghar
203,123
112,525

Jharkhand

229
Chapra
202,352
79,190
Bihar

230
Haldia
200,827
170,673
West Bengal

231
Khandwa
200,738
172,242
Madhya Pradesh

232
Nandyal
200,516
152,676
Andhra Pradesh

233
Chittoor[36]
189,332
152,654
Andhra Pradesh

234
Morena
200,482
150,959
Madhya Pradesh

235
Amroha
198,471
165,129
Uttar Pradesh

236
Anand
198,282
130,685
Gujarat

237
Bhind
197,585
153,752
Madhya Pradesh

238
Bhalswa Jahangir Pur
197,148
152,339
Delhi

239
Madhyamgram
196,127
155,451
West Bengal

240
Bhiwani
196,057
169,531
Haryana

241
Navi Mumbai Panvel Raigad
195,373

Maharashtra

242
Baharampur
195,223
160,143
West Bengal

243
Ambala
195,153
139,279
Haryana

244
Morvi
194,947
145,719
Gujarat

245
Fatehpur
193,193
151,757
Uttar Pradesh

246
Rae Bareli
191,316
169,333
Uttar Pradesh

247
Khora
190,005

Uttar Pradesh

248
Bhusawal
187,421
172,372
Maharashtra

249
Orai
187,137
139,318
Uttar Pradesh

250
Bahraich
186,223
168,323
Uttar Pradesh

text: 251 to 275

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3][34]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

251
Vellore
185,803
177,230
Tamil Nadu

252
Mahesana
184,991
141,453
Gujarat

253
Sambalpur
184,000
153,643
Orissa

254
Raiganj
183,612
165,212
West Bengal

255
Sirsa
182,534
160,735
Haryana

256
Danapur
182,429
131,176
Bihar

257
Serampore
181,842
197,857
West Bengal

258
Sultan Pur Majra
181,554
164,426
Delhi

259
Guna
180,935
137,175
Madhya Pradesh

260
Jaunpur
180,362
160,055
Uttar Pradesh

261
Panvel
180,020
104,058
Maharashtra

262
Shivpuri
179,977
146,892
Madhya Pradesh

263
Surendranagar Dudhrej
177,851
156,161
Gujarat

264
Unnao
177,658
144,662
Uttar Pradesh

265
Hugli and Chinsurah
177,259
170,201
West Bengal

266
Alappuzha
174,164
177,029
Kerala

267
Kottayam
172,878
129,894
Kerala

268
Machilipatnam
169,892
179,353
Andhra Pradesh

269
Shimla
169,578
142,555
Himachal Pradesh

270
Adoni
166,537

Andhra Pradesh

271
Udupi
165,401

Karnataka

272
Tenali
164,937

Andhra Pradesh

273
Proddatur
162,717

Andhra Pradesh

274
Saharsa
155,175
125,167[37]
Bihar

275
Hindupur
151,835

Andhra Pradesh

276
Sasaram
147,396
131,172[38]
Bihar

text: 277 to 300

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3][34]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

277
Hajipur
147,126
119,412[39]
Bihar

278
Bhimavaram
142,280
―
Andhra Pradesh

279
Dehri
137,068
119,057[38]
Bihar

280
Madanapalle
135,669
―
Andhra Pradesh

281
Siwan
134,458
109,919[40]
Bihar

282
Bettiah
132,896
116,670[41]
Bihar

283
Guntakal
126,270
―
Andhra Pradesh

284
Srikakulam
125,939
―
Andhra Pradesh

285
Motihari
125,183
100,683[42]
Bihar

286
Dharmavaram
121,874
―
Andhra Pradesh

287
Gudivada
118,167
―
Andhra Pradesh

288
Narasaraopet
116,250
―
Andhra Pradesh

289
Suryapet
115,250
94,585
Telangana

290
Bagaha
113,012
91,467[41]
Bihar

291
Tadipatri
108,171
―
Andhra Pradesh

292
Kishanganj
107,076
85,590[43]
Bihar

293
Karaikudi
106,714
86,596
Tamil Nadu

294
Miryalaguda
109,891
91,395
Telangana

295
Jamalpur
105,221
96,983[44]
Bihar

296
Kavali
104,000
―
Andhra Pradesh

297
Tadepalligudem
103,906
―
Andhra Pradesh

298
Amaravati
103,000
―
Andhra Pradesh

299
Buxar
102,591
83,168[45]
Bihar

300
Jehanabad
102,456
81,503[46]
Bihar

301
Aurangabad
101,520
79,393[47]
Bihar

302
Gangtok[48]
100,286
29,354
Sikkim


document_title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

question_text: where was the movie yours mine and ours filmed

text: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Frank Beardsley is a Navy Chief Warrant Officer, recently detached from the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise and assigned as project officer for the Fresnel lens glide-slope indicator, or "meatball," that would eventually become standard equipment on all carriers. Helen North is a civilian nurse working in the dispensary at NAS Alameda, the California U. S. Navy base to which Frank is assigned.

text: Frank meets Helen, first by chance in the commissary on the base and again when Frank brings his distraught teen-age daughter for treatment at the dispensary, where Helen informs him that the young lady is simply growing up in a too-crowded house that lacks a mother's guidance. They immediately hit it off and go on a date, all the while shying away from admitting their respective secrets: Frank has ten children and Helen has eight, from previous marriages ended by their spouses' deaths.

text: When each finally learns the other's secret, they initially resist their mutual attraction. But Chief Warrant Officer Darrell Harrison (Van Johnson) is determined to bring them together, so he "fixes up" each of them with a sure-to-be-incompatible blind date. Helen's date is an obstetrician (Sidney Miller) who stands a good head shorter than she ("Darrell had a malicious sense of humor," Helen observes in voice-over); Frank's date is a "hip" girl (Louise Troy) who is not only young enough to be his daughter, but is also far too forward for his taste. As the final touch, Harrison makes sure that both dates take place in the same Japanese restaurant. As Harrison fully expects, Frank and Helen end up leaving the restaurant together in his car, with Frank's date sitting uncomfortably between them as they carry on about their children.

text: Frank and Helen continue to date regularly, and eventually he invites her to dinner in his home. This nearly turns disastrous when Mike, Rusty, and Greg (Tim Matheson, Gil Rogers, and Gary Goetzman), Frank's three sons, mix hefty doses of gin, scotch, and vodka into Helen's drink. As a result, Helen's behavior turns wild and embarrassing, which Frank cannot comprehend until he catches his sons trying to conceal their laughter. "The court of inquiry is now in session!" he declares, and gets the three to own up and apologize. After this, he announces his intention to marry Helen, adding, "And nobody put anything into my drink."

text: Most of the children fight the union at first, regarding each other and their respective stepparents with suspicion. Eventually, however, the 18 children bond into one large blended family, about to increase—Helen becomes pregnant.

text: Further tension develops between young Philip North and his teacher at the parochial school that he attends: his teacher insists that he use his "legal" name, which remains North even after his mother marries Beardsley. This prompts Helen and Frank to discuss cross-adopting each other's children, who (except for Philip) are aghast at the notion of "reburying" their deceased biological parents. The subsequent birth of Joseph John Beardsley finally unites the children, who agree unanimously to adoption under a common surname.

text: The film ends with the eldest sibling, Mike Beardsley, going off to Camp Pendleton to begin his stint in the United States Marine Corps.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Lucille Ball as Helen Brandmeier North Beardsley
Henry Fonda as CWO Frank Beardsley, USN

text: Adult friends and relatives[edit]

text:
Van Johnson as CWO Darrell Harrison, USN
Walter Brooke as Howard Beardsley (Frank's brother, who in this film temporarily "borrows" Germaine and Joan Beardsley after Frank's detachment from the Enterprise.)
Nancy Howard as Nancy Beardsley (Frank's sister-in-law)
Sidney Miller as Dr. Ashford (Helen's date, an obstetrician who stands a good head shorter than she)
Louise Troy as Madeleine Love (Frank's date, a "hip" girl young enough to be his daughter)
Tom Bosley as a family doctor who makes a house call on the Beardsleys, and is also the consulting physician for the California Draft Board when Mike Beardsley reports for a required physical exam.

text: Frank's children[edit]

text:
Tim Matheson as Mike (credited as "Tim Matthieson")
Gil Rogers as Rusty
Gary Goetzman as Greg
Nancy Roth as Rosemary
Morgan Brittany as Louise (Credited as "Suzanne Cupito")
Holly O'Brien as Susan
Michele Tobin as Veronica
Maralee Foster as Mary
Tracy Nelson as Germaine
Stephanie Oliver as Joan

text: Helen's children[edit]

text:
Jennifer Leak as Colleen
Kevin Burchett as Nick
Kimberly Beck as Janette
Mitch Vogel as Tommy
Margot Jane as Jean
Eric Shea as Philip
Greg Atkins as Gerald
Lynnell Atkins as Teresa

text: Other acquaintances[edit]

text:
Ben Murphy as Larry, Colleen's boyfriend
Jennifer Gan as Young Lady In Coffeehouse

text: Teachers, officials, etc.[edit]

text:
Mary Gregory as Sister Mary Alice, who questions Philip's use of the Beardsley name
Harry Holcombe as the judge who handles the grand mutual adoption

text: Frank's unsuccessful housekeepers[edit]

text:
Ysabel MacCloskey as Number One, who lasts less than a day.
Pauline Hague as Number Two, aka "Mrs. Anderson." She lasts a week because she is hiding from the police. After a stint with the Beardsleys, she turns herself in.
Marjorie Eaton as Number Three, aka "Mrs. Ferguson," who famously says, "Mrs. Anderson was last week; I'm Mrs. Ferguson, and you can mail me my check!" She has the fight with Louise that precipitates Frank's second meeting with Helen.

text: Reality versus film[edit]

text: This film departs in several various ways from the actual lives of Frank and Helen Beardsley and their children. The names of Frank and Helen Beardsley and their children are real; the wedding invitation that appears midway through the film is the actual North-Beardsley wedding invitation. The career of Lieutenant Richard North USN is also described accurately, but briefly: specifically, he was a navigator on the crew of an A-3 Skywarrior that crashed in a routine training flight, killing all aboard, exactly as Helen describes in the film. Frank Beardsley is described correctly as a Navy warrant officer. The "loan-out" of the two youngest Beardsleys is also real, and indeed Michael, Charles ("Rusty"), and Gregory Beardsley were determined to see their father marry Helen North as a means of rectifying this situation. The movie correctly describes Frank Beardsley as applying his Navy mind-set to the daunting task of organizing such a large family (although the chart with the color-coded bathrooms and letter-coded bedrooms--"I'm Eleven Red A!"—is likely a Hollywood exaggeration). Finally, Michael Beardsley did indeed serve a term in the Marines, as did Rusty.

text: The differences from what Helen Beardsley's book Who Gets the Drumstick? puts forth include the following:[3]

text:
The film changes the ages and birth order of many of the children, and places some of the children, most notably Colleen and Philip North, into situations not mentioned in the book. For example, Colleen North is not mentioned in Beardsley's book as ever having a boyfriend who took inappropriate liberties with her.
Contrary to the depiction in the film, Helen North and Frank Beardsley began their relationship by corresponding with each other in sympathy for their recent losses. Furthermore, each knew how many children the other had before their first meeting, which was not by accident in a Navy commissary; Frank's sister told Helen about Frank's situation and she wrote to him to offer her sympathy. On their first date, Helen made no attempt to hide her children from Frank.
Frank Beardsley was a yeoman in the Navy and afterward the personnel officer at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. He played no role in the development of the "meatball", nor is he listed as having served aboard any ship named USS Enterprise.
Frank's friend "CWO Darrell Harrison USN", the character (portrayed by Van Johnson) who draws Frank and Helen together, was invented for the film. Helen Beardsley writes in Who Gets the Drumstick? that her own sister and brother-in-law played this role.
Frank Beardsley never told his own story in print, and Helen provides very little description of his homelife before he married her; there is no mention of Frank's home not being exactly "shipshape", or his not being able to keep a housekeeper longer than a week.
The couple who temporarily took care of Germaine and Joan Beardsley were not Frank's brother and sister-in-law as depicted in the film, but two unrelated friends of his.
The North and Beardsley children received the prospect of Helen and Frank's marriage with enthusiasm and without reservation. When Helen visited Frank's home for the first time, she took her five oldest children along. They met some of their Beardsley counterparts and immediately became friends. From the moment that the prospect of Frank and Helen's marriage became real, the children all began regarding Frank and Helen as their parents and even pressured them to marry as soon as possible.
The "drunken dinner scene" in which Mike, Rusty, and Greg Beardsley serve Helen North a double (or perhaps triple) screwdriver with Scotch and gin makes no appearance in the book. Rather, it is reminiscent of the "Lucy Does a TV Commercial" episode in Lucille Ball's television show I Love Lucy, in which she over-rehearses a television commercial for a vitamin elixir (Vitameatavegamin) with a very high alcohol content. Two I Love Lucy writers who wrote that episode--Madelyn Davis and Bob Carroll—are given story credit in the film.
Mike, Rusty, and Greg observed "company manners" from the beginning of Helen's first visit to the Beardsley home. Helen describes their gestures as touching her greatly. The film does not depict this.
The blended family did not move into a neutral home as shown in the film. Instead, Frank Beardsley had bedrooms and bathrooms added to his existing home, and Helen North sold her house when she and her children moved into his. (The leaking-roof scene is based on the incident that prompted Helen North to move to California from Whidbey Island.)
The North boy who was determined to be bad because "the good die young" was actually Nicholas North, not Philip. It was also Nicholas whose teachers commanded him to use the North name after his mother's marriage although he preferred the Beardsley name. (However, the ruckus in the film—that a schoolteacher incites in her classroom over the naming issue—is also a dramatization.)
Philip's idolization of Mike, and Mike's willingness to be a role model to Philip, are touched on in the book. However, all of Frank Beardsley's three eldest sons actually played this role. Likewise, all of Helen North's sons, not Philip alone, lionized Mike, as well as Rusty and Greg. The high mutual respect that the stepbrothers developed for one another was one of the most important developments that knit the blended family together. (In this regard, the petty jealousies between Frank's and Helen's children, as depicted in the film, are generally dramatic liberties.)
The one incident of mutual jealousy that did develop in real life—between the eldest Beardsley and North daughters—is not depicted in the film.
The children never objected to the massive cross-adoption. The chief objectors fell into two groups: Richard North's brother and some of his other relatives, who objected to the "erasure" of Mr. North's name; and a large number of readers of a major magazine (which Helen Beardsley never named) who objected in principle to the adoption when that magazine mistakenly reported it as an accomplished fact. However, Frank and Helen ultimately ignored those objections in the face of more pressing and important consequences of their having married without initially adopting each other's children.

text: The film also takes dramatic liberties with its depiction of Navy life and flight operations aboard an aircraft carrier:

text:
When Frank learns that Helen is pregnant (with Joseph John), he asks the catapult launch officer to stop the launch of the mail plane to permit him to board it; in reality, this officer does not have that authority. In fact, the Air Boss is the lowest-ranking officer who can stop the launch of an aircraft, and normally he does not keep station on the flight deck at all.
Frank is seen wearing a ship's ballcap, and then a combination cap. Neither would be permitted, as they constitute a foreign object damage hazard. Additionally, no one would be permitted on the flight deck during active flight operations without wearing helmet, goggles, and ear plugs.

text: As much as this film departed from the Beardsleys' actual life, the remake departed even more significantly.

text: Production notes[edit]

text: Henry Fonda and Lucille Ball take turns providing voice-over narration throughout—and in at least one scene, Van Johnson talks directly to the camera, as does Fonda.

text: That Lucille Ball would portray Helen Beardsley was never in doubt. But a long line of distinguished actors came under consideration, at one time or another, for the role of Frank Beardsley. They included Desi Arnaz, James Stewart, Fred MacMurray, Jackie Gleason, Art Carney, and John Wayne. Henry Fonda finally accepted, and indeed asked for, the role in a telephone conversation with Robert F. Blumofe in 1967. Ball, who had worked with Fonda before in the 1942 release The Big Street, readily agreed to the casting.[4]

text: One account[which?] says that Ball recalled in 1961 that Desilu Productions first bought the rights to the Beardsley-North story in 1959, even before Helen Beardsley published her biography, but this is highly unlikely because Frank and Helen Beardsley married on September 6, 1961. More likely is the story that Bob Carroll and his wife brought the story of the Beardsley family to Ball's attention after reading it in a local newspaper.[5] However, Mr. Carroll is said to recall his wife mentioning the story in 1960—again, a full year before the Beardsleys were married and probably when Dick North was still alive. In any event, Desilu Productions did secure the rights early on, and Mr. Carroll and Madelyn Pugh began instantly to write a script.

text: Production suffered multiple interruptions for several reasons. It began in December 1962 after Ball's abortive attempt at a career on the Broadway stage. In 1963, production was halted after the box-office failure of her comedy effort Critic's Choice (with Bob Hope). Later, she had a falling-out with Madelyn Pugh (then known as Madelyn Pugh Martin) and Bob Carroll, precisely because their script overly resembled an I Love Lucy television episode, and commissioned another writer (Leonard Spigelgass) to rewrite the script.[citation needed] Mr. Spigelgass does not seem to have succeeded in breaking free of Lucy's television work, so producer Robert Blumofe hired yet two more writers (Mickey Rudin and Bernie Weitzman) to make an attempt.[citation needed] When this failed, Blumofe hired Melville Shavelson, who eventually directed. All further rewrite efforts came to an abrupt end at the insistence of United Artists, the film's eventual distributor.[citation needed]

text: At this point in the production cycle, Helen Beardsley's book Who Gets the Drumstick? was actually released in 1965. Like many film adaptations, exactly how much the book informed the final shooting script is impossible to determine.

text: Production began in 1967 with Henry Fonda definitely signed on to portray Frank. Mort Lachman, who had been one of Bob Hope's writers, joined the writing team at the recommendation of Shavelson.[citation needed] Leonard Spigelgass received no on-screen writing credit for his efforts in this film.

text: Filming was done largely on-location in Alameda and San Francisco, California with Mike's high-school graduation being filmed at Grant High School in southern California (Frank Beardsley's home, into which the blended family eventually moved, was in Carmel). The total budget is estimated at $2,500,000 US ($175 Million adjusted for inflation) ;including $1,700,000 for actual filming and post-production.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received lukewarm critical reviews—although Leonard Maltin[citation needed] looked favorably upon it as a "wholesome, 'family' picture" with an excellent script. Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars and praised the performances of Ball and Fonda.[6]

text: It was a massive commercial success, earning nearly $26 million ($182 Million adjusted for inflation) at the box office (on a tight budget of $2.5 million) and earning over $11 million in rentals.[7] Thus, it was the top-grossing film released by United Artists in 1968 and the 11th highest-grossing film of the year. (Both figures are for U.S. and Canada only.) This came about probably on the strength of Lucille Ball's name and performance (which many of her fans regard as a classic).[citation needed] Some critics felt that Ball, then in her late 50s, was too old for the part of a middle aged mother.

text: Frank Beardsley commented that his family enjoyed the film as general entertainment, and acknowledged that perhaps the scriptwriters felt that their screenplay was "a better story" than the truth.[8]

text: Not anticipating the huge box office returns from the movie, Lucille Ball failed to make appropriate tax shelter and thus saw most of her share going to pay taxes.

text: The film's success partly inspired network approval of the television series The Brady Bunch; the original script for the series pilot was written well before this movie became a reality.

text: Among the child actors cast as the Beardsley and North children, several went on to greater success, including Tim Matheson (billed here as Tim Matthieson) who went on to play the character Otter in the more adult-oriented comedy Animal House; Morgan Brittany (billed here as Suzanne Cupito) appeared in many episodes of Dallas; Mitch Vogel appeared in The Reivers with Steve McQueen for which Vogel received a Golden Globe Best Supporting Actor nomination in 1970; and Tracy Nelson, daughter of actor/musician Ricky Nelson, who eventually starred in the series Father Dowling Mysteries beside Tom Bosley, who portrayed the doctor in this movie. Also, Matheson (Mike Beardsley) and future soap-opera actress Jennifer Leak (Colleen North) married in real life in 1968, although they divorced in 1971.

text: Home video releases[edit]

text: Yours, Mine and Ours was released on VHS by MGM/UA Home Video in 1989, 1994, and 1998. A Laserdisc version was released in 1994, featuring noise reduction applied to the film soundtrack.

text: It was released to DVD on March 6, 2001. While the DVD was released in full frame, the original film was a widescreen release; this, therefore, constitutes a pan and scan.

text: It was released on Blu ray on September 13, 2016. The sole special feature is the original movie trailer.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Lucille Ball received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy.
The film itself was a candidate for the Golden Globe Award for Best Musical or Comedy Picture of 1968.
Lucille Ball won the Golden Laurel award for Best Female Performance in a Comedy. Henry Fonda placed third in the Golden Laurels for Best Male Performance in a Comedy.
The film itself won the Golden Laurel for Best General Entertainment Film.
Melville Shavelson and Mort Lachman received a nomination for the 1969 Writers Guild of America Award for Best-written American Comedy.


document_title: History of colonialism

question_text: what countries or areas did portugal contact colonize or establish posts in

text: History of colonialism

text: Portuguese and Spanish exploration and colonization[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: European colonization of both Eastern and Western Hemispheres has its roots in Portuguese exploration. There were financial and religious motives behind this exploration. By finding the source of the lucrative spice trade, the Portuguese could reap its profits for themselves. They would also be able to probe the existence of the fabled Christian kingdom of Prester John, with an eye to encircling the Islamic Ottoman Empire, itself gaining territories and colonies in Eastern Europe. The first foothold outside of Europe was gained with the conquest of Ceuta in 1415. During the 15th century, Portuguese sailors discovered the Atlantic islands of Madeira, Azores, and Cape Verde, which were duly populated, and pressed progressively further along the west African coast until Bartolomeu Dias demonstrated it was possible to sail around Africa by rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, paving the way for Vasco da Gama to reach India in 1498.

text: Portuguese successes led to Spanish financing of a mission by Christopher Columbus in 1492 to explore an alternative route to Asia, by sailing west. When Columbus eventually made landfall in the Caribbean Antilles he believed he had reached the coast of India, and that the people he encountered there were Indians with red skin. This is why Native Americans have been called Indians or red-Indians.[1] In truth, Columbus had arrived on a continent that was new to the Europeans, the Americas.

text: After Columbus' first trips, competing Spanish and Portuguese claims to new territories and sea routes were solved with the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, which divided the world outside of Europe in two areas of trade an exploration, between the Iberian kingdoms of Castile and Portugal along a north-south meridian, 370 leagues west of Cape Verde. According to this international agreement, the larger part of the Americas and the Pacific Ocean were open to Spanish exploration and colonization, while Africa, the Indian Ocean and most of Asia were assigned to Portugal.

text: The boundaries specified by the Treaty of Tordesillas were put to the test in 1521 when Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for the Spanish Crown became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean, reaching Guam and the Philippines, parts of which the Portuguese had already explored, sailing from the Indian Ocean. The two by now global empires, which had set out from opposing directions, had finally met on the other side of the world. The conflicts that arose between both powers were finally solved with the Treaty of Zaragoza in 1529, which defined the areas of Spanish and Portuguese influence in Asia, establishing the anti meridian, or line of demarcation on the other side of the world.

text: During the 16th century the Portuguese continued to press both eastwards and westwards into the Oceans. Towards Asia they made the first direct contact between Europeans and the peoples inhabiting present day countries such as Mozambique, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, East Timor (1512), China, and finally Japan. In the opposite direction, the Portuguese colonized the huge territory that eventually became Brasil, and the Spanish conquistadores established the vast Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru, and later of Río de la Plata (Argentina) and New Granada (Colombia). In Asia, the Portuguese encountered ancient and well populated societies, and established a seaborne empire consisting of armed coastal trading posts along their trade routes (such as Goa, Malacca and Macau), so they had relatively little cultural impact on the societies they engaged. In the Western Hemisphere, the European colonization involved the emigration of large numbers of settlers, soldiers and administrators intent on owning land and exploiting the apparently primitive (as perceived by Old World standards) indigenous peoples of the Americas. The result was that the colonization of the New World was catastrophic: native peoples were no match for European technology, ruthlessness, or their diseases which decimated the indigenous population.

text: Spanish treatment of the indigenous populations caused a fierce debate, the Valladolid Controversy, over whether Indians possessed souls and if so, whether they were entitled to the basic rights of mankind. Bartolomé de Las Casas, author of A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, championed the cause of the native peoples, and was opposed by Sepúlveda, who claimed Amerindians were "natural slaves".

text: The Roman Catholic Church played a large role in Spanish and Portuguese overseas activities. The Dominicans, Jesuits, and Franciscans, notably Francis Xavier in Asia and Junípero Serra in North America, were particularly active in this endeavour. Many buildings erected by the Jesuits still stand, such as the Cathedral of Saint Paul in Macau and the Santisima Trinidad de Paraná in Paraguay, the latter an example of the Jesuit Reductions. The Dominican and Franciscan buildings of California's missions and New Mexico's missions stand restored, such as Mission Santa Barbara in Santa Barbara, California and San Francisco de Asis Mission Church in Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico.

text: As characteristically happens in any colonialism, European or not, previous or subsequent, both Spain and Portugal profited handsomely from their newfound overseas colonies: the Spanish from gold and silver from mines such as Potosí and Zacateca in New Spain, the Portuguese from the huge markups they enjoyed as trade intermediaries, particarlarly during the Namban Japan trade period. The influx of precious metals to the Spanish monarchy's coffers allowed it to finance costly religious wars in Europe which ultimately proved its undoing: the supply of metals was not infinite and the large inflow caused inflation and debt.

text: Northern European challenges to the Iberian hegemony[edit]

text: It was not long before the exclusivity of Iberian claims to the Americas was challenged by other up and coming European powers, primarily the Netherlands, France and England: the view taken by the rulers of these nations is epitomized by the quotation attributed to Francis I of France demanding to be shown the clause in Adam's will excluding his authority from the New World.

text: This challenge initially took the form of piratical attacks (such as those by Francis Drake) on Spanish treasure fleets or coastal settlements, but later the Northern European countries began establishing settlements of their own, primarily in areas that were outside of Spanish interests, such as what is now the eastern seaboard of the U.S. and Canada, or islands in the Caribbean, such as Aruba, Martinique and Barbados, that had been abandoned by the Spanish in favour of the mainland and larger islands.

text: Whereas Spanish colonialism was based on the religious conversion and exploitation of local populations via encomiendas (many Spaniards emigrated to the Americas to elevate their social status, and were not interested in manual labour), Northern European colonialism was bolstered by those emigrating for religious reasons (for example, the Mayflower voyage). The motive for emigration was not to become an aristocrat or to spread one's faith but to start a new society afresh, structured according to the colonists wishes. The most populous emigration of the 17th century was that of the English, who after a series of wars with the Dutch and French came to dominate the Thirteen Colonies on the eastern coast of the present day U.S. and other colonies such as Newfoundland and Rupert's Land in what is now Canada.

text: However, the English, French and Dutch were no more averse to making a profit than the Spanish and Portuguese, and whilst their areas of settlement in the Americas proved to be devoid of the precious metals found by the Spanish, trade in other commodities and products that could be sold at massive profit in Europe provided another reason for crossing the Atlantic, in particular furs from Canada, tobacco and cotton grown in Virginia and sugar in the islands of the Caribbean and Brazil. Due to the massive depletion of indigenous labour, plantation owners had to look elsewhere for manpower for these labour-intensive crops. They turned to the centuries-old slave trade of west Africa and began transporting Africans across the Atlantic on a massive scale – historians estimate that the Atlantic slave trade brought between 10 and 12 million African (mostly black skinned) slaves to the New World. The islands of the Caribbean soon came to be populated by slaves of African descent, ruled over by a white minority of plantation owners interested in making a fortune and then returning to their home country to spend it.

text: Role of companies in early colonialism[edit]

text: From its very outset, Western colonialism was operated as a joint public-private venture. Columbus' voyages to the Americas were partially funded by Italian investors, but whereas the Spanish state maintained a tight rein on trade with its colonies (by law, the colonies could only trade with one designated port in the mother country and treasure was brought back in special convoys), the English, French and Dutch granted what were effectively trade monopolies to joint-stock companies such as the East India Companies and the Hudson's Bay Company. Imperial Russia had no State sponsored expeditions or colonization in the Americas, but did charter the first Russian joint-stock commercial enterprise, the Russian America Company, which did sponsor those activities in its territories.

text: European colonies in India[edit]

text: In May 1498, the Portuguese set foot in Kozhikode in Kerala, making them the first Europeans to sail to India. Rivalry among reigning European powers saw the entry of the Dutch, English, French, Danish and others. The kingdoms of India were gradually taken over by the Europeans and indirectly controlled by puppet rulers. In 1600, Queen Elizabeth I accorded a charter, forming the East India Company to trade with India and eastern Asia. The English landed in India in Surat in 1612. By the 19th century, they had assumed direct and indirect control over most of India.

text: Independence in the Americas (1770–1820)[edit]

text: During the five decades following 1770, Britain, France, Spain and Portugal lost many of their possessions in the Americas.

text: Britain and the Thirteen Colonies[edit]

text: After the conclusion of the Seven Years' War in 1763, Britain had emerged as the world's dominant power, but found itself mired in debt and struggling to finance the Navy and Army necessary to maintain a global empire. The British Parliament's attempt to raise taxes from North American colonists raised fears among the Americans that their rights as "Englishmen", and particularly their rights of self-government, were in danger.

text: From 1765, a series of disputes with Parliament over taxation led to the American Revolution, first to informal committees of correspondence among the colonies, then to coordinated protest and resistance, with an important event in 1770, the Boston Massacre. A standing army was formed by the United Colonies, and independence was declared by the Second Continental Congress on 4 July 1776.

text: The Patriots fought the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). Formal acts of rebellion against British authority began in 1774 when the Patriot Suffolk Resolves effectively abolished the legal government of the Province of Massachusetts Bay and expelled all royal officials. The tensions caused by this would lead to the outbreak of fighting between Patriot militia and British regulars at Lexington and Concord in April 1775.

text: The American War of Independence continued until 1783, when the Treaty of Paris was signed. Britain recognised the sovereignty of the United States over the territory bounded by the British possessions to the North, Florida to the South, and the Mississippi River to the west.

text: France and the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)[edit]

text: The Haitian Revolution, a slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, established Haïti as a free, black republic, the first of its kind. Haiti became the second independent nation that was a former European colony in the Western Hemisphere after the United States. Africans and people of African ancestry freed themselves from slavery and colonization by taking advantage of the conflict among whites over how to implement the reforms of the French Revolution in this slave society. Although independence was declared in 1804, it was not until 1825 that it was formally recognized by King Charles X of France.

text: Spain and the Wars of Independence in Latin America[edit]

text: The gradual decline of Spain as an imperial power throughout the 17th century was hastened by the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14), as a result of which it lost its European imperial possessions. The death knell for the Spanish Empire in the Americas was Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian peninsula in 1808. With the installation of his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne, the main tie between the metropole and its American colonies, the Spanish monarchy, had been cut, leading the colonists to question their continued subordination to a declining and distant country.

text: With an eye on the events of the American Revolution forty years earlier, revolutionary leaders began bloody wars of independence against Spain, whose armies were ultimately unable to maintain control. By 1831, Spain had been ejected from the mainland of the American continent, leaving a collection of independent republics that stretched from Chile and Argentina in the south to Mexico in the north. Spain's colonial possessions were reduced to Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and a number of small islands in the Pacific, all of which she was to lose to the United States in the 1898 Spanish–American War or sell to Germany shortly thereafter.

text: Portugal and Brazil[edit]

text: Brazil was the only country in Latin America to gain its independence without bloodshed. The invasion of Portugal by Napoleon in 1808 had forced King João VI to escape to Brazil and establish his court in Rio de Janeiro. For thirteen years, Portugal was ruled from Brazil (the only instance of such a reversal of roles between colony and metropole) until his return to Portugal in 1821. His son, Dom Pedro, was left in charge of Brazil and in 1822 he declared independence from Portugal and himself the Emperor of Brazil. Unlike Spain's former colonies which had abandoned the monarchy in favour of republicanism, Brazil therefore retained its links with its monarchy, the House of Braganza.

text: India (1858 onwards)[edit]

text: Vasco da Gama's maritime success to discover for Europeans a new sea route to India in 1498 paved the way for direct Indo-European commerce.[2] The Portuguese soon set up trading-posts in Goa, Daman, Diu and Bombay. The next to arrive were the Dutch, the English—who set up a trading-post in the west-coast port of Surat in 1619—and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian Kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers were to control various regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they would eventually lose all their territories in India to the British, with the exception of the French outposts of Pondicherry and Chandernagore, the Dutch port in Travancore, and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman, and Diu.

text: The British in India[edit]

text: The English East India Company had been given permission by the Mughal emperor Jahangir in 1617 to trade in India.[3] Gradually the Company's increasing influence led the de jure Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar to grant them dastaks or permits for duty-free trade in Bengal in 1717.[4] The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah, the de facto ruler of the Bengal province, opposed British attempts to use these permits. This led to the Battle of Plassey in 1757, in which the armies of the East India Company, led by Robert Clive, defeated the Nawab's forces. This was the first political foothold with territorial implications that the British had acquired in India. Clive was appointed by the Company as its first Governor of Bengal in 1757.[5] This was combined with British victories over the French at Madras, Wandiwash and Pondicherry that, along with wider British successes during the Seven Years' War, reduced French influence in India. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the Company acquired the civil rights of administration in Bengal from the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II; it marked the beginning of its formal rule, which was to engulf eventually most of India and extinguish the Moghul rule and dynasty itself in less than a century.[6] The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal-like structurea (See Zamindar) in Bengal. By the 1850s, the East India Company controlled most of the Indian sub-continent, which included present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh. Their policy was sometimes summed up as Divide and Rule, taking advantage of the enmity festering between various princely states and social and religious groups.

text: The first major movement against the British Company's high handed rule resulted in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the "Indian Mutiny" or "Sepoy Mutiny" or the "First War of Independence". After a year of turmoil, and reinforcement of the East India Company's troops with British soldiers, the Company overcame the rebellion. The nominal leader of the uprising, the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, was exiled to Burma, his children were beheaded and the Moghul line abolished. In the aftermath all power was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown, which began to administer most of India as a colony; the Company's lands were controlled directly and the rest through the rulers of what it called the Princely states. There were 565 princely states when the Indian subcontinent gained independence from Britain in August 1947.[7]

text: During period of the British Raj, famines in India, often attributed to failed government policies, were some of the worst ever recorded, including the Great Famine of 1876–78, in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died[8] and the Indian famine of 1899–1900, in which 1.25 to 10 million people died.[9] The Third Plague Pandemic started in China in the middle of the 19th century, spreading plague to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone.[10] Despite persistent diseases and famines, however, the population of the Indian subcontinent, which stood at about 125 million in 1750, had reached 389 million by 1941.[11]

text: New Imperialism (1870–1914)[edit]

text: The policy and ideology of European colonial expansion between the 1870s (circa opening of Suez Canal and Second Industrial Revolution) and the outbreak of World War I in 1914 are often characterised as the "New Imperialism." The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of what has been termed "empire for empire's sake," aggressive competition for overseas territorial acquisitions and the emergence in colonising countries of doctrines of racial superiority which denied the fitness of subjugated peoples for self-government.[12][13]

text: During this period, Europe's powers added nearly 8,880,000 square miles (23,000,000 km²) to their overseas colonial possessions. As it was mostly unoccupied by the Western powers as late as the 1880s, Africa became the primary target of the "new" imperialist expansion (known as the Scramble for Africa), although conquest took place also in other areas — notably south-east Asia and the East Asian seaboard, where Japan joined the European powers' scramble for territory.[14]

text: The Berlin Conference (1884–1885) mediated the imperial competition among Britain, France and Germany, defining "effective occupation" as the criterion for international recognition of colonial claims and codifying the imposition of direct rule, accomplished usually through armed force.

text: In Germany, rising pan-Germanism was coupled to imperialism in the Alldeutsche Verband ("Pangermanic League"), which argued that Britain's world power position gave the British unfair advantages on international markets, thus limiting Germany's economic growth and threatening its security.

text: Asking whether colonies paid, economic historian Grover Clark argues and an emphatic No! He reports that in every case the support cost, especially the military system necessary to support and defend the colonies outran the total trade they produced. Apart from the British Empire, they were not favored destinations for the immigration of surplus populations.[15]

text: The scramble for Africa[edit]

text: Africa was the target of the third wave of European colonialism, after that of the Americas and Asia.[16] Many European statesmen and industrialists wanted to accelerate the Scramble for Africa, securing colonies before they strictly needed them. As a champion of Realpolitik, Bismarck disliked colonies and thought they were a waste of time, but his hand was forced by pressure from both the elites and the general population which considered the colonization a necessity for German prestige. German colonies in Togoland, Samoa, South-West Africa and New Guinea had corporate commercial roots, while the equivalent German-dominated areas in East Africa and China owed more to political motives. The British also took an interest in Africa, using the East Africa Company to take over what are now Kenya and Uganda. The British crown formally took over in 1895 and renamed the area the East Africa Protectorate.

text: Leopold II of Belgium personally owned the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908, When round after round of international scandal regarding the abusive treatment of native workers forced the Belgium government to take full ownership and responsibility. The Dutch Empire continued to hold the Dutch East Indies, which was one of the few profitable overseas colonies.

text: In the same manner, Italy tried to conquer its "place in the sun," acquiring Somaliland in 1899-90, Eritrea and 1899, and, taking advantage of the "Sick man of Europe," the Ottoman Empire, also conquered Tripolitania and Cyrenaica (modern Libya) with the 1911 Treaty of Lausanne. The conquest of Ethiopia, which had remained the last African independent territory, had to wait till the Second Italo-Abyssinian War in 1935–36 (the First Italo-Ethiopian War in 1895–96 had ended in defeat for Italy).

text: The Portuguese and Spanish colonial empire were smaller, mostly legacies of past colonization. Most of their colonies had acquired independence during the Latin American revolutions at the beginning of the 19th century.

text: Imperialism in Asia[edit]

text: In Asia, The Great Game, which lasted from 1813 to 1907, opposed the British Empire against Imperial Russia for supremacy in central Asia. China was opened to Western influence starting with the First and Second Opium Wars (1839–1842; 1856–1860). After the visits of Commodore Matthew Perry in 1852–1854, Japan opened itself to the Western world during the Meiji Era (1868–1912).

text: The above basically concerns India and China.

text: But other or the same forms of Imperialism, that should not be overlooked, were in action in Burma, Indonesia (Netherlands East Indies), Malaya and the Philippines.

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)

text: Inter-War Period (1918–1939)[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The colonial map was redrawn following the defeat of the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire after the First World War (1914–18). Colonies from the defeated empires were transferred to the newly founded League of Nations, which itself redistributed it to the victorious powers as "mandates".

text: The secret 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement partitioned the Middle East between Britain and France. French mandates included Syria and Lebanon, whilst the British were granted Iraq and Palestine. The bulk of the Arabian peninsula became the independent Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1922. The discovery of the world's largest easily accessible crude oil deposits led to an influx of Western oil companies that dominated the region's economies until the 1970s, and making the emirs of the oil states immensely rich, enabling them to consolidate their hold on power and giving them a stake in preserving Western hegemony over the region.

text: During the 1920 and 1930s Iraq, Syria and Egypt moved towards independence, although the British and French did not formally depart the region until they were forced to do so after World War II.

text: Japanese imperialism[edit]

text: After being closed for centuries to Western influence, Japan opened itself to the West during the Meiji Era (1868–1912), characterized by swift modernization and borrowings from European culture (in law, science, etc.) This, in turn, helped make Japan the modern power that it is now, which was symbolized as soon as the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War: this war marked the first victory of an Asian power against a European imperial power, and led to widespread fears among European populations (first appearance of the "Yellow Peril"). During the first part of the 20th century, while China was still subject to various European imperialisms, Japan became an imperialist power, conquering what it called a "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere".

text: Japan ruled over and governed Korea and Taiwan from 1895 when the Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded to 1945 when Japan was defeated. In 1910, Korea was formally annexed to the Japanese Empire. According to the Korean, The Japanese colonization of Korea was particularly brutal, even by 20th century standards. This brutal colonization included the use of Korean "comfort women" who were forced to serve as sex slaves in Japanese Army brothels.[17]

text: In 1931 Japanese army units based in Manchuria seized control of the region; full-scale war with China followed in 1937, drawing Japan toward an overambitious bid for Asian hegemony (Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere), which ultimately led to defeat and the loss of all its overseas territories after World War II (see Japanese expansionism and Japanese nationalism). As in Korea, the Japanese treatment of the Chinese people was particularly brutal as exemplified by the Nanjing Massacre.

text: Second Decolonization (1945–99)[edit]

text: Anticolonialist movements had begun to gain momentum after the close of World War I, which had seen colonial troops fight alongside those of the metropole, and U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's speech on the Fourteen Points. However, it was not until the end of World War II that they were fully mobilised. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1941 Atlantic Charter declared that the signatories would "respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live". Though Churchill subsequently claimed this applied only to those countries under Nazi occupation, rather than the British Empire, the words were not so easily retracted: for example, the legislative assembly of Britain's most important colony, India, passed a resolution stating that the Charter should apply to it too.[18]

text: In 1945, the United Nations (UN) was founded when 50 nations signed the UN Charter, which included a statement of its basis in the respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples. In 1952, demographer Alfred Sauvy coined the term "Third World" in reference to the French Third Estate. [19]The expression distinguished nations that aligned themselves with neither the West nor the Soviet Bloc during the Cold War. In the following decades, decolonization would strengthen this group which began to be represented at the United Nations. The Third World's first international move was the 1955 Bandung Conference, led by Jawaharlal Nehru for India, Gamal Abdel Nasser for Egypt and Josip Broz Tito for Yugoslavia. The Conference, which gathered 29 countries representing over half the world's population, led to the creation of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961.[20]

text: Although the U.S. had first opposed itself to colonial empires, the Cold War concerns about Soviet influence in the Third World caused it to downplay its advocacy of popular sovereignty and decolonization. France thus had a free hand in the First Indochina War (1946–54) and in the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62). Decolonization itself was a seemingly unstoppable process. In 1960, after a number countries gained independence, the UN had reached 99 members states: the decolonization of Africa was almost complete. In 1980, the UN had 154 member states, and in 1990, after Namibia's independence, 159 states[21]

text: Role of the USSR and China[edit]

text: The Soviet Union was a main supporter of decolonization movements. While the Non-Aligned Movement, created in 1961 following the Bandung 1955 Conference, was supposedly neutral, the "Third World" being opposed to both the "First" and the "Second" Worlds, geopolitical concerns, as well as the refusal of the U.S. to support decolonization movements against its NATO European allies, led the national liberation movements to look increasingly toward the East. However, China's appearance on the world scene, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, created a rupture between the Soviet Union and independentists movements. Globally, the non-aligned movement, led by Jawaharlal Nehru (India), Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia) and Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt) tried to create a block of nations powerful enough to be dependent on neither the U.S. nor the Soviet Union, but finally tilted towards the U.S.S.R, while smaller independence movements, both by strategic necessity and ideological choice, were supported either by Moscow or by Peking. The Cuban government, led by Fidel Castro after the Cuban Revolution of 1959, was at first neutral before turning itself towards Moscow. Cuba also sponsored independence movements in Angola and Mozambique. Few independence movements were totally independent from foreign aid.


document_title: Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn

question_text: who plays may in nicky ricky dicky and dawn

text: Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series focuses on quadruplets Nicky, Ricky, Dicky, and Dawn Harper, 10-years-old at the start of the series,[1] who have nothing in common and often fight, but must work together to solve everyday situations.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Tom (Brian Stepanek) is the father of the quadruplets. It is a running gag in the series that he cares more about his possessions than his children, but he loves his family and is a kid at heart.
Anne (Allison Munn) is the mother of the quadruplets who usually gets caught up in Tom's new obsessions.
Nicky (Aidan Gallagher) is the youngest of the quadruplets. He is shown to be quite comedic, quirky, and easily confused.
Ricky (Casey Simpson) is the second oldest of the quadruplets. He is the smart one of the group, always seen carrying a book or doing his homework. He is also a neat freak and a bit of a goody two-shoes, though he occasionally tries to prove to Dawn and his brothers that he can bend rules as well.
Dicky (Mace Coronel) is the easy-going quadruplet who cares a great deal about his appearance. He always takes the easy way out.
Dawn (Lizzy Greene) is the oldest of the quadruplets. Although she's always seen bothering her brothers, she does care about them deeply. There is a consistent rivalry for the leader spot of the quads between her and Ricky.
Josie (Gabrielle Elyse) is a worker at Tom's sporting shop and babysitter for Nicky, Ricky, Dicky and Dawn. She only appears in the first season.
Mae (Kyla-Drew Simmons) is the quads' friend and Dawn's best friend. She once called herself "the fifth quad". In the first two seasons, she is a recurring character, but is promoted to a main character in the third season.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was originally picked up for 13 episodes on March 13, 2014, but was later increased to 20 episodes.[2] The series premiered on September 13, 2014. On November 18, 2014, the series was renewed for a second season.[3] The second season premiered on May 23, 2015. On February 9, 2016, Nickelodeon renewed Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn for a third season of 14 episodes. It was also confirmed that Matt Fleckenstein would step down as show runner.[4] Actress Lizzy Greene announced on her Twitter account that production for season three started on April 26, 2016.[5] The third season premiered on January 7, 2017. The series was renewed for a fourth season and had its episode order for the third season increased from 14 to 24 by Nickelodeon on March 20, 2017.[6] On October 4, 2017, it was announced that Mace Coronel would be leaving both Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn and Nickelodeon.[7]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
20
September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13)
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)

2
25
May 23, 2015 (2015-05-23)
August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06)

3
23
January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07)
August 5, 2017 (2017-08-05)[8]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
20
September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13)
1.60[9]
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)
1.75[10]
1.75

2
25
May 23, 2015 (2015-05-23)
1.11[11]
August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06)
1.31[12]
1.46

3
23
January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07)
1.58[13]
TBA
TBD
1.47

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Refs

2015
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show
Nominated

2017
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show – Kids' Show
Nominated