document_title: Chuck Bass

question_text: when does bart bass return from the dead

text: Chuck Bass

text: Novel series[edit]

text: Chuck Bass is introduced by author Cecily von Ziegesar in her Gossip Girl series of teen novels, the first of which was published in 2002. In the novels, Chuck is a relatively minor character, and has a series of flings with male and female characters across the course of the series. He got his name, Chuck Bass, from his signature chuckle in a bass tone, which often sounds like a raspy whisper. Chuck's role is initially that of an antagonist to the main characters. Chuck resides with his family at the Plaza Hotel on the Upper East Side and attends school at the Riverside Preparatory School for Boys on the Upper East Side, along with scholarship student Dan Humphrey. Chuck is largely friendless, but is tolerated by the others because of his family's enormous wealth. He is described as having flamboyant fashion sense, with a penchant for scarves, and has a pet monkey named Sweetie whom he carries around with him everywhere. Lazy, and vain, Chuck's only interests are sex and money, and he is frequently chided by his father for lacking ambition and performing poorly in school. Following flings with numerous females and males, his only serious relationship comes near the end of the series, when he begins dating Blair Waldorf, a self-obsessed, luxury loving teenager. In the twelfth book in the series, Gossip Girl: It Had To Be You (2007), Chuck is rejected from colleges because of poor grades and is sent to military school by his father. When next mentioned in Gossip Girl spin-off, The Carlyles (2008), it is stated that Chuck never showed up to military school, and his whereabouts thereafter are unknown. In the thirteenth Gossip Girl novel, I Will Always Love You (2009), it is revealed that Chuck went off to school in California and returned a changed man, and to have dated main character Blair Waldorf in Oxford, England for a year.

text: TV series[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Constance Billiard School is an exaggerated version of Gossip Girl author Cecily von Ziegesar's alma mater, the Nightingale-Bamford School. It was revealed in preparation for the 2007 TV series debut, Josh Schwartz hired recent graduates of Ziegesar's alma mater to retool several characters.[2]

text: Chuck Bass was then reconfigured as a more central character, an antiheroic playboy whose on-off relationship with Blair Waldorf serves as one of the show's major ongoing storylines. Chuck is the resident "bad boy" of the Upper East Side, and like Blair, is both vengeful and manipulative; the two often scheme elaborate plans together. As the show progresses, Chuck develops a softer side, specifically towards Lily, Eric, and Serena, his adoptive mother, brother, and sister.

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Chuck grew up on the Upper East Side with his three best friends and fellow elites Nate Archibald, Blair Waldorf, and future-stepsister Serena van der Woodsen. His father is Bart Bass, a self-made billionaire, which is irregular, compared to the Bass' old money friends. Chuck is often described as the "bad boy of his circle." Chuck is a playboy and womanizer who sees women as recreational tools. Chuck frequently skips class and smokes cannabis.

text: In the pilot episode, Chuck attempts to rape both Serena and Jenny Humphrey. When speaking about Serena in the pilot episode, Chuck says, "Serena looked effin' hot last night. There's something wrong with that level of perfection. It needs to be violated." With time, he attenuates his behaviors as a sexual predator and becomes more of a manipulating womanizer, however, his lecherous attitude continues as he makes multiple advances on his step-sister at the time, Serena.

text: In episode seven, "Victor/Victrola", Chuck purchases a burlesque club, Victrola. After Nate and Blair break up, Blair visits Chuck at Victrola where she ends up performing on stage. She later loses her virginity to him in the back of his limousine. Though she tries to deny the encounter, Chuck buys a necklace for her and admits that he feels "butterflies" in her presence, leading to a clandestine sexual relationship. Despite this, Nate and Blair rekindle their relationship, leading to a jealous Chuck revealing to the anonymous "Gossip Girl" that Blair and Chuck had a sexual relationship. This leads Chuck to have a temporary rift with both Blair and Nate.

text: As Bart Bass and Lily van der Woodsen's relationship progresses, they decide to move their families in together. Chuck and Eric van der Woodsen, Lily's son and Serena's younger brother, become especially close. When Serena begins receiving mysterious packages (pornography in the mail, alcohol delivered to her at school), she automatically blames Chuck. Given the creepy remarks Chuck has made about "bathing together" and "turning that onepiece into a no-piece." Serena is not to blame. Bart subsequently forces Chuck to move out of the family home. Serena discovers that the culprit was actually Georgina Sparks, a past classmate of both Serena and Chuck. It is later revealed that Chuck lost his virginity to Georgina in the sixth grade. Chuck and Blair join together to prevent Georgina from further harming and embarrassing Serena. This process rekindles their bond, and they succeed in getting rid of Georgina.

text: At Bart and Lily's wedding at the end of Season 1, Chuck apologizes and confesses to Nate that he was in love with Blair. During the wedding reception, Chuck gives a speech about forgiveness that is implied to be directed towards Blair. She accepts his apology and the two kiss. However, as they are about to embark on a trip to Tuscany together, Chuck gets cold feet. Blair leaves for Tuscany without him, as Chuck has decided to seduce Amelia, tossing the roses for Blair in the trash can.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: In the season premiere, "Summer Kind of Wonderful", we learn Blair has stayed in Europe. Chuck regretted his actions but told this to Blair too late as she was already dating Lord Marcus Beaton. Blair asks Chuck to tell her he loves her, but his fear of commitment stops him.

text: In order to gather material for a story, Dan tags along with Chuck for a night, ending with the two of them in jail after a fistfight. While in jail, Chuck tells Dan in confidence that Chuck's mother died while giving birth to him, and that his father blames him for her death, which explains their icy relationship. When Chuck later discovers that Dan was using him for a story, he feels betrayed and tells Dan that he was lying about all of it.

text: Chuck's storyline throughout season 2 mainly deals with his inability to tell Blair that he loves her. Eventually, his father is killed in a car accident. Lily adopts him so that he's able to own Bass Industries, making Serena and Eric his sister and brother. When Blair begins dating Nate again, Chuck realizes his true feelings for her. The two team up to take down Poppy Lifton, and Blair realizes that she still has feelings for Chuck as well. She breaks up with Nate. In the final episode of season 2, Chuck admits to Blair his true feelings and the two finally begin a relationship.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: When Season 3 returns, Chuck and Blair are very happy and very much in love. Chuck struggles to run Bass Industries to his deceased father's impeccably high standards. He buys The Empire Hotel. Halfway through the season, Chuck meets a woman claiming to be his mother called Elizabeth Fisher. After initially rejecting her, Chuck finally accepts Elizabeth and is then met with a sexual harassment claim from his former employees. Despite his innocence, he settles to keep the scandal out of the media. Jack Bass, Chuck's sinister uncle, informs the media anyway and necessitates Chuck signing the hotel over to Elizabeth to appease the public. She betrays him and signs the hotel over to Jack, whom she loves. However, she calls Chuck to say goodbye and reveals that Jack chose the hotel over her. She then reveals to Chuck that she is not his mother and she does not know whether his real mother is alive or dead.

text: Chuck and Blair agree to team up to take down Jack to get the hotel back. Jack tells them both (separately) that he will only give up the hotel if he has sex with Blair. Unbeknown to Blair, Chuck sets the situation up and Blair goes to Jack's. After a kiss, Jack tells Blair the truth about Chuck's involvement. Blair breaks up with Chuck and he gets the hotel back, vowing to get Blair back too. Chuck tries desperately to win Blair back, doing everything from banning all of the other Upper East Side men from dating her to asking her to meet him on top of the Empire State Building. Blair decides that Chuck is her true love and she's going to meet him, but Dorota suddenly goes into labor and she ends up being two hours late. Chuck, thinking she is finally over him, leaves the building heartbroken and nearly suicidal. When he gets home, he sees that Jenny Humphrey has arrived looking for Nate. The two drunkenly sleep together, heartbroken that their true loves don't return their feelings.

text: Blair appears later in Chuck's suite, apologizing for being late, and the two reunite (sleep together). Chuck is about to propose to Blair at the hospital, as they visit Dorota and her new baby, when Dan appears and rashly delivers a punch to Chuck's face. He then forces Chuck to tell Blair what happened between him and Jenny. Blair breaks things off with Chuck and informs him that it's over for good. She also threatens to ruin Jenny's life if she doesn't leave Manhattan immediately. Chuck then travels to Prague to escape New York for a while, feeling as though he has nothing left. He gets robbed by two muggers who insist on taking the ring that Chuck intended on proposing to Blair with and when Chuck puts up a fight, he gets shot. The last shot of season 3 is him lying in an alley, presumably dying.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In the first episode of season four, we find that Chuck is alive and well, having been rescued by Czech girl, Eva (Clémence Poésy) who has no idea of his wealth or who he is. He creates a fake name and persona as he no longer wants to be the manipulative Chuck Bass. He eventually reveals who he really is and returns to New York City with her, at the request of Blair and Serena. Blair insists she no longer loves him, but still schemes to undermine his new relationship. He eventually falls for one of her schemes and breaks up with Eva. He realizes his mistake and begs her to take him back, but she refuses, saying that he showed his true feelings by continuing to believe Blair over anyone else.

text: Chuck asks Blair whether she still has feelings for him, and she denies it, prompting him to declare "war" on her. He tries to "take" Columbia from her, and arranges for Jenny Humphrey to return to the city in order to stir up trouble for Blair, who still hasn't told her minions why she banished Jenny from the Upper East Side in the first place. After Jenny declares that it's only a matter of time before they both destroy each other, Chuck and Blair agree to a truce. They even draw up a contract, with the stipulation "no touching," but their mutual attraction proves too powerful and they soon fall into an enemies-with-benefits relationship.

text: In "The Witches of Bushwick", Chuck accidentally tells Blair during foreplay that he loves her and, not knowing whether his words are true, Blair chooses to gloss over the moment. Although Chuck and Blair spend the episode striving for different ends which will eventually alienate each other (Blair to become the face of Anne Archibald's charity, Girls Inc, and Chuck to increase the revenue of The Empire by returning to his bad boy persona), Blair makes the decision to attend Chuck's Saints and Sinners party in order to confront him. Chuck confesses that he loves her, and the pair kiss in front of everyone after the curtain concealing them is pulled down. Anne tells Blair that she can no longer be a part of Girls Inc just as Chuck's publicist KC tells Chuck that she thinks Blair will be good for business. Blair re-thinks her decision to sacrifice it all for their relationship, and she and Chuck break up once again. Chuck promises he'll wait for her, and both affirm their belief that their love will reunite them in the end.

text: On Thanksgiving Chuck and Blair run into each other at Serena's house, Chuck offers to leave but she tells him that she was heading to JFK anyway and came to drop off the traditional pie and that they should get used to this. They hear about Serena being hospitalized and while they're sharing that maybe nothing can change between them, Jenny walks in and interrupts their conversation. While driving Blair home, Chuck tells her that he showed up only for Serena. When she told him that what happened with Serena made her question what she told him after the Saints & Sinners party; Chuck tells her that he cannot be her friend now as much as he wishes he could. After that Blair still sends him her traditional pie, saying that even if they can't be friends it doesn't mean that they aren't.

text: In "The Townie" episode, It was revealed that Lily was going to sell Bass Industries instead of giving Chuck the company back. So he sets off to New Zealand, where his uncle Jack Bass is currently living. In the following episodes Chuck returns to the Upper East Side with revenge for Lily. Chuck's new love interest is Raina and her father is Russell Thorpe, a former rival of Chuck's late father Bart Bass. Russell is the main contender to buy Bass industries. Chuck, however, manages to save the company after it is revealed that Russell accidentally killed his wife in a building fire that Bart was originally accused of.

text: In "The Princess and the Frog" he learns that Blair's relationship with Louis is serious, and that there is talk about them getting engaged. He gets drunk and embarrasses Blair in front of Louis' mother, and later tries to force himself on her, while pushing her down and smashing a glass window right next to her face, after she tells him about her engagement. Blair ends up with her cheek being cut.

text: Later, Blair is kidnapped by Russell, but Chuck saves her, and the two go to a Bar Mitzah. There, the two are seen dancing and smiling happily. Blair pulls him off the dance floor into a private room and the two have sex. Blair decides she is going to leave Louis, but Chuck stops her, telling her that she needs to be with Louis because he makes her happy. At the end of the episode, Chuck decides to spend the summer traveling with Nate.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Following the 20th episode of Season 4, Safran spoke on behalf of the series regarding the scene in which Chuck became violent with Blair.[3]

text: The way we viewed it, I think it's very clear that Blair is not afraid in those moments, for herself. They have a volatile relationship, they always have, but I do not believe—or I should say we do not believe—that it is abuse when it's the two of them. Chuck does not try to hurt Blair. He punches the glass because he has rage, but he has never, and will never, hurt Blair. He knows it and she knows it, and I feel it's very important to know that she is not scared—if anything, she is scared for Chuck—and what he might do to himself, but she is never afraid of what he might do to her. Leighton and I were very clear about that.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: In the first episode of season 5, we find out that Chuck has spent his summer traveling the world with Nate. The two arrive in Los Angeles to meet up with Serena, who is working as an assistant on a film set. Seemingly over his break up with Blair, Chuck exhibits a positive outlook on life, telling Serena and Nate that he's seeking to experience everything he can in life. However, his heartbreak soon becomes apparent when he receives an invitation to Blair's upcoming wedding, which causes him to drive recklessly and get into a motorbike accident. In the following episode, it is revealed that Chuck has an emotional disorder as a result of his losing Blair, and which now causes him to be numb to physical and emotional stimuli. Dan decides to help Chuck break through this emotional barrier, and gets him a dog, hoping to spark some emotion. However, it is only when Blair reveals to him that she is pregnant with Louis's baby does Chuck begin feel again – he is shown crying over the revelation at the end of the episode. He names the dog "Monkey" (a homage to the pet monkey Chuck's character had in the books). He forms a reluctant friendship with Dan from here on.

text: He meets a psychiatrist, Eliza Barnes, who tells him that he acts out because he never had a childhood, and needs help. When he finds himself falling back into his old patterns, he calls Dr. Barnes, ready to seek that help. However, it is revealed that Blair's fiance, Louis, gives Dr. Barnes money to upset Chuck, in hopes that he will do something reckless and drive Blair away forever. When Chuck finds this out, he publicly exposes both Dr. Barnes and Louis, leaving Blair devastated. Later that same night, he goes to Blair's apartment to finally apologize to her for all the times he's hurt her and let her down. His apology recounts all the obstacles Chuck and Blair have faced in their relationship thus far, and prompts an emotional Blair to thank him. Chuck assures her that she is going to be "an amazing mother", having come to terms with her relationship with Louis.

text: He resolves to keep his distance from her after that, but in "The Big Sleep No More", a conflicted Blair seduces him in the hope to prove that his efforts to be a better man is just a ploy to win her back. When he kisses her, she slaps him, and tells him that he will never change. It is later revealed that he conspired with Dorota and kissed Blair in order to confirm her suspicions of him, and push her back to Louis. In the episode "Riding in Town Cars with Boys" he admits to Blair that he still loves her. They profess their love for one another in Chuck's limo. This occurs whilst the limo is being chased by paparazzi on motorbikes and results in a car crash. Lily reveals at the conclusion of the episode that Blair is awake and doing fine, but whether or not Chuck has survived was not revealed.

text: We later discover that Chuck did indeed survive the accident after a blood transfusion was donated to him. He wakes up to a very distant Blair, very opposite to the one he got into an accident with. For the next few episodes he chases her to discover what has changed her mind – unbeknownst to him, Blair has made a pact with God over his life, where if she breaks her promise to Louis, Chuck will surely die. This leads to Blair going to Chuck's penthouse in the episode "The End of the Affair" where she tells him what a good man he has become and to not let the ending of their relationship destroy him.

text: In G.G., Chuck is willing to accept the fact that Blair is marrying another man, when Blair's mother tries to convince him to stop the wedding. He makes one final play for Blair, but Blair – despite saying that she "loves him more and more every day, if it's even possible to love somebody that much" – once more rebuffs him, saying that she's actually doing this for him. Their conversation is unknowingly recorded, and released in a blast by Gossip Girl during the wedding. Despite this, Blair still marries Louis, but flees the reception with Dan when Louis reveals that their relationship is now strictly business.

text: With the help of Dan, Blair tries to leave for the Dominican Republic to get a divorce from Louis without his consent due to a loophole in the Dominican Republic's law, but forgets her passport. Chuck, Nate and Serena eventually find Blair hiding out in a hotel room with Dan. However, Sophia finds Blair and threatens to forcefully sell Eleanor's company as dowry if Blair chooses not to return. Blair reluctantly goes back to Louis, despite an offer from Chuck to pay her dowry.

text: In "Cross Rhodes", Blair realizes she now has feelings for Dan, and Chuck and Serena struggle with watching their loves with their friends.

text: In "The Princess Dowry", Chuck pays Blair's dowry so she can be free, but wishes for it to remain a secret. She finds out and accuses him of wanting to own her. He admits that he paid the dowry, but for her freedom and her freedom only. At the end of the episode, Blair begins a relationship with Dan.

text: In "Con Heir", Chuck invites his uncle, Jack, back to New York to thank him for saving his life in the car accident by donating blood, but starts to doubt Jack's story when Chuck investigates and learns that Jack was recently diagnosed positive with Hepatitis C, and a test on Chuck turns to be negative. This kicks off a lot of "mother/father" issues for Chuck – he believes that it was Elizabeth Fisher who donated the blood, then Diana says that she is his mother when Bart cheated on Elizabeth with her (she claims that an arrangement was made with Diana leaving town alone, leaving Chuck to be raised by Bart and Elizabeth because Elizabeth couldn't get pregnant), but in "Despicable B", Nate receives a picture from Elizabeth that indeed shows her pregnant with Chuck. Chuck is more interested in the man in the picture with Elizabeth – his face is cut out, but his tattooed arm is still visible. Jack Bass has exactly the same tattoo.

text: It all comes to a head in "Raiders of the Lost Art", when he, Blair, Serena, Nate and Lola team together to crack the code in Diana's day planner – the code they believe will lead them to Jack Bass. They end up at a brothel that Diana is in charge of. Diana realizes that they are there and has the event shut down. During the chaos, Blair searches one of the rooms, still looking for Jack, and is shocked by what she sees. Blair later tells Chuck to re-enter the building once everyone is gone, which he does, and it is revealed that Bart Bass is still alive.

text: Bart reveals that he faked his death to save Chuck and Lily, and has been hiding from everyone for the past three years. The car crash actually happened, and that it was ordered by one of Bart's enemies. When he was in the hospital, he paid the doctor to say he died and then recruited Diana Payne to help him hide. Diana kept Bart informed of when Chuck was in trouble, so when Chuck was in the hospital, Bart was the one who donated his blood to save Chuck.

text: In "The Return of the Ring", Bart drops the bombshell that he will be returning to Bass Industries as "the only Bass in Bass Industries", pushing Chuck out of the company. Bart tells Chuck that the most he did was 'redecorate' and give everything up for Blair. After this, Blair declares her love for Chuck, admitting she finally really wants them to be together. Chuck rejects her in anger, shadowing the words she once said to him: "I don't want to be Mr. Blair Waldorf."

text: Chuck pairs up with an unlikely partner – Jack – to take down his father. They meet in a casino in Monte Carlo. Blair turns up, informed by Jack of Chuck's whereabouts. Blair reveals she is 'all in' and one hundred per cent ready to be with him. His decision on the matter is thus far unknown.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: At the beginning of the season Chuck and Blair make a pact not to be together until Blair succeeds at Waldorf designs and Chuck takes down Bart. After many failed attempts of taking down Bart, Bart and Chuck end up in a fight. This leads to Bart falling off a building and dying. Blair is the only witness to this event and so Chuck and Blair get married so Blair does not have to testify against Chuck.

text: In the 5-year flash forward, Chuck and Blair are happily married with a son (Henry). They are all gathered at the Bass house for Dan and Serena's wedding.

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Ed Westwick who portrays the character on the television series said: "As the [first] season's progressed, I think everyone's had sympathy for him. I think he's an alluring character; he's very interesting. He has these slices of his personality. He can be the devil, but at times he can be very charming. It can be a very dangerous concoction. I think he has a good heart, but his heart is often tempted by corrupt desires."[4] He later added: "He's intelligent and quite slimy in the way he manipulates to his gain. He goes after what he wants. Sometimes that's not a good thing. He's got a long way to go before he's a nice guy."[5] Westwick also said: "Chuck's just this vain kind of metrosexual Manhattan eccentric living in a flash world." While describing Chuck as "mischievous", Westwick noted the second season displayed a "more good-guy" side of him.[6] Ultimately, he said Chuck is a "kid trying to find his way in the world."[7]

text: Denise Martin of the Los Angeles Times characterizes him as more of "a would-be Casanova than a seasoned predator. He's the charming devil at the center of all the intrigues, the go-to guy when something naughty needs to be said and he's the most self-aware of the Upper East Side high schoolers.[8]

text: Stephanie Savage, one of the television series' creators, described him as "entertaining and observationally smart, he's the friend who says all the things you want to say but can't, and he tempts you in ways, at that age, you want to be tempted." She compared his relationship with Blair to Glenn Close and John Malkovich's in Dangerous Liaisons.[8] She found Westwick's portrayal of Chuck was similar to James Spader of Pretty in Pink and Robert Downey, Jr..[8]

text: Savage said about the character's evolution during the six seasons: "I feel like Chuck has gone on the biggest journey of any one on the show. In the pilot, he's pretty much a pure villain. He's not a character that has a lot of layers. That was something Ed Westwick really brought as an actor. And his chemistry with Leighton [Meester] — when we saw them together on screen and the power of the two of them working together but also being attracted to each other, which really inspired us to grow that character and give him some more layers."[9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2010)

text: Entertainment Weekly named Chuck Bass and Blair Waldorf number one in their "Best Dressed TV characters of 2008" list, as well as in their "Best Performances" list for Ed Westwick, alongside co-star Leighton Meester.[10] His relationship with Blair was included in TV Guide's list of "The Best TV Couples of All Time"[11] as well as Entertainment Weekly's "30 Best 'Will They/Won't They?' TV Couples".[12] The character also made the "Forbes Fictional 15" ranking at number 13 with an estimated $1.1 billion fortune.[13]

text: In February 2012, Zap2it held a poll to determine TV's Most Crushworthy. Chuck was elected TV's Most Crushworthy 1% Male over Oliver Queen of Smallville.[14] The 1 percenters are people that "have everything going for them with their fantastic good looks and their opulent lifestyle".[15]


document_title: Global Release Day

question_text: when did albums start coming out on friday

root

text: Global Release Day

text: Global Release Day (alternatively known as New Music Fridays) is a new set international day for releasing of music singles and albums. The new global release day went into effect on 10 July 2015 in more than 45 major recorded music markets worldwide with new music being released on a Friday as part of 'New Music Fridays'.

tag: p

text: The official announcement was made on 11 June 2015 by International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), which represents the worldwide recording industry.[1] The move means that new music will be available on the same day worldwide rather than on varying national release days, being Mondays for releases in France and the United Kingdom, Tuesdays in United States and Canada and Fridays, for example in Germany and Australia.

text: Music releases are now uniformly available around the world on Fridays at 00:01 local time in all 45 signatory countries. Of these, 11 countries had their release music on Fridays, while the remaining markets had to switch their day of release when the new albums and singles would become available. This move effectively ends the earlier phenomenon where new music was unavailable in one country when it was legally available elsewhere.[2]

text: However, in some countries, particularly in Asia, local music repertoire will still be released on different days. For instance, in Japan domestic acts will continue to release new music on Wednesdays, two days earlier than international repertoire.[1]

text: The move has changed earlier traditional days where charts were being published as the official country charts try to adapt to the new "global day" for releases such that they capture a full week's sales and streaming from Friday mornings to Thursday nights. The UK Top 100, for example, published by The Official Charts moved from being published on a Sunday to a Friday with the BBC moving its new Top 40 charts program from Sundays at 4 p.m. local time to Fridays at 4 p.m. local time.


document_title: Amateur radio licensing in the United States

question_text: when did the fcc drop the morse code requirement

text: Current license classes[edit]

text: Amateur radio licenses in the United States are issued and renewed by the Federal Communications Commission without charge, although the private individuals who administer the examinations may recoup their expenses by charging a fee. Licenses currently remain valid for 10 years from the date of issuance or renewal. Renewal can be done on-line.

text:
The entry-level license, known as Technician Class, is awarded after an applicant successfully completes a 35-question multiple choice written examination. The license grants full operating privileges on all amateur bands above 30 MHz and limited privileges in portions of the high frequency (HF) bands.
The next level, known as General Class, requires passage of the Technician test, as well as a 35-question multiple-choice General exam. General class licensees are granted privileges on portions of all amateur bands, and have access to over 83% of all amateur HF bandwidth. However some band segments often used for long distance contacts are not included.
The top US license class is Amateur Extra Class. This license requires the same tests as General plus a 50-question multiple-choice theory exam. Those with Amateur Extra licenses are granted all privileges on all US amateur bands.

tag: ul

text: From February 17, 2015 onwards, the FCC stopped routinely sending paper copies of licenses to licensees[3] (the official license being the FCC's electronic record). However, it would continue sending paper copies upon a licensee's request or a licensee could print it out online from the FCC's data base.

text: Grandfathered license classes[edit]

text: The FCC classifications of licensing have evolved considerably since the program's inception (see History of US amateur licensing, below). When the FCC made the most recent changes it allowed certain existing operator classes to remain under a grandfather clause. These licenses would no longer be issued to new applicants, but existing licenses may be modified or renewed indefinitely.

text:
The Novice Class operator license was for persons who had passed a 5 word per minute (wpm) Morse code examination and a basic theory exam.[4] After the 1987 restructuring, privileges included four bands in the HF range (3–30 MHz), one band in the VHF range (30–300 MHz), and one band in the UHF range (300–3,000 MHz). This class was deprecated by the restructuring in 2000. Novice operators gained Morse code only privileges in the entire Morse code and data only segments of the General class portions of 80, 40, 15 and data and Morse code in the general section of 10 meters in 2007 just prior to the end of the Morse code requirement.
The Advanced Class operator license, whose privileges closely match those of the General class license but included 275 kHz of additional spectrum in the HF bands, was deprecated by the restructuring in 2000.

text: Volunteer examiners[edit]

text: Any individual, except for a representative of a foreign government, regardless of citizenship who wishes to apply for a US amateur radio license must appear before Volunteer Examiners (VEs) any person who qualifies by examination is eligible to apply for an operator/primary station license grant. [5] VEs are licensed radio amateurs who conduct examination sessions, frequently through permanently established teams on a monthly or quarterly basis. VEs are governed by Volunteer Examinator Coordinators (VECs), organizations that "coordinate the efforts of Volunteer Examiners ... in preparing and administering amateur service operator license examinations." Although the FCC currently recognizes 14 VECs, the two largest VEC organizations are W5YI-VEC, a privately held company, and one sponsored by the non-profit American Radio Relay League (ARRL). The ARRL VEC coordinates about two-thirds of all U.S. license examinations.

text: Prior to 1984, many Novice exams were administered by volunteers, but all other exams were taken at FCC offices. Some of the exam times were not always convenient for candidates, so a few exceptions were allowed in cases where candidates were physically unable to get to the field offices (such as the Conditional license, discussed elsewhere in this article).

text: In the 1950s and 1960s, Novice, Technician and Conditional exams were given by licensees acting as volunteer examiners. No Advanced and very few Amateur Extra exams were administered during this period, leaving the General exam as the only exam class regularly administered by the FCC.[citation needed]

text: The government's use of licensed amateur radio operators as voluntary examiners dates back to the founding of the Amateur Radio Service as a government-regulated entity in 1912 (Amateur Second Class licenses).

text: History of U.S. amateur licensing[edit]

text: Formation and early history[edit]

text: Established in 1912, regulation of radio was a result of the U.S. Navy's concern about interference to its stations and its desire to be able to order radio stations off the air in the event of war.[6] U.S. radio broadcasting was first governed by the U.S. Department of Commerce (the U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor until March 1913), then by the Federal Radio Commission, and finally (in 1934) by the FCC. The federal government's licensing of amateur radio experimenters and operators has evolved considerably over the century since the inception of licensing.

text: 1912 through 1950[edit]

text: Under authority of the Radio Act of 1912, the Department of Commerce issued Amateur First Grade and Amateur Second Grade operator licenses beginning in December of that year.[7] Amateur First Grade required an essay-type examination and five (later ten) words per minute code examination before a Radio Inspector at one of the Department's field offices. This class of license was renamed Amateur Class in 1927 and then Amateur First Class in 1932. Amateur Radio licensing in the United States began in mid-December 1912.

text: At first, the Amateur Second Grade license required the applicant to certify that he or she was unable to appear at a field office but was nevertheless qualified to operate a station. Later, the applicant took brief written and code exams before a nearby existing licensee. This class of license was renamed Temporary Amateur in 1927.

text: The Department of Commerce created a new top-level license in 1923, the Amateur Extra First Grade, that conveyed extra operating privileges. It required a more difficult written examination and a code test at twenty words per minute. In 1929, a special license endorsement for "unlimited radiotelephone privileges" became available in return for passing an examination on radiotelephone subjects. This allowed amateurs to upgrade and use reserved radiotelephone bands without having to pass a difficult code examination.

text: From 1912 through 1932, amateur radio operator licenses consisted of large and ornate diploma-form certificates. Amateur station licenses were separately issued on plainer forms.

text: In 1933, the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) reorganized amateur operator licenses into Classes A, B and C. Class A conveyed all amateur operating privileges, including certain reserved radiotelephone bands. Amateur Extra First Grade licensees and Amateur First Class licensees with "unlimited radiotelephone" endorsements were grandfathered into this class.

text: Class B licensees did not have the right to operate on the reserved radiotelephone bands. Amateur First Class licensees were grandfathered into this class.

text: Class C licensees had the same privileges as Class B licensees, but took their examinations from other licensees rather than from Commission field offices. Because examination requirements were somewhat stiffened, Temporary Amateur licensees were not grandfathered into this class but had to be licensed anew.

text: In addition, that year the FRC began issuing combined operator and station licenses in wallet-sized card form.

text: 1951 licensing structure decision[edit]

text: In 1951, the FCC moved to convert the existing three license classes (A, B, and C) into six named classes. Following the rule change, the classes were Novice, Technician, General, Conditional, Advanced, and Amateur Extra. Each license class required two exams, one on theory and one on Morse code, and each license was valid for five years (except Novice). Until the advent of incentive licensing in the late 1960s, the Technician, Conditional and General classes shared the same written examination and the Conditional, General, Advanced and Amateur Extra classes shared the same operating privileges.

text:
The Novice class created by the 1951 decision was the entry-level license; it remained the primary entry license until the Morse code requirement was eliminated for Technician licenses in 1990.[8] On HF it permitted code transmissions only, with a maximum power of 75 watts, (input to the transmitter's final amplifier stage) on limited segments of the 80, 40 and 15 meter bands, and on VHF, both code and voice privileges on 145–147 MHz. Initially, they were also limited to crystal control of the transmitting frequency, a restriction that was lifted in 1972. At the same time, the Novice CW bands were shifted on the 40m band and access to the 2m voice/code was revoked and a code segment on the 10m band was added. To qualify for a Novice license, a candidate would have to pass a 5 word-per-minute (WPM) Morse code test (send and receive) and a 25- (later 30-) question multiple-choice test. The Novice Class license was valid for one year, as it was intended only as an entry level; within the year, the Novice was expected to move up to General (or Conditional). Under incentive licensing in the 60s, the term of the Novice class was extended to two years. In 1978 the Novice changed into a renewable license with the same five-year validity as other classes.
The Technician license, newly created in the 1951 structure decision, was awarded to applicants who passed the General Class theory test, known as Element 3, but only required a 5 WPM code proficiency. It was initially intended for radio control of model aircraft, etc. but at that time, usage of the band for such a purpose was rare. Technicians were granted all General Class privileges in the 50 MHz band and all bands above 220 MHz; on 2 meters they were limited to 145–147 MHz. An applicant was permitted to apply for and hold both Technician and Novice licenses simultaneously (for the first year). In the 1950s and until the late 1960s, a US ham could hold both Technician and Novice licenses at the same time, thus having two callsigns (WN 2x3 for the Novice and a WA or WB 2x3 for Technician).
The General class originally conveyed full privileges on all ham bands, having passed the Element 3 theory exam and 13 WPM Morse code test. Class B operators were assigned this license following the 1951 structure decision.[9]
The Conditional license class was created when Class C operators were reassigned to this group.[9] In 1978 all Conditional Class licenses became General Class.

History: Prior to 1984, the FCC administered license exams for all classes except Novice and Technician, with some exceptions. The old Class C license had been issued to applicants who would otherwise have been Class B operators but who lived more than 125 miles airline from the nearest examining point. They were permitted to have their code test and written exam administered by a Class A or B or otherwise FCC-qualified operator. When the class became the Conditional Class, the restrictions were generally the same, except that the required distance from the nearest Field Office was reduced to 75 miles (there were also exceptions for the military and physically disabled). The Conditional License exam was given by a ham with General (or higher) license, who would administer the code test, proctor the written exam, and send the completed exam to the FCC for grading. Successful examinees were given Conditional licenses, which brought the same privileges as the General class. The FCC retained the right to require Conditional licensees to come into an FCC office for retesting. The current Volunteer Examiner program evolved from the Novice/Technician/Conditional exam procedure.[citation needed]

The Advanced class was earned after the General Class through passing the Element 4A theory exam. Class A operators were assigned this license following the 1951 structure decision.[9] Although existing Advanced Class licenses continued to be renewed, new licenses were not issued in the period 1951–1967.
The Amateur Extra class was a new highest-level class created in the 1951 decision, and was reached by passing both the Element 4B theory exam and a 20 WPM Morse code test. From the 1950s through the early 1980s, FCC Field Offices would issue diploma-form certificates to Amateur Extra Class licenses.

text: Incentive licensing[edit]

text: In 1964, the FCC and the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) developed a program known as "Incentive Licensing," which rearranged the HF spectrum privileges. The General/Conditional and Advanced portions of the HF bands were reduced, with the spectrum reassigned to those in the Advanced and Amateur Extra classes. It was hoped that these special portions of the radio spectrum would provide an incentive for hams to increase their knowledge and skills, creating a larger pool of experts to lead the Space Age.[citation needed] It did not take effect until 1968.

text: Prior to the advent of incentive licensing, only a small percentage of General Class operators progressed to the Amateur Extra Class. After incentive licensing, a large number of amateurs attained Advanced and Amateur Extra Class licenses. Thus, incentive licensing was successful in inducing a large number of amateurs to study and upgrade their knowledge and license privileges. Incentive licensing was not without controversy; a number of General class operators, unhappy at having their privileges reduced, dropped out of the hobby rather than upgrade.[citation needed]

text: Novice enhancement[edit]

text: Prior to 1987, the only difference between the requirements for Technician and General licenses was the Morse telegraphy test, which was five words per minute (wpm) for Technician and 13 wpm for General. The written test, then called element 3, was the same for both classes.

text: In 1987, a number of changes, later called the "Novice Enhancement," were introduced. Among them, element 3 was split into two new exams, element 3A, which covered VHF theory and 3B, which covered HF theory. Element 3A became a requirement for the Technician class and element 3B became a requirement for General. Both classes also required candidates to have passed the Novice element 2 theory exam.[10]

text: The changes also granted Novice and Technician classes limited voice privileges on the 10-meter HF band. Novices were also granted voice privileges on portions of the then-220-MHz (since changed to 222 MHz) and 1,240 MHz bands using limited power. For the first time, Novices and Technicians were able to operate using single sideband voice and data modes on HF. It was hoped that this would prompt more hams to move up to General, once they had a chance to sample HF without a Morse key.[citation needed]

text: Technician: the first license without Morse code[edit]

text: In late 1990, the FCC released their Report and Order on Docket 90-55. Beginning on February 14, 1991, demonstration of proficiency in Morse code telegraphy was removed from the Technician license requirements.[11][12] Because International Telecommunication Union (ITU) regulations still required proficiency in Morse telegraphy for operation below 30 MHz, new Technicians were allowed all modes and bands above 50 MHz. If a Technician passed any of the contemporary Morse tests, he or she gained access to the so-called Novice HF privileges, essentially "upgrading" to what a Tech had before the new rules went into effect. This new, sixth class had no name until the FCC started calling them "Technician Plus" in 1994.[13] With a code-free class now available, Technician class became a second entry class, eventually surpassing the number of Novice class license holders.[14][15]

text: Restructuring in 2000[edit]

text: In 1999, the FCC moved to simplify the Amateur Radio Service operator license structure, streamline the number of examination elements, and reduce the emphasis on telegraphy. The change was titled a restructuring, and the new rules became effective on April 15, 2000.[16]

text: The major changes were:

text:
A reduction of the number of operator license classes from six to the current three (Technician, General, Extra). The Advanced Class, Technician Plus Class, and Novice Class licenses were deemed redundant and would no longer be issued; however, existing licensees would retain their operating privileges and be allowed to renew their licenses.
A reduction of the number of telegraphy examination element levels from three to one. Both the 20 words-per-minute (WPM) and 13 WPM Morse code tests were removed in favor of a standardized 5 WPM as the sole Morse code requirement for both the General and Extra Class licenses. With the removal of the high-speed Morse code tests, physician certification waivers were no longer accepted.
A reduction of the number of written examination elements from five to three.
Authorization of Advanced Class amateur radio operators to prepare and administer examinations for the General Class license.
Elimination of station licenses for the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES).

text: With the rule simplification, all pre-1987 Technician operators were now qualified to become General class operators, having already passed both the theory and code exams now required for the higher class. All that was necessary was to apply for the General license, usually through a "paper upgrade" (often done through existing amateur radio clubs) to achieve the license acquisition. The restructuring also enabled a pre-1987 Technician operator to become an Extra operator simply by passing the element 4 theory examination. Additionally, an expired or unexpired Novice class license could be used as credit toward the 5 WPM Morse code examination when upgrading.[17]

text: With the change, Technicians who could pass the 5 WPM Morse code examination were given the same HF-band privileges as the Technician Plus class, although the FCC's callsign database no longer distinguished between those Technician licensees possessing HF privileges and those who did not.

text: End of Morse code requirement[edit]

text: In 2003, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) ratified changes to the Radio Regulations to allow each country to determine whether it would require a person seeking an amateur radio operator license to demonstrate the ability to send and receive Morse code. The effect of this revision was to eliminate the international requirement that a person demonstrate Morse code proficiency in order to qualify for an amateur radio operator license with transmitting privileges on frequencies below 30 MHz.[18]

text: With this change of international rules, the FCC announced on December 15, 2006 that it intended to adopt rule changes which would eliminate the Morse code requirement for amateur operator licenses.[18][19] Shortly thereafter, the effective date of the new rules was announced as February 23, 2007. After that date, the FCC immediately granted the former Technician Plus privileges to all Technician Class operators, consolidating the class into a single set of rules.

text: Following the change in requirements, the ARRL reported a significant increase in the number of applications for licensing.[20]

text: Call signs[edit]

text: Each station is assigned a call sign which is used to identify the station during transmissions.

text: Amateur station call signs in the US take the format of one or two letters (the prefix), then a numeral (the call district), and finally between one and three letters (the suffix). The number of letters used in the call sign is determined by the operator's license class and the availability of letter combinations.

text: The format of the callsign is often abbreviated as X-by-X where a number in place of the X indicates the quantity of letters, separated by a single digit of the call district.

text: Currently there are 13 geographically based regions. There were 9 original call districts within the 48 contiguous states, also known as radio inspection districts. [3] [4] [5] The 10th district (with numeral 0) was split from the 9th district. Three additional regions cover Alaska, the Caribbean (including Puerto Rico), and the Pacific (including Hawaii).

text: In the last few decades the FCC has discarded the requirement that a station be located in the corresponding numerical district. Whereas at one time the callsign W1xxx would have been solid identification that the station was in New England (district 1), that is no longer the case, and W1xxx may be located anywhere in the USA. Even particularly distinctive calls such as KH6xxx which used to be exclusively in Hawaii, may be assigned to license holders on the US mainland. However, those licensees with KH6, KL7, KP4, etc., call signs must have been living (or had a mailing address) in Hawaii, Alaska or Puerto Rico when they received those call signs.

text: A newly licensed amateur will always receive a call sign from the district in which he or she lives. For instance, a newly licensed Technician from New England would receive a call sign of the form KC1xxx. The amateur may thereafter apply for a specific or specialized call sign under the Vanity Licensing program.

text: Approximately 88% of all amateur radio operators have call signs that reflect the district in which they live.[21]

text: An amateur operator with an Amateur Extra Class license can hold a call from any of the four call sign groups, either by keeping an existing call sign (indefinitely, since there is no requirement to change call sign upon license renewal), or by choosing a Group B, C or D call sign under the Vanity Licensing Program.

text: Likewise, Advanced Class licensees can hold Group C or D call signs, as well as Group B, and any operator may choose a Group D call sign (in reality, all new licensees, except Amateur Extra, are assigned Group D call signs, since the supply of available Group C "1x3" call signs was quickly depleted with the introduction of the elimination of the Element 1A Morse Code requirement for the Technician Class in 1991)

text:
Amateur Radio Callsigns in the United States

Class
Size
Format
Letters
Example

Group A
Amateur Extra Class
Four characters
1-by-2
K, N, or W plus two letters
W1AW

2-by-1
AA–AL, KA–KZ, NA–NZ, or WA–WZ plus one letter
AB0C

Five characters
2-by-2
AA–AL plus two letters
AD0EC

Group B
Advanced Class[22]
Five characters
2-by-2
KA–KZ, NA–NZ, or WA–WZ plus two letters
NZ9WA

Group C
Technician or General Classes
Five or six characters
1-by-3
K, N, or W plus three letters
K9DOG

2-by-2
(location specific)
KL, NL, or WL; NP or WP; KH, NH, or WH, plus two letters
KL5CD

Group D
Novice,[22] Club, and Military Recreations Stations; and sequentially to Technician or General
Six characters
2-by-3
(Novice or Club)
KA–KZ, WA–WZ plus three letters
KA2DOG

2-by-3
(Sequential)
KA–KZ plus three letters
KN0WCW

Source: FCC Callsign information

tag: table

text: The call district assignments are as follows (note that a station may not actually be located in the district indicated by the numeral in the stations's callsign) :[23]

text:
District
Numeral
States and Territories

1
1
ME, NH, MA, RI, CT, VT

2
2
NY, NJ

3
3
PA, DE, MD, DC

4
4
KY, VA, TN, NC, AL, GA, SC, FL

5
5
NM, TX, OK, AR, LA, MS

6
6
CA

7
7
WA, OR, ID, MT, WY, NV, UT, AZ

8
8
MI, OH, WV

9
9
WI, IL, IN

10
0
ND, SD, NE, KS, CO, MN, IA, MO

11
L0–L9
AK

12
P1–P5
Caribbean

P1: Navassa Island
P3/P4: Puerto Rico

P2: U.S. Virgin Islands
P5: Desecheo Island

13
H0–H9
Hawaii and Pacific
H5K: Kingman Reef

H1: Baker, Howland Islands
H6/7: Hawaii

H2: Guam
H7K: Kure Island

H3: Johnston Atoll
H8: American Samoa

H4: Midway Island
H9: Wake Island

H5: Palmyra Atoll, Jarvis Island
H0: Northern Marianas

text: Because the FCC will not issue long-term licenses to locations without mailing addresses, operators visiting some of these smaller islands, such as Navassa and Wake, can apply for temporary 1x1 call signs, as discussed below. Unofficial self-identification (for example, adding a /KP5 after one's call sign for Desecheo) is also allowed.[24]

text: Sequentially assigned call signs[edit]

text: During the processing of a new license application, a call sign is selected from the available list sequentially using the sequential call sign system. This system is based on the alphabetized regional-group list for the licensee's operator class and mailing address.

text: As of December 2015, the sequential system for Group C assigns 2-by-3 formats. Beginning with the letter K in Regions 1 through 10 (continental United States). Beginning with W (along with an area specific 2nd letter and area-specific numeral) in Regions 11 through 13 (Alaska, the Caribbean, Hawaii and insular Pacific areas).[25]

text: Vanity callsigns[edit]

text: The FCC offers amateur licensees the opportunity to request a specific call sign for a primary station and for a club station. The format of the call sign is limited to the same Group or lower, meaning a Technician Class operator can select an available callsign from Group C (e.g. a 1x3) or Group D (e.g. a 2x3), but not from Group A or B (e.g. a 1x2). RACES and military recreation stations are not eligible for a vanity call sign.

text: Special event 1x1 call signs[edit]

text: The FCC allows the use of special event "1x1" call signs to denote special occasions such as a club's anniversary, a historic event or even a DXpedition. As an example, the call sign "N8S" was used for the April 2007 DXpedition to Swains Island in American Samoa. These call signs start with the letters K, N or W, followed by a single numeral from 0 to 9 then followed by a single letter from A through W, Y or Z. The letter X is not allowed as it is reserved for experimental stations. Thus, there are 750 such call signs available.[26] Each call sign may be used for 15 days from its issue. Each station using the special 1x1 call must transmit its assigned call at least once every hour.

text: Five coordinators (ARRL, W5YI Group Inc, Western Carolina Amateur Radio Society/VEC Inc, W4VEC Volunteer Examiners Club of America and the Laurel Amateur Radio Club Inc) are authorized to handle these call sign requests.[27]


document_title: Intestinal villus

question_text: where are most villi found in the digestive system

text: Intestinal villus

text: Structure[edit]

text: Histology[edit]

text: Vertical section of a villus from the dog's small intestine. X 80. (Simple columnar epithelium labeled at right, third from top.)

text: Enterocytes, along with goblet cells, represent the principal cell types of the epithelium of the villi in the small intestine.[1]

text: Function[edit]

text: There, the villi and the microvilli increase intestinal absorptive surface area approximately 30-fold and 600-fold, respectively, providing exceptionally efficient absorption of nutrients in the lumen.[2]

text: There are also enzymes (enterocyte digestive enzyme) on the surface for digestion. Villus capillaries collect amino acids and simple sugars taken up by the villi into the blood stream. Villus lacteals (lymph capillary) collect absorbed chylomicrons, which are lipoproteins composed of triglycerides, cholesterol and amphipathic proteins, and are taken to the rest of the body through the lymph fluid.

text: Villi are specialised for absorption in the small intestine as they have a thin wall, one cell thick, which enables a shorter diffusion path. They have a large surface area so there will be more efficient absorption of fatty acids and glycerol into the blood stream. They have a rich blood supply to keep a concentration gradient.[3]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Different stages of coeliac disease

Structure of a villus

Microvilli (shaggy hair) show electron dense plaques (open arrow) at their apices.


document_title: List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders

question_text: who hit the most home runs in major league baseball in 2002

text: Key[edit]

text:
Winner(s)
Player(s) with the most home runs (HR) in the league

HR
The winner's home run total

Runner(s)-up
Player(s) with the second-most HRs in the league

2nd HR
The runner-up home run total

League
Denoted only for players outside of the modern major leagues

†
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

text: American League[edit]

text:
Year
Winner(s)
HR
Team
Runner(s)-up
2nd HR
Ref

1901
Lajoie, NapNap Lajoie†
14
Philadelphia Athletics
Freeman, BuckBuck Freeman
12
[16]

1902
Seybold, SocksSocks Seybold
16
Philadelphia Athletics
Hickman, CharlieCharlie Hickman
Bill Bradley
Buck Freeman
11
[17]

1903
Freeman, BuckBuck Freeman
13
Boston Americans
Hickman, CharlieCharlie Hickman
12
[18]

1904
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
10
Philadelphia Athletics
Murphy, DannyDanny Murphy
Buck Freeman
07c !7
[19]

1905
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
08b !8
Philadelphia Athletics
Stone, GeorgeGeorge Stone
07d !7
[20]

1906
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
12
Philadelphia Athletics
Hickman, CharlieCharlie Hickman
09a !9
[21]

1907
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
08a !8
Philadelphia Athletics
Seybold, SocksSocks Seybold
Danny Hoffman
Ty Cobb†
05 !5
[22]

1908
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
07b !7
Detroit Tigers
Hinchman, BillBill Hinchman
06b !6
[23]

1909
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
09b !9
Detroit Tigers
Speaker, TrisTris Speaker†
07a !7
[24]

1910
Stahl, JakeJake Stahl
10
Boston Red Sox
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
Duffy Lewis
08b !8
[25]

1911
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
11
Philadelphia Athletics
Speaker, TrisTris Speaker†
Ty Cobb†
08a !8
[26]

1912
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
Tris Speaker†
10
Philadelphia Athletics
Boston Red Sox
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
07b !7
[27]

1913
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
12
Philadelphia Athletics
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
09b !9
[28]

1914
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
09a !9
Philadelphia Athletics
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
08d !8
[29]

1915
Roth, BraggoBraggo Roth
07a !7
Chicago White Sox
Cleveland Indians
Oldring, RubeRube Oldring
06a !6
[30]

1916
Pipp, WallyWally Pipp
12
New York Yankees
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
10
[31]

1917
Pipp, WallyWally Pipp
09c !9
New York Yankees
Veach, BobbyBobby Veach
08c !8
[32]

1918
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
Tilly Walker
11
Boston Red Sox
Philadelphia Athletics
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
George Burns
06c !6
[33]

1919
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
29
Boston Red Sox
Walker, TillyTilly Walker
Frank Baker†
George Sisler†
10
[34]

1920
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
54
New York Yankees
Sisler, GeorgeGeorge Sisler†
19
[35]

1921
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
59
New York Yankees
Williams, KenKen Williams
Bob Meusel
24
[36]

1922
Williams, KenKen Williams
39
St. Louis Browns
Walker, TillyTilly Walker
37
[37]

1923
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
41
New York Yankees
Williams, KenKen Williams
29
[38]

1924
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
46
New York Yankees
Hauser, JoeJoe Hauser
27
[39]

1925
Meusel, BobBob Meusel
33
New York Yankees
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
Williams, KenKen Williams
25
[40]

1926
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
47
New York Yankees
Simmons, AlAl Simmons†
19
[41]

1927
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
60
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
47
[42]

1928
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
54
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
27
[43]

1929
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
46
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
35
[44]

1930
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
49
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
41
[45]

1931
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
Lou Gehrig†
46
New York Yankees
Averill, EarlEarl Averill
32
[46]

1932
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
58
Philadelphia Athletics
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
41
[47]

1933
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
48
Philadelphia Athletics
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
34
[48]

1934
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
49
New York Yankees
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
44
[49]

1935
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
Jimmie Foxx†
36
Detroit Tigers
Philadelphia Athletics
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
30
[50]

1936
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
49
New York Yankees
Trosky, HalHal Trosky
42
[51]

1937
DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio†
46
New York Yankees
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
40
[52]

1938
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
58
Detroit Tigers
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
50
[53]

1939
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
35
Boston Red Sox
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
33
[54]

1940
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
41
Detroit Tigers
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
36
[55]

1941
Williams, TedTed Williams†
37
Boston Red Sox
Keller, CharlieCharlie Keller
33
[56]

1942
Williams, TedTed Williams†
36
Boston Red Sox
Laabs, ChetChet Laabs
27
[57]

1943
York, RudyRudy York
34
Detroit Tigers
Keller, CharlieCharlie Keller
31
[58]

1944
Etten, NickNick Etten
22
New York Yankees
Stephens, VernVern Stephens
20
[59]

1945
Stephens, VernVern Stephens
24
St. Louis Browns
Cullenbine, RoyRoy Cullenbine
Nick Etten
Rudy York
18
[60]

1946
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
44
Detroit Tigers
Williams, TedTed Williams†
38
[61]

1947
Williams, TedTed Williams†
32
Boston Red Sox
Gordon, JoeJoe Gordon†
29
[62]

1948
DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio†
39
New York Yankees
Gordon, JoeJoe Gordon†
32
[63]

1949
Williams, TedTed Williams†
43
Boston Red Sox
Stephens, VernVern Stephens
39
[64]

1950
Rosen, AlAl Rosen
37
Cleveland Indians
Dropo, WaltWalt Dropo
34
[65]

1951
Zernial, GusGus Zernial
33
Chicago White Sox
Philadelphia Athletics
Williams, TedTed Williams†
30
[66]

1952
Doby, LarryLarry Doby†
32
Cleveland Indians
Easter, LukeLuke Easter
31
[67]

1953
Rosen, AlAl Rosen
43
Cleveland Indians
Zernial, GusGus Zernial
42
[68]

1954
Doby, LarryLarry Doby†
32
Cleveland Indians
Williams, TedTed Williams†
29
[69]

1955
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
37
New York Yankees
Zernial, GusGus Zernial
30
[70]

1956
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
52
New York Yankees
Wertz, VicVic Wertz
32
[71]

1957
Sievers, RoyRoy Sievers
42
Washington Senators
Williams, TedTed Williams†
38
[72]

1958
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
42
New York Yankees
Colavito, RockyRocky Colavito
41
[73]

1959
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
Rocky Colavito
42
Washington Senators
Cleveland Indians
Lemon, JimJim Lemon
33
[74]

1960
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
40
New York Yankees
Maris, RogerRoger Maris
39
[75]

1961
Maris, RogerRoger Maris
61
New York Yankees
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
54
[76]

1962
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
48
Minnesota Twins
Cash, NormNorm Cash
39
[77]

1963
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
45
Minnesota Twins
Stuart, DickDick Stuart
42
[78]

1964
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
49
Minnesota Twins
Powell, BoogBoog Powell
39
[79]

1965
Conigliaro, TonyTony Conigliaro
32
Boston Red Sox
Cash, NormNorm Cash
30
[80]

1966
Robinson, FrankFrank Robinson†
49
Baltimore Orioles
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
39
[81]

1967
Yastrzemski, CarlCarl Yastrzemski†
Harmon Killebrew†
44
Boston Red Sox
Minnesota Twins
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
36
[82]

1968
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
44
Washington Senators
Horton, WillieWillie Horton
36
[83]

1969
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
49
Minnesota Twins
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
48
[84]

1970
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
44
Washington Senators
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
41
[85]

1971
Melton, BillBill Melton
33
Chicago White Sox
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Norm Cash
32
[86]

1972
Allen, DickDick Allen
37
Chicago White Sox
Murcer, BobbyBobby Murcer
33
[87]

1973
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
32
Oakland Athletics
Burroughs, JeffJeff Burroughs
Frank Robinson†
30
[88]

1974
Allen, DickDick Allen
32
Chicago White Sox
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
29
[89]

1975
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
George Scott
36
Oakland Athletics
Milwaukee Brewers
Mayberry, JohnJohn Mayberry
34
[90]

1976
Nettles, GraigGraig Nettles
32
New York Yankees
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Sal Bando
27
[91]

1977
Rice, JimJim Rice†
39
Boston Red Sox
Nettles, GraigGraig Nettles
Bobby Bonds
37
[92]

1978
Rice, JimJim Rice†
46
Boston Red Sox
Hisle, LarryLarry Hisle
Don Baylor
34
[93]

1979
Thomas, GormanGorman Thomas
45
Milwaukee Brewers
Lynn, FredFred Lynn
Jim Rice†
39
[94]

1980
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Ben Oglivie
41
New York Yankees
Milwaukee Brewers
Thomas, GormanGorman Thomas
38
[95]

1981
Grich, BobbyBobby Grich
Eddie Murray†
Dwight Evans
Tony Armas
22
California Angels
Baltimore Orioles
Boston Red Sox
Oakland Athletics
Thomas, GormanGorman Thomas
Greg Luzinski
21
[96]

1982
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Gorman Thomas
39
California Angels
Milwaukee Brewers
Winfield, DaveDave Winfield†
37
[97]

1983
Rice, JimJim Rice†
39
Boston Red Sox
Armas, TonyTony Armas
36
[98]

1984
Armas, TonyTony Armas
43
Boston Red Sox
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
35
[99]

1985
Evans, DarrellDarrell Evans
40
Detroit Tigers
Fisk, CarltonCarlton Fisk†
37
[100]

1986
Barfield, JesseJesse Barfield
40
Toronto Blue Jays
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
35
[101]

1987
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
49
Oakland Athletics
Bell, GeorgeGeorge Bell
47
[102]

1988
Canseco, JoséJosé Canseco
42
Oakland Athletics
McGriff, FredFred McGriff
34
[103]

1989
McGriff, FredFred McGriff
36
Toronto Blue Jays
Carter, JoeJoe Carter
35
[104]

1990
Fielder, CecilCecil Fielder
51
Detroit Tigers
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
39
[105]

1991
Canseco, JoséJosé Canseco
Cecil Fielder
44
Oakland Athletics
Detroit Tigers
Ripken, Jr., CalCal Ripken, Jr.†
34
[106]

1992
González, JuanJuan González
43
Texas Rangers
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
42
[107]

1993
González, JuanJuan González
46
Texas Rangers
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
45
[108]

1994
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
40
Seattle Mariners
Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas†
38
[109]

1995
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
50
Cleveland Indians
Buhner, JayJay Buhner
Frank Thomas†
40
[110]

1996
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
52
Oakland Athletics
Anderson, BradyBrady Anderson
50
[111]

1997
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
56
Seattle Mariners
Martinez, TinoTino Martinez
44
[5]

1998
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
56
Seattle Mariners
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
49
[112]

1999
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
48
Seattle Mariners
Palmeiro, RafaelRafael Palmeiro
47
[113]

2000
Glaus, TroyTroy Glaus
47
Anaheim Angels
Giambi, JasonJason Giambi
Frank Thomas†
43
[114]

2001
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
52
Texas Rangers
Thome, JimJim Thome
49
[115]

2002
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
57
Texas Rangers
Thome, JimJim Thome
52
[116]

2003
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
47
Texas Rangers
Delgado, CarlosCarlos Delgado
42
[117]

2004
Ramírez, MannyManny Ramírez
43
Boston Red Sox
Konerko, PaulPaul Konerko
David Ortiz
41
[118]

2005
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
48
New York Yankees
Ortiz, DavidDavid Ortiz
47
[119]

2006
Ortiz, DavidDavid Ortiz
54
Boston Red Sox
Dye, JermaineJermaine Dye
44
[120]

2007
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
54
New York Yankees
Peña, CarlosCarlos Peña
46
[121]

2008
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
37
Detroit Tigers
Quentin, CarlosCarlos Quentin
36
[122]

2009
Peña, CarlosCarlos Peña
Mark Teixeira
39
Tampa Bay Rays
New York Yankees
Bay, JasonJason Bay
Aaron Hill
36
[123]

2010
Bautista, JoséJosé Bautista
54
Toronto Blue Jays
Konerko, PaulPaul Konerko
39
[124]

2011
Bautista, JoséJosé Bautista
43
Toronto Blue Jays
Granderson, CurtisCurtis Granderson
41
[125]

2012
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
44
Detroit Tigers
Granderson, CurtisCurtis Granderson
Hamilton, JoshJosh Hamilton
43
[126]

2013
Davis, ChrisChris Davis
53
Baltimore Orioles
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
44
[127]

2014
Cruz, NelsonNelson Cruz
40
Baltimore Orioles
Carter, ChrisChris Carter
37
[128]

2015
Davis, ChrisChris Davis
47
Baltimore Orioles
Cruz, NelsonNelson Cruz
44
[129]

2016
Trumbo, MarkMark Trumbo
47
Baltimore Orioles
Cruz, NelsonNelson Cruz
43
[130]

2017
Judge, AaronAaron Judge
52
New York Yankees
Davis, KhrisKhris Davis
43
[131]

text: National League[edit]

text:
Year
Winner(s)
HR
Team
Runner(s)-up
2nd HR
Ref

1876
Hall, GeorgeGeorge Hall
05 !5
Philadelphia Athletics (NL)
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
04 !4
[132]

1877
Pike, LipLip Pike
04 !4
Cincinnati Reds
Shafer, OratorOrator Shafer
03 !3
[133]

1878
Hines, PaulPaul Hines
04 !4
Providence Grays
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
03 !3
[134]

1879
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
09 !9
Boston Red Caps
O'Rourke, JimJim O'Rourke†
06 !6
[135]

1880
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
Jim O'Rourke†
06 !6
Worcester Ruby Legs
Boston Red Caps
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
05 !5
[136]

1881
Brouthers, DanDan Brouthers†
08 !8
Buffalo Bisons
Bennett, CharlieCharlie Bennett
07 !7
[137]

1882
Wood, GeorgeGeorge Wood
07 !7
Detroit Wolverines
Muldoon, MikeMike Muldoon
Dan Brouthers†
06 !6
[138]

1883
Ewing, BuckBuck Ewing†
10
New York Giants
Denny, JerryJerry Denny
Joe Hornung
08 !8
[139]

1884
Williamson, NedNed Williamson
27
Chicago White Stockings
Pfeffer, FredFred Pfeffer
25
[140]

1885
Dalrymple, AbnerAbner Dalrymple
11
Chicago White Stockings
Kelly, KingKing Kelly†
09 !9
[141]

1886
Brouthers, DanDan Brouthers†
Hardy Richardson
11
Detroit Wolverines
Anson, CapCap Anson†
10
[142]

1887
O'Brien, BillyBilly O'Brien
19
Washington Nationals
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
17
[143]

1888
Ryan, JimmyJimmy Ryan
16
Chicago White Stockings
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
14
[144]

1889
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
20
Philadelphia Quakers
Denny, JerryJerry Denny
18
[145]

1890
Burns, OysterOyster Burns
Mike Tiernan
Walt Wilmot
13
Brooklyn Bridegrooms
New York Giants
Chicago Colts
Long, HermanHerman Long
08 !8
[146]

1891
Tiernan, MikeMike Tiernan
Harry Stovey
16
New York Giants
Boston Beaneaters
Wilmot, WaltWalt Wilmot
11
[147]

1892
Holliday, BugBug Holliday
13
Cincinnati Reds
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
12
[148]

1893
Delahanty, EdEd Delahanty†
19
Philadelphia Phillies
Clements, JackJack Clements
17
[149]

1894
Duffy, HughHugh Duffy†
18
Boston Beaneaters
Joyce, BillBill Joyce
Bobby Lowe
17
[150]

1895
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
18
Philadelphia Phillies
Joyce, BillBill Joyce
17
[151]

1896
Joyce, BillBill Joyce†
Ed Delahanty†
13
Philadelphia Phillies
Washington/New York
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
12
[152]

1897
Duffy, HughHugh Duffy†
11
Boston Beaneaters
Davis, GeorgeGeorge Davis†
10
[153]

1898
Collins, JimmyJimmy Collins†
15
Boston Beaneaters
Joyce, BillBill Joyce
Honus Wagner†
10
[154]

1899
Freeman, BuckBuck Freeman
25
Washington Senators
Wallace, BobbyBobby Wallace
12
[155]

1900
Long, HermanHerman Long
12
Boston Beaneaters
Flick, ElmerElmer Flick†
11
[156]

1901
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
16
Cincinnati Reds
Sheckard, JimmyJimmy Sheckard
11
[157]

1902
Leach, TommyTommy Leach
06 !6
Pittsburgh Pirates
Beckley, JakeJake Beckley†
05 !5
[158]

1903
Sheckard, JimmyJimmy Sheckard
09 !9
Brooklyn Superbas
Moran, PatPat Moran
Tommy Leach
Mike Donlin
Sam Mertes
Cy Seymour
Ginger Beaumont
07 !7
[159]

1904
Lumley, HarryHarry Lumley
09 !9
Brooklyn Superbas
Brain, DaveDave Brain
07 !7
[160]

1905
Odwell, FredFred Odwell
09 !9
Cincinnati Reds
Seymour, CyCy Seymour
08 !8
[161]

1906
Jordan, TimTim Jordan
12
Brooklyn Superbas
Lumley, HarryHarry Lumley
09 !9
[162]

1907
Brain, DaveDave Brain
10
Boston Doves
Lumley, HarryHarry Lumley
09 !9
[163]

1908
Jordan, TimTim Jordan
12
Brooklyn Superbas
Wagner, HonusHonus Wagner†
10
[164]

1909
Murray, RedRed Murray
07 !7
New York Giants
Becker, BealsBeals Becker
Tommy Leach
Larry Doyle
06 !6
[165]

1910
Schulte, FrankFrank Schulte
Fred Beck
10
Boston Doves
Chicago Cubs
Daubert, JakeJake Daubert
Larry Doyle
08 !8
[166]

1911
Schulte, FrankFrank Schulte
21
Chicago Cubs
Luderus, FredFred Luderus
16
[167]

1912
Zimmerman, HeinieHeinie Zimmerman
14
Chicago Cubs
Schulte, FrankFrank Schulte
12
[168]

1913
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
19
Philadelphia Phillies
Luderus, FredFred Luderus
18
[169]

1914
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
19
Philadelphia Phillies
Saier, VicVic Saier
18
[170]

1915
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
24
Philadelphia Phillies
Williams, CyCy Williams
13
[171]

1916
Williams, CyCy Williams
Dave Robertson
12
Chicago Cubs
New York Giants
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
11
[172]

1917
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
Dave Robertson
12
Philadelphia Phillies
New York Giants
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
08 !8
[173]

1918
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
08 !8
Philadelphia Phillies
Cruise, WaltonWalton Cruise
Cy Williams
06 !6
[174]

1919
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
12
Philadelphia Phillies
Kauff, BennyBenny Kauff
10
[175]

1920
Williams, CyCy Williams
15
Philadelphia Phillies
Meusel, IrishIrish Meusel
14
[176]

1921
Kelly, GeorgeGeorge Kelly†
23
New York Giants
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
21
[177]

1922
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
42
St. Louis Cardinals
Williams, CyCy Williams
26
[178]

1923
Williams, CyCy Williams
41
Philadelphia Phillies
Fournier, JackJack Fournier
22
[179]

1924
Fournier, JackJack Fournier
27
Brooklyn Robins
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
25
[180]

1925
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
39
St. Louis Cardinals
Hartnett, GabbyGabby Hartnett
24
[181]

1926
Wilson, HackHack Wilson†
21
Chicago Cubs
Bottomley, JimJim Bottomley†
19
[182]

1927
Williams, CyCy Williams
Hack Wilson†
30
Chicago Cubs
Philadelphia Phillies
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
26
[183]

1928
Wilson, HackHack Wilson†
Jim Bottomley†
31
Chicago Cubs
St. Louis Cardinals
Hafey, ChickChick Hafey
27
[184]

1929
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
43
Philadelphia Phillies
Ott, MelMel Ott†
42
[185]

1930
Wilson, HackHack Wilson†
56
Chicago Cubs
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein
40
[186]

1931
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
31
Philadelphia Phillies
Ott, MelMel Ott†
29
[187]

1932
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
Ott, MelMel Ott†
38
Philadelphia Phillies
New York Giants
Terry, BillBill Terry†
28
[188]

1933
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
28
Philadelphia Phillies
Berger, WallyWally Berger
27
[189]

1934
Ott, MelMel Ott†
Ripper Collins
35
New York Giants
St. Louis Cardinals
Berger, WallyWally Berger
34
[190]

1935
Berger, WallyWally Berger
34
Boston Braves
Ott, MelMel Ott†
31
[191]

1936
Ott, MelMel Ott†
33
New York Giants
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
28
[192]

1937
Ott, MelMel Ott†
Joe Medwick†
31
New York Giants
St. Louis Cardinals
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
27
[193]

1938
Ott, MelMel Ott†
36
New York Giants
Goodman, IvalIval Goodman
30
[194]

1939
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
28
St. Louis Cardinals
Ott, MelMel Ott†
27
[195]

1940
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
43
St. Louis Cardinals
Nicholson, BillBill Nicholson
25
[196]

1941
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
34
Brooklyn Dodgers
Ott, MelMel Ott†
27
[197]

1942
Ott, MelMel Ott†
30
New York Giants
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
Johnny Mize
26
[198]

1943
Nicholson, BillBill Nicholson
29
Chicago Cubs
Ott, MelMel Ott†
18
[199]

1944
Nicholson, BillBill Nicholson
33
Chicago Cubs
Ott, MelMel Ott†
26
[200]

1945
Holmes, TommyTommy Holmes
28
Boston Braves
Workman, ChuckChuck Workman
25
[201]

1946
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
23
Pittsburgh Pirates
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
22
[202]

1947
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
Johnny Mize†
51
Pittsburgh Pirates
New York Giants
Marshall, WillardWillard Marshall
36
[203]

1948
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
Johnny Mize†
40
Pittsburgh Pirates
New York Giants
Musial, StanStan Musial†
39
[204]

1949
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
54
Pittsburgh Pirates
Musial, StanStan Musial†
36
[205]

1950
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
47
Pittsburgh Pirates
Pafko, AndyAndy Pafko
36
[206]

1951
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
42
Pittsburgh Pirates
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
40
[207]

1952
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
Hank Sauer
37
Pittsburgh Pirates
Chicago Cubs
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
32
[208]

1953
Mathews, EddieEddie Mathews†
47
Milwaukee Braves
Snider, DukeDuke Snider†
42
[209]

1954
Kluszewski, TedTed Kluszewski
49
Cincinnati Reds
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
42
[210]

1955
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
51
New York Giants
Kluszewski, TedTed Kluszewski
47
[211]

1956
Snider, DukeDuke Snider†
43
Brooklyn Dodgers
Adcock, JoeJoe Adcock
Frank Robinson†
38
[212]

1957
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
44
Milwaukee Braves
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
43
[213]

1958
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
47
Chicago Cubs
Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas
35
[214]

1959
Mathews, EddieEddie Mathews†
46
Milwaukee Braves
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
45
[215]

1960
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
41
Chicago Cubs
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
40
[216]

1961
Cepeda, OrlandoOrlando Cepeda†
46
San Francisco Giants
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
40
[217]

1962
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
49
San Francisco Giants
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
45
[218]

1963
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
Hank Aaron†
44
San Francisco Giants
Milwaukee Braves
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
38
[219]

1964
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
47
San Francisco Giants
Williams, BillyBilly Williams†
33
[220]

1965
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
52
San Francisco Giants
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
39
[221]

1966
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
44
Atlanta Braves
Allen, DickDick Allen
40
[222]

1967
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
39
Atlanta Braves
Wynn, JimJim Wynn
37
[223]

1968
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
36
San Francisco Giants
Allen, DickDick Allen
33
[224]

1969
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
45
San Francisco Giants
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
44
[225]

1970
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
45
Cincinnati Reds
Williams, BillyBilly Williams†
42
[226]

1971
Stargell, WillieWillie Stargell†
48
Pittsburgh Pirates
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
47
[227]

1972
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
40
Cincinnati Reds
Colbert, NateNate Colbert
38
[228]

1973
Stargell, WillieWillie Stargell†
44
Pittsburgh Pirates
Johnson, DaveyDavey Johnson
43
[229]

1974
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
36
Philadelphia Phillies
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
33
[230]

1975
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
38
Philadelphia Phillies
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
36
[231]

1976
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
38
Philadelphia Phillies
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
37
[232]

1977
Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster
52
Cincinnati Reds
Burroughs, JeffJeff Burroughs
41
[233]

1978
Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster
40
Cincinnati Reds
Luzinski, GregGreg Luzinski
35
[234]

1979
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
48
Chicago Cubs
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
45
[235]

1980
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
48
Philadelphia Phillies
Horner, BobBob Horner
35
[236]

1981
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
31
Philadelphia Phillies
Dawson, AndreAndre Dawson†
24
[237]

1982
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
37
New York Mets
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
36
[238]

1983
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
40
Philadelphia Phillies
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
36
[239]

1984
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
Dale Murphy
36
Philadelphia Phillies
Atlanta Braves
Carter, GaryGary Carter†
27
[240]

1985
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
37
Atlanta Braves
Parker, DaveDave Parker
34
[241]

1986
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
37
Philadelphia Phillies
Davis, GlennGlenn Davis
Dave Parker
31
[242]

1987
Dawson, AndreAndre Dawson†
49
Chicago Cubs
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
44
[243]

1988
Strawberry, DarrylDarryl Strawberry
39
New York Mets
Davis, GlennGlenn Davis
30
[244]

1989
Mitchell, KevinKevin Mitchell
47
San Francisco Giants
Johnson, HowardHoward Johnson
36
[245]

1990
Sandberg, RyneRyne Sandberg†
40
Chicago Cubs
Strawberry, DarrylDarryl Strawberry
37
[246]

1991
Johnson, HowardHoward Johnson
38
New York Mets
Williams, MattMatt Williams
34
[247]

1992
McGriff, FredFred McGriff
35
San Diego Padres
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
34
[248]

1993
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
46
San Francisco Giants
Justice, DavidDavid Justice
40
[249]

1994
Williams, MattMatt Williams
43
San Francisco Giants
Bagwell, JeffJeff Bagwell†
39
[250]

1995
Bichette, DanteDante Bichette
40
Colorado Rockies
Walker, LarryLarry Walker
Sammy Sosa
36
[251]

1996
Galarraga, AndrésAndrés Galarraga
47
Colorado Rockies
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
Gary Sheffield
42
[252]

1997
Walker, LarryLarry Walker
49
Colorado Rockies
Bagwell, JeffJeff Bagwell†
43
[6]

1998
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
70
St. Louis Cardinals
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
66
[253]

1999
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
65
St. Louis Cardinals
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
63
[254]

2000
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
50
Chicago Cubs
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
49
[255]

2001
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
73
San Francisco Giants
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
64
[256]

2002
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
49
Chicago Cubs
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
46
[257]

2003
Thome, JimJim Thome
47
Philadelphia Phillies
Sexson, RichieRichie Sexson
Barry Bonds
45
[258]

2004
Beltré, AdriánAdrián Beltré
48
Los Angeles Dodgers
Dunn, AdamAdam Dunn
Albert Pujols
46
[259]

2005
Jones, AndruwAndruw Jones
51
Atlanta Braves
Lee, DerrekDerrek Lee
46
[260]

2006
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
58
Philadelphia Phillies
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
49
[261]

2007
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder
50
Milwaukee Brewers
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
47
[262]

2008
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
48
Philadelphia Phillies
Dunn, AdamAdam Dunn
40
[263]

2009
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
47
St. Louis Cardinals
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder
46
[264]

2010
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
42
St. Louis Cardinals
Dunn, AdamAdam Dunn
38
[265]

2011
Kemp, MattMatt Kemp
39
Los Angeles Dodgers
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder
38
[266]

2012
Braun, RyanRyan Braun
41
Milwaukee Brewers
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
37
[267]

2013
Álvarez, PedroPedro Álvarez
Paul Goldschmidt
36
Pittsburgh Pirates
Arizona Diamondbacks
Bruce, JayJay Bruce
30
[268]

2014
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
37
Miami Marlins
Rizzo, AnthonyAnthony Rizzo
32
[269]

2015
Arenado, NolanNolan Arenado
Bryce Harper
42
Colorado Rockies
Washington Nationals
González, CarlosCarlos González
40
[270]

2016
Arenado, NolanNolan Arenado
Carter, ChrisChris Carter
41
Colorado Rockies
Milwaukee Brewers
Bryant, KrisKris Bryant
39
[271]

2017
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
59
Miami Marlins
Bellinger, CodyCody Bellinger
39
[272]

text: Other major leagues[edit]

text:
Year
Winner(s)
HR
Team
League
Runner(s)-up
2nd HR
Ref

1882
Walker, OscarOscar Walker
07 !7
St. Louis Brown Stockings
American Association
Browning, PetePete Browning
05 !5
[273]

1883
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
14
Philadelphia Athletics
American Association
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
10
[274]

1884
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly†
11
Cincinnati Red Stockings
American Association
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
10
[275]

1884
Dunlap, FredFred Dunlap
13
St. Louis Maroons
Union Association
Crane, EdEd Crane
12
[276]

1885
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
13
Philadelphia Athletics
American Association
Fennelly, FrankFrank Fennelly
10
[277]

1886
McPhee, BidBid McPhee†
08 !8
Cincinnati Red Stockings
American Association
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
Dave Orr
07 !7
[278]

1887
O'Neill, TipTip O'Neill
14
St. Louis Browns
American Association
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly
10
[279]

1888
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly
13
Cincinnati Red Stockings
American Association
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
09 !9
[280]

1889
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
Bug Holliday
19
Cincinnati Red Stockings
Philadelphia Athletics
American Association
Duffee, CharlieCharlie Duffee
16
[281]

1890
Campau, CountCount Campau
09 !9
St. Louis Browns
American Association
Cartwright, EdEd Cartwright
08 !8
[282]

1890
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
14
New York Giants
Players' League
Richardson, HardyHardy Richardson
13
[283]

1891
Farrell, DukeDuke Farrell
12
Boston Reds
American Association
Milligan, JockoJocko Milligan
Denny Lyons
11
[284]

1914
Zwilling, DutchDutch Zwilling
16
Chicago Chi-Feds
Federal League
Kenworthy, BillBill Kenworthy
15
[285]

1915
Chase, HalHal Chase
17
Buffalo Blues
Federal League
Zwilling, DutchDutch Zwilling
13
[286]


document_title: History of the United Nations

question_text: at which conference were the terms of membership created for the united nations

text: History of the United Nations

text: Origins[edit]

text: The earliest concrete plan for a new world organization to replace the ineffective League of Nations began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939.[1] On 12 June 1941, representatives of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and of the exiled governments of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Yugoslavia, as well as General de Gaulle of France, met in London and signed the Declaration of St. James's Palace. This was the first of six conferences that led up to the founding of the United Nations and the Charter of the United Nations.[2]

text: U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt first suggested using the name United Nations, to refer to the Allies of World War II, to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill during the latter's three-week visit to the White House in December 1941. Roosevelt suggested the name as an alternative to "Associated Powers", a term the U.S. used in the First World War (the U.S. was never formally a member of the Allies of World War I but entered the war in 1917 as a self-styled "Associated Power"). Churchill accepted the idea and cited Lord Byron's use of the phrase "United Nations" in the poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, which referred to the Allies at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.[3][4]

text: 1942 "Declaration of United Nations"[edit]

text: The text of the "Declaration of United Nations" was drafted by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Roosevelt aide Harry Hopkins, while meeting at the White House on 29 December 1941. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France. The first official use of the term "United Nations" was on 1–2 January 1942 when 26 Governments signed the Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted.[5][6] By early 1945 it had been signed by 21 more states.[7]

text:
A JOINT DECLARATION BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS, CHINA, AUSTRALIA, BELGIUM, CANADA, COSTA RICA, CUBA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, EL SALVADOR, GREECE, GUATEMALA, HAITI, HONDURAS, INDIA, LUXEMBOURG, NETHERLANDS, NEW ZEALAND, NICARAGUA, NORWAY, PANAMA, POLAND, SOUTH AFRICA, YUGOSLAVIA
The Governments signatory hereto,
Having subscribed to a common program of purposes and principles embodied in the Joint Declaration of the President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister of Great Britain dated August 14, 1941, known as the Atlantic Charter,
Being convinced that complete victory over their enemies is essential to defend life, liberty, independence and religious freedom, and to preserve human rights and justice in their own lands as well as in other lands, and that they are now engaged in a common struggle against savage and brutal forces seeking to subjugate the world,
DECLARE:
(1) Each Government pledges itself to employ its full resources, military or economic, against those members of the Tripartite Pact and its adherents with which such government is at war.
(2) Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto and not to make a separate armistice or peace with the enemies.
The foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are, or which may be, rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism.[8]

text: During the war, the United Nations became the official term for the Allies. To join countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis.[9]

text: Planning[edit]

text: The idea for the future United Nations as an international organization emerged in declarations signed at the wartime Allied conferences: the Moscow Conference and the Tehran Conference in 1943.

text: US President Franklin D. Roosevelt considered his most important legacy the creation of the United Nations, making a permanent organization out of the wartime Alliance of the same name. He provided continuous backstage political support inside the United States, and with Churchill and Stalin abroad. He made sure that leading Republicans were on board, especially Senators Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan,[10] and Warren Austin of Vermont.[11] He went public with strong advocacy in the 1944 presidential campaign, and turned detailed planning over to the State Department, where Sumner Welles and Secretary Cordell Hull worked on the project. The United States, Britain, Soviet Union and China made the major decisions and became permanent members of the all-powerful Security Council. Roosevelt made sure that each (including France) had a veto power, thus avoiding the fatal weakness of the League of Nations, which theoretically could order its members to act in defiance of their own parliaments.[12]

text: From August to October 1944, representatives of the Republic of China, Britain, the US and the USSR met to elaborate plans at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, D.C. Those and later talks produced proposals outlining the purposes of the United Nations organization, its membership and organs, as well as arrangements to maintain international peace and security and international economic and social cooperation. Governments and private citizens worldwide discussed and debated these proposals.[13] Winston Churchill urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major Power after the liberation of Paris in August 1944.

text: At the Yalta Conference it was agreed that membership would be open to nations that had joined the Allies by 1 March 1945.[14] Brazil, Syria and a number of other countries qualified for membership by declarations of war on either Germany or Japan in the first three months of 1945 – in some cases retroactively.

text: Establishment[edit]

text: On 25 April 1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco. In addition to Governments, a number of non-government organizations, including Rotary International and Lions Clubs International received invitations to assist in the drafting of a charter. After working for two months, the fifty nations represented at the conference signed the Charter of the United Nations on 26 June. Poland, which was unable to send a representative to the conference due to political instability, signed the charter on 15 October 1945. The charter stated that before it would come into effect, it must be ratified by the Governments of the Republic of China, France, the USSR, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and by a majority of the other 46 signatories. This occurred on 24 October 1945, and the United Nations was officially formed.[15]

text: The date each founding member state deposited their ratification of the UN Charter is as follows:[16]

text:
USA – 8 Aug 1945
France – 31 Aug 1945
Dominican Rep. – 4 Sep 1945
Nicaragua – 6 Sep 1945
New Zealand – 19 Sep 1945
Brazil – 21 Sep 1945
Argentina – 24 Sep 1945
El Salvador – 26 Sep 1945
Haiti – 27 Sep 1945
China – 28 Sep 1945
Turkey – 28 Sep 1945
Denmark – 9 October 1945
Chile – 11 Oct 1945
Philippines – 11 Oct 1945
Paraguay – 12 Oct 1945
Cuba – 15 Oct 1945
Lebanon – 15 Oct 1945
Iran – 16 Oct 1945
Luxembourg – 17 Oct 1945
Saudi Arabia – 18 Oct 1945
Czechoslovakia – 19 Oct 1945
Syria – 19 Oct 1945
Yugoslavia – 19 Oct 1945
UK – 20 Oct 1945
Egypt – 22 Oct 1945
Byelorussia – 24 Oct 1945
Poland – 24 Oct 1945
Ukraine – 24 Oct 1945
USSR – 24 Oct 1945 (note - the United Nations is established on this date)
Greece – 25 Oct 1945
India – 30 Oct 1945
Peru – 31 Oct 1945
Australia – 1 Nov 1945
Costa Rica – 2 Nov 1945
Liberia – 2 Nov 1945
Colombia – 5 Nov 1945
Mexico – 7 Nov 1945
South Africa – 7 Nov 1945
Canada – 9 Nov 1945
Ethiopia – 13 Nov 1945
Panama – 13 Nov 1945
Bolivia – 14 Nov 1945
Venezuela – 15 Nov 1945
Honduras – 17 Nov 1945
Guatemala – 21 Nov 1945
Norway – 27 Nov 1945
Netherlands – 10 Dec 1945
Uruguay – 18 Dec 1945
Ecuador – 21 Dec 1945
Iraq – 21 Dec 1945
Belgium – 27 Dec 1945

text: The first meeting of the General Assembly was held in Westminster Central Hall, London, on 10 January 1946.[17] The Security Council met for the first time a week later in Church House, Westminster.[18] The League of Nations formally dissolved itself on 18 April 1946 and transferred its mission to the United Nations.

text: Activities[edit]

text: The United Nations has achieved considerable prominence in the social arena, fostering human rights, economic development, decolonization, health and education, for example, and interesting itself in refugees and trade.

text: The leaders of the UN had high hopes that it would act to prevent conflicts between nations and make future wars impossible. Those hopes have obviously not fully come to pass. From about 1947 until 1991 the division of the world into hostile camps during the Cold War made agreement on peacekeeping matters extremely difficult. Following the end of the Cold War, renewed calls arose for the UN to become the agency for achieving world peace and co-operation, as several dozen active military conflicts continued to rage across the globe. The breakup of the Soviet Union has also left the United States in a unique position of global dominance, creating a variety of new problems for the UN (See the United States and the United Nations).

text: Facilities[edit]

text: In December 1945, the US Senate and the US House of Representatives, by unanimous votes, requested that the UN make its headquarters in the United States. The UN accepted this suggestion and, after considering sites in the Black Hills, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, Navy Island and what would become the World Trade Center site, constructed the United Nations headquarters building in New York City in 1949 and 1950 beside the East River on land purchased with an $8.5 million donation from John D. Rockefeller, Jr. The UN headquarters officially opened on January 9, 1951, although construction was not formally completed until October 9, 1952.[19]

text: Under special agreement with the United States, the UN enjoys certain diplomatic privileges and immunities, but generally the laws of New York City, New York State, and the United States apply.

text: While the principal headquarters of the UN remain in New York City, major agencies base themselves in Geneva, The Hague, Vienna, Nairobi and elsewhere.

text: Structure and associated organizations[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2011)

text: The basic constitutional makeup of the United Nations has changed little, though vastly increased membership has altered the functioning of some elements. The UN as a whole has generated a rich assortment of non-governmental organizations and special bodies over the years: some with a regional focus, some specific to the various peacekeeping missions, and others of global scope and importance. Other bodies (such as the International Labour Organization) formed prior to the establishment of the United Nations and only subsequently became associated with it.

text: Milestones[edit]

text: In October 2015 over 350 landmarks in 60 countries were lit in blue to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the world body.[20][21][22]