document_title: Jackson Avery

question_text: who does jackson avery end up with on grey's anatomy

question_tokens: who does jackson avery end up with on grey 's anatomy

text: Jackson Avery

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Jackson Avery (played by Jesse Williams) is the grandson of Harper Avery, one of the most famous surgeons in the country and the namesake of the prestigious Harper Avery Award. The younger Avery grew up hearing at his grandfather's dinner table about the nobility of being a surgeon, which inspired him to pursue that career. His father "ran off to God knows where because he couldn't stand the pressure of being an Avery", and his mother Catherine raised him alone. He says that his family identified him as "just the pretty one" and they never pushed him academically, so he pushed himself. Jackson is initially a surgical resident at Mercy West Hospital. Alongside April Kepner (Sarah Drew), Reed Adamson (Nora Zehetner), and Charles Percy (Robert Baker), he joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the institutions are merged. His grandfather Harper Avery is affiliated with Harvard and has to be treated at the hospital; during this period, he tries to convince his grandson to transfer to Massachusetts General Hospital, which he can arrange, but the younger Avery refuses.

text: In the aftermath of a mass shooting at SGMW, in which 11 people are killed, Avery suffers PTSD. For comfort, he and Kepner both take rooms in the large house of fellow resident Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo). Also living there are her husband, Dr. Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), resident Alex Karev and intern Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), her half-sister. For some time, Avery suffers because of the death of his friend Percy in the shooting, and having assisted in surgery on Shepherd while threatened at gunpoint by the shooter. The seventh season shows Avery's emerging interest in Meredith's sister, Lexie Grey, and they start a relationship. Avery also starts working with chief of plastic surgery Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), who had previously had a relationship with Lexie. She is discomfited by the two men working together and, when she later shows that she still has feelings for Sloan, Avery breaks up with her.

text: As the end of the fifth year of residency is near, the surgical residents, including Avery, prepare for their board certifications as they prepare for fellowships they plan on joining. The night before taking the exam, Jackson and the virgin Kepner have sexual intercourse. Though April regrets having broken her promise to Jesus to stay a virgin until marriage, the two have sex again during the period of the exams. During the exam, Avery is supported by his mother Catherine (Debbie Allen), who happens to be a tester at the exams.

text: Avery, Meredith Grey, Cristina Yang, and Alex Karev eventually pass their exams, while Kepner fails. Although Avery has true feelings for her, she pushes him away because she believes that he feels guilty for having sex with her. In the season eight finale, Avery reveals to April that he is taking the position at Tulane Medical Center, despite feeling sick for leaving Seattle Grace Mercy West and her behind. As a celebration of the conclusion of their residencies, the former chief of surgery Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) organizes his annual dinner for them. The eighth season ends with Avery, Karev, Kepner, and Webber waiting for Meredith and Yang. They are victims of an aviation accident in which Lexie Grey and eventually Mark Sloan die of their injuries.

text: After the accident, Dr. Avery stays at Seattle Grace and continues his work in plastic surgery. He and Dr. Kepner continue a sexual relationship, although April is uneasy and believes she is pregnant. When she tells Avery, he proposes to her and she accepts, anticipating a happy wedding. But the pregnancy is false and the couple break up before announcing their engagement to the staff. As a means to avoid each other, the two doctors decide to each bring a date to Dr. Bailey's wedding selecting this date for each of them, both of which are interns.

text: After the wedding, Avery has sex in his car with his date, intern Stephanie Edwards (Jerrika Hinton). Shortly afterward he tells Kepner about the incident, and she thanks him for his honesty. It is hinted that Avery still loves Kepner when he turns to him for dating advice and he shows jealousy. They re-establish a friendship. When the hospital faces a financial crisis, Avery's mother Catherine agrees to invest in the hospital via the Harper Avery foundation; but she insists that Avery be made chairman. The board (at Avery's suggestion) later renames the hospital as Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Kepner gets engaged to Matthew but at their wedding, Avery stands up to profess his love for her.

text: Kepner chooses Avery, and they run out of her wedding together. (The scene is reminiscent of a noted one in the film The Graduate.)  When Kepner regrets her decision, Avery proposes to her and they elope.  They keep their marriage a secret from the rest of the hospital staff, because of a new rule restricting relations among the staff. Avery's ex-girlfriend Stephanie feels especially betrayed because of how he left her. Catherine Avery is not happy about her son's eloping with Kepner, as he failed to make a prenuptial agreement to protect the Avery family fortune. They make up after Kepner signs such an agreement.

text: Jackson and April soon hit a rough patch when they realize that they have different views about the way their children should be raised in respect to religion. Soon after their fight, April realizes she is pregnant. April and Jackson's baby is diagnosed during pregnancy with Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2, and learn that the baby will not survive long after birth. Jackson believes that termination is the best option, however April would rather give birth to the baby, knowing it will not live very long. They scheduled an induction for the next day, at the beginning of the appointment they are asked to sign their baby's death certificate, which is too hard for the couple to bear. April doesn't sign the papers and returns to work the same day praying for a miracle, while at work she has a heart to heart with a lady who lost her fiancée the night before. They decide to give birth to the baby via induction termination at 24 weeks gestation having it baptized right then. She gives birth to Samuel Norbert Avery and he passes away shortly after birth.

text:
In the series 11 finale Kepner tells Avery that she is leaving with Owen Hunt to serve as a trauma surgeon in the Army; it will help her grieve for their son. Avery lets her go and wonders how he can deal with his own grief.  After discussions over the phone via Facetime, Kepner tells Avery that she is extending her service time. The sound of gunfire and explosions are heard at April's base camp, leaving her to quickly terminate the call. On Valentine's Day, Kepner returns to the hospital, where she and Avery embrace in the foyer.
In season 12, their marriage begins to fall apart and they grow estranged.  In episode 11, they file for a civil divorce.  After their divorce is completed, Kepner reveals that she is pregnant with Avery's child. In Season 14 Jackson begins a relationship with Maggie Pierce.

text: Development[edit]

text: Casting and creation[edit]

text: In February 2009, Michael Ausiello hinted at the possibility of central character, Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), having another sibling.[4] The series had released a casting call for an actor who could pass as biracial; casting was postponed until season six.[5] Williams's casting was announced in late August 2009. Though his name is not given, the character's arc was expected to last several episodes.[2] Williams described his audition as a "simple process." He got the information on his birthday, August 5, and went in the next day to read for the role, despite not knowing what part he had auditioned for. Williams learned he got the job a week later.[6] In late 2009, a casting call for a young Ellis Grey (Kate Burton) and a young Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.), who would appear in flashbacks, fueled rumors that Avery could be Meredith's half-brother. Williams later shot down the rumor, saying that Meredith would have noticed if her mother were pregnant. Matt Webb Mitovich noted Williams's absence from the "Seattle Grace: On Call" webseries as a sign of big plans for the character.[5]

text: In the episode, "Perfect Little Accident," which premiered on March 4, 2010, Avery is revealed to be the grandson of the legendary Harper Avery (Chelcie Ross).[7] Shonda Rhimes hinted at the possibility of Williams and his co-star Sarah Drew becoming series regulars in her blog post about the season finale in May 2010.[8] Williams's promotion was eventually confirmed in June 2010.[3]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: The character's profile on official ABC website describes Avery as "hardworking, driven, observant" and "eager." However, at times, Avery can be too confident and "overly competitive," and very "stubborn." He has a habit of teasing his coworkers.[1] Williams revealed to Essence.com that his character is very "ambitious. He doesn't takes sides or deal with any drama. He's there to work and not really get involved in the pettiness." He describes the character as much more "cavalier," and bold.[6] Matt Webb Mitovitch described Jackson as having a "sense of entitlement," while Williams described Jackson's demeanor as "swagger." Because his work environment is extremely competitive, Avery acts as if he belongs and refuses to second guess himself.[5] Upon arrival at Seattle Grace, he is "kind of a wise ass surgeon." He feels he is an "invader" in the new team and "he decides to deal with it kind of aggressively and not shy away from it and show his personality. He is very confident and likes to say what is on his mind."[9] Williams also said: "Jackson is more of a lone wolf. He's not really built to go seek support and a shoulder to cry on."[10] "He's always been trying to make it on his own. Jackson doesn't want to live off his legacy and his name, which also conflicts with him wanting to be close to his mother."[11]

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Jackson immediately clashes with Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) due their competitive natures. The immediate tension between the duo leads to speculation about a potential romance.[12] Yang and Avery compete for the same cases, and in the episode, "Invest in Love," for the first time, Jackson witnesses Cristina taking charge of a situation, and he admires her; he looks at her differently. At a party, when Jackson is a bit drunk, he opens up about how attractive he finds Cristina and kisses her. Jackson is unaware of Yang's relationship with Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd), so the attraction is natural. Williams does not worry about fans of the couple hating his character because he understands that fans aren't really supposed to like the Mercy Westers; Jackson is in the enemy camp and "has to take his lumps." Williams said the kiss was a "pretty relatable crime of passion." The kiss doesn't have any immediate effects on Owen and Cristina's romance and it remains secret.[13] Jackson and Cristina develop a sort of mutual understanding as they tend to push one another to be better.

text: Speaking of Jackson's past relationship with Lexie Grey, Williams said: "He tried to be safe and wise and not deal with girls, really, when he first focused on transitioning into Seattle Grace from Mercy West. He kept his head down, got his work done and didn’t get caught up with banging nurses or anything. But he couldn’t help himself with Lexie once they got close; he really kind of fell for her. He made himself vulnerable probably to the least available person in the hospital, because he knew that she had a longstanding relationship with Mark. He knew he shouldn’t head in that direction, but he went against his better judgment and got burned for it."[14] "They are both kind of suckers for love [...] they both get caught up in their own momentum [...] he's all about his job and pressure from his grandfather but then he gets bowled over with this platonic relationship. Avery just can't help himself with Lexie."[15]

text:
At the end of the eighth season, April and Jackson's friendship evolved into an intimate relationship: "I thought they were going to be able to walk the line of staying on the friendship side of things. What they have is kind of really unique and organic in the world of Grey’s Anatomy – two genders in a completely platonic, wholesome, pleasant and productive relationship/friendship. Who is to say that has to end?"[14] In the ninth season, Jackson started a relationship with intern Stephanie Edward. Williams gave his insight: "That's a relationship that is fun, light, and no strings attached. She's sweet. She's funny. They aren't bogged down by these big notions of each other.[16]
Jackson later declares his love for April at her wedding to EMT Matthew. They get married and have a child together, but he dies shortly after birth. Distraught and searching for purpose, April turns to the army and goes on tour with Owen, leaving Jackson at Grey-Sloan Memorial. After extending her leave several times, Jackson gives April an ultimatum that if she does not return immediately to Seattle, their relationship is over. April does not immediately return, and when she finally does, Jackson feels that April does not respect his needs in the relationship, especially after losing a child. The two try to make it work, but eventually come to the decision to end their marriage. April discover she's pregnant the day of their divorce proceedings, but does not disclose this until after the papers have been signed. In the fourteenth season Jackson begins a relationship with Maggie Pierce.

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2013)

text: Margaret Lyons of Entertainment Weekly wrote the addition of Avery's character to the show was one of the 10 reasons she loves Grey's Anatomy again: "Dr. Avery wasn't quite clicking as part of the ensemble when Jesse Williams first joined the cast. But now? Oh, mama. He's flirty — to a fault — but he's also a decent dude, and the show was in need of a seriously single male character."[17] His bromance with mentor Mark Sloan has been positively received.[18] Janalen Samson of BuddyTV commented: "these scenes with Jesse Williams are proving to be gems. I do love a good Bromance and these two actors are bringing the love and the funny in spades.[19] The pairing was included in Zap2it's 25 Top Bromances of 2012.[20] Reviewing the first part of the ninth season, Lyons said: "Avery's mom is more interesting than he is."[21] He was listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV".[22]


document_title: Correlation coefficient

question_text: what is the correlation coefficient a measure of

root

text: Correlation coefficient

text: A correlation coefficient is a number that quantifies a type of correlation and dependence, meaning statistical relationships between two or more values in fundamental statistics.[1]

tag: p

text: Types of correlation coefficients include:

text:
Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, also known as r, R, or Pearson's r, a measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables that is defined as the (sample) covariance of the variables divided by the product of their (sample) standard deviations.
Intraclass correlation, a descriptive statistic that can be used when quantitative measurements are made on units that are organized into groups; describes how strongly units in the same group resemble each other.
Rank correlation, the study of relationships between rankings of different variables or different rankings of the same variable

Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, a measure of how well the relationship between two variables can be described by a monotonic function
Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient, a measure of the portion of ranks that match between two data sets.
Goodman and Kruskal's gamma, a measure of the strength of association of the cross tabulated data when both variables are measured at the ordinal level..

tag: ul


document_title: Bachelor Party (How I Met Your Mother)

question_text: what did robin buy lily for her wedding shower

text: Bachelor Party (How I Met Your Mother)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ted has planned out a bachelor party for Marshall, since he is his best man. Barney wants to offer some input, but Marshall has said that he does not want a stripper at his bachelor party. Barney keeps trying to convince Ted, but Ted doesn't want to hear any of it from Barney. Ted's planned bachelor party involved watching a boxing match and eating large steaks from a cow he bought online. Barney foils this by amazingly getting a stripper into the hotel room (even though Barney thought that they were going to Atlantic City rather than Foxwoods). To make matters worse, the stripper breaks her ankle, causing everyone to miss the boxing match as she must go to the hospital, and then Barney demands that she continue on with the rest of her show, as she wants to do it. The rest of her show causes everyone but Barney to lose their appetite, and to top it all off, they are kicked out of the hotel due to a fire caused by Barney's cigar. Marshall and Ted return to MacLaren's bar, mad that Barney ruined the bachelor party.

text: Meanwhile, Robin is in an awkward position at Lily's bridal shower, since (under Barney's advice) Robin has gotten her a "battery-powered adult recreational fake penis" (instead of a see-through nightie), and most of Lily's guests are much older family members, as well as several young children and Lily's cousin, who is about to become a nun. Robin tries to stop Lily from opening the gift and finally switches cards with another present to disguise her gift. When Lily opens Robin's gift (which Lily believes to be from her grandmother), Lily is shocked, but then Robin reveals that it was actually her gift, and the other relatives express their amusement.

text: Lily and Robin go down to the bar afterwards and are surprised to see Ted and Marshall there. They explain that Barney ruined the bachelor party, and Marshall is even considering not inviting Barney to the wedding. Lily reveals a story: during the summer when the engagement was broken off, Barney, having had enough of Marshall's depression over losing Lily, flew out to San Francisco and told Lily to come back, as he thought they should be together, and that she might lose Marshall forever if she didn't come back. Barney goes on to tell Lily that he cannot keep stealing girls from Marshall forever, implying that he has been trying to provide an opportunity for Lily to return, even going so far as to purchase her a one way airline ticket. At this point, Barney is made co-best man with Ted, and Marshall is happy that Barney cared about their relationship.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2009)

tag: table

text: TV Squad rated the episode 5 out of a possible 7.[1]


document_title: List of ships sunk by icebergs

question_text: when was the last time a ship hit an iceberg

text: List of ships sunk by icebergs

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A non-exhaustive listing of ships which have sunk as a result of striking ice masses of larger than "growler" or pack size (such collisions with minor ice are comparatively common, usually resulting in lesser damage). Note that many vessels have been lost without a trace in seas containing icebergs; these are not listed due to other possible explanations and lack of survivor testimony.[1]

text:
Date

Ship name

Deaths

2007

Explorer

none

1991

Finnpolaris

none

1977

William Carson

none

1959

Hans Hedtoft

95

1923

Le Raymound

2+

1912

Titanic

1,517

1905

Albatross

8

1905

Borston

(all)

1905

Gibralter

5

1901

Islander

40

1900c

Emmeline

15

1897

Vaillant

78

1894

Rose

12

1893

Horn Head

25 [2]

1887

Susan

6

1882

Western Belle

13

1880

Edith Troop

25

1875

Vicksburg

42

1861

Canadian

35

1857

John Gilpin

none

1856

John Rutledge

118

1856

Pacific

186

1849

Hannah

49

1849

Maria

109

1847

Eulalia

24

1841

William Brown

47

1828

Superb

6+


document_title: The Big Comfy Couch

question_text: who played the girl on the big comfy couch

text: The Big Comfy Couch

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Each episode contains several common elements that take place throughout the episode. Early in each show, Loonette performs an exercise routine she calls the Clock Rug Stretch, and toward the end, she asks, "WHO made this BIG MESS?" and she performs a high-speed clean-up routine called the Ten-Second Tidy.

text: Other oft-repeated elements include reading a story to Molly, who sometimes either chooses a story to hear, gives Loonette a book and oversized glasses, or turning on the lights for Loonette; encounters with the dust bunnies who live under the couch; visits to various places in Clowntown, songs that emphasize the episode's lessons or themes, and a trip to Granny Garbanzo's garden and house. Here she encounters Snicklefritz, Granny's cat, Major Bedhead, the local mail-delivery clown, who travels on a unicycle; and of course, Granny herself. The conversation with Granny is often used as the episode's teachable moment, where Granny offers Loonette advice or lessons, often with the help of Major Bedhead, who delivers gifts and messages from Auntie Macassar or Uncle Chester. All episodes end with Loonette and Molly having a nap and sometimes reminding the viewers to remember the rules on today's episode.

text: In season 7, Loonette and Molly play the Dream Game and Molly gives out the letter that the dream starts with and provide what they will be dreaming about. In season 6, Loonette and Molly go to Doll School where Molly learns the alphabet as well as numbers. A similar element used in seasons 1–3 (and in one episode of Season 5) is the Alphabet Game, where a certain letter is shown on a giant alphabet block and Loonette uses certain words beginning with that letter and also makes the letter's shape with her body to get the viewers to guess the letter.

text: Along with the lessons and problem solving sequences, the show also emphasized imaginative play. These episodes often take place in the context of a visit to Clowntown, such as Granny Garbanzo's Cabbage Club Cooking School and Major Bedhead's Clown Chi Dojo and Dancing School. Additionally, Loonette is gifted in the art of classical dance and runs Miss Loonette's Dance Academy. From Seasons 1 to 6, Loonette was too young to visit Clowntown alone, but in Season 7, she makes frequent trips to Clowntown, and volunteers at the Clowndergarten, where she teaches young clowns games, songs and stories. This imaginative play was also demonstrated through dress-up games and through Loonette's dollhouse, in which she imagined the adventures of The Foley Family. Shown first as a doll-sized family, in Loonette's imagination they would become a family of regular-sized clowns, whose actions were shown in high speed and with a musical background in the style of old silent movies. The Foleys do not speak. Early in the first season, Molly had discovered the Dust Bunnies. However, Loonette didn't believe that there were dust bunnies under the couch.

text: The two lounge around the couch all day, with the exception of the Clock Rug Stretch and daily adventure, sometimes involving Granny or Major Bedhead, a postal service employee who also plays bit parts. Each day includes a few songs and a story (which, when told by Loonette, involves her wearing huge yellow glasses and holding a blue storybook); and is concluded with the Ten-Second Tidy and a nice nap. After the end credits finished and the moon rose up too, Loonette says, "And the clown jumped over the moon," with her and Molly jumping over it. In one episode, Loonette says, "AH—AH—AH-CHOO!" In another episode, Loonette says, "And the clown—hiccup!!—over the moon."

text: Production[edit]

text: The show was originally produced by Radical Sheep Productions with Owl Television (later Owl Communications), then Canadian children's television network YTV and WITF-TV Harrisburg, with a run of 65 episodes. In 2000, the previous episodes were produced with Benny Smart, an American children's television production company, Tadpole Kids and Treehouse TV, a companion channel of YTV, and Nashville Public Television. At the end of this show (previously produced with Benny Smart), a companion guide appears for the viewers to learn about it.

text: From 1992 to 2002, the show was filmed at Wallace Avenue Studios in Toronto, and in 2006, it has been filmed at Toronto's Studio City.

text: Radical Sheep Productions and Amity Entertainment, in association with Treehouse TV and Nashville Public Television, produced 22 additional episodes, which debuted on American Public Television in 2006.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Loonette[edit]

text:
Loonette is the lead character, portrayed by Alyson Court from 1992 to 2002 and Ramona Gilmour-Darling in 2006. She is a young clown living with her doll, Molly, in their house, on the eponymous Big Comfy Couch, an oversized green couch with flower patterns on it. She wears a pink (briefly red in seasons 5-6) jumpsuit and a pink shirt with yellow clown suns and moons with purple sleeves. She also wears a purple hat on her head with her pigtails sticking out and wears black and white stockings with black shoes with clown sun straps on her feet.
She frequently reads stories to Molly, always performs a Clock Rug Stretch, and likes to visit Granny Garbanzo. Auntie Macassar or Uncle Chester frequently send Loonette postcards which Major Bedhead delivers on his unicycle. Her parents were never seen or mentioned although it was implied in “Where Do Clowns Come From?” that she was adopted by Granny, Auntie Macassar, and Uncle Chester after the event of the “Secret Circus” and Fool Moon. Loonette is gifted in the art of classical dance and runs Miss Loonette's Dance Academy. Another gift she possesses is the unusual ability to clean just about any mess up in ten seconds, which she calls the Ten Second Tidy. She frequently used the word "pickle juice" when she is frustrated about situations in a few episodes.

text: Originally, Loonette was too bossy even when Molly didn't like it, and she was too young to visit Clowntown, but starting from 2006, Loonette makes frequent trips to Clowntown to visit Granny's Cabbage Club Cooking School and Major Bedhead's Clown Chi Dojo and Dancing School. The trips to the first location help teach Loonette how to cook. The trips to this second location indicate that she practices martial arts. Loonette also takes Molly to Clowndergarten and helps out with the other young clowns. This third location is similar to kindergarten.

text: Molly[edit]

text: Molly is Loonette's doll. Loonette found her in a barrel with a sign marked "Free to a good home", and adopted her. She is puppeteered by Bob Stutt.

text: Molly wears a blue dress. She believes that dust bunnies really exist, despite Loonette's disbelief. Her favorite food is doughnuts. She only speaks by cartoon bubbles, and usually answers Loonette's yes–no questions by either nodding or shaking her head.

text: Additional characters[edit]

text:
Fuzzy and Wuzzy (puppeteered by Bob Stutt and Robert Mills): they are the Twins of Dust bunnies who live under the Big Comfy Couch. Only Molly knows of their existence, and she always does her best to protect them so she can play with them.
The Foley Family (Fred Stinson (Andy), Jani Lauzon (Jim), Jackie Harris (Eileen) (seasons 1-2) and Suzanne Merriam (Eileen) (Season 3-5)): A very silly family who live inside of Loonette's dollhouse. They appeared from Seasons 1 to 5.
Granny Garbanzo (Grindl Kuchirka) Loonette's grandmother and next-door neighbor who loves her very much, even Molly too. She comes from the "old country" and has a Slavic accent. Granny also likes growing in her garden and she lives inside a wagon with Snicklefritz, her cat. Her name is derived from the garbanzo bean.
Snicklefritz (puppeteered by Bob Stutt): Granny's cat, who was introduced in Season 2. Likes to play pranks on the others and sometimes tries to get out of getting flea-baths. The name Snicklefritz comes from slang in German culture.
Major Bedhead (Fred Stinson): The local clown courier who makes deliveries to Loonette from Auntie Macassar or Uncle Chester. He can be quite goofy at times and a bit clumsy. He also hates lying and being dishonest.
Auntie Macassar (Taborah Johnson): Loonette's travelling auntie who likes to make an entrance whenever she visits. She appears in Seasons 1–5. Her name is a pun on antimacassar.
Wobbly (Gary Farmer): A close friend who lives in Clowntown. Appears in 2 episodes in season 2.
Uncle Chester (Edward Knuckles): Loonette's travelling uncle who appears in the show’s last two seasons.

text: Reruns and other original channels[edit]

text: In the United States, the series was syndicated by American Public Television to public television stations in that country, most of which were affiliated with PBS, starting on January 9, 1995 and ending in February 2007, with reruns airing until 2009. In Canada, it was shown on Treehouse TV until it stopped broadcasting on February 27, 2011. This show is currently airing on Makeful.

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Throughout the years, various merchandise has been sold under the show's banner such as VHS tapes, DVDs, coloring books, stuffed plush dolls, furniture, puzzles, and life size dolls.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (1992)[edit]

text:
101 – Pie In The Sky (March 2, 1992) - In the series premiere, Molly and Loonette discover heavy and light.
102 – Pinch To Grow An Inch (March 13, 1992) - Molly's birthday is soon and Loonette has a party.
103 – All Aboard For Bed (March 16, 1992) - Loonette tells about the time when she and Molly couldn't get to sleep very well.
104 – When It's Winter (March 27, 1992) - Molly catches a cold. Loonette makes a pair of mittens for her.
105 – Privacy, Please (March 30, 1992) - Molly gets a balloon from Loonette but flies away. Major Bedhead, Granny and Loonette play circus.
106 – Flippy Floppy Fun (April 10, 1992) - Molly flops on the floor which makes Loonette in a floppy mood.
107 – Patience, Molly! (April 15, 1992) - Loonette and Molly pretend to fish. Molly learns about patience.
108 – Squeaky Clean (April 20, 1992) - There is a mess of toilet paper all over the couch. Major Bedhead, Granny and Loonette make a fun clean up routine.
109 – Red Light, Green Light (May 1, 1992) - Loonette and Molly learn about stop and go. Loonette pretends to drive a car.
110 – Gesundheit (May 4, 1992) - Loonette sneezes a lot. Major Bedhead and Loonette fly a kite.
111 – Ping Pong Polka (May 15, 1992) - Loonette is very energetic after doing a nice clock rug stretch, but unfortunately, she's too energetic to read Molly a story. Loonette accidentally drops ping pong balls in Granny's yard and has to pick them up.
112 – Funny Faces (May 18, 1992) - Loonette and Molly learn about feelings. The gang watches a movie about Granny's family in the old country.
113 – Bugs and Hugs (May 29, 1992) - Loonette and Molly discover nature by learning how a caterpillar turns into a butterfly. Loonette reads a story about a bee.

text: Season 2 (1993)[edit]

text: A large painting of someone is now hanging on Loonette's wall to the upper right next to the couch and a fence and garden wall to Granny's garden is added. All Dance Academy shows are announced by Fred Stinson. Snicklefritz also debuts in this season.

text:
201 – My Best Friend (March 1, 1993) - In the 2nd season premiere, Molly is jealous because Auntie Macassar sent in another doll named Babs LeBlanc.
202 – 1-2-3 Dizzy Dizzy Me (March 12, 1993) - Loonette sings about counting and flying in her imaginary plane. However, Molly is dizzy from the plane. Loonette gets dizzy from watching a top spin.
203 – Wobbly (March 15, 1993) - Loonette is angry and in a bad mood when she finds a wobbly toy duck. Wobbly the clown, who's unable to fix it, comforts Loonette by telling her that you just have to accept things the way they are.
204 – Jump Start (March 26, 1993) - Loonette is in a jumpy mood. A thunderstorm hits Clowntown and Major Bedhead is afraid of lightning.
205 – This Little Piggy (March 29, 1993) - Loonette becomes greedy because she was amazed to find out how many coins were in her piggy bank.
206 – Juggling The Jitters (June 7, 1993) - Loonette has the jitters.
207 – Hoopla (June 18, 1993) - Loonette lost her ball. Loonette, Granny, and Major Bedhead play with a hula hoop from Auntie Macassar.
208 – Wrong Side Of The Couch (July 26, 1993) - Loonette woke up on the wrong side of the couch making her in a bad mood.
209 – I Feel Good (August 6, 1993) - Loonette and Molly learn about feeling good about themselves. The two play the "What if?" game. Loonette, Granny and Major Bedhead exercise. Loonette reads a story about an ugly duckling.
210 – Boomerang (August 9, 1993) - Loonette is in a foolish mood and plays tricks on the others.
211 – Rude-I-Culous (September 27, 1993) - Molly and Loonette make rude noises. But they learn that there is a time to be rude and a time to be nice.
212 – Make It Snappy (October 8, 1993) - Loonette is in a total rush. Major Bedhead is dressed as a cowboy clown.
213 – Feast Of Fools (October 11, 1993) - Molly learns about table manners. The gang has a huge dinner party.

text: Season 3 (1994)[edit]

text: The intro changes starting this season, and now features Snicklefritz and Auntie Macassar. Auntie Macassar now speaks in the postcards sent to Loonette. The Clock Rug gets a new redesign with darker colors, a new font for the numbers. Also, Granny's garden is redesigned with brighter green grass.

text:
301 – Give Yer Head A Shake (January 3, 1994) - In the 3rd season premiere, Loonette and Molly learn that no means no.
302 – It's About Time (January 14, 1994) - Everyone has a sleepover at Granny's garden. Unfortunately for both Molly and Snicklefritz, they each have to have a time-out and a little lesson in controlling themselves.
303 – Clownus Interruptus (January 17, 1994) – Loonette and Molly learn about patience and the importance of not interrupting when someone else is talking.
304 – Why? (January 28, 1994) - Molly asks "Why?" all the time.
305 – Monkey See Monkey Do (January 31, 1994) - Loonette copies everyone. Molly learns about echos and Loonette learns that being a copycat isn't exactly a good idea.
306 – Sticks And Stones (February 11, 1994) - Loonette thinks Molly is clumsy because she wasn't good at Pick up Sticks. Major Bedhead and Loonette make up nicknames for everything in Granny's garden, and they both learn the hard way that calling names isn't really a good idea.
307 – Horsing Around (February 14, 1994) - Today is National Horseplay Day and everyone is goofing around and laughing but Snicklefritz.
308 – All Over And Under (February 25, 1994) - Loonette and Molly discover over and under as they explore their Big Comfy Couch.
309 – Honest To Goodness (February 28, 1994) - Loonette learns the importance of telling the truth and not to lie.
310 – All Fall Down (March 11, 1994) - Loonette and Major Bedhead have fun falling down safely. Loonette reads the story of Humpty Dumpty to Molly.
311 – Destination? Imagination! (March 14, 1994) - Loonette and Molly want to go to Clowntown; however, they are too young to go there. But Granny teaches them and Major Bedhead that you can explore and travel by using your imagination.
312 – Hiccups (March 25, 1994) - Loonette and Molly have the hiccups.
313 – Full Of Life (March 28, 1994) - Loonette and Molly learn about empty and full. Granny explains to Loonette the life of a caterpillar.

text: Season 4 (1995)[edit]

text:
401 – Backwards! (June 5, 1995) - In the 4th season premiere, It is National Backwards Day and everything is backwards!
402 – Picky Eaters (June 23, 1995) - Molly learns about how to try new foods.
403 – Naptime for Molly (July 3, 1995) - Molly refuses to take a nap.
404 – Swing-A-Ling (July 21, 1995) - Loonette is in a swingy mood, she pretends to play tennis, baseball, and golf. Major Bedhead reflects about the time he was at the playground as a kid and he learned the importance of safety.
405 – Spare Some Change (July 31, 1995) - Loonette is upset that her name doesn't mean anything. She then changes her name.
406 – Stuck In The Muck (August 18, 1995) - Loonette and Molly make up rhymes and pictures.
407 – Gimme Gimme Never Gets (August 30, 1995) - Loonette and Molly go on a treasure hunt in the couch and finds a gem. Molly is upset because she wants the gem; while Loonette learns about the importance of not grabbing things, but politely asking for them.
408 – One Step At A Time (September 11, 1995) - Loonette and Molly learn about the importance of trying new things, such as climbing the stairs.
409 – Enough Already! (September 29, 1995) - Molly knows that there are real dustbunnies under the couch, but Loonette doesn't believe her. They both learn that there is a time to take a break from something, such as arguing about dustbunnies.
410 – Where Do Clowns Come From? (October 9, 1995) - Today is Molly's mirthday and Loonette reflects about the time they first met.
411 – Are You Ready For School? (October 27, 1995) - Loonette and Molly play school.
412 – Hit Parade (November 6, 1995) - Molly and Snicklefritz learn that hitting others is not good. The gang watch a puppet show which is about no hitting.
413 – Comfy And Joy (November 24, 1995) - The gang celebrates "The Longest Night of The Year" where they do activities in the snow, give presents to each other, and stay up late.

text: Season 5 (1996)[edit]

text: This was the last season of The Foley Family Gags, Dust Bunny Stand-up comedy, Miss Loonette's Dance Academy, The Alphabet Game and Auntie Macassar. This was also the last season that the stories Loonette read were illustrated.

text:
501 – Bad Hair Day (July 8, 1996) - In the 5th season premiere, Molly and Major Bedhead have a bad hair day.
502 – Clownvitations (July 26, 1996) - Loonette feels like she's left out. Granny visits Miss Loonette's Dance Academy.
503 – Nothing To Do (August 5, 1996) - Loonette is bored and can't find anything to do. But she learns that keeping busy is the way to fight boredom.
504 – The Big Brain Drain (August 23, 1996) - Loonette thinks of different things in her brain.
505 – One Potato, Two Potato (September 2, 1996) - Loonette, Major Bedhead and Snicklefritz play a game of keep away with a potato. Granny eventually teaches everyone about not blaming someone else for your own mistakes.
506 – Earth To Loonette (September 20, 1996) – Loonette reads about Molly being a fisher doll, and they both learn about the importance of not daydreaming all the time.
507 – Lettuce, Turnip And Pea (October 2, 1996) - Molly wets the Big Comfy Couch which makes her very embarrassed.
508 – Time For Molly (October 14, 1996) – Molly tries to get Loonette's attention, but Loonette is too busy having a "me parade".
509 – Gizmo Shmizmo (November 1, 1996) – Loonette discovers all different kinds of gizmos. There is a whole mess of ping pong balls on the couch and Loonette uses a special vacuum cleaner to clean the mess up.
510 – Clothes Make The Clown (November 11, 1996) – It is autumn and Molly and Major Bedhead try to keep warm.
511 – Don't Tell (November 29, 1996) - The gang tries not to reveal a surprise about Major Bedhead's birthday which proves to be a challenge.
512 – You're A Gem! (December 9, 1996) – Loonette thinks Molly is a real gem, but she also learns the importance that gems and jewelry are not as important as her doll.
513 – See Ya In My Dreams (December 27, 1996) - Loonette pretends to be a roving reporter and interviews the others about dreams.

text: Season 6 (2002)[edit]

text: The intro changes again with children's vocals re-recorded, The couch is redesigned and Uncle Chester now sends the postcards to Loonette. The dustbunny music and the ending music have been changed in this season as well. Each episode features Molly attending Doll School with Loonette accompanying her. The stories that Loonette reads are now in live action which introduces a city for clowns called Clowntown. Even though the Foley Family segments were discontinued in Season 5, the dollhouse was still seen on the set next to the couch.

text:
601 – Clowning In The Rain (March 4, 2002) – In the 6th season premiere, It's a rainy day in Clowntown. When the rain stops, a rainbow comes out.
602 – Lost And Clowned (March 22, 2002) - Molly wants to go Clowntown by herself, but she's too young to do so.
603 – Button Up! (April 1, 2002) - Today is Best Foot Forward Day and Loonette must find perfect shoes for Molly.
604 – Scaredy Cat! (April 19, 2002) - Loonette wears a mask which scares Molly. She learns from Loonette that there is nothing to be scared of.
605 – It's The Thought That Counts (April 29, 2002) - Loonette is searching for "Mcguffin" in the couch. Loonette and Major Bedhead attempt to help Granny to fix her roof.
606 – Growing Pains (May 17, 2002) - Loonette wants to have a tea party with Molly but she worries about maturity.
607 – Donut Let It Get You Down (May 29, 2002) - Loonette, Molly, Major Bedhead and Snicklefritz compete in a field day competition; eventually Molly has to accept not winning, which is hard for her to do.
608 – Fancy Dancer (June 10, 2002) - Loonette is jealous that everyone dances better than her. Granny gives Loonette ballet lessons.
609 – The Big Bang Boom (June 28, 2002) – Today is the Big Bang Boom and everyone has a dinner and watches fireworks. Molly is afraid of fireworks, so she wears ear muffs; and Loonette learns to think of others and not only herself.
610 – Ain't It Amazing, Gracie? (July 8, 2002) - Molly finds a miner's hat. Major Bedhead loses his mail bag but learns that he needs to retrace his steps to find things.
611 – Between the Covers (July 26, 2002) - Loonette digs all over the couch for books. He reflects about the time he was at the library and discovered that reading is important yet fun.
612 – Going Up (August 5, 2002) - Loonette believes she is not growing up properly.
613 – Cool It! (August 23, 2002) - The clowns find ways to cool off on a very hot summer day.

text: Season 7 (2006)[edit]

text: Ramona Gilmour-Darling replaces Alyson Court in the role of Loonette. The Clock Rug is now smaller with darker colors. Also in this season, Loonette and Molly visit places in Clowntown. Additionally, while Molly and Loonette are sleeping at the end of each episode prior to the credits, they play the dream game, dreaming about letters of the alphabet and what starts with that letter. The dollhouse was removed. In addition, this season featured the least amount of episodes with Loonette reading Molly a story.

text: 701 – Apple Of My Eye (October 16, 2006) - In the 7th season premiere, Loonette and Major Bedhead learn that healthy foods are important. At the Cabbage Club Cooking School, Loonette, Molly and Granny make Apple Schmapple Fruit Blaster Muffins.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = P, Piano

text: 702 – Dat's Da Law! (October 20, 2006) - Loonette learns about the rules and laws. At the Dojo, Major Bedhead and Granny do the tango, but Loonette wants to do it too.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = E, Elephant

text: 703 – Fibberish Gibberish (October 23, 2006) - Loonette tells a tall tale to Molly which angers her. Snicklefritz thinks he's a dog. At the Cabbage Club Cooking School, Loonette and Granny really blend things up by reminding themselves, you are what you eat.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = T, Telephone

text: 704 – Slow Down, Clown! (October 27, 2006) - Loonette is in a super hyper mood and is doing things quickly. At the Dojo, Major Bedhead teaches Loonette how to juggle and that it's important to take things slowly at first.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = T, Turtle

text: 705 – Floppy! (October 30, 2006) - Loonette and Molly learn that too much junkies, such as donuts, is not good for you. At Granny's Cooking School, Granny shows Major Bedhead and Loonette how to make a healthy snack and that healthy food is good for you.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = S, Sun

text: 706 – Clown With A Frown (November 3, 2006) - Loonette is in a bad mood. It's a rainy day in Clowntown then it clears up which makes Loonette feel better. She also learns that eating too many sweets, can lead to a mood swing.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = B, Bubble

text: 707 – Rub-A-Dub (November 6, 2006) - Loonette has trouble doing two things at the same time. Granny cleans up her garden. At the Dojo, Major Bedhead and Loonette do exercises.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = B, Bathtub

text: 708 – Upside Down Clown (November 10, 2006) - Molly plays with an upside down doll. At the Cabbage Club Cooking School, Loonette and Granny make an Upside Down Cake.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = T, Teapot

text: 709 – The Clown Promise (November 13, 2006) - Loonette promises to wiggle and giggle and make mirth on Earth. At the Dojo, Loonette, Major Bedhead and Molly dance.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = S, Sun

text: 710 – Lost And Found Clowns (November 17, 2006) - Molly tries to find her doll Bloomette. At the Cabbage Club Cooking School, Loonette and Granny make an Upside Down Clown Surprise.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = T, Three

text: 711 – Phony Baloney (November 20, 2006) - Loonette learns that telling the truth is the noble thing to do. At the Dojo, Loonette and Major Bedhead do relaxing and calm exercises.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = F, Flower

text: 712 – Ready, Steady, Go! (November 24, 2006) - Uncle Chester brings Bon Bons over to the garden, and eventually teaches everyone that while candy is tasty, it's important to have a good diet and include other foods like vegetables in your diet. At the Dojo, Loonette balances on a balance beam.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = P, Pizza

text: 713 – Happy Mirthday, Granny! (November 27, 2006) - Molly and Loonette try to keep a secret for Granny's mirthday.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = S, Sun

text: 714 – Popcorn-Y (December 1, 2006) - Molly is in a popping mood and can't stop popping. Popcorn flies all over Granny's garden. At the Dojo, Loonette learns how to juggle.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = B, Ball

text: 715 – Peek-A-Boo! (December 4, 2006) - It's Molly's first time at Clowndergarten and is shy of meeting all the other little clowns.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = T, Turtle

text: 716 – Ouch! (December 8, 2006) - Major Bedhead broke his foot by slipping on a banana peel and summarizes what happened at the Clowntown Hospital. He gets a wheelchair to sit in. At Clowndergarten, the little clowns play pin the tail on the bunny, play ball, have a snack, have Loonette read a story and play hot and cold as they depart.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = B, Bicycle

text: 717 – Big Blow Hard (December 11, 2006) - Loonette and Molly are on their boat they made known as The Big Comfy Ship and they are pretending to look for treasure.  At Clowndergarden, the clowns play with bubbles. A huge wind storm known as the Big Blow Hard hits Clowntown. Everyone goes into Granny's house for shelter from the storm.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = A, Aeroplane or airplane

text: 718 – Shh, Shh, Shh, Quiet! (December 15, 2006) - Loonette learns to use inside and outside voices. At Clowndergarden, the clowns play the opposite game, pretend to have a baby in their hands to use quiet and loud, play follow the leader, dance, color and have Loonette read a story.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = R, Radio

text: 719 – Freeze, Please! (December 18, 2006) - Molly is in a wiggly mood and learns to stay put. At Clowndergarden, the clowns play the freeze game, listen nicely to Loonette reading a story and have a puppet show.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = C, Camera

text: 720 – Clown In The Round (December 22, 2006) - At Clowndergarden, Loonette and the clowns play with the clock rug parachute, play the beehive game, play dress up, do the clock rug stretch and watch a puppet show.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = C, Circle

text: 721 – Molly's Bellybutton (December 25, 2006) - Molly's bellybutton is dangling down. At Clowndergarden, the clowns play Head, Shoulders, Knees and Toes, play with the clock rug parachute, play with hula hoops and have a parade with costumes.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = P, Paint

text: 722 – Just Purrfect (December 29, 2006) - In The Series Finale, Loonette pretends to be a cat. At Clowndergarden, the clowns play kitty cat.

text: Dream Game Letter Segment = L, Lion

text: Media[edit]

text: Time-Life Video was the main distributor for releasing the Big Comfy Couch series under Time-Life Video's children's label Time-Life Kids. VHS releases are also released on May 10, 2005 by Goldhil Video.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: The Big Comfy Couch has 5 DVDs featuring Ramona Gilmour-Darling. The DVDs and VHS tapes that feature Alyson Court are now out of print, but can be found on certain websites such as Amazon.com.

text: On July 30, 2013, TGG Direct released the first two seasons on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time.[1][2] Seasons 3-7 were released on August 6, 2013.[3][4][5][6][7]

text: Album releases[edit]

text: Several albums of the original songs written by JP Houston and performed by the cast were released on August 9, 2005 by Time-Life, as well as Naxos Music.

text: App releases[edit]

text: In 2015 and 2016, Radical Sheep, in association with Sticky Brain Studios, released some apps based on the series.

text:
Just Ask Molly- Released April 1, 2015, this app allows the player can ask Molly any question, and she can communicate to the player via her thought bubbles.[8]
Fuzzy Wuzzy Fun- Released April 1, 2015, this app features the dust bunnies Fuzzy and Wuzzy playing hide and seek. The objective for the player is to help them find each other by navigating through paths.[9]
Clock Rug Time- Released May 18, 2015, this app features Loonette and her clock rug stretch routine.  Loonette can set the time for the player in both analog and digital. This app can also be used as an alarm clock. The app can also display the weather and temperature based on location.[10]
Molly's Big Day- Released May 17, 2016, this app focuses on Molly and her big first day in Clowndergarten with the use of activities for the player.

text: This Hour Has 22 Minutes[edit]

text: On the October 18, 2016 episode of This Hour Has 22 Minutes, in a segment discussing the 2016 clown sightings, Loonette made an appearance as the show's "clown correspondent". This was the character's first television appearances since the show's finale in 2006 and the first time Alyson Court had portrayed Loonette on TV since her departure in 2002.

text: Tours[edit]

text: The Big Comfy Couch has had a few live shows at Londonderry Mall in Edmonton, Alberta and sometimes in Calgary and rarely in Regina, Saskatchewan.

text: Loonette and Molly Live Theatrical Tour[edit]

text: In 2007, a live theatrical production entitled Molly's Fool Moon Festival toured in Canada.  The show included Loonette, Molly, Granny Garbanzo, Major Bedhead and others.

text: The production was produced by Koba Entertainment, and presented by Paquin Entertainment Group.

text: The Big Comfy Couch Asia[edit]

text: The Big Comfy Couch was published in the following territories.

text:
Country

Network

The Big Comfy Couch Korea

Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation

The Big Comfy Couch Philippines

GMA Network

The Big Comfy Couch Indonesia

SCTV


document_title: List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

question_text: who was the last person appointed to the u.s. supreme court

text: Current justices of the Supreme Court[edit]

text: There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court; listed in order of seniority, they are:

text:
John Roberts,
Chief Justice
since September 29, 2005
Age 7001630000000000000♠63[11]

text:
Anthony Kennedy,
Associate Justice
since February 18, 1988
Age 7001810000000000000♠81[12]

Clarence Thomas,
Associate Justice
since October 23, 1991
Age 7001690000000000000♠69[13]

Ruth Bader Ginsburg,
Associate Justice
since August 10, 1993
Age 7001850000000000000♠85[14]

Stephen Breyer,
Associate Justice
since August 3, 1994
Age 7001790000000000000♠79[15]

text:
Samuel Alito,
Associate Justice
since January 31, 2006
Age 7001680000000000000♠68[16]

Sonia Sotomayor,
Associate Justice
since August 8, 2009
Age 7001630000000000000♠63[17]

Elena Kagan,
Associate Justice
since August 7, 2010
Age 7001570000000000000♠57[18]

Neil Gorsuch,
Associate Justice
since April 10, 2017
Age 7001500000000000000♠50[19]

text: All justices of the Supreme Court[edit]

text: Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 113 persons have served on the Court. William O. Douglas holds the record for longest tenure on the Court – 36 years, 211 days, and Thomas Johnson's 163 day tenure is the shortest. Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice, and later appointed chief justice separately: Charles Evans Hughes,[a] William Rehnquist,[b] John Rutledge,[a] Harlan F. Stone,[b] and Edward Douglass White.[b] While listed twice, each of them has been assigned only one index number. The justices of the Supreme Court are:[20][21]

text:
Justice
State[c]
Position
Replacing
Date confirmed
(Vote)
Tenure
Tenure length[d]
Appointed by

1

John Jay
(1745–1829)
NY
001 !Chief
Justice
New seat
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)
000000001789-10-19-0000October 19, 1789
–
June 29, 1795
(Resigned)
7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days
George Washington

2

John Rutledge
(1739–1800)
SC
018 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)
000000001790-02-15-0000February 15, 1790
–
March 4, 1791
(Resigned)
7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days

3

William Cushing
(1732–1810)
MA
019 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)
000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790
–
September 13, 1810
(Died)
7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days

4

James Wilson
(1742–1798)
PA
020 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)
000000001789-10-05-0000October 5, 1789
–
August 21, 1798
(Died)
7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days

5

John Blair
(1732–1800)
VA
021 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)
000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790
–
October 25, 1795
(Resigned)
7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days

6

James Iredell
(1751–1799)
NC
022 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001790-02-10-0000February 10, 1790
(Acclamation)
000000001790-05-12-0000May 12, 1790
–
October 20, 1799
(Died)
7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days

7

Thomas Johnson
(1732–1819)
MD
023 !Associate
Justice
J. Rutledge
000000001791-11-07-0000November 7, 1791
(Acclamation)
000000001792-08-06-0000August 6, 1792[e]
–
January 16, 1793
(Resigned)
7002163000000000000♠163 days

8

William Paterson
(1745–1806)
NJ
024 !Associate
Justice
T. Johnson
000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793
(Acclamation)
000000001793-03-11-0000March 11, 1793
–
September 8, 1806
(Died)
7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days

2

John Rutledge
(1739–1800)
SC
002 !Chief
Justice
Jay
000000001795-12-15-0000December 15, 1795
(10–14)[f]
000000001795-08-12-0000August 12, 1795[e]
–
December 28, 1795
(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)
7002138000000000000♠138 days

9

Samuel Chase[g]
(1741–1811)
MD
025 !Associate
Justice
Blair
000000001796-01-27-0000January 27, 1796
(Acclamation)
000000001796-02-04-0000February 4, 1796
–
June 19, 1811
(Died)
7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days

10

Oliver Ellsworth
(1745–1807)
CT
003 !Chief
Justice
J. Rutledge
000000001796-03-04-0000March 4, 1796
(21–1)
000000001796-03-08-0000March 8, 1796
–
December 15, 1800
(Resigned)
7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days

11

Bushrod Washington
(1762–1829)
VA
026 !Associate
Justice
Wilson
000000001798-12-20-0000December 20, 1798
(Acclamation)
000000001798-11-09-0000November 9, 1798[e]
–
November 26, 1829
(Died)
7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days
John Adams

12

Alfred Moore
(1755–1810)
NC
027 !Associate
Justice
Iredell
000000001799-12-09-0000December 9, 1799
(Acclamation)
000000001800-04-21-0000April 21, 1800
–
January 26, 1804
(Resigned)
7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days

13

John Marshall
(1755–1835)
VA
004 !Chief
Justice
Ellsworth
000000001801-01-27-0000January 27, 1801
(Acclamation)
000000001801-02-04-0000February 4, 1801
–
July 6, 1835
(died)
7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days

14

William Johnson
(1771–1834)
SC
028 !Associate
Justice
Moore
000000001804-03-24-0000March 24, 1804
(Acclamation)
000000001804-05-07-0000May 7, 1804
–
August 4, 1834
(Died)
7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days
Thomas Jefferson

15

Henry Brockholst Livingston
(1757–1823)
NY
029 !Associate
Justice
Paterson
000000001806-12-17-0000December 17, 1806
(Acclamation)
000000001807-01-20-0000January 20, 1807
–
March 18, 1823
(Died)
7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days

16

Thomas Todd
(1765–1826)
KY
030 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001807-03-02-0000March 2, 1807
(Acclamation)
000000001807-03-03-0000March 3, 1807
–
February 7, 1826
(Died)
7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days

17

Gabriel Duvall
(1752–1844)
MD
031 !Associate
Justice
S. Chase
000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811
(Acclamation)
000000001811-11-23-0000November 23, 1811
–
January 12, 1835
(Resigned)
7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days
James Madison

18

Joseph Story
(1779–1845)
MA
032 !Associate
Justice
Cushing
000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811
(Acclamation)
000000001812-02-03-0000February 3, 1812
–
September 10, 1845
(Died)
7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days

19

Smith Thompson
(1768–1843)
NY
033 !Associate
Justice
Livingston
000000001823-12-09-0000December 9, 1823
(Acclamation)
000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823[e]
–
December 18, 1843
(Died)
7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days
James Monroe

20

Robert Trimble
(1776–1828)
KY
034 !Associate
Justice
Todd
000000001826-05-09-0000May 9, 1826
(25–5)
000000001826-06-16-0000June 16, 1826
–
August 25, 1828
(Died)
7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days
John Quincy Adams

21

John McLean
(1785–1861)
OH
035 !Associate
Justice
Trimble
000000001829-03-07-0000March 7, 1829
(Acclamation)
000000001830-01-11-0000January 11, 1830
–
April 4, 1861
(Died)
7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days
Andrew Jackson

22

Henry Baldwin
(1780–1844)
PA
036 !Associate
Justice
Washington
000000001830-01-06-0000January 6, 1830
(41–2)
000000001830-01-18-0000January 18, 1830
–
April 21, 1844
(Died)
7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days

23

James Moore Wayne
(1790–1867)
GA
037 !Associate
Justice
W. Johnson
000000001835-01-09-0000January 9, 1835
(Acclamation)
000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835
–
July 5, 1867
(Died)
7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days

24

Roger B. Taney
(1777–1864)
MD
005 !Chief
Justice
J. Marshall
000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836
(29–15)
000000001836-03-28-0000March 28, 1836
–
October 12, 1864
(Died)
7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days

25

Philip Pendleton Barbour
(1783–1841)
VA
038 !Associate
Justice
Duvall
000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836
(30–11)
000000001836-05-12-0000May 12, 1836
–
February 25, 1841
(Died)
7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days

26

John Catron
(1786–1865)
TN
039 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001837-03-08-0000March 8, 1837
(28–15)
000000001837-05-01-0000May 1, 1837
–
May 30, 1865
(Died)
7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days

27

John McKinley
(1780–1852)
AL
040 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001837-09-25-0000September 25, 1837
(Acclamation)
000000001838-01-09-0000January 9, 1838
–
July 19, 1852
(Died)
7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days
Martin Van Buren

28

Peter Vivian Daniel
(1784–1860)
VA
041 !Associate
Justice
Barbour
000000001841-03-02-0000March 2, 1841
(25–5)
000000001842-01-10-0000January 10, 1842
–
May 31, 1860
(Died)
7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days

29

Samuel Nelson
(1792–1873)
NY
042 !Associate
Justice
Thompson
000000001845-02-14-0000February 14, 1845
(Acclamation)
000000001845-02-27-0000February 27, 1845
–
November 28, 1872
(Retired)
7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days
John Tyler

30

Levi Woodbury
(1789–1851)
NH
043 !Associate
Justice
Story
000000001846-01-31-0000January 31, 1846
(Acclamation)
000000001845-09-23-0000September 23, 1845[e]
–
September 4, 1851
(Died)
7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days
James K. Polk

31

Robert Cooper Grier
(1794–1870)
PA
044 !Associate
Justice
Baldwin
000000001846-08-04-0000August 4, 1846
(Acclamation)
000000001846-08-10-0000August 10, 1846
–
January 31, 1870
(Retired)
7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days

32

Benjamin Robbins Curtis
(1809–1874)
MA
045 !Associate
Justice
Woodbury
000000001851-12-20-0000December 20, 1851
(Acclamation)
000000001851-10-10-0000October 10, 1851[e]
–
September 30, 1857
(Resigned)
7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days
Millard Fillmore

33

John Archibald Campbell
(1811–1889)
AL
046 !Associate
Justice
McKinley
000000001853-03-22-0000March 22, 1853
(Acclamation)
000000001853-04-11-0000April 11, 1853
–
April 30, 1861
(Resigned)
7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days
Franklin Pierce

34

Nathan Clifford
(1803–1881)
ME
047 !Associate
Justice
Curtis
000000001858-01-12-0000January 12, 1858
(26–23)
000000001858-01-21-0000January 21, 1858
–
July 25, 1881
(Died)
7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days
James Buchanan

35

Noah Haynes Swayne
(1804–1884)
OH
048 !Associate
Justice
McLean
000000001862-01-24-0000January 24, 1862
(38–1)
000000001862-01-27-0000January 27, 1862
–
January 24, 1881
(Retired)
7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days
Abraham Lincoln

36

Samuel Freeman Miller
(1816–1890)
IA
049 !Associate
Justice
Daniel
000000001862-07-16-0000July 16, 1862
(Acclamation)
000000001862-07-21-0000July 21, 1862
–
October 13, 1890
(Died)
7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days

37

David Davis
(1815–1886)
IL
050 !Associate
Justice
Campbell
000000001862-12-08-0000December 8, 1862
(Acclamation)
000000001862-12-10-0000December 10, 1862[e]
–
March 4, 1877
(Resigned)
7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days

38

Stephen Johnson Field
(1816–1899)
CA
051 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001863-03-10-0000March 10, 1863
(Acclamation)
000000001863-05-10-0000May 10, 1863
–
December 1, 1897
(Retired)
7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days

39

Salmon P. Chase
(1808–1873)
OH
006 !Chief
Justice
Taney
000000001864-12-06-0000December 6, 1864
(Acclamation)
000000001864-12-15-0000December 15, 1864
–
May 7, 1873
(Died)
7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days

40

William Strong
(1808–1895)
PA
052 !Associate
Justice
Grier
000000001870-02-18-0000February 18, 1870
(No vote recorded)
000000001870-03-14-0000March 14, 1870
–
December 14, 1880
(Retired)
7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days
Ulysses S. Grant

41

Joseph Philo Bradley
(1813–1892)
NJ
053 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001870-03-21-0000March 21, 1870
(46–9)
000000001870-03-23-0000March 23, 1870
–
January 22, 1892
(Died)
7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days

42

Ward Hunt
(1810–1886)
NY
054 !Associate
Justice
Nelson
000000001872-12-11-0000December 11, 1872
(Acclamation)
000000001873-01-09-0000January 9, 1873
–
January 27, 1882
(Retired)
7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days

43

Morrison Waite
(1816–1888)
OH
007 !Chief
Justice
S. P. Chase
000000001874-01-21-0000January 21, 1874
(63–0)
000000001874-03-04-0000March 4, 1874
–
March 23, 1888
(Died)
7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days

44

John Marshall Harlan
(1833–1911)
KY
055 !Associate
Justice
Davis
000000001877-11-29-0000November 29, 1877
(Acclamation)
000000001877-12-10-0000December 10, 1877
–
October 14, 1911
(Died)
7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days
Rutherford B. Hayes

45

William Burnham Woods
(1824–1887)
GA
056 !Associate
Justice
Strong
000000001880-12-21-0000December 21, 1880
(39–8)
000000001881-01-05-0000January 5, 1881
–
May 14, 1887
(Died)
7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days

46

Stanley Matthews
(1824–1889)
OH
057 !Associate
Justice
Swayne
000000001881-05-12-0000May 12, 1881
(24–23)
000000001881-05-17-0000May 17, 1881
–
March 22, 1889
(Died)
7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days
James Garfield

47

Horace Gray
(1828–1902)
MA
058 !Associate
Justice
Clifford
000000001881-12-20-0000December 20, 1881
(51–5)
000000001882-01-09-0000January 9, 1882
–
September 15, 1902
(Died)
7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days
Chester A. Arthur

48

Samuel Blatchford
(1820–1893)
NY
059 !Associate
Justice
Hunt
000000001882-03-22-0000March 22, 1882
(Acclamation)
000000001882-04-03-0000April 3, 1882
–
July 7, 1893
(Died)
7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days

49

Lucius Quintus
Cincinnatus Lamar II
(1825–1893)
MS
060 !Associate
Justice
Woods
000000001888-01-16-0000January 16, 1888
(32–28)
000000001888-01-18-0000January 18, 1888
–
January 23, 1893
(Died)
7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days
Grover Cleveland

50

Melville Fuller
(1833–1910)
IL
008 !Chief
Justice
Waite
000000001888-07-20-0000July 20, 1888
(41–20)
000000001888-10-08-0000October 8, 1888
–
July 4, 1910
(Died)
7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days

51

David Josiah Brewer
(1837–1910)
KS
061 !Associate
Justice
Matthews
000000001889-12-18-0000December 18, 1889
(53–11)
000000001890-01-06-0000January 6, 1890
–
March 28, 1910
(Died)
7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days
Benjamin Harrison

52

Henry Billings Brown
(1836–1913)
MI
062 !Associate
Justice
Miller
000000001890-12-29-0000December 29, 1890
(Acclamation)
000000001891-01-05-0000January 5, 1891
–
May 28, 1906
(Retired)
7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days

53

George Shiras, Jr.
(1832–1924)
PA
063 !Associate
Justice
Bradley
000000001892-07-26-0000July 26, 1892
(Acclamation)
000000001892-10-10-0000October 10, 1892
–
February 23, 1903
(Retired)
7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days

54

Howell Edmunds Jackson
(1832–1895)
TN
064 !Associate
Justice
L. Lamar
000000001893-02-18-0000February 18, 1893
(Acclamation)
000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893
–
August 8, 1895
(Died)
7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days

55

Edward Douglass White
(1845–1921)
LA
065 !Associate
Justice
Blatchford
000000001894-02-19-0000February 19, 1894
(Acclamation)
000000001894-03-12-0000March 12, 1894
–
December 18, 1910
(Continued as chief justice)
7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days
Grover Cleveland

56

Rufus Wheeler Peckham
(1838–1909)
NY
066 !Associate
Justice
H. Jackson
000000001895-12-09-0000December 9, 1895
(Acclamation)
000000001896-01-06-0000January 6, 1896
–
October 24, 1909
(Died)
7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days

57

Joseph McKenna
(1843–1926)
CA
067 !Associate
Justice[h]
Field
000000001898-01-21-0000January 21, 1898
(Acclamation)
000000001898-01-26-0000January 26, 1898
–
January 5, 1925
(Retired)
7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days
William McKinley

58

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
(1841–1935)
MA
068 !Associate
Justice[i]
Gray
000000001902-12-04-0000December 4, 1902
(Acclamation)
000000001902-12-08-0000December 8, 1902
–
January 12, 1932
(Retired)
7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days
Theodore Roosevelt

59

William R. Day
(1849–1923)
OH
069 !Associate
Justice
Shiras
000000001903-02-23-0000February 23, 1903
(Acclamation)
000000001903-03-02-0000March 2, 1903
–
November 13, 1922
(Retired)
7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days

60

William Henry Moody
(1853–1917)
MA
070 !Associate
Justice
Brown
000000001906-12-12-0000December 12, 1906
(Acclamation)
000000001906-12-17-0000December 17, 1906
–
November 20, 1910
(Retired)
7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days

61

Horace Harmon Lurton
(1844–1914)
TN
071 !Associate
Justice
Peckham
000000001909-12-20-0000December 20, 1909
(Acclamation)
000000001910-01-03-0000January 3, 1910
–
July 12, 1914
(Died)
7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days
William Howard Taft

62

Charles Evans Hughes
(1862–1948)
NY
072 !Associate
Justice
Brewer
000000001910-05-02-0000May 2, 1910
(Acclamation)
000000001910-10-10-0000October 10, 1910
–
June 10, 1916
(Resigned)
7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days

55

Edward Douglass White
(1845–1921)
LA
009 !Chief
Justice
Fuller
000000001910-12-12-0000December 12, 1910
(Acclamation)
000000001910-12-19-0000December 19, 1910
–
May 19, 1921
(Died)
7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days

63

Willis Van Devanter
(1859–1941)
WY
073 !Associate
Justice
E. D. White
000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910
(Acclamation)
000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]
–
June 2, 1937
(Retired)
7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days

64

Joseph Rucker Lamar
(1857–1916)
GA
074 !Associate
Justice
Moody
000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910
(Acclamation)
000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]
–
January 2, 1916
(Died)
7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days

65

Mahlon Pitney
(1858–1924)
NJ
075 !Associate
Justice
J. Harlan
000000001912-03-13-0000March 13, 1912
(50–26)
000000001912-03-18-0000March 18, 1912
–
December 31, 1922
(Resigned)
7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days

66

James Clark McReynolds
(1862–1946)
TN
076 !Associate
Justice
Lurton
000000001914-08-29-0000August 29, 1914
(44–6)
000000001914-10-12-0000October 12, 1914
–
January 31, 1941
(Retired)
7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days
Woodrow Wilson

67

Louis Brandeis
(1856–1941)
KY
077 !Associate
Justice
J. Lamar
000000001916-06-01-0000June 1, 1916
(47–22)
000000001916-06-05-0000June 5, 1916
–
February 13, 1939
(Retired)
7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days

68

John Hessin Clarke
(1857–1945)
OH
078 !Associate
Justice
Hughes
000000001916-07-24-0000July 24, 1916
(Acclamation)
000000001916-10-09-0000October 9, 1916
–
September 18, 1922
(Retired)
7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days

69

William Howard Taft
(1857–1930)
CT
010 !Chief
Justice
E. D. White
000000001921-06-30-0000June 30, 1921
(Acclamation)
000000001921-07-11-0000July 11, 1921
–
February 3, 1930
(Retired)
7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days
Warren G. Harding

70

George Sutherland
(1862–1942)
UT
080 !Associate
Justice
Clarke
000000001922-09-05-0000September 5, 1922
(Acclamation)
000000001922-10-02-0000October 2, 1922
–
January 17, 1938
(Retired)
7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days

71

Pierce Butler
(1866–1939)
MN
081 !Associate
Justice
Day
000000001922-12-21-0000December 21, 1922
(61–8)
000000001923-01-02-0000January 2, 1923
–
November 16, 1939
(Died)
7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days

72

Edward Terry Sanford
(1865–1930)
TN
082 !Associate
Justice
Pitney
000000001923-01-29-0000January 29, 1923
(Acclamation)
000000001923-02-19-0000February 19, 1923
–
March 8, 1930
(Died)
7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days

73

Harlan F. Stone
(1872–1946)
NY
083 !Associate
Justice[k]
McKenna
000000001925-02-05-0000February 5, 1925
(71–6)
000000001925-03-02-0000March 2, 1925
–
July 2, 1941
(Continued as chief justice)
7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days
Calvin Coolidge

62

Charles Evans Hughes
(1862–1948)
NY
011 !Chief
Justice
Taft
000000001930-02-13-0000February 13, 1930
(52–26)
000000001930-02-24-0000February 24, 1930
–
June 30, 1941
(Retired)
7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days
Herbert Hoover

74

Owen Josephus Roberts
(1875–1955)
PA
084 !Associate
Justice
Sanford
000000001930-05-20-0000May 20, 1930
(Acclamation)
000000001930-06-02-0000June 2, 1930
–
July 31, 1945
(Resigned)
7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days

75

Benjamin N. Cardozo
(1870–1938)
NY
085 !Associate
Justice
Holmes
000000001932-02-24-0000February 24, 1932
(Acclamation)
000000001932-03-14-0000March 14, 1932
–
July 9, 1938
(Died)
7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days

76

Hugo Black
(1886–1971)
AL
086 !Associate
Justice[l]
Van Devanter
000000001937-08-17-0000August 17, 1937
(63–16)
000000001937-08-19-0000August 19, 1937
–
September 17, 1971
(Retired)
7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days
Franklin D. Roosevelt

77

Stanley Forman Reed
(1884–1980)
KY
087 !Associate
Justice
Sutherland
000000001938-01-25-0000January 25, 1938
(Acclamation)
000000001938-01-31-0000January 31, 1938
–
February 25, 1957
(Retired)
7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days

78

Felix Frankfurter
(1882–1965)
MA
088 !Associate
Justice
Cardozo
000000001939-01-17-0000January 17, 1939
(Acclamation)
000000001939-01-30-0000January 30, 1939
–
August 28, 1962
(Retired)
7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days

79

William O. Douglas
(1898–1980)
CT
089 !Associate
Justice
Brandeis
000000001939-04-04-0000April 4, 1939
(62–4)
000000001939-04-17-0000April 17, 1939
–
November 12, 1975
(Retired)
7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days

80

Frank Murphy
(1890–1949)
MI
090 !Associate
Justice
Butler
000000001940-01-16-0000January 16, 1940
(Acclamation)
000000001940-02-05-0000February 5, 1940
–
July 19, 1949
(Died)
7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days

73

Harlan F. Stone
(1872–1946)
NY
012 !Chief
Justice
Hughes
000000001941-06-27-0000June 27, 1941
(Acclamation)
000000001941-07-03-0000July 3, 1941
–
April 22, 1946
(Died)
7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days

81

James F. Byrnes
(1882–1972)
SC
091 !Associate
Justice
McReynolds
000000001941-06-12-0000June 12, 1941
(Acclamation)
000000001941-07-08-0000July 8, 1941
–
October 3, 1942
(Resigned)
7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days

82

Robert H. Jackson
(1892–1954)
NY
092 !Associate
Justice
Stone
000000001941-07-07-0000July 7, 1941
(Acclamation)
000000001941-07-11-0000July 11, 1941
–
October 9, 1954
(Died)
7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days

83

Wiley Blount Rutledge
(1894–1949)
IA
093 !Associate
Justice
Byrnes
000000001943-02-08-0000February 8, 1943
(Acclamation)
000000001943-02-15-0000February 15, 1943
–
September 10, 1949
(Died)
7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days

84

Harold Hitz Burton
(1888–1964)
OH
094 !Associate
Justice
O. Roberts
000000001945-09-19-0000September 19, 1945
(Acclamation)
000000001945-10-01-0000October 1, 1945
–
October 13, 1958
(Retired)
7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days
Harry S. Truman

85

Fred M. Vinson
(1890–1953)
KY
013 !Chief
Justice
Stone
000000001946-06-20-0000June 20, 1946
(Acclamation)
000000001946-06-24-0000June 24, 1946
–
September 8, 1953
(Died)
7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days

86

Tom C. Clark
(1899–1977)
TX
094 !Associate
Justice
Murphy
000000001949-08-18-0000August 18, 1949
(73–8)
000000001949-08-24-0000August 24, 1949
–
June 12, 1967
(Retired)
7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days

87

Sherman Minton
(1890–1965)
IN
095 !Associate
Justice
W. Rutledge
000000001949-10-04-0000October 4, 1949
(48–16)
000000001949-10-12-0000October 12, 1949
–
October 15, 1956
(Retired)
7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days

88

Earl Warren
(1891–1974)
CA
014 !Chief
Justice
Vinson
000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954
(Acclamation)
000000001953-10-05-0000October 5, 1953[e]
–
June 23, 1969
(Retired)
7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days
Dwight D. Eisenhower

89

John Marshall Harlan II
(1899–1971)
NY
096 !Associate
Justice
R. Jackson
000000001955-03-16-0000March 16, 1955
(71–11)
000000001955-03-28-0000March 28, 1955
–
September 23, 1971
(Retired)
7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days

90

William J. Brennan
(1906–1997)
NJ
097 !Associate
Justice
Minton
000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957
(Acclamation)
000000001956-10-16-0000October 16, 1956[e]
–
July 20, 1990
(Retired)
7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days

91

Charles Evans Whittaker
(1901–1973)
MO
098 !Associate
Justice
Reed
000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957
(Acclamation)
000000001957-03-25-0000March 25, 1957
–
March 31, 1962
(Resigned)
7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days

92

Potter Stewart
(1915–1985)
OH
099 !Associate
Justice
Burton
000000001959-05-05-0000May 5, 1959
(70–17)
000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958[e]
–
July 3, 1981
(Retired)
7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days

93

Byron White
(1917–2002)
CO
100 !Associate
Justice
Whittaker
000000001962-04-11-0000April 11, 1962
(Acclamation)
000000001962-04-16-0000April 16, 1962
–
June 28, 1993
(Retired)
7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days
John F. Kennedy

94

Arthur Goldberg
(1908–1990)
IL
101 !Associate
Justice
Frankfurter
000000001962-09-25-0000September 25, 1962
(Acclamation)
000000001962-10-01-0000October 1, 1962
–
July 25, 1965
(Resigned)
7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days

95

Abe Fortas
(1910–1982)
TN
102 !Associate
Justice
Goldberg
000000001965-08-11-0000August 11, 1965
(Acclamation)
000000001965-10-04-0000October 4, 1965
–
May 14, 1969
(Resigned)
7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days
Lyndon B. Johnson

96

Thurgood Marshall
(1908–1993)
NY
103 !Associate
Justice
Clark
000000001967-08-30-0000August 30, 1967
(69–11)
000000001967-10-02-0000October 2, 1967
–
October 1, 1991
(Retired)
7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days

97

Warren E. Burger
(1907–1995)
VA
015 !Chief
Justice
Warren
000000001969-06-09-0000June 9, 1969
(74–3)
000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969
–
September 26, 1986
(Retired)
7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days
Richard Nixon

98

Harry Blackmun
(1908–1999)
MN
104 !Associate
Justice
Fortas
000000001970-05-12-0000May 12, 1970
(94–0)
000000001970-06-09-0000June 9, 1970
–
August 3, 1994
(Retired)
7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days

99

Lewis F. Powell Jr.
(1907–1998)
VA
105 !Associate
Justice
Black
000000001971-12-06-0000December 6, 1971
(89–1)
000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]
–
June 26, 1987
(Retired)
7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days

100

William Rehnquist
(1924–2005)
AZ
106 !Associate
Justice
J. Harlan II
000000001971-12-10-0000December 10, 1971
(68–26)
000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]
–
September 26, 1986
(Continued as chief justice)
7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days

101

John Paul Stevens
(born 1920)
IL
107 !Associate
Justice[n]
Douglas
000000001975-12-17-0000December 17, 1975
(98–0)
000000001975-12-19-0000December 19, 1975
–
June 29, 2010
(Retired)
7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days
Gerald Ford

102

Sandra Day O'Connor
(born 1930)
AZ
108 !Associate
Justice
Stewart
000000001981-09-21-0000September 21, 1981
(99–0)
000000001981-09-25-0000September 25, 1981
–
January 31, 2006
(Retired)
7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days
Ronald Reagan

100

William Rehnquist
(1924–2005)
VA
016 !Chief
Justice
Burger
000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986
(65–33)
000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986
–
September 3, 2005
(Died)
7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days

103

Antonin Scalia
(1936–2016)
VA
109 !Associate
Justice
Rehnquist
000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986
(98–0)
000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986
–
February 13, 2016
(Died)
7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days

104

Anthony Kennedy
(born 1936)
CA
110 !Associate
Justice
Powell
000000001988-02-03-0000February 3, 1988
(97–0)
000000001988-02-18-0000February 18, 1988
–
Incumbent
7004110140000000000♠30 years, 56 days[o]

105

David Souter
(born 1939)
NH
110 !Associate
Justice
Brennan
000000001990-10-02-0000October 2, 1990
(90–9)
000000001990-10-09-0000October 9, 1990
–
June 29, 2009
(Retired)
7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days
George H. W. Bush

106

Clarence Thomas
(born 1948)
GA
111 !Associate
Justice
T. Marshall
000000001991-10-15-0000October 15, 1991
(52–48)
000000001991-10-23-0000October 23, 1991
–
Incumbent
7003967100000000000♠26 years, 174 days[o]

107

Ruth Bader Ginsburg
(born 1933)
NY
112 !Associate
Justice
B. White
000000001993-08-03-0000August 3, 1993
(96–3)
000000001993-08-10-0000August 10, 1993
–
Incumbent
7003901400000000000♠24 years, 248 days[o]
Bill Clinton

108

Stephen Breyer
(born 1938)
MA
113 !Associate
Justice
Blackmun
000000001994-07-29-0000July 29, 1994
(87–9)
000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994
–
Incumbent
7003865600000000000♠23 years, 255 days[o]

109

John Roberts
(born 1955)
MD
017 !Chief
Justice
Rehnquist
000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005
(78–22)
000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005
–
Incumbent
7003458100000000000♠12 years, 198 days[o]
George W. Bush

110

Samuel Alito
(born 1950)
NJ
115 !Associate
Justice
O'Connor
000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006
(58–42)
000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006
–
Incumbent
7003445700000000000♠12 years, 74 days[o]

111

Sonia Sotomayor
(born 1954)
NY
116 !Associate
Justice
Souter
000000002009-08-06-0000August 6, 2009
(68–31)
000000002009-08-08-0000August 8, 2009
–
Incumbent
7003317200000000000♠8 years, 250 days[o]
Barack Obama

112

Elena Kagan
(born 1960)
MA
117 !Associate
Justice
Stevens
000000002010-08-05-0000August 5, 2010
(63–37)
000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010
–
Incumbent
7003280800000000000♠7 years, 251 days[o]

113

Neil Gorsuch
(born 1967)
CO
118 !Associate
Justice
Scalia
000000002017-04-07-0000April 7, 2017
(54–45)
000000002017-04-10-0000April 10, 2017
–
Incumbent
7002370000000000000♠1 year, 5 days[o]
Donald Trump

Justice
State[c]
Position
Replacing
Date confirmed
(Vote)
Tenure
Tenure length
Appointed by

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Served on the Supreme Court twice, first as associate justice, and then, after a period of years off the Court, as chief justice.
^ Jump up to: a b c Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court. Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process.
^ Jump up to: a b State of residence at the time of appointment. For example, in 1971, Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona, but in 1986, when elevated to chief justice, he was appointed from Virginia.[22]
Jump up ^ The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed judicial oath of office, with the end date being the date of the justice's death, resignation, or retirement.[21]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Recess appointment
Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate. Rutledge remains the only "recess appointed" justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate.
Jump up ^ Was impeached, but not convicted, and remained in office.
Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, May 19 – July 11, 1921.
Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, February 3–24, 1930.
^ Jump up to: a b While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date, their seniority (precedence) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions—Van Devanter received and accepted his first—in accordance with XIII Rev. Stat. 9 § 674.
Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, June 30 – July 3, 1941.
Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, April 22 – June 24, 1946, and again, under 62 Stat. 869, September 8 – October 5, 1953.
^ Jump up to: a b While Lewis Powell and William Rehnqust were sworn in as associate justice on the same date, their seniority (precedence) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions—Powell received and accepted his first—in accordance with accordance with 62 Stat. 869.
Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869, September 3–29, 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i As of April 15, 2018.

tag: ol

text: Timelines[edit]

text: All justices[edit]

text: This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court. Information regarding each justice's predecessors, successors and fellow justices, as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned (and comparisons betwen justices drawn) from it. Additionally, The progression of presidents, along with the number of justices each nominated, is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context. Regarding the associate justice seat numbers, due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789, two of the ten seats chronicled below—"Seat 7" and "Seat 5"—have been abolished, both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866.

text: Current justices[edit]

text: This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current Supreme Court justice's tenure on the Court.


document_title: Pakistan at the Olympics

question_text: how many medals did pakistan win in olympics 2016

text: Pakistan at the Olympics

text: Participation & Medal tables[edit]

text: Summer Olympics[edit]

text:
Games
Athletes
Athletes by sport
Medals
Total
Rank

1900–1936
as part of  India (IND)

 1948 London
39[1]
5
3
2
19

4
2
4

-
-
-
0[1]
–

 1952 Helsinki
44[2]
16[2]
4
2
18

1
2
1
1

-
-
-
0[2]
–

 1956 Melbourne
62[3]
19[3]
6
4
18[3]

2
3
3
6

-
1[3]
-
1[3]
31

 1960 Rome
49[4]
12[4]
4
2
18

4

2
7

1[4]
-
1[4]
2[4]
20

 1964 Tokyo
41
6
4[5]
4[5]
18

5

1[5]
6

-
1[5]
-
1[5]
30

 1968 Mexico City
20[6]

18[6]

2[6]

1[6]
-
-
1[6]
29

 1972 Munich
25
5
2[7]

18

1[7]
2[7]

-
1[7]
-
1[7]
33

 1976 Montreal
24
2[8]
2

16

2
2

-
-
1[8]
1[8]
37

 1980 Moscow
did not participate

 1984 Los Angeles
29
3[9]
4[9]

16
6[9]

2[9]

1[9]
-
-
1[9]
25

 1988 Seoul
31
7
2[10]

16
2[10]
1[10]

3[10]

-
-
1[10]
1[10]
46

 1992 Barcelona
27
4
4

16
2[11]

1[11]

-
-
1[11]
1[11]
54

 1996 Atlanta
24[12]
2[12]
4[12]

16[12]

1[12]

1[12]

-
-
-
0[12]
-

 2000 Sydney
27[13]
2[13]
4[13]

16[13]
3[13]

1[13]
1[13]

-
-
-
0[13]
-

 2004 Athens
26[14]
2[14]
5[14]

16[14]

1[14]
2[14]

-
-
-
0[14]
-

 2008 Beijing
21
2

16

1
2

-
-
-
0
-

 2012 London
21
2

16

1
2

-
-
-
0
-

 2016 Rio de Janeiro
7[15]
2[15]

2[15]
2[15]

1[15]
-
-
-
0
-

 2020 Tokyo
future event

 2024 Paris

 2028 Los Angeles

Total
3
3
4
10

text: Winter Olympics[edit]

text:
Games
Athletes
Athletes by sport
Medals
Total
Rank

1924–2006
did not participate

 2010 Vancouver
1
1
0
-
-
-
0
-

 2014 Sochi
1
1
0
-
-
-
0
-

 2018 Pyeongchang
2[16]
1[16]
1[16]
-
-
-
0

-

 2022 Beijing
future event

Total
0
0
0
0

text: Medals by sport[edit]

text:
Medals by sport

Sport
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Rank

 Field hockey
3
3
2
8
6

 Wrestling
0
0
1
1
53

 Boxing
0
0
1
1
67

Total
3
3
4
10
70[17]

text: List of medalists[edit]

text:
Medal
Name
Games
Sport
Event

02 ! Silver
Men's field hockey team

Abdul Rashid
Akhtar Hussain
Munir Dar
Ghulam Rasul
Anwar Khan
Habib Ali Kiddie
Latif-ur-Rehman
Manzoor Hussain Atif
Motiullah
Naseer Bunda
Noor Alam
Khursheed Aslam
Abdul Waheed
Mushtaq Ahmad
Zakir Hussain
 1956 Melbourne
 Field hockey
Men's tournament

01 ! Gold
Men's field hockey team

Abdul Hamid
Rashid Abdul
Abdul Waheed
Bashir Ahmad
Ghulam Rasul
Anwar Khan
Khursheed Aslam
Habib Ali Kiddie
Manzoor Hussain Atif
Mushtaq Ahmad
Motiullah
Naseer Bunda
Noor Alam
Munir Dar
 1960 Rome
 Field hockey
Men's tournament

03 ! Bronze
Bashir, MohammadMohammad Bashir
 1960 Rome
 Wrestling
Men's freestyle welterweight

02 ! Silver
Men's field hockey team

Abdul Hamid
Muhammad Asad Malik
Munir Dar
Mahmood Khalid
Anwar Khan
Nawaz Khizar
Azam Khurshid
Muhammad Manna
Manzoor Hussain Atif
Mohammed Rashid
Motiullah
Tariq Niazi
Saeed Anwar
Aziz Tariq
Hayat Zafar
Uddin Zaka
 1964 Tokyo
 Field hockey
Men's tournament

01 ! Gold
Men's field hockey team

Abdul Rasheed
Jahangir Butt
Tanvir Dar
Gulraiz Akhtar
Khalid Mahmood
Muhammad Asad Malik
Mohammad Ashfaq
Tariq Niazi
Riaz Ahmad
Riazuddin
Saeed Anwar
Tariq Aziz
Zakir Hussain
 1968 Mexico City
 Field hockey
Men's tournament

02 ! Silver
Men's field hockey team

Rashid Abdul
Akhtar Rasool
Ul Akhtar
Jahangir Butt
Ur Fazal
Islahuddin Siddique
Muhammad Asad Malik
Shahnaz Sheikh
Munawwaruz Zaman
Ahmad Riaz
Saeed Anwar
Saleem Sherwani
Iftikar Syed
Mudassar Syed
Zahid Sheikh
 1972 Munich
 Field hockey
Men's tournament

03 ! Bronze
Men's field hockey team

Rashid Abdul
Akhtar Rasool
Mahmood Arshad
Arshad Chaudhry
Khan Haneef
Islahuddin Siddique
Samiullah Khan
Hassan Manzoor
Manzoor Hussain
Munawwaruz Zaman
Zia Qamar
Nazim Salim
Shahnaz Sheikh
Saleem Sherwani
Iftikar Syed
Mudassar Syed
 1976 Montreal
 Field hockey
Men's tournament

01 ! Gold
Men's field hockey team

Syed Ghulam Moinuddin
Qasim Zia
Nasir Ali
Abdul Rashid Al-Hasan
Ayaz Mahmood
Naeem Akhtar
Kalimullah Khan
Manzoor Hussain
Hassan Sardar
Hanif Khan
Khalid Hamid
Shahid Ali Khan
Tauqeer Dar
Ishtiaq Ahmed
Saleem Sherwani
Mushtaq Ahmad
 1984 Los Angeles
 Field hockey
Men's tournament

03 ! Bronze
Hussain Shah, SyedSyed Hussain Shah
 1988 Seoul
 Boxing
Men's middleweight

03 ! Bronze
Men's field hockey team

Saeed Anjum
Hasan Farhat
Khalid Bashir
Muhammad Khawaja
Mansoor Ahmed
Asif Bajwa
Ikhlaq Muhammad
Mohammad Khalid Sr
Qamar Muhammad
Hussain Musaddaq
Rana Mujahid
Shahbaz Ahmed
Muhammad Shahbaz
Shahid Ali Khan
Tahir Zaman
Wasim Feroz
 1992 Barcelona
 Field hockey
Men's tournament

text: Pakistan Field Hockey team at the Olympics[edit]

text:
Games
Ranking

 1948 London
4th (semi-final)

 1952 Helsinki
4th (semi-final)

 1956 Melbourne
02 ! Silver

 1960 Rome
01 ! Gold

 1964 Tokyo
02 ! Silver

 1968 Mexico City
01 ! Gold

 1972 Munich
02 ! Silver

 1976 Montreal
03 ! Bronze

 1980 Moscow
US-led boycott

 1984 Los Angeles
01 ! Gold

 1988 Seoul
5th

 1992 Barcelona
03 ! Bronze

 1996 Atlanta
6th

 2000 Sydney
4th (semi-final)

 2004 Athens
5th

 2008 Beijing
8th

 2012 London
7th

 2016 Rio de Janeiro
Did not qualify

text: Milestones[edit]

text:
First medal :  1956 Melbourne, 02 ! Silver, National field hockey team
First gold medal :  1960 Rome, National field hockey team
First individual medal :  1960 Rome, 03 ! Bronze, Mohammad Bashir, Wrestling
Most medals :

Munir Dar, 1956-64 (3) National field hockey team
Anwar Khan, 1956-64 (3) National field hockey team
Motiullah, 1956-64 (3) National field hockey team
Saeed Anwar, 1964-72 (3) National field hockey team

text: Best Performances (Athletics)[edit]

text:
1952 Helsinki : Men's 4 x 100 metres relay (Semi-final) Muhammad Aslam, Abdul Aziz, Muhammad Shariff Butt, Muhammad Fazil
 1956 Melbourne : Men's 100 metres: Abdul Khaliq (Semi-final) - 4th in Semifinal heat
 1956 Melbourne : Men's 200 metres: Abdul Khaliq (Semi-final) - 4th in Semifinal heat - Stands in top seven athletes Fastest overall qualifying time in First and second Rounds heats in 1956
 1956 Melbourne : Men's 110 metres hurdles: Ghulam Raziq (Semi-final)
 1956 Melbourne : Men's 4 x 100 metres relay Abdul Aziz, Muhammad Sharif Butt, Abdul Khaliq, Ghulam Raziq (Semi-final)
 1960 Rome : Men's 110 metres hurdles: Ghulam Raziq (Semi-final) - 4th in Semifinal heat
 1960 Rome : Men's 4 x 100 metres relay (Semi-final) Abdul Malik, Muhammad Ramzan Ali, Ghulam Raziq, Abdul Khaliq
 1988 Seoul : Men's 4 × 400 metres relay (Semi-final) Bashir Ahmed, Mohammad Sadaqat, Mohammad Afzal, Muhammad Fayyaz

text: Medal drought 1996 onwards[edit]

text: Pakistan has not won a medal in the last 6 Olympics up to and including  2016 Rio de Janeiro, leading to a medal drought of 24 years. In each of the following Olympics, Pakistan was the most populated nation to not win at least one medal.

text:
1996 Atlanta
 2000 Sydney
 2004 Athens
 2008 Beijing
 2012 London
 2016 Rio de Janeiro