document_title: The Royals (TV series)

question_text: where is the tv show the royals filmed

question_tokens: where is the tv show the royals filmed

text: The Royals (TV series)

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Helena is the matriarch of a fictional contemporary British royal family who must struggle with both common and atypical family dramas while in the public eye.[4][5] Twins Prince Liam and Princess Eleanor enjoy the hedonistic pleasures available to them as royals, knowing that their older brother Robert bears the responsibility of being heir to the throne of England. But when Robert is killed, the family is thrown into disarray and a grieving King Simon fears for the future of the monarchy. Unexpectedly next in line for the throne, Liam must adjust to his new role while navigating his attraction to Ophelia, the American daughter of the royal head of security. His self-destructive sister Eleanor finds rock-bottom when her bodyguard turns out to be a conman. Trying to preserve the status quo and keep the royal family under her control, Queen Helena allies herself with Simon's brother Cyrus to preserve their way of life at any cost.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Actor

Role

Description

Seasons

1

2

3

4

Vincent Regan

King Simon Henstridge

King of England; he dies at the end of season 1 and is initially succeeded by his brother when his surviving children are deemed illegitimate.

Main

Recurring

Guest

Elizabeth Hurley

Queen Helena Henstridge

Simon's wife, the Queen of England and later the Queen Mother in season 3

Main

William Moseley

Prince Liam Henstridge

Simon and Helena's second son, twin to Eleanor and heir to the throne after his elder brother Robert is killed

Main

Alexandra Park

Princess Eleanor Henstridge

Liam's twin sister

Main

Jake Maskall

Prince Cyrus Henstridge

Simon's brother the Duke of York, who succeeds him as king in season 2 but is removed in season 3 when Simon's presumed-dead son Robert reappears.

Main

Tom Austen

Jasper Frost

Royal bodyguard and Eleanor's on-again, off-again boyfriend, and fiancé in season 4

Main

Oliver Milburn

Ted Pryce

Head of royal security in seasons 1 and 2, and Ophelia's father

Main

Merritt Patterson

Ophelia Pryce

Liam's love interest in season 1, and daughter of Ted Pryce

Main

Guest

Genevieve Gaunt

Queen Wilhelmina "Willow" Henstridge (née Moreno)

A friend of Liam's who is later hired by Helena to be the family's social media manager. In season 4 she marries Robert, and becomes queen.

Recurring

Main

Max Brown

King Robert Henstridge

Simon and Helena's eldest son and heir to the throne; he is thought to have been killed in a plane crash, but he reappears in season 3 and ascends the throne. He marries Willow in season 4.

Main

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Actor

Role

Description

Seasons

1

2

3

4

Victoria Ekanoye

Rachel

Helena's secretary

Recurring

Lydia Rose Bewley

Princess Penelope Henstridge

Cyrus's older daughter

Recurring

Hatty Preston (season 1)  Jerry-Jane Pears (season 2)

Princess Maribel Henstridge

Cyrus's younger daughter

Recurring

Andrew Bicknell

Lucius

Secretary to Helena and later Cyrus

Recurring

Guest

Poppy Corby-Tuech

Prudence

A palace servant who becomes involved with Cyrus

Recurring

Manpreet Bachu

Ashok

Liam's friend

Recurring

Scott Maslen

James Holloway

A married politician and Cyrus's male sometimes-lover

Recurring

Simon Thomas

Nigel Moorefield

A politician and leader of the anti-monarchy movement

Recurring

Andrew Cooper

Twysden "Beck" Beckwith II

Best friend of Robert, longtime friend of Liam and love interest of Eleanor

Guest

Recurring

Guest

Does not appear

Joan Collins

Grand Duchess Alexandra of Oxford

Helena's mother

Guest

Recurring

Recurring

Thomas Christian

Brandon Boone

A mercenary responsible for Robert's plane crash

Recurring

Guest

Leanne Joyce

Imogen

A girl Eleanor befriends after touring a rehab center

Guest

Recurring

Tom Ainsley

Nick Roane

Ophelia's classmate and love interest

Recurring

Guest

Noah Huntley

Captain Alistair Lacey

Helena's lover

Recurring

Guest

Ukweli Roach

Marcus Jeffrys

Liam's bodyguard and confidante

Recurring

Sophie Colquhoun

Gemma Kensington

Liam's jewelry-heiress ex-girlfriend

Recurring

Rocky Marshall

James Hill

Eleanor's newest bodyguard, later head of royal security

Recurring

Tanveer Ghani

Crenshaw

A reporter

Recurring

Guest

Matthew Wolf

Jeffrey Stewart

Dominique Stewart's brother

Recurring

Guest

Does not appear

Laila Rouass

Rani

The Deputy Prime Minister

Recurring

Stephanie Vogt

Daphne Pryce

Ted's deceased wife

Recurring

Sarah Dumont

Mandy/Samantha Cook

Eleanor's American friend who shares a past with Jasper

Recurring

Keeley Hazell

Violet

A palace maid who is kind to Cyrus as he convalesces

Recurring

Guest

Ben Cura

Holden Avery

Liam's friend and Ivan's brother

Recurring

Alex Felton

Ivan Avery

Liam's friend and Holden's brother

Recurring

Jules Knight

Spencer Hoenigsberg

The Lord Chamberlain

Recurring

Does not appear

Miley Locke

Sara Alice Hill

James Hill's daughter

Recurring

Guest

Christina Wolfe

Kathryn Davis

Bartender friend and love interest of Liam, previously involved with Robert

Recurring

Tom Forbes

Charles Madden

Liam's friend

Recurring

Does not appear

Aoife McMahon

Veruca Popperwell, Duchess of Essex

Cyrus's ex-wife and the mother of his daughters

Recurring

Does not appear

Toby Sandeman

Prince Sebastian Idrisi

Eleanor's charity auction date who becomes a friend and confidante

Recurring

Margo Stilley

Harper

An unscrupulous American reporter

Recurring

Guest

Damian Hurley

Hansel von Liechtenstein

Crown Prince of Liechtenstein, and Helena's favourite reality TV star

Guest

Andrew Steele

Colin Yorke

A politician with whom Helena rekindles a past affair

Recurring

Emily Barber

Cassandra Von Halen

A candidate on the King's list of potential brides

Recurring

Richard Brake

Earl Frost / Count Bellagio

Jasper's father, a con man

Recurring

Nina Young

Felicity Moreno

Willow's mother

Guest

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In April 2013, E! announced several scripted projects it had in development, including The Royals, a "contemporary family ensemble is steeped in all of the regal opulence of the British Monarchy and framed by Shakespeare’s Hamlet."[6] Deadline Hollywood reported in June 2013 that E! would be producing pilots for The Royals and another series named Songbyrd, which would be the network's first scripted pilots to date.[7] The Royals was picked up for series in March 2014, to be shot in the United Kingdom and scheduled to debut in 2015.[8][9][10] Shooting for the first season began in London in June 2014.[11] In August 2014, E! released its first promotional trailer for The Royals.[12][13] The first season consisted of ten episodes.[14]

text: In December 2014, E! announced that the series would premiere on March 15, 2015.[15][16][17] The network later announced at the Television Critics Association press tour on January 15, 2015, that the series had been renewed for a second season, two months before its debut.[18][19] E!'s Executive Vice President of Original Programming & Development Jeff Olde noted that production for season two would begin in London in spring 2015.[19] Shooting officially resumed on June 15, 2015,[20] with season two premiering on November 15, 2015.[21] On January 5, 2016, E! renewed The Royals for a third season,[22][23][24] which premiered on December 4, 2016.[25] Several days before the season three finale, the series was renewed for a fourth season on February 16, 2017,[26] which premiered on March 11, 2018.[27]

text: Schwahn was suspended from the series after the completion of season four filming on November 15, 2017, following sexual harassment allegations against him by female casts and crew of both The Royals and his previous series One Tree Hill came to light.[28] He was subsequently fired from the series on December 22, 2017.[29] On August 16, 2018, it was announced that E! had canceled the series after four seasons. Additionally, it was reported that Lionsgate Television was shopping the series to other networks with discussions already underway for a pick-up by sister network Pop.[3]

text: The production uses Blenheim Palace as its fictional royal palace.[30] In season two, the production also filmed at Allington Castle and Boughton Monchelsea Place in Kent.[31]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In September 2013, Hurley was cast in the leading role of Queen Helena.[32] Soon after, Moseley was cast as Helena's son Liam,[33] followed by Park as Liam's twin sister Eleanor and Haley Lu Richardson as his love interest, Ophelia.[34] The rest of the pilot's cast included Regan, Austen, Maskall, Roach and Milburn.[8][9] After the series pickup, Merritt Patterson replaced Richardson as Ophelia in June 2014,[35][36] as shooting for the first season began in London.[11] Additional recurring roles included Bewley and Preston as Cyrus' eccentric daughters Penelope and Maribel,[37] and Colquhoun as Gemma, Liam's heiress ex-girlfriend.[38] In August 2014, People reported that Joan Collins would guest star as the Grand Duchess of Oxford, Helena's mother.[39][40][41]

text: In June 2015, Laila Rouass was cast as Rani, the Deputy Prime Minister whom the actress calls "Elizabeth Hurley’s arch-enemy".[42] For season 2, Hatty Preston was replaced as Princess Maribel with Jerry-Jane Pears, the difference in their appearance explained by plastic surgery.[43]

text: In June 2016, Max Brown was cast as Prince Robert, the presumed-dead eldest son of Simon and Helena,[44] and Jules Knight was cast as Spencer Koenigsberg, Helena's new Lord Chamberlain.[45] Genevieve Gaunt, who played Liam's potential love interest Willow in season 2, was also promoted from recurring to series regular for season 3.[45] Hurley's son Damian Hurley was cast in a guest star role in July 2016.[46]

text: Concept and characterization[edit]

text: The Royals is loosely based on the Michelle Ray novel Falling for Hamlet.[2] Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times described the show as "a tongue-in-cheek nighttime soap" and "a Dynasty about a real dynasty".[47] Creator Schwahn said of the series, "It's a family drama. It's about a family, and it just happens to be a royal family ... [but] not the royal family."[48] Hurley called The Royals "a very nice combination of what the public sees and what the public will never see."[49] Of the concept, Schwann said:

text: I just thought it would be really interesting to take a look behind the curtain ... Who are these people? What do they want? What will they do to get it? I thought it was really fascinating and a great idea for the foundation of a story.[49]

text: Schwahn said of Hurley, "I tell her every day that this was the role that she was meant to play ... she has found her lot in life"[50] Of her character, Hurley commented "this queen is very matriarchal ... she has a lot of power and I think she knows how to use it."[50] She noted, however, that "there's no correlation at all between Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth and my Queen Helena... If Princess Diana [sic], for example, had become queen of England, that would be a more similar age group."[51] Hurley later said that the character of Helena was inspired by Diana, but "some of it we picked from Cruella de Vil, the Disney character."[48] Noting that "most of the characters on The Royals are going to be walking a fine line between 'good' and 'bad',"[48] Schwahn said:

text: Elizabeth has been very brave in approaching the more villainous aspects of the character ... I was working with Elizabeth on wardrobe and she asked, 'Why not add in bits of fur? I think the queen should wear bits of cruelty once in a while.'[48]

text: Regan said of his character, the "soft-spoken" King Simon: "He's coping with a great deal of grief for the loss of his eldest son, Robert ... He's coping with that and trying to work out how the royal family can exist in the world they're now in."[50] Moseley commented on his own storyline as playboy Prince Liam, "it's like (if) Prince Harry was thrown into being the next King of England [sic]."[51] "He basically is sort of a rebel ... doesn't really care what anybody thinks, does whatever he wants to do, when he wants to do it," he later added.[50] Park said of her wild Princess Eleanor, "she's young and trying to find where her place is in the world. She's a party girl."[50] Austen said of bodyguard Jasper, "He's a very mysterious character ... you never know what to expect from him. There's a lot of stuff that only Mark [Schwahn] and me know about, so there's a lot of secrets on set."[52] Calling the show "uncompromising", Austen added, "It's about the lives of these people and it doesn't try to pretend that they would try to do anything different than the way they would. They're all human beings with flaws, some more than others, and the show doesn't shy away from that."[52]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired110March 15, 2015 (2015-03-15)May 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)210November 15, 2015 (2015-11-15)January 17, 2016 (2016-01-17)310December 4, 2016 (2016-12-04)February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19)410March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)May 13, 2018 (2018-05-13)

text: Promotion[edit]

text: In January 2015, Collins commented on the public anticipation for The Royals, saying "I know there’s been a lot of excitement about it in the British press."[18] Hurley suggested that fans of Dynasty and Gossip Girl would enjoy the series.[51]

text: In March 2015, a viral video of a naked man climbing out a window of Buckingham Palace on a bedsheet during the changing of the Queen's Guard, presumed to be a hoax, was publicized internationally by a variety of sources including Cosmopolitan and the Daily Mail.[53][54] The video turned out to be a publicity stunt to promote The Royals via the show's own fictional tabloid, D-Throned.[55]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The initial reviews were largely negative. Jane Mulkerrins of The Telegraph described The Royals as "a sexy and soapy portrayal of palace life", but noted that it "lacks the sophistication" of Gossip Girl and "the compelling melodrama" of The O.C.[56] Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times called the show "a mischievous sendup" and Hurley "amusing", but said overall that the series "gets old, and dull, very quickly."[47] Nancy Dewolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal described The Royals as "a trashy soap opera that's not bad enough to be funny and is best when it wallows in melodrama",[57] and David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle called the show "entertaining but disappointingly toothless".[58] The Sydney Morning Herald described the series as "possibly the worst show in the history of TV", criticizing it as "a bunch of bed-hopping halfwits saddled with ... very, very lousy dialogue".[59] The Independent agreed, calling The Royals "probably" the "worst series ever made".[60] Vicki Hyman of NJ.com said the show was "a royal failure," describing it as "crass and, for long stretches, tedious."[61] The Hollywood Reporter described The Royals as being "like an extended MTV music video interspersed with dialogue" and called it "interminably boring".[62] The Los Angeles Times panned the series, declaring that "camp requires courage, and The Royals has none",[63] while Margaret Lyons of Vulture said the show was "flaccid, weirdly paced, and badly cast."[64] Variety called The Royals "bloody bad",[2] and the Chicago Reader advised viewers to "think of the worst hour-long prime-time soap operas to have assaulted our senses over the past 30 or so years, then go ahead and add this one to your brain's trash heap."[65]

text: Conversely, David Hinckley of the New York Daily News wrote that The Royals "doesn’t pretend to be much more than good fun, and it delivers that."[66] Diane Gordon of TheWrap described the show as "addictive, naughty and just the right amount of silly ... it left me wanting more".[67] Calling it "an escapist fantasy", Amanda Michelle Steiner of People wrote that "The Royals is everything that's been missing from your life since Gossip Girl and The O.C.."[37] Ellen Gray of Philly.com also called it "silly but potentially addictive".[68] Kevin Fallon of The Daily Beast added that "once you commit yourself to the trashy abandon of The Royals, the one critique of the show might be that the abandon isn’t reckless or campy enough".[69] Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly agreed, noting that the show "actually isn't bad ... if anything, you'll wish The Royals were trashier".[70]

text: The performances have generally received praise. Jensen called the acting "uniformly good",[70] and Fallon deemed Hurley "fantastic in this role".[69] Wiegand added, "The unquestionable highlight of the series is the mother-and-daughter reunion between Queen Helena [Hurley] and the Grand Duchess of Oxford [Joan Collins]".[58] Dewolf Smith singled out Park's Eleanor as "the best and worst of what The Royals has to offer" and noted that Hatty Preston and Lydia Rose Bewley "steal their scenes in an Absolutely Fabulous sort of way".[57] Steiner concurred, writing "[Preston and Bewley's] banter is possibly the best part of the premiere."[37]

text: U.S. ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

Air date

Time slot (EST)

Rating/Share (18–49)

Viewers (m)

1

"Stand and Unfold Yourself"

March 15, 2015 (2015-03-15)

Sunday10:00 p.m.

0.50[71]

1.412[71]

2

"Infants of the Spring"

March 22, 2015 (2015-03-22)

0.60[72]

1.321[72]

3

"We Are Pictures, or Mere Beasts"

March 29, 2015 (2015-03-29)

0.333[73]

0.825[73]

4

"Sweet, Not Lasting"

April 5, 2015 (2015-04-05)

0.51[74]

1.119[74]

5

"Unmask Her Beauty to the Moon"

April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)

0.46[75]

1.070[75]

6

"The Slings and Arrows of Outrageous Fortune"

April 19, 2015 (2015-04-19)

0.45[76]

1.123[76]

7

"Your Sovereignty of Reason"

April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)

0.52[77]

1.125[77]

8

"The Great Man Down"

May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)

0.55[78]

1.185[78]

9

"In My Heart There Was a Kind of Fighting"

May 10, 2015 (2015-05-10)

0.56[79]

1.172[79]

10

"Our Wills and Fates Do So Contrary Run"

May 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)

0.53[80]

1.148[80]

11

"It Is Not, nor It Cannot Come to Good"

November 15, 2015 (2015-11-15)

0.41[81]

0.841[81]

12

"Welcome Is Fashion and Ceremony"

November 22, 2015 (2015-11-22)

0.40[82]

0.725[82]

13

"Is Not This Something More Than Fantasy?"

November 29, 2015 (2015-11-29)

0.24[83]

0.532[83]

14

"What, Has This Thing Appear'd Again Tonight?"

December 6, 2015 (2015-12-06)

0.31[84]

0.627[84]

15

"The Spirit That I Have Seen"

December 13, 2015 (2015-12-13)

0.28[85]

0.653[85]

16

"Doubt Truth to Be a Liar"

December 20, 2015 (2015-12-20)

0.30[86]

0.705[86]

17

"Taint Not Thy Mind, nor Let Thy Soul Contrive Against Thy Mother"

December 27, 2015 (2015-12-27)

0.26[87]

0.671[87]

18

"Be All My Sins Remembered"

January 3, 2016 (2016-01-03)

0.37[88]

0.824[88]

19

"And Then It Started Like a Guilty Thing"

January 10, 2016 (2016-01-10)

0.38[89]

0.814[89]

20

"The Serpent That Did Sting Thy Father's Life"

January 17, 2016 (2016-01-17)

0.40[90]

0.848[90]

21

"Together With Remembrance of Ourselves"

December 4, 2016 (2016-12-04)

0.26[91]

0.609[91]

22

"Passing Through Nature to Eternity"

December 11, 2016 (2016-12-11)

0.31[92]

0.679[92]

23

"Aye, There's the Rub"

December 18, 2016 (2016-12-18)

0.21[93]

0.532[93]

24

"Our (Late) Dear Brother's Death"

January 1, 2017 (2017-01-01)

0.20[94]

0.458[94]

25

"Born to Set it Right"

January 8, 2017 (2017-01-08)

0.26[95]

0.535[95]

26

"More Than Kin, and Less Than Kind"

January 15, 2017 (2017-01-15)

0.21[96]

0.464[96]

27

"The Counterfeit Presentment of Two Brothers"

January 22, 2017 (2017-01-22)

0.23[97]

0.565[97]

28

"In the Same Figure, Like the King That's Dead"

January 29, 2017 (2017-01-29)

0.20[98]

0.502[98]

29

"O, Farewell, Honest Soldier"

February 12, 2017 (2017-02-12)

0.17[99]

0.466[99]

30

"To Show My Duty in Your Coronation"

February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19)

0.20[100]

0.520[100]

text: Broadcast, home video, and streaming[edit]

text: The Royals airs on E! in the United States and Canada.[15][16][17] It also aired on E! in the United Kingdom and Ireland,[101] although the channel dropped the series after season two.[102] In Germany the series is shown on Pro Sieben.[103] Amazon.com acquired exclusive subscription streaming rights to The Royals in October 2015,[104] making the first season of the show available to stream for Amazon Prime subscribers.[105]  The first season is also available on the E Now mobile app (for cable subscribers), as well as the Canadian OTT video service CraveTV.[106] Outside of the SVOD and cable subscription space, the show is available from electronic sell-through platforms such as iTunes,[107] Amazon Instant Video[108] and Vudu.[109]

text: DVD release[edit]

text:
Name

Release dates

Ep #

Additional information

Region 1

Region 2

Region 4

The Complete First Season

August 18, 2015[110]

July 27, 2015[111]

10

English/Spanish subtitles

The Complete Second Season

March 22, 2016[112]

April 18, 2016[113]

10

English/Spanish subtitles, Region 1 contains digital copies of episodes


document_title: Stomach

question_text: whats the lower part of your stomach called

root

text: Stomach

text: Structure[edit]

text: In humans, the stomach lies between the oesophagus and the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is in the left upper part of the abdominal cavity. The top of the stomach lies against the diaphragm. Lying behind the stomach is the pancreas. A large double fold of visceral peritoneum called the greater omentum hangs down from the greater curvature of the stomach. Two sphincters keep the contents of the stomach contained; the lower oesophageal sphincter  (found in the cardiac region), at the junction of the oesophagus and stomach, and the pyloric sphincter at the junction of the stomach with the duodenum.

tag: p

text: The stomach is surrounded by parasympathetic (stimulant) and sympathetic (inhibitor) plexuses (networks of blood vessels and nerves in the anterior gastric, posterior, superior and inferior, celiac and myenteric), which regulate both the secretory activity of the stomach and the motor (motion) activity of its muscles.

text: In adult humans, the stomach has a relaxed, near empty volume of about 75 millilitres.[4] Because it is a distensible organ, it normally expands to hold about one litre of food.[5] The stomach of a newborn human baby will only be able to retain about 30 millilitres.

text: Sections[edit]

text: In classical anatomy, the human stomach is divided into four sections, beginning at the gastric cardia,[6] each of which has different cells and functions.

text:
The cardia is where the contents of the oesophagus empty into the stomach. The cardia is defined as the region following the "z-line" of the gastroesophageal junction, the point at which the epithelium changes from stratified squamous to columnar. Near the cardia is the lower oesophageal sphincter.[7] Recent research has shown that the cardia is not an anatomically distinct region of the stomach but a region of the oesophageal lining damaged by reflux.[8]
The fundus (from Latin, "bottom") is formed by the upper curvature of the organ.
The body is the main, central region.
The pylorus (from Greek, "gatekeeper") is the lower section of the organ that facilitates emptying the contents into the small intestine.

tag: ul

text: Blood supply[edit]

text: The lesser curvature of the human stomach is supplied by the right gastric artery inferiorly, and the left gastric artery superiorly, which also supplies the cardiac region. The greater curvature is supplied by the right gastroepiploic artery inferiorly and the  left gastroepiploic artery superiorly. The fundus of the stomach, and also the upper portion of the greater curvature, is supplied by the short gastric artery which arises from the splenic artery.

text: Histology[edit]

text: Like the other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, the human stomach walls consist of an outer mucosa, inner submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.

text: The gastric mucosa of the stomach consists of the epithelium and the lamina propria (composed of loose connective tissue), with a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae separating it from the submucosa beneath. The submucosa lies under the mucosa and consists of fibrous connective tissue, separating the mucosa from the next layer. Meissner's plexus is in this layer. The muscularis externa lies beneath the submucosa and is unique from other organs of the gastrointestinal tract, consisting of three layers:

text:
The inner oblique layer: This layer is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically breaks down the food. It is the only layer of the three which is not seen in other parts of the digestive system. The antrum has thicker skin cells in its walls and performs more forceful contractions than the fundus.
The middle circular layer: At this layer, the pylorus is surrounded by a thick circular muscular wall, which is normally tonically constricted, forming a functional (if not anatomically discrete) pyloric sphincter, which controls the movement of chyme into the duodenum. This layer is concentric to the longitudinal axis of the stomach.
Auerbach's plexus (AKA myenteric plexus) is found between the outer longitudinal and the middle circular layer and is responsible for the innervation of both (causing peristalsis and mixing)
The outer longitudinal layer is responsible for moving the bolus towards the pylorus of the stomach through muscular shortening.

text: The stomach also possesses a serosa, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum.

text: Gastric glands[edit]

text: In humans, different types of cells are found at the different layers of the gastric glands:

text:
Layer of stomach
Name
Secretion
Region of stomach
Staining

Isthmus of gland
Foveolar cells
Mucus gel layer
Fundic, cardiac, pyloric
Clear

Body of gland
Parietal (oxyntic) cells
Gastric acid and intrinsic factor
Fundic only
Acidophilic

Base of gland
Chief (zymogenic) cells
Pepsinogen and gastric lipase
Fundic only
Basophilic

Base of gland
Enteroendocrine (APUD) cells
Hormones gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin and somatostatin
Fundic, cardiac, pyloric
–

tag: table

text:
Human cardiac glands (at cardia)

Human pyloric glands (at pylorus)

Human fundic glands (at fundus)

text: Development[edit]

text: In early human embryogenesis, the ventral part of the embryo abuts the yolk sac. During the second week of development, as the embryo grows, it begins to surround parts of the sac. The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract.[10] The sac is surrounded by a network of vitelline arteries. Over time, these arteries consolidate into the three main arteries that supply the developing gastrointestinal tract: the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery. The areas supplied by these arteries are used to define the foregut, midgut, and hindgut.[10] The surrounded sac becomes the primitive gut. Sections of this gut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, and the esophagus, and stomach form from the foregut.[10]

text: Function[edit]

text: Digestion[edit]

text: In the human digestive system, a bolus (a small rounded mass of chewed up food) enters the stomach through the oesophagus via the lower oesophageal sphincter. The stomach releases proteases (protein-digesting enzymes such as pepsin) and hydrochloric acid, which kills or inhibits bacteria and provides the acidic pH of 2 for the proteases to work. Food is churned by the stomach through muscular contractions of the wall called peristalsis – reducing the volume of the fundus, before looping around the fundus[11] and the body of stomach as the boluses are converted into chyme (partially digested food). Chyme slowly passes through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum of the small intestine, where the extraction of nutrients begins. Depending on the quantity and contents of the meal, the stomach will digest the food into chyme within anywhere between forty minutes and a few hours. The average human stomach can comfortably hold about a litre of food.

text: Gastric juice in the stomach also contains pepsinogen. Hydrochloric acid activates this inactive form of enzyme into the active form, pepsin. Pepsin breaks down proteins into polypeptides.

text: Absorption[edit]

text: Although the absorption in the human digestive system is mainly a function of the small intestine, some absorption of certain small molecules nevertheless does occur in the stomach through its lining. This includes:

text:
Water, if the body is dehydrated
Medication, like aspirin
Amino acids[12]
10–20% of ingested ethanol (e.g. from alcoholic beverages)[13]
Caffeine[14]
To a small extent water-soluble vitamins (most are absorbed in the small intestine)[15]

text: The parietal cells of the human stomach are responsible for producing intrinsic factor, which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. B12 is used in cellular metabolism and is necessary for the production of red blood cells, and the functioning of the nervous system.

text: Control of secretion and motility[edit]

text: The movement and the flow of chemicals into the stomach are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and by the various digestive hormones of the digestive system:

text:
Gastrin
The hormone gastrin causes an increase in the secretion of HCl from the parietal cells, and pepsinogen from chief cells in the stomach. It also causes increased motility in the stomach. Gastrin is released by G cells in the stomach in response to distension of the antrum, and digestive products (especially large quantities of incompletely digested proteins). It is inhibited by a pH normally less than 4 (high acid), as well as the hormone somatostatin.

Cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin (CCK) has most effect on the gall bladder, causing gall bladder contractions, but it also decreases gastric emptying and increases release of pancreatic juice which is alkaline and neutralizes the chyme. CCK is synthesized by I-cells in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine.

Secretin
In a different and rare manner, secretin, produced in the small intestine, has most effects on the pancreas, but will also diminish acid secretion in the stomach.

Gastric inhibitory peptide
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) decreases both gastric acid release and motility.

Enteroglucagon
Enteroglucagon decreases both gastric acid and motility.

text: Other than gastrin, these hormones all act to turn off the stomach action. This is in response to food products in the liver and gall bladder, which have not yet been absorbed. The stomach needs to push food into the small intestine only when the intestine is not busy. While the intestine is full and still digesting food, the stomach acts as storage for food.

text: Stomach acid[edit]

text: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival.[16]  EGF is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide first purified from the mouse submandibular gland, but since then found in many human tissues including the submandibular gland, and the parotid gland. Salivary EGF, which seems also regulated by dietary inorganic iodine, plays also an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-oesophageal and gastric tissue integrity. The biological effects of salivary EGF include healing of oral and gastroesophageal ulcers, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis, and mucosal protection from intraluminal injurious factors such as gastric acid, bile acids, pepsin, and trypsin and from physical, chemical, and bacterial agents.[17]

text: Stomach as nutrition sensor[edit]

text: The human stomach can "taste" sodium glutamate using glutamate receptors[18] and this information is passed to the lateral hypothalamus and limbic system in the brain as a palatability signal through the vagus nerve.[19] The stomach can also sense, independently of tongue and oral taste receptors, glucose,[20] carbohydrates,[21] proteins,[21] and fats.[22] This allows the brain to link nutritional value of foods to their tastes.[20]

text: Gene and protein expression[edit]

text: About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and nearly 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal stomach.[23][24] Just over 150 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the stomach compared to other organs, with only some 20 genes being highly specific. The corresponding specific proteins expressed in stomach are mainly involved in creating a suitable environment for handling the digestion of food for uptake of nutrients. Highly stomach-specific proteins include GKN1, expressed in the mucosa; pepsinogen PGC and the lipase LIPF, expressed in chief cells; and gastric ATPase ATP4A and gastric intrinsic factor GIF, expressed in parietal cells.[25]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Diseases[edit]

text: A series of radiographs can be used to examine the stomach for various disorders. This will often include the use of a swallow barium. Another method of examination of the stomach, is the use of an endoscope. A gastric emptying scan is considered the gold standard to assess gastric emptying rate.[26]

text: A large number of studies have indicated that most cases of peptic ulcers, and gastritis, in humans are caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, and an association has been seen with the development of stomach cancer.[27]

text:
A stomach rumble is actually noise from the intestines.
The stomach has to regenerate a new layer of mucus every two weeks, or else damage to the epithelium may result.

text: Surgery[edit]

text: In humans, many bariatric surgery procedures involve the stomach, in order to lose weight. A gastric band may be placed around the cardia area, which can adjust to limit intake. The anatomy of the stomach may be modified, or the stomach may be bypassed entirely.

text: Surgical removal of the stomach is called a gastrectomy, and removal of the cardia area is a called a cardiectomy.  "Cardiectomy" is a term that is also used to describe the removal of the heart.[28][29][30] A gastrectomy may be carried out because of gastric cancer or severe perforation of the stomach wall.

text: History[edit]

text: There were previously conflicting statements in the academic anatomy community[31][32][33] over whether the cardia is part of the stomach, part of the oesophagus or a distinct entity. Modern surgical and medical textbooks have agreed that "The gastric cardia is now clearly considered to be part of the stomach."[34][35]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word stomach is derived from the Latin stomachus which is derived from the Greek word stomachos (στόμαχος), ultimately from stoma (στόμα), "mouth".[36]  The words gastro- and gastric (meaning related to the stomach) are both derived from the Greek word gaster (γαστήρ, meaning "belly"[37][38]).[39]

text: Other animals[edit]

text:
Comparison of stomach glandular regions from several mammalian species. Frequency of glands may vary more smoothly between regions than is diagrammed here.  Asterisk (ruminant) represents the omasum, which is absent in Tylopoda (Tylopoda also has some cardiac glands opening onto ventral reticulum and rumen[40])  Many other variations exist among the mammals.[41][42]

Yellow
Oesophagus
Green
Glandular epithelium
Purple
Cardiac glands
Red
Gastric glands
Blue
Pyloric glands
Dark blue
Duodenum

text: Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the oesophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter. However, lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras, lungfishes, and some teleost fish have no stomach at all, with the oesophagus opening directly into the anus. These animals all consume diets that either require little storage of food, or no pre-digestion with gastric juices, or both.[43]

text: The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands, and a posterior with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to mammals, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in humans. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the oesophagus. Ruminants, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with oesophageal mucosa.[43]

text: In birds and crocodilians, the stomach is divided into two regions. Anteriorly is a narrow tubular region, the proventriculus, lined by fundic glands, and connecting the true stomach to the crop. Beyond lies the powerful muscular gizzard, lined by pyloric glands, and, in some species, containing stones that the animal swallows to help grind up food.[43]

text: In insects there is also a crop. The insect stomach is called the midgut.

text: Information about the stomach in echinoderms or molluscs can be found under the respective articles.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Greater omentum and stomach of humans

Human stomach

A more realistic image, showing the celiac artery and its branches in humans; the liver has been raised, and the lesser omentum and anterior layer of the greater omentum removed.

An autopsy of a human stomach. 2012 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología

Human stomach

The gastrointestinal wall of the human stomach.

Endoscopic image of human fundic gland polyposis.


document_title: Gardeners' World

question_text: who presented gardeners world from 2008 to 2010

text: Gardeners' World

text: Locations[edit]

text: The show was presented until 2003 from the lead presenter's own garden.

text:
First was Percy Thrower's The Magnolias in Shrewsbury
Then Arthur Billitt's Clack's Farm at Ombersley in Worcestershire
Followed by two gardens, both called Barnsdale, owned by Geoff Hamilton in Rutland
Next was Alan Titchmarsh's garden at Woodroyd in Alton, Hampshire, renamed Barleywood for the programme
Next was a rented garden, called Burmans Farm at Shottery (52°11′29.59″N 1°44′6.4″W / 52.1915528°N 1.735111°W / 52.1915528; -1.735111) in Stratford-upon-Avon which was called Berryfields for the purposes of the programme although it was often described as a 'top secret location near Birmingham'
Partly as a result of changes in the presenters, for the 2009 series the garden was relocated to Edgbaston in Birmingham.[2] A playing-field was redeveloped and this garden was given the name Greenacre. This garden was intended to be a permanent home for the programme.
In 2011, with the return of Monty Don, the base relocated to Don's own garden Longmeadow in Herefordshire(52°12′22.4″N 2°46′49.2″W / 52.206222°N 2.780333°W / 52.206222; -2.780333).

text: Critical response[edit]

text: As the primary gardening programme on BBC Television, the programme has attracted vocal opinion on the merits both of its presenters and its content. The 2009 season introduced several new features, many of which were not well received. Criticism was especially harsh regarding the high cost of certain features such as the hard landscaping and raised-beds and what was widely regarded as the dumbed-down and derivative content.[3] The 'Cool Wall' which mimicked Top Gear, a competition for training places which aped The Apprentice, children from CBeebies and content such as a feature on garden gnomes annoyed many viewers. Much of the widespread criticism was also directed at the fact that the show no longer came from a real garden.[4] But 'Greenacre' was a field, part of Winterbourne Botanic Garden in Birmingham.[5]

text: The 2010 show saw public approval change, after alterations to the show's production. The show's length was returned to the original 30 minutes and several features of the 2009 series, such as the '30 second fix', were dropped. The show concentrated more on gardening content,[6] reintroducing 'Jobs for the weekend' and focusing on plant species.

text: In March 2011 Monty Don returned as the main presenter of the programme.[7][8]

text: In 2016 new executive producer Paolo Proto (previously producer of the Great British Bake Off) extended the programme from 30 minutes to one hour in September and October, also introducing new presenters Adam Frost, Frances Tophill, Nick Bailey, Nick Macer and Florence Headlam.[9]

text: Presenters[edit]

text: Lead[edit]

text: Lead presenters have included:

text:
Ken Burras (1968–1969) [10]
Percy Thrower (1969–1976)
Arthur Billitt (1976–1979)
Geoff Hamilton (1979–1996)
Geoffrey Smith (1980–1982)
Alan Titchmarsh (1996–2002)
Monty Don (2003–2008)
Toby Buckland (2008–2010)
Monty Don (2011 –)

text: Co-presenters[edit]

text: Co-presenters have included: Alys Fowler, Chris Baines, Chris Beardshaw, Mary Spiller, Liz Rigby, Diarmuid Gavin, Clay Jones, Stefan Buczacki, Christine Walkden, Sarah Raven, Gay Search, Anne Swithinbank, Nigel Colborn, Geoffrey Smith, Roy Lancaster, Peter Seabrook, Joe Swift, Ali Ward, Pippa Greenwood, Rachel De Thame, Carol Klein, Bob Flowerdew, and John Kelly.

text: Theme tunes[edit]

text: The very first theme tune to the series in 1968 was a piece composed by Peter Craddy and played by Michael Saxton on clarinet. A year later this was replaced by the long-running Green Fingers composed by John Clarke and Reg Reid, played by Harold Rich & His Players, a version of which, with sweeping strings, was soon used. The most famous theme, which had the longest run from the late 1980s through the 1990s and is still heard in a slightly classical vein today, is a guitar piece that was composed by Nick Webb and Greg Carmichael. It had two titles, one for commercial release and one for library, Morning Light and Natural Elements. Natural Elements was the title track of a commercial album released in 1988 on MCA Records under the composers' band name of Acoustic Alchemy.

text: Links and spin offs[edit]

text: The former lead presenter, Alan Titchmarsh, teamed up with Charlie Dimmock and Tommy Walsh to make the series Ground Force. This was about rapid garden makeovers.

text: A book based on the history of the series entitled Gardeners' World Through The Years was released in 2003 by Gay Search.

text: BBC Gardeners' World Live[edit]

text: The BBC Gardeners' World Live Show is an extension of the television programme and magazine. Running annually in June, it is hosted at the Birmingham NEC,[11] co-located with the BBC Summer Good Food Show.

text: The show includes live appearances from the presenters giving topical advice and tips including many of the presenters. Most recently the show had a line up including Alan Titchmarsh, Monty Don, Carol Klien and Joe Swift. In previous years the line up has also included Toby Buckland, Alys Fowler, Chris Baines, Diarmuid Gavin, Anne Swithinbank, Pippa Greenwood, Rachel de Thame and Bob Flowerdew.

text: The presenters film at BBC Gardeners' World Live, with the content aired within the programme on the Friday night of the live show.

text: A number of new rose varieties have been launched at the show including

text:
2016: Roses UK presented the new 'Eve Rose' to Simon Lycett on behalf of the Eve Foundation
2008: Rachel de Thame presented the new rose 'Prince Caspian' to actor Ben Barnes
2005: The show presented the new 'Duchess of Cornwall' rose to the Duchess of Cornwall


document_title: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1972

question_text: what song was number one on august 15 1972

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: These are the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1972.

text:
Key

Indicates number-one single of 1972

text:
Issue date

Song

Artist(s)

Reference

January 1

"Brand New Key"

Melanie

January 8

January 15

"American Pie"

Don McLean

January 22

January 29

February 5

February 12

"Let's Stay Together"

Al Green

February 19

"Without You"

Nilsson

February 26

March 4

March 11

March 18

"Heart of Gold"

Neil Young

March 25

"A Horse with No Name"

America

April 1

April 8

April 15

"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"

Roberta Flack

April 22

April 29

May 6

May 13

May 20

May 27

"Oh Girl"

The Chi-Lites

June 3

"I'll Take You There"

The Staple Singers

June 10

"The Candy Man"

Sammy Davis Jr.

June 17

June 24

July 1

"Song Sung Blue"

Neil Diamond

July 8

"Lean on Me"

Bill Withers

July 15

July 22

July 29

"Alone Again (Naturally)"

Gilbert O'Sullivan

August 5

August 12

August 19

August 26

"Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)"

Looking Glass

September 2

"Alone Again (Naturally)"

Gilbert O'Sullivan

September 9

September 16

"Black and White"

Three Dog Night

September 23

"Baby, Don't Get Hooked on Me"

Mac Davis

September 30

October 7

October 14

"Ben"

Michael Jackson

October 21

"My Ding-a-Ling"

Chuck Berry

October 28

November 4

"I Can See Clearly Now"

Johnny Nash

November 11

November 18

November 25

December 2

"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone"

The Temptations

December 9

"I Am Woman"

Helen Reddy

December 16

"Me and Mrs. Jones"

Billy Paul

December 23

December 30


question_text: who sang simon smith and his dancing bear

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: "Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear" is a song written by Randy Newman, about a sincere young man of modest means named Simon Smith who entertains affluent ("well-fed") members of the public with his dancing bear.

text: Newman later said the song was a major stepping point in his writing style. "That was the first one I wrote like that. I was writing a song, believe it or not, for Frank Sinatra, Jr. And it was called something like “Susie” or “Mary” and I just all of the sudden couldn’t do it. So I ended up somewhere with “coat to wear” and “dancing bear”. There I was, and I just sort of followed it on. And then I was never the same. And I never wrote particularly conventional songs after that."[1]

text: It was popularized in the UK by the Alan Price Set under the title "Simon Smith and His Amazing Dancing Bear", where it reached #4 in 1967. The song was also covered by such diverse singers as Harry Nilsson, Morrissey, Harpers Bizarre, Bobby Short, Akiko Yano, and the band Okkervil River. It appeared in the first episode of The Muppet Show, sung by the character Scooter as Simon Smith, with Fozzie Bear as the dancing bear.

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Randy Newman

Studio albums

Randy Newman (1968)
12 Songs (1970)
Sail Away (1972)
Good Old Boys (1974)
Little Criminals (1977)
Born Again (1979)
Trouble in Paradise (1983)
Land of Dreams (1988)
Bad Love (1999)
Harps and Angels (2008)
Dark Matter (2017)

Live albums

Randy Newman Live (1971)

Compilations

Lonely at the Top: The Best of Randy Newman (1987)
Guilty: 30 Years of Randy Newman (1998)
The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 1 (2003)
The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 2 (2011)

Musicals

Randy Newman's Faust (1995)

Films scored

Cold Turkey (1971)
Ragtime (1981)
The Natural (1984)
Parenthood (1989)
Awakenings (1990)
Avalon (1990)
The Paper (1994)
Maverick (1994)
Toy Story (1995)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Michael (1996)
Cats Don't Dance (1997)
A Bug's Life (1998)
Pleasantville (1998)
Toy Story 2 (1999)
Meet the Parents (2000)
Monsters, Inc. (2001)
Seabiscuit (2003)
Meet the Fockers (2004)
Cars (2006)
Leatherheads (2008)
The Princess and the Frog (2009)
Toy Story 3 (2010)
Monsters University (2013)
Cars 3 (2017)

Soundtrack albums

Avalon (1990)
Meet the Parents (2000)
Cars (2006)
The Princess and the Frog (2009)

Songs

"Mama Told Me Not to Come"
"Sail Away"
"He Gives Us All His Love"
"Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear"
"Political Science"
"You Can Leave Your Hat On"
"Louisiana 1927"
"Rednecks"
"Short People"
"I Love L.A."
"You've Got a Friend in Me"
"When She Loved Me"
"We Belong Together"
"It's a Jungle Out There"

Related

Discography
Brill Building
Nilsson Sings Newman

Family

Alfred Newman
David Newman
Emil Newman
Joey Newman
Lionel Newman
Thomas Newman


document_title: Cardiac cycle

question_text: process that causes the last 30 of ventricular volume to fill

text: Cardiac cycle

text: The cardiac cycle and Wiggers diagram[edit]

text: The cardiac cycle involves four major stages of activity: 1) "Isovolumic relaxation", 2) Inflow, 3) "Isovolumic contraction", 4) "Ejection". (See Wiggers diagram, which presents the stages, label-wise, in 3,4,1,2 order, left-to-right.) Moving from the left along the Wiggers diagram shows the activities within four stages during a single cardiac cycle. (See the consecutive panels labeled, at bottom-right, "Diastole" then "Systole".)

text: Stages 1 and 2 together—"Isovolumic relaxation" plus Inflow (equals "Rapid inflow", "Diastasis", and "Atrial systole")—comprise the ventricular "Diastole" period, including atrial systole, during which blood returning to the heart flows through the atria into the relaxed ventricles. Stages 3 and 4 together—"Isovoumic contraction" plus "Ejection"—are the ventricular "Systole" period, which is the simultaneous pumping of separate blood supplies from the two ventricles, one to the pulmonary artery and one to the aorta. Notably, near the end of the "Diastole", the atria begin contracting, then pumping blood into the ventricles; this pressurized delivery during ventrucular relaxation (ventricular diastole) is called the atrial systole, aka atrial kick.

text: The time-wise increases and decreases of the heart's blood volume (see Wiggers diagram), are also instructive to follow. The red-line tracing of "Ventricular volume" provides an excellent track of the two periods and four stages of one cardiac cycle. Starting with the Diastole period: the low-volume plateau of "Isovolumic relaxation" stage, followed by a rapid rise and two slower rises, all components of the "Inflow stage"—increasing to the high-volume plateau of the "Isovolumic contraction" stage; (find the label at left side of diagram). Then, the Systole, including the high "Isovolumic contraction" stage to the rapid decrease in blood volume (i.e., the vertical drop of the red-line tracing) which signifies the emptying of the ventricles during the "Ejection" stage of the completed cycle—all equal to one heartbeat.

text: Stages[edit]

text: Valve configurations during main stages of the cardiac cycle+

text:
Stage
AV valves*
Semilunar valves†
Status of ventricles and atria; and blood flow

1 Isovolumic relaxation

closed

closed

• semilunar (pulmonary and aortic) valves close at end of ejection stage; blood flow stops.

2a Inflow: (Ventricular filling)

open

closed

• ventricles and atria together relax and expand; blood flows to the heart during ventricular and atrial diastole.

2b Inflow: (Ventricular filling with Atrial systole#)

open

closed

• ventricles relaxed and expanded; atrial contraction (systole) forces blood under pressure into ventricles during ventricular diastole–late.

3 Isovolumic contraction

closed

closed

• AV valves close at end of ventricular diastole; blood flow stops; ventricles begin to contract.

4 Ejection: Ventricular ejection

closed

open

• ventricles contract (ventricular systole); blood flows from the heart—to the lungs and to rest of body during venticular ejection.

text: Notes:

text: Stages 1, 2a, and 2b together comprise the "Diastole" period; stages 3 and 4 together comprise the "Systole" period.

text: + based on Ganong [8]

text: # Rapid-filling inflow produced by atrial systole during "ventricular diastole–late"

text: * Atrioventricular (AV) valves= tricuspid valve; mitral valve

text: † Semilunar valves= pulmonary valve; aortic valve

text: Dichrotic notch- rebounding of aorta, helps perfuse coronary arteries, with increasing age the aorta stiffens and less elasticity hence the notch may be less and problems arise perfusing coronary arteries

text: Physiology[edit]

text: The heart is a four-chambered organ consisting of right and left halves, called the right heart and the left heart. The upper two chambers, the left and right atria, are entry points into the heart for blood-flow returning from the circulatory system, while the two lower chambers, the left and right ventricles, perform the contractions that eject the blood from the heart to flow through the circulatory system. Circulation is split into pulmonary circulation—during which the right ventricle pumps oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk and arteries; or the systemic circulation—in which the left ventricle pumps/ejects newly oxygenated blood throughout the body via the aorta and all other arteries.

text: Heart electrical conduction system[edit]

text: In a healthy heart all activities and rests during each individual cardiac cycle, or heartbeat, are initiated and orchestrated by signals of the heart's electrical conduction system, which is the "wiring" of the heart that carries electrical impulses throughout the body of cardiomyocytes, the specialized muscle cells of the heart. These impulses ultimately stimulate heart muscle to contract and thereby to eject blood from the ventricles into the arteries and the cardiac circulatory system; and they provide a system of intricately-timed and persistent signaling that controls the rhythmic beating of the heart muscle cells, especially the complex impulse-generation and muscle contractions in the atrial chambers. The rhythmic sequence (or sinus rhythm) of this signaling across the heart is coordinated by two groups of specialized cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is situated in the upper wall of the right atrium, and the atrioventricular (AV) node located in the lower wall of the right heart between the atrium and ventricle. The sinoatrial node, often known as the cardiac pacemaker, is the point of origin for producing a wave of electrical impulses that stimulates atrial contraction by creating an action potential across myocardium cells.[9][10]

text: Impulses of the wave are delayed upon reaching the AV node, which acts as a gate to slow and to coordinate the electrical current before it is conducted below the atria and through the circuits known as the bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers—all which stimulate contractions of both ventricles. The programmed delay at the AV node also provides time for blood volume to flow through the atria and fill the ventricular chambers—just before the return of the systole (contractions), ejecting the new blood volume and completing the cardiac cycle.[11] (See Wiggers diagram: "Ventricular volume" tracing (red), at "Systole" panel.)

text: Diastole and systole in the cardiac cycle[edit]

text: Cardiac diastole is the period of the cardiac cycle when, after contraction, the heart relaxes and expands while refilling with blood returning from the circulatory system. Both atrioventricular (AV) valves open to facilitate the 'unpressurized' flow of blood directly through the atria into both ventricles, where it is collected for the next contraction. This period is best viewed at the middle of the Wiggers diagram—see the panel labeled "Diastole". Here it shows pressure levels in both atria and ventricles as near-zero during most of the diastole. (See gray and light-blue tracings labeled "Atrial pressure" and "Ventricular pressure"—Wiggers diagram.) Here also may be seen the red-line tracing of "Ventricular volume", showing increase in blood-volume from the low plateau of the "Isovolumic relaxation" stage to the maximum volume occurring in the "Atrial systole" sub-stage.

text: Atrial systole[edit]

text: Atrial systole is the contracting of cardiac muscle cells of both atria following electrical stimulation and conduction of electrical currents across the atrial chambers (see above, Physiology). While nominally a component of the heart's sequence of systolic contraction and ejection, atrial systole actually performs the vital role of completing the diastole, which is to finalize the filling of both ventricles with blood while they are relaxed and expanded for that purpose. Atrial systole overlaps the end of the diastole, occurring in the sub-period known as ventricular diastole–late (see cycle diagram). At this point, the atrial systole applies contraction pressure to 'topping-off' the blood volumes sent to both ventricles; this atrial kick closes the diastole immediately before the heart again begins contracting and ejecting blood from the ventricles (ventricular systole) to the aorta and arteries.

text: Notably, atrial kick is absent or disrupted if there is loss of normal electrical conduction in the heart, such as caused by atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or heart block. Atrial kick may also be degraded by any deterioration in the condition of the heart, such as "stiff heart" found in patients with diastolic dysfunction.

text: Ventricular systole[edit]

text: Ventricular systole is the contractions, following electrical stimulations, of the ventricular syncytium of cardiac muscle cells in the left and right ventricles. Contractions in the right ventricle provides pulmonary circulation by pulsing oxygen-depleted blood through the pulmonary valve then through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Simultaneously, contractions of the left ventricular systole provide systemic circulation of oxygenated blood to all body systems by pumping blood through the aortic valve, the aorta, and all the arteries. (Blood pressure is routinely measured in the larger arteries off the left ventricle during the left ventricular systole).


document_title: Disney's Hollywood Studios

question_text: where do they film wheel of fortune at disney

text: Disney's Hollywood Studios

text: Dedication

text: The World you have entered was created by The Walt Disney Company and is dedicated to Hollywood—not a place on a map, but a state of mind that exists wherever people dream and wonder and imagine, a place where illusion and reality are fused by technological magic. We welcome you to a Hollywood that never was—and always will be.

text: History

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A team of Walt Disney Imagineers led by Marty Sklar and Randy Bright had been given an assignment to create two new pavilions for Epcot's Future World section. The brainstorming sessions led to Wonders of Life and Great Movie Ride pavilions. The latter was to look like a soundstage backdrop, with a movie theater-style entrance in the middle and would have sat between the Land and Journey Into Imagination pavilions. When newly appointed CEO Michael Eisner saw the plans for the pavilion, he requested that, instead of placing the ride in an already existing park, it should be the anchor for a new park themed with Hollywood, entertainment, and show business.

text: In 1985, Disney and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer entered into a licensing contract that gave Disney worldwide rights to use the MGM brand and logo for what would become Disney-MGM Studios, which included working production facilities for movies and television shows and a satellite animation studio, which began operation prior to the park's debut. In 1988, MGM/UA responded by filing a lawsuit that claimed Disney violated the agreement by operating a working movie and television studio at the resort. On May 1, 1989, the theme park opened adjacent to the production facilities, with MGM's only affiliation being the original licensing agreement that allowed Disney to use MGM's name and lion logo in marketing, and separate contracts that allowed specific MGM content to be used in The Great Movie Ride. When the park first opened, the only two attractions were the Studio Backlot Tour and the Great Movie Ride.

text: Disney later filed a countersuit, claiming that MGM/UA and MGM Grand, Inc. had conspired to violate Disney's worldwide rights to the MGM name in the theme park business and that MGM/UA would harm Disney's reputation by building its own theme park at the MGM Grand hotel and casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. On October 23, 1992, Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Curtis B. Rappe ruled that Disney had the right to continue using the Disney-MGM Studios name on film product produced at the Florida facility, and that MGM Grand had the right to build a Las Vegas theme park using the MGM name and logo as long as it did not share the same studio backlot theme as Disney's property.[8] The 33-acre (130,000 m2) MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park opened in 1993 at the Las Vegas site and closed permanently in 2000. Disney was contractually prohibited from using the Disney-MGM Studios name in certain marketing contexts; in those instances, the park was called The Disney Studios

text: In 1994, the park saw its first expansion, with the addition of Sunset Boulevard and The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror attraction.

text: On August 9, 2007, Walt Disney World President Meg Crofton announced that Disney-MGM Studios would be re-branded as Disney's Hollywood Studios, effective January 7, 2008.[9][10]

text: In the 2010s, Disney began phasing out the park's non-immersive, "studio-like" attractions that headlined the park during its early years of operation. This included the closure of the park's Studio Backlot Tour, American Idol Experience, and the Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow attractions in 2014.[11] The following year, the Sorcerer's Hat was removed and the original sightlines from Hollywood Boulevard to the park's Chinese Theatre were restored.[12] In March 2015, during an annual shareholders meeting, CEO Bob Iger hinted at another possible name change for the park coming in the near future.[13] In 2016, the majority of Streets of America—including the backlot street facades, the Lights, Motors, Action! Extreme Stunt Show, the Earffel Tower, and the remaining backstage areas—was closed and demolished in preparation for Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge and Toy Story Land.[14][15] In 2017, the Great Movie Ride closed as the final remaining opening-day attraction.[16][17][18]

text: Lands

text: Disney's Hollywood Studios is divided into six themed areas inspired by fantasized iterations of existing locations found in Hollywood and Los Angeles. The park's original layout featured a large Hidden Mickey, which was visible in aerial photographs of the park and on the park's early guide maps.[19] Construction and other park changes have eliminated much of this image.

text: Hollywood Boulevard

text: Hollywood Boulevard, inspired by the real street of the same name, serves as the park's main entrance and operates in the same vein as Main Street, U.S.A. at Magic Kingdom. It is lined with themed streetscape facades and venues selling Disney merchandise and park services. Guests enter through the main entrance gate, which resembles the Pan-Pacific Auditorium. Near the park's gate is a recreation of the Crossroads of the World tower. Live street entertainment and seasonal parades travel down the main street throughout the day. At the far end of Hollywood Boulevard stands an exact replica of Grauman's Chinese Theatre. Near the entrance of Animation Courtyard—resides The Hollywood Brown Derby restaurant, a themed replica of the original Brown Derby restaurant in Hollywood, California.

text: Echo Lake

text: Echo Lake, inspired by the real location of a similar name, is designed to mimic the "California Crazy" form of architecture from Hollywood's Golden Age.

text: Echo Lake includes three major attractions based on characters and films created by George Lucas and produced by Lucasfilm. Star Tours–The Adventures Continue is a 3-D motion simulator ride set in the Star Wars universe. The Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple, a live-action stage show, invites children to become "padawan learners" and receive lightsaber training from a Jedi master. The live-action Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular! re-enacts various scenes from Steven Spielberg's Raiders of the Lost Ark, while illustrating how professional film stunts are performed.

text: The Hyperion Theater houses For the First Time in Forever: A Frozen Sing-Along Celebration, a musical show based on Disney's 2013 animated film Frozen. The adjacent ABC Sound Studio building showcases Star Wars: Path of the Jedi, a short film retelling of the Star Wars series. Behind these buildings lies a subsection named Commissary Lane, that connects Hollywood Boulevard to Muppets Courtyard and bypasses Echo Lake altogether. In this area, resides the ABC Commissary and the Sci-Fi Dine-In Theater Restaurant, a dinner theater with a retro-style theme featuring vintage car themed tables and a large movie screen featuring continuous clips of science-fiction films from the 1950s.

text: Grand Avenue

text: Grand Avenue is themed as a gentrified historic district inspired by the real location of the same name in downtown Los Angeles. The area is anchored by Muppet*Vision 3D, a 4D film attraction starring the Muppets from Jim Henson's The Muppet Show, that is presented at the Grand Arts Theatre within the avenue's Grand Park. Grand Avenue is also home to PizzeRizzo—a Brooklyn-style pizza restaurant owned by Rizzo the Rat,[20] Mama Melrose's Ristorante Italiano,[21] and BaseLine Tap House, a modern California-styled pub.[22]

text: Grand Park was originally planned to be an area of the park known as Muppet Studios, following Disney's acquisition of the Jim Henson Company. In addition to Muppet*Vision 3D, this area was to include a themed restaurant and a Muppet dark ride parody of The Great Movie Ride.[23][24] The deal fell through after Henson's death, leaving only Muppet*Vision 3D to be developed.

text: Instead, the Muppet-themed section became a part of the park's former Streets of America area, which encompassed several attractions, including an urban street amalgamation of New York City and San Francisco. The area's namesake street facades were formerly the park's working backlot set, which was originally a component of the park's inaugural Studio Backlot Tour, and opened to pedestrian park traffic in the mid-1990s; this area closed on April 2, 2016.[25][26] The Muppet-themed areas and remaining block of facades were reincorporated into Muppets Courtyard, which served as a placeholder until Grand Avenue's overhaul completion in September 2017.[27]

text: Pixar Place

text: Pixar Place is dedicated to films and characters created by Pixar, with the area, resembling the animation studio's Emeryville, California campus. As such, the area includes many of the former soundstages used by the park when it operated as an active production studio. Its sole attraction is Toy Story Midway Mania!, an interactive 4D attraction inspired by classic carnival midway games, each hosted by characters from the Toy Story film series.[28] Pixar Place was also the home of Luxo Jr., a six-foot-tall audio-animatronic version of Pixar's desk-lamp mascot.[29] The moving character performs periodic shows throughout the day and evening across from Toy Story Midway Mania.[29]

text: Animation Courtyard

text: Animation Courtyard is home to attractions based on films and characters created by Walt Disney Animation Studios. Its entrance is marked by a square "studio arch". This section of the park originally was the starting point for the Studio Backlot Tour.

text: The former Magic of Disney Animation building hosts Star Wars Launch Bay, a Star Wars exhibit featuring behind-the-scenes props and character meet-and-greets with Darth Vader, Chewbacca, and Kylo Ren. Mickey Avenue, a subsection of Animation Courtyard, is home to a walk-through exhibit, Walt Disney Presents, which explores the life and legacy of Walt Disney through photos, models, artifacts, and a short biographical film narrated by Julie Andrews. The Courtyard section also hosts two live shows. Disney Junior Live on Stage! entertains guests with puppet characters from Disney Junior series, including Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, Doc McStuffins, and Sofia the First. Across the plaza, Voyage of the Little Mermaid uses glow-in-the-dark puppets, lasers, music, projectors, human actors and water effects to recreate favorite scenes and songs from the 1989 animated film.

text: Sunset Boulevard

text: Sunset Boulevard, inspired by the real thoroughfare of the same name, was the first expansion of the park, opening in July 1994. The focal point of Sunset Boulevard is The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror, a thrill ride based on Rod Serling's The Twilight Zone. Located nearby is Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith, an indoor darkened roller coaster themed to the music of Aerosmith, with three inversions and a high-speed launch. Situated next to Rock n' Roller Coaster is Sunset Showcase, an indoor special events venue.[30]

text: Sunset Boulevard has two outdoor amphitheaters. The covered Theater of the Stars hosts Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage, a stage show featuring highlights from the animated film. The open-air Hollywood Hills Amphitheater is the home of Fantasmic!, a nighttime show featuring Mickey Mouse and many other Disney characters in a story with fireworks, lasers and water effects.

text: Future areas

text: Disney CEO Bob Iger announced Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge, a 14-acre (5.7 ha) Star Wars-themed expansion at the D23 Expo in August 2015.[31] The land, which will be duplicated at Disneyland, will include two new attractions. The first will be a Millennium Falcon-inspired attraction that will allow guests in control of a "customized secret mission", and the second attraction will place guests in "a climactic battle between the First Order and the Resistance".[32] Construction began on April 14, 2016,[33] with an expected opening in 2019.[34][35]

text: Toy Story Land, inspired by the Toy Story series, will be an 11-acre (4.5 ha) land encompassing two newly designed attractions, as well as an expanded version of the park's current Toy Story Mania! attraction.[36][37] The land will open in the summer of 2018.

text: Iger also previously stated that the park would be renamed.[13] The themed expansions and improvements to the park are expected to cost an estimated $1 billion.[38]

text: Live entertainment

text: Disney's Hollywood Studios has featured numerous forms of in-park entertainment throughout its history. During its early years, the park featured the "Star Today" program, with a daily celebrity guest. The celebrity would often be featured in a motorcade along Hollywood Boulevard or would take part in a handprint ceremony at the Great Movie Ride's entrance, or participate in an interview session.

text: At other times, Disney has imported characters and intellectual properties that were not part of its own original library of films and television shows. Some of these characters have included the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Ace Ventura, Pet Detective, and characters from the Goosebumps series by author R. L. Stine. The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers made appearances in the park during the first seasons of the television series but then vanished. Disney had ownership of the Power Rangers franchise through its purchase of Saban Entertainment until May 2010 when Saban purchased the franchise back and were regular members of the park's cast of characters during that time.[39] Live musical acts, such as the cover band Mulch, Sweat and Shears and the a cappella quartet Four For a Dollar, used to perform on the park streets or as pre-show entertainment at the larger shows.[40]

text: Like Disney's Animal Kingdom, Disney's Hollywood Studios also used to run daily parades down Hollywood Boulevard. The Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade and the Pixar Block Party Bash featured film characters performing in a street party along Hollywood Boulevard and near Echo Lake. Several times each day, the "High School Musical 3 Senior Year: Right Here Right Now" show used to travel Hollywood Boulevard before performing a live street show in front of the Sorcerer's Hat.

text: Annual events

text: Disney's Hollywood Studios has hosted several events during the years that often draw thousands of fans to the park.

text: Four former events are ESPN The Weekend, Star Wars Weekends, ABC Super Soap Weekend, and The Osborne Family Spectacle of Dancing Lights.

text:
ESPN The Weekend (late winter) featured commentators from the Disney-owned cable sports channels as well as sports celebrities.[41] The event was permanently cancelled in July 2011.[42]
Star Wars Weekends (May–June) brought Star Wars fans and celebrities together for special park events. Running Fridays-Sundays throughout June, they featured the 501st Legion (a worldwide Star Wars costuming group) parading through the park in costumes that include Stormtroopers, TIE fighter pilots, biker scouts and rebel soldiers. Several Star Wars actors appear each weekend for photos and autographs, appearing in a variety of shows hosted in the various theatres around the park, larger Jedi Training Academy classes for younger guests, and other activities.[43] Star Wars Weekends ended its run in 2015.[44][45]
ABC Super Soap Weekend was scheduled in November, the event paid tribute to the legions of fans of soap operas from ABC. Guests could meet stars from All My Children, One Life to Live, and General Hospital. The event's final presentation was in November 2008, with ABC instead planning to schedule multiple, smaller regional events around the country for its fans.[46]
The Osborne Family Spectacle of Dancing Lights (November–January) took over the Streets of America during the Christmas season.[47] The display featured over five million Christmas lights on more than 350 miles (560 km) of wire.[48] The event ended its run in 2015.

text: Production history

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Walt Disney Company's original concept of the Disney-MGM Studios was to operate it as a television and motion picture production facility, as well as a theme park. In 1988, among the first feature-length movies filmed at the facility, prior to its completion and opening as a theme park, were Ernest Saves Christmas and Newsies. When the park opened in 1989, the studio/production facilities housed two major components, the first of which was Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida, where Disney produced projects including Mulan, Lilo & Stitch, Brother Bear, and sequences from other 1990s-early 2000s Disney animated features. The second, larger component was Walt Disney Studios Florida, which consisted of three sound stages used for Disney projects including The Disney Channel's Mickey Mouse Club, Teen Win, Lose or Draw and Adventures in Wonderland. Several third party productions also used the Studios, including Superboy (first season only, from 1988–1989), the 1988-89 season of MTV's Remote Control, Thunder in Paradise, a revival of Let's Make a Deal, special broadcasts of Wheel of Fortune, airplane interior sequences for the feature film Passenger 57, and The Dooley and Pals Show. Music videos, several tapings for World Championship Wrestling, and live broadcasts of WCW Monday Nitro were also shot there. The Post Group had a Florida-based post-production facility located on the Studio lot throughout the 1990s. All these production and post-production facilities were constructed to be an integral part of the theme park's Backstage Studio Tour as well. Disney management (including CEO Michael Eisner) downsized Disney's Florida operations by closing the animation studio, laying off personnel and then moving the operations to the main animation studio in Burbank, California. A radio studio is also located on the lot, behind "Sounds Dangerous".

text: Sister park

text: Disney's Hollywood Studios has a sister park at Disneyland Paris, named Walt Disney Studios Park.

text: Attendance

text:
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Worldwide rank

9,608,000[49]
9,700,000[50]
9,603,000[51]
9,699,000[52]
9,912,000[53]
10,110,000[54]
10,312,000 [55]
10,828,000 [56]
10,776,000 [57]
8