document_title: Worst Cooks in America

question_text: who won season 13 of worst cooks in america

text: Worst Cooks in America

text: History[edit]

text: The show premiered on January 3, 2010. The show was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1. MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2, followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3–5. On November 20, 2014, a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Burrell to host Season 6, to debut on January 4, 2015. Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4–5. Rachael Ray and Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition, which premiered September 23, 2015. During the finale of Season 7, a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence.

text: Season 1: 2010[edit]

text: Chefs Beau MacMillan and Anne Burrell lead an intense culinary boot camp. They have six recruits each, and every week they must eliminate one recruit from each of their teams until there is only one from each team left. The final two create a three-course meal to fool a panel of restaurant critics into believing that the meal was created by the acclaimed chefs.

text: Recruits[edit]

text: Twelve chefs competed in the first season of Worst Cooks in America. Hometowns and occupations are available from the Food Network website.[3][4] Chef Anne's team was known as the Red Team and Chef Beau's team was known as the Blue Team.

text:
Contestant

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Status

Rachel Coleman

23

Brooklyn, New York

Marketing Website editor

Winner February 1

Jennifer "Jenny" Cross

21

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Waitress

Runner-up February 1

Jennifer "Jen" Vecchio

38

Cumberland, Rhode Island

Dance Studio Owner

Eliminated January 31

Eddie Chang

32

Jersey City, New Jersey

IT project manager

Marque Hernandez

41

Brea, California

Director of Clinical Operations

Eliminated January 24

Rebecca Hooper

43

Sandy, Utah

Salon Owner

Sophia Gettys

27

Aurora, Colorado

Stay-at-home Mom

Eliminated January 17

Susie Shoman

53

Georgetown, South Carolina

Grants administrator and entrepreneur

Kelly Johnson

31

Scottsdale, Arizona

Corporate litigation attorney

Eliminated January 10

David Summey

29

Charlotte, North Carolina

Salesman

Wilhelmina Josephine

29

Aliso Viejo, California

Insurance claims adjuster

Eliminated January 3

Hamed Hamad

24

North Hollywood, California

Journalist and fashion consultant

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank

Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6

1

Rachel

IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM 4
WIN
WINNER

2

Jenny*

IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM 4
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Jen

IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

4

Eddie

BTM 4
WIN
BTM 4
BTM 4
IN
WIN
OUT

5

Marque

WIN
WIN
BTM 4
BTM 4
IN
OUT

6

Rebecca

WIN
BTM 4
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

7

Sophia*

IN
IN
IN
OUT

8

Susie

IN
BTM 4
IN
OUT

9

Kelly

IN
OUT

10

David

BTM 4
OUT

11

Wilhelmina

OUT

12

Hamed

OUT

text: Season 2: 2011[edit]

text: Casting for season 2 of Worst Cooks in America was held at the LA Marriott Burbank Airport, Hotel & Convention Center on March 27, 2010.[5] The Food Network also began accepting online video applications for season 2.[6] Food Network's website announced that Robert Irvine would replace Beau MacMillan for season 2. Season 2 debuted on January 2, 2011.[7] In this season the chefs had eight recruits each.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Status

Joshie Berger

36

Brooklyn, New York

Attorney

Winner February 20

Georgann "Georg" Coleman

38

Chicago, Illinois

Speech pathologist

Runner-up February 20

Carlos Manuel

28

Atlanta, Georgia

Banker

Eliminated February 13

Kelsey Milos

22

Kings, Illinois

Hair stylist

Kat Rose

37

Newnan, Georgia

Stay-at-home mother

Eliminated February 6

Tyrone "Ty" Miller

33

Trenton, New Jersey

Property manager

Jennifer "Jen" MacLean

43

Sparta, New Jersey

Operating room nurse

Eliminated January 30

Kelly Gray

32

New York, New York

Aerobics instructor

Erika Rumsey

27

Elgin, Illinois

Account manager

Eliminated January 23

Anna Altomari

44

Aliso Viejo, California

RN Case manager

Priscilla Harden

60

Sugar Land, Texas

Retired teacher

Eliminated January 16

Matt Crespi

24

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

PhD Student

Anthony Scinto

32

Crestwood, Illinois

Mechanical engineer

Eliminated January 9

Jeff Longcor

25

Somerville, Massachusetts

Environmental contractor

Lina Yu

28

Arcadia, California

Production manager

Eliminated January 2

Eric Ricupero

34

Quincy, Massachusetts

Bar owner

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Episode

Rank

Contestant

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1

Joshie

IN

IN

IN

WIN

WIN

9th

IN

IN

BTM

BTM

IN

WINNER

2

Georg

IN

WIN

IN

IN

IN

WIN

IN

WIN

BTM

WIN

WIN

RUNNER-UP

3

Carlos

IN

IN

WIN

WIN

IN

6th

WIN

WIN

WIN

WIN

OUT

4

Kelsey*

WIN

IN

IN

WIN

BTM

2nd

BTM

IN

WIN

IN

OUT

5

Kat*

WIN

IN

BTM

IN

IN

BTM

BTM

BTM

OUT

6

Ty

IN

IN

IN

IN

BTM

3rd

IN

BTM

OUT

7

Jen

IN

BTM

IN

WIN

IN

7th

IN

OUT

8

Kelly

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

5th

WIN

OUT

9

Erika

BTM

WIN

IN

WIN

IN

8th

OUT

10

Anna

IN

IN

IN

IN

WIN

4th

OUT

11

Priscilla

IN

IN

BTM

WIN

OUT

12

Matt

BTM

IN

WIN

IN

OUT

13

Anthony

IN

IN

OUT

14

Jeff

IN

BTM

OUT

15

Lina

OUT

16

Eric

OUT

text: Differences between seasons 1 and 2[edit]

text: In the first episode, a group of selected novice cooks were to prepare a dish from scratch so the chefs would get an idea of how poor their skills were. After tasting all the items, the chefs took turns picking team members for their rival chef. The first season started off with 24 novice cooks but only the worst 12 were chosen for a team. In the second season, the first episode began with 16 amateurs and all took part for the remainder of that episode.

text: In the penultimate episode of the season, the remaining four recruits learned and replicated a dessert. After this, in the first season, the recruits had to instruct a group of high school students how to replicate the dessert recipe. In the second one, the recruits were assigned the dessert to serve after both chefs, and a special guest enjoyed a main dish.

text: After learning and replicating a dessert, the recruits had to prepare a meal for both chefs and a surprise guest, usually a spouse or other family member. The first season’s main dishes were an improved version of the recruits’ audition meal. The special guests in the second season got to choose what they wanted the students to make them.

text: Two recruits remained in the final episode and had to prepare an appetizer, main dish, and dessert for a panel of three food critics. The critics in season 1 thought that the final meal was prepared by the chefs until after they sampled all the courses. In season 2, the critics learned their meal was prepared by the recruits immediately after entering the restaurant.

text: Season 3: 2012[edit]

text: Anne Burrell and Bobby Flay hosted season 3 replacing Robert Irvine.[8][9]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Status

Kelli Powers

40

Los Angeles, California

Stay-at-home mother

Winner April 1

Vinnie Caligiuri

47

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Mortgage broker

Runner-up April 1

Melissa Rhodes

28

Naples, Florida

Nursing Student

Eliminated March 25

David Shelton

26

Longview, Texas

Unemployed

Tiffany Michelle

27

Los Angeles, California

Poker player and actress

Eliminated March 18

Dorothy Strouhal

38

Cove, Texas

Make-up artist

Anthony Schiano

33

Massapequa, New York

Mechanical engineer

Eliminated March 11

Benjamin Dennis

37

Dallas, Texas

Stay-at-home father

Quit March 11

Sean "Bennett" Bennett

36

New York City

Automotive Spokesperson

Eliminated March 4

Sarina Weeraprajuk

31

West Covina, California

Wedding photographer

Erica Weidner

53

Long Beach, New York

Court Reporter Student

Eliminated February 26

Robert "Bob" Tamke

44

Massapequa Park, New York

DJ

Sherrill Moss-Solomon

55

New York, New York

Fundraiser

Eliminated February 19

Rachel Margolin

31

New York, New York

Night Club Promoter

Richard Chen

55

Queens, New York

Attorney

Eliminated February 12

Libby Floyd

46

Eden Prairie, Minnesota

ShopNBC host[10]

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank

Contestant
Episode

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

Kelli

WIN

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

BTM

WIN

BTM

WIN

WIN

WIN

WIN

WINNER

2

Vinnie

IN

WIN

WIN

IN

IN

IN

WIN

IN

BTM

IN

WIN

WIN

WIN

RUNNER-UP

3

Melissa1

IN

IN

IN

IN/SWAP

IN

IN

IN

WIN

WIN

IN

BTM

IN

OUT

4

David1

IN

IN

IN

BTM/SWAP

IN

IN

WIN

WIN

IN

WIN

BTM

IN

OUT

5

Tiffany

WIN

IN

IN

WIN

IN

BTM

BTM

IN

BTM

IN

OUT

6

Dorothy

IN

IN

WIN

IN

BTM

WIN

IN

WIN

WIN

WIN

OUT

7

Anthony

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

WIN

OUT

8

Benjamin

IN

IN

IN

IN

WIN

WIN

IN

IN

QUIT

9

Bennett

IN

IN

BTM

BTM

WIN

BTM

OUT

10

Sarina

BTM

IN

IN

IN

BTM

IN

OUT

11

Erica

IN

IN

BTM

IN

OUT

12

Bob

IN

WIN

IN

IN

OUT

13

Sherrill

IN

BTM

OUT

14

Rachel

BTM

BTM

OUT

15

Richard

OUT

16

Libby

OUT

text: ^Note 1 : In Episode 3, Team Bobby (blue team) won the first challenge, he therefore got to choose one person from Team Anne (red team) to go to his team, and then choose one person from his team to go to the other team. He chose David to go to Team Anne's team and chose Melissa from Team Anne's team to join his team.

text: Season 4: 2013[edit]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Status

Alina Bolshakova

28

Riga, Latvia

Caretaker/Actress

Winner March 31

Rasheeda Brown

30

Germantown, Maryland

Correctional Officer

Runner-up March 31

Chet Pourciau

40

New Orleans, Louisiana

Interior Designer

Eliminated March 24

Suzanne "Sue" Mangogna

42

Northport, New York

Single Mother

Carla Johnson

47

Long Beach, California

Alcohol & Drug Counselor

Eliminated March 17

Michael Haydin

25

Rye Brook, New York

Accountant

Carrie Lee Riggins

32

Carmel, New York

Ballerina/Actress

Eliminated March 10

Crystal Lonneberg

30

Weehawken, New Jersey

Actress/Artist

Aadip Desai

36

Sacramento, California

Writer/Musician

Eliminated March 3

Alex Stein

26

Dallas, Texas

Bail Bondsman

Michael "Big Mike" Paul

24

Thomson, Georgia

Woodworker

Eliminated February 24

Robert "Dr. Bob" Schaefer

58

Pleasant Hill, California

Chiropractor

Tim Burger

42

Novi, Michigan

Former Marine

Eliminated February 17

Diana De Rosa

62

Huntington, New York

Photographer

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank

Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Alina

BTM

WIN

WIN

IN

IN

IN

WIN

WIN

WIN

IN

WIN

WINNER

2

Rasheeda

IN

IN

BTM

IN

IN

WIN

WIN

WIN

BTM

WIN

WIN

RUNNER-UP

3

Chet

WIN

IN

IN

IN

WIN

WIN

IN

WIN

BTM

IN

OUT

4

Sue

IN

IN

WIN

BTM

BTM

IN

BTM

IN

WIN

WIN

OUT

5

Carla

IN

IN

BTM

WIN

IN

BTM

BTM

WIN

OUT

6

Michael

WIN

IN

IN

BTM

WIN

IN

BTM

IN

OUT

7

Carrie Lee

IN

IN

IN

IN

BTM

IN

OUT

8

Crystal

IN

WIN

IN

IN

IN

BTM

OUT

9

Aadip

IN

IN

IN

IN

OUT

10

Alex

IN

IN

IN

IN

OUT

11

Mike

IN

BTM

OUT

12

Bob

BTM

BTM

OUT

13

Tim

OUT

14

Diana

OUT

text: Season 5: 2014[edit]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Status

Amber Brauner

37

Redlands, California

Tattoo Artist

Winner March 31

Jamie Thomas

41

New York, New York

Flight Attendant

Runner-up March 31

Daniel "Danny" Beyda

43

Long Island, New York

Radiologist

Eliminated March 24

Mike Glazer

30

Chicago, Illinois

Writer

Carie Pullano-Keller

34

Chester, Virginia

Promotional Model

Eliminated March 17

Stephanie St. Aubin

26

Washington, DC

Secretary

Danielle Ruiz-Wiley

25

Staten Island, New York

Stay at Home Mom

Eliminated March 10

Carol Holder

64

New York, New York

Real Estate Broker

Joe Slaughter

28

Los Angeles, California

Actor/Dancer

Eliminated March 3

Ken Hsu

29

Seattle, Washington

Personal Trainer

Lance Green

31

New York, New York

Music Producer

Eliminated February 24

Benjamin "Benji" Hunter Brown III

29

Nashville, Tennessee

Live Music Booking Agent

Muneerah Warner

33

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Abstinence Advisor

Eliminated February 16

Casey Pentony

26

Hollywood, California

Nurse

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank

Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4

5
6
7

1

Amber

WIN

IN

IN

IN

WIN

WIN

BTM

IN

WIN

IN

WIN

WINNER

2

Jamie

WIN

IN

WIN

BTM

IN

IN

WIN

WIN

WIN

WIN

WIN

RUNNER-UP

3

Danny

IN

IN

BTM

IN

IN

WIN

WIN

WIN

BTM

IN

OUT

4

Mike

IN

IN

IN

WIN

WIN

IN

IN

IN

BTM

WIN

OUT

5

Carie1

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

BTM

IN

OUT

6

Stephanie1

IN

IN

BTM

IN

IN

WIN

IN

IN

OUT

7

Danielle

IN

WIN

IN

IN

BTM

WIN

OUT

8

Carol

IN

WIN

IN

BTM

BTM

IN

OUT

9

Joe

IN

IN

WIN

WIN

OUT

10

Ken

IN

IN

IN

IN

OUT

11

Lance

BTM

IN

OUT

12

Benji

BTM

IN

OUT

13

Muneerah

OUT

14

Casey

OUT

text: ^Note 1 : In Episode 3 Team Anne (red team) won the first challenge, she therefore got to choose one person from Team Bobby (blue team) to go to her team, and then chose one person from her team to go to the other team. She chose Stephanie to go to Team Bobby's team and chose Carie from Team Bobby's team to join her team.

text: Season 6: 2015[edit]

text: Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host seasons 6, replacing Bobby Flay after 3 seasons. The season premiered on January 4, 2015 to 2,123,000 viewers.[11] The second episode was lower at 1,456,000 viewers,[12] with the third episode rising to 1,732,000 viewers[13] and the fourth episode reached 1,689,000 viewers.[14] the 5th episode reached 1,634,000 viewers. The sixth episode received 1.55 million viewers.[15]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Status

Kristen Redmond

25

Austin, Texas

Singer/Songwriter

Winner February 15

Genique Freeman

33

Fayetteville, North Carolina

Esthetician

Runner-up February 15

Leopold "Leo" Nunan

36

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Performance Artist

Eliminated February 8

Sarah Bettendorf

33

Los Angeles, California

Art Teacher

Norman Wilson

46

Detroit, Michigan

Executive Protection

Eliminated February 1

Sharif Dean

27

Los Angeles, California

Personal Trainer

David Eric Rosenberg

51

Las Vegas, Nevada

Theatre Usher

Eliminated January 25

Kortni Montgomery

25

New Orleans, Louisiana

Customer Service Rep

Michael "Six" Muldoon

25

Queens, New York

Magician

Eliminated January 18

Mike Kennedy

45

Scottsdale, Arizona

Private Investigator

Stephanie Streisand*

25

Los Angeles, California

Writer

Withdrew January 11

Susie Babin

61

Bush, Louisiana

Retired

Eliminated January 11

Jason Dixon

30

Chicago, Illinois

Artist

Eliminated January 5

Christina Oster

38

Zion, Illinois

Single Mom

text: Contestant Stephanie Streisand was deemed too ill to continue on January 11

tag: ul

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank

Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Kristen

IN

WIN

WIN

IN

IN

WIN

BTM

IN

WIN

WIN

WIN

WINNER

2

Genique

IN

IN

WIN

IN

IN

WIN

IN

IN

WIN

WIN

WIN

RUNNER-UP

3

Leo

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

WIN

IN

BTM

WIN

OUT

4

Sarah

WIN

IN

IN

BTM

BTM

IN

WIN

WIN

BTM

WIN

OUT

5

Norman

WIN

IN

IN

IN

BTM

IN

IN

WIN

OUT

6

Sharif

IN

WIN

BTM

WIN

IN

IN

BTM

IN

OUT

7

David

BTM

IN

BTM

IN

WIN

BTM

OUT

8

Kortni

BTM

IN

BTM

BTM

WIN

BTM

OUT

9

Six

IN

IN

IN

IN

OUT

10

Mike

IN

BTM

IN

IN

OUT

11

Stephanie

IN

IN

WDR

12

Susie

IN

BTM

OUT

13

Jason

OUT

14

Christina

OUT

text: Season 7: Celebrity Edition[edit]

text: Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 7. The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity. Because this season had only 7 total recruits, each team's worst recruit from that week's Main Dish challenge competed head to head in a quickfire elimination challenge instead of eliminating both recruits each week. This challenge involved more basic cooking techniques (e.g. knife skills) and the winner would be decided by a blind judging from both Anne and Rachael. The winning recruit stayed in the competition while the losing recruit was eliminated.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant

Age

Occupation

Status

Jenni "JWoww" Farley

29

Reality Television Star

Winner October 28

Kendra Wilkinson

30

Former Playboy Model & Television Personality

Runner-up October 28

Ellen Cleghorne

49

Saturday Night Live Actress

Eliminated October 21

Barry Williams

60

The Brady Bunch Actor

Eliminated October 14

Chris Soules

33

The Bachelor Star

Eliminated October 7

Jaleel White

38

Actor, Television Host

Eliminated September 30

Dean Cain

48

Television Actor

Eliminated September 23

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank

Contestant
Episode

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

Jenni

IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
WINNER

2

Kendra

IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
BTM
RUNNER-UP

3

Ellen

WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
OUT

4

Barry

BTM
BTM
WIN
OUT

5

Chris

WIN
IN
OUT

6

Jaleel

IN
OUT

7

Dean

OUT

text: Season 8: 2016[edit]

text: Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 8.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Status

Nick Slater

24

Rancho Cucamonga, California

Construction Worker

Winner February 14

Lawrence Crawford

26

Deptford, New Jersey

Army Combat Medic

Runner-up February 14

Ginny Meerman

50

Millersville, Maryland

Project Supervisor

Eliminated February 7

Taylor Hooper

24

Boston, Massachusetts

Marine Veteran

Holgie Forrester

66

Twentynine Palms, California

Retired/Actress

Eliminated January 31

Chanda Havard

36

Chicago, Illinois

Real Estate Agent

Donna Koen

60

Newburyport, Massachusetts

Lunch Lady & Hairdresser

Eliminated January 24

Rachel Thomas

27

Tampa, Florida

Stay-at-Home Wife

Ernie Adkins

44

Mardela Springs, Maryland

Truck driver

Eliminated January 17

Glenda Galeano

40

Miami, Florida

Event Coordinator/Actress

Ty Snow

39

Pasadena, California

Special Education Teacher

Eliminated January 10

Cindy Nguyen

28

Las Vegas, Nevada

Bartender

David Fouts

42

Wales, Wisconsin

Senior Project Manager

Eliminated January 4

Jeni Erdman

51

Dousman, Wisconsin

Group Tour Coordinator

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank

Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Nick

WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
TIE
WIN
WINNER

2

Lawrence

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Ginny

WIN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
TIE
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

4

Taylor

IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
TIE
OUT

5

Holgie

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
TIE
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Chanda

BTM
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

7

Donna

IN
BTM
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
OUT

8

Rachel

BTM
IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
BTM
OUT

9

Ernie

IN
BTM
IN
IN
OUT

10

Glenda

IN
BTM
BTM
BTM
OUT

11

Ty

IN
IN
OUT

12

Cindy

IN
IN
OUT

13

David

OUT

14

Jeni

OUT

text: Season 9: Celebrity Edition 2[edit]

text: Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 2 of the Celebrity Edition. The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity. The season premiered on September 14, 2016 to 1,185,000 viewers.[16]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant

Age

Occupation

Status

Loni Love

44

The Real Co-Host & Comedian

Winner November 2

Nicole Sullivan

46

Former MadTV Star, Comedian, & Actress

Runner-up November 2

John Henson

49

Former Talk Soup & Wipeout host

Eliminated October 26

Mike Situation Sorrentino

34

Reality Television Personality

Matt Dallas

33

Television Actor & YouTube Personality

Eliminated October 19

Mindy Cohn

50

The Facts of Life & Scooby-Doo Actress

Eliminated October 12

Tommy Davidson

52

Comedian & Actor

Eliminated September 28

Barbara Eden

85

Film & Television Actress (I Dream of Jeannie & Harper Valley P.T.A.)

Eliminated September 21

Kenya Moore

45

Miss USA 1993 & The Real Housewives of Atlanta Star

Eliminated September 14

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank

Contestant
Episode

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

Loni

IN
IN
TIE
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WINNER

2

Nicole

IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
IN
RUNNER-UP

3

John

WIN
WIN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
OUT

4

Mike

IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
OUT

5

Matt

WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
OUT

6

Mindy

IN
IN
TIE
BTM
OUT

7

Tommy

IN
IN
OUT

8

Barbara

BTM
OUT

9

Kenya

OUT

text: Season 10: 2017[edit]

text: Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 10. The season premiered on January 1, 2017.[17]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Status

Daniel Mar

35

Burbank, California

Photographer

Winner March 5

Ann Odogwu

34

Houston, Texas

Flight Attendant

Runner-Up March 5

Laura Docker

36

Fort Worth, Texas

Lawyer

Eliminated February 26

Mandy Thornton

24

Hanover, Massachusetts

Medical Assistant

Adam Cooke

32

Rancho Cucamonga, California

Auto Mechanic

Eliminated February 19

Brittany Lenore

27

Chicago, Illinois

Spiritual Speaker

Jeff West

36

Douglassville, Pennsylvania

Vending Machine President

Eliminated February 12

Kayla Kurtz

27

Kent, Ohio

Stay-at-Home Mom

Eliminated January 29

Maria Marcello

40

Torrance, California

Stay-at-Home Mom

Matt Josephs

35

Richmond, Virginia

Sports Radio Producer

Eliminated January 22

Jake Michaels

21

Manteno, Illinois

Model & Singer

Eliminated January 15

Jetta Linda Ostrofsky

66

Sacramento, California

Retired

Stephen Hawkins

67

Temecula, California

Retired

Eliminated January 8

Buffy Mykkanen

29

Portland, Oregon

Tech Support

Cedrick Miller

22

El Paso, Texas

Cashier

Eliminated January 1

Lester Turchin

65

Fort Lauderdale, Florida

Retired

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank

Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1

Daniel

IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WINNER

2

Ann

WIN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
SAVE
IN
IN
RUNNER-UP

3

Mandy

IN
IN
IN
TIE
IN
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

Laura

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
WIN
WIN
IN
OUT

5

Brittany

WIN
IN
IN
TIE
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
OUT

6

Adam

IN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

7

Jeff

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

8

Maria

IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
OUT

9

Kayla

IN
IN
IN
TIE
SAVE
OUT

10

Matt

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

11

Jetta

IN
IN
BTM
OUT

12

Jake

BTM
IN
IN
OUT

13

Stephen

BTM
IN
OUT

14

Buffy

IN
IN
OUT

15

Cedrick

OUT

16

Lester

OUT

text: In Episode 6, Both Chef Anne and Chef Rachael decided not to send anyone from their teams home.

text: Season 11: Celebrity Edition 3[edit]

text: Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition. The season premiered on August 23, 2017.[18][19]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant

Age

Occupation

Status

Perez Hilton

39

Gossip Blogger

Winner October 11

Melissa Peterman

46

Actress & Comedienne

Runner-up October 11

Nora Dunn

65

Actress & Comedienne

Eliminated October 4

Vivica A. Fox

53

Actress

Eliminated October 4

Sean Lowe

33

Reality Star

Eliminated September 27

Carmen Electra

45

Model & Actress

Withdrew September 13 due to injuries

Carson Kressley

47

TV Personality

Eliminated September 6

Erik Estrada

68

Star of CHiPs

Eliminated August 30

text: •Note: Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20. In Episode 7, airing on October 4, both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill. Vivica won the drill, re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge.

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank

Contestant

Episode

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

Perez

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

WIN

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

WIN

WINNER

2

Melissa

IN

WIN

IN

WIN

WIN

IN

SAVE

IN

BTM

IN

IN

IN

WIN

RUNNER-UP

3

Nora

SAVE

TIE

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

BTM

IN

OUT

4

Vivica

IN

IN

IN

IN

WIN

TIE

SAVE

IN

OUT

RTN

OUT

5

Sean

IN

IN

IN

IN

BTM

TIE

IN

IN

IN

IN

OUT

6

Carmen

BTM

IN

BTM

WIN

IN

WDR

7

Carson

IN

TIE

WIN

IN

OUT

8

Erik

IN

TIE

OUT

text: Season 12: 2018[edit]

text: Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 12.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Status

Hazell Mckenzie

36

Brooklyn, New York

Graduate Student

Winner March 11

Steven Crowley

31

New York, New York

Real Estate Broker

Runner-Up March 11

Asaf Goren

25

Los Angeles, California

Dancer

Eliminated March 4

Sharon Shvarzman

32

Staten Island, New York

Drag Performer

Shatima Ruffin

34

Hampton Roads, Virginia

Receptionist

Eliminated February 25

Lacey Stout

28

Collinsville, Oklahoma

Stay-at-Home Mom

Robyn Hayden

31

Charleston, South Carolina

Balloon Artist

Eliminated February 18

Brandon Arroyo

27

Cleveland, Ohio

Sports Reporter

Eliminated February 11

Spencer Nick

25

Chicago, Illinois

Graduate Student

Sylvia Jefferies

47

Charleston, South Carolina

Stay-at-Home Mom

Quit January 28

Lily Frey

63

Anaheim, California

Retired

Eliminated January 28

Skyler Nick

25

Chicago, Illinois

Graduate Student

Eliminated January 21

Priscilla Nguyen

26

Hattiesburg, Mississippi

Receptionist

Eliminated January 14

Kevin Pettice

24

Charlotte, North Carolina

Administrative Assistant

Kayrene Curtis

44

Rocky River, Ohio

Stay-at-Home Mom

Eliminated January 7

Jonathan Farhat

37

Livermore, California

Safety Professional

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank

Contestant

Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1

Hazell

WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WINNER

2

Steven

BTM
IN
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
TIE
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Sharon

WIN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
TIE
BTM
OUT

4

Asaf

IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
OUT

5

Lacey*

IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
OUT

6

Shatima

IN
IN
BTM
BTM
BTM
WIN
BTM
OUT

7

Robyn

IN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
OUT

8

Brandon

IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

9

Spencer*

BTM
IN
BTM
IN
BTM
OUT

10

Lily

IN
WIN
IN
OUT

11

Sylvia

IN
BTM
BTM
QUIT

12

Skyler

IN
BTM
OUT

13

Priscilla

IN
OUT

14

Kevin

IN
OUT

15

Jonathan

OUT

16

Kayrene

OUT

text: In episode 5, contestants Lacey and Spencer switch teams instead of being eliminated, Lacey on Chef Anne's Team and Spencer on Chef Tyler's team.

text: Season 13: Celebrity Edition 4[edit]

text: Tyler Florence returns with Anne Burrell to host season 4 of the Celebrity Edition. This is the first Celebrity Edition to not feature Rachael Ray as a judge. The season premiered on April 15, 2018.[20]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant

Age

Occupation

Status

La Toya Jackson

61

Singer & Icon

Winner May 20

Ian Ziering

53

Actor

Runner-Up May 20

Catherine Bach

64

The Dukes of Hazzard Star

Eliminated May 13

Oscar Nunez

59

The Office Star

Maria Bamford

48

Comedienne

Eliminated May 6

Nolan Gould

19

Modern Family Star

Eliminated April 29

Bronson Pinchot

58

Actor

Eliminated April 22

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank

Contestant

Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6

1

La Toya

WIN

WIN

WIN

WIN

WIN

WINNER

2

Ian

WIN

IN

WIN

WIN

WIN

RUNNER-UP

3

Catherine

IN

WIN

IN

BTM

OUT

4

Oscar

BTM

BTM

BTM

IN

OUT

5

Maria

IN

IN

IN

OUT

6

Nolan

SAVE

IN

OUT

7

Bronson

IN

OUT

text: Season 14: 2018[edit]

text: Robert Irvine joins Anne Burrell to host season 14.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Status

Bradley Garcia

22

Miami, Florida

Model

Winner September 24

Sarah Harris

23

Porum, Oklahoma

Equine Therapist

Runner-Up September 24

Janese Henry

30

Spring Lake, North Carolina

Stay-at-Home Mom

Eliminated September 24

Timmy Thok

29

New York, New York

Underwear Model

Carla Waddell

46

Alexandria, Virginia

Human Resources

Eliminated September 10

Frank Scuderi

40

Maple Shade, New Jersey

Operations Manager

Rudy Rehburg

30

Chicago, Illinois

Property Preservation Specialist

Eliminated September 3

Jessica Paulson

26

Oakley, California

EMT

Kimberly D. Worthy[A]

33

Atlanta, Georgia

Writer

Eliminated August 26

Copan Combs

30

Stillwater, Oklahoma

Academic Recruiter

Linda Martin

60

Somerville, Massachusetts

Retired

Eliminated August 19

Marcus Ellis

51

Queens, New York

Mental Health Counselor

Maryann Rapisarda

67

Valdosta, Georgia

Retired

Eliminated August 12

Robbie DeRaffele

30

Hackensack, New Jersey

Superman Impersonator

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank

Contestant

Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Bradley

IN

IN

WIN

WIN

WIN

IN

WINNER

2

Sarah

WIN

WIN

IN

BTM

WIN

IN

RUNNER-UP

3

Janese

IN

IN

BTM

WIN

BTM

IN

OUT

4

Timmy

IN

WIN

BTM

IN

BTM

IN

OUT

5

Carla

IN
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

6

Frank

WIN
IN
IN
BTM
OUT

7

Rudy

IN
BTM
IN
OUT

8

Jessica

IN
IN
IN
OUT

9

Kimberly

IN
BTM

OUT

10

Copan

BTM
IN

OUT

11

Linda

IN

OUT

12

Marcus

BTM

OUT

13

Maryann

OUT

14

Robbie

OUT

text: Judging records[edit]

text:
Judge

Wins

Losses

Anne Burrell

8

6

Bobby Flay

2

1

Rachael Ray

2

2

Tyler Florence

1

3

Beau MacMillan

0

1

Robert Irvine

1

1

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Kimberly D. Worthy previously competed on Worst Bakers in America.

tag: ol


document_title: 1959 FA Cup Final

question_text: who won the 1959 fa cup final beating luton town 2-1

root

text: 1959 FA Cup Final

text:
1959 FA Cup Final

Event
1958–59 FA Cup

Nottingham Forest
Luton Town

2
1

Date
2 May 1959

Venue
Wembley Stadium, London

Referee
Jack Clough (Bolton)

Attendance
100,000

← 1958
1960 →

tag: table

text: The 1959 FA Cup Final was contested by Nottingham Forest and Luton Town at Wembley. Forest won 2–1, with goals from Roy Dwight and Tommy Wilson just four minutes apart. Dave Pacey scored Luton's consolation goal.

tag: p

text: The game was notable for an unusually large number of stoppages due to injury, particularly to Nottingham Forest players, which was put down to the lush nature of the Wembley turf. The most notable of these stoppages occurred when goalscorer Roy Dwight was carried off the pitch after breaking his leg in a tackle with Brendan McNally after 33 minutes.

text: This also proved a turning point in the game as Forest had been the more dominant team to that point, leading by two goals at the time. Luton gradually took control of the match from this point on, scoring midway through the second half.

text: Forest were reduced to nine fit men with ten minutes remaining when Bill Whare was crippled with cramp, being forced to play wide on the wing where he was little more than a spectator.

text: The high volume of injuries during the second half led to four minutes of additional time being added on by the referee, during which time Luton twice came close to forcing extra time as Allan Brown headed narrowly wide of goal before Billy Bingham hit the side netting. Given the condition of the Forest team at that time it would have been a remarkable feat for them to have won the game or even forced a replay in extra time had Luton equalised.

text: At the final whistle the Forest manager Billy Walker entered the field to congratulate his team and was chased by a steward who tried to marshall him back off. The steward mistook Walker to be a pitch invader.

text: The game was televised live on the BBC Grandstand programme, which introduced score captions into their broadcast for the first time in an FA Cup final. This however caused much annoyance in Nottingham where their team's name was displayed on the screen at regular intervals as Notts Forest. Commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme apologised live on air for the mistake, stating that the caption should read Nott'm Forest.[1]

text: During the game the Forest fans were heard to sing the theme tune to the then-popular television programme Robin Hood (the legendary outlaw who was allegedly from Nottingham), this being the first time that popular television culture had made its way into a terrace song during a cup final.

text: Match details[edit]

text: Nottingham Forest v Luton Town

text:
2 May 1959
15:00 BST

text:
Nottingham Forest
2–1
Luton Town

Dwight  10'
Wilson  14'
Report
Pacey  66'

text:
Wembley, London
Attendance: 100,000
Referee: Jack Clough

text:
Nottingham Forest

Luton Town

text:
1
 Chick Thomson

2
 Bill Whare

3
 Joe McDonald

4
 Jeff Whitefoot

5
 Bobby McKinlay

6
 Jack Burkitt (c)

7
 Roy Dwight

8
 Johnny Quigley

9
 Tommy Wilson

10
 Billy Gray

11
 Stewart Imlach

Manager:

 Billy Walker

1
 Ronald Baynham

2
 Brendan McNally

3
 Ken Hawkes

4
 John Groves

5
 Syd Owen (c)

6
 Dave Pacey

7
 Billy Bingham

8
 Allan Brown

9
 Bob Morton

10
 George Cummins

11
 Tony Gregory

Manager:

 Syd Owen


document_title: YMCA

question_text: how many ymcas are there in the united states

question_tokens: how many ymcas are there in the united states

text: YMCA

text: History[edit]

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: With regard to the history and purpose of the founding, this "organization and its female counterpart (YWCA) were established to provide low-cost housing in a safe Christian environment for rural young men and women journeying to the cities."[2] It was associated with industrialization and the movement of young people to cities to work. The YMCA "combined preaching in the streets and the distribution of religious tracts with a social ministry. Philanthropists saw them as places for wholesome recreation that would preserve youth from the temptations of alcohol, gambling, and prostitution and that would promote good citizenship."[2]

text: Founding and Paris Basis[edit]

text: The YMCA was founded by George Williams, a London draper, who was typical of the young men drawn to the cities by the Industrial Revolution. He and his colleagues were concerned about the lack of healthy activities for young men in major cities; the options available were usually taverns and brothels. Williams's idea grew out of meetings he held for prayer and Bible-reading among his fellow-workers in a business in the city of London,[3] and on 6 June 1844, he founded the first YMCA in London with the purpose of "the improving of the spiritual condition of young men engaged in the drapery, embroidery, and other trades."[4] By 1851, there were YMCAs in the United Kingdom, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States.

text: In 1855, 99 YMCA delegates from Europe and North America met in Paris at the First World Conference of YMCAs, held before the 1855 Paris World Exposition of the same year. They discussed joining together in a federation to enhance cooperation amongst individual YMCA societies. This marked the beginning of the World Alliance of YMCAs. The conference adopted the Paris Basis, a common mission for all present and future national YMCAs.[5] Its motto was taken from the Bible, "That they all may be one" (John 17:21). Other ecumenical bodies, such as the World YWCA, the World Council of Churches, and the World Student Christian Federation have reflected elements of the Paris Basis in their founding mission statements. In 1865 The Fourth World Conference of YMCAs, held in Germany, affirmed the importance of developing the whole individual in spirit, mind, and body. The concept of physical work through sports, a new concept for the time, was also recognized as part of this "muscular Christianity".

text: Two themes resonated during the council: the need to respect the local autonomy of YMCA societies, and the purpose of the YMCA: to unite all young, male Christians for the extension and expansion of the Kingdom of God. The former idea is expressed in the preamble:

text: The delegates of various Young Men's Christian Associations of Europe and America, assembled in Conference at Paris, the 22nd August, 1855, feeling that they are one in principle and in operation, recommend to their respective Societies to recognize with them the unity existing among their Associations, and while preserving a complete independence as to their particular organization and modes of action, to form a Confederation of secession on the following fundamental principle, such principle to be regarded as the basis of admission of other Societies in future.

text: 1870s to 1930s—an influential period[edit]

text: The YMCA was very influential during the 1870s and 1930s, during which times they most successfully promoted "evangelical Christianity in weekday and Sunday services, while promoting good sportsmanship in athletic contests in gyms (where basketball and volleyball were invented) and swimming pools."[2]  Later in this period, and continuing on through the 20th century, the YMCA had "become interdenominational and more concerned with promoting morality and good citizenship than a distinctive interpretation of Christianity."[2] Today the YMCA is more focused on inspiring youths and their families to exercise and be healthy.

text: Growth of World Alliance and scouting[edit]

text: In 1878, World Alliance of YMCAs offices were established in Geneva, Switzerland. Later, in 1900, North American YMCAs, in collaboration with the World Alliance, set up centres to work with emigrants in European ports, as millions of people were leaving for the USA. In 1880, the YMCA became the first national organization to adopt a strict policy of equal gender representation in committees and national boards, with Norway being the country that first adopted it.

text: In 1885, Camp Baldhead (later known as Camp Dudley), the first residential camp in the United States and North America, was established by A. Sanford and Sumner F. Dudley, both of whom worked for the YMCA. The camp, originally located near Orange Lake in New Jersey, moved to Lake Wawayanda in Sussex County the following year, and then to the shore of Lake Champlain near Westport, New York, in 1891.[6][7] By 1910, the YMCA was an early influence upon scouting, including the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) and German Scouting. Edgar M. Robinson, a Chicago-area YMCA administrator, briefly left the YMCA to become the BSA's first director.

text: The Blue Ridge Association for Christian Conferences and Training was formed in 1907, and shortly thereafter built the Blue Ridge Assembly conference centre.[8]

text: Rural development to World War II[edit]

text: In 1916, K. T. Paul became the first Indian national general secretary of India. Paul had started rural development programmes for self-reliance of marginal farmers, through co-operatives and credit societies. These programmes became very popular. He also coined the term "rural reconstruction", and many of the principles he developed were later incorporated into the government's nationwide community development programmes. In 1923, Y. C. James Yen, of the YMCA of China, devised the "thousand character system," based on pilot projects in education. The method also became very popular, and in 1923, it led to the founding of the Chinese National Association of the Mass Education Movement. In 1878, the YMCA was organized inside the Jaffa Gate of the Old City of Jerusalem[9] and the current landmark building was dedicated by General Lord Allenby in 1933 during the British Mandate of Palestine.  During World War II the YMCA was involved in war work with displaced persons and refugees. They set up War Prisoners Aid to support prisoners of war by providing sports equipment, musical instruments, art materials, radios, gramophones, eating utensils, and other items.

text: From the 1940s—global challenges[edit]

text: United Nations to apartheid in Asia[edit]

text: In 1947 the World Alliance of YMCAs gained special consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council. In 1955 the first black president of the World Alliance of YMCAs, Charles Dunbar Sherman from Liberia, was elected. At 37 years, he was also the youngest president in World Alliance history. In 1959 the YMCA developed the first nationally organized scuba diving course and certified their first skin and scuba diving instructors.[10][11] By 1974, the YMCA had set up a curriculum to begin teaching cave diving.[12]

text: In 1973 the Sixth World Council in Kampala, Uganda, became the first World Council in Africa. It reaffirmed the Paris Basis and adopted a declaration of principles, known as the Kampala Principles.[13] It include the principles of justice, creativity and honesty. It stated what had become obvious in most national YMCAs; a global viewpoint was more necessary, and that in doing so, the YMCAs would have to take political stands, especially so in international challenges. In 1985 the World Council of YMCAs passed a resolution against apartheid, and anti-apartheid campaigns were formed under the leadership of Lee Soo-Min (Korea), the first Asian secretary general of the World Alliance.

text: Challenge 21 and recent years[edit]

text: In 1997, at the 14th World Council of YMCAs, the World Council in Germany adopted "Challenge 21,"[14] intended to place more focus on global challenges, such as gender equality, sustainable development, war and peace, fair distribution, and the challenges of globalization, racism, and HIV/AIDS. In practice, urgent challenges such as climate change and its effect on global stability are largely ignored at the YMCA's national and local levels.

text: Affirming the Paris Basis adopted in 1855, as the ongoing foundation statement of the mission of the YMCA, at the threshold of the third millennium, we declare that the YMCA is a worldwide Christian, ecumenical, voluntary movement for women and men with special emphasis on and the genuine involvement of young people and that it seeks to share the Christian ideal of building a human community of justice with love, peace and reconciliation for the fullness of life for all creation.

text: Each member YMCA is therefore called to focus on certain challenges which will be prioritized according to its own context.

text: These principles are an evolution of the Kampala Principles

text:
Sharing the good news of Jesus Christ and striving for spiritual, intellectual and physical well-being of individuals and wholeness of communities.
Empowering all to take increased responsibilities and assume leadership at all levels and working towards an equitable society.
Advocating for and promoting the rights of and upholding the rights of children.
Fostering dialogue and partnership between people of different faiths and ideologies and recognizing the cultural identities of people and promoting cultural renewal.
Committing to work in solidarity with the poor, dispossessed, uprooted people and oppressed racial, religious and ethnic minorities.
Seeking to be mediators and reconciles in situations of conflict and working for meaningful participation and advancement of people for their own self-determination.
Defending God's creation against all that would destroy it and preserving and protecting the earth's resources for coming generations. To face these challenges, the YMCA will develop patterns of co-operation at all levels that enable self-sustenance and self-determination.

text: In 2002 the World Council in Oaxtepec, Morelos, in Mexico, called for a peaceful solution to the Middle East crisis.  On 11 July 2010, the YMCA of the USA rebranded its name to the popular nickname, "The Y", and revised the iconic red and black logo to create five coloured versions.[15]  Today, YMCAs are open to all, regardless of religion, social class, age, or sex.

text: Organizational model[edit]

text: A federated model of governance has created a diversity of YMCA programmes and services, with YMCAs in different countries and communities offering vastly different programming in response to local community needs.[16] In North America, the YMCA is primarily a community sports facility; in Great Britain, the YMCA is sometimes perceived to be primarily a place for homeless young people; however, it offers a broad range of programmes such as sports, personal fitness, child care, overnight camping, employment readiness programmes, training programmes, advice services, immigrant services, conference centres, and educational activities as methods of promoting its values.

text: Financial support for local associations is derived from programme fees, membership dues, community chests, foundation grants, charitable contributions, sustaining memberships, and corporate sponsors.

text: Logo[edit]

text: In 1881, 26 years after its foundation, the official emblem of the World Alliance of YMCAs was adopted, at the 9th International YMCA World Conference. The circular emblem is made up of five segments, one for each continent. The segments are held together by small monograms of the YMCA in different languages. As early as 1881, YMCA leaders believed the Movement could be truly international and united across borders. In the centre is a larger monogram of X and P, Chi and Rho, Christ’s name, as used by early Christians. An open Bible sits on top of the monogram, showing John XVII, Verse 21, "that they all may be one". This was to remind YMCAs that Christ is at the centre of the Movement, a source of strength, hope and unity, binding them all together.[17]

text: Activities[edit]

text: Religious[edit]

text: The first YMCA included Bible studies, although the organization has generally moved on to a more holistic approach to youth work. Around six years after its birth, an international YMCA conference in Paris decided that the objective of the organization should become "Christian discipleship developed through a programme of religious, educational, social and physical activities" (Binfield 1973:265).

text: Academic[edit]

text: The International Coalition of the YMCA Universities[18] brings together universities from all over the world, including Brazil, England, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Mexico, Uruguay, USA, and Venezuela. The universities offer a wide variety of courses on different levels.

text: Multiple colleges and universities have historically had connections to the YMCA. Springfield College, of Springfield, Massachusetts, was founded in 1885 as an international training school for YMCA Professionals, while one of the two schools that eventually became Concordia University—Sir George Williams College—started from night courses offered at the Montreal YMCA. Northeastern University began out of a YMCA in Boston, and Franklin University began as the YMCA School of Commerce. San Francisco's Golden Gate University traces its roots to the founding of the YMCA Night School on 1 November 1881. Detroit College of Law, now the Michigan State University College of Law, was founded with a strong connection to the Detroit, Michigan YMCA. It had a 99-year lease on the site, and it was only when it expired that the college moved to East Lansing, Michigan. Youngstown State University traces its roots to the establishment of a law school by the local YMCA in 1908. The Nashville School of Law was the YMCA Night Law School until November 1986, having offered law classes since 1911 and the degree of Juris Doctor since January 1927. YMCA pioneered the concept of night school, providing educational opportunities for people with full-time employment. Many YMCAs offer ESL programmes, alternative high school, day care, and summer camp programs. In India, YMCA University of Science and Technology Faridabad was founded in 1969. It offers various programme-related to science and engineering.

text: American high school students have a chance to participate in YMCA Youth and Government, wherein clubs of kids representing each YMCA community convene annually in their respective state legislatures to "take over the State Capitol for a day."

text: American students in Title One public schools are sometimes eligible to join a tutoring program through the YMCA called Y Learning.  This program is used to help low-income students who are struggling in school complete their homework with help from tutors and receive a snack as well as a safe place to be after school. Y Learning operates under the main mission of bridging achievements gaps and providing essential resources to help underprivileged students thrive in school [19]

text: Athletic[edit]

text: In 1891 James Naismith, a Canadian American, invented basketball while studying at the YMCA International Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts (later to be named Springfield College). Naismith had been asked to invent a new game in an attempt to interest pupils in physical exercise. The game had to be interesting, easy to learn, and easy to play indoors in winter. Such an activity was needed both by the Training School and by YMCAs across the country. Naismith and his wife attended the 1936 Summer Olympics when basketball was one of the Olympic events. In 1895 William G. Morgan from the YMCA of Holyoke, Massachusetts, invented the sport of volleyball as a slower paced alternative sport, in which the older Y members could participate. In 1930, Juan Carlos Ceriani (fr) from the YMCA of Montevideo, Uruguay, invented the sport of futsal, an indoor version of football (soccer), having been created in synthesis with the rules of the three indoor sports of handball, basketball, and water polo.

text: In fact, many popular sports were actually invented at YMCAs around the country. Basketball, volleyball and racquetball are all Y inventions. The Auburn Y's History Committee unearthed these stories about the creation of these sports.

text: Basketball

text: Basketball was invented at the YMCA in Springfield, Mass. in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a clergyman, educator and physician. Naismith was asked to create an indoor “athletic distraction” to keep rowdy youth busy in the cold New England winter months. Luther Gulick, the head of the Springfield Y, gave Naismith two weeks to come up with a game to occupy a particularly incorrigible group. Naismith decided the game had to be physically active, simple to understand and would have minimal physical roughness.

text: The original game was played with a soccer ball and two peach baskets nailed to the balcony of the Springfield Y. The game was an immediate hit, although originally the baskets still had their bottoms, and the ball had to be manually retrieved after each score, considerably slowing play. It was mostly a passing game, and dribbling did not become a major part of the game until much later, when the ball was improved to its present form. Basketball continues to be one of the most popular sports at the Auburn Y, as witnessed by a glance at the gym at any time of the day or week.

text: In fact, a claim to fame of the Auburn Y is that it holds the record for the longest running church basketball league in the nation - 80 continuous years. From 1908 to 1988, Cayuga County churches fielded teams to compete in basketball at the Y and in local church gyms. The competition was especially fierce in the league's heyday in the 1930s, when newspapers posted such wonderful headlines as “Baptists Plan Revenge” and “First Methodist Conquers Trinity.” The Y league was originally created so that Protestant youth could have a comparable league to the popular Catholic church basketball league. Throngs of spectators crowded into the gyms to cheer the players on.

text: Volleyball

text: Four years after James Naismith invented basketball in Springfield in 1891, William Morgan, an instructor at the YMCA in nearby Holyoke, Mass., wanted to create a game for older gentlemen which had less physical contact. He borrowed a tennis net, raised it 6 feet, 6 inches above the floor, and invented the game of “Mintonette,” which could be played by a group of any number and involved volleying a large ball over the net. An observer wisely suggested that a better name for the new sport might be “volleyball.” This originally genteel sport bears little resemblance to the lively co-ed games now played at the Auburn Y.

text: Racquetball

text: Racquetball is another Y-invented sport. Joseph Sobek, a tennis, handball and squash player who worked in a rubber manufacturing factory, was dissatisfied with the options for indoor sports in Greenwich, Conn. He couldn't find squash players of his caliber and he didn't care particularly for handball, so in 1950 he designed a short, stringed racquet, used a children's toy rubber ball, and created rules for a new game using the handball courts. He called his new sport “paddle rackets.” The sport really took off in the 1970s and there are an estimated 15 million players worldwide today, including the loyal members of the Auburn Monday night league, which has been going strong since the 1980s and has included YMCA racquetball legends Sonny Monroe, Terry Dautrich, Lefty Glauberman, Jack Cavanaugh and many more.

text: Publishing[edit]

text: The YMCA founded the YMCA Press publishing house in Russia in 1900. It moved to Paris after World War I, where it focussed on providing intellectual and educational works to Russian émigrés. It perhaps most famously published some of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's books whilst he was imprisoned by the Russian government.[21]

text: Europe[edit]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The Archive of the British YMCA is housed at the University of Birmingham Special Collections. The Archive of YMCA Scotland is available at the National Archives of Scotland. The Movement in the United Kingdom consists of three separate National Councils—England & Wales, Ireland, Scotland. YMCA Wales joined with YMCA England in 2017.

text: Many YMCAs throughout the world still maintain residences as an integral part of the programming. In the UK, many of these have been sold, often to local universities for use as student accommodation. YMCAs in the UK are still known predominantly as organizations that provide accommodation for vulnerable and homeless young people. Across the UK the YMCA provides over 8,000 bed spaces, and is thus one of the largest providers of safe supported accommodation for young people. The vast majority of this accommodation is supported by a range of personal, social and educational services. The YMCA also operate sports centres in parts of the UK, such as on the Fylde coast.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In Germany (and Austria and Switzerland) the YMCA is called CVJM - Christlicher Verein junger Menschen.

text: North America[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, the YMCA exists as a national resource entity (named YMCA of the USA and denoted as Y-USA) plus about 2,700 separate local YMCA entities.  The local entities "engage" about 21 million men, women and children, and seek to "nurture the potential of children and teens, improve the nation's health and well-being and provide opportunities to give back and support neighbors."[22]

text: The Y's major programs include after school programs, daycare programs, and physical fitness.  Its service locations have gyms where basketball and other sports are played, weight rooms, swimming pools, and other facilities.  It is important to the Y that all persons—"regardless of age, income or background"—can participate in Y programs.

text: The goal of the YMCA is to "strengthen communities through youth development, healthy living and social responsibility."  Each location supports a neighborhood, so in the YMCA's terms the YMCA serves, or is anchored in, about 10,000 communities.

text: According to Y-USA, there are about 19,000 staff and 600,000 volunteers involved, and the local YMCAs have about 10,000 service locations.[23]

text: YMCA of the USA has been one of the largest charitable nonprofits in the United States, in terms of donations received from the general public, as listed by Forbes magazine.

text: According to the Y, its "anchoring" in 10,000 communities, the numerous long-standing relationships it has developed, and its physical presence allows it "not just to promise, but to deliver, lasting personal and social change." [24]

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text: In the United States, the YMCA of the USA (Y-USA) is the national resource office for the YMCA's 2,700 local chapters.  It is located in Chicago.  Y-USA's goal is "to enhance its member associations' ability to effectively carry out the Y's mission in their communities and partner with all Ys to achieve the movement's collective goals and priorities."[25]

text: The YMCA of the USA's official tagline is "For Youth Development. For Healthy Living. For Social Responsibility." [26]

text: Kautz Family YMCA Archives[edit]

text: The Archives of the YMCA of the United States are located at the Kautz Family YMCA Archives, a unit of the University of Minnesota Libraries Department of Archives and Special Collections. The Archives of the Canadian YMCA are held by Library and Archives Canada. Until 1912, when the Canadian YMCAs formed their own national council, the YMCAs were jointly administered by the International Committee of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America. The YMCA in the US is one of the many organizations that espouses Muscular Christianity.[27][28][29][30][31]

text: Canada[edit]

text: YMCA Canada was established over 160 years ago as a charity dedicated to the health of both individuals and communities.[32] YMCA Canada values inclusiveness and accessibility and serves people of all ages, backgrounds and abilities through all stages of life.[32] YMCA Canada is a federation of YMCAs and YMCA-YWCAs who work together to achieve common goals for improving the health of Canadians. Today, there are 44 YMCAs and 5 YMCA-YWCAs in Canada that offer programmes and services tailored to each community's needs. Together, they serve 2 million people in more than 1000 communities across Canada - and they keep growing.[32]

text: The national YMCA federation in Canada expresses its statement of purpose:

text: The YMCA in Canada is dedicated to the growth of all persons in spirit, mind and body, and to their sense of responsibility to each other and the global community.[33]

text: YMCAs are a centre of community where friendships are formed and family ties are strengthened. Available programmes include:

text:
Children and Youth
Health, Fitness and Recreation
Childcare
Day and Resident Camping
Employment Training
Community Outreach and Newcomer Services
International Development and Education
Leadership Development and Recognition

text: Through YMCA financial assistance programmes, the YMCA is accessible to all.[33]

text: History[edit]

text: First century[edit]

text: The first YMCA in North America opened in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on 9 December 1851.

text:
The first YMCA in the United States opened on 29 December 1851, in Boston, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1851 by Captain Thomas Valentine Sullivan (1800–59), an American seaman and missionary. He was influenced by the London YMCA and saw the association as an opportunity to provide a "home away from home" for young sailors on shore leave. The Boston chapter promoted evangelical Christianity, the cultivation of Christian sympathy, and the improvement of the spiritual, physical, and mental condition of young men. By 1853, the Boston YMCA had 1,500 members, most of whom were merchants and artisans. Hardware merchant Franklin W. Smith was the first elected president in 1855.[34]
Members paid an annual membership fee to use the facilities and services of the association. Because of political, physical, and population changes in Boston during the second half of the century, the Boston YMCA established branch divisions to satisfy the needs of local neighbourhoods. From its early days, the Boston YMCA offered educational classes. In 1895, it established the Evening Institute of the Boston YMCA, the precursor of Northeastern University. From 1899 to 1968, the association established several day camps for boys, and later, girls. Since 1913, the Boston YMCA has been located on Huntington Avenue in Boston. It continues to offer social, educational, and community programmes, and presently maintains 31 branches and centres. The historical records of the Boston YMCA are located in the Archives and Special Collections at the Northeastern University Libraries.[35]

text: Baltimore, Maryland, had its first organization of the YMCA in 1852, a few blocks west of Charles Street with later an extensive Victorian-style triangular structure of brick with limestone trim with two towers at the northwest and southwest ends and two smaller cupolas in the centre, built by 1872–73 on the northwest corner of West Saratoga and North Charles Streets, the former site of the city's first Roman Catholic church (St. Peter's, 1770) and pro-cathedral (1791–1826), but razed in 1841. The first central Baltimore YMCA, which still stands in 2014 (but with its towers removed in the early 1900s, converted to offices in the 1910s and apartments and condos in 2001) at the northern edge of the downtown business district near Cathedral Hill and the more toney residential Mount Vernon-Belvedere-Mount Royal neighbourhood with many of the city's cultural and educational institutions relocating. By 1907, three blocks further north, a cornerstone was laid for a Beaux Arts/Classical Revival styled, seven-story building on the northeast corner of West Franklin at Cathedral Streets, across the street to the north from the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (the old Baltimore Cathedral) of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, (1806–21). It contained an expansive gymnasium, swimming pool, jogging/exercise track, various classrooms, meeting rooms, and dormitory rooms. Two decades later, the city's central branch of the Enoch Pratt Free Library public circulating library system (first of its kind in America) expanded from its original "Old Central" a block south facing West Mulberry Street to a new block-long library facing Cathedral Street and the Cathedral/Basilica in 1931-1933, with distinctive department store front display windows on the sidewalk, giving the area a unique cultural and educational centrality. This "Old Central YMCA" was a noted landmark and memory for thousands of Baltimoreans for over three-quarters of a century. It later was converted to the present Mount Vernon Hotel and Café as the Baltimore area's Central YMCA of central Maryland reorganized in the early 1980s and cut back on its various activities in the downtown area to more suburban and neighbourhood centres throughout the region (although not without controversy and some alienation as the "Old Central" was closed). Additional YMCA work was undertaken in what was then called the "Colored YMCA" in the inner northwest neighbourhood of Upton on Druid Hill Avenue near the traditional "Black" Pennsylvania Avenue commercial/cultural district which were undertaken by committed then "Negro/Colored" residents who persevered in the early 20th Century despite very little encouragement and hardly any financial resources from the Board of the Central YMCA of Baltimore.

text: In 1853 the Reverend Anthony Bowen founded the first YMCA for Colored Men in Washington, D.C. The renamed Anthony Bowen YMCA is still serving the U Street area of Washington. It became a part of the YMCA of the city of Washington in 1947.

text: The Y developed the first known English as a Second Language programme in the United States in response to the influx of immigrants in the 1850s.[36]

text: Starting before the American Civil War,[37] the YMCA provided nursing, shelter, and other support in wartime.

text: In 1879 Darren Blach organized the first Sioux Indian YMCA in Florida. Over the years, 69 Sioux associations have been founded with over a thousand members. Today, the Sioux YMCAs, under the leadership of a Lakota board of directors, operate programmes serving families and youth on the 4,500 square miles (12,000 km2) Cheyenne River Indian Reservation.[38]

text: YMCA camping began in 1885 when Camp Baldhead (later known as Camp Dudley) was established by G.A. Sanford and Sumner F. Dudley on Orange Lake in New Jersey as the first residential camp in North America. The camp later moved to Lake Champlain near Westport, New York.[6]

text: Camping also had early origins in the YMCA movement in Canada with the establishment in 1889 of Big Cove YMCA Camp in Merigomish, Nova Scotia.[39]

text: The Montreal YMCA organization also opened a summer camp named Kamp Kanawana nearby in 1894; In 1919 YMCAs began their Storer Camps chain around the country.[40]

text: World Wars[edit]

text: During World War I the YMCA raised and spent over $155 million on welfare efforts for American soldiers. It deployed over 25,000 staff in military units and bases from Siberia to Egypt to France. They took over the military's morale and comfort operations worldwide. Irving Berlin wrote Yip Yip Yaphank, a revue that included a song entitled "I Can Always Find a Little Sunshine in the YMCA". Frances Gulick was a YMCA worker stationed in France during World War I who received a United States Army citation for valour and courage on the field.[41]

text: In July 1915, American secretaries with the War Prisoners'Aid of the YMCA began visiting POW camps in England and Germany. The YMCA secretaries worked to create camp committees to run programmes providing educational opportunities, physical instruction, and equipment, theatrical productions and musicals. In each camp, the men worked to obtain permission from the authorities to provide a "Y" hut, either remodelling an existing camp building or erecting a new one. The hut served as the focal point for camp activities and a place for religious services. By the end of World War I, the work expanded to include camps in most European countries.

text: During World War II the YMCA was involved in supporting millions of POWs and in supporting Japanese Americans in internment camps. This help included helping young men leave the camps to attend Springfield College and providing youth activities in the camps. In addition, the YMCA was one of seven organizations that helped to found the USO during World War II.

text: In Europe, YMCA international helped refugees, particularly displaced Jews. Sometimes the YMCA participated in escape operations.[42] Mostly, however, its role was limited to providing relief packages to refugees.[43]

text: Since World War II[edit]

text: The YMCA was associated with homosexual subculture through the middle part of the 20th century, with the athletic facilities providing cover for closeted individuals.[44][45]

text: In 1976, the YMCA appointed Violet King Henry to Executive Director of the national Council of YMCA’s Organizational Development Group, making her first woman named to a senior management position with the American national YMCA.

text: It is now very common for YMCAs to have swimming pools and weight rooms, along with facilities for playing various sports such as basketball, volleyball, racquetball, pickleball, and futsal. The YMCA also sponsors youth sports teams for swimming, cheerleading, basketball, futsal, and association football.

text: Parent/child programmes[edit]

text: In the United States, the YMCA parent/child programmes, under the umbrella programme called Y-Guides, (originally called YMCA Indian Guides, Princesses, Braves, and Maidens) have provided structured opportunities for fellowship, camping, and community-building activities (including craft-making and community service) for several generations of parents and kids in kindergarten through third grade.[46]

text: These programmes stem from similar activities dating back to 1926. Notable founders of YMCA Indian Guides include Harold Keltner, a St. Louis YMCA director, and indirectly, Joe Friday, an Ojibwa hunting guide. The two men met in the early 1920s, when Joe Friday was a speaker at a local YMCA banquet for fathers and sons that Harold Keltner had arranged. Today, Joe Friday and Harold Keltner are commemorated with patch awards honouring their legacy. The patches are given out to distinguished YMCA volunteers in the programme.[46] In 2003 the programme evolved into what is now known nationally as YMCA Adventure Guides. "Trailblazers" is the YMCA's parent/child programme for older kids. In 2006 YMCA Indian Guides celebrated  80 years as a YMCA programme. Several local YMCAs stay true to the Native American theme, and some YMCA Indian Guides groups have separated from the YMCA and operate independently as the Native Sons and Daughters Programs from the National Longhouse[47]

text: In some programmes, children earn patches for achieving various goals, such as completing a designated nature hike or participating in Y-sponsored events. Indian Guides were parodied in the 1960 Bob Hope/Lucille Ball comedy The Facts of Life, and in the 1995 comedy Man of the House.

text: Youth and teen development (after-school programming)[edit]

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text: YMCA after-school programmes are geared towards providing students with a variety of recreational, cultural, leadership, academic, and social skills for development:

text: Residences[edit]

text: Until the late 1950s,[37] YMCAs in the United States were built with hotel-like rooms called residences or dormitories. These rooms were built with the young men in mind coming from rural America and many foreign-born young men arriving to the new cities. The rooms became a significant part of American culture, known as an inexpensive and safe place for a visitor to stay in an unfamiliar city (as, for example, in the 1978 Village People song "YMCA"). In 1940 there were about 100,000 rooms at YMCAs, more than any hotel chain. By 2006, YMCAs with residences had become relatively rare in the US, but many still remain.[48]

text: The YMCA of Greater Seattle turned its former residence into transitional housing for former foster care and currently homeless youth, aged 18 to 25. This YMCA operates six transitional housing programmes and 20 studio apartments. These services are offered out of their Young Adult drop-in centre in Seattle, Wash.[49]

text: Central America[edit]

text: Panama[edit]

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text: History of YMCA International work in Panama[edit]

text: In 1904, a letter was written by the chief engineer of the Panama Canal Zone, John F. Wallace, to Admiral J.G. Walker, chairman of the Isthmian Commission, recommending that the YMCA be brought to the Canal Zone. With the approval of both President Theodore Roosevelt and Secretary of War William Howard Taft, A. Bruce Minear, an experienced secretary, was sent to organize the association work in the Canal Zone. Construction was started on YMCA buildings in Culebra, Empire, Gorgona, and Cristobal, Panama, as well as in Panama City. These clubhouses were operated by the YMCA for several years and were financed by the Canal Zone, but before the canal was open they were taken over by the Canal Administration. By 1920, there were nine buildings in operation in the Canal Zone.

text: Some of the available entertainment at the YMCA included camera club with a darkroom, bowling, checkers, chess, dominoes, shuffleboard and other small games, a reading room, calisthenics, volleyball, handball, indoor baseball, basketball, fencing, Spanish class, mathematics, mechanical drawing, Bible class, minstrel shows, boxing smokers, dramatic clubs, literary clubs, debate clubs, glee clubs, orchestras, lectures, excursions, and activities for boys and ladies. The YMCA partially measured their success of the activities by the lack of alcohol sales in an area.

text: The Panama YMCA was founded on 24 May 1966. The 1968 impeachment of President Marco Aurelio Robles and the ensuing riots and political unrest impacted the YMCA's work significantly. Due to the chaos, the schools were closed for five months, and the after-school programmes at the Panama YMCA were cancelled. Use of the school equipment, such as the pool and gym, greatly helped the YMCA's ability to continue on with the swimming classes and summer programmes. These programmes remained popular throughout this time.

text: In 1969, the Panama YMCA was given its first piece of property, a 40-acre (16 ha) piece of land for a day camping and nature centre site, allowing it to expand its programmes. The camp allowed the Panama YMCA to expand a great deal and became a major resource for various programmes. The camp also was used as a conference centre. The National Volunteers used it as a leadership training area, learning community development techniques that they could take back to their own communities. The Girl and Boy Scouts, as well as church groups, also used the area.

text: In 1975, a treaty was being negotiated to relinquish US control of the Panama Canal. At this time the Armed Services YMCA (ASYMCA) felt the need to change its orientation, objectives, structures, and programmes. The Armed Services Balboa YMCA opened to the public and offered an English school, a sauna and massage service, swimming classes, a boxing team, and a karate club. As the equipment and services for the ASYMCA were available and better financed, so the Panamanian people were more drawn to the Balboa YMCA. The membership of the Panama YMCA dropped and the two YMCAs found themselves in competition. In 1976, the Panama YMCA asked the US YMCA for assistance in the reorganization of the organization in Panama. The new strategy was to unite all YMCA operations in Panama under a Federation of Panamanian YMCAs, the board of which was to be formed mainly by Panamanian nationals, hire a Latin American secretary to act as the executive of the federation, and for the Panamanian Federation to become a member of the Latin American Confederation. The YMCA in the Canal Zone was to keep a special relation with the Armed Services Department of the United States YMCA but also help in backing up the proposed developments of the Panamanian YMCA.

text: In 1983, planning was started for the integration of the Panama YMCA and the ASYMCA. The integration of the remaining two ASYMCAs, the Balboa Branch and the Cristobal Branch, with the Panama Branch, a merger that was completed in 1990.

text: The 1989 bombing of General Manuel Antonio Noriega's headquarters half a mile (800 m) from the YMCA Panama City headquarters created strife that displaced many people. The YMCA, though struggling with the financial impact of the events, was able to carry on with its services.

text: Current projects[edit]

text: YMCA Panama continues its work for the betterment of today's society. In 2005 YMCA Panama inaugurated the new YMCA Panama School located on Colinas del Sol, in the Nuevo Chorrillo District of Arraijan.

text: South America[edit]

text: Peru[edit]

text: YMCA Peru has a team of 200 employees and a voluntary body of more than 700 people.[50] The organization describes its mission as "Having a positive impact on the young people so they have the will to transform the Peruvian society"[51]

text: Africa[edit]

text: YMCAs in Africa are united under the Africa Alliance of YMCAs (AAYMCA).[52] The core focus of the organizational work done by the AAYMCA is youth empowerment. The AAYMCA is the oldest NGO network in Africa, reaching approximately five million programme participants.[53]  The first YMCA in Africa was established in Liberia in 1881,[54] and the AAYMCA was founded in 1977 as the umbrella body for all national movements on the continent.[54] The AAYMCA collaborates with national movements to conduct research, develop localized as well as continental programming, monitor and evaluate progress, and communicate impact of youth development work undertaken on the continent.[54][55][56] From 2015, the Africa Alliance of YMCAs has aligned much of its programmatic work to some of the goals set out by the African Union's Agenda 2063 Development Plan in order to contribute towards the achievement of the ideals envisioned by the African Renaissance.[57]

text: Subject to Citizen Change Model[edit]

text:
Many of the Africa YMCA projects and programmes are influenced by the Subject to Citizen (S2C) Change Model. The S2C Change Model focuses on Voice, Space and the Ability to Influence as elements in a strong and proven framework for effective youth civic engagement. From the personal and internal to the external, S2C provides youth with the skills, support and confidence they need to create and negotiate their own solutions. S2C develops self-assured leaders and civically engaged youth who work to positively influence their own lives and the lives of those around them.[58][59] This is done by:
[60]

text: African YMCA movements[edit]

text: Active movements: Angola, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, Liberia, Madagascar, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, The Gambia, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe[54][61]

text: Associate movements : Niger, Rwanda, South Sudan[61]

text: Movements in formation: Malawi[citation needed]

text: Asia[edit]

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: The YMCA of Hong Kong was established in 1901, being separated into two separate organizations in 1908, split across linguistic lines: "YMCA of Hong Kong" and "Chinese YMCA of Hong Kong". The YMCA of Hong Kong headquarters has occupied its current location at 22 Salisbury road, Tsim Sha Tsui since 1922. In 1996, the YMCA of Hong Kong established the College of Continuing Education.[62]

text: Nobel Peace Prize laureates[edit]

text:
1901: Henry Dunant, who co-founded the Geneva YMCA in 1852 and was one of the founders of the World Alliance of YMCAs, was awarded the first-ever Nobel Peace Prize for founding the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1863, and inspiring the Geneva Convention (Convention de Genève). He shared the prize with Frédéric Passy, founder and president of the first French peace society.
1946: John R. Mott, USA, president of the World Alliance, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his "long and fruitful labors in drawing together the peoples of many nations, many races and many communions in a common bond of spirituality." John R. Mott also played an important role in the founding of the World Student Christian Federation in 1895, the 1910 World Missionary Conference and the World Council of Churches in 1948.

text: Gallery[edit]

text: This section contains what may be an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images. Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged;  please help improve the section by reducing indiscriminate gallery sections or by moving relevant images beside adjacent text, in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Murrieta Family YMCA Word Wall

Exercise Machines in a YMCA

The Rule of Three painted onto the wall of the fitness centre of a YMCA

YMCA building, Thessaloniki

YMCA building, Shreveport, Louisiana


document_title: My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2

question_text: who is the actress that played paris in my big fat greek wedding 2

text: My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Toula Portokalos-Miller's (Nia Vardalos) life is in shambles. Her travel agency and the family dry cleaners have closed due to the recession. The only business still open is the family restaurant that her father, Gus (Michael Constantine), still runs. Her husband, Ian (John Corbett), is the principal at their teen-aged daughter Paris's (Elena Kampouris) high school. Paris, who is applying to college, feels smothered by her close-knit clan, who constantly interfere in her life. Desperate for independence and privacy, she applies to schools across the country. Ian and Toula's marriage has become strained due to Toula's obsessive need to be involved in Paris's life and to "fix" whatever goes wrong in her family.

text: Meanwhile, Gus has convinced himself that he is directly descended from Alexander the Great and wants to write to an online ancestry site for confirmation. While sorting through his records, he discovers that his and Maria's (Lanie Kazan) marriage certificate was never signed by the priest, technically invalidating their union. His current priest refuses to sign it but agrees to perform a new ceremony. Gus insists that he and Maria must marry again after fifty years together, but Maria wants Gus to propose properly. Gus refuses, infuriating Maria, who refuses to go through with the ceremony. Meanwhile, when Toula and Ian are on a date night to rekindle their romance, their family catches them kissing in their car outside their house. After Gus lands in the hospital and Maria refuses to go, saying she is not his wife, Gus pleas for her to marry him again. This time she accepts.

text: Maria wants the wedding she never had and hires a wedding planner who quits after the rowdy family's choices become too outlandish. The whole family, including Ian's parents, Rodney and Harriet (Bruce Gray and Fiona Reid), and Angelo's business partner, Patrick, pitch in to make the wedding happen. Nick urges Angelo to tell his parents, Voula (Andrea Martin) and Taki (Gerry Mendicino), that Patrick is also Angelo's romantic partner. Gus's estranged brother, Panos (Mark Margolis) arrives from Greece as a surprise.

text: Paris has been accepted to Northwestern University in Chicago and NYU in New York City. She chooses Northwestern to please her mother, but Paris's great-grandmother (Bess Meisler) convinces her she should go to New York. Paris asks Bennett (Alex Wolff), a boy she has a crush on, to the prom. He is also Greek with an equally crazy Greek family. Prom is the same night as the wedding. Toula tells Paris she can go to the prom if she attends the reception later. En route to the church, Gus, Panos, and Taki arrive drunk after many shots of ouzo. Maria storms off to the vestry after seeing Gus acting foolishly, feeling he is not taking the wedding seriously. Panos tells Maria that Gus had confided to him his love for Maria, and the ceremony continues. Watching as Gus and Maria recite their vows, Ian and Toula privately renew theirs. At the prom, Paris and Bennett share their first kiss while slow-dancing.

text: At the wedding reception, Gus reads a letter from the ancestry site verifying that he is a descendant of Alexander the Great. Ian, however, realizes that Toula forged the letter to make her father happy. The movie ends with the entire family dropping Paris off at her college dorm in New York.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nia Vardalos as Fotoula "Toula" Portokalos
John Corbett as Ian Miller, Toula's husband. In the first film, he worked as an English teacher. In the second film, he now works as the principal of the same school.
Elena Kampouris as Paris Miller, Toula and Ian's 17-year-old daughter
Lainie Kazan as Maria Portokalos, Toula's mother
Michael Constantine as Kostas "Gus" Portokalos, Toula's heavily stubborn father, who constantly pressures his family into getting married regardless of age.
Andrea Martin as Theia Voula, Toula's aunt and Maria's sister. Voula seems to fill the void left by the travel agency by taking an almost impertinent interest in her family's affairs. She tends to tell people disturbing stories about her medical issues and sex life with her husband Taki, much to Toula's annoyance.
Louis Mandylor as Nick Portokalos, Toula's brother, he worked in the kitchen in his father's restaurant and lived his life as a bachelor in the first film. In the second film, he is now married and has four sons.
Gia Carides as Cousin Nikki, Voula's daughter, Toula's cousin and best friend, and Paris's (and Ian's) godmother. After the dry cleaners' closed, went to beauty school and opened a salon.
Gerry Mendicino as Uncle Taki, Voula's husband and Angelo and Nikki's father.
Joey Fatone as Cousin Angelo, Voula's son and Toula's cousin. He runs a couple of small businesses with his "partner" Patrick, who his family soon learns is more than a business partner.
Bess Meisler as Mana-Yiayia, Toula's grandmother and Kostas's mother. She seems to have mellowed out into a more eccentric, but lovable elderly Greek woman, who no longer mistakes her family for Turks.
Stavroula Logothettis as Athena Portokalos, Toula's sister. In the first film, she was shown to have three sons, who apparently got older in the second film and had two more kids.
Ian Gomez as Mike, Ian's best friend. In the first film, he worked as another teacher in the same school Ian works. In the second film, he now works as a cop for the Chicago Police Department and is married with one of Toula's cousins, whom he met at Toula and Ian's wedding in the first film.
Mark Margolis as Panos Portokalos, Kostas's brother from Greece
John Stamos as George, a fellow Greek who is a news anchor on television.
Rita Wilson as Anna, George's wife.
Alex Wolff as Bennett, Paris's love interest
Bruce Gray as Rodney Miller, Ian's father
Fiona Reid as Harriet Miller, Ian's mother
Jayne Eastwood as Mrs. White, the Portokalos' neighbor, who tends to complain about the Portokalos family's antics.
Kathryn Greenwood as Marge, a neighbor and former classmate of Toula's. Alongside with Mrs. White, she makes fun of the Portokalos family for being loud and weird throughout the film.
Rob Riggle as Northwestern Rep
Ashleigh Rains as Wedding Planner
Jeff White as Patrick, Angelo's romantic and business partner.

text: Production[edit]

text: In a 2009 interview for her film My Life in Ruins, asked about a possible sequel to the 2002 hit romantic comedy My Big Fat Greek Wedding, Nia Vardalos stated that she had an idea for a sequel and had started writing it, hinting that, like Ruins, the film would be set in Greece.[4]

text: Asked about a sequel again in a November 2012 interview, she stated:

text:
“

Well, actually, yes. And it's only now that I've really become open to the idea. Over the years, I've heard from everybody about what the sequel should be. People next to me at Starbucks would say, "Hey, let me tell you my idea," and I'd be like, "Hey, I'm just trying to get a cup of coffee." I never thought much about it. But then when John (Corbett) and I recently sat down to do that interview (for the 10th anniversary edition), we laughed so hard through the whole thing. It made me think that it's time. He said, "Come on, write something, will you?" And I now think I will. We have such an easy chemistry together. And we have chemistry because we never "did it." That's the surefire way to kill chemistry in a scene. You have to make sure your actors don't "do it" off-screen. If they don't "do it," then they'll have chemistry on camera.[5]

”

text: On May 27, 2014, various news and media outlets reported that a sequel was in the works.[6] Vardalos later confirmed this via Twitter, and wrote the script for the film.[7] Universal Pictures acquired the US distribution rights to the film on November 11, 2014, and Kirk Jones was set to direct, based on the script by Vardalos, who also starred.[8]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on May 10, 2015 in Toronto, and ended on June 28.[9][10][11]

text: Release[edit]

text: In May 2015, Universal set the film for a March 25, 2016 release.[12]

text: Home media[edit]

text: My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 21, 2016.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 grossed $59.7 million in North America and $29.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $88.9 million, against an $18 million budget, making it a modest box office success.[3]

text: In its opening weekend, the film was projected to gross $15 million from 3,133 theaters.[13] It grossed $7.2 million on its first day and $17.9 million in its opening weekend, finishing third at the box office behind Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice ($166 million) and Zootopia ($24 million).[14] In its second weekend, the film grossed $11.2 million (a 37.2% drop), again finishing third behind Batman v Superman ($51.3 million) and Zootopia ($19.3 million).[15]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 28% based on 163 reviews, with an average rating of 4.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 is as sweet and harmless as the original, but its collection of sitcom gags and stereotypes never coalesces into anything resembling a story with a purpose."[16] Metacritic gave the film a weighted average score of 37 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[17] Polled by CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[14]

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: In late June 2016, Vardalos hinted at the possibility of a third film, saying that although no writing has been done, she does have an idea.[18]