document_title: Mleccha

question_text: who could not speak sanskrit language were called mlecchas

root

text: Mleccha

text: Name[edit]

text: The Vayu, Matsya and Brahmanda Puranas state that the seven Himalayan rivers pass through mleccha countries.[9] The Brahmanas place mlecchas outside the varna system.[10] Southworth suggests that the name comes from miḻi- "speak, one's speech", derived from one of the Dravidian languages and related to the etymology of the word Tamiḻ.[11] Asko Parpola relates it to Meluhha, the name for the Indus Valley known from Sumerian sources.[12][13]

tag: p

text:
Pali, the older Prakrit used by Theravada Buddhism, uses the term milakkha. It also employs milakkhu, a borrowing from a Dramatic Prakrit.[14]
The term Mencha, probably a tadbhava, was also used by the medieval Marathi saint Samarth Ramdas.[15]

text: Language[edit]

text: Some explanations of the name "mleccha" suggest that the word was derived from the Indo-Aryan perception of the speech of the indigenous peoples. Namely, "mlech" was a word that meant "to speak indistinctly." As such, some suggest that the Indo-Aryans used an onomatopoeic sound to imitate the harshness of alien tongue and to indicate incomprehension, thus coming up with "mleccha".[16]

text: Early Indians spoke Sanskrit, which evolved into the various local modern Sanskrit-derived languages. Sanskrit was believed to include all the sounds necessary for communication. Early Indians would therefore dismiss other languages as foreign tongue, "mleccha bhasha".  As the Sanskrit word itself suggests, "mlecchas" were those whose speech was alien.[17] "Correct speech" was a crucial component of being able to take part in the appropriate yajnas (religious rituals and sacrifices). Thus, without correct speech, one could not hope to practice correct religion, either.[citation needed]

text: The notion of being Arya suggested a knowledge of Sanskrit in order to effectively perform ritual hymns; thus suggesting the importance of language. Parasher discusses the importance of knowing the correct speech in order to perform sacrifice and ritual in the religion of the brahmanas. Parasher continued that: "The best experts of the sacrificial art were undoubtedly the various families of the brahmanas who, placed in a hierarchy within the Indo-Aryan social system, became the upholders of pure and best speech".[18]

text: Historians note that early Indo-Aryans believed Sanskrit to be the superior language over all other forms of speech. As such, mleccha or barbarian speech was said to have meant any of the following: "1) a language which was not necessarily alien, but the speech of the person or persons was improper because it was either hostile or vulgar; 2) a language, and here most probably Sanskrit, that was mispronounced and, thereby, incomprehensible: 3) finally, any foreign tongue which was naturally incomprehensible because it was unintelligible to those who did not understand a particular language".[19]

text: Territory[edit]

text: Historians have stated that the notion of foreigners in ancient India – those living outside of the Indian subcontinent – was often accompanied by the idea that one was a barbarian. Still, it seemed that groups who did not come from outside of these areas, as well as foreigners, were designated by the term mleccha, which carried with it a barbarian connotation.[20]

text: Thus another distinction that was made between the mlecchas and non-mlecchas was area of habitation. Though they were considered a marginal group, the area characterize as the mleccha-desa (the natural border that separated their lands from that of the Aryans) was never permanent. Instead, it was defined by the changing ideas about the Āryāvarta. Parasher noted that "the only consistent areas dubbed as mleccha desa were those regions inhabited by 'primitive tribes' who for long periods of time did not come under the sway of the brahmanical, Buddhist or Jaina influence".[21]

text: Though the area of the aryas expanded with time, the notion that was held over all of the land was that of "purity." As Vedic literature refers only to the places and territories that were familiar to the Indo-Aryans, these lands eventually became part of the Āryāvarta. Parasher thus indicates that the Āryāvarta was designated as "[t]he region where the river Sarasvati disappears is the Patiala district in the Punjab. The Pariyatra mountains belong to the Vindhya range, probably the hills of Malwa. The Kalakavana is identified with a tract somewhere near Prayaga." Still, other interpretations of the Āryāvarta refer to those areas where the black antelope roams, for these areas are fit for the performance of sacrifice. Early Vedic literature focused on defining the area of habitation of the aryas for this land was considered pure; yet there is no actual reference to the mleccha country or behavior. Wherever the territory, though, the implications of naming such lands as the Aryavarta is that any lands excluded from that area were considered impure.[22]

text: Further, there is evidence that Indians of the Vedic period actually had contact with people outside of the subcontinent, namely the Persians. The Persians, who ruled over the Indus river valley during this time (522–486 BC) were not designated as mleccha, perhaps because they did not interfere with the brahmanical way of life.[23]

text: Later Vedic literature speaks of the western Anava tribes as mlecchas and occupying northern Punjab, Sindh and eastern Rajasthan. The tribes of the north were mlecchas either because they were located on the frontiers such as Gandhara, Kashmira and Kambojas and therefore both their speech and culture had become contaminated and differed from that of Āryāvarta, or else, as in the case of southern India, they were once Aryas but having forsaken the Vedic rituals were regarded to mleccha status.[24][not in citation given]

text: Cultural behavior[edit]

text: The word mleccha emerged as a way for the ancient Indians to classify those who did not subscribe to the "traditional value system," though the characteristics of the so-called system were ambiguous. In sum, though, the idea was that the mlecchas were peoples who did not conform to what was culturally acceptable.[25]

text: Early writings refer to these foreign peoples as "half-civilized, unconverted people who rise or eat at improper times." They stated that monks and nuns should avoid certain areas of habitation because they were unsafe. Namely, that "the ignorant populace might beat, harass, rob them under the impression that they were spies from hostile villages." Further, while some of these non-mlecchas, such as those of the Jaina faith, had established contact with people of the forest tribes, they were automatically designated as mlecchas. Such was the typical attitude of people from the plains who took pride in their norms of settled agricultural and urban lifestyles.[26]

text: Historians note that there were also systems in place to determine the validity – or "purity" – of certain customs, which would ultimately be judged by the brahmanas. As such there were intricate rules in place to define purity from impurity, laws of behavior, as well as rituals and customs, in an effort to educate the members of the brahmanical system. Namely, these advisors took great pains to ensure that peoples of the brahmanical system did not subscribe to any mleccha customs or rituals.[27]

text: The sanskritizing of names was a common feature among both indigenous and foreign mlecchas who slowly tried to move away from their status of mleccha. Very often, in the case of ruling families, it took one to two generations to make a transition. One of the most direct forms of the expression of the brahmanical ritual purity was the form and type of food which a brahman could eat. He was forbidden to accept cooked food from any nonbrahman. Thus when the Punjab became a mleccha area the staple food was given a lower place in the food-ranking. By the twelfth century AD wheat was described in one lexicon as 'food of the mlecchas' and rice became the 'pure' cereal. Onions and garlic were also regarded as the food of the mlecchas and therefore prohibited to the brahman.  Mlecchas drank alcohol and ate flesh of the cow, and this in later periods was strictly forbidden to an Indian.[28][29]

text: The decline of society and dissolution of values is typically associated with the notion of being overrun by barbarians, leading to the collapse of civilization. This situation is described in The Mahabharata:

text: "And the whole world will be filled with mleccha behaviour and notions and ceremonies, and sacrifices will cease and joy will be nowhere and general rejoicing will disappear.[...] And, O Yudhishthira, the whole world will be mlecchified. And men will cease to gratify the gods by offerings of Sraddhas. And no one will listen to the words of others and no one will be regarded as a preceptor by another. And, O ruler of men, intellectual darkness will envelop the whole earth."[30]

text: Literature describing the Mleccha[edit]

text: In the Mahabharata, some Mleccha warriors are described as having "heads completely shaved or half-shaved or covered with matted locks, [as being] impure in habits, and of crooked faces and noses[31]  They are "dwellers of hills" and "denizens of mountain-caves. Mlecchas were born of the cow (belonging to Vasishtha), of fierce eyes, accomplished in smiting looking like messengers of Death, and all conversant with the deceptive powers of the Asuras".[32]

text: Swami Parmeshwaranand states the mleccha tribe was born from the tail of the celestial cow Nandini, kept by Vashishta for sacrificial purposes when there was a fight between Vishvamitra and Vasistha. The Mahabharata gives the following information regarding them:

text:
Mleccha who sprang up from the tail of the celestial cow Nandini sent the army of Viswamitra flying in terror.
Bhagadatta was the king of mlecchas.
Pandavas, like Bhima, Nakula and Sahadeva once defeated them.
Karna during his world campaign conquered many mleccha countries.
The wealth that remained in the Yagasala of Yudhishthira after the distribution as gifts to Brahmins was taken away by the mlecchas.
The mlecchas drove angered elephants on the army of the Pandavas.

tag: ul

text: "This shows mlecchas were against Pandavas".[33][34]

text: The term is not attested in the Vedas, but occurs for the first time in the late Vedic text the Shatapatha Brahmana. The Baudhayana sutras define a mleccha as someone "who eats meat or indulges in self-contradictory statements or is devoid of righteousness and purity of conduct".[citation needed] Mleccha could refer to any being who follow different teachings than Vedic beliefs. In the Indian history some indigenous rulers in Assam were called the Mleccha dynasty. In the Bhagavata Purana, the term is used in the context of meat eaters, outcastes.

text: Medieval Hindu literature, such as that of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, also uses the term to refer to those of larger groups of other religions, especially Muslims.[35] In medieval India, a foreign visitor al-Biruni (died 1048) noted that foreigners were regarded as 'unclean' or 'Mleccha' and Hindus were forbidden any social or matrimonial contact with them.[36]


document_title: Chief of the Army Staff (India)

question_text: first commander in chief of indian army after independence

text: Chief of the Army Staff (India)

text: Office of the Chief of the Army Staff[edit]

text: The office of the Chief of the Army Staff was created through The Commanders-In-Chief (Change in Designation) Act of the Indian Parliament in 1955. It replaced the erstwhile office of the Commander-in-Chief, Army.[4] The office is based at South Block of the Central Secretariat at Raisina Hill, New Delhi.

text: Appointments to the office are made by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC). The COAS reaches superannuation upon three years in the office or at the age of 62, whichever is earlier.

text: Appointees[edit]

text: The following table chronicles the appointees to the office of the Chief of the Army Staff or its preceding positions since the independence of India.[5]

text: Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army (1947–1955)[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Rank
Photo
Appointment Date
Left Office
Unit of Commission
Decorations

1
Rob Lockhart[a]
General

15 August 1947
31 December 1947
51st Sikhs
KCB, CIE, MC

2
Roy Bucher[a]
General

1 January 1948
15 January 1949
Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)
KBE, CB, MC

3
Kodandera M. Cariappa
General[b]

16 January 1949
14 January 1953
Rajput Regiment
OBE

4
Rajendrasinhji Jadeja
General

14 January 1953
1 April 1955
2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)
DSO[6]

tag: table

text: Chief of the Army Staff (1955–present)[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Rank
Photo
Appointment Date
Left Office
Unit of Commission
Decorations

1
Rajendrasinhji Jadeja
General

1 April 1955
14 May 1955
2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)
DSO

2
S M Shrinagesh
General

15 May 1955
7 May 1957
19th Hyderabad Regiment (now Kumaon Regiment)

3
K S Thimayya
General

8 May 1957
7 May 1961
19th Hyderabad Regiment (now Kumaon Regiment)
Padma Bhushan, DSO, ADC

4
P N Thapar
General

8 May 1961
19 November 1962
1st Punjab Regiment

5
J N Chaudhuri
General

20 November 1962
7 June 1966
7th Light Cavalry
Padma Vibhushan, OBE

6
P P Kumaramangalam
General

8 June 1966
7 June 1969
Regiment of Artillery
Padma Vibhushan, DSO, MBE

7
Sam Manekshaw
General[b]

8 June 1969
15 January 1973
12th Frontier Force Regiment (54th Sikhs (Frontier Force))
Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, MC

8
G G Bewoor
General

16 January 1973
31 May 1975
10th Baluch Regiment
PVSM

9
T N Raina
General

1 June 1975
31 May 1978
Kumaon Regiment
Padma Bhushan, MVC

10
O P Malhotra
General

1 June 1978
31 May 1981
Regiment of Artillery
PVSM

11
K V Krishna Rao
General

1 June 1981
31 July 1983
Mahar Regiment
PVSM

12
A S Vaidya
General

1 August 1983
31 January 1985
9th Deccan Horse
Padma Vibhushan, PVSM, MVC (Bar), AVSM

13
Krishnaswamy Sundarji
General

1 February 1985
31 May 1988
Mahar Regiment
PVSM, ADC

14
V N. Sharma
General

1 June 1988
30 June 1990
16th Light Cavalry
PVSM, AVSM, ADC

15
S F Rodrigues
General

1 July 1990
30 June 1993
Regiment of Artillery
PVSM, VSM

16
B C Joshi
General

1 July 1993
19 November 1994
64th Cavalry
PVSM, AVSM, ADC

17
S Roy Chowdhury
General

20 November 1994
30 September 1997
20th Lancers
PVSM, ADC

18
V P Malik
General

1 October 1997
30 September 2000
Sikh Light Infantry
PVSM, AVSM, ADC

19
Sundararajan Padmanabhan
General

1 October 2000
31 December 2002
Regiment of Artillery
PVSM, AVSM, VSM, ADC

20
N C Vij
General

1 January 2003
31 January 2005
Dogra Regiment
PVSM, UYSM, AVSM

21
J J Singh
General

1 February 2005
30 September 2007
Maratha Light Infantry
PVSM, AVSM, VSM, ADC

22
Deepak Kapoor
General

1 October 2007
31 March 2010
Regiment of Artillery
PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM, ADC

23
V K Singh
General

1 April 2010
31 May 2012
Rajput Regiment
PVSM, AVSM, YSM, ADC

24
Bikram Singh
General

1 June 2012
31 July 2014
Sikh Light Infantry

PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM, ADC

25
Dalbir Singh
General

1 August 2014
31 December 2016
5 Gorkha Rifles
PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM, ADC

26
Bipin Rawat
General

31 December 2016
Incumbent
11 Gorkha Rifles
UYSM, AVSM, YSM, SM, VSM


document_title: List of US Open women's doubles champions

question_text: who won the women's doubles at the us open

question_tokens: who won the women 's doubles at the us open

text: The following pairings won the US Open tennis championship at Women's Doubles.

text: Champions[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Runners-up
Score

1889
 Bertha Townsend
 Margarette Ballard
 Marian Wright
 Laura Knight
6–0, 6–2

1890
 Ellen Roosevelt
 Grace Roosevelt
 Bertha Townsend
 Margarette Ballard
6–1, 6–2

1891
 Mabel Cahill
 Emma Leavitt-Morgan
 Ellen Roosevelt
 Grace Roosevelt
2–6, 8–6, 6–4

1892
 Mabel Cahill
 Adeline McKinlay
 Helen Day Harris
 Amy Williams
6–1, 6–3

1893
 Aline Terry
 Harriet Butler
 Augusta Schultz
 Miss Stone
6–4, 6–3

1894
 Helen Hellwig
 Juliette Atkinson
 Annabella C. Wistar
 Amy Williams
6–4, 8–6, 6–2

1895
 Helen Hellwig
 Juliette Atkinson
 Elisabeth Moore
 Amy Williams
6–2, 6–2, 12–10

1896
 Elisabeth Moore
 Juliette Atkinson
 Annabella C. Wistar
 Amy Williams
6–4, 7–5

1897
 Juliette Atkinson
 Kathleen Atkinson
 Mrs. F. Edwards
 Elizabeth Rastall
6–2, 6–1, 6–1

1898
 Juliette Atkinson
 Kathleen Atkinson
 Marie Wimer
 Carrie Neely
6–1, 2–6, 4–6, 6–1, 6–2

1899
 Jane Craven
 Myrtle McAteer
 Maud Banks
 Elizabeth Rastall
6–1, 6–1, 7–5

1900
 Edith Parker
 Hallie Champlin
 Marie Wimer
 Myrtle McAteer
9–7, 6–2, 6–2

1901
 Juliette Atkinson
 Myrtle McAteer
 Marion Jones
 Elisabeth Moore
default

1902
 Juliette Atkinson
 Marion Jones
 Maud Banks
 Nona Closterman
6–2, 7–5

1903
 Elisabeth Moore
 Carrie Neely
 Miriam Hall
 Marion Jones
6–4, 6–1, 6–1

1904
 May Sutton
 Miriam Hall
 Elisabeth Moore
 Carrie Neely
3–6, 6–3, 6–3

1905
 Helen Homans
 Carrie Neely
 Marjorie Oberteuffer
 Virginia Maule
6–0, 6–1

1906
 Ann Burdette Coe
 Ethel Bliss Platt
 Helen Homans
 Clover Boldt
6–4, 6–4

1907
 Marie Wimer
 Carrie Neely
 Edna Wildey
 Natalie Wildey
6–1, 2–6, 6–4

1908
 Evelyn Sears
 Margaret Curtis
 Carrie Neely
 Miriam Steever
6–3, 5–7, 9–7

1909
 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman
 Edith Rotch
 Dorothy Green
 Lois Moyes
6–1, 6–1

1910
 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman
 Edith Rotch
 Adelaide Browning
 Edna Wildey
6–4, 6–4

1911
 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman
 Eleonora Sears
 Dorothy Green
 Florence Sutton
6–4, 4–6, 6–2

1912
 Dorothy Green
 Mary K. Browne
 Maud Barger-Wallach
 Mrs. Frederick Schmitz
6–2, 5–7, 6–0

1913
 Mary K. Browne
 Louise Riddell Williams
 Dorothy Green
 Edna Wildey
12–10, 2–6, 6–3

1914
 Mary K. Browne
 Louise Riddell Williams
 Louise Raymond
 Edna Wildey
10–8, 6–2

1915
 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman
 Eleonora Sears
 Helen Homans McLean
Mrs. G. L. Chapman
10–8, 6–2

1916
 Molla Bjurstedt
 Eleonora Sears
 Louise Raymond
 Edna Wildey
4–6, 6–2, 10–8

1917
 Molla Bjurstedt
 Eleonora Sears
 Phyllis Walsh
 Grace Moore LeRoy
6–2, 6–4

1918
 Marion Zinderstein
 Eleanor Goss
 Molla Bjurstedt
 Anna Rogge
7–5, 8–6

1919
 Marion Zinderstein
 Eleanor Goss
 Eleonora Sears
 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman
10–8, 9–7

1920
 Marion Zinderstein
 Eleanor Goss
 Eleanor Tennant
 Helen Baker
6–3, 6–1

1921
 Mary K. Browne
 Louise Riddell Williams
 Helen Gilleaudeau
 Aletta Bailey Morris
6–3, 6–2

1922
 Marion Zinderstein Jessup
 Helen Wills Moody
 Edith Sigourney
 Molla Bjurstedt Mallory
6–4, 7–9, 6–3

1923
 Kitty McKane Godfree
 Phyllis Howkins Covell
 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman
 Eleanor Goss
2–6, 6–2, 6–1

1924
 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman
 Helen Wills Moody
 Eleanor Goss
 Marion Jessup
6–4, 6–3

1925
 Mary K. Browne
 Helen Wills Moody
 May Bundy
 Elizabeth Ryan
6–4, 6–3

1926
 Elizabeth Ryan
 Eleanor Goss
 Mary K. Browne
 Charlotte Chapin
3–6, 6–4, 12–10

1927
 Kitty McKane Godfree
 Ermyntrude Harvey
 Betty Nuthall
 Joan Fry
6–1, 4–6, 6–4

1928
 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman
 Helen Wills Moody
 Edith Cross
 Anna McCune Harper
6–2, 6–2

1929
 Phoebe Holcroft Watson
 Peggy Michell
 Phyllis Covell
 Dorothy Shepherd-Barron
2–6, 6–3, 6–4

1930
 Betty Nuthall
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke
 Edith Cross
 Anna McCune Harper
3–6, 6–3, 7–5

1931
 Betty Nuthall
 Eileen Bennett Whittingstall
 Helen Jacobs
 Dorothy Round
6–2, 6–4

1932
 Helen Jacobs
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke
 Alice Marble
 Marjorie Morrill
8–6, 6–1

1933
 Betty Nuthall
 Freda James
 Helen Wills Moody
 Elizabeth Ryan
default

1934
 Helen Jacobs
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke
 Carolin Babcock
 Dorothy Andrus
4–6, 6–3, 6–4

1935
 Helen Jacobs
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke
 Carolin Babcock
 Dorothy Andrus
6–4, 6–2

1936
 Marjorie Gladman Van Ryn
 Carolin Babcock Stark
 Helen Jacobs
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke
9–7, 2–6, 6–4

1937
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke
 Alice Marble
 Marjorie Gladman Van Ryn
 Carolin Babcock
7–5, 6–4

1938
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke
 Alice Marble
 Simonne Mathieu
 Jadwiga Jędrzejowska
6–8, 6–4, 6–3

1939
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke
 Alice Marble
 Kay Stammers
 Freda Hammersley
7–5, 8–6

1940
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke
 Alice Marble
 Dorothy Bundy
 Marjorie Gladman Van Ryn
6–4, 6–3

1941
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke
 Margaret Osborne duPont
 Dorothy Bundy
 Pauline Betz
3–6, 6–1, 6–4

1942
 Louise Brough
 Margaret Osborne duPont
 Pauline Betz
 Doris Hart
2–6, 7–5, 6–0

1943
 Louise Brough
 Margaret Osborne duPont
 Pauline Betz
 Doris Hart
6–4, 6–3

1944
 Louise Brough
 Margaret Osborne duPont
 Pauline Betz
 Doris Hart
4–6, 6–4, 6–3

1945
 Louise Brough
 Margaret Osborne duPont
 Pauline Betz
 Doris Hart
6–3, 6–3

1946
 Louise Brough
 Margaret Osborne duPont
 Mary Prentiss
 Patricia Todd
6–1, 6–3

1947
 Louise Brough
 Margaret Osborne duPont
 Doris Hart
 Patricia Todd
5–7, 6–3, 7–5

1948
 Louise Brough
 Margaret Osborne duPont
 Doris Hart
 Patricia Todd
6–4, 8–10, 6–1

1949
 Louise Brough
 Margaret Osborne duPont
 Doris Hart
 Shirley Fry
6–4, 10–8

1950
 Louise Brough
 Margaret Osborne duPont
 Doris Hart
 Shirley Fry
6–2, 6–3

1951
 Doris Hart
 Shirley Fry
 Nancy Chaffee
 Patricia Todd
6–4, 6–2

1952
 Doris Hart
 Shirley Fry
 Louise Brough
 Maureen Connolly
10–8, 6–4

1953
 Doris Hart
 Shirley Fry
 Louise Brough
 Margaret Osborne duPont
6–2, 7–9, 9–7

1954
 Doris Hart
 Shirley Fry
 Louise Brough
 Margaret Osborne duPont
6–4, 6–4

1955
 Louise Brough
 Margaret Osborne duPont
 Doris Hart
 Shirley Fry
6–3, 1–6, 6–3

1956
 Louise Brough
 Margaret Osborne duPont
 Betty Pratt
 Shirley Fry
6–3, 6–0

1957
 Louise Brough
 Margaret Osborne duPont
 Althea Gibson
 Darlene Hard
6–2, 7–5

1958
 Jeanne Arth
 Darlene Hard
 Althea Gibson
 Maria Bueno
2–6, 6–3, 6–4

1959
 Jeanne Arth
 Darlene Hard
 Maria Bueno
 Sally Moore
6–2, 6–3

1960
 Maria Bueno
 Darlene Hard
 Ann Haydon
 Deidre Catt
6–1, 6–1

1961
 Darlene Hard
 Lesley Turner Bowrey
 Edda Buding
 Yola Ramírez
6–4, 5–7, 6–0

1962
 Maria Bueno
 Darlene Hard
 Billie Jean Moffitt
 Karen Susman
4–6, 6–3, 6–2

1963
 Robyn Ebbern
 Margaret Smith
 Darlene Hard
 Maria Bueno
4–6, 10–8, 6–3

1964
 Billie Jean King
 Karen Hantze Susman
 Margaret Smith
 Lesley Turner Bowrey
3–6, 6–2, 6–4

1965
 Carole Caldwell Graebner
 Nancy Richey
 Billie Jean Moffitt
 Karen Susman
6–4, 6–4

1966
 Maria Bueno
 Nancy Richey
 Billie Jean Moffitt
 Rosemary Casals
6–3, 6–4

1967
 Rosemary Casals
 Billie Jean King
 Mary-Ann Eisel
 Donna Floyd Fales
4–6, 6–3, 6–4

↓ Open Era ↓

1968
 Maria Bueno
 Margaret Court
 Rosemary Casals
 Billie Jean King
4–6, 9–7, 8–6

1969
 Françoise Dürr
 Darlene Hard
 Margaret Court
 Virginia Wade
0–6, 6–3, 6–4

1970
 Margaret Court
 Judy Tegart-Dalton
 Rosemary Casals
 Virginia Wade
6–3, 6–4

1971
 Rosemary Casals
 Judy Tegart-Dalton
 Gail Sherriff Chanfreau
 Françoise Dürr
6–3, 6–3

1972
 Françoise Dürr
 Betty Stöve
 Margaret Court
 Virginia Wade
6–3, 1–6, 6–3

1973
 Margaret Court
 Virginia Wade
 Rosemary Casals
 Billie Jean King
3–6, 6–3, 7–5

1974
 Rosemary Casals
 Billie Jean King
 Françoise Dürr
 Betty Stöve
7–6, 6–7, 6–4

1975
 Margaret Court
 Virginia Wade
 Rosemary Casals
 Billie Jean King
7–5, 2–6, 7–6

1976
 Delina Boshoff
 Ilana Kloss
 Olga Morozova
 Virginia Wade
6–1, 6–4

1977
 Martina Navratilova
 Betty Stöve
 Renée Richards
 Betty Ann Grubb Stuart
6–1, 7–6

1978
 Billie Jean King
 Martina Navratilova
 Kerry Melville Reid
 Wendy Turnbull
7–6, 6–4

1979
 Betty Stöve
 Wendy Turnbull
 Billie Jean King
 Martina Navratilova
6–4, 6–3

1980
 Billie Jean King
 Martina Navratilova
 Pam Shriver
 Betty Stöve
7–6, 7–5

1981
 Kathy Jordan
 Anne Smith
 Rosemary Casals
 Wendy Turnbull
6–3, 6–3

1982
 Rosemary Casals
 Wendy Turnbull
 Barbara Potter
 Sharon Walsh
6–4, 6–4

1983
 Martina Navratilova
 Pam Shriver
 Rosalyn Fairbank
 Candy Reynolds
6–7, 6–1, 6–3

1984
 Martina Navratilova
 Pam Shriver
 Anne Hobbs
 Wendy Turnbull
6–2, 6–4

1985
 Claudia Kohde-Kilsch
 Helena Suková
 Martina Navratilova
 Pam Shriver
6–7, 6–2, 6–3

1986
 Martina Navratilova
 Pam Shriver
 Hana Mandlíková
 Wendy Turnbull
6–4, 3–6, 6–3

1987
 Martina Navratilova
 Pam Shriver
 Kathy Jordan
 Elizabeth Sayers Smylie
5–7, 6–4, 6–2

1988
 Gigi Fernández
 Robin White
 Patty Fendick
 Jill Hetherington
6–4, 6–1

1989
 Hana Mandlíková
 Martina Navratilova
 Mary Joe Fernández
 Pam Shriver
5–7, 6–4, 6–4

1990
 Gigi Fernández
 Martina Navratilova
 Jana Novotná
 Helena Suková
6–2, 6–4

1991
 Pam Shriver
 Natalia Zvereva
 Jana Novotná
 Larisa Savchenko Neiland
6–4, 4–6, 7–6

1992
 Gigi Fernández
 Natalia Zvereva
 Jana Novotná
 Larisa Savchenko Neiland
7–6, 6–1

1993
 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
 Helena Suková
 Amanda Coetzer
 Inés Gorrochategui
6–4, 6–2

1994
 Jana Novotná
 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
 Katerina Maleeva
 Robin White
6–3, 6–3

1995
 Gigi Fernández
 Natalia Zvereva
 Brenda Schultz-McCarthy
 Rennae Stubbs
7–5, 6–3

1996
 Gigi Fernández
 Natalia Zvereva
 Jana Novotná
 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
1–6, 6–1, 6–4

1997
 Lindsay Davenport
 Jana Novotná
 Gigi Fernández
 Natalia Zvereva
6–3, 6–4

1998
 Martina Hingis
 Jana Novotná
 Lindsay Davenport
 Natalia Zvereva
6–3, 6–3

1999
 Serena Williams
 Venus Williams
 Chanda Rubin
 Sandrine Testud
4–6, 6–1, 6–4

2000
 Julie Halard-Decugis
 Ai Sugiyama
 Cara Black
 Elena Likhovtseva
6–0, 1–6, 6–1

2001
 Lisa Raymond
 Rennae Stubbs
 Kimberly Po-Messerli
 Nathalie Tauziat
6–2, 5–7, 7–5

2002
 Virginia Ruano Pascual
 Paola Suárez
 Elena Dementieva
 Janette Husárová
6–2, 6–1

2003
 Virginia Ruano Pascual
 Paola Suárez
 Svetlana Kuznetsova
 Martina Navratilova
6–2, 6–2

2004
 Virginia Ruano Pascual
 Paola Suárez
 Svetlana Kuznetsova
 Elena Likhovtseva
6–4, 7–5

2005
 Lisa Raymond
 Samantha Stosur
 Elena Dementieva
 Flavia Pennetta
6–2, 5–7, 6–3

2006
 Nathalie Dechy
 Vera Zvonareva
 Dinara Safina
 Katarina Srebotnik
7–6, 7–5

2007
 Nathalie Dechy
 Dinara Safina
 Chan Yung-jan
 Chuang Chia-jung
6–4, 6–2

2008
 Cara Black
 Liezel Huber
 Lisa Raymond
 Samantha Stosur
6–3, 7–6(8–6)

2009
 Serena Williams
 Venus Williams
 Cara Black
 Liezel Huber
6–2, 6–2

2010
 Vania King
 Yaroslava Shvedova
 Liezel Huber
 Nadia Petrova
2–6, 6–4, 7–6(7–4)

2011
 Liezel Huber
 Lisa Raymond
 Vania King
 Yaroslava Shvedova
4–6, 7–6(7–5), 7–6(7–3)

2012
 Sara Errani
 Roberta Vinci
 Andrea Hlaváčková
 Lucie Hradecká
6–4, 6–2

2013
 Andrea Hlaváčková
 Lucie Hradecká
 Ashleigh Barty
 Casey Dellacqua
6–7(4–7), 6–1, 6–4

2014
 Ekaterina Makarova
 Elena Vesnina
 Martina Hingis
 Flavia Pennetta
2–6, 6–3, 6–2

2015
 Martina Hingis
 Sania Mirza
 Casey Dellacqua
 Yaroslava Shvedova
6–3, 6–3

2016
 Bethanie Mattek-Sands
 Lucie Šafářová
 Caroline Garcia
 Kristina Mladenovic
2–6, 7–6(7–5), 6–4

2017
 Chan Yung-jan
 Martina Hingis
 Lucie Hradecká
 Kateřina Siniaková
6–3, 6–2


document_title: History of education in the Indian subcontinent

question_text: who founded the first english institution of higher learning in india

text: Early history[edit]

text: The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Early education in India commenced under the supervision of a guru/prabhu.[1] Initially, education was open to all and seen as one of the methods to achieve Moksha in those days, or enlightenment. As time progressed, due to superiority complexes, the education was imparted on the basis of caste and the related duties that one had to perform as a member of a specific caste.[1] The Brahmans learned about scriptures and religion while the Kshatriya were educated in the various aspects of warfare.[1] The Vaishya caste learned commerce and other specific vocational courses while education was largely denied to the Shudras, the lowest caste.[1] The earliest venues of education in India were often secluded from the main population.[1] Students were expected to follow strict monastic guidelines prescribed by the guru and stay away from cities in ashrams.[2] However, as population increased under the Gupta empire centres of urban learning became increasingly common and Cities such as Varanasi and the Buddhist centre at Nalanda became increasingly visible.[2]

text: Education in India is a piece of education traditional form was closely related to religion.[3] Among the Heterodox schools of belief were the Jain and Buddhist schools.[4] Heterodox Buddhist education was more inclusive and aside of the monastic orders the Buddhist education centres were urban institutes of learning such as Taxila and Nalanda where grammar, medicine, philosophy, logic, metaphysics, arts and crafts etc. were also taught.[1][2] Early secular Buddhist institutions of higher learning like Taxila and Nalanda continued to function well into the common era and were attended by students from China and Central Asia.[3]

text: On the subject of education for the nobility Joseph Prabhu writes: "Outside the religious framework, kings and princes were educated in the arts and sciences related to government: politics (danda-nıti), economics (vartta), philosophy (anvıksiki), and historical traditions (itihasa). Here the authoritative source was Kautilya’s Arthashastra, often compared to Niccolò Machiavelli’s The Prince for its worldly outlook and political scheming."[1] The Rgveda mentions female poets called brahmavadinis, specifically Lopamudra and Ghosha.[5] By 800 BCE women such as Gargi and Maitreyi were mentioned as scholars in the religious Upnishads.[5] Maya, mother of the historic Buddha, was an educated queen while other women in India contributed to writing of the Pali canon.[5] Out of the composers of the Sangam literature 154 were women.[6] However, the education and society of the era continued to be dominated by educated male population.[7] .

text: Early Common Era—High Middle Ages[edit]

text: Chinese scholars such as Xuanzang and Yi Jing arrived in Indian institutions of learning to survey Buddhist texts.[8] Yi Jing additionally noted the arrival of 56 scholars from India, Japan, and Korea.[9] However, the Buddhist institutions of learning were slowly giving way to a resurgent tradition of Brahmanism during that era.[9] Scholars from India also journeyed to China to translate Buddhist texts.[10] During the 10th century a monk named Dharmadeva from Nalanda journeyed to China and translated a number of texts.[10] Another centre at Vikramshila maintained close relations with Tibet.[10] The Buddhist teacher Atisa was the head monk in Vikramshila before his journey to Tibet.[10]

text: Examples of royal patronage include construction of buildings under the Rastrakuta dynasty in 945 CE.[11] The institutions arranged for multiple residences for educators as well as state sponsored education and arrangements for students and scholars.[11] Similar arrangements were made by the Chola dynasty in 1024 CE, which provided state support to selected students in educational establishments.[12] Temple schools from 12–13th centuries included the school at the Nataraja temple situated at Chidambaram which employed 20 librarians, out of whom 8 were copiers of manuscripts and 2 were employed for verification of the copied manuscripts.[13] The remaining staff conducted other duties, including preservation and maintained of reference material.[13]

text: Another establishment during this period is the Uddandapura institute established during the 8th century under the patronage of the Pala dynasty.[14] The institution developed ties with Tibet and became a centre of Tantric Buddhism.[14] During the 10–11th centuries the number of monks reached a thousand, equaling the strength of monks at the sacred Mahabodhi complex.[14] By the time of the arrival of the Islamic scholar Al Biruni India already had an established system of science and technology in place.[15] Also by the 12th century, invasions from India's northern borders disrupted traditional education systems as foreign armies raided educational institutes, among other establishments.[14]

text: Late Middle Ages—Early Modern Era[edit]

text: With the advent of Islam in India the traditional methods of education increasingly came under Islamic influence.[16] Pre-Mughal rulers such as Qutb-ud-din Aybak and other Muslim rulers initiated institutions which imparted religious knowledge.[16] Scholars such as Nizamuddin Auliya and Moinuddin Chishti became prominent educators and established Islamic monasteries.[16] Students from Bukhara and Afghanistan visited India to study humanities and science.[16]

text: Islamic institution of education in India included traditional madrassas and maktabs which taught grammar, philosophy, mathematics, and law influenced by the Greek traditions inherited by Persia and the Middle East before Islam spread from these regions into India.[17] A feature of this traditional Islamic education was its emphasis on the connection between science and humanities.[17] Among the centres of education in India was 18th century Delhi was the Madrasa Rahimiya under the supervision of Shah Waliullah, an educator who favored an approach balancing the Islamic scriptures and science.[18] The course at the Madrasa Rahimiya prescribed 2 books on grammar, 1 book on philosophy, 2 books on logic, 2 books on astronomy and mathematics, and 5 books on mysticism.[18] Another centre of prominence arose in Lucknow under Mulla Nizamuddin Sahlawi, who educated at the Firangi Mahal and prescribed a course called the Dars-i-Nizami which combined traditional studies with modern and laid emphasis on logic.[18]

text: The education system under the rule of Akbar adopted an inclusive approach with the monarch favoring additional courses: medicine, agriculture, geography, and texts from other languages and religions, such as Patanjali's work in Sanskrit.[19] The traditional science in this period was influenced by the ideas of Aristotle, Bhāskara II, Charaka and Ibn Sina.[20] This inclusive approach was not uncommon in Mughal India.[18] The more conservative monarch Aurangzeb also favored teaching of subjects which could be applied to administration.[18] The Mughals, in fact, adopted a liberal approach to sciences and as contact with Persia increased the more intolerant Ottoman school of manqul education came to be gradually substituted by the more relaxed maqul school.[21]

text: The Middle Ages also saw the rise of private tuition in India as state failed to invest in public education system.[20] A tutor, or Riyazi, was an educated professional who could earn a suitable living by performing tasks such as creating calendars or generating revenue estimates for nobility.[20] Another trend in this era is the mobility among professions, exemplified by Qaim Khan, a prince famous for his mastery in crafting leather shoes and forging cannons.[20]

text: Colonial Era[edit]

text:
Educational comparison of England and Madras presidency of India

England
Madras presidency

population
12,000,000 (1816)
12,850,941 (1823)

No of student attening schools
875,000/1,500,000 (approx)[22]
157,195[23]

text: Before the introduction of British education, indigenous education was given higher importance from early time to colonial era.

text: In every Indian village which has retained anything of its form.the rudiments of knowledge are sought to be imparted, there is not a child, except those of the outcasts (who form no part of the community), who is not able to read, to write, to cipher; in the last branch of learning, they are confessedly most proficient.

text: [24] According to a survey done in the region of Madras, there were 11,758 schools and 740 centers for higher education in the Madras Presidency. The number of students was 188,650.[25]. Around 1830 there existed 100,000 village schools in the regions of Bengal and Bihar alone.[26][27]. After the introduction of British education, the numbers of these indigenous education institutes decreased drastically.[28][29]. According to Minute of dissent, British government restricted indigenous education.

text: Efforts were then made by the Government to confine higher education and secondary education leading to higher education to boys in affluent, circumstances. This again was done not in the interests of sound education but for political reasons. Rules were made calculated to restrict the diffusion of education generally and among the poorer boys in particular. Conditions for recognition for "grants" —stiff and various—were laid down and enforced, and the non-fulfilment of any one of these conditions was liable to be followed by serious consequences. Fees were raised to a degree which considering the circumstances of the classes that resort to schools, were abnormal. When it was objected that the minimum fee would be a great hardship to poor students the answer was—such students had no business to receive that kind of education. Managers of private schools who remitted fees in whole or in part were penalized by reduced grants-in-aid. These rules had undoubtedly the effect of checking the great expansion of education that would have taken place. This is the real explanation of the very unsatisfactory character of the nature and progress of secondary education and it will never be remedied till we are prepared either to give education to the boys ourselves or to make sufficient grants to the private schools to enable them to be staffed with competent teachers. We are at present not prepared to do either. English education, according to this policy, is to be confined to the well-to-do classes.They, it was believed, would give no trouble to Government. For this purpose, the old system of education under which a pupil could prosecute his studies from the lowest to the highest class was altered.

text: The Jesuits introduced India to both the European college system and the printing of books, through founding Saint Paul's College, Goa in 1542. The French traveler François Pyrard de Laval, who visited Goa c. 1608, described the College of St Paul, praising the variety of the subjects taught there free of charge. Like many other European travelers who visited the College, he recorded that at this time it had 3,000 students, from all the missions of Asia. Its Library was one of the biggest in Asia, and the first printing press was mounted there.

text: The British made education, in English—a high priority hoping it would speed modernization and reduce the administrative charges.[31] The colonial authorities had a sharp debate over policy. This was divided into two schools - the orientalists, who believed that education should happen in Indian languages (of which they favoured classical or court languages like Sanskrit or Persian) or utilitarians (also called anglicists) like Thomas Babington Macaulay, who strongly believed that traditional India had nothing to teach regarding modern skills; the best education for them would happen in English. Macaulay introduced English education in India, especially through his famous minute of February 1835. He called for an educational system that would create a class of anglicised Indians who would serve as cultural intermediaries between the British and the Indians.[32] Macaulay succeeded in implementing ideas previously put forward by Lord William Bentinck, the governor general since 1829. Bentinck favoured the replacement of Persian by English as the official language, the use of English as the medium of instruction, and the training of English-speaking Indians as teachers. He was inspired by utilitarian ideas and called for "useful learning." However, Bentinck's ideas were rejected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company and he retired as governor general.[33][34]

text: Frykenberg examines the 1784 to 1854 period to argue that education helped integrate the diverse elements Indian society, thereby creating a new common bond from among conflicting loyalties. The native elite demanded modern education. The University of Madras, founded in 1857, became the single most important recruiting ground for generations of ever more highly trained officials. This exclusive and select leadership was almost entirely "clean-caste" and mainly Brahman. It held sway in both the imperial administration and within princely governments to the south. The position of this mandarin class was never seriously challenged until well into the twentieth century.[35]

text: Ellis argues that historians of Indian education have generally confined their arguments to very narrow themes linked to colonial dominance and education as a means of control, resistance, and dialogue. Ellis emphasizes the need to evaluate the education actually experienced by most Indian children, which was outside the classroom.[36] Public education expenditures varied dramatically across regions with the western and southern provinces spending three to four times as much as the eastern provinces. The reason involved historical differences in land taxes. However the rates of attendance and literacy were not nearly as skewed.[37]

text: Villages[edit]

text: Prior to the British era, education in India commenced under the supervision of a guru in traditional schools called gurukuls. The gurukuls were supported by public donation and were one of the earliest forms of public school offices. However these Gurukuls catered only to the Upper castes of the Indian society and the overwhelming masses were denied any formal education. In the colonial era, the gurukul system began to decline as the system promoted by the British began to gradually take over. Between 1881–82 and 1946–47, the number of English primary schools grew from 82,916 to 134,866 and the number of students in English Schools grew from 2,061,541 to 10,525,943. Literacy rates in accordance to British in India rose from 3.2 per cent in 1881 to 7.2 per cent in 1931 and 12.2 per cent in 1947.

text: Bihar and Bengal Villages[edit]

text: Jha argues that local schools for pre-adolescent children were in a flourishing state in thousands of villages of Bihar and Bengal until the early decades of the nineteenth century. They were village institutions, maintained by village elders with local funds, where their children (from all caste clusters and communities) could, if the father wished, receive useful skills. However, the British policies in respect of education and land control adversely affected both the village structure and the village institutions of secular education. The British legal system and the rise of caste consciousness since the second half of the nineteenth century made it worse. Gradually, village as the base of secular identity and solidarity became too weak to create and maintain its own institution by the end of the nineteenth century and the traditional system decayed.[38]

text: British education became solidified into India as missionary schools were established during the 1820s.[39] New policies in 1835 gave rise to the use of English as the language of instruction for advanced topics.[39]

text: Universities[edit]

text: India established a dense educational network (very largely for males) with a Western curriculum based on instruction in English. To further advance their careers many ambitious upper class men with money, including Gandhi, Nehru and Muhammad Ali Jinnah went to England, especially to obtain a legal education at the Inns of Court. By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated, chiefly in the liberal arts or law. About a third entered public administration, and another third became lawyers. The result was a very well educated professional state bureaucracy. By 1887 of 21,000 mid-level civil service appointments, 45% were held by Hindus, 7% by Muslims, 19% by Eurasians (European father and Indian mother), and 29% by Europeans. Of the 1000 top -level positions, almost all were held by Britons, typically with an Oxbridge degree.[40]

text: The Raj, often working with local philanthropists, opened 186 colleges and universities. Starting with 600 students scattered across 4 universities and 67 colleges in 1882, the system expanded rapidly. More exactly, there never was a "system" under the Raj, as each state acted independently and funded schools for Indians from mostly private sources. By 1901 there were 5 universities and 145 colleges, with 18,000 students (almost all male). The curriculum was Western. By 1922 most schools were under the control of elected provincial authorities, with little role for the national government. In 1922 there were 14 universities and 167 colleges, with 46,000 students.In 1947 21 universities and 496 colleges were in operation. Universities at first did no teaching or research; they only conducted examinations and gave out degrees.[41][42]

text: The Madras Medical College opened in 1835, and admitted women so that they could treat the female population who traditionally shied away from medical treatments under qualified male professionals.[43] The concept of educated women among medical professionals gained popularity during the late 19th century and by 1894, the Women's Christian Medical College, an exclusive medical school for women, was established in Ludhiana in Punjab.[43]

text: The British established the Government College University in Lahore, of present-day Pakistan in 1864. The institution was initially affiliated with the University of Calcutta for examination. The prestigious University of the Punjab, also in Lahore, was the fourth university established by the colonials in South Asia, in the year 1882.

text: Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, founded in 1875, was the first modern institution of higher education for Muslims in India. By 1920 it became The Aligarh Muslim University and was the leading intellectual center of Muslim political activity.[44] The original goals were to train Muslims for British service and prepare an elite that would attend universities in Britain. After 1920 it became a centre of political activism. Before 1939, the faculty and students supported an all-India nationalist movement. However, when the Second World War began political sentiment shifted toward demands for a Muslim separatist movement. The intellectual support it provided proved significant in the success of Jinnah and the Muslim League.[45]

text: Engineering[edit]

text: The East India Company in 1806 set up Haileybury College in England to train administrators. In India, there were four colleges of civil engineering; the first was Thomason College(Now IIT Roorkee), founded in 1847. The second was Bengal Engineering College (now Indian Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, IIEST). Their role was to provide civil engineers for the Indian Public Works Department. Both in Britain and in India, the administration and management of science, technical and engineering education was undertaken by officers from the Royal Engineers and the Indian Army equivalent, (commonly referred to as sapper officers). This trend in civil/military relationships continued with the establishment of the Royal Indian Engineering College (also known as Cooper's Hill College) in 1870, specifically to train civil engineers in England for duties with the Indian Public Works Department. he Indian Public Works Department, although technically a civilian organisation, relied on military engineers until 1947 and after.[46]

text: Growing awareness for the need of technical education in India gave rise to establishment of institutions such as the Indian Institute of Science, established by philanthropist Jamshetji Tata in 1909.[47] By the 1930s India had 10 institutions offering engineering courses.[48] However, with the advent of the Second World War in 1939 the "War Technicians Training Scheme" under Ernest Bevin was initiated, thereby laying the foundation of modern technical education in India.[49] Later, planned development of scientific education under Ardeshir Dalal was initiated in 1944.[49]

text: Science[edit]

text: During the 19th and 20th centuries most of the Indian princely states fell under the British Raj.[50] The British rule during the 19th century did not take adequate measures to help develop science and technology in India and instead focused more on arts and humanities.[51] Till 1899 only the University of Bombay offered a separate degree in sciences.[52] In 1899 B.Sc and M.Sc. courses were also supported by the University of Calcutta.[53] By the late 19th century India had lagged behind in science and technology and related education.[51] However, the nobility and aristocracy in India largely continued to encourage the development of sciences and technical education, both traditional and western.[50]

text: While some science related subjects were not allowed in the government curriculum in the 1850s the private institutions could also not follow science courses due to lack of funds required to establish laboratories etc.[53] The fees for scientific education under the British rule were also high.[53] The salary that one would get in the colonial administration was meager and made the prospect of attaining higher education bleak since the native population was not employed for high positions in the colonial setup.[53] Even the natives who did manage to attain higher education faced issues of discrimination in terms of wages and privileges.[54]

text: One argument for the British detachment towards the study of science in India is that England itself was gradually outpaced in science and technology by European rival Germany and a fast-growing United States so the prospects of the British Raj adopting a world class science policy towards its colonies increasingly decreased.[55] However, Deepak Kumar notes the British turn to professional education during the 1860s and the French initiatives at raising awareness on science and technology in French colonies.[55]


document_title: Italy at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when was the last time italy failed to qualify for the world cup

text: Italy at the FIFA World Cup

text: FIFA World Cup record[edit]

text: Champions       Runners-up       Third Place       Fourth Place

text:
FIFA World Cup record

Year

Round

Position

Pld

W

D*

L

GF

GA

 1930

Did Not Enter

 1934

Champions

1st

5

4

1

0

12

3

 1938

Champions

1st

4

4

0

0

11

5

 1950

Group Stage

7th

2

1

0

1

4

3

 1954

10th

3

1

0

2

6

7

 1958

Did Not Qualify

 1962

Group Stage

9th

3

1

1

1

3

2

 1966

9th

3

1

0

2

2

2

 1970

Runners-up

2nd

6

3

2

1

10

8

 1974

Group Stage

10th

3

1

1

1

5

4

 1978

Fourth Place

4th

7

4

1

2

9

6

 1982

Champions

1st

7

4

3

0

12

6

 1986

Round of 16

12th

4

1

2

1

5

6

 1990

Third Place

3rd

7

6

1

0

10

2

 1994

Runners-up

2nd

7

4

2

1

8

5

 1998

Quarter Final

5th

5

3

2

0

8

3

  2002

Round of 16

15th

4

1

1

2

5

5

 2006

Champions

1st

7

5

2

0

12

2

 2010

Group Stage

26th

3

0

2

1

4

5

 2014

22nd

3

1

0

2

2

3

 2018

Did Not Qualify

 2022

TBD

Total

4 Titles

18/21

83

45

21

17

128

77

text:
showItaly's World Cup record

First Match

Italy  7–1  United States (27 May 1934; Rome, Italy)

Biggest Win

Italy  7–1  United States (27 May 1934; Rome, Italy)

Biggest Defeat

Switzerland   4–1  Italy (23 June 1954; Basel, Switzerland)Brazil  4–1  Italy (21 June 1970; Mexico City, Mexico)

Best Result

Champions at the 1934, 1938, 1982, and 2006 World Cups

Worst Result

26th at the 2010 World Cup

text: Winning World Cups[edit]

text:
Year

Manager

Captain

Winning Goal Scorer(s)

1934

Vittorio Pozzo

Gianpiero Combi

Raimundo Orsi, Angelo Schiavio

1938

Vittorio Pozzo

Giuseppe Meazza

Gino Colaussi (2), Silvio Piola (2)

1982

Enzo Bearzot

Dino Zoff

Paolo Rossi, Marco Tardelli, Alessandro Altobelli

2006

Marcello Lippi

Fabio Cannavaro

Marco Materazzi, Fabio Grosso (decisive penalty)

text: By Match[edit]

text: Italy's score listed first

text:
World Cup

Round

Opponent

Score

Venue

Scorers

1934
Round of 16
 United States
7–1
Rome
Schiavio (3), Orsi (2), Ferrari, Meazza

Quarter-finals
 Spain
1–1 (a.e.t.)
Florence
Ferrari

 Spain
1–0
Florence
Meazza

Semi-finals
 Austria
1–0
Milan
Guaita

Final
 Czechoslovakia
2–1 (a.e.t.)
Rome
Orsi, Schiavio

1938
Round of 16
 Norway
2–1 (a.e.t.)
Marseille
Ferraris, Piola

Quarter-finals
 France
3–1
Paris
Piola (2), Colaussi

Semi-finals
 Brazil
2–1
Marseille
Colaussi, Meazza

Final
 Hungary
4–2
Paris
Colaussi (2), Piola (2)

1950
Group stage
 Sweden
2–3
São Paulo
Carapellese, Muccinelli

 Paraguay
2–0
São Paulo
Carapellese, Pandolfini

1954
Group stage
  Switzerland
1–2
Lausanne
Boniperti

 Belgium
4–1
Lugano
Pandolfini, Galli, Frignani, Lorenzi

  Switzerland
1–4
Basel
Nesti

1962
Group stage
 West Germany
0–0
Santiago
&—

 Chile
0–2
Santiago
&—

  Switzerland
3–0
Santiago
Bulgarelli (2), Mora

1966
Group stage
 Chile
2–0
Sunderland
A. Mazzola, Barison

 Soviet Union
0–1
Sunderland
&—

 North Korea
0–1
Middlesbrough
&—

1970
Group stage
 Sweden
1–0
Toluca
Domenghini

 Uruguay
0–0
Puebla
&—

 Israel
0–0
Toluca
&—

Quarter-finals
 Mexico
4–1
Toluca
Riva (2), Guzmán (o.g.), Rivera

Semi-finals
 West Germany
4–3 (a.e.t.)
Mexico City
Boninsegna, Burgnich, Riva, Rivera

Final
 Brazil
1–4
Mexico City
Boninsegna

1974
Group stage
 Haiti
3–1
Munich
Rivera, Benetti, Anastasi

 Argentina
1–1
Stuttgart
Perfumo (o.g.)

 Poland
1–2
Stuttgart
Capello

1978
Group stage
 France
2–1
Mar del Plata
Rossi, Zaccarelli

 Hungary
3–1
Mar del Plata
Rossi, Bettega, Benetti

 Argentina
1–0
Buenos Aires
Bettega

Second round
 West Germany
0–0
Buenos Aires
&—

 Austria
1–0
Buenos Aires
Rossi

 Netherlands
1–2
Buenos Aires
Brandts (o.g.)

Third place play-off
 Brazil
1–2
Buenos Aires
Causio

1982
Group stage
 Poland
0–0
Vigo
&—

 Peru
1–1
Vigo
Conti

 Cameroon
1–1
Vigo
Graziani

Second round
 Argentina
2–1
Barcelona
Tardelli, Cabrini

 Brazil
3–2
Barcelona
Rossi (3)

Semi-finals
 Poland
2–0
Barcelona
Rossi (2)

Final
 West Germany
3–1
Madrid
Rossi, Tardelli, Altobelli

1986
Group stage
 Bulgaria
1–1
Mexico City
Altobelli

 Argentina
1–1
Puebla
Altobelli

 South Korea
3–2
Puebla
Altobelli (2), Cho K. R. (o.g.)

Round of 16
 France
0–2
Mexico City
&—

1990
Group stage
 Austria
1–0
Rome
Schillaci

 United States
1–0
Rome
Giannini

 Czechoslovakia
2–0
Rome
Schillaci, R. Baggio

Round of 16
 Uruguay
2–0
Rome
Schillaci, Serena

Quarter-finals
 Republic of Ireland
1–0
Rome
Schillaci

Semi-finals
 Argentina
1–1 (a.e.t.)  (3–4  pen.)
Naples
Schillaci

Third place play-off
 England
2–1
Bari
R. Baggio, Schillaci

1994
Group stage
 Republic of Ireland
0–1
East Rutherford
&—

 Norway
1–0
East Rutherford
D. Baggio

 Mexico
1–1
Washington, D.C.
Massaro

Round of 16
 Nigeria
2–1 (a.e.t.)
Foxborough
R. Baggio (2)

Quarter-finals
 Spain
2–1
Foxborough
D. Baggio, R. Baggio

Semi-finals
 Bulgaria
2–1
East Rutherford
R. Baggio (2)

Final
 Brazil
0–0 (a.e.t.)  (2–3  pen.)
Pasadena
&—

1998
Group stage
 Chile
2–2
Bordeaux
Vieri, R. Baggio

 Cameroon
3–0
Montpellier
Vieri (2), Di Biagio

 Austria
2–1
Saint-Denis
Vieri, R. Baggio

Round of 16
 Norway
1–0
Marseille
Vieri

Quarter-finals
 France
0–0 (a.e.t.)  (3–4  pen.)
Saint-Denis
&—

2002
Group stage
 Ecuador
2–0
Sapporo
Vieri (2)

 Croatia
1–2
Ibaraki
Vieri

 Mexico
1–1
Ōita
Del Piero

Round of 16
 South Korea
1–2 (a.e.t.)
Daejeon
Vieri

2006
Group stage
 Ghana
2–0
Hanover
Pirlo, Iaquinta

 United States
1–1
Kaiserslautern
Gilardino

 Czech Republic
2–0
Hamburg
Materazzi, Inzaghi

Round of 16
 Australia
1–0
Kaiserslautern
Totti

Quarter-finals
 Ukraine
3–0
Hamburg
Toni (2), Zambrotta

Semi-finals
 Germany
2–0 (a.e.t.)
Dortmund
Grosso, Del Piero

Final
 France
1–1 (a.e.t.)  (5–3  pen.)
Berlin
Materazzi

2010
Group stage
 Paraguay
1–1
Cape Town
De Rossi

 New Zealand
1–1
Nelspruit
Iaquinta

 Slovakia
2–3
Johannesburg
Di Natale, Quagliarella

2014
Group stage
 England
2–1
Manaus
Marchisio, Balotelli

 Costa Rica
0–1
Recife
&—

 Uruguay
0–1
Natal
&—

text: Record by Opponent[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup matches (by team)

Opponent

Wins

Draws

Losses

Total

Goals Scored

Goals Conceded

 Argentina
2
3
0
5
6
4

 Australia
1
0
0
1
1
0

 Austria
4
0
0
4
5
1

 Belgium
1
0
0
1
4
1

 Brazil
2
1
2
5
7
9

 Bulgaria
1
1
0
2
3
2

 Cameroon
1
1
0
2
4
1

 Chile
1
1
1
3
4
4

 Costa Rica
0
0
1
1
0
1

 Croatia
0
0
1
1
1
2

 Czech Republic
1
0
0
1
2
0

 Czechoslovakia
2
0
0
2
4
1

 Ecuador
1
0
0
1
2
0

 England
2
0
0
2
4
2

 France
2
2
1
5
6
5

 Germany
3
2
0
5
9
4

 Ghana
1
0
0
1
2
0

 Haiti
1
0
0
1
3
1

 Hungary
2
0
0
2
7
3

 Israel
0
1
0
1
0
0

 Mexico
1
2
0
3
6
3

 Netherlands
0
0
1
1
1
2

 New Zealand
0
1
0
1
1
1

 Nigeria
1
0
0
1
2
1

 North Korea
0
0
1
1
0
1

 Norway
3
0
0
3
4
1

 Paraguay
1
1
0
2
3
1

 Peru
0
1
0
1
1
1

 Poland
1
1
1
3
3
2

 Republic of Ireland
1
0
1
2
1
1

 Slovakia
0
0
1
1
2
3

 South Korea
1
0
1
2
4
4

 Soviet Union
0
0
1
1
0
1

 Spain
2
1
0
3
4
2

 Sweden
1
0
1
2
3
3

  Switzerland
1
0
2
3
5
6

 Ukraine
1
0
0
1
3
0

 United States
2
1
0
3
9
2

 Uruguay
1
1
1
3
2
1

text: World Cup Finals[edit]

text: 1934 World Cup Final v Czechoslovakia[edit]

text: With temperatures around 40 °C (104 °F), Italy won their home tournament in 1934 after going into extra time against Czechoslovakia.

text:
Italy

2–1 (a.e.t.)

 Czechoslovakia

Orsi  81'Schiavio  95'

Report

Puč  71'

text:
GK
Gianpiero Combi (c)

RB
Eraldo Monzeglio

LB
Luigi Allemandi

RH
Attilio Ferraris

CH
Luis Monti

LH
Luigi Bertolini

OR
Enrique Guaita

IR
Giuseppe Meazza

IL
Giovanni Ferrari

OL
Raimundo Orsi

CF
Angelo Schiavio

Manager:

 Vittorio Pozzo

GK
František Plánička (c)

RB
Josef Čtyřoký

LB
Ladislav Ženíšek

RH
Rudolf Krčil

CH
Štefan Čambal

LH
Josef Košťálek

OR
Antonín Puč

IR
Oldřich Nejedlý

IL
František Svoboda

OL
František Junek

CF
Jiří Sobotka

Manager:

 Karel Petrů

text: 1938 World Cup Final v Hungary[edit]

text: After a difficult route to the final, defeating hosts France in the quarter-finals and Brazil in the semis, Italy was the first team to win the World Cup title on foreign ground. Also, it was the first of only two times in World Cup history that a team successfully defended their title.

text:
Italy

4–2

 Hungary

Colaussi  6', 35'Piola  16', 82'

Report

Titkos  8'Sárosi  70'

text:
GK

Aldo Olivieri

RB

Alfredo Foni

LB

Pietro Rava

RH

Pietro Serantoni

LH

Ugo Locatelli

CH

Michele Andreolo

IR

Giuseppe Meazza (c)

IL

Giovanni Ferrari

OR

Amedeo Biavati

CF

Silvio Piola

OL

Gino Colaussi

Manager:

 Vittorio Pozzo

GK

Antal Szabó

RB

Sándor Bíró

LB

Gyula Polgár

RH

Gyula Lázár

LH

Antal Szalay

CH

György Szűcs

IR

Gyula Zsengellér

IL

Jenő Vincze

OR

Pál Titkos

CF

György Sárosi (c)

OL

Ferenc Sas

Manager:

 Alfréd Schaffer

text: 1970 World Cup Final v Brazil[edit]

text: In 1970, the Brazilian team featured superstars like Pelé, Rivelino, Jairzinho and Carlos Alberto and were considered favourites for the title. Particularly in the second half, the Italians were outclassed by the Brazilians passing play.

text:
Brazil

4–1

 Italy

Pelé  18'Gérson  66'Jairzinho  71'Carlos Alberto  86'

Report

Boninsegna  37'

text:
GK
1
Félix

DF
4
Carlos Alberto (c)

DF
2
Brito

DF
3
Piazza

DF
16
Everaldo

MF
5
Clodoaldo

MF
8
Gérson

FW
7
Jairzinho

FW
9
Tostão

FW
10
Pelé

FW
11
Rivelino

Manager:

 Mário Zagallo

GK
1
Enrico Albertosi

DF
2
Tarcisio Burgnich

DF
5
Pierluigi Cera

DF
8
Roberto Rosato

DF
3
Giacinto Facchetti (c)

MF
10
Mario Bertini

 75'

MF
13
Angelo Domenghini

MF
16
Giancarlo De Sisti

FW
15
Sandro Mazzola

FW
11
Luigi Riva

FW
20
Roberto Boninsegna

 84'

Substitutions:

MF
18
Antonio Juliano

 75'

MF
14
Gianni Rivera

 84'

Manager:

 Ferruccio Valcareggi

text: 1982 World Cup Final v West Germany[edit]

text: Italy played three draws in the first group stage in a worrisome start to the tournament, proceeding ahead of Cameroon only on number of goals scored. However, the Italians continued to defeat Brazil, Argentina and a strong Polish side over the course of the tournament and faced West Germany in the final in Madrid.

text: Antonio Cabrini missed a penalty in the goalless first half, but the dominant Italian side eventually built up a 3-0 lead and won by 3-1 in the end, securing their third World Cup trophy.

text:
Italy

3–1

 West Germany

Rossi  57'Tardelli  69'Altobelli  81'

Report

Breitner  83'

text:
GK
1
Dino Zoff (c)

SW
7
Gaetano Scirea

CB
6
Claudio Gentile

CB
5
Fulvio Collovati

RWB
3
Giuseppe Bergomi

LWB
4
Antonio Cabrini

DM
13
Gabriele Oriali
 73'

RM
16
Bruno Conti
 31'

CM
14
Marco Tardelli

LW
19
Francesco Graziani

 7'

CF
20
Paolo Rossi

Substitutions:

GK
12
Ivano Bordon

MF
10
Giuseppe Dossena

MF
11
Giampiero Marini

MF
15
Franco Causio

 89'

FW
18
Alessandro Altobelli

 7'
 89'

Manager:

Enzo Bearzot

GK
1
Harald Schumacher

SW
15
Uli Stielike
 73'

RB
20
Manfred Kaltz

CB
4
Karlheinz Förster

LB
5
Bernd Förster

RM
6
Wolfgang Dremmler
 61'
 62'

CM
3
Paul Breitner

LM
2
Hans-Peter Briegel

RW
11
Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (c)

 70'

LW
7
Pierre Littbarski
 88'

CF
8
Klaus Fischer

Substitutions:

GK
21
Bernd Franke

DF
12
Wilfried Hannes

MF
10
Hansi Müller

 70'

MF
14
Felix Magath

FW
9
Horst Hrubesch

 62'

Manager:

Jupp Derwall

text: 1994 World Cup Final v Brazil[edit]

text: The 1994 final was the first ever to be decided on penalties after goalless 120 minutes. Italian captain Franco Baresi missed the very first penalty, and Roberto Baggio the decisive last one.

text: Italy became the first team to lose two World Cup finals against the same opponent.

text:
Brazil

0–0(a.e.t.)

 Italy

Report

Penalties

Márcio Santos Romário Branco Dunga

3–2

 Baresi Albertini Evani Massaro R. Baggio

text:
GK
1
Cláudio Taffarel

RB
2
Jorginho

 21'

CB
13
Aldair

CB
15
Marcio Santos

LB
6
Branco

CM
5
Mauro Silva

CM
8
Dunga (c)

AM
17
Mazinho
 4'

AM
9
Zinho

 106'

CF
11
Romário

CF
7
Bebeto

Substitutions:

DF
14
Cafu
 87'
 21'

FW
21
Viola

 106'

Manager:

 Carlos Alberto Parreira

GK
1
Gianluca Pagliuca

RB
8
Roberto Mussi

 35'

CB
6
Franco Baresi (c)

CB
5
Paolo Maldini

LB
3
Antonio Benarrivo

RM
14
Nicola Berti

CM
13
Dino Baggio

 95'

CM
11
Demetrio Albertini
 42'

LM
16
Roberto Donadoni

CF
10
Roberto Baggio

CF
19
Daniele Massaro

Substitutes:

DF
2
Luigi Apolloni
 41'
 35'

MF
17
Alberigo Evani

 95'

Manager:

 Arrigo Sacchi

text: 2006 World Cup Final v France[edit]

text: Italian defender Marco Materazzi was involved in all three outstanding moments of the first 120 minutes: He conceded the penalty that was converted by Zinedine Zidane early in the game, equalised with a powerful header soon after, and provoked Zidane in a manner that lead to the French captain being sent off. He also scored in the penalty-shootout that was to follow.

text: It was only the second time a World Cup final was decided on penalties, again involving Italy after the 1994 final lost to Brazil.

text:
Italy

1–1 (a.e.t.)

 France

Materazzi  19'

Report

Zidane  7' (pen.)

Penalties

Pirlo
Materazzi
De Rossi
Del Piero
Grosso

5–3

 Wiltord
 Trezeguet
 Abidal
 Sagnol

text:
GK
1
Gianluigi Buffon

RB
19
Gianluca Zambrotta
 5'

CB
5
Fabio Cannavaro (c)

CB
23
Marco Materazzi

LB
3
Fabio Grosso

RM
16
Mauro Camoranesi

 86'

CM
8
Gennaro Gattuso

CM
21
Andrea Pirlo

LM
20
Simone Perrotta

 61'

SS
10
Francesco Totti

 61'

CF
9
Luca Toni

Substitutions:

MF
4
Daniele De Rossi

 61'

FW
15
Vincenzo Iaquinta

 61'

FW
7
Alessandro Del Piero

 86'

Manager:

 Marcello Lippi

GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
19
Willy Sagnol
 12'

CB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
5
William Gallas

LB
3
Éric Abidal

CM
4
Patrick Vieira

 56'

CM
6
Claude Makélélé
 76'

RW
22
Franck Ribéry

 100'

AM
10
Zinedine Zidane (c)
 110'

LW
7
Florent Malouda
 111'

CF
12
Thierry Henry

 107'

Substitutions:

MF
18
Alou Diarra

 56'

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 100'

FW
11
Sylvain Wiltord

 107'

Manager:

 Raymond Domenech

text: Player appearances[edit]

text: Paolo Maldini is the player with the third-most matches at FIFA World Cups, trailing only behind the Germans Lothar Matthäus (25) and Miroslav Klose (24). This also makes him the player with the most World Cup matches who has never won the trophy.

text: Goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon is one of only three players who have been part of five FIFA World Cup squads.[3]

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1
Paolo Maldini
23
1990, 1994, 1998 and 2002

2

Antonio Cabrini
18
1978, 1982 and 1986

Gaetano Scirea
18
1978, 1982 and 1986

Fabio Cannavaro
18
1998, 2002, 2006 and 2010

5
Dino Zoff
17
1974, 1978 and 1982

6

Giuseppe Bergomi
16
1982, 1986, 1990 and 1998

Roberto Baggio
16
1990, 1994 and 1998

8

Paolo Rossi
14
1978 and 1982

Gianluigi Buffon
14
2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014

10

Claudio Gentile
13
1978 and 1982

Marco Tardelli
13
1978 and 1982

Gianluca Zambrotta
13
2002, 2006 and 2010

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text: Two Italians were awarded the Golden Boot for best goalscorer at a FIFA World Cup: Paolo Rossi in 1982 and Salvatore Schillaci in 1990 with 6 goals each.[4]

text:
No.

Name

Goals

World Cups

1
Paolo Rossi
9
1978 (3) and 1982 (6)

Roberto Baggio
9
1990 (2), 1994 (5) and 1998 (2)

Christian Vieri
9
1998 (5) and 2002 (4)

4
Salvatore Schillaci
6
1990

5

Silvio Piola
5
1938

Alessandro Altobelli
5
1982 (1) and 1986 (4)

7

Angelo Schiavio
4
1934

Gino Colaussi
4
1938

9
Raimundo Orsi
3
1934

Giuseppe Meazza
3
1934 (2) and 1938 (1)

Luigi Riva
3
1970

Gianni Rivera
3
1970 (2) and 1974 (1)

text: Awards and Records[edit]

text: Team Awards[edit]

text:
World Champions 1934
World Champions 1938
World Champions 1982
World Champions 2006
Second Place 1970
Second Place 1994
Third Place 1990

text: Individual Awards[edit]

text: Golden Ball award

text:
Golden Ball 1934: Giuseppe Meazza
Golden Ball 1982: Paolo Rossi
Golden Ball 1990: Salvatore Schillaci
Silver Ball 1938: Silvio Piola
Silver Ball 1978: Paolo Rossi
Silver Ball 1994: Roberto Baggio
Silver Ball 2006: Fabio Cannavaro
Bronze Ball 2006: Andrea Pirlo

text: Golden Boot award

text:
Golden Boot 1982: Paolo Rossi
Golden Boot 1990: Salvatore Schillaci
Silver Boot 1934: Angelo Schiavio
Silver Boot 1938: Silvio Piola
Silver Boot 1998: Christian Vieri

text: Other individual awards

text:
Golden Glove 1982: Dino Zoff (oldest Golden Glove winner)
Golden Glove 2006: Gianluigi Buffon
Best Young Player Award 1978: Antonio Cabrini
Man of the Match Award 2006: Andrea Pirlo

text: Refereeing[edit]

text: Three World Cup finals have been officiated by representatives of the Italian football federation, only English referees have had the honour more often (four times). The 1978 final between Argentina and the Netherlands has been led by Sergio Gonella, who had already officiated the European Championship final two years earlier. The other referees are Pierluigi Collina in 2002, and Nicola Rizzoli in 2014.

text: The Italian referee with the most World Cup matches, however, is Roberto Rosetti, who has been in charge of six matches total in 2006 and 2010.


document_title: Stuart Hamblen

question_text: who wrote it is no secret what god can do

text: Stuart Hamblen

text: Biography[edit]

text: Hamblen was born to the family of an itinerant Methodist preacher on October 20, 1908, in Kellyville, Texas. He married Suzy Daniels and fathered two children with her. Hamblen's father was Dr. J. H. Hamblen, a minister in the Methodist Church in Texas, who in 1946 founded the Evangelical Methodist Church denomination in Abilene, Texas.

text: From 1931 Hamblen began hosting the popular radio program Family Album in California, composing music and acting in motion pictures with cowboy stars including Gene Autry, Roy Rogers, and John Wayne. In 1934 he became the first artist signed by the American subsidiary of Decca Records.[1]

text: Hamblen didn't cope well with the pressures of his high-profile career and sought relief in alcohol. Many times his drinking landed him in jail for public brawling and other destructive behavior. The Texas State Historical Association reports that Hamblen identified himself as the "original juvenile delinquent."[2] Because Hamblen was hugely popular, his radio sponsors regularly bailed him out of jail and smoothed things over. For a while, he ventured into horse-racing as an owner.[3] Inevitably, Hamblen's drinking and gambling problems severely affected his life and career. In 1949 after years of struggle with alcohol, Hamblen underwent a religious conversion at a Billy Graham crusade in Los Angeles, and was soon fired from his radio program after refusing to do beer commercials. He subsequently gave up gambling and horse racing, and entered Christian broadcasting with his radio show The Cowboy Church of the Air, which ran until 1952.[4]

text: During a 1963 crusade in Los Angeles, Graham called Hamblen's conversion "the turning point" in the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association's ministry, where before Hamblen accepted Christ the crowds were rather small. Graham said Hamblen was the No. 1 radio personality in Los Angeles, which drew in crowds. That evening, also Graham's first coast-to-coast television broadcast, Hamblen shared about his faith and sang/spoke his signature hymn "It Is No Secret (What God Can Do)" . Graham attributed Hamblen's hunting skills as instrumental in capturing a wild panther in the Los Angeles area prior to the crusade.[5][6]

text: Hamblen carried a picture of a mountain lion – might have been the wild panther – in his wallet. The cat was in his refrigerator in the garage.

text: Stuart Hamblen died March 8, 1989, in Santa Monica, California of brain cancer.[1]

text: Music[edit]

text: In his early career as a singing cowboy he composed his song Texas Plains. It was this song that Patsy Montana reworked into her million seller hit I Want to Be a Cowboy's Sweetheart (1935). Hamblen wrote the popular songs "This Ole House" (1954) (popularized by Rosemary Clooney, among others) and "Open Up Your Heart (And Let the Sunshine In)" (not to be confused with the song from the Broadway musical Hair). Other songs include "Hell Train", "It Is No Secret (What God Can Do)" (not the contemporary Christian song of a similar name in the 1980s) and "Blood on Your Hands". Some of his post-conversion songs depict a rather wrathful version of the Gospel, sung with such good-natured high spirits that they have an ironic appeal to the non-religious.

text: "It Is No Secret" was written following his acceptance of Christ and a spiritual conversation with John Wayne. After accepting the Lord, Hamblen was fired from his position as disc jockey because he refused to do alcohol commercials. John Wayne offered him a drink shortly thereafter, Hamblen refused saying "It is no secret what the Lord can do." John Wayne said, "You should write a song by that title." The song would go on to be sung by popular singers Rosemary Clooney, Kate Smith, Jim Reeves, Wayne Newton, Leslie Uggams, Jo Stafford & Gordon MacRae (duet), Anne Murray, Tom Netherton, Eddy Arnold, Pat Boone, Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Hank Snow and Ernest Tubb.[7]

text: "This Ole House" was inspired while on a hunting trip in the High Sierras with a friend. The two men came upon what looked like an abandoned shack, wherein they found the body of an elderly man, apparently dead of natural causes. Hamblen came up with the lyrics to the song while riding horseback down the mountain, and composed the melody within a week.[1] In addition to being a number one hit for Clooney, it was later recorded by Roberta Sherwood, The Statler Brothers. In 1981, a version performed by Welsh rock'n'roll singer Shakin' Stevens topped the British charts.

text: In 1955, Hamblen had a hit single with "Open Up Your Heart (And Let the Sunshine In)," along with his family under the name "Cowboy Church Sunday School." Hamblen was accompanied by wife Suzy, daughters Veeva Suzanne and Obee Jane (Lisa), and two of the girls' friends. The song was recorded at the 33 RPM speed so that it sounds like children singing at the normal 7-inch single phonograph speed of 45 RPM. The tune hit No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop charts in 1955.[8] "Open Up Your Heart (And Let the Sunshine In)" was sung on an episode of the television cartoon series The Flintstones in the mid-1960s by characters Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm.

text: Hamblen wrote the lyrics to the Christmas cult favorite, "Hardrock, Coco and Joe". An animated Christmas cartoon based on the song was created in the mid-1950s. Its running time is about 2 minutes and 45 seconds. The full title is Hardrock, Coco and Joe - The Three Little Dwarfs, but is commonly called Hardrock, Coco and Joe, after the song title.

text: One of Hamblen's few secular songs to become popular was "(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You," recorded by Ernest Tubb, Jimmy Dean, Red Foley, and others, and made into a gold record by Dean Martin in a 1965 Reprise recording.

text: The Hamblen family participated in the Pasadena Rose Parade for many years riding Peruvian Paso horses.

text: At Mr. Hamblen's well-attended funeral in Los Angeles, a recording of Mr. Hamblen's was played; Billy Graham gave the eulogy. He is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park.[9]

text: Hit Singles[edit]

text:
Year
Single
Chart Positions

US Country
US

1950
"(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You"
2

"I Won't Go Huntin' Jake (But I'll Go Chasin' Women)"
3

1951
"It Is No Secret"
8

1954
"This Ole House"
2

1955
"Open Up Your Heart (And Let the Sunshine In)"

8

text: Awards[edit]

text: Hamblen was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970, was presented the ACM Pioneer Award 1972, received the Gene Autry Golden Boot Award 1988, and was inducted into Texas Country Music Hall of Fame 2001.[1] He later received a star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame. He was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1994 and the Western Music Hall of Fame in 1999.

text: Jefferson, Texas (near Hamblen's birth home of Kelleyville, Texas) celebrates "Stuart Hamblen Days" each year, with a bronze plaque dedication taking place in the city park in 1998, sponsored by a local opera house.[1]

text: Politics[edit]

text: Hamblen supported the American temperance movement and ran as the Prohibition Party's candidate for U.S. president in the 1952 presidential election. Hamblen garnered 72,949 recorded popular votes and no electoral votes in an election in which Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected President for the first of two terms, defeating Democrat Adlai Stevenson.[10]

text: Previously, Hamblen ran for California's 20th congressional district seat as a Democrat, losing to Carl Hinshaw in the 1938 election cycle. The race was a close one, with Hinshaw at 47 percent and Hamblen with 41 percent of the vote.


document_title: Third Watch

question_text: how many seasons were there of third watch

text: Third Watch

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series followed the exploits of a group of police officers, firefighters, and paramedics in the fictional NYPD 55th Precinct and the fictional FDNY Squad 55/Ladder 100/Battalion 24 firehouse, whose shifts fell between 3 pm and 11 pm, the "third watch". The precinct and fire station were located on the corner of King Boulevard and Arthur Street; hence the nickname "Camelot". Exterior/interior shots of the 55th Precinct and the firehouse were filmed in Long Island City, Queens, although both in the show appear to be located somewhere between the Bronx, and midtown and Inwood in Manhattan. Third Watch succeeded in presenting all three branches of New York City's emergency services in the same show, reviving a failed attempt to do so nine years prior with the similarly themed H.E.L.P.

text: The show balanced numerous single-episode events with other, ongoing storylines, some of which spanned multiple seasons. Though it gained much acclaim and eventually won an award for its emotional and honest portrayal of 9/11 and its aftermath, Third Watch was also criticized in some circles for extremely detailed violence, and extensive (by network standards) profane language. The show was created, produced, and written by John Wells and Edward Allen Bernero. The theme song for the show was "Keep Hope Alive" by The Crystal Method, except for the pilot episode, when "Right Here, Right Now" by Fatboy Slim was played during the opening sequence.

text: In the spring of 2005, NBC decided not to renew Third Watch, making the sixth season its last. The series' finale, "Goodbye to Camelot", aired in the United States on Friday, May 6, 2005. Several major newspapers, including the New York Times and the Bergen Record have since listed it as a TV show that was cancelled too early.[citation needed]

text: Conception[edit]

text: John Wells had wanted to do a show about paramedics for some time due to his work on ER, but did not think he had enough material to make such a show. Ed Bernero, a former Chicago cop, had wanted to do a police drama partly based on his own experiences. The two worked together on the short-lived show Trinity and, after that show was cancelled, Wells asked Bernero if he wanted to co-create a show with him.[1]

text: Originally, the show was only going to be about the police and paramedics, but firefighter Jimmy Doherty was added to the show after Eddie Cibrian auditioned for the role of Bosco. Cibrian lost out to Jason Wiles, but because of the attention he received from women due to his good looks, the producers decided to put him in the show as a new character. Bernero reportedly commented that they did not have any firefighters, and the fire aspect of the show was added.[2]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The series consists of six seasons with a total of 132 episodes, produced and broadcast from September 23, 1999, to May 6, 2005.

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
September 26, 1999 (1999-09-26)
May 15, 2000 (2000-05-15)

2
22
October 2, 2000 (2000-10-02)
May 14, 2001 (2001-05-14)

3
22
October 15, 2001 (2001-10-15)
May 13, 2002 (2002-05-13)

4
22
September 30, 2002 (2002-09-30)
April 28, 2003 (2003-04-28)

5
22
September 29, 2003 (2003-09-29)
May 7, 2004 (2004-05-07)

6
22
September 24, 2004 (2004-09-24)
May 6, 2005 (2005-05-06)

text: Crossovers[edit]

text:
"Unleashed" — Yokas and Bosco help Dr. Susan Lewis find her drug-addicted sister. The story begins on ER in the episode "Brothers & Sisters".
"In the Family Way" — An AWOL soldier arrested for a jewelry-store robbery that left a friend of Sully's dead contracts a virus that begins to spread. The story concludes on Medical Investigation in the episode "Half-Life".

text: Main cast[edit]

text: Third Watch's original ensemble cast in the series' first season consisted of Michael Beach, Coby Bell, Bobby Cannavale, Eddie Cibrian, Molly Price, Kim Raver, Anthony Ruivivar, Skipp Sudduth, and Jason Wiles.

text: Eddie Cibrian also portrayed the contract-role of Cole on Sunset Beach while appearing on Third Watch at the same time until Sunset Beach's cancellation in January 2000.

text: In 2000, Amy Carlson was added to the cast as paramedic/firefighter Alex Taylor. In 2001, series regular Bobby Cannavale willingly left the series after he asked to be written out due to lack of character use and development.[3]

text: At the start of season three, Chris Bauer was added to the main credits as Fred Yokas after being a recurring guest star previously. Tia Texada became a recurring guest star, and later, a full cast member, in 2002. Carlson left the show in 2003. Later that year, Nia Long was introduced as Officer Sasha Monroe (her rank was changed in season six in one of the show's most shocking plot twists). Yvonne Jung became a recurring guest star also in 2003, although she had been a guest in season-three episode "Act Brave" as a lawyer defending Kim in her custody battle with Jimmy. Also in 2003, Bonnie Dennison was added as Emily Yokas, previously being recurring.

text: In 2004, just after celebrating the show's 100th episode, Eddie Cibrian and Michael Beach left the show. Cibrian's departure marked the first time a main character was written out of the show without dying. Series regular Molly Price's character, Faith Yokas, made very few appearances in season five of the series because Price was pregnant throughout much of the season. The writers for Third Watch explained her absence by her character being seriously injured in a shootout, and then trying to recuperate at home. In the few scenes Price was in, her growing belly was frequently hidden by blankets piled on top of her while she lay in bed. Cara Buono joined the cast as Paramedic Grace Foster late in the show's fifth season in 2004.

text: Kim Raver decided to leave the show after the show's sixth-season opener and became a series regular on 24. Josh Stewart was introduced as a main cast member of season six as Probationary Officer Brendan Finney. After a several-month absence, Dennison reclaimed the role of Emily Yokas for the rest of the final season, while Chris Bauer left the show to pursue his new show Tilt, which coincidentally co-starred his former Third Watch castmate, Eddie Cibrian, but made sporadic guest-star appearances in season six. Beach, Cibrian, and Raver rejoined their former co-stars in the series finale, "Goodbye To Camelot".

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Seasons as main cast
Episodes

Jason Wiles
NYPD Officer Maurice "Bosco" Boscorelli
1–6
1–132

Coby Bell
NYPD Officer Tyrone "Ty" Davis, Jr.
1–6
1–132

Skipp Sudduth
NYPD Officer John "Sully" Sullivan
1–6
1–132

Anthony Ruivivar
FDNY Paramedic Carlos Nieto
1–6
1–132

Molly Price
NYPD Officer/Detective Faith Yokas
1–6
1–132

Kim Raver
FDNY Paramedic Kimberly "Kim" Zambrano
1–5
1–111

Chris Bauer
Frederick "Fred" Yokas1
1–5
1–110

Michael Beach
FDNY Paramedic Monte "Doc" Parker
1–5
1–103

Eddie Cibrian
FDNY Firefighter/Lieutenant James "Jimmy" Doherty
1–5
1–101

Bobby Cannavale
FDNY Paramedic Roberto "Bobby" Caffey
1–2
1–39

Amy Carlson
FDNY Paramedic/firefighter Alexandra "Alex" Taylor
2–4
26–88

Tia Texada
NYPD Sergeant Maritza Cruz
4–6
80–132

Nia Long
NYPD Officer/IAB Detective Sasha Monroe
5–6
89–132

Bonnie Dennison
Emily Yokas2
5–6
89–132

Cara Buono
FDNY Paramedic Grace Foster
6
111–132

Josh Stewart
NYPD Officer Brendan Finney
6
113–132

text:
1 Fred Yokas appeared on a recurring basis for the first two seasons of the show. In seasons three-five, Bauer received star billing in the episodes in which he appeared. In the final season, he returned to recurring status.
2 The Yokas' oldest child Emily was portrayed by P.J. Morrison in seasons one-three in a recurring role. Dennison took over the role in season four and received star billing in the final two seasons in the episodes in which she appeared.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text: These cast members are listed by the season in which they were introduced:

text:
Actor
Character
Seasons as recurring cast
Notes

Derek Kelly
FDNY Firefighter Derek "DK" Kitson
1–6
Real-life FDNY firefighter; real-life husband of Molly Price

Bill Walsh
FDNY Firefighter/Lieutenant William "Billy" Walsh
1–6
Real-life FDNY firefighter

Patti D'Arbanville
Rose Boscorelli
1–6
Bosco's mother

Jeremy Bergman
Charles "Charlie" Yokas
1–4
Faith and Fred's youngest child

Lonette McKee
Maggie Davis
1–4
Ty's mother

James Rebhorn
NYPD Captain "Stick" Elchisak
1–3
NYPD Captain of 55th Precinct

P.J. Morrison
Emily Yokas
1–3
First actress to portray character

Kristopher Scott Fiedell
Joseph "Joey" Doherty
1–3
Kim and Jimmy's son

Eva LaRue
NYPD Officer Brooke Doherty
1–2
Jimmy's second wife

Lisa Vidal
Dr. Sarah Morales
1–2
Attending at Mercy Hospital; Doc's love interest

Wendell Pierce
NYPD Officer Conrad "Candyman" Jones
1
Cop with long and spotty history partnered with Davis' father

Nick Chinlund
NYPD Detective Tancredi
1

Ernest Mingione
NYPD Lieutenant Kowalski
1

Jon Seda
Mateo "Matty" Caffey
1-2
Bobby's ex-con brother

Saundra McClain
Nurse Mary Proctor
2–6
Primary nurse at Mercy

John Michael Bolger
FDNY Lieutenant Johnson
2–4

Savannah Haske
Tatiana Deschenko
2–4
Wife of Sully

Nick Sandow
FDNY Firefighter Joseph "Joe" Lombardo III
2

Carol Woods
NYPD Lieutenant Rice
2

Anne Twomey
Catherine Zambrano
2
Mother of Kim

Joe Lisi
NYPD Lieutenant Robert "Bob" Swersky
3–6

Sterling K. Brown
NYPD Officer Edward Dade
3–5

Charlie Day
Michael "Mikey" Boscorelli
3–5
Brother of Bosco

Brad Beyer
NYPD Sergeant Jason Christopher
2–3

Charlie McWade
NYPD Officer Steven Gusler
3
A squeamish new officer training under Yokas and Bosco

Darien Sills-Evans
Dr. Fields
4–6
Attending at Mercy

James Remar
NYPD Detective Madjanski
4

Yvonne Jung
FDNY Paramedic Holly Levine
5–6
Love interest of Carlos

Joe Badalucco
NYPD Detective "Jelly" Grimaldi
5–6
Yokas' partner once she was promoted to detective

Charles Haid
NYPD IAB Captain Cathal "CT" Finney
6
Corrupt; father of Brendan

Manny Perez
NYPD Officer Manny Santiago
6
Partner to Cruz

Aidan Quinn
NYPD Lieutenant John Miller
6
Partner and eventual love interest to Yokas

Jason Shaw
FDNY Firefighter Stu "Lotta Zs" Szczelaszczyk
6

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text: Notable guest stars include Susan Blackwell, Elizabeth Banks, Jack Klugman, Ossie Davis, Roy Scheider, Helen Mirren, Joseph Cross, Mykelti Williamson, Rosie O'Donnell, Tim Meadows, Haylie Duff, Corbin Bleu, Henry Winkler, Lea Michele, Kate Jackson, Nick Turturro, Anson Mount, Eve, Gene Simmons, DMX, Method Man, Paul Michael Glaser, Wyclef Jean, Veronica Hamel, Susan Dey, Ethan Suplee, Treach, Adam Beach, Mia Farrow, George Dzundza, Tom Berenger, Sherry Stringfield, Chris Elliott, Jason Sehorn, Will Arnett, Ted Levine, Lev Gorn, Bruce Weitz, Ann-Margret and J.K. Simmons.

text: Main crew[edit]

text: Directors[edit]

text:
Guy Norman Bee [1]
Peter Ellis (5 episodes, 2002–2003)
Jesús Salvador Treviño (4 episodes, 2001–2002)
Vincent Misiano [2]
Christopher Chulack (3 episodes, 1999–2004)
Charles Haid (3 episodes, 2000–2005)
Félix Enríquez Alcalá (3 episodes, 2003–2005)
Gloria Muzio (3 episodes, 2003–2005)
Skipp Sudduth (3 episodes, 2003–2005)
Edward Allen Bernero (3 episodes, 2004–2005)
Nelson McCormick (3 episodes, 2004–2005)
Chris Misiano (2 episodes, 1999–2000)
Bryan Spicer (2 episodes, 1999–2000)
R.W. Goodwin (2 episodes, 1999)
Jace Alexander (2 episodes, 2000–2001)
Nick Gomez (2 episodes, 2000–2001)
Michael Fields (2 episodes, 2000)
Julie Hébert [3]
Stephen Cragg (2 episodes, 2004–2005)
John E. Gallagher (2 episodes, 2004–2005)
Paul Michael Glaser (2 episodes, 2004–2005)
Rosemary Rodriguez [4]
Matt Earl Beesley (2 episodes, 2004)
Brooke Kennedy [5]

text: Writers[edit]

text:
Edward Allen Bernero (132 episodes, 1999–2005)
John Wells (132 episodes, 1999–2005)
Janine Sherman (13 episodes, 2000–2005)
Scott Williams (11 episodes, 2001–2004)
John Ridley (6 episodes, 1999–2001)
Charles Murray (5 episodes, 2003–2005)
Lance Gentile (4 episodes, 1999–2000)
Bonnie Mark (4 episodes, 2000–2001)
Angela Amato (4 episodes, 2003–2005)
Terri Kopp (3 episodes, 1999–2000)
John Romano (3 episodes, 1999–2000)
Julie Hébert (2 episodes, 2000–2001)
Kyra Keene (2 episodes, 2000–2001)
Victor De Jesus (2 episodes, 2004)
Siobhan Byrne (unknown episodes)
Paul Golding (unknown episodes)
Brooke Kennedy (unknown episodes)
Jorge Zamacona

text: Broadcast and ratings information[edit]

text: All six seasons of Third Watch were originally broadcast on NBC in the United States and simulcast in Canada on CTV .

text:
Season

Premiere
Finale
Viewers (in millions)
Rank

1
Sunday 8:00 pm ET, Monday 10:00 pm ET
September 23, 1999
May 22, 2000
14.79[4]
–

2
Monday 10:00 pm ET
October 2, 2000
May 21, 2001
16.80[5]
#46

3
Monday 9:00 pm ET
October 15, 2001
May 13, 2002
15.29[6]
#38

4
Monday 9:00 pm ET
September 22, 2002
April 28, 2003
14.85[7]
#36

5
Monday 10:00 pm ET (2003)
Friday 10:00 pm ET (2004)
September 29, 2003
May 7, 2004
15.35[8]
#62

6
Friday 9:00 pm ET
September 17, 2004
May 6, 2005
15.22[9]
#55

text: Third Watch was also broadcast worldwide including Africa, Europe, Latin America, Asia, Oceania and the Middle East.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Warner Home Video released Season 1 of Third Watch on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4. Season 2 was released in Region 1 on July 7, 2009.

text:
Season
Episodes
Release dates

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

1
22
February 5, 2008[10]
May 22, 2006
May 3, 2006

Third Watch: The Complete First Season contains the 22 episodes of the series' first season in addition to special features which include a behind-the-scenes featurette, unaired scenes and a gag reel.[10] Although the first season was released on DVD relatively later in Region 1 than Regions 2 and 4, special features are found in the Region 1 DVD box-set only.

2
22
July 7, 2009
TBA
TBA

Third Watch: The Complete Second Season contains the 22 episodes of the series' second season. A gag reel is included as a special feature.

text: Music licensing issues delayed the release of the first two seasons and, as of 2017, it is unknown when or if the remaining four seasons will ever be released, most likely due to the same issues. In March 2015, Crave TV began streaming the first three seasons.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The hit series won the prestigious Peabody Award for Season 3 episode "In Their Own Words", in which series regulars Michael Beach, Coby Bell, Amy Carlson, Eddie Cibrian, Kim Raver, Anthony Ruivivar, Skipp Sudduth, and Jason Wiles introduced clips of interviews with the real-life NYPD and FDNY members who responded to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center. Series regular Molly Price was interviewed in a segment because she is married to real-life FDNY firefighter and Third Watch recurring guest star Derek Kelly.[11]

text: Many Third Watch former cast members were nominated for awards for their work on the show. Among them, both Bobby Cannavale and Anthony Ruivivar were nominated for ALMA Awards for their positive portrayals of Latino characters. Nia Long also won several NAACP Image Awards for her portrayal of the African-American character Sasha Monroe. Other cast members, including Michael Beach, Molly Price, and Tia Texada also were nominated for various awards. The show itself was nominated for several Primetime Emmy Awards including Outstanding Stunt Coordination and Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series, which it won in 2000.


document_title: Little Caesars

question_text: where did the name little caesars come from

text: Little Caesars

text: History[edit]

text: Little Caesars Pizza was founded on May 8, 1959, by Detroit Tigers farm team shortstop Mike Ilitch and his wife Marian Ilitch. The first location was in a strip mall in Garden City, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. Mike wanted to call it simply "Pizza Treat," but Marian didn't like the name. Marian considered Mike her "little Caesar". Mike ultimately relented, and the store opened as "Little Caesar's Pizza Treat." The original store is still open today.[citation needed]

text: The company is famous for its advertising catchphrase, "Pizza! Pizza!" which was introduced in 1979. The phrase refers to two pizzas being offered for the comparable price of a single pizza from competitors. Originally, the pizzas were served in a single long package (a piece of corrugated cardboard in 2-by-1 proportions, with two square pizzas placed side by side, then slid into a form-fitting paper sleeve that was folded and stapled closed). In addition to pizza, they served hot dogs, chicken, shrimp, and fish. Little Caesars has since discarded the unwieldy packaging in favor of typical pizza boxes.

text: In 1998, Little Caesars filled what was then the largest pizza order, filling an order of 13,386 pizzas from the VF Corporation of Greensboro, North Carolina.[4]

text: Starting in 2004, the chain began offering "Hot-N-Ready", a large pepperoni pizza sold for $5. The concept was successful enough to become a permanent fixture of the chain, and Little Caesars' business model has shifted to focus more on carryout.[5]

text: Little Caesars was among the first to use a new kind of speed cooking conveyor oven, the "Rotary Air Impingement Oven" as described in U.S. Patent 5676044.[6]

text: On December 10, 2014, Little Caesars announced plans for a new 8-story, 205,000-square-foot Global Resource Center to be built at Woodward Avenue and Columbia Street in downtown Detroit. The new facility will double the size of Little Caesars World Headquarters Campus, currently located in the Fox Office Center building, which houses both the iconic Fox Theatre, and 186,000 square feet of office space for Little Caesars, and other Ilitch-affiliated ventures. The plans include a complete renovation of the 186,000 square foot Fox Office space into a modern, flexible, open and collaborative workspace. An overhead pedestrian bridge over Columbia Street will connect the Fox with the new Little Caesars Global Resource Center, and workspace for an additional 600 jobs to be brought to Detroit over time.[7][8]

text: On January 31, 2016, it was announced that the new Little Caesars Pizza Global Resource Center, has grown by one floor to be a nine-story building at Woodward and Columbia Street. It will sit next to the company's current headquarters inside the Fox Theatre. Original plans called for a 205,000-square-foot building; it is now expected to be about 240,000-square-feet.[9]

text: Corporate[edit]

text: Ilitch Holdings, Inc. provides professional and technical services to companies owned by Marian Ilitch. These include the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (whose new NHL arena from 2017 onward is named for the American pizza chain), the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball, Blue Line Foodservice Distribution, Little Caesars Pizza Kits, Champion Foods, Olympia Entertainment, Olympia Development, Uptown Entertainment, and the Hockeytown Cafe (also the site of City Theater), and the Fox Theatre in downtown Detroit.[10]

text: Trademark[edit]

text: While Little Caesars owns the "Pizza! Pizza!" trademark in the U.S., the unaffiliated Canadian Pizza Pizza restaurant chain, founded on New Year's Eve in 1967, in Toronto (twelve years before Little Caesars began using its trademarked version in the United States) owns the Canadian trademark. As a result, Little Caesars cannot directly use its well-known slogan in Canada, due to a copyright claim by JAD Productions Corporation. Instead, the company has used "Two Pizzas!" along with "Delivery! Delivery!", "Quality! Quality!" or other such double-word tag lines in its advertising and packaging in Canada. They have used "Hot 'N Ready!" in their TV commercials for their "Hot 'N Ready" pizzas.[citation needed]

text: Franchise[edit]

text: Little Caesars sold its first franchise in 1962, and, by 1987, had restaurants in all 50 states.[11] Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, Little Caesars were commonly found in Kmart stores, more specifically in Big Kmarts and Super Kmarts. The first Kmart and the first Little Caesars were both built in Garden City, Michigan. After Kmart's bankruptcy issues, some of today's Kmarts have replaced the Little Caesars with their own branded "K-Cafe". However, several Little Caesars remain. Little Caesars pizza was also included in many remodeled Kmart locations or re-branded stores such as Sears Grand or Sears Essentials.[citation needed]

text: Today, Little Caesars is the fastest-growing pizza chain in the United States,[12] and continues to expand across the country and internationally.[13]

text: International growth[edit]

text: By 1987,[14] the company was operating across the Northern United States, purchasing the Mother's Pizza chain out of receivership in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom in 1989.[15] As of 2017, the company is present in Canada (some Canadian cities had locations since 1969), Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, Guam, Honduras, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Panama, Turkey, Jordan, Egypt, Guatemala, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Bahrain, Australia and Trinidad and Tobago.[16]

text: Products[edit]

text: Little Caesars specializes in a variety of pizzas. Several core menu items are part of the HOT-N-READY menu, designed to make popular items available for immediate carry-out at lower prices than competing chains, while others are made to order and customizable using an assortment of toppings, which vary by store. Standard pizza options include their Classic Cheese and/or Pepperoni, Italian Sausage Pizza, Hula Hawaiian Pizza, Three Meat Treat Pizza, Ultimate Supreme Pizza, and Veggie Pizza.[17] In 2013, they added the DEEP!DEEP! Dish Pizza, a Detroit-style pizza, to the menu,[18] which can be ordered as a full-size, 8-corner pizza, or as of 2014, in a smaller portion with a Pepsi product as part of their lunchtime combo deal.[19]

text: Additional entrée options include flavored wings and bread, such as Crazy Bread and Italian Cheese Bread.[20] Select locations offer salads. All Little Caesars locations carry Pepsi products.[citation needed]

text: On occasion, Little Caesars releases limited time offers. In 2014, they introduced the Soft Pretzel Crust Pizza,[21] which was brought back for a second time in 2015 due to high demand.[citation needed]

text: Little Caesars was the first among pizza chains in their category to introduce a pizza wrapped in bacon when they released the Bacon Wrapped Crust Pizza, also in 2015, which featured their deep dish pizza wrapped in 3.5 feet of bacon.[22]

text: Community outreach[edit]

text: Love Kitchen[edit]

text: The Little Caesars Love Kitchen is a kitchen on wheels that serves pizza to those in need. Since its creation in 1985, it has traveled to 48 states and 4 Canadian provinces and responded to several disasters, including the September 11 terrorist attacks. Former Presidents Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush recognized the Love Kitchen by awarding Little Caesars with The President’s Volunteer Action Award Citation.[23]

text: Veterans program[edit]

text: In 2006, Little Caesars started its Veterans Program, which provides incentives to honorably discharged veterans looking to open their own business when transitioning back to civilian life or seeking a career change.[24] Mike Ilitch was inspired to start the program after hearing a story about a veteran, who lost both legs in war, returning to civilian life.[25]