document_title: White House

question_text: when did the white house get its name

question_tokens: when did the white house get its name

text: White House

text: Early history

text: Following his April 1789 inauguration, President George Washington occupied two executive mansions in New York City: the Samuel Osgood House at 3 Cherry Street (April 1789 – February 1790), and the Alexander Macomb House at 39–41 Broadway (February–August 1790). In May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790.

text: The July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morris's city house at 190 High Street (now 524–30 Market Street) for Washington's presidential residence. The first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of a futile effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away, but Washington declined to occupy it.

text: President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800. On Saturday,[5] November 1, 1800,[6] he became the first president to occupy the White House. The President's House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, while the unused presidential mansion became home to the University of Pennsylvania.

text:
First Presidential Mansion: Samuel Osgood House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: April 1789 – February 1790.

Second Presidential Mansion: Alexander Macomb House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: February–August 1790.

Third Presidential Mansion: President's House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Occupied by Washington: November 1790 – March 1797. Occupied by Adams: March 1797 – May 1800.

Government House, Manhattan, New York (1790–1791). Built to be the permanent presidential mansion, Congress moved the national capital to Philadelphia before its completion.

House intended for the President, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1790s). Built to be the permanent presidential mansion, neither Washington nor Adams would occupy it.

text: Architectural competition

text: The President's House was a major feature of Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's' plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D.C. (see: L'Enfant Plan).[7][8] The architect of the White House was chosen in a design competition which received nine proposals, including one submitted anonymously by Thomas Jefferson.[9]

text: President Washington visited Charleston, South Carolina in May 1791 on his "Southern Tour", and saw the under-construction Charleston County Courthouse designed by Irish architect James Hoban. He is reputed to have met with Hoban then. The following year, he summoned the architect to Philadelphia and met with him in June 1792.[10]

text: On July 16, 1792, the President met with the commissioners of the federal city to make his judgment in the architectural competition. His review is recorded as being brief, and he quickly selected Hoban's submission.[11]

text: Washington was not entirely pleased with the original submission, however; he found it too small, lacking ornament, and not monumental enough to house the nation's president. On his recommendation, the house was changed from three stories to two, and was widened from a nine-bay facade to an 11-bay facade. Hoban's competition drawings do not survive.[citation needed]

text: Design influences

text: The building has classical inspiration sources, that could be found directly or indirectly in the Roman architect Vitruvius or in Andrea Palladio styles; Palladio being an Italian architect of the Renaissance which had a considerable influence on the Western architecture (Palladian architecture). The building Hoban designed is verifiably influenced by the upper floors of Leinster House, in Dublin, which later became the seat of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament).[12] Several other Georgian-era Irish country houses have been suggested as sources of inspiration for the overall floor plan, details like the bow-fronted south front, and interior details like the former niches in the present Blue Room. These influences, though undocumented, are cited in the official White House guide, and in White House Historical Association publications. The first official White House guide, published in 1962, suggested a link between Hoban's design for the South Portico and Château de Rastignac, a neoclassical country house located in La Bachellerie in the Dordogne region of France and designed by Mathurin Salat. Construction on the French house was initially started before 1789, interrupted by the French Revolution for twenty years and then finally built 1812–1817 (based on Salat's pre-1789 design).[13] The theoretical link between the two houses has been criticized because Hoban did not visit France. Supporters of a connection posit that Thomas Jefferson, during his tour of Bordeaux in 1789, viewed Salat's architectural drawings (which were on-file at the College) at the École Spéciale d'Architecture (Bordeaux Architectural College).[14] On his return to the U.S. he then shared the influence with Washington, Hoban, Monroe, and Benjamin Henry Latrobe.[13]

text: Construction

text: Construction of the White House began with the laying of the cornerstone on October 13, 1792, although there was no formal ceremony.[15] The main residence, as well as foundations of the house, were built largely by enslaved and free African-American laborers, as well as employed Europeans.[16] Much of the other work on the house was performed by immigrants, many not yet with citizenship. The sandstone walls were erected by Scottish immigrants, employed by Hoban,[17] as were the high-relief rose and garland decorations above the north entrance and the "fish scale" pattern beneath the pediments of the window hoods. The initial construction took place over a period of eight years, at a reported cost of $232,371.83 (equal to $3,279,177 today). Although not yet completed, the White House was ready for occupancy circa November 1, 1800.[18]

text: Shortages, including material and labor, forced alterations to the earlier plan developed by French engineer Pierre Charles L'Enfant for a "palace" that was five times larger than the house that was eventually built.[17] The finished structure contained only two main floors instead of the planned three, and a less costly brick served as a lining for the stone façades. When construction was finished, the porous sandstone walls were whitewashed with a mixture of lime, rice glue, casein, and lead, giving the house its familiar color and name.[17]

text: As it is a famed structure in America, several replicas of the White House have been constructed.

text: Architectural description

text: The north front is the principal façade of the White House and consists of three floors and eleven bays. The ground floor is hidden by a raised carriage ramp and parapet, thus the façade appears to be of two floors. The central three bays are behind a prostyle portico (this was a later addition to the house, built circa 1830) serving, thanks to the carriage ramp, as a porte cochere. The windows of the four bays flanking the portico, at first-floor level, have alternating pointed and segmented pediments, while at second-floor level the pediments are flat. The principal entrance at the center of the portico is surmounted by a lunette fanlight. Above the entrance is a sculpted floral festoon. The roofline is hidden by a balustraded parapet.

text: The mansion's southern façade is a combination of the Palladian and neoclassical styles of architecture. It is of three floors, all visible. The ground floor is rusticated in the Palladian fashion. At the center of the façade is a neoclassical projecting bow of three bays. The bow is flanked by five bays, the windows of which, as on the north façade, have alternating segmented and pointed pediments at first-floor level. The bow has a ground floor double staircase leading to an Ionic colonnaded loggia (with the Truman Balcony at second-floor level), known as the south portico. The more modern third floor is hidden by a balustraded parapet and plays no part in the composition of the façade.

text: Naming conventions

text: The building was originally variously referred to as the "President's Palace", "Presidential Mansion", or "President's House".[19] The earliest evidence of the public calling it the "White House" was recorded in 1811.[20] A myth emerged that during the rebuilding of the structure after the Burning of Washington, white paint was applied to mask the burn damage it had suffered,[21] giving the building its namesake hue.[22] The name "Executive Mansion" was used in official contexts until President Theodore Roosevelt established the formal name by having "White House–Washington" engraved on the stationery in 1901.[23][24] The current letterhead wording and arrangement "The White House" with the word "Washington" centered beneath goes back to the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[24]

text: Although the structure was not completed until some years after the presidency of George Washington, there is speculation that the name of the traditional residence of the President of the United States may have derived from Martha Washington's home, White House Plantation in Virginia, where the nation's first President had courted the First Lady in the mid-18th century.[25]

text: Evolution of the White House

text: Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding

text: On Saturday, November 1, 1800, John Adams became the first president to take residence in the building.[17] During Adams' second day in the house, he wrote a letter to his wife Abigail, containing a prayer for the house. Adams wrote:

text: I pray Heaven to bestow the best of blessings on this House, and all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but honest and wise men ever rule under this roof.[26]

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt had Adams's blessing carved into the mantel in the State Dining Room.[26]

text: Adams lived in the house only briefly before Thomas Jefferson moved into the "pleasant country residence"[27] in 1801. Despite his complaints that the house was too big ("big enough for two emperors, one pope, and the grand lama in the bargain"[28]), Jefferson considered how the White House might be added to. With Benjamin Henry Latrobe, he helped lay out the design for the East and West Colonnades, small wings that help conceal the domestic operations of laundry, a stable and storage.[17] Today, Jefferson's colonnades link the residence with the East and West Wings.[17]

text: In 1814, during the War of 1812, the White House was set ablaze by British troops[29] during the Burning of Washington, in retaliation for burning Upper Canada's Parliament Buildings in the Battle of York; much of Washington was affected by these fires as well. Only the exterior walls remained, and they had to be torn down and mostly reconstructed because of weakening from the fire and subsequent exposure to the elements, except for portions of the south wall. Of the numerous objects taken from the White House when it was ransacked by British troops, only two have been recovered. Employees and slaves rescued a painting of George Washington,[29] and in 1939, a Canadian man returned a jewelry box to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claiming that his grandfather had taken it from Washington. Some observers allege that most of these spoils were lost when a convoy of British ships led by HMS Fantome sank en route to Halifax off Prospect during a storm on the night of November 24, 1814,[30][31] even though Fantome had no involvement in that action.[32]

text: After the fire, President James Madison resided in The Octagon House from 1814 to 1815, and then the Seven Buildings from 1815 to the end of his term.[33] Meanwhile, both architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Hoban contributed to the design and oversight of the reconstruction, which lasted from 1815 until 1817. The south portico was constructed in 1824 during the James Monroe administration; the north portico was built six years later.[17] Though Latrobe proposed similar porticos before the fire in 1814, both porticos were built as designed by Hoban.[34] An elliptical portico at Château de Rastignac in La Bachellerie, France with nearly identical curved stairs is speculated as the source of inspiration due to its similarity with the South Portico,[35] although this matter is one of great debate.[36] Italian artisans, brought to Washington to help in constructing the U.S. Capitol, carved the decorative stonework on both porticos. Contrary to speculation, the North Portico was not modeled on a similar portico on another Dublin building, the Viceregal Lodge (now Áras an Uachtaráin, residence of the President of Ireland), for its portico postdates the White House porticos' design.[35] For the North Portico, a variation on the Ionic Order was devised incorporating a swag of roses between the volutes. This was done to link the new portico with the earlier carved roses above the entrance.

text:
The White House as it looked following the conflagration of August 24, 1814

Jefferson and Latrobe's West Wing Colonnade in this nineteenth-century engraved view, is now the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room.

Principal story plan for the white house by Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 1807.

Earliest known photograph of the White House, taken c. 1846 by John Plumbe during the administration of James K. Polk.

text: Overcrowding and building the West Wing

text: By the time of the American Civil War, the White House had become overcrowded. The location of the White House was questioned, just north of a canal and swampy lands, which provided conditions ripe for malaria and other unhealthy conditions.[37] Brigadier General Nathaniel Michler was tasked to propose solutions to address these concerns. He proposed abandoning the use of the White House as a residence and designed a new estate for the first family at Meridian Hill in Washington, D.C., but Congress rejected the plan.[37]

text: When Chester Arthur took office in 1881, he ordered renovations to the White House to take place as soon as the recently widowed Lucretia Garfield moved out. Arthur inspected the work almost nightly and made several suggestions. Louis Comfort Tiffany was asked to send selected designers to assist. Over twenty wagonloads of furniture and household items were removed from the building and sold at a public auction.[38] All that was saved were bust portraits of John Adams and Martin Van Buren.[39] A proposal was made to build a new residence south of the White House, but it failed to gain support.

text: In the fall of 1882 work was done on the main corridor, including tinting the walls pale olive and adding squares of gold leaf, and decorating the ceiling in gold and silver, and colorful traceries woven to spell "USA". The Red Room was painted a dull Pomeranian red, and its ceiling was decorated with gold, silver, and copper stars and stripes of red, white, and blue. A fifty-foot jeweled Tiffany glass screen, supported by imitation marble columns, replaced the glass doors that separated the main corridor from the north vestibule.[40][41]

text: In 1891, First Lady Caroline Harrison proposed major extensions to the White House, including a National Wing on the east for a historical art gallery, and a wing on the west for official functions.[37] A plan was devised by Colonel Theodore A. Bingham, which reflected the Harrison proposal.[37] These plans were ultimately rejected.

text: However, in 1902 Theodore Roosevelt hired McKim, Mead & White to carry out expansions and renovations in a neoclassical style suited to the building's architecture, removing the Tiffany screen and all Victorian additions.[42][43] Charles McKim himself designed and managed the project, which gave more living space to the President's large family by removing a staircase in the West Hall and moving executive office staff from the second floor of the residence into the new West Wing.[17]

text: President William Howard Taft enlisted the help of architect Nathan C. Wyeth to add additional space to the West Wing, which included the addition of the Oval Office.[37] In 1925, Congress enacted legislation allowing the White House to accept gifts of furniture and art for the first time.[44] The West Wing was damaged by fire in 1929, but rebuilt during the remaining years of the Herbert Hoover presidency. In the 1930s, a second story was added, as well as a larger basement for White House staff, and President Franklin Roosevelt had the Oval Office moved to its present location: adjacent to the Rose Garden.[17]

text: Truman reconstruction

text: Decades of poor maintenance, the construction of a fourth story attic during the Coolidge administration, and the addition of a second-floor balcony over the south portico for Harry S. Truman[45] took a great toll on the brick and sandstone structure built around a timber frame.[17] By 1948, the house was declared to be in imminent danger of collapse, forcing President Truman to commission a reconstruction and to live across the street at Blair House from 1949 to 1951.[46] The work, done by the firm of Philadelphia contractor John McShain, required the complete dismantling of the interior spaces, construction of a new load-bearing internal steel frame and the reconstruction of the original rooms within the new structure.[45] The total cost of the renovations was about $5.7 million (US$ 53 million in 2017).[47] Some modifications to the floor plan were made, the largest being the repositioning of the grand staircase to open into the Entrance Hall, rather than the Cross Hall.[45] Central air conditioning was added, as well as two additional sub-basements providing space for workrooms, storage, and a bomb shelter.[17] The Trumans moved back into the White House on March 27, 1952.[17] While the house's structure was kept intact by the Truman reconstruction, much of the new interior finishes were generic, and of little historic value. Much of the original plasterwork, some dating back to the 1814–1816 rebuilding, was too damaged to reinstall, as was the original robust Beaux Arts paneling in the East Room. President Truman had the original timber frame sawed into paneling; the walls of the Vermeil Room, Library, China Room, and Map Room on the ground floor of the main residence were paneled in wood from the timbers.[48]

text: Jacqueline Kennedy restoration

text: Jacqueline Kennedy, wife of President John F. Kennedy (1961–63), directed a very extensive and historic redecoration of the house. She enlisted the help of Henry Francis du Pont of the Winterthur Museum to assist in collecting artifacts for the mansion, many of which had once been housed there.[49] Other antiques, fine paintings, and improvements of the Kennedy period were donated to the White House by wealthy philanthropists, including the Crowninshield family, Jane Engelhard, Jayne Wrightsman, and the Oppenheimer family. Stéphane Boudin of the House of Jansen, a Paris interior-design firm that had been recognized worldwide, was employed by Mrs. Kennedy to assist with the decoration.[49] Different periods of the early republic and world history were selected as a theme for each room: the Federal style for the Green Room, French Empire for the Blue Room, American Empire for the Red Room, Louis XVI for the Yellow Oval Room, and Victorian for the president's study, renamed the Treaty Room. Antique furniture was acquired, and decorative fabric and trim based on period documents was produced and installed. The Kennedy restoration resulted in a more authentic White House of grander stature, which recalled the French taste of Madison and Monroe.[49] In the Diplomatic Reception Room, Mrs. Kennedy installed an antique "Vue de l'Amérique Nord" wall paper which Zuber & Cie had designed in 1834. The wallpaper had hung previously on the walls of another mansion until 1961 when that house was demolished for a grocery store. Just before the demolition, the wallpaper was salvaged and sold to the White House.

text: The first White House guidebook was produced under the direction of curator Lorraine Waxman Pearce with direct supervision from Mrs. Kennedy.[50] Sale of the guidebook helped finance the restoration.

text: Kennedy showed her restoration of the White House to the public in a televised tour of the house on Valentine's Day in 1962.[51]

text: The White House since the Kennedy restoration

text: Congress enacted legislation in September 1961 declaring the White House a museum. Furniture, fixtures, and decorative arts could now be declared either historic or of artistic interest by the President. This prevented them from being sold (as many objects in the executive mansion had been in the past 150 years). When not in use or display at the White House, these items were to be turned over to the Smithsonian Institution for preservation, study, storage, or exhibition. The White House retains the right to have these items returned.[52]

text: Out of respect for the historic character of the White House, no substantive architectural changes have been made to the house since the Truman renovation.[53] Since the Kennedy restoration, every presidential family has made some changes to the private quarters of the White House, but the Committee for the Preservation of the White House must approve any modifications to the State Rooms. Charged with maintaining the historical integrity of the White House, the congressionally authorized committee works with each First Family—usually represented by the First Lady, the White House Curator, and the Chief Usher—to implement the family's proposals for altering the house.[54]

text: During the Nixon administration (1969–74), First Lady Pat Nixon refurbished the Green Room, Blue Room, and Red Room, working with Clement Conger, the curator appointed by President Richard Nixon.[55] Mrs. Nixon's efforts brought more than 600 artifacts to the house, the largest acquisition by any administration.[56] Her husband created the modern press briefing room over Franklin Roosevelt's old swimming pool.[57] Nixon also added a single-lane bowling alley to the White House basement.[58]

text: Computers and the first laser printer were added during the Carter administration, and the use of computer technology was expanded during the Reagan administration.[59] A Carter-era innovation, a set of solar water heating panels that were mounted on the roof of the White House, was removed during Reagan's presidency.[60][61] Redecorations were made to the private family quarters and maintenance was made to public areas during the Reagan years.[62] The house was accredited as a museum in 1988.[62]

text: In the 1990s, Bill and Hillary Clinton refurbished some rooms with the assistance of Arkansas decorator Kaki Hockersmith, including the Oval Office, the East Room, Blue Room, State Dining Room, Lincoln Bedroom, and Lincoln Sitting Room.[63] During the administration of George W. Bush, First Lady Laura Bush refurbished the Lincoln Bedroom in a style contemporary with the Lincoln era; the Green Room, Cabinet Room, and theater were also refurbished.[63]

text: The White House became one of the first wheelchair-accessible government buildings in Washington when modifications were made during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who used a wheelchair because of his paralytic illness. In the 1990s, Hillary Clinton, at the suggestion of Visitors Office Director Melinda N. Bates, approved the addition of a ramp in the East Wing corridor. It allowed easy wheelchair access for the public tours and special events that enter through the secure entrance building on the east side.

text: In 2003, the Bush administration reinstalled solar thermal heaters.[61] These units are used to heat water for landscape maintenance personnel and for the presidential pool and spa. 167 solar photovoltaic grid tied panels were installed at the same time on the roof of the maintenance facility. The changes were not publicized as a White House spokeswoman said the changes were an internal matter. The story was picked up by industry trade journals.[64] In 2013, President Barack Obama had a set of solar panels installed on the roof of the White House, making it the first time solar power would be used for the president's living quarters.[65][66]

text: The president usually travels to and from the White House grounds via official motorcade or helicopter. The journey by helicopter was inaugurated in the 1950s, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower began traveling on Marine One to and from his official residence.[67]

text: Layout and amenities

text: Today the group of buildings housing the presidency is known as the White House Complex. It includes the central Executive Residence flanked by the East Wing and West Wing. The Chief Usher coordinates day to day household operations. The White House includes: six stories and 55,000 ft2 (5,100 m2) of floor space, 132 rooms and 35 bathrooms, 412 doors, 147 windows, twenty-eight fireplaces, eight staircases, three elevators, five full-time chefs, a tennis court, a (single-lane) bowling alley (officially called the Harry S. Truman Bowling Alley), a movie theater (officially called the White House Family Theater[68]), a jogging track, a swimming pool, and a putting green.[24] It receives up to 30,000 visitors each week.[69]

text: Executive Residence

text: The original residence is in the center. Two colonnades—one on the east and one on the west—designed by Jefferson, now serve to connect the East and West Wings, added later. The Executive Residence houses the president's dwelling, as well as rooms for ceremonies and official entertaining. The State Floor of the residence building includes the East Room, Green Room, Blue Room, Red Room, State Dining Room, Family Dining Room, Cross Hall, Entrance Hall, and Grand Staircase.[70] The Ground Floor is made up of the Diplomatic Reception Room, Map Room, China Room, Vermeil Room, Library, the main kitchen, and other offices.[71] The second floor family residence includes the Yellow Oval Room, East and West Sitting Halls, the White House Master Bedroom, President's Dining Room, the Treaty Room, Lincoln Bedroom and Queens' Bedroom, as well as two additional bedrooms, a smaller kitchen, and a private dressing room.[72] The third floor consists of the White House Solarium, Game Room, Linen Room, a Diet Kitchen, and another sitting room (previously used as President George W. Bush's workout room).[73]

text: West Wing

text: The West Wing houses the President's office (the Oval Office) and offices of his senior staff, with room for about 50 employees. It also includes the Cabinet Room, where the president conducts business meetings and where the Cabinet meets,[74] as well as the White House Situation Room, James S. Brady Press Briefing Room, and Roosevelt Room.[75] In 2007, work was completed on renovations of the press briefing room, adding fiber optic cables and LCD screens for the display of charts and graphs.[76] The makeover took 11 months and cost $8 million, of which news outlets paid $2 million.[76] In September 2010, a two-year project began on the West Wing, creating a multistory underground structure;[77] this will be followed with additional renovation of the wing.[78]

text: The Oval Office, Roosevelt Room, and other portions of the West Wing were partially replicated on a sound stage and used as the setting for the popular television show The West Wing.[79]

text: East Wing

text: The East Wing, which contains additional office space, was added to the White House in 1942. Among its uses, the East Wing has intermittently housed the offices and staff of the First Lady, and the White House Social Office. Rosalynn Carter, in 1977, was the first to place her personal office in the East Wing and to formally call it the "Office of the First Lady". The East Wing was built during World War II in order to hide the construction of an underground bunker to be used in emergencies. The bunker has come to be known as the Presidential Emergency Operations Center.

text: Grounds

text: The White House and grounds cover just over 18 acres (about 7.3 hectares). Before the construction of the North Portico, most public events were entered from the South Lawn, which was graded and planted by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson also drafted a planting plan for the North Lawn that included large trees that would have mostly obscured the house from Pennsylvania Avenue. During the mid-to-late 19th century a series of ever larger greenhouses were built on the west side of the house, where the current West Wing is located. During this period, the North Lawn was planted with ornate carpet-style flowerbeds. The general layout of the White House grounds today is based on the 1935 design by Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. of the Olmsted Brothers firm, commissioned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. During the Kennedy administration, the White House Rose Garden was redesigned by Rachel Lambert Mellon. The Rose Garden borders the West Colonnade. Bordering the East Colonnade is the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, which was begun by Jacqueline Kennedy but completed after her husband's assassination. On the weekend of June 23, 2006, a century-old American Elm (Ulmus americana L.) tree on the north side of the building, came down during one of the many storms amid intense flooding. Among the oldest trees on the grounds are several magnolias (Magnolia grandiflora) planted by Andrew Jackson. Michelle Obama planted the White House's first organic garden and installed beehives on the South Lawn of the White House, which will supply organic produce and honey to the First Family and for state dinners and other official gatherings.[80]

text:
The Cross Hall, connecting the State Dining Room and the East Room on the State Floor

Marine One prepares for landing on the South Lawn where State Arrival Ceremonies for visiting heads of state take place.

Yellow Oval Room in the private, second-floor family residence centered directly above the Blue Room

The White House and surrounding grounds

The White House with fountain and grounds

White House from the north

text: Public access and security

text: Historical accessibility

text: Like the English and Irish country houses it was modeled on, the White House was, from the start, open to the public until the early part of the 20th century. President Thomas Jefferson held an open house for his second inaugural in 1805, and many of the people at his swearing-in ceremony at the Capitol followed him home, where he greeted them in the Blue Room. Those open houses sometimes became rowdy: in 1829, President Andrew Jackson had to leave for a hotel when roughly 20,000 citizens celebrated his inauguration inside the White House. His aides ultimately had to lure the mob outside with washtubs filled with a potent cocktail of orange juice and whiskey. Even so, the practice continued until 1885, when newly elected Grover Cleveland arranged for a presidential review of the troops from a grandstand in front of the White House instead of the traditional open house. Jefferson also permitted public tours of his house, which have continued ever since, except during wartime, and began the tradition of annual receptions on New Year's Day and on the Fourth of July. Those receptions ended in the early 1930s, although President Bill Clinton would briefly revive the New Year's Day open house in his first term.

text: The White House remained accessible in other ways; President Abraham Lincoln complained that he was constantly beleaguered by job seekers waiting to ask him for political appointments or other favors, or eccentric dispensers of advice like "General" Daniel Pratt, as he began the business day. Lincoln put up with the annoyance rather than risk alienating some associate or friend of a powerful politician or opinion maker.[citation needed]

text: Aviation incidents

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2015)

text: In February 1974, a stolen army helicopter landed without authorization on the White House's grounds.[81] Twenty years later, in 1994, a light plane crashed on the White House grounds, and the pilot died instantly.[82]

text: As a result of increased security regarding air traffic in the capital, the White House was evacuated in May 2005 before an unauthorized aircraft could approach the grounds.[83]

text: Closure of Pennsylvania Avenue

text: On May 20, 1995, primarily as a response to the Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, the United States Secret Service closed off Pennsylvania Avenue to vehicular traffic in front of the White House from the eastern edge of Lafayette Park to 17th Street. Later, the closure was extended an additional block to the east to 15th Street, and East Executive Avenue, a small street between the White House and the Treasury Building.

text: After September 11, 2001, this was made permanent in addition to closing E Street between the South Portico of the White House and the Ellipse.[84] In response to the Boston Marathon bombing the road was closed to the public in its entirety for a period of two days.

text: The Pennsylvania Avenue closing has been opposed by organized civic groups in Washington, D.C. They argue that the closing impedes traffic flow unnecessarily and is inconsistent with the well-conceived historic plan for the city. As for security considerations, they note that the White House is set much farther back from the street than numerous other sensitive federal buildings are.[85]

text: Prior to its inclusion within the fenced compound that now includes the Old Executive Office Building to the west and the Treasury Building to the east, this sidewalk served as a queuing area for the daily public tours of the White House. These tours were suspended in the wake of the September 11 attacks. In September 2003, they resumed on a limited basis for groups making prior arrangements through their Congressional representatives or embassies in Washington for foreign nationals and submitting to background checks, but the White House remained closed to the public.[86] White House tours were suspended for most of 2013 due to budget constraints after sequestration.[87] The White House reopened to the public in November 2013.[88]

text: Protection

text: The White House Complex is protected by the United States Secret Service and the United States Park Police.

text: NASAMS (Norwegian Advanced Surface to Air Missile System) were used to guard air space over Washington, D.C. during the 2005 presidential inauguration. The same NASAMS units have since been used to protect the president and all air space around the White House, which is strictly prohibited to aircraft.[89][90]

text:
For security reasons, the section of Pennsylvania Avenue on the north side of the White House is closed to all vehicular traffic, except government officials.

White House at night

North front of the White House on the reverse (back) of the U.S. $20 bill.


document_title: The Carrie Diaries (season 2)

question_text: when do carrie and sebastian get together in season 2

root

text: The Carrie Diaries (season 2)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
AnnaSophia Robb as Carrie Bradshaw (13 episodes)
Austin Butler as Sebastian Kydd (13 episodes)
Lindsey Gort as Samantha Jones[2][3] (10 episodes)
Katie Findlay as Maggie Landers (11 episodes)
Brendan Dooling as Walt Reynolds (10 episodes)
Ellen Wong as Jill "Mouse" Chen (13 episodes)
Freema Agyeman as Larissa Loughlin (10 episodes)
Stefania Owen as Dorrit Bradshaw (10 episodes)
Matt Letscher as Tom Bradshaw (12 episodes)
Chloe Bridges as Donna LaDonna (10 episodes)

tag: ul

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Jake Robinson as Bennet Wilcox (9 episodes)
Chris Wood as Adam Weaver[4] (4 episodes)
Josh Salatin as Simon Byrnes (3 episodes)
Scott Cohen as Harlan Silver (4 episodes)
Nadia Dajani as Deb (3 episodes)
R.J. Brown as Thomas West (7 episodes)
Whitney Vance and Alexandra Miller as the Jens (3 episodes)
Evan Crooks as Miller (3 episodes)
Giullian Yao Gioiello as Scott (3 episodes)
Terry Serpico as Mr. Kydd (3 episodes)
Noelle Beck as Mrs. Kydd (3 episodes)
Kate Nowlin as Barbara (2 episodes)
Molly Sims as Vicky Donovan (2 episodes)
Boris McGiver as Eddie Landers (2 episodes)
John Boyd as Elliot (2 episodes)
Claybourne Elder as Pete (3 episodes)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. inseries

No. inseason

Title

Directed by

Written by

Original air date

Productioncode

U.S. viewers(million)

141"Win Some, Lose Some"Andy WolkAmy B. HarrisOctober 25, 2013 (2013-10-25)4X52010.78[5]
This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Carrie has been living at Larissa's apartment in Manhattan for the past three or four weeks of the summer with Walt as her platonic roommate. With Larissa still out of the country, Carrie has been filling in for her at Interview magazine full-time during the day and partying at local nightclubs at night. She has not seen or spoken to either Sebastian or Maggie since their falling out. But by chance during the Fourth of July weekend, Carrie runs into Sebastian when he tags along with Donna to the city to meet Donna's cousin Samantha Jones, an older woman in her late 20s, who co-manages a rock music nightclub. Carrie declines going with Walt, Sebastian, and Donna and instead goes to her regular hangout where, due to a combination of bad luck and carelessness, her valued purse gets stolen. She later has a chance meeting with Samantha who agrees to help her out of being locked out of her apartment. Back in Castlebury, Mouse invites West as her date to the local golf and tennis club's July 4th fireworks display where they find Maggie working as a waitress. Mouse is openly hostile towards Maggie for interfering with Carrie and Sebastian's relationship, but they eventually reconcile after Maggie confides in Mouse that she is only working at the country club to help herself pay for college and fears being stuck in Castlebury for the rest of her life like her parents. Elsewhere, Tom finds out about Dorrit dating Miller and wants to meet him. Dorrit tries to prevent her father from meeting Miller fearing that Tom may find out that she and Miller are in a sexual relationship and that they both take recreational drugs. Miller eventually goes behind Dorrit's back and meets with Tom where he makes a good impression upon Tom who allows Miller and Dorrit to date. Samantha crashes at Larissas loft with Carrie and Walt and Carrie finds herself with a lifelong friend.
152"Express Yourself"Amy HeckerlingJessica O'Toole & Amy RardinNovember 1, 2013 (2013-11-01)4X52020.89[6]
With the brash and man-hungry Samantha having crashed with Carrie and Walt for the past three weeks, they are both faced with kicking out Samantha when she makes herself too comfortable. Later, Walt summons the courage to tell Bennet how he feels about him when Bennet takes Walt out to a VIP Z100 concert to celebrate Walt's 18th birthday. Things go horribly wrong before Bennet can respond when Walt, Bennet, Donna, Mouse, and Carrie come down with a case of food poisoning. Meanwhile, Samantha and Mouse meet and Samantha wastes no time giving Mouse sex tips over how to "go at it" with West. Back in Castlebury, Sebastian and Maggie run into each other after three months apart. Sebastian also deals with his estranged father who comes back into town, but is more interested in business then father-son bonding. Elsewhere, Tom invites his girlfriend, Deb, to spend the weekend with him, which doesn't go exactly as planned.
163"Strings Attached"Daisy von Scherler MayerDoug StockstillNovember 8, 2013 (2013-11-08)4X52030.77[7]
Larissa returns from her overseas vacation and gives Carrie and Walt inspiration with zen to take the next step with their lives. Larissa and Samantha take an instant dislike to each other when they first meet since Samantha's streetwise demeanor and attitude clashes with Larissa's prim and proper routine. On Carrie's first day back at school for her senior year, Sebastian asks Doritt for a little help to try to get Carrie to talk with him. Walt fears that Maggie will out his true sexual orientation. Mouse tries to get Maggie to look at more college options despite her lack of interest. Meanwhile, Samantha hooks up with a masked karate instructor as an outlet to her troubled feelings. Elsewhere, Tom is offered a job back at Harlan's law firm.
174"Borderline"Michael FieldsHeney Alonso MyersNovember 15, 2013 (2013-11-15)4X52040.78[8]
Carrie pitches Larissa a profile on New York wunderkind playwright Adam Weaver, but when he proves a difficult, yet fascinating, interview, Carrie's job is on the line. Bennet's rules in his relationship with Walt force Bennet to acknowledge his real feelings. Carrie and Dorrit are surprised to find a common enemy in Tom's girlfriend Deb's ill-behaved son. Meanwhile, Sebastian seeks comfort in the arms of an older woman.
185"Too Close for Comfort"Zetna FuentesJessica QuellerNovember 22, 2013 (2013-11-22)4X52050.71[9]
When Sebastian learns that his mother is getting remarried, he asks Carrie's dad, Tom, for help to make sure she is legally protected. Meanwhile, Carrie is furious when she discovers that Weaver has secretly read her journal. After reading that Carrie is a virgin and apologizing relentlessly, Carrie and Weaver have SEX and Carrie experiences intimacy for the first time. Mouse volunteers to help with the Homecoming float, but tries to distance herself when West wins Homecoming King. Samantha finds herself a new place to live and another unusual job. Elsewhere, Dorrit begins to feel smothered by Miller, especially when he befriends her dad, and Donna gives Dorrit some advice resulting in Dorrit and Millers relationship ending.
196"The Safety Dance"David WarrenSascha RothchildDecember 6, 2013 (2013-12-06)4X52060.90[10]
Carrie struggles with what she should write about in her essay. Weaver encourages her to write about what she fears the most but when Carrie decides to write about sex, Weaver tries to help her figure out something better and just ends up getting in the way leading them to later break up. Maggie and Sebastian start to grow closer as Maggie discovers some shocking news: she's pregnant! Carrie feels a potential love interest in Sebastian once again after seeing his jacket in her closet and drives to his house to tell him her feelings but instead leaves he jacket on his front foor after seeing Maggie asleep on the couch. Meanwhile, Mouse is apprehensive about applying to safety schools but West thinks it's good to be on the safe side. Walt takes drastic measures to keep himself safe when Bennet moves to a dangerous neighborhood. Also, Larissa and Samantha plan to have a threesome with Harlan but instead make a sex tape with each other after finding out Harlan is stuck in traffic.
207"I Heard a Rumor"Norman BuckleyAmy B. HarrisDecember 13, 2013 (2013-12-13)4X52070.70[11]
Weaver makes some false accusations to the press about Carrie to prevent people from thinking anything bad about him. Samantha brings Carrie, Walt, and Bennet to an event with a raffle with a free trip to Paris as the prize. Carrie meets the journalist who wrote about her, and in spite says awful things about Weaver. Meanwhile, Sebastian lets people think that he's the father to Maggie's baby just to keep Maggie's secret about who the real father is. This makes Carrie decide to call the journalist and tells the truth, that she is the ex that Weaver had said awful words about in the paper. Maggie collapses and ends up in the hospital where she has to partake a major surgery. Elsewhere, Mouse is worried that she and West are boring and therefore tries to spice up their relationship by planting a surprise in West's backback but then starts to freak out when the "surprise" (a topless Polaroid photo of herself) is missing.
218"The Second Time Around"Janice CookeTerri MinskyDecember 20, 2013 (2013-12-20)4X52080.73[12]
Carrie is excited when she gets the chance to interview the CEO of Bongo Jeans. But Larissa tells Carrie that the interview is Carrie's last chance to land a piece in Interview magazine or she will be let go. Meanwhile, Mouse gets some news that drives an unexpected wedge between her and West. Sebastian's estranged father delivers other news that could forever change Sebastian and Carrie's relationship. Elsewhere, Walt finds himself homeless after his conservative parents kick him out when he's forced to confess to them his sexual orientation. He moves in with Carrie where he finds a surprising father figure in Carrie's father Tom. Also, Maggie tries to muster the courage to tell her neglectful father the truth about her past relations with Simon, resulting in him getting fired. He goes to Maggies school and confronts her about his unemployment while Sebastian and Carrie are there. Sebastian and Simon end up fighting, resulting in Sebastian getting expelled. His father supports him for fighting for Maggie and Carrie and tells him they are both moving to California since Sebastian is no longer in school. Carrie and Sebastian decide that they will have a long-distance relationship and hope things work out. Carries article is published in Interview magazie, Sebastian arrives in California with his dad and Walt and Bennet celebrate Christmas with Samantha and Larissa.
229"Under Pressure"Andy WolkLogan SlakterJanuary 3, 2014 (2014-01-03)4X52090.99[13]
When her father's away on business for the weekend, Dorrit and her friends have a party. Carrie tries to maintain a long-distance relationship with Sebastian, only to have him show up a month later claiming that he is back for good. Mouse and Donna find common ground to talk and bond over their respective lives. Meanwhile, Tom is invited into the city by Harlan where he asks him to draw up a pre-nuptial agreement after Harlan announces his engagement to Larissa. Larissa lets Sebastian stay in her loft in Manhattan which gives him a chance to start anew.
2310"Date Expectations"Amy HeckerlingJessica O'Toole & Amy RardinJanuary 10, 2014 (2014-01-10)4X52100.81[14]
On Valentine's Day, Carrie becomes resentful when Sebastian breaks their dinner date in New York because of a work opportunity for him to meet an investor for his new skateboard clothing business. Walt and Bennet get devastating news that changes their future together, when Bennet learns that one of his former boyfriends has AIDS. The news sends Walt into such a panic that he flees from Bennet and the city, refusing to deal with anything or get tested for the virus. Larissa and Samantha continue their personal feud over Samantha being hired as a nude model of Lady Godiva. Meanwhile, the insecure Maggie accidentally enlists in the US Army, and she's forced to ask Mouse and Donna for help to retrieve her consent form. Elsewhere, Tom decides to use reverse psychology on Dorrit to encourage her to start dating again by play-acting as the bad parent.
2411"Hungry Like the Wolf"Sarah PriceHenry Alonso MyersJanuary 17, 2014 (2014-01-17)4X52110.86[15]
Larissa blames Bennet for slacking off since his breakup with Walt, forcing Carrie to cover for him. But when Bennet takes advantage of Carrie's generosity by continuing to skip work, she takes it upon herself to interview a professional ballerina whom Bennet was assigned to interview. Meanwhile, Samantha makes an unruly decision by seducing a married man while she is looking for a lost parakeet to claim a reward. Sebastian's future could change forever when his father arrives in town and asks for money, claiming that he is broke from a lifetime of bad investments. Meanwhile, Tom gets taken advantage of by a female lawyer which prompts Doritt to offer Tom her help. Elsewhere, Maggie seeks Mouse and Donna's advice when her potentially new boyfriend, Pete, comes to visit during his R&R.
2512"This Is the Time"Jason ReillySascha RothchildJanuary 24, 2014 (2014-01-24)4X52120.90[16]
Carrie and her friends get together for perhaps the last time before graduation from high school: the senior prom. Since all of them are dateless they attend as a group. Dorrit also tags along with her boyfriend Scott to try to stir up trouble and drama. Meanwhile, Larissa convinces Carrie to rethink her college plans by offering her a full-time job at Interview magazine. Tom learns about this and threatens to financially cut Carrie off if she does not choose to attend college first. Mouse threatens Donna with revealing a secret about Donna's future plans that could bring Donna to her knees. Walt re-thinks his current situation and decides to reconcile with Bennet. Maggie finds herself uncertain over her future with her Army boyfriend Pete. Elsewhere, Sebastian tries to hide something from Carrie when he is offered a career opportunity to move to California to further his skateboard clothing company.
2613"Run to You"Andrew McCarthyAmy B. HarrisJanuary 31, 2014 (2014-01-31)4X52130.86[17]
Carrie and all of her friends finally graduate from high school. As a result of Larissa's firing, Carrie loses her job at Interview magazine and worse still, cannot get into NYU for at least a year. Meanwhile, Maggie tries to uncover a secret about her new military man, Pete. Mouse and West get thrown together as co-valedictorians as they prepare to leave for their separate colleges. While attempting to get her life back in order, Carrie temporarily moves in with Sebastian, who's keeping a secret from her. Elsewhere, Samantha tries to get out of New York City when she has a run-in with her one-time married lover Elliot. After Larissa reveals Carrie's secret about being fired to her father Tom, he confronts Carrie about her poor judgment and refuses to take her back home. After learning about Carrie's situation, Sebastian tells her that he is moving to California to further his business and asks her to come. Larissa and Harlan have the biggest wedding of all: at the TWA terminal at JFK International Airport. In the end, Carrie makes a life changing decision to stay in New York City and try to rebuild her life by focusing on writing as well as waitressing.

tag: table

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No. inseries
No. inseason
Title
Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR Viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

14
1
"Win Some, Lose Some"
October 25, 2013
0.3/1[5]
0.78[5]
0.2[18]
N/A
0.5[18]
N/A

15
2
"Express Yourself"
November 1, 2013
0.3/1[6]
0.89[6]
0.2[19]
N/A
0.5[19]
N/A

16
3
"Strings Attached"
November 8, 2013
0.3/1[7]
0.77[7]
0.2[20]
N/A
0.5[20]
N/A

17
4
"Borderline"
November 15, 2013
0.3/1[8]
0.78[8]
0.2[21]
N/A
0.5[21]
N/A

18
5
"Too Close for Comfort"
November 22, 2013
0.3/1[9]
0.71[9]
0.2[22]
N/A
0.5[22]
N/A

19
6
"The Safety Dance"
December 6, 2013
0.3/1[10]
0.90[10]
0.2[23]
N/A
0.5[23]
N/A

20
7
"I Heard a Rumor"
December 13, 2013
0.2/1[11]
0.70[11]
0.2[24]
N/A
0.4[24]
N/A

21
8
"The Second Time Around"
December 20, 2013
0.3/1[12]
0.73[12]
0.2[25]
0.32[25]
0.5[25]
1.16[25]

22
9
"Under Pressure"
January 3, 2014
0.4/1[13]
0.99[13]
0.1[26]
0.28[26]
0.5[26]
1.28[26]

23
10
"Date Expectations"
January 10, 2014
0.3/1[14]
0.81[14]
0.2[27]
N/A
0.5[27]
N/A

24
11
"Hungry Like the Wolf"
January 17, 2014
0.4/1[15]
0.86[15]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

25
12
"This Is the Time"
January 24, 2014
0.3/1[16]
0.90[16]
0.2[28]
N/A
0.5[28]
N/A

26
13
"Run to You"
January 31, 2014
0.3/1[17]
0.86[17]
0.2[29]
N/A
0.5[29]
N/A

text: In the netlet's target demo W18-34, the season premiere averaged 0.3, doubling the numbers with the following episode to 0.6.[30] The third episode of the season slipped to 0.5 points.[31] The fourth episode surged to 0.7, a new season high in that demo.[32] The fifth episode of the season fell to 0.3.[33] However, the sixth episode rose to 0.5.[34] The seventh episode dropped to 0.4. The midseason finale rose to 0.5.[35] The ninth episode rose again, this time to 0.6.[36] The tenth episode dropped to 0.4.[37] The eleventh episode rose to 0.5.[38] The penultimate episode scored a 0.6.[39] The season finale tumbled to 0.4.[40]

tag: p