document_title: 2017 World Series

question_text: where was game 1 of the world series played

text: 2017 World Series

text: Background[edit]

text: This was the first World Series matchup, and second postseason meeting overall, between the Astros and Dodgers. Los Angeles defeated Houston in the 1981 National League Division Series in five games en route to its World Series championship that year.[7] The teams also met in the 1980 National League West tie-breaker game.[8] This was the first Fall Classic since 1970, and the eighth overall, in which both participants had 100 or more wins during the regular season.[9][10]

text: With the Astros and Dodgers having waited a combined 84 years for a championship (the Dodgers last won the World Series in 1988, and the Astros had never won since their 1962 formation), this was the third straight year in which the World Series teams had waited a combined 50 years or more to win a World Series, following 2015 at 59 years and 2016 at 176 years. Both teams had not lost at home this postseason leading to the World Series. The two teams did not meet in interleague play during the regular season.[11] This was also the third consecutive World Series to extend into November, although the 2015 World Series did not go up to Game 7.

text: Los Angeles Dodgers[edit]

text: The Dodgers held a 91–36 record through August 25.[12][13] However, a late season slump, in which the team lost 20 of 25 games (highlighted by 11 straight losses), led to questions about whether the Dodgers would succeed in the postseason. Despite the slump, the team recovered to win eight of its final ten regular season games, securing their fifth consecutive National League West title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs. In the postseason, the Dodgers swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Division Series and defeated the defending World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the previous year's rematch of the National League Championship Series in five games.[14] This was the first appearance in the Fall Classic for the Dodgers since 1988, the tenth since the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1958, and the 19th overall.[15]

text: Entering the 2017 World Series, the Dodgers bullpen had thrown 23 consecutive scoreless innings, a postseason record for a bullpen. Additionally, by outscoring the Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs by a combined 48–19 margin, the Dodgers entered the World Series with the third-best run differential of any pennant winner since the playoff structure was expanded in 1995.[16]

text: All-Star shortstop Corey Seager, who was out for the entire National League Championship Series with a back injury, was included on the Dodgers' World Series roster.[17] Manager Dave Roberts became first manager of Asian heritage ever in the World Series, as well as the fourth African-American manager.[18]

text: Houston Astros[edit]

text: With a 101–61 regular season record, the team won its first American League West title since moving from the National League Central starting in its 2013 season, and their first division title since 2001. In the American League Division Series, they defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games and then defeated the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series (ALCS) in seven games.[19] This was their second World Series appearance and first since 2005, when they were swept in four games by the Chicago White Sox.[20] They became the first team in history to make it to the World Series as members of both the National League and the American League.[21]

text: The city of Houston in August 2017 suffered record flooding from Hurricane Harvey. The team began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word "Strong" on the bottom of the patch, as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong.[22][23] Manager A. J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team wasn't just playing for a title, but to help boost moral support for the city.[24]

text: On August 31, just seconds before the midnight deadline, the Astros traded for Justin Verlander.[25] Following the trade, including the regular season and postseason to this point, Verlander had posted a 9–0 win-loss record with a 1.23 earned run average.[26] He was named the ALCS MVP.[27]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Houston won the series, 4–3.

text:
Game
Date
Score
Location
Time
Attendance

1
000000002018-10-24-0000October 24
Houston Astros – 1, Los Angeles Dodgers – 3
Dodger Stadium
2:28
54,253[28]

2
000000002018-10-25-0000October 25
Houston Astros – 7, Los Angeles Dodgers – 6 (11)
Dodger Stadium
4:19
54,293[29]

3
000000002018-10-27-0000October 27
Los Angeles Dodgers – 3, Houston Astros – 5
Minute Maid Park
3:46
43,282[30]

4
000000002018-10-28-0000October 28
Los Angeles Dodgers – 6, Houston Astros – 2
Minute Maid Park
3:06
43,322[31]

5
000000002018-10-29-0000October 29
Los Angeles Dodgers – 12, Houston Astros – 13 (10)
Minute Maid Park
5:17
43,300[32]

6
000000002018-10-31-0000October 31
Houston Astros – 1, Los Angeles Dodgers – 3
Dodger Stadium
3:22
54,128[33]

7
000000002018-11-01-0000November 1
Houston Astros – 5, Los Angeles Dodgers – 1
Dodger Stadium
3:37
54,124[34]

tag: table

text: Pre-game ceremonies[edit]

text: Game 1: The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by members of former Dodger Jackie Robinson's family, including his widow Rachel.[35] The game marked the 45th anniversary of Robinson's death, and the 2017 season was the 70th anniversary of his breaking of the baseball color line.[36] Keith Williams Jr., a gospel singer, performed "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem.[37]

text: Game 2: Fernando Valenzuela threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Steve Yeager; both were introduced by retired Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully.[38][39] Country music's Brad Paisley performed the national anthem.[40]

text: Game 3: Houston Texans defensive end J. J. Watt, who had raised $37 million for Hurricane Harvey victims, threw out the first pitch. The ball was given to him by Astros' Hall of Famer Craig Biggio.[41][42] The national anthem was performed by Texas Air National Guard Master Sergeant Promise Harris.[43]

text: Game 4: Hailey Dawson, a seven-year-old girl from Nevada, threw out the ceremonial first pitch using a 3D printed hand.[44][45] The national anthem was performed by the Houston Police Department Quartet.[43]

text: Game 5: Former President of the United States George W. Bush threw out the ceremonial first pitch. His father, former President George H. W. Bush handed him the ball.[46] Justin Verlander caught the pitch. Country singer Clay Walker performed the national anthem.[43]

text: Game 6: Orel Hershiser and Tommy Lasorda, celebrating the Dodgers' 1988 World Series title, each threw out the ceremonial first pitch.[47] Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officer Rosalind Curry performed the national anthem.[48]

text: Game 7: The LAPD Quartet sang the National Anthem. The first pitch was thrown out by Sandy Koufax. Rick Monday, Steve Garvey and Don Newcombe participated as well.[49]

text: Game summaries[edit]

text: Game 1[edit]

text:
October 24, 2017, 5:11 pm (PDT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California, 103 °F (39 °C), clear

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Houston
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0

Los Angeles
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
X
3
6
0

WP: Clayton Kershaw (1–0)   LP: Dallas Keuchel (0–1)   Sv: Kenley Jansen (1)
Home runs:
HOU: Alex Bregman (1)
LAD: Chris Taylor (1), Justin Turner (1)
Attendance: 54,253

text: The temperature at the start of the game was 103 °F (39 °C), which made this the hottest World Series game ever recorded.[50] Clayton Kershaw started Game 1 for the Dodgers, while Dallas Keuchel started for the Astros.[51]

text: Chris Taylor hit a home run for the Dodgers on Keuchel's first pitch of the game. It was the third home run to leadoff a game in Dodgers postseason history (following Davey Lopes in 1978 World Series and Carl Crawford in 2013 NLDS).[52] Alex Bregman hit a tying solo home run for the Astros in the fourth inning. In the sixth inning, Justin Turner hit a go-ahead two-run home run for the Dodgers. Turner tied Duke Snider for most career runs batted in (RBIs) in Dodgers postseason history with 26.[53] Kershaw struck out 11 in seven innings pitched with no walks and only three hits allowed while Keuchel allowed three runs on six hits in 6 2⁄3 innings. Brandon Morrow pitched a scoreless eighth and Kenley Jansen earned the save.[54] The two-hour, 28-minute game was the shortest World Series contest since Game 4 in 1992.[55]

text: Game 2[edit]

text:
October 25, 2017, 5:17 pm (PDT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California, 93 °F (34 °C), clear

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
R
H
E

Houston
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
2
7
14
1

Los Angeles
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
2
1
6
5
0

WP: Chris Devenski (1–0)   LP: Brandon McCarthy (0–1)
Home runs:
HOU: Marwin González (1), José Altuve (1), Carlos Correa (1), George Springer (1)
LAD: Joc Pederson (1), Corey Seager (1), Yasiel Puig (1), Charlie Culberson (1)
Attendance: 54,293

text: The starting pitchers for Game 2 were Rich Hill for the Dodgers and Justin Verlander for the Astros. The Astros scored first when Bregman drove in Josh Reddick with a hit in the third inning. Hill struck out seven in four innings but was replaced by Kenta Maeda in the fifth. Joc Pederson tied the game with a solo home run in the bottom of the fifth inning, and the Dodgers took the lead when Corey Seager hit a two-run home run in the bottom of the sixth inning. Verlander allowed two hits, both home runs, in his six innings pitched. Carlos Correa drove in the Astros' second run of the game on a single in the eighth, ending the Dodgers bullpen's streak of 28 consecutive scoreless innings in the postseason. Marwin González hit a home run off Jansen in the ninth to tie the game.[56] This was only Jansen's second blown save all season and snapped his streak of converting his first 12 postseason save opportunities, a major league record.[57]

text: The game went into extra innings. José Altuve and Correa hit home runs off Josh Fields in the tenth inning to put the Astros in the lead. In the bottom of the inning, Yasiel Puig hit a home run off of Ken Giles and Enrique Hernández drove in Logan Forsythe to tie the game, with the latter being the Dodgers' first run that was not driven in by a home run. In the next inning, George Springer hit a two-run home run for the Astros off of Brandon McCarthy to retake the lead. In the bottom of the 11th inning, Charlie Culberson homered off of Chris Devenski, who later struck out Puig to end the game. This was the first ever World Series game in which a team hit home runs in the ninth, tenth and eleventh inning. [56][58] The teams set a new record for combined home runs in a single World Series game with eight[59] and this was the first time in MLB history, regular season or postseason, that five home runs were hit in extra innings.[60] The Astros won their first World Series game in franchise history as they had been swept in their previous appearance in 2005.[61][62]

text: Game 3[edit]

text:
October 27, 2017, 7:21 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas, 65 °F (18 °C), roof closed

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Los Angeles
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
4
2

Houston
0
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
X
5
12
0

WP: Lance McCullers Jr. (1–0)   LP: Yu Darvish (0–1)   Sv: Brad Peacock (1)
Home runs:
LAD: None
HOU: Yuli Gurriel (1)
Attendance: 43,282

text: The starting pitchers for Game 3 were Yu Darvish for the Dodgers and Lance McCullers Jr. for the Astros. The Astros scored four runs in the bottom of the second inning on a home run by Yuli Gurriel and RBIs by González, Brian McCann, and Bregman. Darvish left the game after 1 2⁄3 innings, which was the shortest outing of his career. The Dodgers scored one run in the top of the third inning as Seager grounded into a double play after McCullers loaded the bases with three consecutive walks.[63][64] The Astros added another run in the fifth on an RBI single by Evan Gattis and the Dodgers added two in the sixth on an RBI groundout by Puig and a wild pitch. McCullers wound up pitching 51⁄3 innings and allowed three runs on four hits.[65] [66] Brad Peacock replaced McCullers, completing the final 3 2⁄3 innings with no hits allowed and four strikeouts to earn his first major league save. It was the longest hitless World Series relief outing since Ron Taylor's four innings in Game 4 of the 1964 Series, and tied Ken Clay for the longest hitless postseason save, first accomplished in the 1978 ALCS.[67]

text: Gurriel made a racially insensitive gesture in the dugout after his home run. He stretched the sides of his eyes and mouthing the Spanish word chinito, which translates to "little Chinese Boy"; Darvish is from Japan.[68][69] Gurriel apologized, and said that anyone from Asia is called a chino in Cuba, although he acknowledged knowing that the term was offensive in Japan from having played there.[68][70] As a result, Gurriel was suspended for the first five games of the 2018 MLB season without pay, but allowed to continue playing in the World Series.[71][72]

text: Game 4[edit]

text:
October 28, 2017, 7:20 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas, 67 °F (19 °C), roof closed

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Los Angeles
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
5
6
7
0

Houston
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
2
0

WP: Tony Watson (1–0)   LP: Ken Giles (0–1)
Home runs:
LAD: Joc Pederson (2)
HOU: George Springer (2), Alex Bregman (2)
Attendance: 43,322

text: The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Alex Wood for the Dodgers and Charlie Morton for the Astros.[73] Springer homered off Wood in the bottom of the sixth for the first run of the ballgame. It was the only hit Wood allowed in 5 2⁄3 innings pitched in the game. Forsythe drove in Cody Bellinger to tie the game in the top of the seventh. Morton struck out seven and only allowed three hits and one run in 61⁄3 innings.[74] Bellinger then drove in the go-ahead run with a double in the top of the ninth off of Giles and the Dodgers added four more runs on a sacrifice fly by Austin Barnes and a three-run homer by Pederson. Bregman homered off of Jansen in the bottom of the ninth but the Dodgers managed to even up the series. The Astros had two hits in the game; both were home runs. This was the first game in World Series history where both starting pitchers allowed four or fewer baserunners.[75]

text: After Game 4, both teams' pitching coaches, Rick Honeycutt for the Dodgers and Brent Strom for the Astros, commented on how the baseball being used for the World Series is slicker than the baseball used during the regular season. Pitchers on both teams noted that this difference has made it more difficult for them to throw their sliders.[76]

text: Game 5[edit]

text:
October 29, 2017, 7:21 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas, 69 °F (21 °C), roof closed

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
R
H
E

Los Angeles
3
0
0
1
3
0
1
1
3
0
12
14
1

Houston
0
0
0
4
3
0
4
1
0
1
13
14
1

WP: Joe Musgrove (1–0)   LP: Kenley Jansen (0–1)
Home runs:
LAD: Cody Bellinger (1), Yasiel Puig (2)
HOU: Yuli Gurriel (2), José Altuve (2), George Springer (3), Carlos Correa (2), Brian McCann (1)
Attendance: 43,300

text: Kershaw and Keuchel started Game 5, in a rematch of the opening game of the series.[77] Forsythe singled in two runs off of Keuchel in the first inning to put the Dodgers up early. A third run scored on a throwing error by Gurriel. Barnes singled in the fourth to score Forsythe. Keuchel pitched only 32⁄3 innings for the Astros, allowing five hits and four runs (three earned). This was his shortest home start of the season. The Astros scored their first run with an RBI double by Correa in the bottom of the fourth inning, followed by a three-run home run by Gurriel to tie the game. Bellinger hit a three-run home run off of Collin McHugh in the top of the fifth to put the Dodgers back on top only for Altuve to hit his own three-run home run in the bottom of the inning off Maeda to tie it back up. Kershaw pitched 42⁄3 innings and allowed six runs on four hits and three walks.

text: A triple by Bellinger on a line drive that Springer missed on a dive in the seventh inning off of Peacock scored Hernández from first base. In the bottom of the seventh inning, Springer hit a home run off the first pitch he saw off of Morrow, who was pitching for the third consecutive day, to tie the game. Bregman scored on a double by Altuve to put the Astros ahead for the first time in the game, and then Correa hit a two-run home run to extend the lead. Seager doubled in a run in the top of the eighth inning, but McCann hit a home run in the bottom of the inning. That was the 21st home run of the series, tying the record set in the 2002 World Series. Puig broke the record with a two-run home run in the top of the ninth inning. Down to their last strike, Chris Taylor drove in Barnes to tie the game with a single.[78]

text: In the tenth inning, Jansen hit McCann with a pitch to put him on base with two outs. Subsequently, Springer walked on five pitches to move McCann to second base. McCann was then replaced by pinch runner Derek Fisher.[79] On the next pitch, Bregman singled in Fisher for the winning run.[80] Bregman became the third youngest player to have a walk-off hit in the World Series ever. The Astros became only the second team to come back twice from three runs down in a World Series game,[81] the other were the Toronto Blue Jays in the 15–14 win during Game 4 of the 1993 World Series. The six game tying home runs in the series to this point is the most for any World Series on record.[82] This World Series set a new record for most players to hit a home run (14 to date in the World Series).[81] With the teams combining to score 25 runs throughout the game, this was the highest scoring World Series game since the Florida Marlins defeated the Cleveland Indians 14–11 in Game 3 of the 1997 World Series.[83] Game 5 lasted five hours and seventeen minutes, making it the second longest World Series game in history by time, trailing only the 14 inning contest between the Astros and the Chicago White Sox in Game 3 of the 2005 World Series in the same ballpark, as well as the third World Series game ever to go beyond five hours of game time. This game is considered one of the greatest World Series games of all time.[84]

text: Game 6[edit]

text:
October 31, 2017, 5:21 pm (PDT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California, 67 °F (19 °C), overcast

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Houston
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
6
0

Los Angeles
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
X
3
5
0

WP: Tony Watson (2–0)   LP: Justin Verlander (0–1)   Sv: Kenley Jansen (2)
Home runs:
HOU: George Springer (4)
LAD: Joc Pederson (3)
Attendance: 54,128

text: Game 6 featured the same starting pitchers as the second game: Verlander and Hill. Springer hit a solo home run off of Hill in the top of the third for the first run of the night.[85] It was Springer's fourth homer of the series, tied for third all-time in a single series and joining Gene Tenace, in 1972, as the only players with four game-tying or go-ahead home runs in a World Series.[86] Springer also joined Hank Bauer in the 1958 World Series and Barry Bonds in the 2002 World Series with four home runs in a series.[87] The Astros loaded the bases in the fifth inning, but did not score. Hill pitched 4 2⁄3 innings, struck out five and allowed four hits and one run.[85]

text: In the sixth inning, Taylor tied the game with an RBI double and Seager hit a sacrifice fly to give the Dodgers the lead.[88] Verlander pitched six innings with nine strikeouts and only three hits allowed. Pederson hit a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning and Jansen pitched two scoreless innings for the save.[89] Pederson tied a World Series record with his fifth consecutive game with an extra base hit and Andre Ethier, who appeared in the game as a pinch hitter, set a new Dodgers franchise record with his 50th career postseason game.[90]

text: Game 7[edit]

text:
November 1, 2017, 5:21 pm (PDT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California, 69 °F (21 °C), partly cloudy

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Houston
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0

Los Angeles
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
6
1

WP: Charlie Morton (1–0)   LP: Yu Darvish (0–2)
Home runs:
HOU: George Springer (5)
LAD: None
Attendance: 54,124

text: This was the first World Series Game 7 to be played at Dodger Stadium (and the first postseason Game 7 at the stadium since the 1988 NLCS).[91] It was also the first time since the 1931 World Series that a Game 7 occurred in a Series with both teams having won at least 100 games during the season.[92] This was the first time since the 2001 World Series and 2002 World Series that back-to-back Fall Classics had a Game 7.[93]

text: The starting pitchers for this game were the same as in the third game: McCullers and Darvish.[94] Springer doubled to open the game and scored the first run on an error by Bellinger, which allowed Bregman to reach second base. Bregman stole third base and scored on an Altuve groundout. McCann scored the next inning on a groundout hit by the pitcher McCullers. Springer hit a two-run home run, his fifth of the series, tying Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley for most home runs in a single World Series and setting a new record with 29 total bases in any postseason series. As in Game 3, Darvish lasted only 1 2⁄3 innings (tying the shortest outing of his career) and became the third pitcher with two starts of less than two innings in a World Series, and the first since Art Ditmar in the 1960 World Series. Morrow relieved Darvish and in the process became only the second pitcher to pitch in all seven games of a single World Series, joining Darold Knowles in the 1973 World Series. McCullers lasted only 21⁄3 innings himself; he allowed three hits and hit a World Series record four batters. This was the first Game 7 in World Series history where neither starting pitcher got past the third inning.[95]

text: The Dodgers failed to score a run and left eight men on base through five innings.[96] Ethier, pinch hitting, scored Pederson on a single in the sixth inning for the Dodgers' only run. They only had one hit in 13 chances with runners in scoring position in the game.[95] Kershaw pitched four scoreless innings of relief in the game, and in the process, he broke Orel Hershiser's Dodgers postseason record with his 33rd strikeout.[97] Morton pitched four innings of relief to earn the win, as Corey Seager grounded out to José Altuve, who threw to Yuli Gurriel to end the game, series, baseball season, with the Astros winning their first championship in franchise history, and ending their 56-year drought. The Astros became the third consecutive road team to win a World Series Game 7 as well as the fourth consecutive team to end a World Series on the road (after the 2014 Giants, 2015 Royals and 2016 Cubs). They also became just the second team to win a seven game League Championship Series and a seven game World Series in the same year, following the 1985 Kansas City Royals. Springer won the World Series MVP Award.[5][95] With the Astros winning this is the third consecutive year that the team with the longer World Series championship drought won the series.

text: Composite line score[edit]

text: 2017 World Series (4–3): Houston Astros beat Los Angeles Dodgers.

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
R
H
E

Houston Astros
2
7
2
5
4
1
4
2
2
3
2
34
56
2

Los Angeles Dodgers
4
0
1
1
4
9
3
1
8
2
1
34
47
4

Home runs:
HOU: George Springer (5), José Altuve (2), Alex Bregman (2), Carlos Correa (2), Yuli Gurriel (2), Marwin González (1), Brian McCann (1)
LAD: Joc Pederson (3), Yasiel Puig (2), Cody Bellinger (1), Charlie Culberson (1), Corey Seager (1), Chris Taylor (1), Justin Turner (1)
Total attendance: 346,702   Average attendance: 49,529
Winning player's share: $438,901.57.   Losing player's share: $259,722.14.

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: Fox broadcast the series in the United States, with Joe Buck serving as the play-by-play announcer, along with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters.[98] Kevin Burkhardt hosted the pregame shows, joined by analysts Keith Hernandez, David Ortiz, Alex Rodriguez, and Frank Thomas.[99]

text: Outside the United States, MLB International televised the series, with Matt Vasgersian on play-by-play and Buck Martinez doing color commentary.[100]

text: After Game 7, Correa proposed to his girlfriend, 2016 Miss Texas USA winner Daniella Rodríguez, on live television during a postgame interview conducted by Rosenthal. She accepted.[101]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: This series turned out to be the 3rd highest rated since 2005, trailing only the 2009 World Series and the 2016 World Series.[102] For the second straight year, Game 5 beat out NBC Sunday Night Football in ratings.[103]

text:
Game
Ratings
(households)
Share
(households)
U.S. audience
(in millions)
Ref

1
8.7
15
14.97
[104][105]

2
9.2
18
15.48
[106][107]

3
8.8
17
15.68
[108][109]

4
8.7
17
15.40
[110][111]

5
10.5
21
18.94
[112][113]

6
12.6
23
22.23
[114][115]

7
15.8
28
28.24
[116][117]

text: Radio[edit]

text: National[edit]

text: ESPN Radio broadcast the series in English, with Dan Shulman providing the play-by-play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst. Tim Kurkjian and Buster Olney served as reporters for the network, while Marc Kestecher hosted the pre-game and post-game coverage along with analyst Chris Singleton. The ESPN Radio coverage was carried on affiliated stations throughout the United States and Canada, as well as online at ESPN.com and via the ESPN mobile app. Spanish-language coverage was provided by ESPN Deportes Radio, with Eduardo Ortega, Renato Bermúdez, José Francisco Rivera, and Orlando Hernández announcing.[118]

text: Local[edit]

text: Locally, both teams' flagship radio stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers. Sportstalk 790 aired the English-language broadcast for the Houston area, with Robert Ford and Steve Sparks calling the games.[100] In Los Angeles, AM 570 LA Sports aired the English-language broadcast, with Charley Steiner and Rick Monday announcing.[100] In Spanish, Univision America 1020 carried the broadcast, with Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín on the call. In Korean, Radio Korea 1540 aired the series, with Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim in the booth.[119]

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: For the first time, MLB sold presenting sponsorships to all of its postseason series;[120] the internet television service YouTube TV is the first-ever presenting sponsor of the World Series. The series is officially known as the 2017 World Series Presented by YouTube TV.[3] This sponsorship includes logo branding in-stadium and on official digital properties, as well as commercial inventory during Fox's telecasts of the games.[121]


document_title: Lettuce

question_text: where is lettuce grown in the united states

root

text: Lettuce

text: Taxonomy and etymology

text: Lactuca sativa is a member of the Lactuca (lettuce) genus and the Asteraceae (sunflower or aster) family.[5] The species was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in the second volume of his Species Plantarum.[6] Synonyms for L. sativa include Lactuca scariola var. sativa,[1] L. scariola var. integrata and L. scariola var. integrifolia.[7] L. scariola is itself a synonym for L. serriola, the common wild or prickly lettuce.[2] L. sativa also has many identified taxonomic groups, subspecies and varieties, which delineate the various cultivar groups of domesticated lettuce.[8] Lettuce is closely related to several Lactuca species from southwest Asia; the closest relationship is to L. serriola, an aggressive weed common in temperate and subtropical zones in much of the world.[9]

tag: p

text: The Romans referred to lettuce as lactuca (lac meaning milk in Latin), an allusion to the white substance, now called latex, exuded by cut stems.[10] This word has become the genus name, while sativa (meaning "sown" or "cultivated") was added to create the species name.[11] The current word lettuce, originally from Middle English, came from the Old French letues or laitues, which derived from the Roman name.[12] The name romaine came from that type's use in the Roman papal gardens, while cos, another term for romaine lettuce, came from the earliest European seeds of the type from the Greek island of Cos, a center of lettuce farming in the Byzantine period.[13]

text: Description

text: Lettuce's native range spreads from the Mediterranean to Siberia, although it has been transported to almost all areas of the world. Plants generally have a height and spread of 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 in).[14] The leaves are colorful, mainly in the green and red color spectrums, with some variegated varieties.[15] There are also a few varieties with yellow, gold or blue-teal leaves.[16] Lettuces have a wide range of shapes and textures, from the dense heads of the iceberg type to the notched, scalloped, frilly or ruffly leaves of leaf varieties.[15] Lettuce plants have a root system that includes a main taproot and smaller secondary roots. Some varieties, especially those found in the United States and Western Europe, have long, narrow taproots and a small set of secondary roots. Longer taproots and more extensive secondary systems are found in varieties from Asia.[16]

text: Depending on the variety and time of year, lettuce generally lives 65–130 days from planting to harvesting. Because lettuce that flowers (through the process known as "bolting") becomes bitter and unsaleable, plants grown for consumption are rarely allowed to grow to maturity. Lettuce flowers more quickly in hot temperatures, while freezing temperatures cause slower growth and sometimes damage to outer leaves.[17] Once plants move past the edible stage, they develop flower stalks up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high with small yellow blossoms.[18] Like other members of the tribe Cichorieae, lettuce inflorescences (also known as flower heads or capitula) are composed of multiple florets, each with a modified calyx called a pappus (which becomes the feathery "parachute" of the fruit), a corolla of five petals fused into a ligule or strap, and the reproductive parts. These include fused anthers that form a tube which surrounds a style and bipartite stigma. As the anthers shed pollen, the style elongates to allow the stigmas, now coated with pollen, to emerge from the tube.[16][19] The ovaries form compressed, obovate (teardrop-shaped) dry fruits that do not open at maturity, measuring 3 to 4 mm long. The fruits have 5–7 ribs on each side and are tipped by two rows of small white hairs. The pappus remains at the top of each fruit as a dispersal structure. Each fruit contains one seed, which can be white, yellow, gray or brown depending on the variety of lettuce.[1]

text: The domestication of lettuce over the centuries has resulted in several changes through selective breeding: delayed bolting, larger seeds, larger leaves and heads, better taste and texture, a lower latex content, and different leaf shapes and colors. Work in these areas continues through the present day.[20] Scientific research into the genetic modification of lettuce is ongoing, with over 85 field trials taking place between 1992 and 2005 in the European Union and United States to test modifications allowing greater herbicide tolerance, greater resistance to insects and fungi and slower bolting patterns. However, genetically modified lettuce is not currently used in commercial agriculture.[21]

text: History

text: Lettuce was first cultivated in ancient Egypt for the production of oil from its seeds. This plant was probably selectively bred by the Egyptians into a plant grown for its edible leaves,[22] with evidence of its cultivation appearing as early as 2680 BC.[10] Lettuce was considered a sacred plant of the reproduction god Min, and it was carried during his festivals and placed near his images. The plant was thought to help the god "perform the sexual act untiringly."[23] Its use in religious ceremonies resulted in the creation of many images in tombs and wall paintings. The cultivated variety appears to have been about 75 cm (30 in) tall and resembled a large version of the modern romaine lettuce. These upright lettuces were developed by the Egyptians and passed to the Greeks, who in turn shared them with the Romans. Circa 50 AD, Roman agriculturalist Columella described several lettuce varieties – some of which may have been ancestors of today's lettuces.[10]

text: Lettuce appears in many medieval writings, especially as a medicinal herb. Hildegard of Bingen mentioned it in her writings on medicinal herbs between 1098 and 1179, and many early herbals also describe its uses. In 1586, Joachim Camerarius provided descriptions of the three basic modern lettuces – head lettuce, loose-leaf lettuce, and romaine (or cos) lettuce.[13] Lettuce was first brought to the Americas from Europe by Christopher Columbus in the late 15th century.[24][25] Between the late 16th century and the early 18th century, many varieties were developed in Europe, particularly Holland. Books published in the mid-18th and early 19th centuries describe several varieties found in gardens today.[26]

text: Due to its short lifespan after harvest, lettuce was originally sold relatively close to where it was grown. The early 20th century saw the development of new packing, storage and shipping technologies that improved the lifespan and transportability of lettuce and resulted in a significant increase in availability.[27] During the 1950s, lettuce production was revolutionized with the development of vacuum cooling, which allowed field cooling and packing of lettuce, replacing the previously used method of ice-cooling in packing houses outside the fields.[28]

text: Lettuce is very easy to grow, and as such has been a significant source of sales for many seed companies. Tracing the history of many varieties is complicated by the practice of many companies, particularly in the US, of changing a variety's name from year to year. This was done for several reasons, the most prominent being to boost sales by promoting a "new" variety or to prevent customers from knowing that the variety had been developed by a competing seed company. Documentation from the late 19th century shows between 65 and 140 distinct varieties of lettuce, depending on the amount of variation allowed between types – a distinct difference from the 1,100 named lettuce varieties on the market at the time. Names also often changed significantly from country to country.[29] Although most lettuce grown today is used as a vegetable, a minor amount is used in the production of tobacco-free cigarettes; however, domestic lettuce's wild relatives produce a leaf that visually more closely resembles tobacco.[30]

text: Cultivation

text: A hardy annual, some varieties of lettuce can be overwintered even in relatively cold climates under a layer of straw, and older, heirloom varieties are often grown in cold frames.[26] Lettuces meant for the cutting of individual leaves are generally planted straight into the garden in thick rows. Heading varieties of lettuces are commonly started in flats, then transplanted to individual spots, usually 20 to 36 cm (7.9 to 14.2 in) apart, in the garden after developing several leaves. Lettuce spaced further apart receives more sunlight, which improves color and nutrient quantities in the leaves. Pale to white lettuce, such as the centers in some iceberg lettuce, contain few nutrients.[18]

text: Lettuce grows best in full sun in loose, nitrogen-rich soils with a pH of between 6.0 and 6.8. Heat generally prompts lettuce to bolt, with most varieties growing poorly above 24 °C (75 °F); cool temperatures prompt better performance, with 16 to 18 °C (61 to 64 °F) being preferred and as low as 7 °C (45 °F) being tolerated.[31] Plants in hot areas that are provided partial shade during the hottest part of the day will bolt more slowly. Temperatures above 27 °C (81 °F) will generally result in poor or non-existent germination of lettuce seeds.[31] After harvest, lettuce lasts the longest when kept at 0 °C (32 °F) and 96 percent humidity. Lettuce quickly degrades when stored with fruit such as apples, pears and bananas that release the ripening agent ethylene gas. The high water content of lettuce (94.9 percent) creates problems when attempting to preserve the plant – it cannot be successfully frozen, canned or dried and must be eaten fresh.[32]

text: Lettuce varieties will cross with each other, making spacing of 1.5 to 6 m (60 to 240 in) between varieties necessary to prevent contamination when saving seeds. Lettuce will also cross with Lactuca serriola (wild lettuce), with the resulting seeds often producing a plant with tough, bitter leaves. Celtuce, a lettuce variety grown primarily in Asia for its stems, crosses easily with lettuces grown for their leaves.[18] This propensity for crossing, however, has led to breeding programs using closely related species in Lactuca, such as L. serriola, L. saligna, and L. virosa, to broaden the available gene pool. Starting in the 1990s, such programs began to include more distantly related species such as L. tatarica.[33] Seeds keep best when stored in cool conditions, and, unless stored cryogenically, remain viable the longest when stored at −20 °C (−4 °F); they are relatively short lived in storage.[1] At room temperature, lettuce seeds remain viable for only a few months. However, when newly harvested lettuce seed is stored cryogenically, this life increases to a half-life of 500 years for vaporized nitrogen and 3,400 years for liquid nitrogen; this advantage is lost if seeds are not frozen promptly after harvesting.[34]

text: Cultivars

text: There are several types of lettuce, but three (leaf, head and cos or romaine) are the most common.[31] There are seven main cultivar groups of lettuce, each including many varieties:

text:
Leaf – Also known as looseleaf, cutting or bunching lettuce,[35] this type has loosely bunched leaves and is the most widely planted. It is used mainly for salads.[32]
Romaine/Cos – Used mainly for salads and sandwiches, this type forms long, upright heads.[32] This is the most often used lettuce in Caesar salads.[24]
Iceberg/Crisphead – The most popular type in the US, it is very heat-sensitive and was originally adapted for growth in the northern US. It ships well, but is low in flavor and nutritional content, being composed of even more water than other lettuce types.[32]
Butterhead – Also known as Boston or Bibb lettuce,[35] and traditional in the UK as "round lettuce",[36] this type is a head lettuce with a loose arrangement of leaves, known for its sweet flavor and tender texture.[32]

tag: ul

text:
Summercrisp – Also called Batavian or French crisp, this lettuce is midway between the crisphead and leaf types. These lettuces tend to be larger, bolt-resistant and well-flavored.[35]
Stem – This type is grown for its seedstalk, rather than its leaves, and is used in Asian cooking, primarily Chinese, as well as stewed and creamed dishes.[32]
Oilseed – This type is grown for its seeds, which are pressed to extract an oil mainly used for cooking. It has few leaves, bolts quickly and produces seeds around 50 percent larger than other types of lettuce.[37]

text: The butterhead and crisphead types are sometimes known together as "cabbage" lettuce, because their heads are shorter, flatter, and more cabbage-like than romaine lettuces.[38]

text: Cultivation problems

text: Soil nutrient deficiencies can cause a variety of plant problems that range from malformed plants to a lack of head growth.[31] Many insects are attracted to lettuce, including cutworms, which cut seedlings off at the soil line; wireworms and nematodes, which cause yellow, stunted plants; tarnished plant bugs and aphids, which cause yellow, distorted leaves; leafhoppers, which cause stunted growth and pale leaves; thrips, which turn leaves gray-green or silver; leafminers, which create tunnels within the leaves; flea beetles, which cut small holes in leaves and caterpillars, slugs and snails, which cut large holes in leaves. For example, the larvae of the ghost moth is a common pest of lettuce plants.[39] Mammals, including rabbits and groundhogs, also eat the plants.[40] Lettuce contains several defensive compounds, including sesquiterpene lactones, and other natural phenolics such as flavonol and glycosides, which help to protect it against pests. Certain varieties contain more than others, and some selective breeding and genetic modification studies have focused on using this trait to identify and produce commercial varieties with increased pest resistance.[41]

text: Lettuce also suffers from several viral diseases, including big vein, which causes yellow, distorted leaves, and mosaic virus, which is spread by aphids and causes stunted plant growth and deformed leaves. Aster yellows are a disease-causing bacteria carried by leafhoppers, which causes deformed leaves. Fungal diseases include powdery mildew and downy mildew, which cause leaves to mold and die and bottom rot, lettuce drop and gray mold, which cause entire plants to rot and collapse.[40] Crowding lettuce tends to attract pests and diseases.[18] Weeds can also be an issue, as cultivated lettuce is generally not competitive with them, especially when directly seeded into the ground. Transplanted lettuce (started in flats and later moved to growing beds) is generally more competitive initially, but can still be crowded later in the season, causing misshapen lettuce and lower yields. Weeds also act as homes for insects and disease and can make harvesting more difficult.[42] Herbicides are often used to control weeds in commercial production. However, this has led to the development of herbicide-resistant weeds and prompted environmental and health concerns.[20]

text: Production

text:
Lettuce production
(millions of tonnes)

Country
2015

 China

14.6

 United States

3.8

 India

1.1

 Spain

0.9

 Italy

0.6

World

26.1

Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organization[4]

text: In 2015, world production of lettuce (report combined with chicory) was 26.1 million tonnes, with China alone producing 14.6 million tonnes or 56% of the world total (table).

text: Lettuce is the only member of the genus Lactuca to be grown commercially.[43] Although China is the top world producer of lettuce, the majority of the crop is consumed domestically. Spain is the world's largest exporter of lettuce, with the US ranking second.[27]

text: Western Europe and North America were the original major markets for large-scale lettuce production. By the late 1900s, Asia, South America, Australia and Africa became more substantial markets. Different locations tended to prefer different types of lettuce, with butterhead prevailing in northern Europe and Great Britain, romaine in the Mediterranean and stem lettuce in China and Egypt. By the late 20th century, the preferred types began to change, with crisphead, especially iceberg, lettuce becoming the dominant type in northern Europe and Great Britain and more popular in western Europe. In the US, no one type predominated until the early 20th century, when crisphead lettuces began gaining popularity. After the 1940s, with the development of iceberg lettuce, 95 percent of the lettuce grown and consumed in the US was crisphead lettuce. By the end of the century, other types began to regain popularity and eventually made up over 30 percent of production.[44] Stem lettuce was first developed in China, and remains primarily cultivated in that country.[45]

text: In the early 21st century, bagged salad products increased in the lettuce market, especially in the US where innovative packaging and shipping methods prolonged freshness.[46][47][48]

text: In the United States in 2013, California (71%) and Arizona (29%) produced nearly all of the country's fresh head and leaf lettuce, with head lettuce yielding $9400 of value per acre and leaf lettuce $8000 per acre.[47]

text: Culinary use

text: As described around 50 AD, lettuce leaves were often cooked and served by the Romans with an oil-and-vinegar dressing; however, smaller leaves were sometimes eaten raw. During the 81–96 AD reign of Domitian, the tradition of serving a lettuce salad before a meal began. Post-Roman Europe continued the tradition of poaching lettuce, mainly with large romaine types, as well as the method of pouring a hot oil and vinegar mixture over the leaves.[10] Today, the majority of lettuce is grown for its leaves, although one type is grown for its stem and one for its seeds, which are made into an oil.[22] Most lettuce is used in salads, either alone or with other greens, vegetables, meats and cheeses. Romaine lettuce is often used for Caesar salads, with a dressing that includes anchovies and eggs. Lettuce leaves can also be found in soups, sandwiches and wraps, while the stems are eaten both raw and cooked.[11] The consumption of lettuce in China developed differently from in Western countries, due to health risks and cultural aversion to eating raw leaves. In that country, "salads" were created from cooked vegetables and served hot or cold. Lettuce was also used in a larger variety of dishes than in Western countries, contributing to a range of dishes including bean curd and meat dishes, soups and stir-frys plain or with other vegetables. Stem lettuce, widely consumed in China, is eaten either raw or cooked, the latter primarily in soups and stir-frys.[45] Lettuce is also used as a primary ingredient in the preparation of lettuce soup.

text: Nutritional content

text:
Lettuce (butterhead)

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy
55 kJ (13 kcal)

Carbohydrates

2.23 g

Sugars
0.94

Dietary fiber
1.1 g

Fat

0.22 g

Protein

1.35 g

Vitamins
Quantity
%DV†

Vitamin A equiv.
beta-Carotene
lutein zeaxanthin

21%
166 μg

18%
1987 μg
1223 μg

Thiamine (B1)

5%
0.057 mg

Riboflavin (B2)

5%
0.062 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5)

3%
0.15 mg

Vitamin B6

6%
0.082 mg

Folate (B9)

18%
73 μg

Vitamin C

4%
3.7 mg

Vitamin E

1%
0.18 mg

Vitamin K

97%
102.3 μg

Minerals
Quantity
%DV†

Calcium

4%
35 mg

Iron

10%
1.24 mg

Magnesium

4%
13 mg

Manganese

9%
0.179 mg

Phosphorus

5%
33 mg

Potassium

5%
238 mg

Sodium

0%
5 mg

Zinc

2%
0.2 mg

Other constituents
Quantity

Water
95.63 g

Link to USDA Database entry

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

text: Depending on the variety, lettuce is an excellent source (20% of the Daily Value, DV, or higher) of vitamin K (97% DV) and vitamin A (21% DV) (table), with higher concentrations of the provitamin A compound, beta-carotene, found in darker green lettuces, such as Romaine.[32] With the exception of the iceberg variety, lettuce is also a good source (10-19% DV) of folate and iron (table).[32]

text: Food-borne illness

text: Food-borne pathogens that can survive on lettuce include Listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent of listeriosis, which multiplies in storage. However, despite high levels of bacteria being found on ready-to-eat lettuce products, a 2008 study found no incidences of food-borne illness related to listeriosis, possibly due to the product's short shelf life, indigenous microflora competing with the Listeria bacteria or inhibition of bacteria to cause listeriosis.[49]

text: Other bacteria found on lettuce include Aeromonas species, which have not been linked to any outbreaks; Campylobacter species, which cause campylobacteriosis; and Yersinia intermedia and Yersinia kristensenii (species of Yersinia), which have been found mainly in lettuce.[50] Lettuce has been linked to numerous outbreaks of the bacteria E. coli O157:H7 and Shigella; the plants were most likely contaminated through contact with animal feces.[51] A 2007 study determined that the vacuum cooling method, especially prevalent in the California lettuce industry, increased the uptake and survival rates of E. coli O157:H7.[52] Salmonella bacteria, including the uncommon Salmonella braenderup type, have also caused outbreaks traced to contaminated lettuce.[53] Viruses, including hepatitis A, calicivirus and a Norwalk-like strain, have been found in lettuce. The vegetable has also been linked to outbreaks of parasitic infestations, including Giardia lamblia.[50]

text: Religious and medicinal lore

text: In addition to its usual purpose as an edible leafy vegetable, lettuce has had a number of uses in ancient (and even some more modern) times as a medicinal herb and religious symbol. For example, ancient Egyptians thought lettuce to be a symbol of sexual prowess[44] and a promoter of love and childbearing in women. The Romans likewise claimed that it increased sexual potency.[54] In contrast, the ancient Greeks connected the plant with male impotency,[10] and served it during funerals (probably due to its role in the myth of Adonis' death), and British women in the 19th century believed it would cause infertility and sterility. Lettuce has mild narcotic properties; it was called "sleepwort" by the Anglo-Saxons because of this attribute, although the cultivated L. sativa has lower levels of the narcotic than its wild cousins.[54] This narcotic effect is a property of two sesquiterpene lactones which are found in the white liquid (latex) in the stems of lettuce,[30] called lactucarium or "lettuce opium".

text: Lettuce is also eaten as part of the Jewish Passover Seder, where it is considered the optimal choice for use as the bitter herb, which is eaten together with the matzah.

text: Some American settlers claimed that smallpox could be prevented through the ingestion of lettuce,[54] and an Iranian belief suggested consumption of the seeds when afflicted with typhoid.[55] Folk medicine has also claimed it as a treatment for pain, rheumatism, tension and nervousness, coughs and insanity; scientific evidence of these benefits in humans has not been found. The religious ties of lettuce continue into the present day among the Yazidi people of northern Iraq, who have a religious prohibition against eating the plant.[56]


document_title: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2000

question_text: what was the number one song on april 20th 2000

text: Chart history

text:
Issue date

Song

Artist(s)

Reference

January 1

"Smooth"

Santana featuring Rob Thomas

[3]

January 8

[4]

January 15

"What a Girl Wants"

Christina Aguilera

[5]

January 22

[6]

January 29

"I Knew I Loved You"

Savage Garden

[7]

February 5

[8]

February 12

[9]

February 19

"Thank God I Found You"

Mariah Carey featuring Joe and 98 Degrees

[10]

February 26

"I Knew I Loved You"

Savage Garden

[11]

March 4

"Amazed"

Lonestar

[12]

March 11

[13]

March 18

"Say My Name"

Destiny's Child

[14]

March 25

[15]

April 1

[16]

April 8

"Maria Maria"

Santana featuring The Product G&B

[17]

April 15

[18]

April 22

[19]

April 29

[20]

May 6

[21]

May 13

[22]

May 20

[23]

May 27

[24]

June 3

[25]

June 10

[26]

June 17

"Try Again"

Aaliyah

[27]

June 24

"Be with You"

Enrique Iglesias

[28]

July 1

[29]

July 8

[30]

July 15

"Everything You Want"

Vertical Horizon

[31]

July 22

"Bent"

Matchbox Twenty

[32]

July 29

"It's Gonna Be Me"

NSYNC

[33]

August 5

[34]

August 12

"Incomplete"

Sisqó

[35]

August 19

[36]

August 26

"Doesn't Really Matter"

Janet

[37]

September 2

[38]

September 9

[39]

September 16

"Music"

Madonna

[40]

September 23

[41]

September 30

[42]

October 7

[43]

October 14

"Come on Over Baby (All I Want Is You)"

Christina Aguilera

[44]

October 21

[45]

October 28

[46]

November 4

[47]

November 11

"With Arms Wide Open"

Creed

[48]

November 18

"Independent Women Part I"

Destiny's Child

[49]

November 25

[50]

December 2

[51]

December 9

[52]

December 16

[53]

December 23

[54]

December 30

[55]


document_title: Chahamanas of Shakambhari

question_text: write the name of two kings of chahamanas dynasty

text: Chahamanas of Shakambhari

text: Origin[edit]

text: According to the 1170 CE Bijolia rock inscription of Someshvara, the early Chahamana king Samantaraja was born at Ahichchhatrapura in the gotra of sage Vatsa.[1] Historian R. B. Singh theorizes that the Chahamanas probably started out as petty rulers of Ahichchhatrapura (identified with Nagaur), and moved their capital to Shakambhari (Sambhar) as their kingdom grew. Later, they became the vassals of the imperial Gurjara-Pratiharas.[2]

text: Several mythical accounts of the dynasty's origin also exist. The earliest of the dynasty's inscriptions and literary works state that the dynasty's progenitor was a legendary hero named Chahamana. They variously state that this hero was born from Indra's eye, in the lineage of the sage Vatsa, in the solar dynasty and/or during a ritual sacrifice performed by Brahma.[3]

text: In the later period, the Chahamanas were categorized as one of the Rajput clans, although the Rajput identity did not exist during their time.[4] A popular medieval account classifies the dynasty among the four Agnivanshi Rajput clans, whose ancestors are said to have come out of sacrificial fire pit. The earliest source to mention this legend are the 16th century recensions of Prithviraj Raso. Some colonial-era historians interpreted this myth to suggest a foreign origin of the dynasty, speculating that the foreign warriors were initiated into the Hindu society through a fire ritual.[5] However, the earliest extant copy of Prithviraj Raso does not mention this legend at all. Instead, it states that the first ruler of the dynasty was Manikya Rai, who is said to have been born from Brahma's sacrifice.[6]

text: Territory[edit]

text: The core territory of the Chahamanas was located in present-day Rajasthan. It was known as Sapadalaksha (IAST: Sapādalakṣa) or Jangala-desha (IAST: Jangaladeśa).[8]

text: The term Jangladesha ("rough and arid country") appears to be older, as it mentioned in the Mahabharata.[9] The text does not mention the exact location of the region. The later Sanskrit texts, such as Bhava-Prakasha and Shabdakalpadruma-Kosha suggest that it was a hot, arid region, where trees requiring little water grew. The region is identified with the area around Bikaner.[10]

text: The term Sapadalaksha (literally "one and a quarter lakhs" or 125,000) refers to the large number of villages in the area.[11] It became prominent during the Chahamana reign. It appears that the term originally referred to the area around modern Nagaur near Bikaner. This area was known as Savalak (vernacular form of Sapadalaksha) in as late as 20th century.[9] The early Chahamana king Samantaraja was based in Ahichchhatrapura, which can be identified with modern Nagaur. The ancient name of Nagaur was Nagapura, which means "the city of the serpent". Ahichchhatrapura has a similar meaning: "the city whose chhatra or protector is serpent".[12]

text: As the Chahamana territory expanded, the entire region ruled by them came to be known as Sapadalaksha.[9] This included the later Chahamana capitals Ajayameru (Ajmer) and Shakambhari (Sambhar).[13] The term also came to be applied to the larger area captured by the Chahamanas. The early medieval Indian inscriptions and the writings of the contemporary Muslim historians suggest that the following cities were also included in Sapadalaksha: Hansi (now in Haryana), Mandore (now in Marwar region), and Mandalgarh (now in Mewar region).[14]

text: History[edit]

text: The earliest historical Chahamana king is the 6th century ruler Vasudeva. According to a mythical account in Prithviraja Vijaya, he received the Sambhar Salt Lake as a gift from a vidyadhara (a supernatural being).[15] Little is known about his immediate successors. The 8th century Chahamana ruler Durlabharaja I and his successors are known to have served the Gurjara-Pratiharas as vassals. In 10th century, Vakpatiraja I made an attempt to overthrow the Gurjara-Pratihara suzerainty, and assumed the title Maharaja ("great king").[16] His younger son Lakshmana established the Naddula Chahamana branch. Vakpatiraja's elder son and successor Simharaja assumed the title Maharajadhiraja ("king of great kings"), which suggests that he was a sovereign ruler.[17]

text: Simharaja's successors consolidated the Chahamana power by engaging in wars with their neighbours, including the Chaulukyas of Gujarat and the Tomaras of Delhi. The dynasty's earliest extant inscription (973 CE) is from the reign of Vigraharaja II.[11] During the reign of Viryarama (r. c. 1040 CE), the Paramara king Bhoja invaded the Chahamana kingdom, and probably occupied their capital Shakambhari for a brief period.[18] Chamundaraja restored the Chahamana power, possibly with the help of the Naddula Chahamanas.[18]

text: The subsequent Chahamana kings faced several Ghaznavid raids. Ajayaraja II (r. c. 1110-1135 CE) repulsed a Ghaznavid attack, and also defeated the Paramara king Naravarman. He moved the kingdom's capital from Shakambhari to Ajayameru (Ajmer), a city that he either established or greatly expanded.[19][20] His successor Arnoraja raided the Tomara territory, and also repulsed a Ghaznavid invasion. However, he suffered setbacks against the Gujarat Chaulukya kings Jayasimha Siddharaja and Kumarapala, and was killed by his own son Jagaddeva.[21]

text: Arnoraja's younger son Vigraharaja IV greatly expanded the Chahamana territories, and captured Delhi from the Tomaras. His kingdom included parts of the present-day Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi. It probably also included a part of Punjab (to the south-east of Sutlej river) and a portion of the northern Gangetic plain (to the west of Yamuna).[22] His 1164 CE Delhi-Shivalik pillar inscription claims that he conquered the region between the Himalayas and the Vindhyas, and thus restored the rule of Aryans in Aryavarta. While this is an exaggeration, it is not completely baseless. The inscription was originally found in Topra village, near the Shivalik Hills (Himalayan foothills). Also, the exiled ruler of Malwa (Vindhyan region) possibly acknowledged his suzerainty. Thus Vigraharaja's influence extended from the Himalayas to the Vindhyas, at least in name.[23]

text: Vigraharaja was succeeded by his son Amaragangeya, and then his nephew Prithviraja II. Subsequently, his younger brother Someshvara ascended the throne.[24]

text: The most celebrated ruler of the dynasty was Someshvara's son Prithviraja III, better known as Prithviraj Chauhan. He defeated several neighbouring kings, including the Chandela ruler Paramardi in 1182-83, although he could not annex the Chandela territory to his kingdom.[25] In 1191, he defeated the Ghurid king Muhammad of Ghor at the first Battle of Tarain. However, the next year, he was defeated at the second Battle of Tarain, and subsequently killed.[26]

text: Muhammad of Ghor appointed Prithviraja's son Govindaraja IV as a vassal. Prithviraja's brother Hariraja dethroned him, and regained control of a part of his ancestral kingdom. Hariraja was defeated by the Ghurids in 1194 CE. Govindaraja was granted the fief of Ranthambore by the Ghurids. There, he established a new branch of the dynasty.[27]

text: Cultural activities[edit]

text: The Chahamanas commissioned a number of Hindu temples, several of which were destroyed by the Ghurid invaders after the defeat of Prithviraja III.[28]

text: Multiple Chahamana rulers contributed to the construction of the Harshanatha temple, which was probably commissioned by Govindaraja I.[29] According to Prithviraja Vijaya:

text:
Simharaja commissioned a large Shiva temple at Pushkar[30]
Chamundaraja commissioned a Vishnu temple at Narapura (modern Narwar in Ajmer district)[31]
Prithviraja I built a food distribution centre (anna-satra) on the road to Somnath temple for pilgrims.[32]
Someshvara commissioned a number of temples, including five temples in Ajmer.[33][34]

text: Vigraharaja IV was known for his patronage to arts and literature, and himself composed the play Harikeli Nataka. The structure that was later converted into the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra mosque was constructed during his reign.[35]

text: The Chahamana rulers also patronized Jainism. Vijayasimha Suri's Upadeśāmālavritti (1134 CE) and Chandra Suri's Munisuvrata-Charita (1136 CE) state that Prithviraja I donated golden kalashas (cupolas) for the Jain temples at Ranthambore.[36] The Kharatara-Gachchha-Pattavali states that Ajayaraja II allowed the Jains to build their temples in his capital Ajayameru (Ajmer), and also donated a golden kalasha to a Parshvanatha temple.[37] Someshvara granted the Revna village to a Parshvanatha temple.[33]

text: List of rulers[edit]

text: Following is a list of Chahmana rulers of Shakambhari and Ajmer, with approximate period of reign, as estimated by R. B. Singh:[38]

text:
Chahamana (possibly mythical)
Vasu-deva (c. 6th century CE)
Samanta-raja (c. 684-709 CE); identified as the legendary Manik Rai by R. B. Singh
Nara-deva (c. 709-721 CE)
Ajaya-raja I (c. 721-734 CE), alias Jayaraja or Ajayapala
Vigraha-raja I (c. 734-759 CE)
Chandra-raja I (c. 759-771 CE)
Gopendra-raja (c. 771-784 CE)
Durlabha-raja I (c. 784-809 CE)
Govinda-raja I (c. 809-836 CE), alias Guvaka I
Chandra-raja II (c. 836-863 CE)
Govindaraja II (c. 863-890 CE), alias Guvaka II
Chandana-raja (c. 890-917 CE)
Vakpati-raja (c. 917-944 CE); his younger son established the Naddula Chahamana branch
Simha-raja (c. 944-971 CE)
Vigraha-raja II (c. 971-998 CE)
Durlabha-raja II (c. 998-1012 CE)
Govinda-raja III (c. 1012-1026 CE)
Vakpati-raja II (c. 1026-1040 CE)
Viryarama (c. 1040 CE)
Chamunda-raja (c. 1040-1065 CE)
Durlabha-raja III (c. 1065-1070 CE), alias Duśala
Vigraha-raja III (c. 1070-1090 CE), alias Visala
Prithvi-raja I (c. 1090-1110 CE)
Ajaya-raja II (c. 1110-1135 CE), moved the capital to Ajayameru (Ajmer)
Arno-raja (c. 1135-1150 CE), alias Ana
Jagad-deva (c. 1150 CE)
Vigraha-raja IV (c. 1150-1164 CE), alias Visaladeva
Apara-gangeya (c. 1164-1165 CE)
Prithvi-raja II (c. 1165-1169 CE)
Someshvara (c. 1169-1178 CE)
Prithvi-raja III (c. 1178-1192 CE), better known as Prithviraj Chauhan
Govinda-raja IV (c. 1192 CE); banished by Hari-raja for accepting Muslim suzerainty; established the Chahamana branch of Ranastambhapura
Hari-raja (c. 1193-1194 CE)


document_title: What the World Needs Now Is Love

question_text: who sings what the world needs now at the end of boss baby

text: What the World Needs Now Is Love

text: Recording history[edit]

text: The song was originally offered to Dionne Warwick, who turned it down at the time,[2] though she later recorded it for her album Here Where There Is Love. (Warwick also recorded a second version in 1996, which scraped the lower reaches of the US Hot 100.) Bacharach initially did not believe in the song, and was reluctant to play it for DeShannon.[3] DeShannon's version was recorded on March 23, 1965, at New York's Bell Sound studios.[4] Bacharach arranged, conducted and produced the session.

text: In 1966, The Supremes recorded the song for their album Reflections.

text: In 2011, Ronan Keating recorded the song for his album When Ronan Met Burt.

text: Kree Harrison, in 2013, made a cover of the song in the 12th season of American Idol. The studio version was recorded by Idol Studio Recordings.

text: On June 15, 2016, the song was recorded by Broadway for Orlando, with all proceeds going to the victims of the Orlando nightclub shooting.[5]

text: On Dec. 22, 2016 the Mighty Mighty Bosstones announced the upcoming release of their version of the song

text: On Mar. 24, 2017 it was re-recorded by Hans Zimmer, Steve Mazzaro & Missi Hale for the movie The Boss Baby.

text: Other notable covers[edit]

text: "What the World Needs Now Is Love" has been recorded or performed live by over 100 artists, including:

text:
Ed Ames
Rick Astley
Polly Bergen
Cilla Black
Tom Clay
Coldplay
Jad Fair with Daniel Johnston
Judy Garland
Rigmor Gustafsson
Barry Manilow
Aimee Mann
Johnny Mathis
Mr. Bungle
My Morning Jacket
Andrea Ross
Merrilee Rush
The Chambers Brothers
The Staple Singers
The Young Americans
Carla Thomas
McCoy Tyner
Steve Tyrell
Luther Vandross
The Mighty Mighty Bosstones

text: Tom Clay version[edit]

text:
"What the World Needs Now Is Love/Abraham, Martin and John"

Single by Tom Clay

from the album What the World Needs Now Is Love

B-side
"The Victors"

Released
July 1971

Format
Vinyl record

Recorded
Early 1971

Genre
Pop, spoken word

Length
6:10

Label
Motown (MoWest MW5002F)

Songwriter(s)
Hal David, Burt Bacharach

Producer(s)
Tom Clay

Tom Clay singles chronology

"What the World Needs Now Is Love/Abraham, Martin and John"
(1971)
"Whatever Happened to Love"
(1971)

"What the World Needs Is Love/Abraham, Martin and John"
(1971)
"Whatever Happened to Love"
(1971)

text: In addition to the DeShannon hit recording and the numerous cover versions, "What the World Needs Now is Love" served as the basis for a distinctive 1971 remix.

text: Disc jockey Tom Clay was working at radio station KGBS in Los Angeles, California, when he created the single "What the World Needs Now is Love/Abraham, Martin and John", a social commentary that became a surprise hit record that summer.[6]

text: The song begins with a man asking a young boy to define such words as bigotry, segregation, and hatred (to which the boy says he doesn't know); he says that prejudice is "when someone's sick". Following that is a soundbite of a drill sergeant leading a platoon into training, along with gunfire sound effects, after which are snippets of the two songs – both as recorded by The Blackberries, a session recording group.[7] Interspersed are excerpts of speeches by John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, the eulogy (given by Ted Kennedy) after Robert's assassination, and Martin Luther King, Jr., and soundbites of news coverage of each one's assassination. The ending of the song is a reprise of the introduction.

text: "What the World Needs Now is Love/Abraham, Martin and John" rose to No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1971, and was Clay's only Top 40 hit.[8]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: "What the World Needs Now is Love" has been used in many film soundtracks, notably Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice and For the Love of Fred (used as the film's closing theme song in both), Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery, My Best Friend's Wedding, Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, Hot Shots!, Happy Gilmore, and Forrest Gump. In the Danish zodiac porn comedy I Jomfruens tegn (1973), an extended version is used for the hardcore underwater orgy that ends the film.[9]

text:
In April 1968, Cilla Black released a rendition of the song on her third studio album Sher-oo! which was a Top 10 hit on the UK album chart.
In June 1968, following the shooting of Robert Kennedy but before he died (approximately 26 hours), the Jackie DeShannon version was played over and over on Los Angeles radio stations as an audio vigil. This also continued for a few days following his death.
The first few notes of the song have also been used as a toteboard cue for the annual The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon.
A recording by Des O'Connor featured in episode #3.1 ("The Early Birds") of The Good Life.
A shortened version of the title is used in a biography of Burt Bacharach and Hal David by Robin Platts.
It was featured in the fourth season of Beverly Hills, 90210, in the episode "Twenty Years Ago Today".
In the Philippines, it was also used as the theme song of an event dubbed as Close-Up Lovapalooza to break the record of most people kissing simultaneously in 10 seconds to celebrate Valentine's Day.
Jessica Mauboy sang "What the World Needs Now Is Love" on Australian Idol in 2006.
American experimental band Mr. Bungle covered the song live at least twice in 2000.
Alec Baldwin sang a part of the song in the episode "Somebody to Love" of 30 Rock while playing a piano, as his soon to be lover CC walked down the stairs at the party which they met.
It was a top 5 song in American Idol season 2 in 2003.
Two versions of the song, one performed by Burt Bacharach himself, were played near the end of the film Austin Powers in Goldmember.
The song was covered by Jad Fair and Daniel Johnston on the album It's Spooky, with revised lyrics, referencing crack houses and Satanism.
Andy Fletcher of Depeche Mode used to play it as the last song for his DJ sets in 2004.
The song was used as the unofficial theme tune of the improvised BBC One drama series True Love (TV series), being played at the beginning of the episode, and at the end when the credits rolled.
In 2010, Connecticut musician Michael Occhionero used the song during the fade out of his song "Hey! Mr.", which includes samples of "Paperback Writer" and "Mr. Tambourine Man".
In 2013 Australia's Got Talent R&B soul singer Leon Lee performed his rendition of the song which received a lot of praises from all judges on the show.
On July 7, 2014, SiriusXM's Ron and Fez show opened with the cast singing the song in a sarcastic manner to support recently fired co-worker, Anthony Cumia who was terminated on allegations of racism.[10]
The cast of Glee covered the song in the sixth episode of their sixth season, "What The World Needs Now". They serenaded characters Santana and Brittany in an attempt to support their upcoming wedding.
Pop Idol winner Will Young covered the song in late 2015 as part of a World Wildlife Foundation Awareness campaign.
On July 27, 2016, an all-star ensemble of Broadway vocalists performed the song at the 2016 Democratic National Convention, as a protest against gun violence.
On March 24, 2017, the song was added and recorded by Missi Hale for the film The Boss Baby.

text: Quotation[edit]

text: The song contains the memorable lines:

text: The song builds upon the theme of "Stowaway in the Sky", composed in 1960 by Jean Prodromidès for the film of the same title.[11]


document_title: Left anterior descending artery

question_text: where is the lad located in the heart

question_tokens: where is the lad located in the heart

text: Left anterior descending artery

text: Structure[edit]

text: It passes at first behind the pulmonary artery and then comes forward between that vessel and the left atrium to reach the anterior interventricular sulcus, along which it descends to the notch of cardiac apex.

text: Although rare, multiple anomalous courses of the LAD have been described. These include the origin of the artery from the right aortic sinus.[2]

text: In 78% of cases, it reaches the apex of the heart.

text: Branches[edit]

text: The LAD gives off two types of branches: septals and diagonals.

text:
Septals originate from the LAD at 90 degrees to the surface of the heart, perforating and supplying the anterior 2/3rds of the interventricular septum.
Diagonals run along the surface of the heart and supply the lateral wall of the left ventricle and the anterolateral papillary muscle.

text: Function[edit]

text: The artery supplies the anterolateral myocardium, apex, and interventricular septum. The LAD typically supplies 45-55% of the left ventricle (LV) and is therefore considered the most critical vessel in terms of myocardial blood supply.

text: Widow maker[edit]

text: The widow maker is an alternate name for the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery.[3][1] The name widow maker may also apply to the left coronary artery[4] or severe occlusions to that artery.[5][6]

text: This term is used because the left main coronary and/or the left anterior descending supply blood to large areas of the heart. This means that if these arteries are abruptly and completely occluded it will cause a massive heart attack that will likely lead to sudden death. The blockage that kills is made up of platelets streaming to the site of a ruptured cholesterol plaque. Even a small amount of plaque in this area can (for a variety of poorly understood reasons) rupture and cause death; bypassing chronic blockages or trying to open them up with angioplasty does not prevent heart attack but it can restore blood flow in case of a sudden blockage or heart attack and if performed within a rapid time period can minimize the damage done. An example of the devastating results of a complete occlusion of the LAD artery was the sudden death of former NBC News Washington Bureau Chief Tim Russert,[7] as well as the near-death of film director Kevin Smith.[8]

text: From the minute a widow maker heart attack hits, survival time ranges from minutes to several hours. Rapidly progressing symptoms should signal the need for immediate attention. Symptoms of initial onset may include nausea, shortness of breath, pain in the head, jaw, arms or chest, numbness in fingers, often of a novel but imprecise sensation which builds with irregular heart beat. Early symptoms may be mistaken for food poisoning, flu or general malaise until they intensify. A widow maker cannot kill instantly but induces cardiac arrest which may do so within 10 to 20 minutes of no circulation. A victim with no pulse or breath is still alive, living off oxygen stored in the blood and may be able to be rescued if treatment is begun promptly within this window.[9]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Coronary arteries (labeled in red text)

The arch of the aorta, and its branches.

Heart attack

Cardiac vessels

Human heart with coronary arteries

Heart coronary territories