document_title: The Shannara Chronicles

question_text: where was the shannara chronicles season 2 filmed

text: The Shannara Chronicles

text: Plot[edit]

text: Season one of The Shannara Chronicles roughly follows the storylines set out in The Elfstones of Shannara,[1] set in the fictional Four Lands.[2] As the series opens, demons start to return after being banished from this world to a place known as the Forbidding—locked by an ancient tree called the Ellcrys.[3] The series chronicles the journey of Wil, Amberle and Eretria who, with the guidance of the last druid Allanon, must go on a quest to protect the Ellcrys from dying and releasing all the banished demons back into the Four Lands.[1]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Austin Butler as Wil Ohmsford, a half-human/half-elf who is the last of the bloodline of the ancient Shannara family. He is destined to help save the Four Lands from demons. He possesses three Elfstones, which belonged to his late father, Shea Ohmsford.[4][5]
Poppy Drayton as Amberle Elessedil (season 1; recurring, season 2), the Elven Princess and the first female to be accepted as one of the Chosen, a group of elves responsible for protecting and caring for the Ellcrys tree.[4][5] Amberle becomes the lover of Wil before she sacrifices herself to save the Ellcrys and everyone else.
Ivana Baquero as Eretria, a human who was raised by Rovers, a band of thieves. Although at first untrustworthy, she later becomes a stalwart ally of the group. She also has romantic feelings for Wil, and becomes involved with the Princess of Leah, Lyria, in the second season.[4][5]
Manu Bennett as Allanon (season 1–2), a human and the last druid who has been alive for more than 300 years through the use of Druid Sleep. He guides and mentors the group on their quest to protect the Ellcrys.[4][5] In season 2, Bennett also portrays the Warlock Lord.
Aaron Jakubenko as Ander Elessedil (season 1–2), the youngest son of King Eventine who has a reputation for being irresponsible, due to the death of older brother Aine, as he blames himself for his brother's death, despite the fact it was not his fault.[4][5] However, after the death of his father and his brother Arion respectively, Ander becomes the new king of the elves; finally abandoning his irresponsible party boy nature, becoming the responsible ruler his kingdom needs.
Marcus Vanco as Bandon, an Elven boy with the gift of a seer, meaning that he can see possible futures when he touches someone. He follows a dark path in the second season.
Malese Jow as Mareth Ravenlock (season 2), a half-human/half-elf searching for Wil who is revealed to be Allanon's daughter. She eventually develops romantic feelings towards Wil.
Vanessa Morgan as Lyria (season 2), a human who is in a romantic relationship with Eretria, and who is revealed to be the Princess of Leah.
Gentry White as Garet Jax (season 2), a bounty hunter looking for Lyria for her mother the Queen of Leah. Later on he joins Wil's group in saving the Four Lands.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
James Remar as Cephelo (season 1), the leader of the Rovers and adoptive father of Eretria. Upon first seeing Wil's Elfstones, Cephelo becomes obsessed with them. Despite his self-serving nature, he later helps Amberle on her quest.
Daniel MacPherson as Arion Elessedil (season 1), oldest living son of King Eventine and heir to the Elven throne. Arion is known to be hot-tempered and often disagrees with his father's commands.
Jed Brophy as the Dagda Mor (season 1), an ancient elvish druid who turned into a demon. His powers increase as the Ellcrys dies, and as such he uses lesser demons as henchmen and proxies.
Brooke Williams as Catania, an elf who is Amberle's handmaiden. She later becomes the love interest of Ander.
Emelia Burns as Commander Diana Tilton (season 1), the captain of the Black Watch, the elite unit of the Elven military whose sworn duty is to protect the Ellcrys. She is romantically involved with Arion and was previously in love with Ander.
Mark Mitchinson as Flick Ohmsford, Wil's uncle and Shea's brother. He is kidnapped by Bandon during the series' second season.
John Rhys-Davies as Eventine Elessedil (season 1), Amberle's grandfather who has ruled the Elven Kingdom of Arborlon for decades. After the death of his oldest son (Amberle's father), Eventine began grooming his son Arion for the throne. However, in the wake of the demon threat, he decides that the hot-headed Arion is not yet ready to rule.
Jared Turner (season 1) and Glen Levy (season 2) as Slanter, the Gnome resistance leader who murdered Amberle's father 10 years previously. He reluctantly agrees to help Ander and Tilton find the source of the demons in exchange for his release from prison. Slanter shares his name with a character from The Wishsong of Shannara.
James Trevena-Brown as Captain Crispin Edensong (season 1), captain of the Home Guard, the personal corps of Elven Hunters beholden to the king or queen of the elves.
Andrew Grainger as Cogline (season 2), a former druid whose mission is to protect Eretria from any threat; he trains her to defend herself against evil forces.
Desmond Chiam as General Riga (season 2), the leader of the Crimson, who is dedicated to eradicating the use of magic across the Four Lands.
Erroll Shand as Valcaa (season 2), Riga's right hand man.
Caroline Chikezie as Queen Tamlin (season 2), the formidable leader of the human Kingdom of Leah, and Lyria's estranged mother.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired
Network

1
10
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)
MTV

2
10
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
November 22, 2017 (2017-11-22)
Spike

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1

2
1

2
"Chosen"
Jonathan Liebesman
Alfred Gough & Miles Millar
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)
1.03[6]

Amberle, the Princess of the Elven Kingdom, runs the Gauntlet, customarily an all-male race, to determine who will become the Chosen, seven servants of the Ellcrys, a great tree that holds back an ancient army of demons in a realm called the Forbidding. She finishes seventh. When she touches the tree during the initiation ceremony, she has a vision of elves being slaughtered. The druid Allanon wakes up after a long slumber. Wil Ohmsford's mother passes him the elfstones, a magical relic that belonged to Wil's late father. Wil decides to go to Storlock, the village of healers, to learn the healing arts there. On the way, he is ambushed by a troll and saved by a Rover girl named Eretria, who drugs him and steals the elfstones. Allanon meets with the Elven King Eventine in the city of Arborlon and warns him that the Ellcrys is dying. He leaves to seek out Wil and finds him with Eretria. As the Ellcrys weakens, a demon named the Dagda Mor breaks free of the Forbidding along with the Changeling, whom he dispatches to eliminate the Chosen. Amberle, haunted by the visions she saw when she touched the Ellcrys, flees Arborlon. She comes across Eretria, steals food and a horse, and heads for Wing Hove to meet with her aunt, Eventine's sister Pyria (Sarah Peirse). Meanwhile, Allanon takes Wil to the Druid Keep at Paranor to find the secret to restoring the Ellcrys. Allanon uses magic to uncover a codex, proving to Wil that magic didn't end in the War of the Races 300 years ago. The Dagda Mor attacks Allanon in his mind. Allanon and Wil learn that the Chosen are the key to the renewal of the Ellcrys; however, the Changeling, using Amberle's form, has killed them all except Amberle, who had run away. Allanon and Wil track her to Wing Hove, where they are attacked by a Fury summoned from the Forbidding. The Fury kills Pyria and goes after Wil and Amberle.

3
3
"Fury"
James Marshall
Alfred Gough & Miles Millar
January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)[a]
0.92[8]

As the Fury is chasing Wil and Amberle, an injured Allanon rises and kills it. The trio head to the Druid Cave to treat Allanon. After leaving him there, Wil and Amberle head to Silver River to grab some of its mud, which has healing properties, but are ambushed by Eretria and another rover. They are taken as hostages to the rover camp so Wil can teach Cephelo how to use the Elfstones. Wil is unable to do so, and Cephelo threatens to kill Eretria. A Fury attacks the Rover camp but is destroyed by Wil, using the powers of the elfstones. Allanon is cured by the magic from the Druid Cave and rescues Wil and Amberle from the Rovers. On their way to Arborlon, they find an elf named Bandon chained and left alone and they take him with them. At Arborlon, Bandon has a vision of Amberle dying. The Elven Council discusses the crisis of the Ellcrys and decides to let Amberle, the last of the Chosen, enter the tree and search for its seed, which must be taken to Safehold.

4
4
"Changeling"
James Marshall
Alfred Gough & Miles Millar
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)[a]
0.75[9]

Amberle enters the Ellcrys, is put to a test, and gains the seed from the tree when she succeeds. The group prepares to take it to Safehold but realizes that the demon is still alive. Amberle draws an image of a stained glass window, which she saw in a vision inside the Ellcrys. After being threatened by her foster father, Eretria sneaks into the elven palace and seduces Wil only to steal the elfstones again. As she tries to escape the palace, the demon disguises itself as her and attempts to kill Amberle but fails and the real Eretria is arrested for it. Bandon is revealed to be a seer. No one is able to find the demon, so they assume it must be a shapeshifting demon and prepare a trap to catch it. Wil and Eretria realize that the demon was disguised as one of the guards and was aware of the plan. Wil runs to warn Amberle, but the Changeling gets there first and is killed by Allanon, who orders the guards to burn it and save its ashes. However, the demon comes back to life and kills the guards.

5
5
"Reaper"
Brad Turner
Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard
January 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)
1.03[10]

Ten years ago, a group of gnomes led by Slanter snuck into Arborlon in an attempt to assassinate the King, but ended up killing Prince Aine instead. In the present, the expedition to find Safehold is ambushed by Cephelo's rovers. Amberle is taken prisoner while Wil and the escort are left to die in the wilderness. Eretria receives her reward—her own freedom—and leaves the group, but comes back to free Amberle, take Cephelo prisoner and save Wil and most of the guards. Once the group arrives at their destination, the Reaper, a demon hungry for death, has already killed the garrison and attacks them. Cephelo lures it into an ancient field of chemical garbage and sets the field on fire, killing it. Meanwhile, Allanon asks Bandon to contact Amberle through the Ellcrys. In a vision, he sees her dead at Dagda Mor's feet. News comes in about demon attacks on elven villages. Ander suggests they seek the demon's source and enlists Slanter, who was captured 10 years ago, as a guide. The Changeling, disguised as Arion, kills the King and takes his place.

6
6
"Pykon"
Brad Turner
Zander Lehmann
February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)
0.97[11]

While camping, Amberle has a romantic dream about Wil. As a snow storm comes their way, the group decides to take a shortcut to Wilderun by passing through Pykon, a snowy Elven outpost. As they get there, they are welcomed by Mag, a mysterious child, and Remo, an elf who is the property's caretaker. Elsewhere, Reaper rises from the ashes of the explosion and follows the group's tracks. Remo reveals himself to be a torturer seeking revenge. As he begins to torture Amberle, Wil is able to stop him with the help of Mag. The group tries to escape Pykon when the Reaper reaches them. Crispin is killed while fighting it. Wil, Amberle and Eretria fall off a cliff with the Reaper. In Arborlon, the Changeling, disguised as the King, convinces Arion to find an ancient sword said to possess power to defeat Dagda Mor. Once Arion succeeds, he is confronted by Allanon who reveals that the weapon is a talisman of evil and a danger to all. Arion then stabs Allanon, removing him from existence. Meanwhile, Ander and Slanter find Dagda Mor's horde of demons.

7
7
"Breakline"
Jesse Warn
Deanna Kizis
February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)
0.80[12]

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After Wil, Eretria, and Amberle fall off the cliff, they get separated. After awakening next to the Reaper's corpse and prying the Elfstones out of his bloody left palm, Wil is attacked by a male elf from Owen Moor named Perk, whose left ear was stolen by Elf Hunters who cut off and sell the ears to gnomes. He wants to rescue his female partner Genewen who was captured by them. The man who cut off his ear, Cormac, is left behind to guard the camp as their female leader Zora pursues the princess. Eretria and Amberle are subsequently chased by the same group into an old hall that sunk underground during the great war. Meanwhile, in Arborlon, the Changeling, in the guise of King Eventine, sends the Princes Ander and Arion on a seemingly futile mission to kill the Dagda Mor. Allanon is healed by his former master Bremen and returns to Earth. While underground Amberle picks up three blue dice; an eight-sided and a pair of ten-sided dice. They also notice a map which resembles Eretria's vision and she tells Eretria it is Safehold. She and Eretria fight off some Elf Hunters but are captured by Zora. Wil arrives, dangling from Genewen, who turns out to be a flying Roc mounted by Perk, who is a Wing Rider. On the way out Zora shoots Eretria and she falls. More of the Elf Hunters arrive, preventing them from going back for her. The princes arrive to face the Dagda Mor, discovering an imprisoned Bandon. Arion attacks the evil Druid with the sword, but the Dagda Mor is prepared and kills him. Allanon arrives on the scene just in time to save Ander and free Bandon. Eretria is shown hauled off alongside a golf bag full of clubs and a white plastic lawn chair. Ander kills the Changeling with Allanon's collapsible sword, becoming King of the Elves.

8
8
"Utopia"
Jesse Warn
April Blair
February 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)
0.78[13]

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Allanon tells Bandon he'll train him to be the next druid. Ander gets drunk. Eretria is bought out of slavery (along with the map to Safehold) by a human, who shows her how to shoot a revolver and they watch James T. Kirk and Spock in a scene from Star Trek: The Motion Picture. After kissing, Wil and Amberle rescue Cephelo but he ditches them before they sneak into the human village Eretria's in, hugging Wil as he leaves. Cephelo is captured skulking around the village border after noticing that Zora is laying dead outside. Eretria reveals to Wil that the Safehold map is in the village, he seems surprised, indicating Amberle had not told him this. When Wil and Amberle's elven heritage is uncovered during the party, Eretria sneaks off and speaks to a man with a mutilated eye. After he warns her, she flirts with her new owner long enough to steal his revolver. The three are tied to posts to be sacrificed to trolls, Cephelo offers their captors a bag which he says contain the Elfstones. When opened, it is actually the three blue dice that Amberle found. Eretria frees the captives after shooting a troll about to kill Wil. Firefight ensues and Cephelo is mortally wounded. He takes Eretria's pistol and buys them time to escape. More trolls arrive and finding their dead friend attack the Utopians. Episode ends with Wil, Amberle and Eretria coming out of a forest to look upon the ruins of San Francisco.

9
9
"Safehold"
Brad Turner
Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard
February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)
0.72[14]

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Wil, Amberle, and Eretria arrive at Safehold, which turns out to be the ruins of San Francisco and Oakland (the name Safehold coming off the highway sign missing some letters). Eretria discovers that the tattoo on her back is a magical map to the location of the Bloodfire and leads the group there. They are confronted by the Guardians of the Bloodfire who attempt to turn the group against each other. Ander sends Commander Tilton to make an alliance with the Gnomes against the Demons. The Dagda Mor continues to control Bandon's mind, forcing him to attack Ander, Catania, and finally Allanon, who subdues him. Elven Councilor Kael Pindanon, thinking Ander too weak to lead, attempts to seize the throne for herself and has Ander imprisoned. Commander Tilton and Slanter return to Arborlon with a Gnome army and free Ander, and the Council accepts Ander as king after he announces the alliance with the Gnomes. Overcoming the Guardians' mental assaults, Eretria discovers her blood is the key to unlocking the Bloodfire and impales her hand on a magical spike, causing the Bloodfire to ignite. Wil destroys the Guardians with the Elfstones, and Amberle immerses herself in the Bloodfire. When it vanishes, Amberle is nowhere to be seen, and Eretria is unconscious. The last leaf falls from the Ellcrys, and the Elves and Gnomes prepare for war as the Dagda Mor's Demon army marches on Arborlon.

10
10
"Ellcrys"
Brad Turner
April Blair & Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)
0.85[15]

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Wil revives Eretria with the Elfstones. Within the magic of the Bloodfire, Amberle learns the nature of her quest from the spirit of the Ellcrys before returning to join Wil and Eretria. While leaving Safehold, the group is pursued by Trolls, and Eretria stays behind to give the others time to escape. After returning to Arborlon, Wil and Amberle profess their love for each other. Bandon escapes from prison with Catania's help. The Demon army attacks Arborlon, and the Elves and Gnomes fight to defend the Ellcrys. In the battle, Ander and Commander Tilton encounter Arion, now resurrected as a Demon. Arion kills Commander Tilton before being killed himself by Ander. Allanon and Slanter rescue Wil and Amberle from a group of Demons and escort them to the Ellcrys. The Dagda Mor blocks their way, and Allanon battles the evil Druid. Amberle tells Wil that she is the seed and must sacrifice herself to become the new Ellcrys. The Dagda Mor knocks Allanon aside and tries to kill Wil and Amberle. Wil holds off the Demon leader with the Elfstones and Allanon beheads him. Amberle successfully becomes the new Ellcrys, and the Forbidding is renewed, banishing the Demons. Allanon admits to a heartbroken Wil that he knew what Amberle had to do from the beginning and reminds him that all magic comes with a price. Wil rides off to Safehold to rescue Eretria. Bandon is briefly seen carrying the Dagda Mor's evil blade, his eyes turned completely black. Eretria is captured by Trolls and recognizes one of her captors.

text: ^ Jump up to: a b The third and fourth episodes were released online on January 5, 2016.[7]

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

11
1
"Druid"
Brad Turner
Alfred Gough & Miles Millar
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
0.31[16]

Eretria is living in the ruins of San Francisco, scavenging Old World technology for Cogline with her girlfriend, Lyria, and wondering why Wil and Amberle have not come looking for her. Wil is working in Storlock, training to become a Healer, when the mysterious Mareth arrives, seeking treatment for a burned hand. Meanwhile Ander Elessedil is struggling to help the Elves rebuild their lives after the battle against the Dagda Mor and his Demons. Bandon has taken refuge in Skull Mountain, where he plans to resurrect the Warlock Lord. Allanon endeavors to stop him. Riga goes hunting for Wil in Shady Vale.

12
2
"Wraith"
Brad Turner
Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
0.21[17]

After learning that Mareth is the daughter of Allanon, Wil and Mareth search for answers. Meanwhile, Eretria and Lyria are taken captive by a group of Rovers only to be rescued by the bounty hunter Garet Jax. Jax reveals that he has been sent by Lyria's mother Queen Tamlin of Leah, the only human kingdom in the Four Lands. King Ander Elessedil seeks an alliance with Queen Tamlin, who demands that Ander marry Lyria in order to seal the alliance. Bandon learns that Wil's uncle Flick lives in Shady Vale. Following a confrontation with Wil, Bandon kidnaps Flik and tells him he has three days to bring Allanon to Paranor if he wants his uncle back alive. Meanwhile, Allanon is kidnapped by members of the Crimson. Ander's lover Catania is also murdered by Edain, an undercover Crimson agent.

13
3
"Graymark"
James Marshall
Javier Grillo-Marxuach
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
0.23[18]

In Graymark, Allanon is brought before the magic-hating General Riga, leader of the Crimson. Determined to destroy magic, Riga demands that Allanon yield the Codex of Paranor and tortures him. After reuniting with Eretria, Wil teams up with Mareth and Garet Jax to rescue Allanon from Graymark. Posing as Jax's prisoner, Wil infiltrates Graymark only to be trapped by Riga. Seeking the Codex, Riga drains Wil's blood. Allanon and Wil are rescued by Eretria, Mareth, and Jax who escape following a skirmish with the Crimson. Trying to cover up Catania's death, Edain tells Ander that she left Leah. Queen Tamlin orders Edain to contact the Crimson, exposing herself as their financier.

14
4
"Dweller"
James Marshall
Elle Triedman
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)
0.16[19]

Bandon reminds Queen Tamlin of the deal she had forged with the Warlock Lord. Meanwhile, Mareth has a tense reunion with her Druid father Allanon. Bandon takes Flick to the former farm house where he was imprisoned. Consumed by hatred of the prejudice of non-magical folk towards magic users, Bandon brutally kills the new Elven occupants' son. Back in Leah, Eretria and Lyria reconcile and accepts Lyria's arranged marriage pact with Ander. Suspecting that Edain murdered Catania, Ander along with Garet, Eretria, and Slanter capture Edain and his men smuggling weapons to the Crimson. Edain confesses to his crime and is executed by Ander. Meanwhile, Allanon travels with Wil and Mareth to the Wolfsktaag Mountains to obtain the Sword of Shannara, which they obtain following a battle with a giant spider-like Dweller.

15
5
"Paranor"
Toa Fraser
Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
0.24[20]

Wil, Allanon, and Mareth managed to trap Bandon inside Paranor. However, Bandon had poisoned Flick has an insurance and only has the cure that will save Wil from certain death. Ignoring Allanon and Flick's pleas not to heed Bandon, they decide to retrieve the Warlock Lord's skull. This quest takes them back in time to Shady Vale where the two encounter Wil's father Shea Ohmsford and mother Heady. Wil and Mareth struggle to save his parent's relationship while facing a demon. Meanwhile, Eretria learns from Cogline that she is a descendant of Armageddon's Children, a sect of human–demon hybrids who had the potential to be corrupted by dark forces. Under Cogline's tutelage, Eretria begins learning how to resist the darkness. Garet Jax is tracked down by Valcaa and several Crimson warriors but turns the table on his attackers. To punish Valcaa for murdering the son of one of his former Border Legion comrades, Jax along with Ander and Lyria brutally interrogate him.

16
6
"Crimson"
Brad Turner
April Blair
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
0.27[20]

In the past, Wil and Mareth find the Warlock Lord's skull under Shea and Heady's scarecrow. Wil reveals his identity to Shea and saves his father from being killed by Mord Wraiths; making peace with his father. Returning to the present, Wil releases Bandon from Paranor but refuses to hand the Warlock Lord's skull until Bandon heals his uncle Flick. Flick kills himself with the Warlock Sword. Following a fight, Bandon escapes with the skull, leaving behind a wounded Allanon. Meanwhile, Garet Jax kills an escaped Valcaa. In Leah, the wedding of King Ander and Princess Lyria is gatecrashed by General Riga and the Crimson, who attack the guests. Despite the arrival of Jax and Eretria, King Ander is slain by General Riga.

17
7
"Warlock"
James Marshall
Alex Díaz & Julie Díaz
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
0.27[21]

Eretria and Lyria flee Leah and hide in Cogline's lair. Eretria receives a vision from Amberle warning of a coming darkness and that Wil is their last hope and needs to reach the Ellcrys. Meanwhile, Mareth and Wil bring the wounded Allanon to Storlock. Mareth uses a magic ritual to enter Allanon's dreams and finds her father. The Druid Bremen tells them that Mareth is the next Druid. After awakening, the healed Allanon agrees to train Mareth as his successor. Eretria and Wil then travel to the Ellcrys together. Meanwhile, Bandon kills the garrison at Graymark and uses a magic ritual during an eclipse to resurrect the Warlord Lord. Back in Leah, General Riga sentences the deposed Queen Tamlin to death. Recognizing how her actions contributed to the predicament, Tamlin gracefully accepts her fate and throws herself over the waterfall.

18
8
"Amberle"
James Marshall
April Blair and Elle Triedman
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
0.28[21]

Wil and Eretria arrived at Arborlon only to discover the Crimson have attacked. While Eretria searches for the Chosen, Wil enters the Ellcrys and meets with Amberle. Following a tense reunion, Wil reconciles with his former lover and decides to put the past behind him. Wil encounters his father Shea who tells him that the Warlock Lord can only be slain by the Sword of Shannara. After abandoning his feelings for Amberle, Wil finds that the sword has regrown. At Graymark, the Warlock Lord torments Bandon by resurrecting his lover Catania and forcing him to kill her. While bonding at Storlock, Allanon and Mareth are captured by General Riga and the Crimson, who seizes the Codex. The two are sentenced to burn at the stake. General Riga later returns to Graymark only to be killed by the Warlock Lord, who takes the Codex. Back at Arborlon, Eretria is possessed by a Mord-wraith in the service of the Warlock Lord.

19
9
"Wilderun"
Toa Fraser
Matt Lambert
November 22, 2017 (2017-11-22)
0.26[22]

At Storlock, Allanon and Mareth are rescued by the newly-freed Garet Jax and the Gnomes. Together, they set off for Graymark only to discover that the Warlock Lord has left with the Codex. They find a dead Bandon and General Riga's head. Using Riga's head, Jax and the Gnomes managed to convince the surviving Crimson soldiers at Leah to join forces and fight against the Warlock Lord. Meanwhile, Eretria reveals her past to Wil. Eretria, Wil, Allanon, and Mareth reunite with Lyria and Cogline in the Enclave. However, the Warlock Lord and his Mord-Wraith discovers their location using Eretria's demonic connection. The Warlock Lord bests Allanon, Cogline, and Mareth in combat while the possessed Eretria steals Lyria's golden elfstone necklace; the key to unlocking Heaven's Well.

20
10
"Blood"
Brad Turner
Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard
November 22, 2017 (2017-11-22)
0.24[22]

The Warlock Lord kills Allanon in combat. Along with the possessed Eretria and the captive Lyria, they travel to Leah to infect Heaven’s Well. Garet Jax commands the combined defense of Leah. After unlocking Heaven’s Well, the Warlock Lord infects the dam and rivers with the dark magic in his blood. The possessed Eretria sabotages the dam but is exorcised by Cogline and Jax. Wil and Mareth fight the Warlock Lord with Wil sacrificing his life to kill the Warlock and heal the infected river. With the Warlock Lord’s defeat, Lyria is crowned Queen. Eretria, Mareth, and Cogline travel to Paranor where Mareth senses that Wil is still alive. Wil Awakens in a battlefield surrounded by Furies.

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception and development[edit]

text: Sonar Entertainment and Farah Films acquired the TV rights to the Shannara universe in 2012.[23] In December 2013, it was announced that a series based on the books was being produced for MTV and had been given a straight-to-series, 10-episode order.[24][25] On April 20, 2016, MTV greenlit a second season of The Shannara Chronicles.[26]

text: The series is produced by Dan Farah, Jon Favreau, Miles Millar, Al Gough, Jonathan Liebesman, and author Terry Brooks.[27] Brooks has stated in an interview that he is happy with the way his story has been adapted.[28] Much like the television adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, the series will not be a direct adaptation following the narrative order of the books, but will feature a mix of the books' stories.[29] The first book of the series to be adapted is The Elfstones of Shannara, the second book in the trilogy, with some elements of the other novels being gradually adapted to the show.[30]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In December 2014, it was announced that Manu Bennett would star as Allanon[31] and in January 2015 Ivana Baquero, Austin Butler, Poppy Drayton, Emelia Burns and John Rhys-Davies joined the show.[32] Malese Jow, Vanessa Morgan, Gentry White, Desmond Chiam and Caroline Chikezie joined the cast as series regulars in season two.[33]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the 10-episode first season wrapped in New Zealand at Auckland Film Studios in June 2015,[34] and the first trailer debuted on July 10, 2015.[35] Filming for the second season, which also consists of 10 episodes,[36] began January 31, 2017, in New Zealand.[citation needed]

text: Music[edit]

text: The opening theme song, "Until We Go Down", from the EP "Up in Flames",[37] is performed by Ruelle.[38][39][40][41] Other songs featured in the show's first season include "Midnight" by Coldplay, "You Are a Memory" by Message to Bears, "Wave" by Beck and "Run Boy Run" by Woodkid.[42]

text: Release[edit]

text: During the Shannara Chronicles panel at San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2015, a teaser trailer was revealed,[43] giving audiences a first look at the sets and characters. A television version of the trailer was shown during the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards.[44][45]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Shannara Chronicles premiered on MTV in the United States on January 5, 2016, with a two-hour series premiere, right after the premiere of the second half of the fifth season of Teen Wolf on MTV.[importance?][46] New episodes were broadcast every Tuesday at 10 pm ET.[47] The third and fourth episodes were released online after the first two episodes aired on January 5, 2016, prior to their original broadcast schedule.[48][49]

text: The series was simulcast on MTV in Canada.[50] The two-hour pilot also aired on Bell Media sister network CTV on Wednesday, January 6, 2016.[51] The series has also been licensed to a number of different countries, including the United Kingdom (airing on 5STAR), Australia (Syfy) and New Zealand (Sky TV).[52][53] In Canada, season two is now being simulcast on Space, with season one viewable on-demand until November 2017.

text: Both seasons are available on Netflix, season 2 opening in May 2018.

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: On January 16, 2018, it was announced that the series had been cancelled after two seasons.[54][55] Producers later announced that the series is being shopped to other networks.[56][57]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Shannara Chronicles has received mixed reviews, receiving a 52/100 score on Metacritic, based on 15 reviews[58] and a 54% for season 1 on Rotten Tomatoes based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "The Shannara Chronicles wears its influences heavily on its sleeve and needs to find surer footing before it can tap its true potential, but it still might suffice for viewers in search of a teen-friendly Game of Thrones."[59]

text: Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times wrote: "So give this reasonably absorbing series a little credit, even though it often seems to be merely reworking various fantasy formulas. It moves quickly and does a nice job of weaving together two story lines involving an elfin world that is threatened when a giant tree, known as the Ellcrys, begins to die."[60] Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote: "Sure, Shannara, which harks back to the golden age of syndicated genre fare, is a standard quest journey in which there are trolls, gnomes, living trees and magic books, and characters say things like, 'If Allanon is here, there are dark days ahead.' But there's conviction in the show's execution."[61]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1/2
"Chosen"
January 5, 2016
0.5
1.03[6]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
"Fury"
January 12, 2016
0.4
0.92[8]
0.3
0.75
0.7
1.67[62]

4
"Changeling"
January 19, 2016
0.3
0.75[9]
0.3
N/A
0.6[63]
N/A

5
"Reaper"
January 26, 2016
0.5
1.03[10]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"Pykon"
February 2, 2016
0.4
0.97[11]
0.5
1.11
0.9
2.08[64]

7
"Breakline"
February 9, 2016
0.3
0.80[12]
0.5
0.99
0.8
1.79[65]

8
"Utopia"
February 16, 2016
0.3
0.78[13]
0.5
0.93
0.8
1.71[66]

9
"Safehold"
February 23, 2016
0.3
0.72[14]
0.4
0.86
0.7
1.58[67]

10
"Ellcrys"
March 1, 2016
0.4
0.85[15]
0.4
0.92
0.8
1.77[68]

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Druid"
October 11, 2017
0.1
0.31[16]
0.2
0.42
0.3
0.73[69]

2
"Wraith"
October 18, 2017
0.1
0.21[17]
N/A
0.36
N/A
0.57[70]

3
"Graymark"
October 25, 2017
0.1
0.23[18]
0.2
0.36
0.3
0.58[71]

4
"Dweller"
November 1, 2017
0.1
0.16[19]
N/A
0.34
N/A
0.50[72]

5
"Paranor"
November 8, 2017
0.1
0.24[20]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"Crimson"
November 8, 2017
0.1
0.27[20]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Warlock"
November 15, 2017
0.1
0.27[21]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8
"Amberle"
November 15, 2017
0.1
0.28[21]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9
"Wilderun"
November 22, 2017
0.1
0.26[22]
N/A
0.35
N/A
0.61[73]

10
"Blood"
November 22, 2017
0.1
0.24[22]
N/A
0.31
N/A
0.55[73]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The series was nominated for a Saturn Award for "Best Fantasy TV Series" for the 2015–2016 season.[74]


document_title: Biathlon

question_text: what kind of guns do they use in the olympics

root

text: Biathlon

text: History[edit]

text: According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the biathlon "is rooted in the skiing traditions of Scandinavia, where early inhabitants revered the Norse god Ullr as both the ski god and the hunting god". In modern times, the activity that developed into this sport was an exercise for Norwegian people that was an alternative training for the military. Norwegian skiing regiments organized military skiing contests in the 18th century, divided in four classes: shooting at mark while skiing at top speed, downhill race among trees, downhill race on big hills without falling, and a long race on flat ground while carrying rifle and military pack. In modern terminology these military contests included downhill, slalom, biathlon, and cross-country skiing.[1] One of the world's first known ski clubs, the Trysil Rifle and Ski Club, was formed in Norway in 1861 to promote national defense at the local level. 20th century variants include Forsvarsrennet (the military contest) – a 17 km cross-country race with shooting, and the military cross-country race at 30 km including marksmanship. The modern biathlon is a civilian variant of the old military combined exercise.[2] In Norway, the biathlon was until 1984 a branch of Det frivillige Skyttervesen, an organization set up by the government to promote civilian marksmanship in support of national defense. In Norwegian, the biathlon is called skiskyting (literally ski shooting).[3] In Norway there are still separate contests in skifeltskyting, a cross-country race at 12 km with large-caliber rifle shooting at various targets with unknown range.[4]

text: Called military patrol, the combination of skiing and shooting was contested at the Winter Olympic Games in 1924, and then demonstrated in 1928, 1936, and 1948, but did not regain Olympic recognition then because the small number of competing countries disagreed on the rules. During the mid-1950s, however, the biathlon was introduced into the Soviet and Swedish winter sport circuits and was widely enjoyed by the public. This newfound popularity aided the effort of having the biathlon gain entry into the Winter Olympics.

text: The first Biathlon World Championship was held in 1958 in Austria, and in 1960 the sport was finally included in the Olympic Games.[3] At Albertville in 1992, women were first allowed in the Olympic biathlon.

text: The competitions from 1958 to 1965 used high-power centerfire cartridges, such as the .30-06 Springfield and the 7.62×51mm NATO, before the .22 Long Rifle rimfire cartridge was standardized in 1978. The ammunition was carried in a belt worn around the competitor's waist. The sole event was the men's 20 kilometres (12 mi) individual, encompassing four separate ranges and firing distances of 100 metres (330 ft), 150 metres (490 ft), 200 metres (660 ft), and 250 metres (820 ft). The target distance was reduced to 150 metres (490 ft) with the addition of the relay in 1966. The shooting range was further reduced to 50 metres (160 ft) in 1978 with the mechanical targets making their debut at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid.[5]

text: Governing body[edit]

text: In 1948, the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne et Biathlon (UIPMB) was founded, to standardise the rules for the biathlon and the modern pentathlon. In 1993, the biathlon branch of the UIPMB created the International Biathlon Union (IBU), which officially separated from the UIPMB in 1998.

text: Presidents of the UIPMB/IBU:

text:
1947–1949: Tom Wiborn (Sweden)
1949–1960: Gustaf Dyrssen (Sweden)
1960–1988: Sven Thofelt, (Sweden)
1988–1992: Igor Novikov (USSR/Russia)
Since 1992: Anders Besseberg (Norway)

text: Championships[edit]

text: The following articles list major international biathlon events and medalists. Contrary to the Olympics and World Championships (BWCH), the World Cup (BWC) is an entire winter season of (mostly) weekly races, where the medalists are those with the highest sums of World Cup points at the end of the season.

text:
Biathlon at the Winter Olympics
Biathlon World Championships
Biathlon World Cup
Biathlon Junior World Championships

text: Rules and equipment[edit]

text: The complete rules of the biathlon are given in the official IBU rule books.[6]

text: Basic concepts[edit]

text: A biathlon competition consists of a race in which contestants ski through a cross-country trail system whose total distance is divided into either two or four shooting rounds, half in prone position, the other half standing. Depending on the shooting performance, extra distance or time is added to the contestant's total skiing distance/time. The contestant with the shortest total time wins.

text: For each shooting round, the biathlete must hit five targets or receive a penalty for each missed target, which varies according to the competition rules, as follows:[6]

text:
Skiing around a 150-metre (490 ft) penalty loop—typically taking 20–30 seconds for elite biathletes to complete, depending on weather and snow conditions.
Adding one minute to the skier's total time.
Use of an extra cartridge (placed at the shooting range) to hit the target; only three such extras are available for each round, and a penalty loop must be done for each target left standing.

text: In order to keep track of the contestants' progress and relative standing throughout a race, split times (intermediate times) are taken at several points along the skiing track and upon finishing each shooting round. The large display screens commonly set up at biathlon arenas, as well as the information graphics shown as part of the TV picture, will typically list the split time of the fastest contestant at each intermediate point and the times and time differences to the closest runners-up.

text: Skiing details[edit]

text: In the Olympics, all cross-country skiing techniques are permitted in the biathlon, allows the use of skate skiing,[7] which is overwhelmingly the choice of competitors. The minimum ski length is the height of the skier minus 4 centimetres (1.6 in). The rifle has to be carried by the skier during the race at all times.

text: Shooting details[edit]

text: The biathlete carries a small-bore rifle, which weighs at least 3.5 kilograms (7.7 lb), excluding ammunition and magazines. The rifles use .22 LR ammunition and are bolt action or Fortner (straight-pull bolt) action. The rifle must weight more than 3.5 kilograms. Each rifle holds 4 magazines with 5 rounds each. Additional rounds can be kept on the stock of the rifle for a relay race.

text: The target range shooting distance is 50 metres (160 ft). There are five circular targets to be hit in each shooting round. When shooting in the prone position, the target diameter is 45 millimetres (1.8 in); when shooting in the standing position, the target diameter is 115 millimetres (4.5 in). On all modern biathlon ranges, the targets are self-indicating, in that they flip from black to white when hit, giving the biathlete, as well as the spectators, instant visual feedback for each shot fired.

text: Competition format[edit]

text: Individual[edit]

text: The 20 kilometres (12 mi) individual race (15 kilometres (9.3 mi) for women) is the oldest biathlon event; the distance is skied over five laps. The biathlete shoots four times at any shooting lane,[8] in the order of prone, standing, prone, standing, totaling 20 targets. For each missed target a fixed penalty time, usually one minute, is added to the skiing time of the biathlete. Competitors' starts are staggered, normally by 30 seconds.

text: Sprint[edit]

text: The sprint is 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) for men and 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) for women; the distance is skied over three laps. The biathlete shoots twice at any shooting lane, once prone and once standing, for a total of 10 shots. For each miss, a penalty loop of 150 metres (490 ft) must be skied before the race can be continued. As in the individual competition, the biathletes start in intervals.

text: Pursuit[edit]

text: In a pursuit, biathletes' starts are separated by their time differences from a previous race,[9] most commonly a sprint. The contestant crossing the finish line first is the winner. The distance is 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) for men and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) for women, skied over five laps; there are four shooting bouts (two prone, two standing, in that order), and each miss means a penalty loop of 150 metres (490 ft). To prevent awkward or dangerous crowding of the skiing loops, and overcapacity at the shooting range, World Cup Pursuits are held with only the 60 top ranking biathletes after the preceding race. The biathletes shoot on a first-come, first-served basis at the lane corresponding to the position they arrived for all shooting bouts.

text: Mass start[edit]

text: In the mass start, all biathletes start at the same time and the first across the finish line wins. In this 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) for men or 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) for women competition, the distance is skied over five laps; there are four bouts of shooting (two prone, two standing, in that order) with the first shooting bout being at the lane corresponding to the competitor's bib number (Bib #10 shoots at lane #10 regardless of position in race), with the rest of the shooting bouts being on a first-come, first-served basis (If a competitor arrives at the lane in fifth place, they shoot at lane 5). As in sprint and pursuit, competitors must ski one 150 metres (490 ft) penalty loop for each miss. Here again, to avoid unwanted congestion, World Cup Mass starts are held with only the 30 top ranking athletes on the start line (half that of the Pursuit as here all contestants start simultaneously).

text: Relay[edit]

text: The relay teams consist of four biathletes, who each ski 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) (men) or 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) (women), each leg skied over three laps, with two shooting rounds; one prone, one standing. For every round of five targets there are eight bullets available, though the last three can only be single-loaded manually one at a time from spare round holders or bullets deposited by the competitor into trays or onto the mat at the firing line. If after eight bullets there are still misses, one 150 m (490 ft) penalty loop must be taken for each missed target remaining. The first-leg participants start all at the same time, and as in cross-country skiing relays, every athlete of a team must touch the team's next-leg participant to perform a valid changeover. On the first shooting stage of the first leg, the participant must shoot in the lane corresponding to their bib number (Bib #10 shoots at lane #10 regardless of position in race), then for the remainder of the relay, the relay team shoots on a first-come, first-served basis (arrive at the range in fifth place, shoot at lane 5).

text: Mixed relay[edit]

text: The most recent addition to the number of biathlon competition variants, the mixed relay is similar to the ordinary relay but the teams are composed of two women and two men. Legs 1 and 2 are done by the women, legs 3 and 4 by the men. The women's legs are 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) and men's legs are 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) as in ordinary relay competitions.

text: In 2014, single mixed relay was introduced by the IBU. Each team has a man and a woman, and each runs two 3.0 kilometres (1.9 mi) legs, except the last leg where the man completes 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) for a total 13.5 kilometres (8.4 mi).

text: This event was first held at the Biathlon World Championships 2005 in Khanty-Mansiysk, and it was added to the 2014 Winter Olympics.

text: Team (obsolete)[edit]

text: A team consists of four biathletes, but unlike the relay competition, all team members start at the same time. Two athletes must shoot in the prone shooting round, the other two in the standing round. In case of a miss, the two non-shooting biathletes must ski a penalty loop of 150 m (490 ft). The skiers must enter the shooting area together, and must also finish within 15 seconds of each other; otherwise a time penalty of one minute is added to the total time. Since 2004, this race format has been obsolete at the World Cup level.

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: Biathlon events are broadcast most regularly where the sport enjoys its greatest popularity, namely Germany (ARD, ZDF), Austria (ORF), Norway (NRK), France (L'Équipe 21), Finland (YLE), Estonia (ETV), Latvia (LTV), Lithuania (LRT), Croatia (HRT), Poland (Polsat), Sweden (SVT), Russia (Russia-2, Channel One), Belarus (TVR), Slovenia (RTV), Bosnia and Herzegovina (BHRT), Bulgaria (BNT), and South Korea (KBS); it is broadcast on European-wide Eurosport, which also broadcasts to the Asia-Pacific region. World Cup races are streamed (without commentary) via the IBU website.[10]

text: The broadcast distribution being one indicator, the constellation of a sport's main sponsors usually gives a similar, and correlated, indication of popularity: for biathlon, these are the Germany-based companies E.ON Ruhrgas (energy), Krombacher (beer), and Viessmann (boilers and other heating systems).

text: Biathlon records and statistics[edit]

text: The IBU maintains biathlon records, rules, news, videos, and statistics for many years back, all of which are available at its web site.[11]


document_title: Three Coins in the Fountain (film)

question_text: cast of three coins in the fountain movie

text: Three Coins in the Fountain (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: A young American secretary, Maria Williams (Maggie McNamara), arrives in Rome and is greeted by Anita Hutchins (Jean Peters), the woman she is replacing at the "United States Distribution Agency". They drive to the "Villa Eden" Anita shares with Miss Frances (Dorothy McGuire), the longtime secretary of the American author John Frederick Shadwell (Clifton Webb), an expatriate living in Rome for the past fifteen years. On their way into town, the three women stop at the famous Trevi Fountain. Frances and Anita tell Maria that according to legend, if she throws a coin in the fountain and makes a wish to return to Rome, she will. Maria and Frances throw in their coins, but Anita, who is planning to return to the United States to marry, declines.

text: Anita takes Maria to the agency and introduces her to Giorgio Bianchi (Rossano Brazzi), a translator with whom she works. Maria senses that Anita and Giorgio are attracted to each other, though Anita states that the agency forbids its American and Italian employees to fraternize. Later that evening at a party, Maria is attracted by the handsome Prince Dino di Cessi (Louis Jourdan), despite being warned by Frances and Anita about him being a notorious womanizer. His girlfriends become known as "Venice girls" after he takes them to Venice for romantic trysts. Dino charms Maria, telling her to ignore what she's heard about him.

text: After the party, Anita and Maria walk home and Anita admits that she has no fiancé waiting back in the United States. She's leaving because she believes she has a better chance of finding a husband in America; wealthy Italian men are not interested in mere secretaries, and the men who are interested are too poor. As they walk, Maria is pinched by a man who pesters her until she is rescued by Giorgio, who then asks Anita to go with him the next day to his family's country farm to attend a celebration. Anita reluctantly agrees.

text: The next morning, Giorgio picks Anita up in his cousin's dilapidated truck. On their way out of town, they are spotted by her boss, Burgoyne (Howard St. John). On Giorgio's family farm, Giorgio tells Anita that he hopes to become a lawyer, despite his poverty. Anita then climbs into the truck and is almost killed when it rolls down the hill. After Giorgio rescues her, the breathless couple gives in to their attraction and they kiss. Meanwhile, back at the apartment Dino calls for Maria and asks if she will accompany him to Venice. Desiring to see Venice but not wanting to lose Dino's respect Maria arranges for Frances to chaperone them to Dino's disappointment.

text: At the agency on Monday, Burgoyne questions Maria about Anita's weekend with Giorgio and although she maintains that Anita did nothing wrong Burgoyne assumes Anita is having an affair with Giorgio. The following day he fires Giorgio. When Anita finds out she blames Maria for betraying her confidence and insists on moving out of their apartment. She visits Giorgio worried that she may have ruined his chances of becoming a lawyer. Giorgio has no regrets.

text: Meanwhile Maria sets out to attract Dino's affections. She learns about the modern art he loves, his favorite food and wine, and pretends to learn the piccolo (his favorite instrument). Maria even lies about her background, telling Dino she is three-quarters Italian. Beguiled by how much he apparently has in common with Maria, Dino introduces her to his mother, the Principessa, who expresses her approval. Later Dino confides in Maria that she is the only girl who he has ever completely trusted. Troubled by her deception, Maria confesses her subterfuge, even showing Dino her notebook listing his interests. He angrily takes her home.

text: Frances meets with Anita, who admits that she and Giorgio are in love but will not marry because he is too poor. Frances returns home to comfort the guilt-stricken Maria, who is also determined to leave Rome because Dino has not contacted her since her admission. Frances tells her she is glad she is no longer young and susceptible to romance. The next morning, however, Frances suddenly announces to Shadwell that she is returning to the United States, explaining that she does not want to wind up an old maid in a foreign country. Shadwell, unaware that Frances has been deeply in love with him for fifteen years, offers her a marriage of convenience based on mutual respect. Eager to be with him under any circumstances Frances accepts.

text: The next day Shadwell learns that he is terminally ill and has less than a year to live unless he goes to America for experimental treatment. Shadwell returns to his villa and coldly breaks off his engagement to Frances. After Shadwell leaves Frances learns from his doctor the truth about Shadwell's condition, and then follows him to a café, where she proceeds to match him drink for drink while bickering about whether he should pursue treatment. Completely drunk Frances climbs into a nearby fountain and sobs about her life. After Shadwell takes her back to the villa and tucks her in, he goes to see Dino at the di Cessi palace. Shadwell tells Dino he is leaving for the United States where he will marry Frances. He uses reverse psychology to provoke Dino into realizing that he loves Maria.

text: After Anita and Maria are packed and ready to leave, Frances telephones and asks to meet them at the Trevi Fountain. When they arrive, Maria and Anita are disappointed to see the fountain emptied for cleaning. When they are joined by Frances, however, the water springs up again and the women are thrilled by its beauty. Dino and Giorgio then arrive, and as the men embrace their girlfriends, Frances is joined by Shadwell, and they happily admire the fountain, which has proved lucky to them all.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Clifton Webb as John Frederick Shadwell
Dorothy McGuire as Miss Frances
Jean Peters as Anita Hutchins
Louis Jourdan as Prince Dino di Cessi
Rossano Brazzi as Georgio Bianchi
Maggie McNamara as Maria Williams
Howard St. John as Burgoyne
Kathryn Givney as Mrs. Burgoyne
Cathleen Nesbitt as Principessa[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Upon its theatrical release, the film received generally positive reviews, particularly for its color and CinemaScope wide-screen cinematography of Italian filming locations. In his review in The New York Times, Bosley Crowther wrote, "Three Coins in the Fountain is quite clearly a film in which the locale comes first. However, the nonsense of its fable tumbles nicely within the picture frame." Crowther underscored the film's visual appeal to the audiences of his time.

text: A nice way to take the movie audience on a sightseeing tour of Rome, with a flying side trip to Venice, through the courtesy of CinemaScope, has been devised in "Three Coins in the Fountain," a handsomely colored romance that Twentieth Century-Fox delivered to the Roxy yesterday. The trick is to underpin the picture with flimsy and harmless accounts of the plainly romantic adventures of three American girls in Rome and then chase them with the camera around the Eternal City as they pursue their destinies.[8]

text: The review in Variety noted that the film "has warmth, humor, a rich dose of romance and almost incredible pictorial appeal."[9]

text: On the review aggregator web site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 63% positive rating based on 8 reviews.[10]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
1955 Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Color (Milton R. Krasner)
1955 Academy Award for  Best Music, Original Song (Jule Styne, Sammy Cahn)
1955 Academy Award Nomination for Best Picture (Sol C. Siegel)
1955 Directors Guild of America Award Nomination for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Jean Negulesco)[6]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated[11]
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
"Three Coins in the Fountain" (song) – Nominated[12]

text: Remakes[edit]

text: Three other films based on the same novel have been released. The first was the 1964 musical The Pleasure Seekers starring Ann-Margret, Carol Lynley, and Pamela Tiffin, and also directed by Jean Negulesco. The second was a 20th Century Fox movie filmed in 1966 as the pilot for an unsold television series. The film was directed by Hal Kanter, written by Kanter and Melville Sherelson, and starred Cynthia Pepper, Yvonne Craig, and Joanna Moore. The television film was finally broadcast in 1970. Sergio Franchi sang the title song. The third was the 1990 television film Coins in the Fountain starring Loni Anderson.

text: Three Coins in the Fountain also inspired the 2010 film When in Rome which tells the story of a woman who takes coins from a love fountain in Rome and finds unwanted love. The film starred Kristen Bell and Josh Duhamel.


document_title: Michael McElhatton

question_text: who does michael mcelhatton play in justice league

text: Michael McElhatton

text: Life and career[edit]

text: McElhatton was born in 1963 in Terenure,[1] a suburb on the outskirts of Dublin, to a modest family.[1] He began studying acting at Terenure College, a school known for its drama tradition,[1] and afterward spent eight years in London where he graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1987. McElhatton returned to Ireland in the early nineties, where he began his acting career mainly in theatre and television.[1] He appeared in a short film titled The Loser in 1990. In 1996, he was directed by John Carney in the film November Afternoon, in which he plays the main character. In the late nineties and early 2000s, McElhatton appeared in numerous series and TV films in Ireland, working with various film directors, including Paddy Breathnach and Conor McPherson for roles in I Went Down (1997), Saltwater (2000), Blow Dry (2001), and The Actors (2003). Between 2000 and 2002, McElhatton gained fame from appearing in the situation comedies Paths to Freedom and Fergus's Wedding.[1] In addition to acting, he also took on the role of screenwriter, writing the screenplay for all of the episodes.[1] The character of Rats in Paths to Freedom, which he wrote and starred in, became popular with the public and allowed it to be adapted into an entire feature film in 2003 (Spin the Bottle). As his career went on, McElhatton continued playing minor characters in films by directors such as Lenny Abrahamson, John Boorman and Kari Skogland. McElhatton also appeared in Perrier's Bounty (2009) and Death of a Superhero (2011).

text: He returned to his role as writer in 2010, writing six episodes of the sitcom Your Bad Self . Over the next decade, McElhatton began appearing in much larger roles. In 2011, he had a role in the film Albert Nobbs directed by Rodrigo García, and the following year the short Pentecost , which received a nomination for Best Short Film at the 2012 Academy Awards. That same year he took part in the film Shadow Dancer directed by James Marsh, while also on television in the cast of the miniseries Titanic: Blood and Steel.

text: In 2012, McElhatton joined the cast of the popular HBO television series Game of Thrones, beginning in the second season, playing the character of Roose Bolton. From the fifth season on he was promoted to series regular. In 2015, he played one of the protagonists in the horror film The Hallow, which was presented at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival.

text: He appeared in the screen adaptation of the true story of World War 2 drama 'The Zookeeper's Wife' in 2017.

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Title
Year
Role
Director
Notes
Ref(s)

The Loser
1990
Eddie
Keith Boak
Short film

November Afternoon
1996
John
John Carney, Tom Hall

I Went Down
1997
Johnner Doyle
Paddy Breathnach

All Souls' Day
1997

Alan Gilsenan

To the Mountain
1998

Jean Pasley
Short film

Crush Proof
1998
Detective Sergeant Hogan
Paul Tickell

Between Dreams
1999
Mr. Fitzsimons
Ian Fitzgibbon
Short film

Underworld
1999
Jimmy
Ronan Gallagher
Short film

Saltwater
2000
John Traynor
Conor McPherson

Blow Dry
2001
Robert
Paddy Breathnach

Zulu 9
2001
Garda Dispatcher
Alan Gilsenan
Short film

Ape
2002
Dandy Dance
Rory Bresnihan
Short film, voice only

The Actors
2003
Jock
Conor McPherson

Intermission
2003
Sam
John Crowley

Spin the Bottle
2003
Rats
Ian Fitzgibbon

[1]

Waterloo Dentures
2004
Captain
Rachael Moriarty, Peter Murphy
Short film

Mickybo and Me
2004
Mechanic
Terry Loane

Adam & Paul
2004
Martin
Lenny Abrahamson
Voice only

God's Early Work
2004
God
Rory Bresnihan
Short film, voice only

George
2005

Rory Bresnihan, John Butler
Short film

English
2005

Rory Bresnihan
Short film

The Tiger's Tail
2006
Dr. Alex Loden
John Boorman

The Martyr's Crown
2007
Officer
Rory Bresnihan
Short film

Spacemen Three
2008
Dr. Yuri Semyonov
Hugh O'Conor
Short film

Fifty Dead Men Walking
2008
Robbie
Kari Skogland

The Man Inside
2008
Locksmith
Rory Bresnihan
Short film

Perrier's Bounty
2009
Ivan
Ian Fitzgibbon

Happy Ever Afters
2009
Detective Norman Ginty
Stephen Burke

Parked
2010
Frank
Darragh Byrne

Pentecost
2011
Pat Lynch
Peter McDonald
Short film

Albert Nobbs
2011
Mr. Moore
Rodrigo García

Death of a Superhero
2011
James Clarke
Ian Fitzgibbon

Shadow Dancer
2012
Liam Hughes
James Marsh

The Food Guide to Love
2013
Famine narrator
Dominic Harari, Teresa Pelegri
Voice only

The Legend of Longwood
2014
The Black Knight
Lisa Mulcahy
Voice only

The Hallow
2015
Colm Donnelly
Corin Hardy

Norm of the North
2016
Laurence
Trevor Wall
Voice only

Mammal
2016
Matt
Rebecca Daly

The Autopsy of Jane Doe
2016
Sheriff Sheldon
André Øvredal

Handsome Devil
2016
Walter Curly
John Butler

The Siege of Jadotville
2016
McEntee
Richie Smyth

The Zookeeper's Wife
2017
Jerzyk
Niki Caro

King Arthur: Legend of the Sword
2017
Jack's Eye
Guy Ritchie

The Foreigner
2017
Jim Kavanagh
Martin Campbell

Justice League
2017
Bank robber
Zack Snyder

text: Television[edit]

text:
Title
Year
Role
Network
Notes
Ref.

Ballyseedy
1997
Comdt. Ed. Breslin

Television film

Vicious Circle
1999
Garrett
BBC
Television film

The Ambassador
1999
Commander 2

Episode: "Vacant Possession"

Vicious Circle
1999
Garrett

Television film

Paths to Freedom
2000
Raymond 'Rats' Doyle
RTÉ
6 episodes

Rebel Heart
2001
Cathal Brugha
BBC
Mini-Series
3 episodes

Fergus's Wedding
2002
Fergus Walsh

4 episodes

Hide & Seek
2006
Paul Holden
RTÉ
4 episodes

My Boy Jack
2007
Leo Amery MP

Television film

Your Bad Self
2010

RTÉ
6 episodes

The Santa Incident
2010
Ross

Television film

Zen
2011
Ernesto Heuber
BBC
Mini-Series
Episode: "Ratking"

Game of Thrones
2012–2016
Roose Bolton
HBO
19 episodes
[4]

The Fall
2013
Rob Breedlove
RTÉ
4 episodes

Ripper Street
2013
Commissioner James Monro
BBC
2 episodes

The Ice Cream Girls
2013
Brian
ITV
Mini-Series
3 episodes

New Worlds
2014
John Hawkins
Channel 4
3 episodes

Strike Back: Legacy
2015
Oppenheimer
Sky 1
2 episodes

Mammon
2016
CIA Agent
NRK
2 episodes

Genius
2017
Dr. Philipp Lenard
National Geographic
3 episodes

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Title
Year
Voice role
Ref.

Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag
2013
Vance Travers

text: Writing credits[edit]

text:
Paths to Freedom
Fergus's Wedding
Spin the Bottle
Your Bad Self

text: Selected stage career[edit]

text:
The Seafarer, as Nicky Giblin National Theatre, London
Shining City, Royal Court Theatre, London
The Wexford Trilogy, Tricycle Theatre
An Ideal Husband, Gate Theatre
The White Devil, Project at The Mint
Car Show, Corn Exchange
Twenty Grand, Abbey Theatre
Greatest Hits, Project Arts Centre
The Way of the World, Project Arts Centre
A Decision Pure and Simple, Riverside Studios
An Enemy of the People, for Young Vic
As You Like It, Rose Theatre
Midnight Court, Project Theatre
Wind in the Willows, Sheffield Crucible
Little Malcom and His Struggle Against the Eunuchs, BAC
Water Music, Cockpit Theatre

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
2003 IFTA Award nomination, Best Actor-Film for "Spin the Bottle"[5]
2003 IFTA Award nomination, Best Script for "Spin the Bottle" – Ian Fitzgibbon/Michael McElhatton/Grand Pictures[5]
2007 IFTA Award nomination, Best Actor-Television for "Hide & Seek" [6]
2013 IFTA Award nomination, Best Supporting Actor-Film for "Death of a Superhero" [7]
20th Screen Actors Guild Awards nomination, Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series[8]


document_title: Organizational behavior

question_text: who identified three levels of conceptualization and organisation

text: Organizational behavior

text: Overview[edit]

text: Chester Barnard recognized that individuals behave differently when acting in their organizational role than when acting separately from the organization.[3] Organizational behavior researchers study the behavior of individuals primarily in their organizational roles. One of the main goals of organizational behavior is "to revitalize organizational theory and develop a better conceptualization of organizational life".[4]

text: Relation to industrial and organizational psychology[edit]

text: Miner (2006) mentioned that "there is a certain arbitrariness" in identifying a "point at which organizational behavior became established as a distinct discipline" (p. 56), suggesting that it could have emerged in the 1940s or 1950s.[5] He also underlined the fact that the industrial psychology division of the American Psychological Association did not add "organizational" to its name until 1970, "long after organizational behavior had clearly come into existence" (p. 56), noting that a similar situation arose in sociology. Although there are similarities and differences between the two disciplines, there is still confusion around differentiating organizational behavior and organizational psychology.[6]

text: History[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: As a multi-disciplinary field, organizational behavior has been influenced by developments in a number of related disciplines including: Sociology, industrial/organizational psychology, and economics.

text: The Industrial Revolution is a period from the 1760s where new technologies resulted in the adoption of new manufacturing techniques and increased mechanization. In his famous iron cage metaphor, Max Weber raised concerns over the reduction in religious and vocational work experiences. Weber claimed that the Industrial Revolution's focus on efficiency constrained the worker to a kind of "prison" and "stripped a worker of their individuality".[7] The significant social and cultural changes caused by the Industrial Revolution also gave rise to new forms of organization. Weber analyzed one of these organizations and came to the conclusion that bureaucracy was "an organization that rested on rational-legal principles and maximized technical efficiency."[8]

text: A number of OB practitioners documented their ideas about management and organisation. The best known theories today originate from Henri Fayol, Chester Barnard, and Mary Parker Follet. All three of them drew from their experience to develop a model of effective organizational management, and each of their theories independently shared a focus on human behavior and motivation.[3][9][10] One of the first management consultants, Frederick Taylor, was a 19th-century engineer who applied an approach known as the scientific management. Taylor advocated for maximizing task efficiency through the scientific method.[11] The scientific method was further refined by Lillian and Frank Gilbreth, who utilized time and motion study to further improve worker efficiency.[12] In the early 20th century the idea of Fordism emerged. Named after automobile mogul Henry Ford, the method relied on the standardization of production through the use of assembly lines. This allowed unskilled workers to produce complex products efficiently. Sorenson later clarified that Fordism developed independently of Taylor.[13] Fordism can be explained as the application of bureaucratic and scientific management principles to whole manufacturing process. The success of the scientific method and Fordism resulted in the widespread adoption of these methods.

text: In the 1920s, the Hawthorne Works Western Electric factory commissioned the first of what was to become known as the Hawthorne Studies. These studies initially adhered to the traditional scientific method, but also investigated whether workers would be more productive with higher or lower lighting levels. The results showed that regardless of lighting levels, when workers were being studied, productivity increased, but when the studies ended, worker productivity would return to normal. In following experiments, Elton Mayo concluded that job performance and the so-called Hawthorne Effect was strongly correlated to social relationships and job content.[14] Following the Hawthorne Studies motivation became a focal point in the OB community. A range of theories emerged in the 1950s and 1960s and include theories from notable OB researchers such as: Frederick Herzberg, Abraham Maslow, David McClelland, Victor Vroom, and Douglas McGregor. These theories underline employee motivation, work performance, and job satisfaction.[5]

text: Herbert Simon's Administrative Behavior introduced a number of important OB concepts, most notably decision-making. Simon, along with Chester Barnard, argued that people make decisions differently inside an organization when compared to their decisions outside of an organization. While classical economic theories assume that people are rational decision-makers, Simon argued a contrary point. He argued that cognition is limited because of bounded rationality For example, decision-makers often employ satisficing, the process of utilizing the first marginally acceptable solution rather than the most optimal solution.[15] Simon was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for his work on organizational decision-making.[16] In the 1960s and 1970s, the field started to become more quantitative and resource dependent. This gave rise to contingency theory, institutional theory, and organizational ecology.[citation needed] Starting in the 1980s, cultural explanations of organizations and organizational change became areas of study, in concert with fields such as anthropology, psychology and sociology.

text: Current state of the field[edit]

text: Research in and the teaching of OB primarily takes place in university management departments in colleges of business. Sometimes OB topics are taught in industrial and organizational psychology graduate programs.

text: There have been additional developments in OB research and practice. Anthropology has become increasingly influential, and led to the idea that one can understand firms as communities, by introducing concepts such as organizational culture, organizational rituals, and symbolic acts.[1] Leadership studies have also become part of OB.[citation needed] OB researchers have shown increased interest in ethics and its importance in an organization.[citation needed] Some OB researchers have become interested in the aesthetic sphere of organizations.[17]

text: Research methods used[edit]

text: A variety of methods are used in organizational behavior, many of which are found in other social sciences.

text: Quantitative methods[edit]

text: Statistical methods used in OB research commonly include correlation, analysis of variance, meta-analysis, multilevel modeling, multiple regression, structural equation modeling, and time series analysis[18][19]

text: Computer simulation[edit]

text: Computer simulation is a prominent method in organizational behavior.[20] While there are many uses for computer simulation, most OB researchers have used computer simulation to understand how organizations or firms operate. More recently, however, researchers have also started to apply computer simulation to understand individual behavior at a micro-level, focusing on individual and interpersonal cognition and behavior[21] such as the thought processes and behaviors that make up teamwork.[22]

text: Qualitative methods[edit]

text: Qualitative research[18] consists of a number of methods of inquiry that generally do not involve the quantification of variables. Qualitative methods can range from the content analysis of interviews or written material to written narratives of observations. Some common methods include: Ethnography, case studies, historical methods, and interviews.

text: Topics[edit]

text: Consulting[edit]

text: Consultants use principles developed in OB research to assess clients' organizational problems and provide high quality services.[23]

text: Counterproductive work behavior[edit]

text: Counterproductive work behavior is employee behavior that harms or intends to harm an organization.[24]

text: Decision-making[edit]

text: Many OB researchers embrace the rational planning model.[citation needed] Decision-making research often focuses on how decisions are ordinarily made (normative decision-making), how thinkers arrive at a particular judgement (descriptive decision-making), and how to improve this decision-making (prescriptive decision-making).[citation needed]

text: Employee mistreatment[edit]

text: There are several types of mistreatment that employees endure in organizations including: Abusive supervision, bullying, incivility, and sexual harassment.

text: Abusive supervision[edit]

text: Abusive supervision is the extent to which a supervisor engages in a pattern of behavior that harms subordinates.[25]

text: Bullying[edit]

text: Although definitions of workplace bullying vary, it involves a repeated pattern of harmful behaviors directed towards an individual.[26] In order for a behavior to be termed bullying, the individual or individuals doing the harm have to possesses (either singly or jointly) more power than the victim.

text: Incivility[edit]

text: Workplace incivility consists of low-intensity discourteous and rude behavior and is characterized by an ambiguous intent to harm, and the violation of social norms governing appropriate workplace behavior.[27]

text: Sexual harassment[edit]

text: Sexual harassment is behavior that denigrates or mistreats an individual due to his or her gender, often creating an offensive workplace that interferes with job performance.[28]

text: Teams[edit]

text: Job-related attitudes and emotions[edit]

text: Organizational behavior deals with employee attitudes and feelings, including job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and emotional labor. Job satisfaction reflects the feelings an employee has about his or her job or facets of the job, such as pay or supervision.[29] Organizational commitment represents the extent to which employees feel attached to their organization.[30] Emotional labor concerns the requirement that an employee display certain emotions, such smiling at customers, even when the employee does not feel the emotion he or she is required to display.[31]

text: Leadership[edit]

text: There have been a number of theories that concern leadership. Early theories focused on characteristics of leaders, while later theories focused on leader behavior, and conditions under which leaders can be effective. Among these approaches are contingency theory, the consideration and initiating structure model, leader-member exchange or LMX theory, path-goal theory, and transformational leadership theory.

text: Contingency theory indicates that good leadership depends on characteristics of the leader and the situation.[32] The Ohio State Leadership Studies identified dimensions of leadership known as consideration (showing concern and respect for subordinates) and initiating structure (assigning tasks and setting performance goals).[33][34] LMX theory focuses on exchange relationships between individual supervisor-subordinate pairs.[35] Path-goal theory is a contingency theory linking appropriate leader style to organizational conditions and subordinate personality.[36] Transformational leadership theory concerns the behaviors leaders engage in that inspire high levels of motivation and performance in followers. The idea of charismatic leadership is part of transformational leadership theory.[37]

text: Managerial roles[edit]

text: In the late 1960s Henry Mintzberg, a graduate student at MIT, carefully studied the activities of five executives. On the basis of his observations, Mintzberg arrived at three categories that subsume managerial roles: interpersonal roles; decisional roles; and informational roles.[38]

text: Motivation[edit]

text: Baron and Greenberg (2008)[39] wrote that motivation involves "the set of processes that arouse, direct, and maintain human behavior toward attaining some goal." There are several different theories of motivation relevant to OB, including equity theory,[40] expectancy theory,[41] Maslow's hierarchy of needs,[42] incentive theory, organizational justice theory,[43] Herzberg's two-factor theory,[44] and Theory X and Theory Y.[45]

text: National culture[edit]

text: National culture is thought to affect the behavior of individuals in organizations. This idea is exemplified by Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory. Hofstede surveyed a large number of cultures and identified six dimensions of national cultures that influence the behavior of individuals in organizations.[46] These dimensions include power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs. femininity, long-term orientation vs. short term orientation, and indulgence vs. restraint.

text: Organizational citizenship behavior[edit]

text: Organizational citizenship behavior is behavior that goes beyond assigned tasks and contributes to the well-being of organizations.[47]

text: Organizational culture[edit]

text: Organizational culture reflects the values and behaviors that are commonly observed in an organization. Investigators who pursue this line of research assume that organizations can be characterized by cultural dimensions such as beliefs, values, rituals, symbols, and so forth.[48] Researchers have developed models for understanding an organization's culture or developed typologies of organizational culture. Edgar Schein developed a model for understanding organizational culture. He identified three levels of organizational culture: (a) artifacts and behaviors, (b) espoused values, and (c) shared basic assumptions. Specific cultures have been related to organizational performance[49] and effectiveness.[50]

text: Personality[edit]

text: Personality concerns consistent patterns of behavior, cognition, and emotion in individuals.[51] The study of personality in organizations has generally focused on the relation of specific traits to employee performance. There has been a particular focus on the Big Five personality traits, which refers to five overarching personality traits.

text: Occupational stress[edit]

text: There are number of ways to characterize occupational stress. One way of characterizing it is to term it an imbalance between job demands (aspects of the job that require mental or physical effort) and resources that help manage the demands.[52]

text: Work-family[edit]

text: Chester Barnard recognized that individuals behave differently when acting in their work role than when acting in roles outside their work role.[3] Work-family conflict occurs when the demands of family and work roles are incompatible, and the demands of at least one role interfere with the discharge of the demands of the other.[53]

text: Organization theory[edit]

text: Organization theory is concerned with explaining the workings of an organization as a whole or of many organizations. The focus of organizational theory is to understand the structure and processes of organizations and how organizations interact with each other and the larger society.[citation needed]

text: Bureaucracy[edit]

text: Max Weber argued that bureaucracy involved the application of rational-legal authority to the organization of work, making bureaucracy the most technically efficient form of organization.[8] Weber enumerated a number of principles of bureaucratic organization including: a formal organizational hierarchy, management by rules, organization by functional specialty, selecting people based on their skills and technical qualifications, an "up-focused" (to organization's board or shareholders) or "in-focused" (to the organization itself) mission, and a purposefully impersonal environment (e.g., applying the same rules and structures to all members of the organization). These rules reflect Weberian "ideal types," and how they are enacted in organizations varies according to local conditions. Charles Perrow extended Weber's work, arguing that all organizations can be understood in terms of bureaucracy and that organizational failures are more often a result of insufficient application of bureaucratic principles.[54]

text: Economic theories of organization[edit]

text: At least three theories are relevant here, theory of the firm, transaction cost economics, and agency theory.

text: Theories pertaining to organizational structures[edit]

text: Theories pertaining to organizational structures and dynamics include complexity theory, French and Raven's five bases of power,[55] hybrid organization theory, informal organizational theory, resource dependence theory, and Mintzberg's organigraph.

text: Institutional theory[edit]

text: Systems theory[edit]

text: The systems framework is also fundamental to organizational theory. Organizations are complex, goal-oriented entities.[56] Alexander Bogdanov, an early thinker in the field, developed his tectology, a theory widely considered a precursor of Bertalanffy's general systems theory. One of the aims of general systems theory was to model human organizations. Kurt Lewin, a social psychologist, was influential in developing a systems perspective with regard to organizations. He coined the term "systems of ideology," partly based on his frustration with behaviorist psychology, which he believed to be an obstacle to sustainable work in psychology.[57] Niklas Luhmann, a sociologist, developed a sociological systems theory.

text: Organizational ecology[edit]

text: Organizational ecology models apply concepts from evolutionary theory to the study of populations of organisations, focusing on birth (founding), growth and change, and death (firm mortality). In this view, organizations are 'selected' based on their fit with their operating environment.

text: Scientific management[edit]

text: Scientific management refers to an approach to management based on principles of  engineering. It focuses on incentives and other practices empirically shown to improve productivity.

text: Contributing disciplines[edit]

text:
Anthropology
Human resources management
Industrial/organizational psychology
Personality psychology
Social psychology
Sociology

text: Journals[edit]

text:
Academy of Management Journal[58]
Academy of Management Review[59]
Administrative Science Quarterly[60]
Harvard Business Review
Human Resource Management[61]
Human Resources Management Review[62]
Journal of Business and Psychology[63]
Journal of International Business Studies
Journal of Management[64]
Journal of Management Studies
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
Organization Science
Organization Studies
Organizational Research Methods
Sloan Management Review
Systems Research and Behavioral Science


document_title: List of NCAA Division I FBS career rushing yards leaders

question_text: who holds the record for most rushing yards in college football

text:
This is a list of running backs in NCAA Division I FBS and its predecessors who have rushed for at least 5,000 yards in their college football careers. Statistics are current through games of November 25, 2017. Players active during the 2017 season are shown in bold.
Note: In accordance with official NCAA policy, statistics from bowl games prior to the 2002 season are not included.[1]

text:
Rank
Player
Team (seasons)
Total rushing yards

1
Donnel Pumphrey
San Diego State (2013–2016)
6,405

2
Ron Dayne
Wisconsin (1996–1999)
6,397 (7,125 including bowl games)

3
Ricky Williams
Texas (1995–1998)
6,279 (6,592 including bowl games)

4
Tony Dorsett
Pittsburgh (1973–1976)
6,082 (6,526 including bowl games)

5
DeAngelo Williams
Memphis (2002–2005)
6,026

6
Royce Freeman
Oregon (2014–2017)
5,621

7
Charles White
USC (1976–1979)
5,598 (6,245 including bowl games)

8
Travis Prentice
Miami (OH) (1996–1999)
5,596

9
Cedric Benson
Texas (2001–2004)
5,540

10
Damion Fletcher
Southern Miss (2006–2009)
5,302

11
Anthony Thompson
Indiana University (1997–2000)
5,299

12
Justin Jackson
Northwestern (2014–2017)
5,283

13
Herschel Walker
Georgia (1980–1982)
5,259 (5,596 including bowl games)

14
Archie Griffin
Ohio State (1972–1975)
5,177

15
Avon Cobourne
West Virginia (1999–2002)
5,164

Garrett Wolfe
Northern Illinois (2004–2006)
5,164

17
Montee Ball
Wisconsin (2009–2012)
5,140

18
LaMichael James
Oregon (2009–2011)
5,082

19
Mike Hart
Michigan (2004–2007)
5,040

20
Darren Lewis
Texas A&M (1987–1990)
5,012


document_title: Accountant General of the Federation

question_text: office of the accountant general of the federation central

text: Accountant General of the Federation

text:
Accountant General of the Federation of Nigeria

Flag of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

Incumbent
Ahmed Idris
since June 25, 2015 (2015-06-25)

Accounting

Style
Mr. Accountant General

Member of
Federal Ministry of Finance

Residence
Treasury House S.L.A Blvd, P.M.B 7015, Garki II, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria

Appointer
President of Nigeria (Muhammadu Buhari )

Term length
Four years
renewable once

Constituting instrument
Constitution of Nigeria

Formation
1988

Website
Official Website

text: The Accountant General of the Federation is the administrative head of the treasury of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.[1] The office holder is often appointed by the President of Nigeria to serve a four years term in accordance with the constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria.[2] The office was established in 1988 under the Civil Services reorganization Decree No. 43 of the constitution of Nigeria.[3]

text: Statutory duties[edit]

text: The office holder is charged with the responsible to manage receipt and payments of the Republic of Nigeria and to ensure that a proper system of account exists in every department of the nation's treasury and to exercise general supervision over the receipts of public revenue and over the expenditure of the federal Government.[4][5]