document_title: Call the Midwife

question_text: what kind of nuns are in call the midwife

text: Call the Midwife

text: Plot[edit]

text: The plot follows newly qualified midwife Jenny Lee, and the work of midwives and the nuns of Nonnatus House, a nursing convent, and part of an Anglican religious order, coping with the medical problems in the deprived Poplar district of London's desperately poor East End, in the 1950s. The Sisters and midwives carry out many nursing duties across the community. However, with between 80 and 100 babies being born each month in Poplar alone, the primary work is to help bring safe childbirth to women in the area and to look after their countless newborns.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Call the Midwife is based on the memoirs of Jennifer Worth, featuring narration – and an appearance in the 2014 Christmas Special – by Vanessa Redgrave as an older Jenny.

text:
Jessica Raine as Nursing Sister Jennifer "Jenny" Lee (series 1–3)
Jenny Agutter as Sister Julienne (series 1-)
Pam Ferris as Sister Evangelina (series 1–5)
Judy Parfitt as Sister Monica Joan (series 1–)
Helen George as Nurse Beatrix "Trixie" Franklin (series 1-)
Bryony Hannah as Nurse Cynthia Miller (later Sister Mary Cynthia) (series 1–6)
Miranda Hart as Matron Camilla "Chummy" Fortescue-Cholmeley-Browne (later Noakes) (series 1-4)
Laura Main as Sister Bernadette (later Nursing Sister Shelagh Turner) (series 1–)
Stephen McGann as Dr Patrick Turner (series 1-)
Cliff Parisi as Frederick "Fred" Buckle (series 1-)
Ben Caplan as Police Constable (later Sergeant) Peter Noakes (series 1-6)[7]
Max Macmillan as Timothy Turner (series 3–; recurring series 2)
Dorothy Atkinson as Auxiliary Nurse Jane Sutton (series 2)
Emerald Fennell as Nurse Patience "Patsy" Mount (series 3-6; guest series 2)
Victoria Yeates as Sister Winifred (series 3–)
Jack Ashton as the Revd Tom Hereward (series 4–; recurring series 3)
Charlotte Ritchie as Nurse Barbara Gilbert (later Hereward) (series 4–7)
Linda Bassett as Nursing Sister Phyllis Crane (series 4–)
Kate Lamb as Nurse Delia Busby (series 5–6; recurring series 4)
Jennifer Kirby as Nurse Valerie Dyer (series 6–)
Annabelle Apsion as Violet Buckle (series 7-; recurring series 4-6)
Leonie Elliott as Nurse Lucille Anderson (series 7–)
Miriam Margolyes as Sister Mildred (series 8–)[8]
Fenella Woolgar as Sister Hilda (series 8–)[9]
Ella Bruccoleri as Sister Frances (series 8–)[10]
Georgie Glen as Miss Higgins (series 8–)[11]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
Ave. UK viewers
(millions)[a]

First aired
Last aired

1
6
15 January 2012 (2012-01-15)
19 February 2012 (2012-02-19)
10.61

2
8 (+1)
25 December 2012 (special)
20 January 2013 (2013-01-20)
10 March 2013 (2013-03-10)
10.47

3
8 (+1)
25 December 2013 (special)
19 January 2014 (2014-01-19)
9 March 2014 (2014-03-09)
10.54

4
8 (+1)
25 December 2014 (special)
18 January 2015 (2015-01-18)
8 March 2015 (2015-03-08)
10.82

5
8 (+1)
25 December 2015 (special)
17 January 2016 (2016-01-17)
6 March 2016 (2016-03-06)
10.54

6
8 (+1)
25 December 2016 (special)
22 January 2017 (2017-01-22)
12 March 2017 (2017-03-12)
10.75

7
8 (+1)
25 December 2017 (special)
21 January 2018 (2018-01-21)
11 March 2018
9.97

text: Production[edit]

text: The ship in the opening titles is the Shaw, Savill & Albion Line liner QSMV Dominion Monarch in dry dock at the King George V Dock and the road is Saville Road, Silvertown, east London.[12][13] Many of the exterior scenes are shot at the Chatham Historic Dockyard.[14]

text: On 11 February 2013, Ben Stephenson, BBC Controller for Drama, announced that he had commissioned a 2013 Christmas special, and a third series of eight episodes to air in 2014.[15] The fourth series aired in the US in 2015, finishing its eight-episode run on 17 May.[16] A Christmas special aired in 2015 as well.

text: A fifth series was commissioned for 2016, shortly after series four was done filming.[17] A sixth series was commissioned, which included a 2016 Christmas episode that took place in South Africa.[18] On 23 November 2016, the BBC announced a three-year deal with Neal Street Productions, commissioning a seventh, eighth and ninth series, all with Christmas specials. The new commission will keep the series on air until at least 2020.[19]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In May 2012, BBC Worldwide and the American Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) announced that the first series of Call the Midwife would premiere in the United States on 30 September 2012.[20] BBC Worldwide has also sold the programme to SVT (Sweden); NRK (Norway); RÚV (Iceland); Yle (Finland); AXN White (Spain; Portugal); ERT (Greece);[21][22] ABC in Australia and TVNZ in New Zealand, where its debut recorded a 35% share of the audience – 20% above average. In July 2012 BBC Worldwide announced it has sold the global Video on Demand rights of the programme to Netflix. According to BBC Worldwide America executive vice-president of sales and co-productions Matt Forde, BBC expects to sign another 13 to 15 deals for Call the Midwife with other international download-to-own and VoD services by the end of 2012.

text: The second series of Call the Midwife has been sold to PBS for transmission from 31 March 2013[23] and to SVT (Sweden) for transmission from 19 May 2013.[24] In February 2013, BBC Worldwide reported that Call the Midwife had been sold in over one hundred global territories,[25] with global sales contributing to the UK's position as the second largest TV exporter behind the United States.[26] In February 2017, it was reported that the BBC had exported Call the Midwife to 237 global territories.[27]

text: A second series of eight episodes aired in the UK in early 2013.[28][29] The series achieved a consolidated series average of 10.47 million viewers.[30] A third eight-part series aired in the UK from January 2014,[31] with a consolidated average of 10.53 million.[30]

text: On 28 February 2014, BBC confirmed that Call the Midwife had been commissioned for a 2014 Christmas special[32] and fourth series, to air in 2015.[33] On 3 November 2014, BBC announced that an eight-episode fifth series had been commissioned; it began airing on 17 January 2016; the fifth series takes the story into 1961.[34] The sixth series began airing in the UK on 22 January 2017, taking the drama into 1962.[35] Season seven, again consisting of eight episodes, began airing on Sunday, 21 January, 2018, with episode one viewed by 9.87 million viewers[36]. It was the No.1 rated programme on UK TV for all weeks of its transmission, ending March 11th 2018.[37]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The first series was released in a Region 2, two-disc set on 12 March 2012.[38] Series 2 was scheduled for release on 1 April 2013 in the UK (region 2)[39] with a collector's edition, Call the Midwife Collection, containing series 1, 2 and the 2012 Christmas Special, released on the same date.[40]

text: In the United States, the first series was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 6 November 2012. Series 2 was scheduled for release on DVD and Blu-ray on 18 June 2013.[41] Series 3 was released on Blu-ray on 20 May 2014.[42] Series 4 was released on Blu-ray on 19 May 2015.[43]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: A second series of Call the Midwife was immediately commissioned after the drama's opening episode attracted an audience of nearly 10 million viewers. The second episode increased its audience to 10.47 million, while the third continued the climb to 10.66. Episode 4's rating of 10.89 million overtook 2010 ITV hit Downton Abbey as the largest first series audience for original drama on British television in recent years.[44]

text: In the United States, the series 1 transmission on PBS drew an average household audience rating of 2.1, translating into 3.0 million viewers – 50 percent above PBS' primetime average for the 2011–12 series.[45]

text: The autumn 2012 PBS broadcast of the first series of Call the Midwife in the United States received widespread critical acclaim, earning a Metacritic score of 8.0. The Wall Street Journal declared that "this immensely absorbing drama is worth any trouble it takes to catch up with its singular pleasures",[46] while The Washington Post stated that "the cast is marvelous, the gritty, post-war set pieces are meticulously recreated".[47] TV Guide called the series "a delight to watch",[48] while the San Francisco Chronicle described it as "sentimental, poignant and often heartbreaking".[49]

text: The second series opened with a record overnight audience of 9.3 million UK viewers,[50] going on to achieve a consolidated series average of 10.47 million viewers.[30] This was almost two million above the slot average, and by some distance the most popular UK drama in every week of transmission.[51] When viewing figures from BBC's iPlayer video streaming service and a narrative repeat were included as part of the BBC Live Plus 7 metric,[52] the total number of viewers per week was found to be almost 12 million.[53]

text: The critical reception for series two has praised the programme's sharp blend of prime-time period charm and hard-hitting social commentary. Caitlin Moran in The Times called this "an iron hand in a velvet glove",[54] while Allison Pearson in The Daily Telegraph lauded its ability to "tickle the middle of the brow while touching the most anguished parts of the human condition".[55] In particular, commentators have noted the attention given to female social issues in the drama's post-war, pre-pill setting. Alison Graham in the Radio Times dubbed Call the Midwife "a magnificently subversive drama" and "the torchbearer of feminism on television,"[56] while Caitlin Moran claimed the series encapsulated "how unbelievably terrifying, dreary and vile it was to be a working-class woman 60 years ago."[54]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

2012
British Academy Television Craft Awards
Best Costume Design
Amy Roberts
Nominated

British Academy Television Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Miranda Hart
Nominated

Prix Europa
Best Episode of a TV Fiction Series or Serial
Call The Midwife
Nominated

TV Fiction
Call The Midwife
Nominated

TV Choice Awards, UK
Best Actress
Miranda Hart
Won

Best New Drama
Call The Midwife
Won

2013
National Television Awards
Drama Performance: Female
Miranda Hart
Won

TV and Radio Industries Club Award
Drama Programme of the Year
Call The Midwife
Won

Royal Television Society
Best Drama Series
Call The Midwife
Nominated

Christopher Award
TV and Cable Prize
Call The Midwife
Won

British Academy Television Craft Awards
Director – Fiction
Philippa Lowthorpe
Won

Make up and Hair Design
Christine Walmesley-Cotham
Won

British Academy Television Awards
Audience award
Call the Midwife
Nominated

TV Choice Awards, UK
Best Actress
Miranda Hart
Won

Best Drama Series
Call The Midwife
Nominated

2014
National Television Awards
Drama Performance: Female
Miranda Hart
Nominated

Best Drama
Call The Midwife
Nominated

Satellite Award
Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television
Judy Parfitt
Nominated

TV and Radio Industries Club Award
Drama Programme of the Year
Call The Midwife
Nominated

2015
TV Choice Awards, UK
Best Family Drama
Call The Midwife
Won

2016
Sandford St Martin Trust Awards
Radio Times Faith Award
Call The Midwife
Won

TV Choice Awards, UK
Best Family Drama
Call The Midwife
Won

2017
National Television Awards
Best Period Drama
Call The Midwife
Won

Gracie Awards, US
Television - Ensemble Cast
Call The Midwife
Won

BFI & Radio Times TV Festival
Best 21st Century TV Drama
Call The Midwife
Won

TV Choice Awards, UK
Best Family Drama
Call The Midwife
Won

2018
National Television Awards
Best Drama
Call The Midwife
Nominated

TV and Radio Industries Club Award
Drama Programme of the Year
Call The Midwife
Nominated

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The fourth series onward are based on 28-day data rather than 7-day data.


document_title: Andi Mack

question_text: how many episodes in andi mack season 1

question_tokens: how many episodes in andi mack season 1

root

text: Andi Mack

text: Plot[edit]

text: Andi Mack is turning 13 when her older sister Bex returns home. Andi works through her teenage life, with the help of her family and her friends Cyrus and Buffy, including coping with the revelation that Bex is actually her mother and that her mother Celia is actually her grandmother, and managing her crush on classmate Jonah Beck.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Peyton Elizabeth Lee as Andi Mack[1]
Joshua Rush as Cyrus Goodman[1]
Sofia Wylie as Buffy Driscoll[1]
Asher Angel as Jonah Beck[1]
Lilan Bowden as Rebecca "Bex" Mack[1]
Lauren Tom as Celia Mack[1]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Stoney Westmoreland as Henry "Ham" Mack[1]
Emily Skinner as Amber
Trent Garrett as Bowie

text: Production[edit]

text: Development of the series began in 2015 when Disney Channels Worldwide president Gary Marsh convinced Terri Minsky to consider developing another series for Disney Channel. Back in 2001, Minsky had created the popular sitcom Lizzie McGuire, but was initially reluctant to create another teen-oriented series. She eventually found inspiration for the series in an article on how Jack Nicholson had learned as an adult that the woman he thought was his sister was actually his mother.[2] The series started filming in Salt Lake City in September 2016[3] and finished filming in December 2016.[4]

text: The series premiered on Disney Channel on April 7, 2017.[5] The first episode became available on the Disney Channel App, On-Demand, Disney Channel's YouTube, iTunes, Amazon, and Google Play on March 10, 2017, while the second episode became available the same day via Disney Channel On-Demand as well as to subscribers using the Disney Channel App.[5] The first season was planned to consist of 13 episodes;[6] however, only 12 episodes were aired.

text: Disney Channel renewed the series for a second season on May 25, 2017.[7] The second season premiered on Disney Channel on October 27, 2017. One week before the season two premiere, a music video for the full version of the series' theme song was released, starring the entire cast.[8] On October 25, 2017, TVLine revealed that in season two, Cyrus will begin to realize that he has feelings for Jonah, making him Disney Channel's first gay main character.[9]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
12
April 7, 2017 (2017-04-07)
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)

2
TBA
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)
TBA

tag: table

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
12
April 7, 2017 (2017-04-07)
1.24[10]
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)
1.94[11]
1.39

2
2
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)
1.62[12]
TBA
TBD
1.64


document_title: Indian Independence League

question_text: where was indian independence league formed in 1942

text: Indian Independence League

text: Background[edit]

text:
With the occupation of South-East Asia,
a large expatriate Indian population had come under the Japanese occupation. A framework of local Indian associations had existed even before the war reached Malaya. The biggest of these included the likes of the pre-war Central Indian Association, the Singapore Indian Independence league and other organisations, and had amongst their members eminent Indian expatriates, e.g. K. P. K. Menon, Nedyam Raghavan, Pritam Singh, S.C. Goho and others. With the occupation authority's encouragement, these groups began amalgamating into the local Indian Independence leagues and became the predominant liaising organisation between the local Indian population and the Japanese occupation force.

text: Joining the Indian Independence League brought security and perks.[2] Displaying an IIL card smoothed the purchase of a railway ticket and allowed purchase at the IIL headquarters of hard-to-get items like tooth paste and soap at reasonable prices.[2] It was also the means by which rations were issued.[3]  In addition, since the IIL was allowed to work with the Swiss Red Cross, members could receive and send letters to then hard to reach places, such as Ceylon.[2]

text: Rash Behari Bose[edit]

text: Rash Behari Bose was an Indian revolutionary noted for his planning of the Delhi-Lahore conspiracy of 1912 to assassinate the then Viceroy Lord Hardinge, and his involvement in the Ghadr Conspiracy of 1915. Sought by the Raj, Rash Behari fled to Japan where he found sanctuary among Japanese patriotic societies. Rash Behari subsequently learned the Japanese Language, married a Japanese woman, and became a naturalised Japanese citizen.[4]

text: Before and during the Malayan Campaign, Rash Behari had tried to interest Japanese efforts to aims of the Indian Independence movement. With encouraging reports from Fujiwara and the establishment of the local Independence leagues, the IGHQ sought Rash Behari's help to expand and amalgamate the Indian movement taking shape.

text: Rash Behari advised the IGHQ to attach the evolving INA to a political organisation that would also speak for the civilian Indian population in South-east Asia.[5]

text: The Tokyo Conference[edit]

text: In March 1942, he invited the local leaders of the Indian Independence leagues to a conference in Tokyo. This invitation was taken up and the delegation met at a Tokyo hotel in late March 1942.

text: The Tokyo conference, however, failed to reach any definitive decisions. A number of the Indian delegation held differences with Rash Behari, especially given his long connection with Japan and the current position of Japan as the occupying power in South-east Asia, and were wary of vested Japanese interests.[5] The conference agreed to meet again in Bangkok at a future date.[5] The Indian delegation returned to Singapore in April with Rash Behari.

text: All Malayan Indian Independence League[edit]

text: In Singapore, Rash Behari was invited to chair a public meeting that saw the proclamation of the All-Malayan Indian Independence League.[5] The League was headed by Nedyam Raghavan, a Penang Barrister and a prominent Malayan Indian. The governing board included K.P. Kesava Menon and S.C Goho, the latter the chairman of the Singapore Indian Independence League. The league made a number of proposals including creation of a Council of Action as the executive arm, formation of a body which the regional leagues would report to, as well as the relations between the INA and the council as well as those between the council and the Japanese authority.[5] The decision was made to vote on these proposals by a representation larger than that had met at Tokyo, and meeting elsewhere than on Japanese soil.[5] There also remains suggestions that members of the League, including Niranjan Singh Gill who directed the PoW camps, were apprehensive about Japanese intentions with regards to the league, and the Independence movement.[6]

text: The league found widespread support among the Indian population; membership was estimated to be close to a hundred-thousand at the end of August. Membership in the league was of advantage for the population in the middle of war-time emergency and when dealing with the occupation authorities. The League's membership card identified the holder as Indian (and thus an ally), it was used to issue rations.[3] Further, the League took efforts to improve the conditions of the local Indian populace, including the cause of the now jobless plantation labourers.[5]

text: Bangkok Conference[edit]

text:
In June 1942, the Bangkok conference was held. This saw the constitution of the Indian Independence League. The league consisted of a Council for Action and a Committee of representatives below it. Below the committee was to be the territorial and local branches.[7] Rash Behari Bose was to chair the council, while K.P. Kesava Menon, Nedyam Raghavan were among the civilian members of the council. Mohan Singh and an officer by the name of Gilani were to be the INA's members.[7]
The committee of representatives took members from the 12 territories with Indian population, with representation proportional to the representative Indian population.[7][8]
The Bangkok resolution further decided that the Indian National Army was to be subordinate to it.[7]

text: The Bangkok conference adopted a thirty-four point resolution to and expected the Japanese government to respond to each point. These included the demand that the Japanese government clearly, explicitly and publicly recognise India as an independent nation and the league as the nation's representatives and guardians.[7] Other points also demanded assurances from the Japanese on Azad Hind's relation with Japan, respect for her sovereignty and her territorial integrity, to all of which the council unanimously demanded that Japan clearly and unequivocally commit themselves before the league proceeded any further in collaboration.[9] The resolution further demanded that the Indian National Army be accorded the status of an allied army and be treated as such, and that all Indian POWs be released to the INA. The Japanese must help the army with loans, and not to ask it to march in any other purpose than for the liberation of India.[7] The resolution was duly forwarded to what was then the Japanese liaising office, the Iwakuro Kikan.

text: Greater East Asia Conference[edit]

text: In November 1943, the Greater East Asia Conference was held in Tokyo. The head of state who were the member of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere was gathered. Subhas Chandra Bose participated as a Head of State of Provisional Government of Azad Hind.

text: Later in time[edit]

text: In 1945, noted Jakarta's Indian community leader Pritam Singh took part in both the Indian Independence League and also Indonesia's struggle for independence.[10]

text: In 1972, the Centre introduced the Swathantra Sainik Samman Pension Scheme[11] through which independence activists were entitled to a pension.[12] However, there was significant resistance to implementing the scheme.[12] For example, it took 24 years of legal fighting for S. M. Shanmugam to finally receive his pension in August 2006.[12]

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: Indian Independence League received a prominent role in film maker K. A. Devarajan's 1998 film "Gopuram."[13] In the film, the maternal grandfather of an Indian journalist is a 1930s independence activist in Japan who is wanted by the British police.[13] Eventually, the grandfather joins the Indian Independence League in Japan and his exploits are presented.[13]

text: In Amitav Ghosh's novel The Glass Palace (2000), Ghosh chronicles the fictional Rangoon teak trade fortunes of Rajkumar Raha and his extended family.[14] In that book, Uma Dey is a widow and Indian Independence League activist.[14] Her appearance in the later half of the book is used as a device to characterize the post-colonial divisions for the remainder of the novel.[14]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Sankar, Uthaya. (11 February 2004) New Straits Times. What Tamil writers?

^ Jump up to: a b c Balachandran, PK. (17 April 2006) Hindustan Times. Netaji's army as seen by a Ceylonese recruit. Colombo diary.

^ Jump up to: a b Fay 1993, p. 92

Jump up ^ Fay 1993, p. 90

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Fay 1993, p. 91

Jump up ^ Fay 1993, p. 93

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Fay 1993, p. 108

Jump up ^ Green 1948, p. 61

Jump up ^ Fay 1993, p. 144

Jump up ^ Jakarta Post. (3 June 2003) Indian community leader dies. Section: Features; Page 20.

Jump up ^ Swathantra Sainik Samman Pension Scheme

^ Jump up to: a b c The Hindu. (22 August 2006) Centre asked to pay pension to freedom fighter's widow.

^ Jump up to: a b c The Hindu (25 September 1998) Film maker with a mission.

^ Jump up to: a b c Urquhart, James. (7 August 2000) The Independent Monday Book: A 'Doctor Zhivago' for the Far East - Review of The Glass Palace.

tag: ol


document_title: River Severn

question_text: where does the river severn stop being tidal

text: River Severn

text: Etymology and mythology[edit]

text: The name Severn is thought to derive from a Celtic original name *sabrinnā, of uncertain meaning.[6] That name then developed in different languages to become Sabrina to the Romans, Hafren in Welsh, and Severn in English. A folk etymology later developed, deriving the name from a mythical story of a nymph, Sabrina, who drowned in the river.[7] Sabrina is also the goddess of the River Severn in Celtic mythology. The story of Sabrina is featured in Milton's Comus.[8] There is a statue of Sabrina in the Dingle Gardens at the Quarry, Shrewsbury, as well as a metal sculpture erected in 2013 also in the town.[9] As the Severn becomes tidal the associated deity changed to Nodens, who was represented mounted on a seahorse, riding on the crest of the Severn bore.[10]

text: Tributary rivers[edit]

text: The River Stour rises in the north of Worcestershire in the Clent Hills, near St Kenelm's Church at Romsley. It flows north into the adjacent West Midlands at Halesowen. It then flows westwards through Cradley Heath and Stourbridge where it leaves the Black Country. It is joined by the Smestow Brook at Prestwood before it winds around southwards to Kinver, and then flows back into Worcestershire. It then passes through Wolverley, Kidderminster and Wilden to its confluence with the Severn at Stourport-on-Severn.

text: The River Vyrnwy, which begins at Lake Vyrnwy, flows eastwards through Powys before forming part of the border between England and Wales, joining the Severn near Melverley, Shropshire. The Rea Brook flows north from its source in the Stiperstones and joins the Severn at Shrewsbury. The River Tern, after flowing south from Market Drayton and being joined by the River Meese and the River Roden, meets the Severn at Attingham Park.

text: The River Worfe joins the Severn, just above Bridgnorth. The River Stour rising on the Clent Hills and flowing through Halesowen, Stourbridge, and Kidderminster, joins the Severn at Stourport. On the opposite bank, the tributaries are only brooks, Borle Brook, Dowles Brook draining the Wyre Forest, Dick Brook and Shrawley Brook.

text: The River Teme flows eastwards from its source in Mid Wales, straddling the border between Shropshire and Herefordshire, it is joined by the River Onny, River Corve and River Rea before it finally joins the Severn slightly downstream of Worcester. Shit Brook near Much Wenlock was culverted to flow into the Severn.

text: One of the several rivers named Avon, in this case the Warwickshire Avon, flows west through Rugby, Warwick and Stratford-upon-Avon. It is then joined by its tributary the River Arrow, before finally joining the Severn at Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire.

text: The port of Bristol is on the Severn Estuary, where another River Avon flows into it through the Avon Gorge.

text: The River Wye, from its source in Plynlimon, Wales (2 miles (3 km) from the source of the Severn), flows generally south east through the Welsh towns of Rhayader and Builth Wells. It enters Herefordshire, flows through Hereford, and is shortly afterwards joined by the River Lugg, before flowing through Ross-on-Wye and Monmouth, and then southwards where it forms part of the boundary between England (Forest of Dean) and Wales. It flows into the Severn near the town of Chepstow, slightly upstream of the Bristol Avon on the opposite bank.

text: The River Usk flows into the Severn Estuary just south of Newport.

text: The Rad Brook is a small river in Shropshire, England. It flows through Shrewsbury and enters the River Severn there.

text: Settlements[edit]

text: Below is a list of major towns and cities that the Severn flows through (in order running downstream):

text: Through Powys:

text:
Llanidloes
Newtown
Welshpool

text: Through Shropshire:

text:
Shrewsbury (county town)
Ironbridge
Bridgnorth

text: Through Worcestershire:

text:
Bewdley
Stourport
Worcester (county town)
Upton

text: Through Gloucestershire:

text:
Tewkesbury
Gloucester (county town)

text: Transport[edit]

text: Bridges[edit]

text: The Severn is bridged at many places, and many of these bridges are notable in their own right, with several designed and built by the engineer Thomas Telford. There also is the famous Iron Bridge at Ironbridge, which was the world's first iron arch bridge.

text: The two road bridges of the Severn crossing link Wales with the southern counties of England.

text:
Severn Bridge — opened in 1966 carrying what is now the M48
Second Severn Crossing — opened in 1996 carrying the M4 motorway

text: Prior to the construction of the first bridge in 1966, the channel was crossed by the Aust Ferry.

text: Other notable bridges include:

text:
Buttington Bridge — built in 1872
Montford Bridge — Thomas Telford's first ever bridge design, built between 1790 and 1792
Welsh Bridge (pictured) — in the centre of Shrewsbury, built in 1795 at a cost of £8,000
English Bridge — also in Shrewsbury, designed and completed in 1774 by John Gwynn
Atcham Bridges — the old one built in 1774, while the newer one in 1929 carries the B4380
Albert Edward Bridge — in Coalbrookdale, a railway bridge opened in 1864
Coalport Bridge — like its neighbour Ironbridge, is made of cast iron, built in 1818
Bewdley Bridge — designed by Telford, completed in 1798
Holt Fleet Bridge — in Worcestershire and designed by Telford and opened in 1828
Upton Town Bridge — built in 1940, the only bridge to cross between Worcester and Tewkesbury
Queenshill Viaduct — carries the M50 between Junction 1 and 2
Mythe Bridge — designed by Telford and opened in April 1826, located in Tewkesbury
Haw Bridge — a steel beam bridge, west of Tewkesbury
Maisemore Bridge — carries the A417 and is a single masonry arch, dating back to 1230.
Over Bridge — single masonry arch, built by Telford
Over Rail Bridge — carrying the Gloucester to Newport Line, currently the last bridge before the Severn Crossings, which is 30 miles (48 km) downstream
Severn Rail Bridge — linking the Forest of Dean to Sharpness docks, partially collapsed in 1960 and was dismantled in 1967–70

text: Rail[edit]

text: The Severn Tunnel, completed in 1886 by John Hawkshaw on behalf of the Great Western Railway, lies near the Second Severn Crossing road bridge, and carries the South Wales Main Line section of the Great Western Main Line under the channel. The original line built before the Severn Tunnel was the South Wales Railway from Gloucester, that followed the estuary alongside present day stations of Lydney, Chepstow, Caldicot and Severn Tunnel Junction to Newport.

text: Cars could also be transported through the Severn Tunnel. In the 1950s three trains a day made round trips between Severn Tunnel Junction and Pilning. The vehicles were loaded onto open flat bed carriages and pulled by a small pannier tank locomotive, although sometimes they were joined to a scheduled passenger train. The prudent owner paid to cover the vehicle with a sheet, as sparks often flew when the steam locomotive tackled the slope leading to the tunnel exit. A railway coach was provided for passengers and drivers. Reservations could be made and the fee for the car was about thirty shillings (£1.50) in the early 1950s.

text: Disasters[edit]

text: There have been many disasters on the Severn and it has claimed many lives (figures vary depending on how it is recorded, circa 300 people), especially during the 20th century. The Severn Railway Bridge was badly damaged by the collision of two river barges in 1960, which led to its demolition in 1970. Five crew members of both the Arkendale H and Wastdale H died in the accident.[11] More recently the river flooded during the 2007 United Kingdom floods.

text: Navigation[edit]

text: There is a public right of navigation between Pool Quay, near Welshpool, and Stourport. However this stretch of the river has little traffic, other than small pleasure boats, canoes and some tour boats in Shrewsbury. Below Stourport, where the river is more navigable for larger craft, users must obtain permits from the Canal & River Trust, who are the navigation authority. During spring freshet the river can be closed to navigation.

text: At Upper Parting above Gloucester, the river divides into two, and flows either side of Alney Island to Lower Parting. The West Channel is no longer navigable. The East Channel is navigable as far as Gloucester Docks, from where the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal provides a navigable channel south. Between the docks and Lower Parting Llanthony Weir marks the Normal Tidal Limit (NTL) of the East Channel of the river.[12]

text: In the tidal section of the river below Gloucester, the Gloucester Harbour Trustees are the competent harbour authority. The Trustees maintain navigation lights at various points along the river (including on Chapel Rock and Lyde Rock, and leading lights at Slime Road, Sheperdine and Berkeley Pill).

text: Locks[edit]

text: There are locks on the lower Severn to enable seagoing boats to reach as far as Stourport. The most northerly lock is at Lincombe, about 1 mile (1.6 km) downstream from Stourport.

text: Associated canals[edit]

text:
[hide]
[

v
t
e

]
River Severn

Legend

Bewdley

Limit of navigation

Stourport-on-Severn

Stourport basins

Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal

Lincombe lock

Holt lock

River Salwarpe

Droitwich Canal

Bevere lock and weir

Cotswold Line

Worcester

Worcester and Birmingham Canal

Diglis weir and locks

River Avon

Avon lock

Tewkesbury

Upper Lode lock

Coombe Hill Canal

Maisemore weir and lock

Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal

South Wales Railway

Llanthony lock

Llanthony weir

Gloucester lock

Gloucester Dock and Victoria Basin

Gloucester and Sharpness Canal

New Swing Bridge

Stroudwater Canal

River Severn

Sharpness Old Lock

Sharpness Lock

Lydney Canal

Severn Bridge M48 motorway

River Wye

Second Severn Crossing M4 motorway

Severn Estuary

River Avon

Bristol Channel

text: The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, (both narrow beam) and the Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal join the Severn at Stourport, Worcester and Gloucester respectively. The Droitwich Barge Canal, a broad beam canal, joins the Severn at Hawford, near to the River Salwarpe, and connects to the Droitwich Canal (narrow beam) in the name town, which then forms a link to the Worcester and Birmingham Canal. The two Droitwich canals re-opened in 2010 after major restoration.

text: The Gloucester and Sharpness Canal connects the Severn at Gloucester to the Severn at Sharpness, avoiding a stretch of the tidal river which is dangerous to navigate. The Stroudwater Navigation used to join the tidal Severn at Framilode, but since the 1920s has connected to the Severn only via the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal.

text: The Lydney Canal is a short canal which connects Lydney to the river.

text: The section of the river between Tewkesbury and Worcester forms part of the Avon Ring, a 109-mile (175 km) circular cruising route which includes 129 locks and covers parts of three other waterways.

text: Passenger transport[edit]

text: The tidal river[edit]

text: Paddle steamers were operated in the Severn Estuary from the mid 19th century to the late 1970s by P and A Campbell of Bristol. The vessels, Cardiff Queen, Bristol Queen, Glen Usk, Glen Gower and Britannia all operated on this route in the 1950's and 1960's. Since 1986 Waverley Excursions has operated occasional sailings to Sharpness and Lydney by the MV Balmoral.[13]

text: A number of ferries were also operated on the tidal river, for example at New Passage, Purton and Arlingham. The last ferry was the Aust Ferry, which closed in 1966 when the Severn Bridge opened. One of the Aust ferries, Severn Princess, is still in Chepstow although largely derelict.

text: The upper river[edit]

text: In Worcester, the Worcester River Cruises have boat trips up and down the river between Tewkesbury and Stourport, operating the boats The Pride of the Midlands and The Earl Grosvenor.[14]

text: The Cathedral Ferry, a foot passenger ferry, also operates on summer weekends from the steps of Worcester Cathedral.[citation needed]

text: In Shropshire the Hampton Loade Ferry operates across the river.

text: In Shrewsbury, boat trips around the loop of the town centre are at present provided by the Sabrina and depart from Victoria Quay near the Welsh Bridge during the summer.[15]

text: Severn Estuary[edit]

text: The river becomes tidal at Maisemore, on the West Channel just north of Gloucester, and at Llanthony Weir on the East Channel. The tidal river downstream from Gloucester is sometimes referred to as the Severn Estuary, but the river is usually considered to become the Severn Estuary after the Second Severn Crossing near Severn Beach, South Gloucestershire (the point to which the jurisdiction of the Gloucester Harbour Trustees extends), or at Aust, the site of the Severn Bridge.

text: The Severn Estuary extends to a line from Lavernock Point (south of Cardiff) to Sand Point near Weston-super-Mare. West of this line is the Bristol Channel. In the Severn Estuary (or the Bristol Channel in the last two cases, depending where the boundary is drawn) are the rocky islands called Denny Island, Steep Holm and Flat Holm.

text: The estuary is about 2 miles (3 km) wide at Aust, and about 9 miles (14 km) wide between Cardiff and Weston-super-Mare.

text: Severn Sea[edit]

text: Until Tudor times the Bristol Channel was known as the Severn Sea, and it is still known as this in both Welsh and Cornish (Môr Hafren and Mor Havren respectively, with Môr meaning Sea).

text: During the 18th century, the Devon, Somerset and Exmoor coastline was full of smugglers. Coastguards patrolled the shores all night in all weathers, one man for every 1⁄4 mile (400 m) of the path. Almost every officer and man in the Royal Navy must have taken part either in smuggling or in its prevention. The resulting skill in foul weather seamanship and coastal raiding certainly contributed to the Navy's success against Napoleon Bonaparte.[citation needed]

text: Severn bore[edit]

text: A curious phenomenon associated with the lower reaches of the Severn is the tidal bore,[16] which forms somewhat upstream of the port of Sharpness.

text: It is frequently asserted that the river's estuary, which empties into the Bristol Channel, has the second largest tidal range in the world—48 feet (15 m),[17][18] exceeded only by the Bay of Fundy. However a tidal range greater than that of the Severn is recorded from the lesser known Ungava Bay in Canada.[19] During the highest tides, the rising water is funnelled up the Severn estuary into a wave that travels rapidly upstream against the river current. The largest bores occur in spring, but smaller ones can be seen throughout the year. The bore is accompanied by a rapid rise in water level which continues for about one and a half hours after the bore has passed.

text: Industry[edit]

text: A 3-mile (4.8 km) stretch of the River Severn in Shropshire, is known as Ironbridge Gorge. It was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986. Its historic importance is due to its role as the centre of the iron industry in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution. The gorge and the village of Ironbridge get their name from the Iron Bridge across the Severn, built in 1779, which was the first cast-iron arch bridge ever constructed.[20]

text: Wildlife[edit]

text: The sides of the estuary are also important feeding grounds for waders, notably at the Bridgwater Bay National Nature Reserve and the Slimbridge Wildfowl Trust. River shingle habitat can also be found on the lower estuary, notable for its population of the endangered 5-spot Ladybird.[21]

text: Literary and musical allusions[edit]

text: The River Severn is named several times in A.E. Housman's A Shropshire Lad (1896): "It dawns in Asia, tombstones show/And Shropshire names are read;/And the Nile spills his overflow/Beside the Severn's dead" (“1887"); "Severn stream" (“The Welsh Marches"); and "Severn shore" (“Westward from the high-hilled plain...”).

text: In William Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1, Henry Hotspur Percy recalls the valor of Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March in a long battle against Welshman Owain Glyndŵr upon the Severn's banks, claiming the flooding Severn "affrighted with (the warriors') bloody looks ran fearfully among the trembling reeds and hid his crisp head in the hollow bank, bloodstained with these valiant combatants."

text: The Severn was the inspiration for a number of works by Gloucestershire composer Ivor Gurney, including the songs "Western Sailors" (1925) and "Severn Meadows" (1917).

text: Gloucestershire writer and poet Brian Waters published Severn Tide with J. M. Dent in 1947 and followed it with Severn Stream in 1949. With anecdotal stories about his travels, both books tell of the lives of the people who lived and worked on and along the river, describing the landscape with a poet's eye. Waters links Nodens with the Seven Bore and the association of the Celtic deity with the river is explored at length by Rogers.[8]

text: Several 20th century English composers wrote works inspired by the river. Gerald Finzi (1901-1956) wrote A Severn Rhapsody, his Opus 3, in 1923; taking the Severn River and its surrounding countryside as his inspiration. Edward Elgar (1857-1934) wrote The Severn Suite, Opus 87, in 1930. Elgar lived much of both his early life and his later life near Worcester, through which the Severn runs. Herbert Howells (1892-1983), born close to the Severn in Lydney, wrote the complex Missa Sabrinensis (Mass of the Severn) in 1954, and an earlier hymn tune simply entitled Severn.

text: The Severn is often mentioned in Ellis Peters' The Cadfael Chronicles, set in or around Shrewsbury Abbey, beside the river.


document_title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)

question_text: fear the walking dead season 3 new characters

text: Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Kim Dickens as Madison Clark
Cliff Curtis as Travis Manawa
Frank Dillane as Nick Clark
Alycia Debnam-Carey as Alicia Clark
Colman Domingo as Victor Strand
Mercedes Mason as Ofelia Salazar
Danay García as Luciana Galvez[3]
Daniel Sharman as Troy Otto[4]
Sam Underwood as Jake Otto[3]
Lisandra Tena as Lola Guerrero
Dayton Callie as Jeremiah Otto[5]
Rubén Blades as Daniel Salazar

text: Supporting cast[edit]

text:
Karen Bethzabe as Elena Reyes[6]
Ramses Jimenez as Hector Reyes
Rae Gray as Gretchen Trimbol
Michael William Freeman as Blake Sarno
Jason Manuel Olazabal as Dante Esquivel
Michael Greyeyes as Qaletaqa Walker
Justin Rain as Crazy Dog

text: Production[edit]

text: AMC renewed the series for a 16-episode third season on April 15, 2016.[7] Production began in January 2017 in Baja, Mexico.[8] This is the final season with co-creator Dave Erickson as showrunner as he will leave the series after the conclusion of the third season.[9] In February 2017, it was announced that Emma Caulfield was cast in the season.[10] In March 2017, it was revealed that Daniel Sharman joined the cast as a series regular.[4] In April 2017, several new actors were announced having joined the series; including Dayton Callie (reprising his guest role from season 2) and Sam Underwood, who, along with Daniel Sharman play members of the Otto family; and Lisandra Tena as Lola Guerrero.[3]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

22
1
"Eye of the Beholder"
Andrew Bernstein
Dave Erickson
June 4, 2017 (2017-06-04)
3.11[11]

Travis, Madison and Alicia are captured by an armed group and taken to a military compound, where Travis is separated from them and is taken to a basement while Madison and Alicia are taken to an office. At the basement, Travis finds himself with Nick, an injured Luciana and other captives. The captives are being experimented on by a group of soldiers. Travis, Luciana, Nick and one captive attempt to escape, but Travis is re-captured and the other captive is killed while Luciana and Nick sneak in a sewer. Meanwhile, Madison and Alicia attack Troy, impaling one of his eyes with a spoon and taking him as a hostage. Madison then takes Troy out to demand her family to be released while Alicia searches around for Travis. Meanwhile, Travis is thrown into a pit full of walkers, but he manages to kill them all. Nick carrying an injured Luciana tries to get out of the sewer but finds a horde of walkers that slowly make their way into the sewer. After bypassing several obstacles, Travis, Madison, Alicia and Nick are reunited. Soon after, the military compound is overrun with walkers, forcing all people to leave. Travis carrying an injured Luciana and Alicia board a helicopter while Madison and Nick escape in a truck.

23
2
"The New Frontier"
Stefan Schwartz
Mark Richard
June 4, 2017 (2017-06-04)
2.70[11]

The helicopter is attacked and Travis is shot in the stomach and neck. Travis sacrifices himself by falling out of the helicopter to prevent dying and turning in the helicopter. At the hotel, Strand allows many angry refugees past the gates, falsely claiming he is a doctor and can be of assistance. Madison, Troy, and Nick finally reach Broke Jaw Ranch, owned by Troy's father Jeremiah, and are informed that the helicopter has not arrived. Jeremiah welcomes Madison and Nick, who are suspicious of the ranch but ultimately decide to stay, even if that means taking it over. Back at the hotel, Elena orders Strand to leave for allowing survivors to enter the compound. After the helicopter crash, Alicia and Jake carry Luciana on their way to the ranch, where they reunite with Madison and Nick. Madison breaks down after being informed of the death of Travis, while Nick stands by Luciana's side. Prior to leaping to her death from a hotel balcony, IIene gifts Strand the keys to a brand new Jaguar.

24
3
"TEOTWAWKI"
Deborah Chow
Ryan Scott
June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11)
2.50[12]

In a television commercial well before the apocalypse, Jeremiah Otto and his family promote a video series on the key to surviving TEOTWAWKI, or "the end of the world as we know it". The ranch holds a meeting in the wake of Charlene's death, where Troy, Jake, and Jeremiah vow justice for the party that shot down the helicopter. Other residents express contempt for Madison and her family. Gretchen, a young girl on the ranch, invites Alicia to "bible study," which Madison coaxes Alicia into attending. A recovering Luciana informs Nick that they must leave the ranch as soon as possible. Back in her cabin, Madison discovers Troy laying in Nick's bed, and he expresses contempt for her son; Madison tells Troy that Nick will learn to fit in. During a scouting mission, Nick soon discovers he and Troy were not so different in their views of the world. Back at the ranch, Jeremiah dispatches Troy to the camp of those who attacked the helicopter; Madison volunteers to accompany them to exact vengeance for Travis. Elsewhere, Strand arrives at the Gonzalez Dam, where he is reunited with an old friend Dante Esquevil, offering him a partnership in consoling the dam's dwindling water supplies, but Dante instead has Strand imprisoned; while in his cell, Strand is reunited with Daniel, alive.

25
4
"100"
Alex Garcia Lopez
Alan Page
June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18)
2.40[13]

Through flashbacks, Daniel had survived the fire and escaped further into Mexico, where he was saved from death by a band of refugees headed by Efrain Morales, who consoles Daniel's grief for losing Ofelia, whom he was determined to find. While fending off Walkers, Daniel falls into the sewers leading to the Gonzalez Dam, where he is spared death by Lola Guerrero, one of Dante's workers. Learning of Daniel's military expertise, Dante makes Daniel one of his operatives, forcing him to torture Efrain for information on the refugees, who were stealing the dam's dwindling water resources. Daniel eventually is reunited with Strand, who offers to take him to Ofelia at the hotel. After witnessing Dante execute his employees for betrayal, Daniel breaks his control and kills Dante and his bodyguards, taking over the dam.

26
5
"Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame"
Daniel Stamm
Suzanne Heathcote
June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)
2.50[14]

After a fire kills one of the founders of Broke Jaw, Nick and Jeremiah bond by rebuilding the house, locating Jeremiah's prize antique revolver. Madison, Troy and their squadron set out for the Black Hat Reserve, a sanctuary populated by the Native American tribe of Qaletaqa Walker, whose ancestral land was where Broke Jaw was built upon; however, upon their arrival, Walker has the squadron stripped of their weapons and forces them to return to Broke Jaw, with a warning of an impending invasion unless the land was returned to his tribe. During the trek back, Madison and Troy confront further and Troy contemplates killing Madison, but relents. Back at Broke Jaw, Nick continues debating on leaving with Luciana, but eventually decides to remain; Luciana later leaves. Alicia and Jake begin a relationship. Elsewhere, Strand leads Daniel to the hotel, but upon discovering Ofelia was not present, Daniel abandons Strand, leaving him to the mercy of the undead.

27
6
"Red Dirt"
Courtney Hunt
Wes Brown
July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02)
2.19[15]

After Madison and Troy's return with news of Walker's invasion, civil unrest occurs within Broke Jaw, with many residents considering leaving, including Gretchen and her family, despite Troy's threatening efforts to keep them within the ranch for security measures. Jeremiah allows people the option to leave, despite Madison's approval with Troy's intentions. Aware of the oncoming invasion, Jake journeys to Black Hat to negotiate peace terms with Walker to prevent the war, but Alicia follows him. Madison, Nick and Jeremiah later find Gretchen and her family murdered, presumably by Walker, but Madison suspects Troy was responsible. As such, she informs the community that Walker was responsible to prepare them for the upcoming war, leaving Nick disgusted, but accepted.

28
7
"The Unveiling"
Jeremy Webb
Mark Richard
July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09)
2.62[16]

Jake and Alicia arrive at Black Hat, where Alicia discovers Ofelia to be alive and allied with Walker's tribe after she escaped the hotel. Jake and Walker agree to exchange hostages; Alicia remains at Black Hat, while Jake returns to Broke Jaw with Ofelia. While at Black Hat, Alicia learns that Walker did not intend to kill Travis, but had been aiming for Jake all along; Walker's people had also predicted the oncoming apocalypse, seeing it as a sign to reclaim the land they once owned. Displeased at Alicia's situation, Madison, Nick and Troy lead a team to rescue her from Black Hat; they succeed in doing so, but several of Walker's men are killed. Jake attempts to make peace by returning Ofelia, but Walker beats him and narrowly avoids scalping him. Later, Ofelia arrives at Broke Jaw, seemingly cast out. However, a crippling illness suddenly strikes the community and many people die and reanimate as walkers, massacring the residents; Nick is among those infected and Madison later uncovers Ofelia was responsible.

29
8
"Children of Wrath"
Andrew Bernstein
Jami O'Brien
July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09)
2.40[16]

Through flashbacks, Ofelia was found, but left for dead by Jeremiah, only to be rescued by Walker. In present day, Ofelia is captured and transported to Walker by Madison; it was revealed Walker had Ofelia poison Broke Jaw's water supply with anthrax, which she was unaware of. In retaliation, Madison, Alicia and Troy sabotage Black Hat and steal a trailer full of Walker's spiritual relics. After recovering, Nick learns from Jeremiah that he had murdered Walker's father, which had ignited the rivalry. Realizing they had chosen the wrong side, Madison parlays with Walker, who demands Jeremiah be killed in exchange for peace. After tensions between them grow after Alicia learns of Troy's actions kept secret, Madison later reveals to her children that she had murdered her abusive father to protect her mother. After Madison fails to convince Jeremiah to kill himself to protect his sons, Nick arrives and kills Jeremiah, labeling his death as a suicide. Madison later delivers his scalp to Walker. Meanwhile, Strand returns to the capsized Abigail, but seeks solace within a Russian survivor on the radio. Desiring no further loneliness, Strand burns down the Abigail and sets off to get revenge against Daniel.

30
9
"Minotaur"
Stefan Schwartz
Dave Erickson & Mike Zunic
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
2.14[17]

Walker and the rest of the Native Americans arrive at the ranch. In a meeting, Walker tells the people of the ranch that his grudge is over, as Otto sacrificed himself for peace. Members of the ranch, including Troy, are not forgiving of the Nation's previous actions. After a resident of the ranch attacks one of Walker's men with a weapon, Walker is given the other key to the arsenal, so his people can arm themselves. Madison, Nick and Walker go to Otto's house to collect weapons from Troy, but he refuses and fires a warning shot. Troy orders everyone out, but Nick stays behind, hoping to get him to back down. A firefight between the Nation and them eventually ensues. Nick confesses to Troy that he killed Otto, leaving him stunned and he gives up. For punishment, Troy is exiled from the ranch and Nick is imprisoned in an outhouse. Troy is driven into the desert by Madison and one of Walker's men. Troy gets a hold of the man's knife, injuring him. Madison holds a gun on him and orders him to leave. Meanwhile, at the dam, Lola, Daniel and Efrain distribute water to desperate people in the streets. A man accuses them of controlling the dam for personal gain and the crowd turns on them and attacks. The three of them rush to the truck and drive off.

31
10
"The Diviner"
Paco Cabezas
Ryan Scott
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
2.14[17]

After uncovering the ranch only possessed six weeks worth of water, Madison and Walker leave the ranch for the nearby arena where a large auctioning market has been set up to bargain for more water. Once arriving, Madison is reunited with Strand, who was targeted by the resident authorities for failing to pay his debts. He is later captured and forced to fight walkers on the outer grounds until death; fortunately, he is rescued by Madison by stealing the gold Walker intended to trade for the water. Learning of the dam, Madison commands Strand to lead them to the dam to save their people. Back on the ranch, Nick is released from captivity, but soon learns a group of residents were planning on rebelling against the Nation to regain control, but Nick was hesitant to cause further bloodshed. After Alicia reveals the truth behind the water's limited supplies, the community flies into revolt. However, before the coup can begin, they witness Alicia constructing another well on the Nation's land, inspiring the rebels to participate in saving their ranch.

32
11
"La Serpiente"
Josef Wladyka
Mark Richard & Lauren Signorino
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
1.99[18]

Madison, Strand, and Walker drive to the dam in the water tanker. Upon reaching the dam, Madison reveals to Daniel that Ofelia is alive and is at the ranch. Madison speaks with Lola, wanting water in exchange for the ranch's resources such as cattle or weapons, but Lola declines. Since Madison has ruined their chances at the water supply, Walker plans on kicking them off the ranch, and he leaves the dam on foot. Daniel believes that the angry mob plan on overtaking the dam. Daniel speaks with Walker, who thanks him for saving Ofelia; Walker tells him that she's now a solider. As Madison and Strand prepare to leave, a water tanker explodes, blowing out part of the gate and the infected begin to pour in. They kill the infected and fix the gate. The angry mob can be heard as they approach the dam. Because of the incident, Lola agrees to exchange 10,000 gallons of water for weapons. Strand reveals to Madison that he rigged the explosion as they drive back in the water tanker. They spot Walker on the road and they pick him up.

33
12
"Brother's Keeper"
Alrick Riley
Wes Brown
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
2.08[19]

Troy survives in the wasteland, scavenging for food and supplies. He discovers a grenade launcher in a building. In the middle of the night, Nick finds Troy in his house. Troy warns Nick that the ranch will be destroyed. Nick informs Alicia and Jake about Troy and what he said. Nick and Jake set out to find Troy. On the road, they discover a massive horde of walkers approaching the ranch. The infected are being lead by the noise of Troy firing the grenade launcher. Nick speaks with Alicia via radio to warn her of the horde. Jake and Troy fight and Jake is prepared to kill his brother. Nick intervenes and Jake falls down a hill. Jake is bitten by a walker and Nick quickly amputates his arm to prevent infection. They drive back towards the ranch. At the ranch, Alicia, Ofelia, and the others have created a blockade of RVs, hoping the walkers will pass by. The horde invades the ranch and eventually topple the RVs. The surviving members of the ranch take refuge in the underground pantry. Jake dies from his wounds and reanimates as a walker; Troy stabs him in the head. Nick looks at the ranch from a distance and sees the infected have completely overrun it.

34
13
"This Land Is Your Land"
Meera Menon
Suzanne Heathcote
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
2.36[20]

In the pantry, Alicia struggles to keep the survivors alive as a blockage in the vents results in everyone slowly starting to suffocate. To buy some more time while Ofelia and Crazy Dog clear the blockage, those who have been bitten are killed. While hiding in the pantry, Alicia bonds with Christine, a rancher who had lost her husband in the September 11 attacks. At the same time, Nick and Troy team up together in an effort to save the ranchers, but end up trapped in a helicopter together surrounded by walkers. Ofelia and Crazy Dog are able to kill a walker that is blocking the vent fan, but not before many ranchers suffocate and turn into walkers that kill the rest. In an effort to stop the walker horde, Ofelia and Crazy Dog blow up the ranch's fuel reserve, eliminating most of the horde and destroying Broke Jaw Ranch. Alicia is rescued from the pantry by Madison, Strand, Walker, Troy and Nick, but Christine falls victim to the walkers. In the aftermath, Madison decides to return to the dam, but Alicia wants to go her own way. Nick and Troy, who lie about Troy's role in the events, choose to follow Alicia to keep her safe.

35
14
"El Matadero"
Stefan Schwartz
Alan Page
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
2.23[21]

36
15
"Things Bad Begun"[22]
Andrew Bernstein
TBA
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
TBD

37
16
"Sleigh Ride"[22]
Andrew Bernstein
TBA
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
TBD

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 85%, based on 77 reviews, whose average rating is 7.52/10.[23]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Eye of the Beholder"
June 4, 2017
1.2
3.11[11]
0.9
1.97
2.1
5.08[24]

2
"The New Frontier"
June 4, 2017
1.0
2.70[11]
1.0
1.93
2.0
4.63[24]

3
"TEOTWAWKI"
June 11, 2017
1.0
2.50[12]
0.8
1.72
1.8
4.22[25]

4
"100"
June 18, 2017
0.9
2.40[13]
0.8
1.67
1.7
4.07[26]

5
"Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame"
June 25, 2017
1.0
2.50[14]
0.8
1.68
1.8
4.18[27]

6
"Red Dirt"
July 2, 2017
0.8
2.19[15]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"The Unveiling"
July 9, 2017
0.9
2.62[16]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8
"Children of Wrath"
July 9, 2017
0.8
2.40[16]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9
"Minotaur"
September 10, 2017
0.8
2.14[17]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10
"The Diviner"
September 10, 2017
0.8
2.14[17]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

11
"La Serpiente"
September 17, 2017
0.7
1.99[18]
0.6
1.35
1.3
3.34[28]

12
"Brother's Keeper"
September 24, 2017
0.8
2.08[19]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

13
"This Land Is Your Land"
October 1, 2017
0.9
2.36[20]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

14
"El Matadero"
October 8, 2017
0.8
2.23[21]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

15
"Things Bad Begun"
October 15, 2017
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

16
"Sleigh Ride"
October 15, 2017
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Boss (crime)

question_text: what is the head of the mafia called

question_tokens: what is the head of the mafia called

text: Boss (crime)

text: Italian Mafia[edit]

text: The boss in the Sicilian and American Mafia is the head of the crime family and the top decision maker. A boss will typically put up layers of insulation between himself and his men to defeat law enforcement efforts to arrest him. Whenever he issues orders, he does so either to his underboss, consigliere or capos. The orders are then passed down the line to the soldiers. This makes it difficult under most circumstances to directly implicate a boss in a crime, since he almost never directly gives orders to the soldiers. Only the boss, underboss or consigliere can initiate an associate into the family, allowing them to become a made man. The boss can promote or demote family members at will. If the boss is incarcerated or incapacitated he places an acting boss who responsible for running the crime family. When a boss dies the crime family members choose a new boss.

text: The typical structure within the Mafia in Sicily and America is usually as follows:[4]

text:
Boss of all bosses – also known as the capo di tutti capi or godfather, has been given by the media to the most powerful boss, although the Mafia never recognized the position itself. The highest body to decide on inter-family issues is the Commission (see also Sicilian Mafia Commission).
Boss – Also known as the capofamiglia, capo crimini, representante, Don or godfather, is the highest level in a crime family.[2][4][5]
Underboss – Also known as the "capo bastone" in some criminal organizations, this individual is the second-in-command. He is responsible for ensuring that profits from criminal enterprises flow up to the boss, and generally oversees the selection of the caporegime(s) and soldier(s) to carry out murders.[2][4] The underboss may take control of the crime family after the boss's death. He keeps this position until a new boss is chosen, which in some cases was the Underboss.
Consigliere – Also known as an advisor or "right-hand man," a consigliere is a counselor to the boss of a crime family. The boss, underboss, and consigliere constitute the "Administration."[6] The consigliere is third ranked in the hierarchy but does not have capos or soldiers working for him.[2][4] Like the boss, there is usually only one consigliere per criminal organization.[2]
Caporegime – Also known as a captain, skipper, capo, or "crew chief," the caporegime was originally known as a "capodecina" (captain of ten) because he oversaw only 10 soldiers. In more recent times, the caporegime may oversee as many soldiers as he can efficiently control.[2][4] A caporegime is appointed by the family boss to run his own borgata (regime, or crew) of soldato (soldiers). Each caporegime reports directly to the underboss, who gives him the permission to perform criminal activities. If the family needs to murder someone, the underboss normally asks a caporegime to carry out the order. The caporegime runs the day-to-day operations of his crew. The caporegime's soldiers give part of their earnings to him, and then he gives a share to the underboss. A caporegime can recommend to the underboss or boss that a recruit be allowed to join his crew as a mob associate.
Soldato – Also known as a sgarrista, soldier, "button man," "made man", "wiseguy" or "goodfella", is the lowest level of mobster or gangster.[2][4] A "soldier" must have taken the omertà (oath of silence),[2][4] and in some organizations must have killed a person to be considered "made."[7][8] A picciotto is a low-level soldier, usually someone who does the day-to-day work of threatening, beating, and intimidating others.[9]
Associate – Also known as a "giovane d'onore" (man of honor), an associate is a person who is not a soldier in a crime family, but works for them and shares in the execution of and profits from the criminal enterprise.[2] In Italian criminal organizations, "associates" are usually members of the criminal organization who are not of Italian descent.[9]

text: Mr Big[edit]

text: The term Mr Big is used within the underworld, and additionally during media reportings of persons associated with criminal activities, to refer to a leader of a body of persons functioning in the capacities of roles within organised crime. Sometimes bosses of the so-called gangland are referred to as being Mr Big, as for example in the case of a report of the attempted assassination of an apparent leader of the Irish Republican Army, a person named Alan Ryan.[10] The term implicitly indicates a degree of a possession of a higher intelligence of an individual.[11]

text: The term especially indicates the existence of involvement in what is known as big-time crime, which would include for example armed robbery, and the more organised aspects of careers within crime.[11][12]

text: In the vernacular of underworld lexiconography within the 1940s of the United States of America, one source does not include the term as a known slang term, but does list Big Brains, as referring to a gang leader.[13]

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: The crime lords are highly popular key figures in the popular culture world.

text:
Marlon Brando portrayed Vito Corleone, a senior Don in the Sicilian Mafia, in The Godfather.

In the 2016 computer animated Disney film Zootopia, the character Mr. Big is a parody of Vito Corleone.

Al Pacino is known for portraying Michael Corleone from The Godfather trilogy and Tony Montana in Scarface
The main antagonist of Meet the Feebles is an anthropomorphic walrus named Bletch, who is a crime lord. There is also a whale crime lord named Mr. Big.


document_title: Severn Cullis-Suzuki

question_text: where is the girl who silenced the world for 5 minutes

text: Severn Cullis-Suzuki

text: Biography[edit]

text: Cullis-Suzuki was born and raised in Vancouver, British Columbia.[1] Her mother is writer Tara Elizabeth Cullis. Her father, geneticist and environmental activist David Suzuki, is a third-generation Japanese Canadian.[2] While attending Lord Tennyson Elementary School in French Immersion, at age 9, she founded the Environmental Children's Organization (ECO), a group of children dedicated to learning and teaching other youngsters about environmental issues.[3] In 1992, at age 12, Cullis-Suzuki raised money with members of ECO to attend the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Along with group members Michelle Quigg, Vanessa Suttie, and Morgan Geisler, Cullis-Suzuki presented environmental issues from a youth perspective at the summit, where she was applauded for a speech to the delegates.[4][5] The video has since become a viral hit, popularly known as "The Girl Who Silenced the World for 5 Minutes".[6] In 1993, she was honored in the United Nations Environment Programme's Global 500 Roll of Honour.[7] In 1993, Doubleday published her book Tell the World, a 32-page book of environmental steps for families.

text: Cullis-Suzuki graduated from Yale University in 2002 with a B.S. in ecology and evolutionary biology.[3] After Yale, Cullis-Suzuki spent two years traveling. Cullis-Suzuki co-hosted Suzuki's Nature Quest, a children's television series that aired on the Discovery Kids in 2002.

text: In early 2002, she helped launch an Internet-based think tank called The Skyfish Project.[8][9] As a member of Kofi Annan's Special Advisory Panel, she and members of the Skyfish Project brought their first project, a pledge called the "Recognition of Responsibility", to the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in August 2002.[3] The Skyfish Project disbanded in 2004 as Cullis-Suzuki turned her focus back to school. She enrolled in a graduate program at the University of Victoria to study ethnobotany under Nancy Turner, finishing in 2007.[8]

text: Severn is married and lives with her husband and two children in Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands.

text: Severn Cullis-Suzuki is the main character in the documentary film Severn, the Voice of Our Children, directed by Jean-Paul Jaud and released theatrically in France on November 10, 2010.

text: Cullis-Suzuki is an Earth Charter International Council Member.

text: Tributes[edit]

text: In 2012, the Spanish funk band Laboratorio Funk used excerpts from her 1992 speech for their track Feel high, belonging to the album Sun in lb funk http://www.laboratoriofunk.com/

text: In 2017, the French indie band Grands Boulevards used excerpts from her 1992 speech for their track Children of Light.[10]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Cullis-Suzuki's speech