document_title: Ganymede (moon)

question_text: how big is ganymede compared to earth's moon

question_tokens: how big is ganymede compared to earth 's moon

text: Ganymede (moon)

text: History[edit]

text: Chinese astronomical records report that in 365 BC, Gan De detected what appears to have been a moon of Jupiter, probably Ganymede, with the naked eye.[25][26] However, Gan De reported the color of the companion as reddish, which is puzzling since the moons are too faint for their color to be perceived with the naked eye.[27] Shi Shen and Gan De together made fairly accurate observations of the five major planets.[28][29]

text: On January 7, 1610, Galileo Galilei observed what he thought were three stars near Jupiter, including what turned out to be Ganymede, Callisto, and one body that turned out to be the combined light from Io and Europa; the next night he noticed that they had moved. On January 13, he saw all four at once for the first time, but had seen each of the moons before this date at least once. By January 15, Galileo came to the conclusion that the stars were actually bodies orbiting Jupiter.[1][2] He claimed the right to name the moons; he considered "Cosmian Stars" and settled on "Medicean Stars".[22]

text: The French astronomer Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc suggested individual names from the Medici family for the moons, but his proposal was not taken up.[22] Simon Marius, who had originally claimed to have found the Galilean satellites,[30] tried to name the moons the "Saturn of Jupiter", the "Jupiter of Jupiter" (this was Ganymede), the "Venus of Jupiter", and the "Mercury of Jupiter", another nomenclature that never caught on. From a suggestion by Johannes Kepler, Marius once again tried to name the moons:[22]

text: “[…] Then there was Ganymede, the handsome son of King Tros, whom Jupiter, having taken the form of an eagle, transported to heaven on his back, as poets fabulously tell […] the Third, on account of its majesty of light, Ganymede […]”[31]

text: This name and those of the other Galilean satellites fell into disfavor for a considerable time, and were not in common use until the mid-20th century. In much of the earlier astronomical literature, Ganymede is referred to instead by its Roman numeral designation, Jupiter III (a system introduced by Galileo), in other words "the third satellite of Jupiter". Following the discovery of moons of Saturn, a naming system based on that of Kepler and Marius was used for Jupiter's moons.[22] Ganymede is the only Galilean moon of Jupiter named after a male figure—like Io, Europa, and Callisto, he was a lover of Zeus.

text: Orbit and rotation[edit]

text: Ganymede orbits Jupiter at a distance of 1,070,400 km, third among the Galilean satellites,[13] and completes a revolution every seven days and three hours. Like most known moons, Ganymede is tidally locked, with one side always facing toward the planet, hence its day is seven days and three hours.[32] Its orbit is very slightly eccentric and inclined to the Jovian equator, with the eccentricity and inclination changing quasi-periodically due to solar and planetary gravitational perturbations on a timescale of centuries. The ranges of change are 0.0009–0.0022 and 0.05–0.32°, respectively.[33] These orbital variations cause the axial tilt (the angle between rotational and orbital axes) to vary between 0 and 0.33°.[5]

text: Ganymede participates in orbital resonances with Europa and Io: for every orbit of Ganymede, Europa orbits twice and Io orbits four times.[33][34] The superior conjunction between Io and Europa always occurs when Io is at periapsis and Europa at apoapsis. The superior conjunction between Europa and Ganymede occurs when Europa is at periapsis.[33] The longitudes of the Io–Europa and Europa–Ganymede conjunctions change with the same rate, making triple conjunctions impossible. Such a complicated resonance is called the Laplace resonance.[35]

text: The current Laplace resonance is unable to pump the orbital eccentricity of Ganymede to a higher value.[35] The value of about 0.0013 is probably a remnant from a previous epoch, when such pumping was possible.[34] The Ganymedian orbital eccentricity is somewhat puzzling; if it is not pumped now it should have decayed long ago due to the tidal dissipation in the interior of Ganymede.[35] This means that the last episode of the eccentricity excitation happened only several hundred million years ago.[35] Because Ganymede's orbital eccentricity is relatively low—on average 0.0015[34]—tidal heating is negligible now.[35] However, in the past Ganymede may have passed through one or more Laplace-like resonances[g] that were able to pump the orbital eccentricity to a value as high as 0.01–0.02.[4][35] This probably caused a significant tidal heating of the interior of Ganymede; the formation of the grooved terrain may be a result of one or more heating episodes.[4][35]

text: There are two hypotheses for the origin of the Laplace resonance among Io, Europa, and Ganymede: that it is primordial and has existed from the beginning of the Solar System;[37] or that it developed after the formation of the Solar System. A possible sequence of events for the latter scenario is as follows: Io raised tides on Jupiter, causing Io's orbit to expand (due to conservation of momentum) until it encountered the 2:1 resonance with Europa; after that the expansion continued, but some of the angular moment was transferred to Europa as the resonance caused its orbit to expand as well; the process continued until Europa encountered the 2:1 resonance with Ganymede.[35] Eventually the drift rates of conjunctions between all three moons were synchronized and locked in the Laplace resonance.[35]

text: Physical characteristics[edit]

text: Size[edit]

text: Ganymede is the largest and most massive moon in the Solar System. Its diameter of 5,268 km is 0.41 times that of Earth, 2% larger than that of Saturn's Titan (the second-largest moon), 1.08 times Mercury's, 1.09 times Callisto's, 1.45 times Io's and 1.51 times the Moon's. Its mass is 10% greater than Titan's, 38% greater than Callisto's, 66% greater than Io's and 2.02 times that of the Moon.[38]

text: Composition[edit]

text: The average density of Ganymede, 1.936 g/cm3, suggests a composition of about equal parts rocky material and mostly water-ices.[4] The mass fraction of ices is between 46–50 %, which is slightly lower than that in Callisto.[39] Some additional volatile ices such as ammonia may also be present.[39][40] The exact composition of Ganymede's rock is not known, but is probably close to the composition of L/LL type ordinary chondrites, which are characterized by less total iron, less metallic iron and more iron oxide than H chondrites. The weight ratio of iron to silicon ranges between 1.05 and 1.27 in Ganymede, whereas the solar ratio is around 1.8.[39]

text: Surface features[edit]

text: Ganymede's surface has an albedo of about 43%.[41] Water ice seems to be ubiquitous on its surface, with a mass fraction of 50–90 %,[4] significantly more than in Ganymede as a whole. Near-infrared spectroscopy has revealed the presence of strong water ice absorption bands at wavelengths of 1.04, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 μm.[41] The grooved terrain is brighter and has a more icy composition than the dark terrain.[42] The analysis of high-resolution, near-infrared and UV spectra obtained by the Galileo spacecraft and from Earth observations has revealed various non-water materials: carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and, possibly, cyanogen, hydrogen sulfate and various organic compounds.[4][43] Galileo results have also shown magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and, possibly, sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) on Ganymede's surface.[32][44] These salts may originate from the subsurface ocean.[44]

text: The Ganymedian surface albedo is very asymmetric; the leading hemisphere[h] is brighter than the trailing one.[41] This is similar to Europa, but the reverse for Callisto.[41] The trailing hemisphere of Ganymede appears to be enriched in sulfur dioxide.[45][46] The distribution of carbon dioxide does not demonstrate any hemispheric asymmetry, although it is not observed near the poles.[43][47] Impact craters on Ganymede (except one) do not show any enrichment in carbon dioxide, which also distinguishes it from Callisto. Ganymede's carbon dioxide gas was probably depleted in the past.[47]

text: Ganymede's surface is a mix of two types of terrain: very old, highly cratered, dark regions and somewhat younger (but still ancient), lighter regions marked with an extensive array of grooves and ridges. The dark terrain, which comprises about one-third of the surface,[49] contains clays and organic materials that could indicate the composition of the impactors from which Jovian satellites accreted.[50]

text: The heating mechanism required for the formation of the grooved terrain on Ganymede is an unsolved problem in the planetary sciences. The modern view is that the grooved terrain is mainly tectonic in nature.[4] Cryovolcanism is thought to have played only a minor role, if any.[4] The forces that caused the strong stresses in the Ganymedian ice lithosphere necessary to initiate the tectonic activity may be connected to the tidal heating events in the past, possibly caused when the satellite passed through unstable orbital resonances.[4][51] The tidal flexing of the ice may have heated the interior and strained the lithosphere, leading to the development of cracks and horst and graben faulting, which erased the old, dark terrain on 70% of the surface.[4][52] The formation of the grooved terrain may also be connected with the early core formation and subsequent tidal heating of Ganymede's interior, which may have caused a slight expansion of Ganymede by 1–6 % due to phase transitions in ice and thermal expansion.[4] During subsequent evolution deep, hot water plumes may have risen from the core to the surface, leading to the tectonic deformation of the lithosphere.[53] Radiogenic heating within the satellite is the most relevant current heat source, contributing, for instance, to ocean depth. Research models have found that if the orbital eccentricity were an order of magnitude greater than currently (as it may have been in the past), tidal heating would be a more substantial heat source than radiogenic heating.[54]

text: Cratering is seen on both types of terrain, but is especially extensive on the dark terrain: it appears to be saturated with impact craters and has evolved largely through impact events.[4] The brighter, grooved terrain contains many fewer impact features, which have been only of a minor importance to its tectonic evolution.[4] The density of cratering indicates an age of 4 billion years for the dark terrain, similar to the highlands of the Moon, and a somewhat younger age for the grooved terrain (but how much younger is uncertain).[55] Ganymede may have experienced a period of heavy cratering 3.5 to 4 billion years ago similar to that of the Moon.[55] If true, the vast majority of impacts happened in that epoch, whereas the cratering rate has been much smaller since.[38] Craters both overlay and are crosscut by the groove systems, indicating that some of the grooves are quite ancient. Relatively young craters with rays of ejecta are also visible.[38][56] Ganymedian craters are flatter than those on the Moon and Mercury. This is probably due to the relatively weak nature of Ganymede's icy crust, which can (or could) flow and thereby soften the relief. Ancient craters whose relief has disappeared leave only a "ghost" of a crater known as a palimpsest.[38]

text: One significant feature on Ganymede is a dark plain named Galileo Regio, which contains a series of concentric grooves, or furrows, likely created during a period of geologic activity.[57]

text: Ganymede also has polar caps, likely composed of water frost. The frost extends to 40° latitude.[32] These polar caps were first seen by the Voyager spacecraft. Theories on the formation of the caps include the migration of water to higher latitudes and bombardment of the ice by plasma. Data from Galileo suggests the latter is correct.[58] The presence of a magnetic field on Ganymede results in more intense charged particle bombardment of its surface in the unprotected polar regions; sputtering then leads to redistribution of water molecules, with frost migrating to locally colder areas within the polar terrain.[58]

text: A crater named Anat provides the reference point for measuring longitude on Ganymede. By definition, Anat is at 128° longitude.[59] The 0° longitude directly faces Jupiter, and unless stated otherwise longitude increases toward the west.[60]

text: Internal structure[edit]

text: Ganymede appears to be fully differentiated, with an internal structure consisting of an iron-sulfide–iron core, a silicate mantle and outer layers of water ice and liquid water.[4][61][62]. The precise thicknesses of the different layers in the interior of Ganymede depend on the assumed composition of silicates (fraction of olivine and pyroxene) and amount of sulfur in the core.[39][61][63] Ganymede has the lowest moment of inertia factor, 0.31,[4] among the solid Solar System bodies. This is a consequence of its substantial water content and fully differentiated interior

text: Subsurface oceans[edit]

text: In the 1970s, NASA scientists first suspected that Ganymede has a thick ocean between two layers of ice, one on the surface and one beneath a liquid ocean and atop the rocky mantle.[4][17][61][64][65] In the 1990s, NASA's Galileo mission flew by Ganymede, confirming the moon's sub-surface ocean. An analysis published in 2014, taking into account the realistic thermodynamics for water and effects of salt, suggests that Ganymede might have a stack of several ocean layers separated by different phases of ice, with the lowest liquid layer adjacent to the rocky mantle.[17][18][19][66] Water–rock contact may be an important factor in the origin of life.[17] The analysis also notes that the extreme depths involved (~800 km to the rocky "seafloor") mean that temperatures at the bottom of a convective (adiabatic) ocean can be up to 40 K higher than those at the ice–water interface. In March 2015, scientists reported that measurements with the Hubble Space Telescope of how the aurorae moved over Ganymede's surface suggest it has a subsurface ocean. A large salt-water ocean affects Ganymede's magnetic field, and consequently, its aurora.[15][66][67][68] The evidence suggests that Ganymede's oceans might be the largest in the entire Solar System.[69]

text: There is some speculation on the potential habitability of Ganymede's ocean.[65][70]

text: Core[edit]

text: The existence of a liquid, iron–nickel-rich core[62] provides a natural explanation for the intrinsic magnetic field of Ganymede detected by Galileo spacecraft.[71] The convection in the liquid iron, which has high electrical conductivity, is the most reasonable model of magnetic field generation.[20] The density of the core is 5.5–6 g/cm3 and the silicate mantle is 3.4–3.6 g/cm3.[39][61][63][71] The radius of this core may be up to 500 km.[71] The temperature in the core of Ganymede is probably 1500–1700 K and pressure up to 10 GPa (99,000 atm).[61][71]

text: Atmosphere and ionosphere[edit]

text: In 1972, a team of Indian, British and American astronomers working in Java (Indonesia) and Kavalur (India) claimed that they had detected a thin atmosphere during an occultation, when it and Jupiter passed in front of a star.[72] They estimated that the surface pressure was around 0.1 Pa.[72] However, in 1979, Voyager 1 observed an occultation of the star κ Centauri during its flyby of Jupiter, with differing results.[73] The occultation measurements were conducted in the far-ultraviolet spectrum at wavelengths shorter than 200 nm, which were much more sensitive to the presence of gases than the 1972 measurements made in the visible spectrum. No atmosphere was revealed by the Voyager data. The upper limit on the surface particle number density was found to be 1.5×109 cm−3, which corresponds to a surface pressure of less than 2.5 µPa.[73] The latter value is almost five orders of magnitude less than the 1972 estimate.[73]

text: Despite the Voyager data, evidence for a tenuous oxygen atmosphere (exosphere) on Ganymede, very similar to the one found on Europa, was found by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in 1995.[10][74] HST actually observed airglow of atomic oxygen in the far-ultraviolet at the wavelengths 130.4 nm and 135.6 nm. Such an airglow is excited when molecular oxygen is dissociated by electron impacts,[10] which is evidence of a significant neutral atmosphere composed predominantly of O2 molecules. The surface number density probably lies in the (1.2–7)×108 cm−3 range, corresponding to the surface pressure of 0.2–1.2 µPa.[10][i] These values are in agreement with the Voyager's upper limit set in 1981. The oxygen is not evidence of life; it is thought to be produced when water ice on Ganymede's surface is split into hydrogen and oxygen by radiation, with the hydrogen then being more rapidly lost due to its low atomic mass.[74] The airglow observed over Ganymede is not spatially homogeneous like that over Europa. HST observed two bright spots located in the northern and southern hemispheres, near ± 50° latitude, which is exactly the boundary between the open and closed field lines of the Ganymedian magnetosphere (see below).[75] The bright spots are probably polar auroras, caused by plasma precipitation along the open field lines.[76]

text: The existence of a neutral atmosphere implies that an ionosphere should exist, because oxygen molecules are ionized by the impacts of the energetic electrons coming from the magnetosphere[77] and by solar EUV radiation.[21] However, the nature of the Ganymedian ionosphere is as controversial as the nature of the atmosphere. Some Galileo measurements found an elevated electron density near Ganymede, suggesting an ionosphere, whereas others failed to detect anything.[21] The electron density near the surface is estimated by different sources to lie in the range 400–2,500 cm−3.[21] As of 2008, the parameters of the ionosphere of Ganymede are not well constrained.

text: Additional evidence of the oxygen atmosphere comes from spectral detection of gases trapped in the ice at the surface of Ganymede. The detection of ozone (O3) bands was announced in 1996.[78] In 1997 spectroscopic analysis revealed the dimer (or diatomic) absorption features of molecular oxygen. Such an absorption can arise only if the oxygen is in a dense phase. The best candidate is molecular oxygen trapped in ice. The depth of the dimer absorption bands depends on latitude and longitude, rather than on surface albedo—they tend to decrease with increasing latitude on Ganymede, whereas O3 shows an opposite trend.[79] Laboratory work has found that O2 would not cluster or bubble but dissolve in ice at Ganymede's relatively warm surface temperature of 100 K (−173.15 °C).[80]

text: A search for sodium in the atmosphere, just after such a finding on Europa, turned up nothing in 1997. Sodium is at least 13 times less abundant around Ganymede than around Europa, possibly because of a relative deficiency at the surface or because the magnetosphere fends off energetic particles.[81] Another minor constituent of the Ganymedian atmosphere is atomic hydrogen. Hydrogen atoms were observed as far as 3,000 km from Ganymede's surface. Their density on the surface is about 1.5×104 cm−3.[82]

text: Magnetosphere[edit]

text: The Galileo craft made six close flybys of Ganymede from 1995–2000 (G1, G2, G7, G8, G28 and G29)[20] and discovered that Ganymede has a permanent (intrinsic) magnetic moment independent of the Jovian magnetic field.[83] The value of the moment is about 1.3 × 1013 T·m3,[20] which is three times larger than the magnetic moment of Mercury. The magnetic dipole is tilted with respect to the rotational axis of Ganymede by 176°, which means that it is directed against the Jovian magnetic moment.[20] Its north pole lies below the orbital plane. The dipole magnetic field created by this permanent moment has a strength of 719 ± 2 nT at Ganymede's equator,[20] which should be compared with the Jovian magnetic field at the distance of Ganymede—about 120 nT.[83] The equatorial field of Ganymede is directed against the Jovian field, meaning reconnection is possible. The intrinsic field strength at the poles is two times that at the equator—1440 nT.[20]

text: The permanent magnetic moment carves a part of space around Ganymede, creating a tiny magnetosphere embedded inside that of Jupiter; it is the only moon in the Solar System known to possess the feature.[83] Its diameter is 4–5 RG (RG = 2,631.2 km).[84] The Ganymedian magnetosphere has a region of closed field lines located below 30° latitude, where charged particles (electrons and ions) are trapped, creating a kind of radiation belt.[84] The main ion species in the magnetosphere is single ionized oxygen—O+[21]—which fits well with Ganymede's tenuous oxygen atmosphere. In the polar cap regions, at latitudes higher than 30°, magnetic field lines are open, connecting Ganymede with Jupiter's ionosphere.[84] In these areas, the energetic (tens and hundreds of kiloelectronvolt) electrons and ions have been detected,[77] which may cause the auroras observed around the Ganymedian poles.[75] In addition, heavy ions precipitate continuously on Ganymede's polar surface, sputtering and darkening the ice.[77]

text: The interaction between the Ganymedian magnetosphere and Jovian plasma is in many respects similar to that of the solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere.[84][85] The plasma co-rotating with Jupiter impinges on the trailing side of the Ganymedian magnetosphere much like the solar wind impinges on the Earth's magnetosphere. The main difference is the speed of plasma flow—supersonic in the case of Earth and subsonic in the case of Ganymede. Because of the subsonic flow, there is no bow shock off the trailing hemisphere of Ganymede.[85]

text: In addition to the intrinsic magnetic moment, Ganymede has an induced dipole magnetic field.[20] Its existence is connected with the variation of the Jovian magnetic field near Ganymede. The induced moment is directed radially to or from Jupiter following the direction of the varying part of the planetary magnetic field. The induced magnetic moment is an order of magnitude weaker than the intrinsic one. The field strength of the induced field at the magnetic equator is about 60 nT—half of that of the ambient Jovian field.[20] The induced magnetic field of Ganymede is similar to those of Callisto and Europa, indicating that Ganymede also has a subsurface water ocean with a high electrical conductivity.[20]

text: Given that Ganymede is completely differentiated and has a metallic core,[4][71] its intrinsic magnetic field is probably generated in a similar fashion to the Earth's: as a result of conducting material moving in the interior.[20][71] The magnetic field detected around Ganymede is likely to be caused by compositional convection in the core,[71] if the magnetic field is the product of dynamo action, or magnetoconvection.[20][86]

text: Despite the presence of an iron core, Ganymede's magnetosphere remains enigmatic, particularly given that similar bodies lack the feature.[4] Some research has suggested that, given its relatively small size, the core ought to have sufficiently cooled to the point where fluid motions, hence a magnetic field would not be sustained. One explanation is that the same orbital resonances proposed to have disrupted the surface also allowed the magnetic field to persist: with Ganymede's eccentricity pumped and tidal heating of the mantle increased during such resonances, reducing heat flow from the core, leaving it fluid and convective.[52] Another explanation is a remnant magnetization of silicate rocks in the mantle, which is possible if the satellite had a more significant dynamo-generated field in the past.[4]

text: Origin and evolution[edit]

text: Ganymede probably formed by an accretion in Jupiter's subnebula, a disk of gas and dust surrounding Jupiter after its formation.[87] The accretion of Ganymede probably took about 10,000 years,[88] much shorter than the 100,000 years estimated for Callisto. The Jovian subnebula may have been relatively "gas-starved" when the Galilean satellites formed; this would have allowed for the lengthy accretion times required for Callisto.[87] In contrast Ganymede formed closer to Jupiter, where the subnebula was denser, which explains its shorter formation timescale.[88] This relatively fast formation prevented the escape of accretional heat, which may have led to ice melt and differentiation: the separation of the rocks and ice. The rocks settled to the center, forming the core [62]. In this respect, Ganymede is different from Callisto, which apparently failed to melt and differentiate early due to loss of the accretional heat during its slower formation.[89] This hypothesis explains why the two Jovian moons look so dissimilar, despite their similar mass and composition.[64][89] Alternative theories explain Ganymede's greater internal heating on the basis of tidal flexing[90] or more intense pummeling by impactors during the Late Heavy Bombardment.[91][92][93][94] In the latter case, modeling suggests that differentiation would become a runaway process at Ganymede but not Callisto.[93][94]

text: After formation, Ganymede's core largely retained the heat accumulated during accretion and differentiation, only slowly releasing it to the ice mantle [89]. The mantle, in turn, transported it to the surface by convection.[64] The decay of radioactive elements within rocks further heated the core, causing increased differentiation: an inner, iron–iron-sulfide core and a silicate mantle formed.[71][89] With this, Ganymede became a fully differentiated body [62]. By comparison, the radioactive heating of undifferentiated Callisto caused convection in its icy interior, which effectively cooled it and prevented large-scale melting of ice and rapid differentiation.[95] The convective motions in Callisto have caused only a partial separation of rock and ice.[95] Today, Ganymede continues to cool slowly.[71] The heat being released from its core and silicate mantle enables the subsurface ocean to exist,[40] whereas the slow cooling of the liquid Fe–FeS core causes convection and supports magnetic field generation.[71] The current heat flux out of Ganymede is probably higher than that out of Callisto.[89]

text: Exploration[edit]

text: Completed missions[edit]

text: Several probes flying by or orbiting Jupiter have explored Ganymede more closely, including four flybys in the 1970s, and multiple passes in the 1990s to 2000s.

text: Pioneer 10 approached in 1973 and Pioneer 11 in 1974,[23] and they returned information about the satellite.[96] This included more specific determination on physical characteristics and resolving features to 400 km (250 mi) on its surface.[97] Pioneer 10's closest approach was 446,250 km.[98]

text: Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were next, passing by Ganymede in 1979. They refined its size, revealing it was larger than Saturn's moon Titan, which was previously thought to have been bigger.[99] The grooved terrain was also seen.[100]

text: In 1995, the Galileo spacecraft entered orbit around Jupiter and between 1996 and 2000 made six close flybys to explore Ganymede.[32] These flybys are G1, G2, G7, G8, G28 and G29.[20] During the closest flyby—G2—Galileo passed just 264 km from the surface of Ganymede.[20] During a G1 flyby in 1996, the Ganymedian magnetic field was discovered,[101] while the discovery of the ocean was announced in 2001.[20][32] Galileo transmitted a large number of spectral images and discovered several non-ice compounds on the surface of Ganymede.[43] The most recent close observations of Ganymede were made by New Horizons, which recorded topographic and compositional mapping data of Europa and Ganymede during its flyby of Jupiter in 2007 en route to Pluto.[102][103]

text: Mission concepts[edit]

text: The Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) had a proposed launch date in 2020, and was a joint NASA and ESA proposal for exploration of many of Jupiter's moons including Ganymede. In February 2009 it was announced that ESA and NASA had given this mission priority ahead of the Titan Saturn System Mission.[104] EJSM consisted of the NASA-led Jupiter Europa Orbiter, the ESA-led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, and possibly a JAXA-led Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter. ESA's contribution faced funding competition from other ESA projects,[105] but on 2 May 2012 the European part of the mission, renamed Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE), obtained a L1 launch slot in 2022 with an Ariane 5 in the ESA's Cosmic Vision science programme.[106] The spacecraft will orbit Ganymede and conduct multiple flyby investigations of Callisto and Europa.[107]

text: The Russian Space Research Institute is currently evaluating the Ganymede Lander (GL) mission, with emphasis on astrobiology.[108] The Ganymede Lander would be a partner mission for JUpiter ICy moon Explorer (JUICE).[108][109] If selected, it would be launched in 2024, though this schedule might be revised and aligned with JUICE.[108]

text: A Ganymede orbiter based on the Juno probe was proposed in 2010 for the Planetary Science Decadal Survey.[110] Possible instruments include Medium Resolution Camera, Flux Gate Magnetometer, Visible/NIR Imaging Spectrometer, Laser Altimeter, Low and High Energy Plasma Packages, Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer, UV Imaging Spectrometer, Radio and Plasma Wave sensor, Narrow Angle Camera, and a Sub-Surface Radar.[110]

text: Another canceled proposal to orbit Ganymede was the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter. It was designed to use nuclear fission for power, ion engine propulsion, and would have studied Ganymede in greater detail than previously.[111] However, the mission was canceled in 2005 because of budget cuts.[112] Another old proposal was called The Grandeur of Ganymede.[50]


document_title: Chemical substance

question_text: a process in which at least one new substance is produced as a result of chemical change

root

text: Chemical substance

text: Definition[edit]

text: A chemical substance may well be defined as "any material with a definite chemical composition" in an introductory general chemistry textbook.[4] According to this definition a chemical substance can either be a pure chemical element or a pure chemical compound. But, there are exceptions to this definition; a pure substance can also be defined as a form of matter that has both definite composition and distinct properties.[5] The chemical substance index published by CAS also includes several alloys of uncertain composition.[6] Non-stoichiometric compounds are a special case (in inorganic chemistry) that violates the law of constant composition, and for them, it is sometimes difficult to draw the line between a mixture and a compound, as in the case of palladium hydride. Broader definitions of chemicals or chemical substances can be found, for example: "the term 'chemical substance' means any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including – (i) any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature".[7]

tag: p

text: In geology, substances of uniform composition are called minerals, while physical mixtures (aggregates) of several minerals (different substances) are defined as rocks. Many minerals, however, mutually dissolve into solid solutions, such that a single rock is a uniform substance despite being a mixture in stoichiometric terms. Feldspars are a common example: anorthoclase is an alkali aluminum silicate, where the alkali metal is interchangeably either sodium or potassium.

text: In law, "chemical substances" may include both pure substances and mixtures with a defined composition or manufacturing process. For example, the EU regulation REACH defines "monoconstituent substances", "multiconstituent substances" and "substances of unknown or variable composition". The latter two consist of multiple chemical substances; however, their identity can be established either by direct chemical analysis or reference to a single manufacturing process. For example, charcoal is an extremely complex, partially polymeric mixture that can be defined by its manufacturing process. Therefore, although the exact chemical identity is unknown, identification can be made to a sufficient accuracy. The CAS index also includes mixtures.

text: Polymers almost always appear as mixtures of molecules of multiple molar masses, each of which could be considered a separate chemical substance. However, the polymer may be defined by a known precursor or reaction(s) and the molar mass distribution. For example, polyethylene is a mixture of very long chains of -CH2- repeating units, and is generally sold in several molar mass distributions, LDPE, MDPE, HDPE and UHMWPE.

text: History[edit]

text: The concept of a "chemical substance" became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by the chemist Joseph Proust on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as basic copper carbonate.[8] He deduced that, "All samples of a compound have the same composition; that is, all samples have the same proportions, by mass, of the elements present in the compound." This is now known as the law of constant composition.[9] Later with the advancement of methods for chemical synthesis particularly in the realm of organic chemistry; the discovery of many more chemical elements and new techniques in the realm of analytical chemistry used for isolation and purification of elements and compounds from chemicals that led to the establishment of modern chemistry, the concept was defined as is found in most chemistry textbooks. However, there are some controversies regarding this definition mainly because the large number of chemical substances reported in chemistry literature need to be indexed.

text: Isomerism caused much consternation to early researchers, since isomers have exactly the same composition, but differ in configuration (arrangement) of the atoms. For example, there was much speculation for the chemical identity of benzene, until the correct structure was described by Friedrich August Kekulé. Likewise, the idea of stereoisomerism - that atoms have rigid three-dimensional structure and can thus form isomers that differ only in their three-dimensional arrangement - was another crucial step in understanding the concept of distinct chemical substances. For example, tartaric acid has three distinct isomers, a pair of diastereomers with one diastereomer forming two enantiomers.

text: Chemical elements[edit]

text: An element is a chemical substance made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmuted into another element through a nuclear reaction. This is so, because all of the atoms in a sample of an element have the same number of protons, though they may be different isotopes, with differing numbers of neutrons.

text: As of 2012, there are 118 known elements, about 80 of which are stable – that is, they do not change by radioactive decay into other elements. Some elements can occur as more than a single chemical substance (allotropes). For instance, oxygen exists as both diatomic oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3). The majority of elements are classified as metals. These are elements with a characteristic lustre such as iron, copper, and gold. Metals typically conduct electricity and heat well, and they are malleable and ductile.[10] Around a dozen elements,[11] such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, are classified as non-metals. Non-metals lack the metallic properties described above, they also have a high electronegativity and a tendency to form negative ions. Certain elements such as silicon sometimes resemble metals and sometimes resemble non-metals, and are known as metalloids.

text: Chemical compounds[edit]

text: A pure chemical compound is a chemical substance that is composed of a particular set of molecules or ions. Two or more elements combined into one substance through a chemical reaction form a chemical compound. All compounds are substances, but not all substances are compounds.

text: A chemical compound can be either atoms bonded together in molecules or crystals in which atoms, molecules or ions form a crystalline lattice. Compounds based primarily on carbon and hydrogen atoms are called organic compounds, and all others are called inorganic compounds. Compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal are called organometallic compounds.

text: Compounds in which components share electrons are known as covalent compounds. Compounds consisting of oppositely charged ions are known as ionic compounds, or salts.

text: In organic chemistry, there can be more than one chemical compound with the same composition and molecular weight. Generally, these are called isomers. Isomers usually have substantially different chemical properties, may be isolated and do not spontaneously convert to each other. A common example is glucose vs. fructose. The former is an aldehyde, the latter is a ketone. Their interconversion requires either enzymatic or acid-base catalysis. However, there are also tautomers, where isomerization occurs spontaneously, such that a pure substance cannot be isolated into its tautomers. A common example is glucose, which has open-chain and ring forms. One cannot manufacture pure open-chain glucose because glucose spontaneously cyclizes to the hemiacetal form. Materials may also comprise other entities such as polymers. These may be inorganic or organic and sometimes a combination of inorganic and organic.

text: Substances versus mixtures[edit]

text: All matter consists of various elements and chemical compounds, but these are often intimately mixed together. Mixtures contain more than one chemical substance, and they do not have a fixed composition. In principle, they can be separated into the component substances by purely mechanical processes. Butter, soil and wood are common examples of mixtures.

text: Grey iron metal and yellow sulfur are both chemical elements, and they can be mixed together in any ratio to form a yellow-grey mixture. No chemical process occurs, and the material can be identified as a mixture by the fact that the sulfur and the iron can be separated by a mechanical process, such as using a magnet to attract the iron away from the sulfur.

text: In contrast, if iron and sulfur are heated together in a certain ratio (1 atom of iron for each atom of sulfur, or by weight, 56 grams (1 mol) of iron to 32 grams (1 mol) of sulfur), a chemical reaction takes place and a new substance is formed, the compound iron(II) sulfide, with chemical formula FeS. The resulting compound has all the properties of a chemical substance and is not a mixture. Iron(II) sulfide has its own distinct properties such as melting point and solubility, and the two elements cannot be separated using normal mechanical processes; a magnet will be unable to recover the iron, since there is no metallic iron present in the compound.

text: Chemicals versus chemical substances[edit]

text: While the term chemical substance is a precise technical term that is synonymous with chemical for chemists, the word chemical is used in general usage in the English speaking world to refer to both (pure) chemical substances and mixtures (often called compounds),[12] and especially when produced or purified in a laboratory or an industrial process.[13][14][15] In other words, the chemical substances of which fruits and vegetables, for example, are naturally composed even when growing wild are not called "chemicals" in general usage. In countries that require a list of ingredients in products, the "chemicals" listed are industrially produced "chemical substances". The word "chemical" is also often used to refer to addictive, narcotic, or mind-altering drugs.[13][14]

text: Within the chemical industry, manufactured "chemicals" are chemical substances, which can be classified by production volume into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals and chemicals found in research only:

text:
Bulk chemicals are produced in very large quantities, usually with highly optimized continuous processes and to a relatively low price.
Fine chemicals are produced at a high cost in small quantities for special low-volume applications such as biocides, pharmaceuticals and speciality chemicals for technical applications.
Research chemicals are produced individually for research, such as when searching for synthetic routes or screening substances for pharmaceutical activity. In effect, their price per gram is very high, although they are not sold.

tag: ul

text: The cause of the difference in production volume is the complexity of the molecular structure of the chemical. Bulk chemicals are usually much less complex. While fine chemicals may be more complex, many of them are simple enough to be sold as "building blocks" in the synthesis of more complex molecules targeted for single use, as named above. The production of a chemical includes not only its synthesis but also its purification to eliminate by-products and impurities involved in the synthesis. The last step in production should be the analysis of batch lots of chemicals in order to identify and quantify the percentages of impurities for the buyer of the chemicals. The required purity and analysis depends on the application, but higher tolerance of impurities is usually expected in the production of bulk chemicals. Thus, the user of the chemical in the US might choose between the bulk or "technical grade" with higher amounts of impurities or a much purer "pharmaceutical grade" (labeled "USP", United States Pharmacopeia). "Chemicals" in the commercial and legal sense may also include mixtures of highly variable composition, as they are products made to a technical specification instead of particular chemical substances. For example, gasoline is not a single chemical compound or even a particular mixture: different gasolines can have very different chemical compositionsl, as "gasoline" is primarily defined through source, properties and octane rating.

text: Naming and indexing[edit]

text: Every chemical substance has one or more systematic names, usually named according to the IUPAC rules for naming. An alternative system is used by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS).

text: Many compounds are also known by their more common, simpler names, many of which predate the systematic name. For example, the long-known sugar glucose is now systematically named 6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol. Natural products and pharmaceuticals are also given simpler names, for example the mild pain-killer Naproxen is the more common name for the chemical compound (S)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid.

text: Chemists frequently refer to chemical compounds using chemical formulae or molecular structure of the compound. There has been a phenomenal growth in the number of chemical compounds being synthesized (or isolated), and then reported in the scientific literature by professional chemists around the world.[16] An enormous number of chemical compounds are possible through the chemical combination of the known chemical elements. As of May 2011, about sixty million chemical compounds are known.[17] The names of many of these compounds are often nontrivial and hence not very easy to remember or cite accurately. Also it is difficult to keep the track of them in the literature. Several international organizations like IUPAC and CAS have initiated steps to make such tasks easier. CAS provides the abstracting services of the chemical literature, and provides a numerical identifier, known as CAS registry number to each chemical substance that has been reported in the chemical literature (such as chemistry journals and patents). This information is compiled as a database and is popularly known as the Chemical substances index. Other computer-friendly systems that have been developed for substance information, are: SMILES and the International Chemical Identifier or InChI.

text:
Identification of a typical chemical substance

Common name
Systematic name
Chemical formula
Chemical structure
CAS registry number
InChI

Alcohol, or
ethyl alcohol
Ethanol
C2H5OH

[64-17-5]
1/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3

tag: table

text: Isolation, purification, characterization, and identification[edit]

text: Often a pure substance needs to be isolated from a mixture, for example from a natural source (where a sample often contains numerous chemical substances) or after a chemical reaction (which often give mixtures of chemical substances).


document_title: America's Got Talent

question_text: what's the prize for america's got talent

question_tokens: what 's the prize for america 's got talent

text: America's Got Talent

text: Format[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Auditions[edit]

text: The general selection process of each season is begun by the production team with open auditions held in various cities across the United States. Dubbed "Producers' Auditions", they are held months before the main stage of auditions are held.[7] Those that make it through the initial stage, become participants in the "Judges' Auditions", which are held in select cities across the country, and attended by the judges. Each participant is held offstage and awaits their turn to perform before the judges, whereupon they are given 90 seconds to demonstrate their act, with a live audience present for all performances. At the end of a performance, the judges give constructive criticism and feedback about what they saw, whereupon they each give a vote - a participant who receives a majority vote approving their performance, moves on to the next stage, otherwise they are eliminated from the programme at that stage. Each judge is given a buzzer, and may use it during a performance if they are unimpressed, hate what is being performed, or feel the act is a waste of their time; if a participant is buzzed by all judges, their performance is automatically over and they are eliminated without being given a vote. Many acts that move on may be cut by producers and may forfeit due to the limited slots available for the second performance. Filming for each season always takes place when the Judges' Auditions are taking place, with the show's presenter standing in the wings of each venue's stage to interview and give personal commentary on a participant's performance.

text: Between the fifth and seventh season, acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube. Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the "live shows" part of the season, prior to the semi-finals. Before the inclusion of this round, the show had a separate audition episode in Seasons 3 and 4 (2008–2009) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace.[10]

text: In the ninth season, the show added a new format to the auditions in the form of the "Golden Buzzer", which began to make appearances within the Got Talent franchise, since it was first introduced on Germany's Got Talent. During auditions, each judge is allowed to use the Golden Buzzer to send an act automatically into the live shows, regardless of the opinion of the other judges; when it was initially used, the buzzer simply saved an act from elimination. The only rule to the buzzer was that a judge could use it only once per season; the host was later allowed to use the Golden Buzzer for an act from the eleventh season.

text: Judge Cuts[edit]

text: Following auditions, successful entries take part in a second stage of the talent competition, in which they are separated out into a number of groups. Over the course of several weeks, each group performs per week, at a fixed venue, in which that group's participants each attempt to secure a place in the live show by performing a new variation of their act for the judges. Of these acts, the judges chose around 10 from each group to perform in the live shows; in some seasons, participants eliminated at this stage were given a chance to still appear in the live shows by being selected as a "wildcard" act. The judges have access to their buzzers and if an act is buzzed by all of them, they are immediately eliminated from the competition. Until the second season, acts did not have to perform a second time, instead moving on into the live shows, with the judges given a list of the acts who would appear in each live episode. From the second season to the eighth, this stage was dubbed as the "Las Vegas" due to the fixed venue being situated upon the Las Vegas Strip, while in the ninth series, acts performed in New York, with the stage dubbed "Judgement Week".[11]

text: From the tenth season, the stage's format was changed and renamed as "Judge Cuts". In each round, the judging panel were joined by a guest judge who helped with making decisions on which act could move on to the live shows. Like the auditions, the guest judge could use a Golden Buzzer for an act, but once used, it could not be used again. Unlike previous seasons, the Judge Cuts featured twenty acts per round, with seven acts advancing into the live shows, including the one chosen by the guest's golden buzzer. Unlike the previous format for the stage, the venue used varied, but included the CBS Studio Center and the NBC Universal Back Lot.

text: Live shows[edit]

text: During the live shows, the final selection of participants, which has ranged from between 20 to 60 acts and include those that were chosen as Wildcards by the judges or received the Golden Buzzer, are divided into groups and compete against each other for viewers' and judges' votes. The general structure of the live episodes focuses first on four quarterfinals, and then two semi-finals, aimed at finding that season's finalists. Additional rounds are conducted when required (such as a "Top 8" or a "Top 10", depending on the season). Live episodes are broadcast weekly, and featured performances by guest stars, including previous winners of America's Got Talent. During these stages, the judges still provide feedback on an act's performance when it is over, and can use buzzers to prematurely end an performance before it is over; in the first season, the judges could not end a performance before it was over. Acts which do not secure a sufficient number of votes by the public and/or the judges, are eliminated from the competition.

text: Those that make it into the season's final compete against each other to secure the most votes from the public, with the number of finalists varying between seasons. The act which does is declared the winner for that season, in which they secure the programme's cash prize of  $1 million, and, since Season 3 (2008), a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip. Between the fifth and eighth season, the winner was also made the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show, stopping in 25 cities.[12][13] For season nine, however (2014), there was no tour; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner-up acts.[14] (See #America's Got Talent Live, below.)

text: Judges and Presenters[edit]

text:
Season

Presenter

Judges (chair's order)

1

2

3

4

1

Regis Philbin

Piers Morgan

Brandy

David Hasselhoff

N/A

2

JerrySpringer

Sharon Osbourne

3

4

NickCannon

5

Howie Mandel

6

7

Howard Stern

8

Heidi Klum

Mel B

Howie Mandel

9

10

11

Howie Mandel

Mel B

Heidi Klum

Simon Cowell

12

TyraBanks

13

The Champions

Terry Crews

text: In its first season, the judging panel consisted originally of David Hasselhoff, Brandy Norwood, and Piers Morgan, with the program hosted by Regis Philbin. Prior to the start of the second season, Norwood was forced to step down due to a legal matter she was caught up in,[15][16] leading to her being replaced by Sharon Osbourne,[17] while Philbin was replaced by Jerry Springer as the show's host.[18] Further changes were made to the panel and show's host, as a direct result of each respective member having a need to focus on other TV commitments - Springer was forced to leave after the third season, and was replaced by Nick Cannon for the fourth season;[19] Hasselhoff left the show after the fourth season, and so was replaced by Howie Mandel for the fifth season as a direct result;[citation needed] Morgan left after the sixth season, leading to his replacement by Howard Stern for the seventh season.

text: In August 2012, Osbourne left the program following a dispute with NBC.[20][21] While the network replaced her with former Spice Girls member Mel B in February 2013,[22] the production staff decided to expand the number of judges in the panel to four - such a format change had already been occurring in other international versions of the competition, such as on Britain's Got Talent two years prior. In March 2013, supermodel Heidi Klum was announced as joining the panel for the eighth season, confirming reports that the show would include a fourth judge into its format.[23] In October 2015, Stern was replaced by Simon Cowell for the eleventh season.[4] After his eighth year hosting America's Got Talent, Cannon announced plans to retire from the show due to comments he made about the network;[24] despite being under contract to continue his hosting duties, NBC eventually replaced him with Tyra Banks for the twelfth season.[2]

text: Judge Cuts Guest Judge[edit]

text:
Season

Judge Cuts Guest Judge (in order of appearance)

10

Neil Patrick Harris

Michael Bublé

Marlon Wayans

Piers Morgan

11

Ne-Yo

Reba McEntire

George Lopez

Louis Tomlinson

12

Chris Hardwick

DJ Khaled

Laverne Cox

Seal

13

Ken Jeong

Olivia Munn

Martina McBride

Chris Hardwick

text: Season synopses[edit]

text:
Season

Premiere

Finale

Winner

Runner-up

Third place

1

June 21, 2006

August 17, 2006

Bianca Ryan

All That

The Millers

2

June 5, 2007

August 21, 2007

Terry Fator

Cas Haley

Butterscotch

3

June 17, 2008

October 1, 2008

Neal E. Boyd

Eli Mattson

Nuttin' But Stringz

4

June 23, 2009

September 16, 2009

Kevin Skinner

Bárbara Padilla

Recycled Percussion

5

June 1, 2010

September 15, 2010

Michael Grimm

Jackie Evancho

Fighting Gravity

6

May 31, 2011

September 14, 2011

Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr.

Silhouettes

Team iLuminate

7

May 14, 2012

September 13, 2012

Olate Dogs

Tom Cotter

William Close

8

June 4, 2013

September 18, 2013

Kenichi Ebina

Taylor Williamson

Jimmy Rose

9

May 27, 2014

September 17, 2014

Mat Franco

Emily West

AcroArmy

10

May 26, 2015

September 16, 2015

Paul Zerdin

Drew Lynch

Oz Pearlman

11

May 31, 2016

September 14, 2016

Grace VanderWaal

The Clairvoyants

Jon Dorenbos

12

May 30, 2017

September 20, 2017

Darci Lynne Farmer

Angelica Hale

Light Balance

13

May 29, 2018

September 19, 2018

Shin Lim

Zurcaroh

Brian King Joseph

The Champions

January 7, 2019

February 18, 2019

TBA

TBA

TBA

text: Season 1 (2006)[edit]

text: In May 2006, NBC announced the new show. The audition tour took place in June. Auditions were held in the following locations: Los Angeles, New York, and Chicago. Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino, possibly in Las Vegas; however, this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas, should one become a champion. More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere (which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002). The two-hour broadcast was the night's most-watched program on U.S. television and the highest-rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 (the prime-time audience that matters most to advertisers), Nielsen Media Research reported.[25]

text: On the season finale, there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ. The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically. Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience, shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below.

text: In season one, the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff, singer Brandy Norwood, and journalist Piers Morgan.

text: The winner of the season was 11-year-old singer Bianca Ryan, and the runners-up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers.

text: Season 2 (2007)[edit]

text: After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights, with no separate results show, the network changed that, pushing the show back to the summer, where the first season had enjoyed great success. This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol, which had a similar premise and was more popular.

text: In AGT's place, another reality-based talent show, Grease: You're The One That I Want, began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January.[26] In March, NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show, and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host,[27] with Sharon Osbourne (formerly a judge on Cowell's UK show The X Factor) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge.

text: The season finale was shown Tuesday, August 21, with the winner being Terry Fator, a singing impressionist ventriloquist. The runner-up was singer Cas Haley.

text: Season 3 (2008)[edit]

text: Season three premiered on June 17, 2008. Auditions took place in Charlotte, Nashville, Orlando, New York, Dallas, Los Angeles, Atlanta, and Chicago from January to April. A televised MySpace audition also took place.

text: Season three differed from the previous two in many ways. Auditions were held in well-known theaters across the nation, and a new title card was introduced, featuring the American flag as background. The X's matched the ones on Britain's Got Talent as did the judges' table. Like the previous season, the Las Vegas callbacks continued, but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds, instead of twenty. This season also contained several results episodes, but not on a regular basis. The show took a hiatus for two-and-a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics, but returned with the live rounds on August 26.

text: Neal E. Boyd, an opera singer, was named the winner on October 1. Eli Mattson, a singer and pianist, was runner-up.

text: Season 4 (2009)[edit]

text: Season four premiered on Tuesday, June 23, 2009. It was the first to be broadcast in high definition. Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Miami, Tacoma, Boston, and Houston. Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29–31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center, followed by the February 7–8 Atlanta auditions. New York and Miami auditions were held during March. Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26. In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape, season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration. This year's host was Nick Cannon. Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments.[28]

text: The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season, but the 'Las Vegas Callbacks' was renamed 'Vegas Verdicts'. This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis. The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America's Got Talent logo.

text: On September 16, country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season's winner. The grand prize was $1 million and a 10-week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. The runner-up was Bárbara Padilla, an opera singer.[29]

text: Season 5 (2010)[edit]

text: For season five, the network had considered moving the show to the fall, after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009.[30] NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show.

text: Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, Orlando, and Portland (Oregon). Non-televised producers' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia. For the first time, online auditions were also held via YouTube.

text: David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show[31] and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel. This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show.[32] The show premiered Tuesday, June 1, 2010, at 8 pm ET. Afterward, Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season.[33]

text: On September 15, singer Michael Grimm was named the winner. He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, as well as headline the 25-city America's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner-up Jackie Evancho, Fighting Gravity, Prince Poppycock, and the other top ten finalists.[12][13]

text: Season 6 (2011)[edit]

text: Season six premiered on Tuesday, May 31, 2011, with a two-hour special. Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk, respectively. On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27, 2010, Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three-year contract to stay on Talent.[34]

text: The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles, New York, Minneapolis, Atlanta, Seattle, and Houston. Non-televised producers' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago. Previews of auditions were shown during NBC's The Voice premiere on April 26. Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show's run, beginning on May 4. Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9.

text: On Wednesday, September 14, Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr., a Frank Sinatra-style singer, was named the winner. Dance group Silhouettes was runner-up.

text: Season 7 (2012)[edit]

text: Season seven premiered on May 14, 2012. The first round of auditions, which are judged by producers, were held in New York, Washington, D.C., Tampa, Charlotte, Austin, Anaheim, St. Louis, and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012.[35] The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27.

text: Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven, due to his work hosting CNN's Piers Morgan Tonight,[36] and he was replaced by Howard Stern. Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City, the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark, New Jersey.[37] In December 2011, Simon Cowell, the show's executive producer, announced that the show would be receiving a "top-to-bottom makeover", confirming that there would be new graphics, lighting, theme music, show intro, logo, and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark.[38] On July 2, at the first live performance show of the season, their new location and stage were unveiled in a two-and-a-half-hour live special. A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges' desk and a refreshed design of the "X".

text: On August 6, Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America's Got Talent after the current season, in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes.[39]

text: On September 13, Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season, becoming the show's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win. Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner-up.

text: Season 8 (2013)[edit]

text: Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday, June 4, 2013.[40] The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven's second live show. Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season,[41] but later said that she was staying with the show "for now."[42] Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6, 2012.[43][44]

text: On February 20, 2013, it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members, Mel B (Melanie Brown), would be joining the show as the new fourth judge. Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added.[45] On March 3, it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge.[46]

text: An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11, 2012. The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland (Oregon), New Orleans, Birmingham, Memphis, Nashville, Savannah, Raleigh, Norfolk, San Antonio, New York, Columbus (Ohio), and Chicago. This season, the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before.[47] America's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight.[48] Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4. The show traveled to New Orleans, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Antonio.[48]

text: On September 18, 2013, martial arts dancer/mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season, the first dance act to win the competition. Stand-up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner-up.

text: Season 9 (2014)[edit]

text: Season nine premiered on Tuesday, May 27, 2014, at 8 pm ET.[49] The producers' auditions began on October 26, 2013, in Miami. Other audition sites included Atlanta, Baltimore, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, and New York. Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online.[50] Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20–22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark, which also hosted the live shows during season seven. Judges' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26.[51]

text: The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29. There was also a new twist in the show, where "Judgment Week" was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas. Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience, but after three acts performed, the producers scrapped the live audience concept.[11] This season also came with the addition of a "Golden Buzzer," which was unveiled on that same year's Britain's Got Talent. Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act, typically used when there is a tie.[52]

text: For this season, contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June, and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23, 2014. The performer with the most votes, Cornell Bhangra, filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals.

text: On September 17, magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season, the first magic act to win the competition. Singer Emily West was the runner-up.

text: Season 10 (2015)[edit]

text: Season ten premiered on May 26, 2015. Producer auditions began on November 2, 2014, in Tampa. Other audition sites included Nashville, Richmond (Virginia), New York, Chicago, St. Louis, San Antonio, Albuquerque, San Francisco, Seattle, Boise, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles. Online submissions were also accepted.[53]

text: Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1, 2014, that he might not return,[54] but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season. Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host.[55] On February 9, 2015, Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten[56] and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well.[57] It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning.[58]

text: It was announced on December 4, 2014, that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout.[59] He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes, and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge.

text: Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2, 2015, at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center.[48][60] They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles. A special "extreme" audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona, California, where danger acts performed outside for the judges, who were seated at an outdoor stage.

text: During NBC's summer press tour, it was announced that America's Got Talent would be making their "Golden Buzzer" more like Britain's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows.[61] An official trailer for the season was released, which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show's official sponsor for the season, with their cups prominently placed on the judges' desk. Dunkin replaced Snapple, which sponsored the show since season seven.

text: On June 24, Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge. Stern said, "In all seriousness, I’ve told you, I’m just too f*cking busy…something's got to give… NBC's already asked me what my intentions are for next year, whether or not I’d come back, I kind of have told them I think this is my last season. Not I think, this is my last season".[62]

text: On September 16, Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season, making him the second ventriloquist to win. Comedian Drew Lynch was runner-up, and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place.

text: Season 11 (2016)[edit]

text: America's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1, 2015.[63] The season would have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit, New York, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, Las Vegas, San Jose, San Diego, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Orlando, and Dallas.[64] As in years past, hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online.[65]

text: On October 22, 2015, it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11.[4] Mel B, Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel all returned as judges, with Nick Cannon returning as host. The live shows moved from New York back to Los Angeles, due to Stern's departure,[66] at the Dolby Theatre.[67]

text: Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3, 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena, California.[68] The season premiered on May 31, 2016.[69]

text: On September 14, 12-year-old singer-songwriter and ukulele player Grace VanderWaal was announced as the second female and second child to win America's Got Talent (Bianca Ryan, age 11, was first). Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants were runners-up, and magician Jon Dorenbos placed third.

text: Season 12 (2017)[edit]

text: On August 2, 2016, it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12.[70] Later that year, on October 4, Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 (Season 14).[71]

text: On February 13, 2017, Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season, citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC. The resignation came in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his Showtime comedy special Stand Up, Don't Shoot.[72] NBC selected Tyra Banks as the new host for season 12,[2] which premiered on Tuesday, May 30, 2017.[73]

text: On September 20, Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season, becoming the third ventriloquist, third child act and the third female act to win the competition (second year in a row after VanderWaal's win in 2016). Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner-up, and Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place. Deaf musician Mandy Harvey and dog act Sara & Hero rounded out the top five.

text: Season 13 (2018)[edit]

text: On February 21, 2018, it was announced that judges Simon Cowell, Mel B, Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel along with Tyra Banks would all be returning. The season premiered on May 29, 2018. Magician Shin Lim was named the winner on the season finale, September 19, 2018. This marks the second magician to win. Acrobatic group Zurcaroh and violinist Brian King Joseph came in second and third place respectively.[6] Stand-up comedian Samuel J. Comroe and singer Michael Ketterer rounded out the top 5.

text: Post-show[edit]

text: America's Got Talent Live[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: America's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America's Got Talent as the main performance.

text: In 2009, America's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, in a limited ten-week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner, runner-up Barbara Padilla and fourth-place finisher The Texas Tenors. It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four (2009) finale. Jerry Springer emceed, commuting weekly between Stamford, Connecticut, tapings of his self-named show and Las Vegas.[74]

text: In 2010, on the first live show of season five, the winner headlined America's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, which was part of a 25-city tour that featured the season's finalists. Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headliner of the show.[75]

text: In 2012, the tour returned, featuring winners Olate Dogs, Spencer Horsman, Joe Castillo, Lightwire Theater, David Garibaldi and his CMYK's, Jarrett and Raja, Tom Cotter, and other fan favorites.

text: In 2013, after the success of the 2012 tour, another tour was scheduled, featuring season eight's winner, Kenichi Ebina, and finalists Collins Key, Jimmy Rose, Taylor Williamson, Cami Bradley, The KriStef Brothers, and Tone the Chiefrocca.[76] Tone hosted the tour.

text: In 2014, America's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson, the season eight (2013) runner-up, and the top finalists for season nine: Mat Franco, Emily West, Quintavious Johnson, AcroArmy, Emil and Dariel, Miguel Dakota, and Sons of Serendip.[14]

text: In 2015, no tour was held. Instead, three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin, runner-up Drew Lynch, and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon.

text: In 2016, four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They featured the top two finalists for season 11, Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants, as well as finalist Tape Face.[77]

text: In 2017, four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They featured winner Darci Lynne, runner-up Angelica Hale, third-placed Light Balance, and finalist Preacher Lawson.[78]

text: Holiday Spectacular[edit]

text: NBC broadcast the two-hour America's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19, 2016, hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal, Jackie Evancho, Andra Day, Penn & Teller, Pentatonix, Terry Fator, Mat Franco, Piff the Magic Dragon, Olate Dogs, Professor Splash, Jon Dorenbos and others, and featuring the Season 11 judges, including Klum, who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti.[79] The special drew 9.5 million viewers.[80]

text: Reception[edit]

text: U.S. television ratings[edit]

text: Since the show began, its ratings have been very high, ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers, generally averaging around 11 million viewers. The show has also ranked high in the 18–49 demographic, usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run. Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows.

text: Although the show's ratings have been high, the network usually keeps the show's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years, where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks.

text: The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four (2009). The most-watched episode has been the finale of season five (2010), with 16.41 million viewers. The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six (2011) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18–49, both having a 4.6 rating.

text:
Season

Premiered

Ended

TV season

Timeslot (ET)

Seasonviewers

Seasonranking

Date

Viewers(in millions)

Date

Viewers(in millions)

1

June 21, 2006

12.41

Final Performances:  August 16, 2006

2005–06

Wednesday 8:00 pm

1

Season Finale:  August 17, 2006

12.05

Thursday 9:00 pm

1

2

June 5, 2007

12.93

Final Performances: August 20, 2007

2006–07

Tuesday 8:00 pm

1

Season Finale:  August 21, 2007

13.87

3

June 17, 2008

12.80

Final Performances:  September 30, 2008

10.23

2007–08

Tuesday 9:00 pm (June 17 – August 5)Tuesday 8:00 pm (after August 26)

1

Season Finale: October 1, 2008

12.55

Wednesday 9:00 pm(after August 27)

1

4[81][82][83]

June 23, 2009

11.30

Final Performances: September 15, 2009

13.84

2008–09

Tuesday 9:00 pm

1

Season Finale: September 16, 2009

15.53

Wednesday 9:00 pm

1

5[84][85]

June 1, 2010

12.35

Final Performances: September 14, 2010

14.60

2009–10

Tuesday 9:00 pm

1

Season Finale: September 15, 2010

16.41

Wednesday 9:00 pm

1

6[86][87][88]

May 31, 2011

15.28

Final Performances: September 13, 2011

13.67

2010–11

Tuesday 8:00 pm (May 31 – July 5) Tuesday 9:00 pm (after July 5)

12.65

1

Season Finale:  September 14, 2011

14.37

Wednesday 9:00 pm(after June 22)

11.49[89]

1

7[90][91][92]

May 14, 2012

10.48

Final Performances:  September 12, 2012

11.05

2011-12

Monday 8:00 pm (May 14 – July 3) Tuesday 8:00 pm (after July 3)

10.48[93]

1

Season Finale: September 13, 2012

10.59

Tuesday 9:00 pm (May 14 – July 3) Wednesday 9:00 pm (after July 3)

10.58[89]

1

8[94][95][96]

June 4, 2013

12.41

Final Performances: September 17, 2013

11.19

2012–13

Tuesday 8:00 pm

11.22[97]

1

Season Finale: September 18, 2013

11.49

Wednesday 8:00 pm(after July 10)

10.34[98]

1

9[99][100][101]

May 27, 2014

12.00

Final Performances: September 16, 2014

11.46

2013–14

Tuesday 8:00 pm (May 27 – July 15) Tuesday 9:00 pm (after July 22)

10.31[102]

1

Season Finale: September 17, 2014

12.21

Wednesday 9:00 pm(after July 23)

10.37[103]

1

10[104][105][106]

May 26, 2015

11.09

Final Performances: September 15, 2015

11.33

2014–15

Tuesday 8:00 pm

10.70[107]

1

Season Finale: September 16, 2015

9.54

Wednesday 8:00 pm(after August 12)

9.07[108]

1

11[109][110][111]

May 31, 2016

11.67

Final Performances: September 13, 2016

13.97

2015–16

Tuesday 8:00 pm

11.71[112]

1

Season Finale: September 14, 2016

14.41

Wednesday 8:00 pm(after July 5)

10.97[113]

1

12[114][115][116]

May 30, 2017

12.37

Final Performances: September 19, 2017

14.70

2016–17

Tuesday 8:00 pm

12.90[117]

1

Season Finale: September 20, 2017

15.64

Wednesday 8:00 pm(after August 9)

12.00[118]

1

13[119][120][121]

May 29, 2018

12.16

Final Performances: September 18, 2018

12.99

2017–18

Tuesday 8:00 pm

TBA

TBA

Season Finale: September 19, 2018

12.88

Wednesday 8:00 pm(after August 15)

TBA

TBA

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Association

Category

Result

Ref.

2011

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Competition Show

Nominated

[122]

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Reality Show

Nominated

[123]

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special

Nominated

[124]

2012

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Reality Show

Nominated

[125]

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Summer TV Show

Nominated

[126]

Choice Male TV Personality: Nick Cannon

Nominated

[127]

2013

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Reality Show

Nominated

[128]

2014

People's Choice Awards

Favorite TV Competition Show

Nominated

[129]

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Reality Show

Nominated

[130]

2015

People's Choice Awards

Favorite TV Competition Show

Nominated

[131]

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Talent Competition Show

Nominated

[132]

2016

People's Choice Awards

Favorite TV Competition Show

Won

[133]

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Talent Competition Show

Nominated

[134]

2017

Critics' Choice Awards

Best Reality Series - Competition

Nominated

People's Choice Awards

Favorite TV Competition Show

Nominated

[133]

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Reality Show

Won

2018

Critics' Choice Awards

Best Reality Series - Competition

Nominated

text: Top-selling albums by former contestants[edit]

text: Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only.

text:
Rank

Former contestant

Total US sales

Albums

1

Jackie Evancho(season 5, runner-up)

3,000,000+[135]

Prelude to a Dream (2009) No. 121[136]
O Holy Night (2010) No. 2 (Platinum certification)[137]
Dream with Me (2011) No. 2 (Gold certification)[137][138]
Heavenly Christmas (2011) No. 11[137][139]
Songs from the Silver Screen (2012) No. 7[140]
Awakening (2014) No. 17[141][142]
Someday at Christmas (2016) No. 93[143]
Two Hearts (2017) No. 100[144] (Evancho's 7th consecutive No. 1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart)[145]

2

Lindsey Stirling(season 5 quarterfinalist)

856,000+[146]

Lindsey Stirling (2012) No. 23
Shatter Me (2014) No. 2
Brave Enough (2016) No. 5

3

The Texas Tenors (season 4, 4th place)

500,000+[147]

The Texas Tenors (album)|Country Roots, Classical Sound: Remastered Special Edition (2011) No. 1 Classical Catalog Albums chart[148]
O Night Divine (2013) No. 13 Classical Albums chart[149]
You Should Dream (2013) No. 111; No. 5 Classical Albums chart[150]
First 5 Years Live (2014) No. 1 Classical Catalog Albums chart[148]
Rise (2017) No. 22; No. 1 Classical Albums Chart[151]

4

Grace VanderWaal (season 11 winner)

200,000+[152]

Perfectly Imperfect (2016) No. 4
Just the Beginning (2017) No. 22

5

Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr. (season 6 winner)

156,000+[153]

That's Life (2011) No. 34[154]
Christmas Made for Two (2013) did not chart

6

Bianca Ryan (season 1 winner)

150,000+[155]

Bianca Ryan (2006) No. 57
Christmas Everyday (2007) did not chart
The True Meaning of Christmas (2009) did not chart

7

Cas Haley (season 2 runner-up)

40,000+[156][157]

Cas Haley (2008) No. 8
Connection (2010) did not chart
La Si Dah (2013) did not chart

8

Michael Grimm (season 5 winner)

22,000+[158]

Michael Grimm Live (2007) did not chart
I Am Michael Grimm (2009) did not chart
Leave Your Hat On (2010) No. 101
Michael Grimm (2011) No. 13

9

Neal E. Boyd (season 3 winner)

6,000+[159]

My American Dream (2009) No. 195

text: Contestants who have competed on other reality shows[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Many acts which have competed on America's Got Talent but were ultimately eliminated before the final round have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows, most notably American Idol and America's Best Dance Crew.

text: The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on American Idol (AI):

text:
AGTSeason

Year

Contestant

AISeason

Year

Outcome

1

2006

Jessica Sanchez

11

2012

Runner-up

3

2008

Holli Harden

9

2010

Appeared

4

2009

Thia Megia

10

2011

Finished in the Top 11

4, 9

2009, 2014

Kelli Glover

1

2002

Appeared

6

2011

Shevonne Phillidor

15

2016

Appeared

9

2014

Nick Fradiani, member of Beach Avenue

14

2015

Winner

10

2015

Jenna Renae

15

2016

Top 24

11

2016

Sal Valentinetti

14

2015

Appeared

text: The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on America's Best Dance Crew (ABDC):

text:
AGTSeason

Year

Contestant

ABDCSeason

Year

Outcome

2

2007

Jabbawockeez

1

2008

Champions

3

2008

Extreme Dance FX

5

2010

Competed as Blended Projekt

3, 4

2008, 2009

SQ Entertainment

1

2008

Runner-up

4

2009

BreakSk8

1

2008

Finished in fourth place

4

2009

FootworKINGz

6

2011

Competed

5

2010

Rated Next Generation (RNG)

7

2012

Finished in Top Four

5

2010

Strikers All-Stars

3

2009

Finished in Top Four

7

2012

787 Crew

6

2011

Competed

9

2014

Flight Crew Jump Rope

5

2010

Finished in fifth place, and competed as Saltare

text: The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on these other shows:

text:
AGTSeason

Year

Contestant

Show

Season

Year

Network

Outcome

1

2006

Tonya Kay, member of Trey Knight's Stilt World

Who Wants to Be a Superhero?

1

2006

SyFy

5th Place

2

2007

Tammie Brown

RuPaul's Drag Race

1

2009

Logo

8th Place

2

2007

Tika "Sweetie" Rainn

Flavor of Love

1

2006

VH1

8th Place

3

2008

Derrick Barry

RuPaul's Drag Race

8

2016

Logo

5th Place

5

2010

Justin Hopkins

The Voice

2

2012

NBC

Advanced to Battle Rounds

5

2010

Murray SawChuck

Celebracadabra

1

2008

VH1

Appeared

5

2010

Alice Tan Ridley

30 Seconds to Fame

Pilot

2002

Fox

Winner

6

2011

Dani Shay

The Glee Project

2

2012

Oxygen

Appeared

7

2012

Trisha Paytas

Who Wants to Be a Superhero?

2

2007

SyFy

7th Place

7

2012

Horse

American Ninja Warrior

4

2012

G4 and NBC

Competed

7

2012

Bria Kelly

The Voice

6

2014

NBC

Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher

7

2012

Academy of Villains

Fake Off

2

2015

TruTV

Appeared

7

2012

Lightwire Theatre

Fake Off

1

2014

TruTV

Winners

7, 8

2012, 2013

D'Angelo and Amanda

Live to Dance

1

2011

CBS

Winners

7

2015

Ben Blaque

Britain's Got Talent

10

2010

ITV

Advanced to the semi-finals

8

2015

Alexandr Magala

Britain's Got Talent

10

2010

ITV

9th place

8

2013

Kennedy Davenport

RuPaul's Drag Race

7

2015

Logo

4th Place

8

2013

Tummy Talk

The Gong Show

1

2017

ABC

Appeared

8

2013

Angela Hoover

First Impressions

1

2016

USA Network

Appeared

8

2013

KriStef Brothers

Fake Off

1

2014

TruTV

7th Place

8

2013

Taylor Williamson

Last Comic Standing

7

2010

NBC

Semifinalist

9

2014

Adrian Romoff

Child Genius

2

2016

Lifetime

Winner

10

2015

Leroy Patterson

Solitary

2

2007

Fox Reality

7th Place

10

2015

Myq Kaplan

Last Comic Standing

7

2010

NBC

Finalist

10

2015

Freelusion Dance Company

Fake Off

1

2014

TruTV

Fourth place, appeared as Freelusion USA

10

2015

Piff the Magic Dragon

Penn & Teller: Fool Us

1

20112014

ITV (U.K.)The CW (U.S.)

Appeared

10

2015

Stevie Starr

Britain's Got Talent

4

2010

ITV

Advanced to the semi-finals[160]

11

2016

Cory Kahaney

Last Comic Standing

1

2003

NBC

Finalist

11

2016

Laura Bretan

Romania's Got Talent

6

2016

Pro TV

Winner[161]

13

2018

The Sacred Riana

Asia's Got Talent

2

2017

AXN Asia

Winner[162]

13

2018

Yumbo Dump

Asia's Got Talent

2

2017

AXN Asia

Semifinalist[163]

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text: In Indonesia, the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET. since October 22, 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10 pm WIB.[164] But, since Monday, October 31, in addition to the weekend slot, the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5 pm WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama, the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta, which was concluded on Friday, October 28, 2016.[165]

text: In the United Kingdom, TruTV, along with simulcasts on the Local Television Limited network, show America's Got Talent, with TruTV showing it from the tenth season.

text: The thirteenth season of the show will air on AXN Asia, together with the twelfth series of Britain's Got Talent.

text: In the Philippines, the show was being broadcast on ABS-CBN from 2008 to 2010. When the network premiered Pilipinas Got Talent in 2010, the show was now being aired on Studio 23 until January 2014, the time Studio 23 rebranded to ABS-CBN Sports+Action (now branding as ABS-CBN S+A). In 2011, the show aired on The Game Channel until its closure in 2015. Currently, it is being aired on AXN Philippines and on RTL CBS Entertainment (now Blue Ant Entertainment).