document_title: Sons of Anarchy (season 6)

question_text: who dies in season 6 of sons of anarchy

question_tokens: who dies in season 6 of sons of anarchy

text: Sons of Anarchy (season 6)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Sons of Anarchy is the story of the Teller-Morrow family of Charming, California, as well as the other members of Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, Redwood Original (SAMCRO), their families, various Charming townspeople, allied and rival gangs, associates, and law agencies that undermine or support SAMCRO's legal and illegal enterprises.

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Charlie Hunnam as Jackson "Jax" Teller (13 episodes)
Katey Sagal as Gemma Teller Morrow (13 episodes)
Mark Boone Junior as Robert "Bobby Elvis" Munson (11 episodes)
Dayton Callie as Wayne Unser (12 episodes)
Kim Coates as Alex "Tig" Trager (13 episodes)
Tommy Flanagan as Filip "Chibs" Telford (13 episodes)
Theo Rossi as Juan-Carlos "Juice" Ortiz (13 episodes)
Maggie Siff as Tara Knowles-Teller (13 episodes)
Ron Perlman as Clarence "Clay" Morrow (9 episodes)
Jimmy Smits as Nero Padilla (13 episodes as starring)

text: Special guest cast[edit]

text:
CCH Pounder as Tyne Patterson[3] (12 episodes)
Drea de Matteo as Wendy Case (10 episodes)
Rockmond Dunbar as Lieutenant Eli Roosevelt (9 episodes)
Peter Weller as Charles Barosky[4] (7 episodes)
Donal Logue as Lee Toric (4 episodes)
Walton Goggins as Venus Van Dam[3] (2 episodes)
Mitch Pileggi as Ernest Darby ("Wolfsangel")
Robert Patrick as Les Packer ("Wolfsangel")

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
David LaBrava as Happy Lowman (11 episodes)
Niko Nicotera as George "Ratboy" Skogstrom (11 episodes)
Michael Marisi Ornstein as Chuck Marstein (9 episodes)
Robin Weigert as Ally Lowen (8 episodes)
LaMonicca Garret as Sgt. Cane (6 episodes + 1 as co-star)
Timothy V. Murphy as Gallen O'Shay (6 episodes)
Reynaldo Gallegos as Fiasco (6 episodes)
Kim Dickens as Collette Jane[5] (5 episodes)
Billy Brown as August Marks (5 episodes)
Douglas Bennett as Orlin West (5 episodes + 1 as co-star)
Rusty Coones as Rane Quinn (5 episodes + 4 as co-star)
McNally Sagal as Margaret Murphy (4 episodes)
Winter Ave Zoli as Lyla Winston (4 episodes)
Jacob Vargas as Alessandro Montez (4 episodes + 1 as co-star + 1 uncredited)
Christopher Douglas Reed as Phillip "Filthy Phil" Russell (3 episodes)
Steve Howey as Hopper[6] (3 episodes)
Kurt Sutter as "Big" Otto Delaney (2 uncredited)
Bob McCracken as Brendan Roarke (2 episodes)
Kenneth Choi as Henry Lin (2 episodes)
Emilio Rivera as Marcus Alvarez (2 episodes)
Kristen Renton as Ima ("Straw")
Walter Wong as Chris "V-Lin" Von Lin ("Wolfsangel")
Jeff Kober as Jacob Hale, Jr. ("Sweet and Vaded")

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Samaire Armstrong as Darvany Jennings (2 episodes)
Keone Young as Bohai Lin (2 episodes)
Hayley McFarland as Brooke Putner (2 episodes)
Olivia Burnette as Homeless Woman (2 episodes)
Mo McRae as Tyler Yost (2 episodes)
C. Thomas Howell as Frank Eagan[6] ("One One Six")
Dave Navarro as Arcadio Nerona ("One One Six" + 1 as co-star)
Doug Jones as Officer Crane ("The Mad King")
Michael Shamus Wiles as Jury White ("Salvage")
Adrienne Barbeau as Alice Nona ("Sweet and Vaded")
Patrick St. Esprit as Elliott Oswald ("John 8:32")

text: Production[edit]

text: Although Sons of Anarchy is set in Northern California's Central Valley, it is filmed primarily at Occidental Studios Stage 5A in North Hollywood. Main sets located there include the clubhouse, St. Thomas Hospital and Jax's house. The production rooms at the studio used by the writing staff also double as the Charming police station. External scenes are often filmed nearby in Sun Valley and Tujunga.[7]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)671"Straw"Paris BarclayKurt SutterSeptember 10, 2013 (2013-09-10)6WAB015.87[8]
While Tara is imprisoned, SAMCRO shifts members and titles, with Bobby leaving town. The club breaks up a violent porn ring run by Iranians at the docks in Stockton, striking up a partnership with ex-cop (Peter Weller), who enlists Jax to help a local madam (Kim Dickens) go legit. Pope's people still want Jax to surrender Tig to them. At a Catholic school, a violent shooting occurs with a weapon linked to the club's gunrunning business. The first episode of Anarchy Afterword aired live on FX.com on the same night and is now on Season 6 DVD as extra
682"One One Six"Peter WellerChris Collins & Adria LangSeptember 17, 2013 (2013-09-17)6WAB024.63[9]
The school shooting was committed by someone connected to Nero's cousin, who had been given a number of  KG-9's. Jax contacts the Irish, wishing to get out of the gun business, but the Irish are resistant to the idea. Toric offers Clay help with the murder charge, in exchange for information about SAMCRO. When Clay refuses, Toric forges Clay's signature on a plea agreement. Nero's cousin, and the latter's girlfriend - whose son shot up the school - are killed and buried. Elsewhere, Bobby has added another member to his list of recruits.
693"Poenitentia"Guy FerlandCharles Murray & Kurt SutterSeptember 24, 2013 (2013-09-24)6WAB034.48[10]
Instead of killing Clay in jail, the black inmates instead tell Clay to commit a jail rec-yard stabbing. Jax and Barosky settle the score with the Iranians. Toric accidentally shoots a Diosa hooker he'd brought back to his motel room. Telling the corpse he'll make her death matter, he takes hair and blood samples to plant inside Nero's truck. Jax sends Tig back to the warehouse where they stored the equipment they stole from the Iranians. Tig waits there for the prospects Jax said he'd send to help move the equipment, but August, Pope's successor, shows up instead.  Tara reveals to Jax that she is pregnant. The title, translated, means "Repentance".
704"Wolfsangel"Billy GierhartKurt Sutter & Kem NunnOctober 1, 2013 (2013-10-01)6WAB044.59[11]
Toric takes Clay to visit Otto; Clay slips Otto a shiv. Toric tells Otto he'll stop having Otto raped and beaten if Otto provides information that can be used against SAMCRO, then he gives Otto a pad to write down SAMCRO's sins.  Otto writes an insulting remark about Toric's sister and then kills Toric. The guards then kill Otto. Galen, angry that Jax wants out of guns, goes to Oswald's lumber barn and shoots and dismembers SAMCRO member Phil and a SAMCRO prospect. Jax has the club exact revenge against the Nazis he believes attacked the former sheriff, by killing them, planting the guns delivered by the Irish on the Nazis' rural property, and then burning down their house, making it look like an internal beef. Roosevelt orders Toric's personnel file, suspecting Toric is up to no good. The sheriff lets Nero go home, but Nero's truck remains impounded.
715"The Mad King"Gwyneth Horder-PaytonChris Collins & Roberto Patino & Kurt SutterOctober 8, 2013 (2013-10-08)6WAB054.46[12]
Tara secretly arranges with Lowen to have Wendy take custody of Thomas and Abel if Tara is convicted or otherwise indisposed, to keep them away from Gemma and the club's business. While the MC fails to capture Galen, they capture a few Irish but do not kill them. The IRA elders in Ireland don't like Jax's retaliation, but Jax tries to convince them that Galen is out of control and trying to profiteer for himself. Jax tells the IRA elders that August will be a solid customer for the arms shipments, despite being black. The SAMCRO clubhouse is on lock-down until Jax spots a shamrock pen. Jax realizes there's a bomb in the beer keg that was delivered earlier the same day. After everybody runs to safety, the SAMCRO clubhouse explodes. The second episode of Anarchy Afterword aired live on FX.com on the same night and is now on Season 6 DVD as an extra
726"Salvage"Adam ArkinMike Daniels & Kurt SutterOctober 15, 2013 (2013-10-15)6WAB064.35[13]
While on their way to a summit meeting with several West Coast SOA charters, the Charming charter is pulled over by dirty cops, but the bikers escape. At the summit, Jax announces the end of the gun business with the IRA and is met with agreement and approval. Bobby brings in new members to the Charming chapter. The state attorney still threatens to prosecute Tara unless she testifies against SOA. Roosevelt searches Toric's motel room and leaves convinced of Nero's innocence.
737"Sweet and Vaded"Paris BarclayKurt Sutter & Adria LangOctober 22, 2013 (2013-10-22)6WAB074.38[14]
SAMCRO comes to the aid of Nero's transgender friend. Tara is more determined to make a break from Gemma, though possibly not from Jax. Tara fakes an assault and gets a restraining order against Gemma.
748"Los Fantasmas"Peter WellerRoberto Patino & Kurt SutterOctober 29, 2013 (2013-10-29)6WAB084.20[15]
The DA leaks a story to the press of who the possible suppliers of the guns in the school shooting are, and the story ends up in the front page of the town's paper. An unknown man runs down and kills a Byz-Lat in the middle of street, in the presence of Jax and the other SOA members. While the Byz-Lats attempt to kill the man, Jax intervenes upon discovering the man's son was killed in the school shooting, and the story in the paper incited him kill the Byz-Lat. Police arrive at the man's house only to witness him commit suicide because he feels he no longer has a purpose in life. Nero, still in jail, decides to give himself up as the source of the gun rather than blame the SOA. Patterson accepts his confession at first but later repents after seeing the effect the story she leaked had (the father's committing suicide) and sets Nero free after it is forensically proven that Toric killed Erin Byrne. The title, translated, means "The Ghosts".
759"John 8:32"Guy FerlandKem Nunn & Kurt SutterNovember 5, 2013 (2013-11-05)6WAB094.49[16]
Nero wakes up at Gemma’s house, and she brings him up to speed about her conflict with Tara. Jax confronts Tara about not being able to say, "I love you", since returning from Stockton. Meanwhile, Patterson (the DA) gives Roosevelt three extra surveillance units to monitor Jax and the club. Furthermore, Patterson creates bumps in the road for the new Diosa operation and puts pressure on Barosky in Stockton due to his relationship with the Sons. Realizing the risk of going head to head with Patterson, the club agrees to compromise and make the DA an offer. Jax goes to her office and agrees to give up the IRA (Galan) within the next 10 days, in exchange for immunity for the club. Patterson agrees and tells Jax she’ll lay off the club for the next 10 days. Meanwhile, Clay goes to a prayer service in jail, where he argues with the pastor, gets into a fight with a guard, and bites off part of the guard’s face. This is part of the plan to break Clay out, as Clay is moved to a psych room, where a doctor allows him a phone call to the IRA. Back at Charming, Tara gets Lowen to file the paperwork moving financial and other matters into separate accounts. Also, Nero tries to convince Jax there is more to the situation between Gemma and Tara, but Jax gets upset and makes it clear that he does not want to mix business and family matters. Nevertheless, Nero goes to the hospital to convince Tara to resolve issues with Gemma, but Tara is enraged and tells him to worry about himself, as Gemma killed her previous husband. Also at the hospital, Gemma confronts Margaret Murphy, who accidentally confirms Gemma’s suspicion that Tara was never pregnant. Later in the day, Jax confronts Nero about visiting Tara, they get into a fight, and Gemma comes to break it up. She tells Jax what Margaret said and that Tara is filing for divorce. Jax, confused, traps Lowen in Unser’s RV and gets the truth out of her that Tara is planning on divorcing him and taking the kids away. Meanwhile, Nero confronts Gemma about what Tara said, and Gemma tells him the whole story, which she hadn’t told anyone before. The episode ends with Tara at home in a rocking chair singing to Thomas with a gun on her lap. Intertwined in this episode is also a story about a teenage girl who blames the Sons for the death of her mother, who is revealed to be the homeless woman Jax has been seeing around town for the last six years.
7610"Huang Wu"Billy GierhartKurt Sutter & Charles MurrayNovember 12, 2013 (2013-11-12)6WAB104.38[17]
Jax apologizes to Gemma and Nero for what happened with Tara after he discovered all the truth. After Clay locks down all of SAMCRO's gun customers, only one customer is left waiting to close on the deal, the Italian Cacuzza family. Jax and the Irish meet with Jimmy Cacuzza to ensure they're onboard with Clay's being the new distributor. In an attempt to secure the Italians as customers the Irish attack the Chinese (Lin), leaving SAMCRO in a very compromising position. After the meet, SAMCRO is kidnapped by the Chinese, who demand the Sons to hand over the business and territory, or else. The Chinese keep Happy as insurance that Jax will honor their demand. Tara catches Jax in bed with Collette and leaves angrily. Irate at everything that's gone on she decides to try to make a deal with DA Patterson but Patterson refuses, stating the deal is no longer on the table.
7711"Aon Rud Persanta"Peter WellerChris Collins & Kurt SutterNovember 19, 2013 (2013-11-19)6WAB114.17[18]
Clay gets broken out during his prison transfer, and Bobby gets shot in the process. Jax exacts his revenge on the Irish and Clay for past wrongdoings. Patterson is unhappy with the way Jax upheld his end of the deal and makes it seem as if she's going to throw that deal out. Tara contemplates making a deal of her own to stay out of jail, and get her and her sons out of Charming for good. The episode, title, means "A Personal Thing".
7812"You Are My Sunshine"Paris BarclayKem Nunn & Mike Daniels & Kurt SutterDecember 3, 2013 (2013-12-03)6WAB124.58[19]
As Jax reaches the verge of getting SAMCRO permanently out of the gun business, Tara makes a bold move in protecting her children. Juice's guilt leads Nero to the truth about Darvany's death. Mr. Wu's revenge on the Irish comes with unexpected consequences. After finding out the Sons are handing over the gun business to August Marks, Alvarez reaches out to Nero.
7913"A Mother's Work"Kurt SutterKurt Sutter & Chris CollinsDecember 10, 2013 (2013-12-10)6WAB135.17[20]
Jax's search for Tara and his children leads him to make a difficult decision. Nero confronts Jax over Juice's role in Darvany's murder. Alvarez and Lin form a pact against the One Niners, which threatens to shut down SAMCRO's business in Stockton. Upon discovering, by Unser, that Tara has "made a deal", Gemma confronts Tara with violent results.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Season six has received generally favorable reviews. At Metacritic, the season received a critic score of 74% based on 9 critic reviews.[21]  At Rotten Tomatoes, it received a score of 78% based on 18 reviews, 14 positive, 4 negative, with the website's consensus stating: "Sons of Anarchy continues to deliver an energetic blend of bracing action sequences, pitch black humor, and heartless violence."[22]  At IGN, season 6 episodes received critic ratings ranging from a low of 8.1 (Episode 604, labelled "Great" and "Editors' Choice") to a high of 9.5 (Episode 611, labelled "Amazing", and "Editors' Choice").[23]


document_title: Cheshire Cat

question_text: who did the voice of the cheshire cat in alice in wonderland

root

text: Cheshire Cat

text: Origins[edit]

text: There are numerous theories about the origins of the phrase "grinning like a Cheshire Cat" in English history.

tag: p

text: A possible origin of the phrase is one favoured by the people of Cheshire, a county in England which boasts numerous dairy farms; hence the cats grin because of the abundance of milk and cream.[1]

tag: ul

text: According to Brewer's Dictionary, "The phrase has never been satisfactorily accounted for, but it has been said that cheese was formerly sold in Cheshire moulded like a cat that looked as though it was grinning".[a] The cheese was cut from the tail end, so that the last part eaten was the head of the smiling cat.[2]

text: In 1853, Samuel Maunder offered this explanation:

text: Its first appearance in literature was in the 18th century, in Grose, Francis (1788). A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue (Second, Corrected and Enlarged ed.). London, England.  contains the following entry:

text: The phrase appears again in print in John Wolcot's pseudonymous Peter Pindar's Pair of Lyric Epistles (1792):

text: The phrase also appears in print in William Makepeace Thackeray's The Newcomes (1855):

text: A survey published in 2015 showed how highly fanciful were so many purported explanations seen on the internet.[4][verification needed] The expression was finally explained as an amalgam of the widely-used phrase "grinning like a cat that got the [spilt] cream" (which could apply to any part of the country, although Cheshire was the pre-eminent milk, cheese, and cream-producing county for several centuries) with Cheshire's unique privileged political status. On their own, either of these would have been something to grin about.

text: Importantly, the county was described as a “palatinate” from the 1290s and was promoted to be a “principality” in 1397, following the support its men gave King Richard II. No other English county has been honoured in this way or was accorded such unusually wide privileges. These included its own "borderland" laws and taxes, and a considerable measure of independence from national government, which persisted into the sixteenth century. These privileges attracted many who "arrived as fugitives from justice and this seems to have become the principle motivation [for escaping to Cheshire from the Kings laws] as the Middle Ages wore on".[5] Once safely across the border into palatine Cheshire's jurisdiction, these transgressors could grin cheekily at any pursuing King's Sheriffs, and "disappear" into the countryside. Certainly, dictionaries show the word "caitiff" derived from Old French or Anglo-Norman in terms such as "cowardly or base villain" or "mean despicable fellow", and with its diminutive "cat" meaning "a 'sharp' fellow"[6][7], as in the beat generation idiom.

text: Lewis Carroll's character[edit]

text: The Cheshire Cat is now largely identified with the character of the same name in Lewis Carroll's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Alice first encounters the Cheshire Cat at the Duchess's house in her kitchen, and later on the branches of a tree, where it appears and disappears at will, and engages Alice in amusing but sometimes perplexing conversation. The cat sometimes raises philosophical points that annoy or baffle Alice; but appears to cheer her when it appears suddenly at the Queen of Hearts' croquet field; and when sentenced to death, baffles everyone by having made its head appear without its body, sparking a debate between the executioner and the King and Queen of Hearts about whether a disembodied head can indeed be beheaded. At one point, the cat disappears gradually until nothing is left but its grin, prompting Alice to remark that "she has often seen a cat without a grin but never a grin without a cat".[8]

text: According to recent analysis by scholar David Day, Lewis Carroll's cat was Edward Bouverie Pusey, Oxford professor of Hebrew, and Carroll's mentor.[9]

text: The name Pusey was suggested by Alice's deferential address of the cat as "Cheshire Puss". Pusey was an authority on the fathers of the Christian Church, and in Carroll's time Pusey was known as the Patristic Catenary (or chain), after the chain of authority of Church patriarchs. As a mathematician, Carroll would have been well familiar with the other meaning of catenary: the curve of a horizontally-suspended chain, which suggests the shape of the cat's grin.[10]

text: RIDDLE: What kind of a cat can grin?ANSWER: A Catenary.

text: Source of imagery[edit]

text: There are many other suggestions that Carroll found inspiration for the name and expression of the Cheshire Cat in the 16th century sandstone carving of a grinning cat, on the west face of St. Wilfrid's Church tower in Grappenhall, a village adjacent to his birthplace in Daresbury, Cheshire.[citation needed]

text: Lewis Carroll's father, Reverend Charles Dodgson, was Rector of Croft and Archdeacon of Richmond in North Yorkshire, England, from 1843 to 1868; Carroll lived here from 1843 to 1850.[11] Historians believe Lewis Carroll's Cheshire Cat in the book Alice in Wonderland was inspired by a carving in Croft church.[12]

text: Another possible inspiration was the British Shorthair: Carroll saw a representative British Shorthair illustrated on a label of Cheshire cheese.[13] The Cat Fanciers' Association profile reads: "When gracelessness is observed, the British Shorthair is duly embarrassed, quickly recovering with a 'Cheshire cat smile'”.[14]

text: In 1992, members of the Lewis Carroll Society attributed it to a gargoyle found on a pillar in St Nicolas Church, Cranleigh, where Carroll used to travel frequently when he lived in Guildford (though this is doubtful as he moved to Guildford some three years after Alice's Adventures in Wonderland had been published) and a carving in a church in the village of Croft-on-Tees, in the north east of England, where his father had been rector.[15]

text: Carroll is believed[according to whom?] to have visited St Christopher's church in Pott Shrigley, Cheshire, which has a stone sculpture resembling the pictorial cat in the book.[16]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The Cheshire Cat character has been re-depicted by other creators and used as the inspiration for new characters, primarily in screen media (film, television, video games) and print media (literature, comics, art). Other non-media contexts that embrace the Cheshire Cat include music, business, and science.

text: Prior to 1951 when Walt Disney released an animated adaptation of the story (see below), there were few post-Alice allusions to the character. Martin Gardner, author of The Annotated Alice, wondered if T. S. Eliot had the Cheshire Cat in mind when writing Morning at the Window, but notes no other significant allusions in the pre-war period.[17]

text: Images of and references to the Cheshire Cat cropped up with increasing frequency in the 1960s and 1970s, along with more frequent references to Carroll's works in general. (See generally the lyrics to White Rabbit by the rock group Jefferson Airplane).[18][19] The Cheshire Cat appeared on LSD blotters, as well as in song lyrics and popular fiction.[20][21]

text: In the 1951 Disney animated film, Alice in Wonderland, the Cheshire Cat is depicted as an intelligent and mischievous character that sometimes helps Alice and sometimes gets her into trouble. He frequently sings the first verse of the Jabberwocky poem. The animated character was voiced by Sterling Holloway (Alice in Wonderland) and Jim Cummings (2004–present).

text: In the 1985 television adaptation of Carroll's books, the Cheshire Cat is voiced by Telly Savalas. He sings a morose song called "There's No Way Home," which simply drives Alice to try and find a way home even more.

text: In the 1999 television adaptation of Carroll's books, the Cheshire Cat is voiced by Whoopi Goldberg. She acts as an ally and friend to Alice.

text: The Cheshire Cat appears in Walt Disney's 2010 Alice in Wonderland, directed by Tim Burton. British actor Stephen Fry voices the character.[22] In the movie, Cheshire (as he is often called; or sometimes "Chess") binds the wound Alice suffered earlier by the Bandersnatch and guides her to Tarrant Hightopp, the Mad Hatter and Thackery Earwicket, the March Hare. He is blamed by the Hatter for desertion when the White Queen is deposed by the Red; but later impersonates the Hatter when the latter is sentenced to decapitation. Throughout his appearances, "Chess" is able to make himself intangible or weightless, as well as invisible (and thus to survive decapitation), and is usually shown in mid-air, at shoulder-height to human-sized characters.[23] In the video game adaptation of the movie, Chess is a playable character who can not only turn himself invisible, but other objects around him as well.

text: Cross-film comparison[edit]

text: Each major film adaptation of Lewis Carroll's tale represents the Cheshire Cat character and his traits uniquely.

text:
Screen Media Adaptation
Distribution Medium
Cheshire Cat's Appearance
Cheshire Cat's Behavior
Image

Alice in Wonderland(1951 film)[24]
Film (Alice in Wonderland, traditional animation by Walt Disney Studios)[24]
Thick build and a primarily pink coat with purple stripes. Wide smile and close-set, piercing yellow eyes. Character always depicted in good lighting with strong visibility, unlike other adaptations which obscure or shadow him
Mischievous, and takes pleasure in misdirecting Alice. He is able to dislocate his head from his body (does so in jest), but is also capable of invisibility, and frequently enters and exits the scene with all parts faded away except for his grin or eyes.

Adventures in Wonderland(1991 TV show)[25]
Televised broadcast (Adventures in Wonderland, TV series through 1995)[25]
Closer resemblance to a tiger or lioness than a house cat. Coat has a white base with stripes painted in a violet accent color. Form possesses human-like mouth and facial structure
A sarcastic and playful rendition of the character. In this adaptation, the Cheshire Cat has the ability to appear and disappear in any location.  He is quick to play practical jokes on other the characters in the show.

Alice in Wonderland(1999 made-for-TV movie)[26]
Television Film[26]
A fluffy grey cat with a human face and feline features.
A grinning cat who teaches Alice "the rules" of Wonderland.  Her favorite pastime is appearing and disappearing.

Alice in Wonderland(2010 film)[27]
Film (Alice in Wonderland, live-action directed by Tim Burton)[27]
More slender build, with a round head and grey/green coat with several blue/black stripes. Bright aqua eyes (with slit-shaped pupils) and prominent teeth. Often more backlit than other adaptations, with only a faint, luminescent glow (self-generated) bringing his features into view.
Disappearing and reappearing at will, and able even to change his size, levitate himself, assume the appearances of other characters, and become intangible at will. The cat plays a few jokes and toys with the other characters, but is helpful on a few occasions. He speaks in a slow and fluid manner.

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text: In addition to the Cheshire Cat's appearances in films central to its Lewis Carroll origins, the Cheshire Cat has been featured in other cinematic works. The late filmmaker Chris Marker gave his monumental documentary on the New Left movement of 1967–1977, Le fond de l'air est rouge (1977), the English title Grin Without a Cat. Like the original, it signifies that revolution was in the air, but failed to take root. In the film, it is also stated: a spearhead without a spear, a grin without a catThe Cheshire Cat has been seen by television audiences in a broadcast spin-off. The Cheshire Cat appears in Once Upon a Time in Wonderland (a spin-off of Once Upon a Time) voiced by Keith David.[28] While looking for the Mad Hatter's house from the trees, Alice encounters the Cheshire Cat in giant form where the Red Queen had promised him that Alice would be good food for him. They end up engaging each other in combat until the Knave of Hearts arrives and throws a piece of one mushroom side into his mouth, which shrinks the Cat back to normal size, and he leaves.

text: The Cheshire Cat appears as an avatar character in several the video games American McGee's Alice (2000); and the sequel Alice: Madness Returns (2011), the Cheshire Cat is portrayed as an enigmatic, yet wise guide for Alice in the corrupted Wonderland. In keeping with the twisted tone of the game, the Cheshire Cat is mangy and emaciated in appearance. His voice was provided by Roger L. Jackson, who also voiced the Mad Hatter and The Jabberwock in the game.

text: In science[edit]

text: Cheshire Cat is used as a metaphor to explain several scientific phenomena:

text: The Cheshire Cat effect, as described by Sally Duensing and Bob Miller, is a binocular rivalry which causes stationary objects seen in one eye to disappear from view when an object in motion crosses in front of the other eye.[29]

text: In another scientific context, catalytic RNAs have been deemed Cheshire cats. This metaphor is used to describe the fading of the ribonucleotide construct, which leaves behind a smile of only the mineral components of the RNA catalyst.[31]

text: Similarly, the Cheshire Cat has been used out of its traditional context to help define another scientific phenomenon, the "Cheshire Cat" escape strategy. When Coccolithophore – a species of successful ocean algae – is able to resist the haploid phase of its life cycle it escapes meiosis and its dominant diploid genes are passed on in a virus-free environment, freeing the host from the danger of infection during reproduction.[32] The algae escape death (beheading) by means of disappearance (vanishing his head):

text: Other gestures to the Cheshire Cat's tropes of disappearance and mystique have been seen in scientific literature coming from the field of Physics. "The Cheshire Cat" is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics in which a particle and its property behave as if they are separated,[33] or when a particle separates from one of its physical properties.[34] To test this idea, researchers used an interferometer where neutron beams passed through silicon crystal. The crystal physically separated the neutrons and allowed them to go to two paths. Researchers reported "the system behaves as if the neutrons go through one beam path, while their magnetic moment travels along the other."[34]

text: The Cheshire cat's grin has inspired scientists in their naming of visual phenomena. A merger of galaxy groups in the constellation Ursa Major is nicknamed "Cheshire Cat galaxy group" by Astronomers due to its suggestive appearance.[35]

text: In linguistics, cheshirization, when a sound disappears but leaves a trace, just like the cat disappears but leaves his grin.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ This was the stated explanation in Martin Gardner's Annotated Alice.

tag: ol


document_title: Declaration of war by the United States

question_text: when was the last time the us formally declared war

text: Declaration of war by the United States

text: History[edit]

text: The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate times, each upon prior request by the President of the United States. Four of those five declarations came after hostilities had begun.[2] James Madison reported that in the Federal Convention of 1787, the phrase "make war" was changed to "declare war" in order to leave to the Executive the power to repel sudden attacks but not to commence war without the explicit approval of Congress.[3] Debate continues as to the legal extent of the President's authority in this regard. Public opposition to American involvement in foreign wars, particularly during the 1930s, was expressed as support for a Constitutional Amendment that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.[4] Several Constitutional Amendments, such as the Ludlow Amendment, have been proposed that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.

text: After Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in January 1971 and President Richard Nixon continued to wage war in Vietnam, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution (Pub.L. 93–148) over the veto of Nixon in an attempt to rein in some of the president's claimed powers. The War Powers Resolution proscribes the only power of the president to wage war which is recognized by Congress.

text: Declarations of war[edit]

text: Formal[edit]

text: The table below lists the five wars in which the United States has formally declared war against eleven foreign nations.[5] The only country against which the United States has declared war more than once is Germany, against which the United States has declared war twice (though a case could be made for Hungary as a successor state to Austria-Hungary).

text: In World War II, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Germany and Italy, led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, declared war on the United States, and the U.S. Congress responded in kind.[6][7]

text:
War
Declaration
Opponent(s)
Date of declaration
Votes
President
Result

Senate
House

War of 1812
Declaration of War upon the U.K.
 United Kingdom
June 18, 1812
19–13
79–49
James Madison
Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814)

Mexican–American War
"An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico."[8]
 Mexico
May 13, 1846
40–2
173–14
James K. Polk
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848)

Spanish–American War
Declaration of War upon Spain
 Spain
April 25, 1898
42–35
310–6
William McKinley
Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)

World War I
Declaration of War upon Germany
 Germany
April 6, 1917
82–6
373–50
Woodrow Wilson
Treaty of Berlin (August 25, 1921)

Declaration of War upon Austria-Hungary[9][10]
 Austria-Hungary
December 7, 1917
74–0
365–1
1921 U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty (August 24, 1921), 1921 U.S.-Hungarian Peace Treaty (August 29, 1921)

World War II
Declaration of War upon Japan
 Japan
December 8, 1941
82–0
388–1
Franklin D. Roosevelt
V-J Day, Japanese Instrument of Surrender (September 2, 1945), Treaty of San Francisco (September 8, 1951)

Declaration of War upon Germany
 Germany
December 11, 1941
88–0
393–0
V-E Day, German Instrument of Surrender (May 8, 1945), Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (September 12, 1990), Treaty of Vienna with Austria (May 15, 1955)

Declaration of War upon Italy
 Italy
90–0
399–0
Paris Peace Treaty (February 10, 1947)

Declaration of War upon Bulgaria
 Bulgaria
June 5, 1942
73–0
357–0

Declaration of War upon Hungary[9]
 Hungary
360–0

Declaration of War upon Romania[9]
 Romania
361–0

text: Undeclared wars[edit]

text: Military engagements authorized by Congress[edit]

text: In other instances, the United States has engaged in extended military combat that was authorized by Congress.

text:
War or conflict
Opponent(s)
Initial authorization
Votes
President
Result

Senate
House

Quasi-War
 France
An Act further to protect the commerce of the United States
July 9, 1798
18–4

John Adams
Treaty of Mortefontaine

First Barbary War
 Morocco
 Tripolitania

February 6, 1802[11]

Thomas Jefferson
War ended 1805

Second Barbary War
 Algiers
May 10, 1815[12]

James Madison
War ended 1816

Enforcing 1808 slave trade ban; naval squadron sent to African waters to apprehend illegal slave traders
 Slave traders and pirates
"Act in addition to the acts prohibiting the Slave Trade" 1819

James Monroe
1822 first African-American settlement founded in Liberia, 1823 U.S. Navy stops anti-trafficking patrols

Redress for attack on U.S. Navy's USS Water Witch
 Paraguay
1858.[13]

James Buchanan

Mexican Revolution

United States occupation of Veracruz

 Mexico
H.J.R. 251, 38 Stat. 770
April 22, 1914

337–37
Woodrow Wilson
Force withdrawn after six months. However, the Joint Resolution was likely used to authorize the Pancho Villa Expedition. In the Senate, "when word reached the Senate that the invasion had gone forward before the use-of-force resolution had been approved, Republicans reacted angrily" saying it was a violation of the Constitution, but eventually after the action had already started, a resolution was passed after the action to "justify" it since Senators did not think it was a declaration of war.[14][15]

Russian Civil War

Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

 Commune of Estonia
 Far Eastern Republic
 Latvia
 Mongolian People's Party
 Russia
 Ukraine

1918[16]

Woodrow Wilson

Lebanon crisis of 1958
 Lebanese Opposition

 Al-Mourabitoun
 Lebanese Communist Party
 Progressive Socialist Party

H.J. Res. 117, Public Law 85-7, Joint Resolution "To promote peace and stability in the Middle East", March 9, 1957[17]
72–19
355–61
Dwight D. Eisenhower
U.S. forces withdrawn, October 25, 1958

Vietnam War

Laotian Civil War

Cambodian Civil War

 China
National United Front of Kampuchea

 Khmer Rouge
 Khmer Rumdo
 Khmer Việt Minh

 North Korea
 North Vietnam
 Pathet Lao
 South Vietnam

Việt Cộng

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, August 7, 1964
88–2
416–0
Lyndon B. Johnson
U.S. forces withdrawn under terms of the Paris Peace Accords signed January 27, 1973

Multinational Force in Lebanon
Shia and Druze militias; Syria
S.J.Res. 159
Pub.L. 98–119
September 29, 1983
54–46
253–156
Ronald W. Reagan
Forces withdrawn in 1984

Persian Gulf War
 Iraq
H.J.Res. 77
January 12, 1991.
52–47
250–183
George H.W. Bush
The United Nations Security Council drew up terms for the cease-fire, April 3, 1991

War in Afghanistan

Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan
Operation Freedom's Sentinel

al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen

Yemeni Civil War

Somali Civil War

Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

War in North-West Pakistan

Moro conflict

Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines

Iraqi Civil War

Operation Inherent Resolve

Syrian Civil War

Operation Inherent Resolve

Second Libyan Civil War

 Afghanistan

Quetta Shura

Taliban

Haqqani network
Mullah Dadullah Front

 al-Qaeda

055 Brigade
Al-Nusra Front

Khorasan group

al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen

Aden-Abyan Islamic Army
Islamic Jihad of Yemen

al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula

Ansar al-Sharia

al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent
Lashkar al-Zil

 Harakat Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiyya
 Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
 Islamic Jihad Union
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Jamaat-ul-Ahrar
Jundallah
Lashkar-e-Islam
 Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
 Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi
 Turkistan Islamic Party
 Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan

 High Council of the Islamic Emirate
 Fidai Mahaz

 al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
 Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia
 Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahedeen
 Hizbul Islam
 Islamic Courts Union
 Jabhatul Islamiya
 Mu'askar Anole
 Ras Kamboni Brigades

 Abu Sayyaf
 Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
 Islamic State
 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
 Maute group
 Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao

S.J. Res. 23
September 14, 2001
98–0
420–1
George W. Bush

Iraq War[18]
 Iraq
H.J. Res. 114,
March 3, 2003
77–23
296–132
George W. Bush
Ba'athist Iraqi government deposed April 2003. U.S. combat operations ended August 31, 2010. War ended December 15, 2011. Destabilization of Iraq and emergence of ISIL in the region 2011–present.[19]

text: Military engagements authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress[edit]

text: In many instances, the United States has engaged in extended military engagements that were authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by appropriations from Congress.

text:
Military engagement
Opponent(s)
Initial authorization
President
Result

Korean War
 China
 North Korea
 Soviet Union

UNSCR 84, 1950
Harry S. Truman
Korean Armistice Agreement,[20] 1953

Multinational Force in Lebanon
Shia militias, Druze militias, Syria
UNSCR 425, 1978
UNSCR 426, 1978

Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan
U.S. forces withdrew in 1984

Persian Gulf War
 Iraq
UNSCR 678, 1990
George H. W. Bush
UNSCR 689, 1991

Bosnian War
 Republika Srpska
UNSCR 770, 1992
UNSCR 776, 1992
UNSCR 836, 1993
Bill Clinton
Reflagged as IFOR in 1995, Reflagged as SFOR in 1996, Completed in 2004

Second Liberian Civil War
Peacekeeping
UNSCR 1497, 2003
George W. Bush
U.S. forces are withdrawn in 2003 after the UNMIL is established.

Haitian coup d'état
UNSCR 1529, 2004
UNSCR 1542, 2004

2004

First Libyan Civil War

2011 military intervention in Libya

Operation Odyssey Dawn
Operation Unified Protector

 Libya
UNSCR 1973, 2011
Barack Obama
Debellation of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, October 31, 2011

text: Other undeclared wars[edit]

text:
Military engagement
Opponent(s)
President
Result

American Revolutionary War
 Great Britain

Quebec
Loyalists

German auxiliaries

 Hesse-Kassel
 Hesse-Hanau
 Hanover
 Waldeck
 Brunswick
 Ansbach
 Anhalt-Zerbst

Native Americans[21]

 Iroquois Confederacy

None
Peace of Paris

text: On at least 125 occasions, the President has acted without prior express military authorization from Congress.[22] These include instances in which the United States fought in the Philippine–American War from 1898–1903, in Nicaragua in 1927, as well as the NATO bombing campaign of Yugoslavia in 1999, and the 2017 missile strikes on Syria.

text: The United States' longest war was fought between approximately 1840 and 1886 against the Apache Nation. During that entire 46-year period, there was never more than 90 days of peace.[citation needed]

text: The Indian Wars comprise at least 28 conflicts and engagements. These localized conflicts, with Native Americans, began with European colonists coming to North America, long before the establishment of the United States. For the purpose of this discussion, the Indian Wars are defined as conflicts with the United States of America. They begin as one front in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and had concluded by 1918. The United States Army still maintains a campaign streamer for Pine Ridge 1890–1891 despite opposition from certain Native American groups.[23]

text: The American Civil War was not an international conflict under the laws of war, because the Confederate States of America was not a government that had been granted full diplomatic recognition as a sovereign nation by other sovereign states.[24][25] The CSA was recognized by the United States government as a belligerent power, a different status of recognition that authorized Confederate warships to visit non-U.S. ports. This recognition of the CSA's status as a belligerent power did not impose any duty upon the United States to recognize the sovereignty of the Confederacy, and the United States never did so.

text: The War Powers Resolution[edit]

text: In 1973, following the withdrawal of most American troops from the Vietnam War, a debate emerged about the extent of presidential power in deploying troops without a declaration of war. A compromise in the debate was reached with the War Powers Resolution. This act clearly defined how many soldiers could be deployed by the President of the United States and for how long. It also required formal reports by the President to Congress regarding the status of such deployments, and limited the total amount of time that American forces could be deployed without a formal declaration of war.

text: Although the constitutionality of the act has never been tested, it is usually followed, most notably during the Grenada Conflict, the Panamanian Conflict, the Somalia Conflict, the Persian Gulf War, and the Iraq War[clarification needed]. The only exception was President Clinton's use of U.S. troops in the 78-day NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War.[citation needed] In all other cases, the President asserted the constitutional authority to commit troops without the necessity of Congressional approval, but in each case the President received Congressional authorization that satisfied the provisions of the War Powers Act.

text: On March 21, 2011, a number of lawmakers expressed concern that the decision of President Barack Obama to order the U.S. military to join in attacks of Libyan air defenses and government forces exceeded his constitutional authority because the decision to authorize the attack was made without Congressional permission.[26] Obama explained his rationale in a two-page letter, stating that as commander in chief, he had constitutional authority to authorize the strikes, which would be limited in scope and duration, and necessary to prevent a humanitarian disaster in Libya.


document_title: List of Australian Football League wooden spoons

question_text: who has the most wooden spoons in the afl

text: Criteria[edit]

text: The team which finishes on the bottom of the ladder wins the wooden spoon. This is determined by:

text:
Fewest premiership points (four points for a win, two points for a draw)
Lowest percentage (the ratio of points for to points against if on same numbers of points)

text: No countback exists if teams finish equal on points but with a different number of wins.

text: From 1901–1907, the VFL season was set up such that each team played fourteen regular season games: two games against each opponent. Based upon regular season ladder positions, teams were divided into pools A (1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th) and B (2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th), and each team played the opponents from its pool once each in the "sectional round."

text: Following the sectional round, the results of these matches were added to the ladder to give a final ladder based on seventeen matches per team. As such, the wooden spooner is considered to be the team which finishes last after all seventeen matches.

text: The three sectional games changed the outcome of the wooden spoon twice in the seven seasons of this format: in 1905, St Kilda beat Geelong in their last game, relegating Melbourne to last, and in 1907, Fitzroy won all three of their games, relegating Essendon to last.

text: In the war-time season of 1916, only four teams (Carlton, Collingwood, Fitzroy and Richmond) competed. Fitzroy finished last after the home-and-away season with a record of 2–9–1 (10 pts), and Richmond finished third with a record of 5–7–0 (20 pts).

text: All four teams competed in the finals under the amended Argus system in place at the time. Richmond lost their Semi-Final and finished in overall last place as the lowest placed Semi-Final loser, while Fitzroy won their Semi-Final, the Final and the Grand Final to claim the premiership.

text: There is hence some uncertainty regarding which team should lay claim to the wooden spoon in that season; by analogy with the minor and major premierships, it could be said that Fitzroy won the "minor wooden spoon" and Richmond won the "major wooden spoon".

text: The official AFL season guide recognises Richmond as the wooden spooners for the 1916 VFL season.

text: Records[edit]

text:
St Kilda has won the most wooden spoons of any existing AFL team, with 27; its most recent wooden spoon was in 2014.
Carlton has the longest wooden spoon drought in VFL/AFL history, and was the last of the foundation clubs to win a wooden spoon. Its first wooden spoon came in 2002, the club's 106th season of VFL/AFL competition. Despite this, they currently have the most wooden spoons in the 21st century with five.
Essendon and Collingwood are the only teams to follow up a wooden spoon with a Grand Final appearance, in 1907–08 and 1976–77 respectively. Neither was victorious.
Essendon hold the record for the swiftest rise from wooden spoon to premiership, two seasons: they finished last in 1921 and won back-to-back premierships in 1923–24.
Melbourne and Fitzroy hold the record for the swiftest descent from premiership to wooden spoon, three seasons: Melbourne finished last in 1951 after winning the premiership in 1948, and Fitzroy laid partial claim to the 1916 wooden spoon after winning the premiership in 1913.
St Kilda, Hawthorn, Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney all won the wooden spoon in their inaugural season in the VFL/AFL.
Further, Greater Western Sydney also won the inaugural AFL Women's wooden spoon with only one win and a draw from seven matches played.
Collingwood in 1976 holds the record for the most wins by a wooden spooner with six.
Thirteen wooden spooners failed to win a match during the season, the most recent being Fitzroy in 1964.
The highest percentage recorded by a wooden spoon team was by South Melbourne, with 91.3% in 1922.
The Adelaide Crows and Port Adelaide are the only teams to not have "won" a wooden spoon.
Carlton are the only team in the 159 year history of Australian rules football to have both their men's and women's teams 'win' the wooden spoon in the same season, happening in 2018.

text: Wooden spoons by season[edit]

text:
Season
Wooden spoon
Wins
Losses
Draws
Percentage
Points

1897
St Kilda
0
14
0
29.1
0

1898
St Kilda
0
14
0
33.5
0

1899
St Kilda
0
14
0
28.0
0

1900
St Kilda
1
13
0
39.1
4

1901
St Kilda
1
16
0
–
4

1902
St Kilda
0
17
0
–
0

1903
South Melbourne
2
15
0
–
8

1904
St Kilda
3
14
0
–
12

1905
Melbourne
3
14
0
–
12

1906
Melbourne
1
16
0
–
4

1907
Essendon
5
12
0
–
20

1908
Geelong
2
16
0
–
8

1909
St Kilda
2
15
0
59.3
8

1910
St Kilda
1
17
0
62.3
4

1911
University
1
17
0
52.1
4

1912
University
1
17
0
57.0
4

1913
University
0
18
0
57.6
0

1914
University
0
18
0
47.0
0

1915
Geelong
3
13
0
68.0
12

1916 Minor1916 Major
FitzroyRichmond
25
97
10
81.689.9
1020

1917
Richmond
3
11
1
–
14

1918
Essendon
3
11
0
64.2
12

1919
Melbourne
0
16
0
43.0
0

1920
St Kilda
2
14
0
57.2
8

1921
Essendon
3
11
2
80.8
16

1922
South Melbourne
4
11
1
91.3
18

1923
Melbourne
3
13
0
80.4
12

1924
St Kilda
4
12
0
75.7
16

1925
Hawthorn
3
14
0
66.1
12

1926
North Melbourne
0
17
1
73.7
2

1927
Hawthorn
1
17
0
63.1
4

1928
Hawthorn
0
18
0
61.6
0

1929
North Melbourne
1
17
0
60.2
4

1930
North Melbourne
1
17
0
51.8
4

1931
North Melbourne
0
18
0
50.8
0

1932
Hawthorn
3
15
0
64.1
12

1933
Essendon
2
16
0
77.1
12

1934
North Melbourne
0
18
0
66.4
0

1935
North Melbourne
1
17
0
65.1
4

1936
Fitzroy
2
16
0
68.9
8

1937
North Melbourne
3
15
0
64.2
12

1938
South Melbourne
2
16
0
71.8
8

1939
South Melbourne
3
15
0
70.8
12

1940
North Melbourne
4
14
0
75.1
16

1941
Hawthorn
3
15
0
68.2
12

1942
Hawthorn
1
14
0
65.6
8

1943
St Kilda
1
8
1
73.9
10

1944
Geelong
1
17
0
58.6
4

1945
St Kilda
2
18
0
62.2
8

1946
Hawthorn
3
16
0
70.5
12

1947
St Kilda
1
17
1
58.7
6

1948
St Kilda
2
17
0
59.9
8

1949
Hawthorn
3
16
0
61.1
12

1950
Hawthorn
0
18
0
49.8
0

1951
Melbourne
1
17
0
70.5
4

1952
St Kilda
2
17
0
68.1
8

1953
Hawthorn
3
15
0
68.5
12

1954
St Kilda
4
13
1
72.7
18

1955
St Kilda
1
17
0
45.4
4

1956
North Melbourne
3
16
0
69.5
12

1957
Geelong
5
12
1
88.2
22

1958
Geelong
4
14
0
73.8
16

1959
Footscray
3
15
0
73.3
12

1960
Richmond
2
14
2
65.1
12

1961
North Melbourne
4
13
1
79.1
18

1962
South Melbourne
3
15
0
74.4
12

1963
Fitzroy
1
17
0
57.5
4

1964
Fitzroy
0
18
0
59.7
0

1965
Hawthorn
4
14
0
68.9
16

1966
Fitzroy
1
17
0
53.8
4

1967
Footscray
4
14
0
71.8
16

1968
North Melbourne
3
17
0
74.3
12

1969
Melbourne
3
17
0
83.1
12

1970
North Melbourne
4
18
0
79.1
16

1971
South Melbourne
3
19
0
69.9
12

1972
North Melbourne
1
21
0
62.9
4

1973
South Melbourne
4
18
0
79.0
16

1974
Melbourne
3
19
0
77.1
12

1975
South Melbourne
2
20
0
75.0
8

1976
Collingwood
6
16
0
86.4
24

1977
St Kilda
3
17
2
73.5
16

1978
Melbourne
5
17
0
69.1
20

1979
St Kilda
3
19
0
65.0
12

1980
Fitzroy
4
17
1
86.0
18

1981
Melbourne
1
21
0
63.5
4

1982
Footscray
3
19
0
68.1
12

1983
St Kilda
5
17
0
79
20

1984
St Kilda
5
17
0
76
20

1985
St Kilda
3
19
0
64.7
12

1986
St Kilda
2
20
0
71.9
8

1987
Richmond
5
17
0
83
20

1988
St Kilda
4
18
0
82
16

1989
Richmond
5
17
0
71
20

1990
Brisbane Bears
4
18
0
71
16

1991
Brisbane Bears
3
19
0
70
12

1992
Sydney
3
18
1
74
14

1993
Sydney
1
19
0
63
4

1994
Sydney
4
18
0
78
16

1995
Fitzroy
2
20
0
58.2
8

1996
Fitzroy
1
21
0
49.5
4

1997
Melbourne
4
18
0
60.8
16

1998
Brisbane Lions
5
16
1
75
22

1999
Collingwood
4
18
0
84.8
16

2000
St Kilda
2
19
1
70.5
10

2001
Fremantle
2
20
0
72.0
8

2002
Carlton
3
19
0
73.1
12

2003
Western Bulldogs
3
18
1
74.8
14

2004
Richmond
4
18
0
69.2
16

2005
Carlton
4
17
1
75.5
18

2006
Carlton
3
18
1
74.2
14

2007
Richmond
3
18
1
77.2
14

2008
Melbourne
3
19
0
62.6
12

2009
Melbourne
4
18
0
74.7
16

2010
West Coast
4
18
0
77.1
16

2011
Gold Coast
3
19
0
56.27
12

2012
Greater Western Sydney
2
20
0
46.17
8

2013
Greater Western Sydney
1
21
0
50.97
4

2014
St Kilda
4
18
0
60.8
16

2015
Carlton
4
18
0
64.8
16

2016
Essendon
3
19
0
61
12

2017
Brisbane Lions
5
17
0
74.3
20

2018
Carlton
2
20
0
59.3
8

text: Wooden spoon tally[edit]

text:
Club
TotalWoodenSpoons
Years of Wooden Spoon

St Kilda
 27
1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1904, 1909, 1910, 1920, 1924, 1943, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1977, 1979, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 2000, 2014

North Melbourne
13
1926, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1940, 1956, 1961, 1968, 1970, 1972

Melbourne
12
1905, 1906, 1919, 1923, 1951, 1969, 1974, 1978, 1981, 1997, 2008, 2009

Hawthorn
 11
1925, 1927, 1928, 1932, 1941, 1942, 1946, 1949, 1950, 1953, 1965

South Melbourne/Sydney
 11
1903, 1922, 1938, 1939, 1962, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1992, 1993, 1994

Fitzroy
 8*
1916*, 1936, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1980, 1995, 1996

Richmond
 7*
1916*, 1917, 1960, 1987, 1989, 2004, 2007

Carlton
 5
2002, 2005, 2006, 2015, 2018

Essendon
 5
1907, 1918, 1921, 1933, 2016

University
 4
1911, 1912, 1913, 1914

Footscray/Western Bulldogs
 4
1959, 1967, 1982, 2003

Brisbane Bears
 2
1990, 1991

Brisbane Lions
 2
1998, 2017

Collingwood
 2
1976, 1999

Greater Western Sydney
 2
2012, 2013

Fremantle
 1
2001

West Coast Eagles
1
2010

Gold Coast
 1
2011

Port Adelaide
 0
N/A

Adelaide
 0
N/A

text: current clubs are shown in bold

text: * See 1916 explanation above

text: Longest wooden spoon droughts[edit]

text:
Club

Time period

Years

Carlton

1897–2002

105

Essendon

1933–2016

83

Collingwood

1897–1976

79

Geelong

1958–present

60

Hawthorn

1965–present

53

North Melbourne

1972–present

46

Richmond

1917–1960

43

Fitzroy

1897–19361

39

Footscray

1925–1959

34

text: 1 See discussion on 1916 wooden spoon.

text: Active wooden spoon droughts[edit]

text:
Club

Last won

Years since

Geelong

1958

60

Hawthorn

1965

53

North Melbourne

1972

46

Adelaide

never[a]

28

Sydney

1994

24

Port Adelaide

never[b]

22

Collingwood

1999

19

Fremantle

2001

17

Western Bulldogs

2003

15

Richmond

2007

11

Melbourne

2009

9

West Coast

2010

8

Gold Coast

2011

7

Greater Western Sydney

2013

5

St Kilda

2014

4

Essendon

2016

2

Brisbane Lions

2017

1

Carlton

2018

0

text: Thru the 2018 season

text: AFL Women's[edit]

text:
Season
Wooden spoon
Wins
Losses
Draws
Percentage
Points

2017
Greater Western Sydney
1
5
1
51.8
6

2018
Carlton
2
5
0
54.1
8

text: References and Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Joined competition in 1991

Jump up ^ Joined competition in 1997


document_title: Meet Me in St. Louis

question_text: who played the father in meet me in st louis

text: Meet Me in St. Louis

text: Plot[edit]

text: The backdrop for Meet Me in St. Louis is St. Louis, Missouri in the year leading up to the 1904 World's Fair.

text: It is summer 1903. The Smith family leads a comfortable upper-middle class life. Alonzo Smith (Leon Ames) and his wife Anna (Mary Astor) have four daughters: Rose (Lucille Bremer), Esther (Judy Garland), Agnes (Joan Carroll), and Tootie (Margaret O'Brien); and a son, Lon Jr. (Henry H. Daniels, Jr.). Esther, the second eldest daughter, is in love with the boy next door, John Truett (Tom Drake), although he does not notice her at first. Rose is expecting a phone call in which she hopes to be proposed to by Warren Sheffield (Robert Sully).

text: Esther finally gets to meet John properly when he is a guest at the Smiths' house party, although her chances of romancing him don't go to plan when, after all the guests are gone and he is helping her turn off the gas lamps throughout the house, he tells her she uses the same perfume as his grandmother and that she has "a mighty strong grip for a girl".

text: Esther hopes to meet John again the following Friday on a trolley ride from the city to the construction site of the World Fair. Esther is sad when the trolley sets off without any sign of him, but cheers up when she sees him running to catch the trolley mid journey.

text: On Halloween, Tootie returns home injured, claiming that John Truett attacked her. Without bothering to investigate, Esther confronts John, physically attacking him and scolding him for being a "bully". When Esther returns home, Tootie confesses that what really happened was that John was trying to protect Tootie and Agnes from the police after a dangerous prank they pulled went wrong. Upon learning the truth, Esther immediately dashes to John's house next door to apologize, and they share their first kiss.

text: Mr. Smith announces to the family that he is to be sent to New York on business and eventually they will all move. The family is devastated and upset at the news of the move, especially Rose and Esther whose romances, friendships, and educational plans are threatened. Esther is also aghast because they will miss the World's Fair.

text: An elegant ball takes place on Christmas Eve. Esther is devastated when John cannot take her as his date, due to his leaving his tuxedo at the tailor's and being unable to get it back. But she is relieved when her grandfather (Harry Davenport) offers to take her instead. At the ball, Esther fills up a visiting girl's (Lucille Ballard, played by June Lockhart) dance card with losers because she thinks Lucille is a rival of Rose's. But when Lucille turns out to be interested in Lon, Esther switches her dance card with Lucille's and instead dances herself with the clumsy and awkward partners. After being rescued by Grandpa, she is overwhelmed when John unexpectedly turns up after somehow managing to obtain a tuxedo, and the pair dance together for the rest of the evening. Later on, John proposes to Esther and she accepts.

text: Esther returns home to an upset Tootie. She is soothed by the poignant "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas". Tootie, however, becomes more upset at the prospect of the family's move and runs downstairs, out into the cold to destroy the snowmen they have made. Mr. Smith sees his daughter's upsetting outburst from an upstairs window.

text: Mr. Smith later announces that the family will not leave St. Louis after all when he realizes how much the move will affect his family. Warren boldly declares his love for Rose, stating that they will marry at the first possible opportunity.

text: On or after April 30, 1904, the family take two horse drawn buggies to the World's Fair. The film ends that night with the entire family (including boyfriends-to-turn-into-presumed-husbands and Lon's new love interest) overlooking the Grand Lagoon at the center of the World's Fair just as thousands of lights illuminate the grand pavilions.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Judy Garland as Esther Smith
Margaret O'Brien as "Tootie" Smith
Mary Astor as Mrs. Anna Smith
Leon Ames as Mr. Alonzo Smith
Lucille Bremer as Rose Smith
Tom Drake as John Truett
Marjorie Main as Trump the maid
Harry Davenport as Grandpa
Henry H. Daniels Jr. as Alonzo "Lon" Smith Jr.
Joan Carroll as Agnes Smith
June Lockhart as Lucille Ballard
Robert Sully as Warren Sheffield
Hugh Marlowe as Colonel Darly
Chill Wills as Mr. Neely the iceman

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score for the film was adapted by Roger Edens, who also served as an uncredited associate producer. Georgie Stoll conducted the orchestrations of Conrad Salinger. Some of the songs in the film are from around the time of the St Louis Exposition. Others were written for the movie.

text:
"Meet Me in St. Louis, Louis" Kerry Mills and Andrew B. Sterling, 1904
"The Boy Next Door", Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane, 1944, performed by Judy Garland.
"Skip to My Lou", Traditional, with section sung to the tunes of "Kingdom Coming" and "Yankee Doodle" arranged by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane, 1944
"I Was Drunk Last Night," performed by Margaret O'Brien.
"Under the Bamboo Tree," Words and music by Robert Cole and The Johnson Bros., 1902, performed by Judy Garland and Margaret O'Brien.
"Over the Banister," 19th-century melody adapted by Conrad Salinger, lyrics from the 1888 poem "Over the Banisters" by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, adapted by Roger Edens (1944), performed by Judy Garland.
"The Trolley Song", Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane, 1944, performed by Chorus and Judy Garland.
"You and I," Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed, sung by Arthur Freed and D. Markas, dubbing for Leon Ames and Mary Astor.
"Goodbye, My Lady Love," (Instrumental), Joseph E. Howard, 1904.
"Little Brown Jug", (Instrumental), Joseph Winner, 1869.
"Down at the Old Bull and Bush," (Instrumental), Harry von Tilzer, 1903.
"Home! Sweet Home!", (Instrumental), Henry Bishop, 1823/1852.
"Auld Lang Syne", (Instrumental)
"The First Noel", (Instrumental)
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas", Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane, 1944, performed by Judy Garland. The lyrics for "Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas" were originally different. The lyricist, Hugh Martin, wrote opening lyrics which were deemed too depressing by Judy Garland, Tom Drake, and Vincente Minnelli (They were: "Have yourself a merry little Christmas / It may be your last/ Next year we may all be living in the past"), so Martin changed the lyrics.

text: Deleted song[edit]

text: Judy Garland pre-recording of "Boys and Girls Like You and Me" for this film survives today, but the film footage has been lost.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Upon its 1944 release, Meet Me in St. Louis was a massive critical and commercial success. During its initial theatrical release, it earned a then-massive $5,016,000 in the US and Canada and $1,550,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $2,359,000.[2]

text: Time called it "one of the year's prettiest pictures"; "Technicolor has seldom been more affectionately used than in its registrations of the sober mahoganies and tender muslins and benign gaslights of the period. Now & then, too, the film gets well beyond the charm of mere tableau for short flights in the empyrean of genuine domestic poetry. These triumphs are creditable mainly to the intensity and grace of Margaret O'Brien and to the ability of director Minnelli & Co. to get the best out of her."[8] O'Brien drew further praise from Time; " [her] song and her cakewalk done in a nightgown at a grown-up party, are entrancing acts. Her self-terrified Halloween adventures richly set against firelight, dark streets, and the rusty confabulations of fallen leaves, bring this section of the film very near the first-rate." The film is a New York Times Critics' Pick: after seeing it at the Astor Theatre, Bosley Crowther called it "a warm and beguiling picturization based on Sally Benson's memoirs of her folks."[9] Crowther concludes: "As a comparable screen companion to Life With Father, we would confidently predict that Meet Me in St. Louis has a future that is equally bright. In the words of one of the gentlemen, it is a ginger-peachy show." Writing in The New Yorker, Wolcott Gibbs praised the film as "extremely attractive" and called the dialogue "funny in a sense rather rare in the movies," although he thought it was too long.[10]

text: In 2005, Richard Schickel included the film on Time.com's ALL-TIME 100 best films, saying "It had wonderful songs [and] a sweetly unneurotic performance by Judy Garland....Despite its nostalgic charm, Minnelli infused the piece with a dreamy, occasionally surreal, darkness and it remains, for some of us, the greatest of American movie musicals."[11]

text: Arthur Freed: "Meet Me in St. Louis is my personal favourite. I got along wonderfully with Judy, but the only time we were ever on the outs was when we did this film. She didn't want to do the picture. Even her mother came to me about it. We bumped into some trouble with some opinions - Eddie Mannix, the studio manager, thought the Halloween sequence was wrong, but it was left in. There was a song that Rodgers and Hammerstein had written, called Boys and Girls Like You and Me, that Judy did wonderfully, but it slowed up the picture and it was cut out. After the preview of the completed film, Judy came over to me and said, "Arthur remind me not to tell you what kind of pictures to make. " [It] was the biggest grosser Metro had up to that time, except for Gone With the Wind."[12]

text: The film currently holds a 100% "Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 30 critical reviews with an average score of 8.7/10.[13]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated for four Academy Awards: Best Writing, Adapted Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Color, Best Music, Scoring of a Musical Picture, and Best Music, Song (Ralph Blane and Hugh Martin for "The Trolley Song"). Margaret O'Brien received an Academy Juvenile Award for her work that year, in which she appeared in several movies along with Meet Me in St. Louis.

text: In 1994, the film has been deemed "culturally significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

text: The American Film Institute ranked the film 10th on AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals; two songs from the film made AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs ("The Trolley Song" at #26 and "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" at #76).

text: Gerald Kaufman wrote a study of the film, with the same title, which was published by the British Film Institute in 1994.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text:
Meet Me in St. Louis was remade in 1959 for television, starring Jane Powell, Jeanne Crain, Patty Duke, Walter Pidgeon, Ed Wynn, Tab Hunter and Myrna Loy. It was directed by George Schaefer from the original Brecher and Finklehoffe screenplay.
Meet Me in St. Louis was remade again for television in 1966. This was a non-musical version starring Shelley Fabares, Celeste Holm, Larry Merrill, Judy Land, Reta Shaw, Tammy Locke and Morgan Brittany. It was directed by Alan D. Courtney from a script written by Sally Benson herself. This was to be a pilot for a TV series, but no network picked it up. It was later included as a special feature on the 2 disc DVD set released in 2004
A Broadway musical based on the film was produced in 1989, with additional songs.

text: The late-19th century vintage carousel in this movie could be found at Bob-Lo Amusement Park in Amherstburg, Ontario until the park closed in September 1993. It was dismantled and sold to private collectors.

text: Movie references[edit]

text:
The Family Stone (2005) shows two partial scenes from the movie; one where Esther and John dance, and another where Esther sings "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" to Tootie.
Deck the Halls (2006) shows Steve (Matthew Broderick) watching the scene where Esther sings "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" to Tootie and she bashes the snowmen. Steve is depressed that his family left him and watching this scene in the film makes him only more upset.
Sex and the City (2008) shows Carrie's (Sarah Jessica Parker) assistant, Louise from St. Louis, give her a DVD of the film as a Christmas gift, and later shows Carrie watching a bit of "The Trolley Song".


document_title: Korean pronouns

question_text: how do you say young lady in korean

question_tokens: how do you say young lady in korean

text: Korean pronouns

text: Overview of pronouns[edit]

text:
Singular
Plural

First person

저 (jeo), 나 (na)
저희 (jeohui), 저희들 (jeohuideul), 우리 (uri), 우리들 (urideul)

Second person

너 (neo), 자네 (jane), 그대 (geudae), 당신 (dangsin)
너희 (neohui), 너희들 (neohuideul), 너네 (neone), 너네들 (neonedeul), 자네들 (janedeul), 그대들 (geudaedeul), 당신들 (dangsindeul)

Third person
(Basically, there are no third person pronouns, but the following have restrictive use in a certain writing genres.)

그, 그녀(f) (geu/geunyeo)
그들, 그녀들 (f) (geudeul/geunyeodeul)

text: For each pronoun there is a humble/honorific and an informal form for first and second person. In the above table, the first pronoun given is the humble one, which one would use when speaking to someone older or of high social status. dangsin (당신) is also sometimes used as the Korean equivalent of "dear" as a form of address. Also, whereas uses of other humble forms are straightforward, dangsin must be used only in specific social contexts, such as between two married partners. In that way, it can be used in an ironic sense when used between strangers, usually during arguments and confrontations. It is worth noting that dangsin is also an honorific third-person pronoun, used to refer to one's social superior who is not present.

text: Basically, there are no pure third-person pronoun systems in Korean. Instead of pronouns, personal names, titles, or kinship terms are used to refer to third persons in both oral and written communication. For this reason, repetitive use of names or titles in a discourse is allowed in Korean, which is very different feature from other languages such as English. For translation and creative writing, there is restrictive use of third-person pronouns "geu-nyeo" (그녀) and "geu" (그). The first has been coined in the combination of the demonstrative "geu" (그) [geu] 'that' and 녀(nyeo) 'woman' to refer anaphorically to a third person female. A gender-neutral third person pronoun, geu (그), which was originally a demonstrative, meaning 'that' could mean she or he. However, it has increasingly been interpreted as a "male" pronoun.

text: Although, in recent years, the pronoun geu-nyeo (그녀) is slowly gaining ground as a female counterpart from the influence of translations from European languages, it is almost restricted to specific styles of written language because Korean generally uses subjectless or modifier+noun constructions.

text: Pronouns in detail[edit]

text: Korean has personal pronouns for the 1st and 2nd person, with distinctions for honorifics, and it prefers demonstrative pronouns in the 3rd person, which make a three-way distinction between close, distant, and previously mentioned.

text:
Personal pronouns

singular
plural

1st person familiar

나 (na)
우리 (uri) 우리들 (urideul)

2nd person familiar

너 (neo)
너희 (neohui) 너희들 (neohuideul)

3rd person familiar

그 (geu)
그들 (geudeul)

1st person humble

저 (jeo)
저희 (jeohui) 저희들 (jeohuideul)

2nd/3rd person respectful

(see below)

text: The plural suffix -deul is also used with pronouns, both if it is necessary, as in geudeul (그들, "they"), and sometimes in some cases, like urideul (우리들), in which it is redundant.

text: Geu (그) has a range of meanings, "he," "she," or "it." Ambiguity and the ability of the Korean language to drop pronouns which can be reconstructed from context make geu be seldom used by itself, but it has enjoyed a revival recently as the translation of "he" in works translated from European languages.

text: The monosyllabic pronouns na (나), neo (너), and jeo (저),  add -i (이) or -i ga (이가) rather than the expected -ga (가) to form the nominative case (see below). That produces the forms nae (내), ne (네), and je (제).

text: Additionally, because many Koreans have lost the distinction between the vowels ae (애) and e (에), ne (네, "you") is dissimilating to ni (니).

text: In colloquial Korean, the topic forms naneun (나는, "me") and neoneun (너는, "you") are often pronounced and sometimes written as nan (난, "me") and neon (넌, "you").

text: Similarly, the accusative forms nareul (나를) and neoreul (너를) tend to become nal (날) and neol (널). The possessives na-ui (나의, "my"), neo-ui (너의, "your"), and jeo-ui (저의, "my") have the alternate forms nae (내), ne (네), and je (제).

text: The classifier jjog (쪽, "side") is also used when referring to people. Ijjog (이쪽, "this side") then means "this person, these people" (that is, he, she, or they), but it is further extended via "our side" as a polite form for "us" or "me".

text:
Demonstratives

Prefix
Object
Place

Near

i- 이
igeot 이것 "this"
igot 이곳, yeogi 여기 "here"

Given

geu- 그
geugeot 그것 "that"
geogi 거기 "there"

Far

jeo- 저
jeogeot 저것 "that"
jeogi 저기 "yonder"

Which?

eoneu 어느
mueot 무엇 "what?"
eodi 어디 "where?"

text: The "given" series is often called "medial" and is said to be close to the addressee rather than the speaker. However, they actually refer to referents already established in the conversation, whether near or far. With new referents, the near or far forms will be used.

text: In colloquial speech, the object words, composed of the prefix followed by the generic noun classifier geos (것), frequently omit the final s (pronounced t), with proximate igeos (이것) becoming igeo (이거) That occurs before case clitics as well, with the nominative form igeos-i (이것이) becoming ige (이게), topical igeos-eun (이것은) becoming igeon (이건), and accusative igeos-eul (이것을) becoming igeol (이걸, "this").

text: In colloquial Korean, interrogative mu-eos (무엇) contracts to mwo (뭐, "what") (often pronounced meo, as w tends to drop after m), and the accusative mu-eos-eul (무엇을) contracts to mwol (뭘, "what"). In literature, another set of contraction for mu-eos is available for senior or archaic speakers: "mu-eo" (무어) for mu-eos, "mu-e" (무에) for mu-eos-i, "mu-eol" (무얼) for mu-eos-eul. In addition is "mwos" (뭣), seldom used.

text: The word for "who" is nugu (누구) whose nominative is nuga (누가). "How many" is myeoch (몇).

text: An archaic alternative for nuga is "nwi" (뉘).

text: Second person reference[edit]

text: Korean has a T-V distinction in the second person. Neo (너) is the pronoun corresponding to Latin tu, but instead of a single equivalent to vos, several strategies are used:

text:
Leaving out the subject of the sentence if it can be implied by the context. In English, sentences need explicit subjects, but this is not so in conversational Korean.
Using the person's name when talking to someone younger. With older people, it is custom to use either a title or kinship term (see next point).
Using a kinship term: 언니 (eonni, "older sister" if speaker is female), 누나 (nuna, "older sister" if speaker is male), 오빠 (oppa, "older brother" if speaker is female), 형 (hyeong, "older brother" if speaker is male), 아줌마 (ajumma, "middle-aged woman"), 아주머니 (ajumeoni, also "middle aged woman" but more polite), 아저씨 (ajeossi, "middle-aged man"), 할머니 (halmeoni, "grandmother") of 할아버지 (harabeoji, "grandfather"). In Korea, it is common to use kinship terms for people who are not family at all. The term 아가씨 (agassi, "young lady") is preferable when addressing a young girl of unknown age. It is seen mostly used in public places like restaurants,but it will also sometimes be used by men in pick-up lines. By definition, the actual difference between 아가씨 and 아줌마 reside in marriage status and not age.
Using the appropriate title, usually ending in -nim: seonsaengnim ( 선생님, "teacher" although it is also often used as a general honorific term for other professions like managers) or gwajangnim (과장님 "director"), etc.
Using the plural yeoreobun (여러분, "ladies and gentlemen") where applicable.

text: If none of the above is possible, an honorific common noun, such as dangsin (당신, "said body") or jane (자네, "oneself") (used for "you" in the familiar speech level). The pseudo-pronoun dangsin is actually a noun, from the Sino-Korean loanword 當身 "the aforementioned body". There are many such pseudo-pronouns in Korean.

text: The methods are ambiguous: they can indicate a third person as well as a second person. For an honorific noun to be interpreted as a second person pronoun, it must agree with the speech level of the verb: the level of respect used must be consistent throughout the sentence. Korean verbs reflect the social status of the person being spoken to so if that same person or group of people listening is also mentioned in the sentence, neither reference should be higher than the other.

text: A lowly noun used with a high speech level, or an honorific noun used with a low speech level, will be interpreted as a third person pronoun.

text: For example, jane is used for "you" in the familiar speech level and is appropriate only as long as the familiar speech level itself is. The familiar speech level is used to talk in a friendly way to close friends and family who are younger or subordinate. In situations for which that speech level would be inappropriate or insulting, jane is too.

text: Even when the pronoun used and the speech level agree, there is still some possible ambiguity, but it can be resolved by context.


document_title: Fresh water

question_text: what are the four main sources of fresh water on earth

text: Fresh water

text: Definitions[edit]

text: Numerical definition[edit]

text: Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts.[1]

text:
Part of a series onWater salinity
Salinity levels
Fresh water (< 0.05%)Brackish water (0.05–3%)Saline water (3–5%)Brine (> 5%)

Bodies of water

Seawater
Salt lake
Hypersaline lake
Salt pan
Brine pool
Bodies by salinity

vte

text:
Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1000 ppm[2]
or 3000 ppm.[3]

text: Systems[edit]

text: Fresh water habitats are classified as either lentic systems, which are the still-waters including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires ; lotic which are running-water systems; or groundwaters which flow in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water.

text: The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps.

text: Sources[edit]

text: The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled.  In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry. In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers.

text: In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations.

text: In desert areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain-bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well-documented transfer of iron-rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the Sahara in north Africa.

text: Water distribution[edit]

text: Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers.[5][6] Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 22% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes, and 14% in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water.[7] In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water, such as deserts.

text: Aquatic organisms[edit]

text: Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree.

text: Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney.[8] Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The eel (Anguilla anguilla) uses the hormone prolactin,[9] while in salmon (Salmo salar) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process.[10]

text: Many sea birds have special glands at the base of the bill through which excess salt is excreted. Similarly the marine iguanas on the Galápagos Islands excrete excess salt through a nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion.

text: Freshwater molluscs include freshwater snails and freshwater bivalves. Freshwater crustaceans include freshwater crabs and crayfish.

text: Problems[edit]

text: Limited resource[edit]

text: Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource.  Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers, and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns as precipitation. Locally however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments.

text: Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally.[11]

text: The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources availability of clean fresh water. The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components: water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well.[12] Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication  also reduces the availability of fresh water.[13]

text: Many areas of the world are already experiencing stress on water availability (or water scarcity). Due to the accelerated pace of population growth and an increase in the amount of water a single person uses, it is expected that this situation will continue to get worse. A shortage of water in the future would be detrimental to the human population as it would affect everything from sanitation, to overall health and the production of grain.[14]

text: Minimum streamflow[edit]

text: An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow, especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations.[15] Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems.  The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down-stream ecosystems.

text:
Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose, excluding evaporation losses.
Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream.

text: Water pollution[edit]

text: Pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources.  The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina, on 15 January 1999, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals.[16] Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems.

text: Human uses[edit]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water,[17] this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems.

text: In Australia,  over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination.[17] With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate.[18]

text: Examples[edit]

text: One in eight people in the world do not having access to safe water[19] Innapropriate use of water may contribute to this problem. The following tables provide some indicators of water use.

text: Table 1 Recommended basic water requirements for human needs (per person) [20]

text:
Activity
Minimum, litres / day
Range / day

Drinking Water
5
2–5

Sanitation Services
20
20–75

Bathing
15
5–70

Cooking and Kitchen
10
10–50

text: Table 2. Water Requirements of different classes of livestock [21]

text:
Animal
Average / day
Range / day

Dairy cow
76 L (20 US gal)
57 to 95 L (15 to 25 US gal)

Cow-calf pair
57 L (15 US gal)
8 to 76 L (2 to 20 US gal)

Yearling cattle
38 L (10 US gal)
23 to 53 L (6 to 14 US gal)

Horse
38 L (10 US gal)
30 to 53 L (8 to 14 US gal)

Sheep
8 L (2 US gal)
8 to 11 L (2 to 3 US gal)

text: Table 3 Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs [22]

text:
Crop
Crop water needs mm / total growing period

Sugar Cane

1500–2500

Banana
1200–2200

Citrus

900–1200

Potato

500–700

Tomato

400–800

Barley/Oats/Wheat
450–650

Cabbage
350–500

Onions
350–550

Pea
350–500


document_title: List of Prime Ministers of Canada by date of death

question_text: prime ministers of canada who died in office

text: This is a complete list of Canadian Prime Ministers by date of death. As of November 2015, there are seven living former Prime Ministers (John Turner, Jean Chrétien, Paul Martin, Brian Mulroney, Joe Clark, Kim Campbell and Stephen Harper, in order from oldest to youngest), as well as the incumbent Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.

text:
Order of Death
Name
Date of
death
Order of Office
Cause of death
Age at Death
Place of death
Place of burial

1
John A. Macdonald
June 6, 1891
1
Stroke
76
Ottawa, Ontario
Cataraqui Cemetery, Kingston, Ontario

2
Alexander Mackenzie
April 17, 1892
2
Stroke from a fall hitting his head
70
Toronto, Ontario
Lakeview Cemetery Sarnia, Ontario

3
John Abbott
October 30, 1893
3
Brain cancer
72
Montreal, Quebec
Mount Royal Cemetery, Montreal, Quebec

4
John Thompson
December 12, 1894
4
heart attack
49
Windsor Castle, England
Holy Cross Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia

5
Charles Tupper
October 30, 1915
6
Heart failure
94
Bexleyheath, Kent, England
St. John's Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia.

6
Mackenzie Bowell
December 10, 1917
5
Pneumonia
93
Belleville, Ontario
Belleville Cemetery, Belleville, Ontario

7
Wilfrid Laurier
February 17, 1919
7
Stroke
77
Ottawa, Ontario
Notre Dame Cemetery, Ottawa, Ontario

8
Robert Borden
June 10, 1937
8
Heart failure
82
Ottawa, Ontario
Beechwood Cemetery, Ottawa, Ontario

9
R. B. Bennett
June 26, 1947
11
Heart attack while taking a bath
76
Mickleham, England
St. Michael's Churchyard, Mickleham, England

10
W. L. Mackenzie King
July 22, 1950
10
Pneumonia
75
Chelsea, Quebec
Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto

11
Arthur Meighen
August 5, 1960
9
Heart failure
86
Toronto, Ontario
St. Marys Cemetery, St. Marys, Ontario

12
Lester B. Pearson
December 27, 1972
14
Cancer
75
Ottawa, Ontario
MacLaren Cemetery, Wakefield, Quebec

13
Louis St. Laurent
July 25, 1973
12
Heart failure
91
Quebec City, Quebec
St. Thomas Aquinas Cemetery, Compton, Quebec

14
John Diefenbaker
August 16, 1979
13
Heart attack
83
Ottawa, Ontario
Diefenbaker Centre, University of Saskatchewan

15
Pierre Trudeau
September 28, 2000
15
Parkinson's disease and prostate cancer
80
Montreal, Quebec
St-Remi-de-Napierville Cemetery, Saint-Rémi, Quebec

text: Date of Death by Day in Calendar Year[edit]

text:
Order
Prime Minister
Date of Death
Zodiac sign

1
Wilfrid Laurier
February 17
Aquarius

2
Alexander Mackenzie
April 17
Aries

3
John A. Macdonald
June 6
Gemini

4
Robert Borden
June 10

5
R.B. Bennett
June 26
Cancer

6
W.L. Mackenzie King
July 22

7
Louis St. Laurent
July 25
Leo

8
Arthur Meighen
August 5

9
John Diefenbaker
August 16

10
Pierre Trudeau
September 28
Libra

11/12
John Abbott
October 30
Scorpio

Charles Tupper

13
Mackenzie Bowell
December 10
Sagittarius

14
John Thompson
December 12

15
Lester B. Pearson
December 27
Capricorn

text: Number of deaths by century[edit]

text: Facts[edit]

text:
John A. Macdonald and John Thompson were the only Prime Ministers to die in office.
Three Prime Ministers have died outside of Canada, all in Britain.
Richard Bennett is the only PM to die and be buried outside of Canada.
There has never been a year in which more than one Prime Minister has died.
The closest time between the death of two Prime Ministers is the 210 days between the death of Lester B. Pearson on December 27, 1972, and Louis St. Laurent on July 25, 1973.
The longest time between the death of two Prime Ministers is the 21 years and 43 days between the death of John Diefenbaker on August 16, 1979, and Pierre Trudeau on September 28, 2000.
Only one day - October 30 - is the death day of more than one Prime Minister. John Abbott died October 30, 1893, and Charles Tupper died October 30, 1915.
Wilfrid Laurier died earliest in the calendar year, on February 17, 1919. Lester B. Pearson died latest in the calendar year, on December 27, 1972.
June and December have the largest amount of Prime Minister's death dates, with 3 each.

John A. Macdonald, Robert Borden and R.B. Bennett all died in June.
Mackenzie Bowell, John Thompson and Lester B. Pearson all died in December.

Between the deaths of John A. Macdonald in 1891 and Pierre Trudeau in 2000, a Prime Minister has died in every decade except for the 1900s, 1920s, 1980s and 1990s.

text:
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text: Lists of Prime Ministers of Canada