document_title: Air Jordan

question_text: when did the first jordan 12 come out

question_tokens: when did the first jordan 12 come out

text: Air Jordan

text: Product history[edit]

text:
Since its introduction into the sports shoe market, the Air Jordans evolved from the original basketball shoes to models for different uses, including I-XXXII.
The Jordan brand sponsors 21 active NBA players, including Jimmy Butler, Chris Paul, Blake Griffin, Kawhi Leonard, Russell Westbrook and Carmelo Anthony. They also endorse Nike Air Jordan products. Also they sponsor other leagues such as the MLB, NFL, NASCAR and the WNBA.

text: AJ I:

text:
The Air Jordan 1 was first produced for Michael Jordan in 1984. It was designed by Peter C. Moore.[2] The red and black colorway of the Nike Air Ship, the prototype for the Jordan 1, was later outlawed by NBA Commissioner David Stern for having very little white on them (this rule, known as the '51 percent' rule, was repealed in the late 2000s decade[3]).[4] It is a common misconception that the Jordan 1 was banned however, it was indeed the Nike Air Ship. After the Nike Air Ship was banned, Michael Jordan and Nike introduced the Jordan 1 in color ways with more white such as the "Chicago" color way and the "Black Toe" color way. They used the Nike Air Ship's banning as a promotional tool in advertisements hinting that the shoes gave an unfair competitive advantage for the Jordan 1 and that whoever wore them had a certain edginess associated with outlaw activities.
Fragment x Jordan 1's: Staying true to the original Air Jordan, the remastered design features an all-over, premium leather execution with black overlays, blue accents, and Fragment insignia. The Air Jordan I was originally released on the market from 1985 to 1986, with re-releases (known as "retros") in 1994, 2001–2004, and 2007–2018.

text: AJ II:

text: The success of the Air Jordan 1 encouraged Nike to release the New Air Jordan in 1986 for the new basketball season. Designed by Peter Moore and Bruce Kilgore, the original Air Jordan II was unique in that it was made in Italy. The Air Jordan 2 also retailed with a full length encapsulated Nike air bubble for maximum comfort. The Air Jordan 2 was the first Jordan not to have the Nike swoosh on the upper. The Air Jordan II was originally retailed at $100. The Air Jordan was originally released from 1986 to 1987. The model was revived from obscurity when Air Jordan collaborated with Just Don to create the Just Don x Air Jordan 2. The shoe featured premium blue quilted leather inspired by a Chanel handbag and released in very limited numbers on January 31, 2015 for $275. The shoe was released again in a Beach colourway bundled with a premium snapback and gold pin for $650 on January 30, 2016, later re-released in 1994, 2004–2005, 2008, 2010, 2014–2017.

text: AJ III:

text: The Air Jordan III was designed by Tinker Hatfield who works for Nike as a designer for stores and offices. By that time Michael Jordan was ready to leave Nike, but the Jordan III changed his mind. It was the first Air Jordan to feature a visible air unit on the heel, the new Jumpman logo, an elephant print trim and tumble leather to give it a luxury look. The Air Jordan III was also famous for the humorous ads depicting film director Spike Lee as Mars Blackmon, the character he played in his film She's Gotta Have It. This campaign was known as the "Mars and Mike" ad campaign, which was one of Nike's most successful advertisement campaigns. These were the first Jordans to feature the "NIKE AIR" logo on the back, but later replaced by the Jumpman logo, with the words "AIR" underneath it, similar to the Air Jordan VI. These were said to be Michael Jordan's favorite shoes, he wore them during the 1988 NBA Slam Dunk Contest and many other events in his basketball career. The Air Jordan III's had poor sales when first reintroduced in 1994. On their second reintroduction in 2001, they sold well. The "Fire Red" Air Jordan III was released in March 2007, and late again in 2013.

text: In 2007, the Jordan Brand collaborated with director Spike Lee to release a limited pair of Air Jordan III's with a colorway based on the blue-yellow poster for Lee's film Do the Right Thing. The same year also saw the reintroduced versions of the Air Jordan III's in two monotone colorways, all black and all white, nicknamed the "Black Cats" and the "Pure Moneys" respectively. 2007 also had the "Flips" which moved the elephant print from the trim to the entire shoe and replacing it with white leather, indeed "Flipping" the original design of white leather with elephant print trim.

text: In 2009, the Jordan Brand reintroduced the highly sought after Air Jordan III in the True Blue colorway. It was an international-only release, meaning they were not sold in the US. In 2011, the brand released a Black History Month (BHM) Air Jordan III colorway in commemoration of the 35th anniversary of Black History Month. The sneaker is black with gold trim and stitching as well as laser print around the toe and heel. The BHM III was a very limited release and there was said to have been no more than 3,000 pairs made. Also, the same year saw the release of the "True Blue" III on June 4. The Stealth colorway of the III was released in September and the Black Cements were released in November.[5] The "Black Flips" were released on December 3, 2011. In 2013, Jordan released a special edition of the Jordan III this shoe was deemed the Air Jordan III "Retro '88" White Cement and were released in February.

text: The Air Jordan III was originally released in 1988. The multiple retros and new colorways have been released in 1994, 2001, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014 and 2016-2018

text: AJ IV:

text: In 1989, Nike released the Air Jordan IV to the public. Designed by Tinker Hatfield, it was the first Air Jordan released on the global market. It had four colorways: White/ Black-Cement Grey, Black/Cement Grey, White/Fire Red-Black, and Off White/Military Blue.

text: Nike featured director and actor Spike Lee in ads for AJ IV. Lee had featured the shoe in his movie Do The Right Thing. The Air Jordan Bordeaux "Spiz'ike IV" was made to commemorate Lee's friendship with Michael Jordan.

text: The Air Jordan IV was on Jordan's feet when he made "The Shot," a series winner in Game 5 of the 1989 NBA First Round between the Chicago Bulls and the Cleveland Cavaliers. In 2012 a Cavalier colorway dubbed the "Cavs" was released to honor "The Shot."

text: The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010–2013 and 2015–2018. Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 "Legend Blue", "Oreo" in early 2015, and the Retro 4 OG "Cement" that released on February 13, 2016.[6]

text: AJ V:

text: The Air Jordan V was released in February 1990, designed by Tinker Hatfield again. Some elements were carried over from the Air Jordan IV, but overall they were a completely new look. Some of its new features were a reflective tongue (with a unique protruding design and look), translucent rubber soles and lace locks.[7] The soles gave them a new look, but it yellowed over time when exposed to moisture and were the source of many complaints early on due to the slippery nature of the soles when collecting dust.

text: Hatfield is believed to have drawn inspiration for the Air Jordan V from World War II fighter planes, which was most notably visible in the shark teeth shapes on the midsole.  The Air Jordan V was reintroduced in 2000, including a new colorway featuring Michael Jordan's high school (Laney High) colors. In 2006 several V's were reintroduced, including the LS "Grape" V's, the LS "burgundy" V's, the "Fire-Red" V's, the "Green Bean" V's, and "Stealth Blue V's. Along with the latter, a very limited laser design and the black/metallic/fire red colorways were released in early 2007.

text: In the month of May 2009, Air Jordan confirmed the release of an "DMP II" consisting of two Air Jordan V's.[8] The second colorway features a 3M material base with black laces and midsole. The retail price was $310.

text: The Air Jordan V was originally released in 1990. It was retroed in 2000, 2006–2009, 2011 and 2013–2017.

text: The Air Jordan V saw a lot of use in popular sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. During many episodes Will Smith wore the 'metallic silver', 'grape', and 'fire red' colorway.  To pay tribute to his character, Jordan released the Air Jordan 5 Bel Air in 2013.[9]

text: AJ VI:

text: The Air Jordan VI had a new design by Tinker Hatfield and released in 1991. The Original 5 colorways were: Black/Infrared, White/Infrared, White/ Carmine-Black, White/Sport Blue, and Off White/Maroon. The Air Jordan VI introduced a reinforcement around the toe, It had two holes in the tongue, and a molded heel tab on the back of the sneaker (demanded by Jordan so it wouldn't hit his Achilles tendon). Like the Air Jordan V this sneaker also had Clear rubber/"Icy" Soles. The Air Jordan VI was the last Air Jordan to feature the Nike Air logo on it.

text: Later that year the Bulls defeated the Lakers in the 1991 NBA Finals, with Jordan (wearing the Black/Infrared) named as the most valuable player. That was also the first NBA Championship won by Jordan and the Bulls. The Jordan VI was also seen in the film White Men Can't Jump, which was produced in 1991 and released one year later.

text: The Air Jordan VI has been retro-ed many times since its original release in 1991, Notable releases were in 2000, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014 with the Black Infrared Colorway.

text: In addition to a Porsche-inspired rear pull tab and visible air the Air Jordan VI was the first Jordan with an inner bootie.

text: The Air Jordan VI was originally released in 1991. It was retro-ed in 2000, 2002, 2006, 2008–2010, 2012 and 2014–2017.

text: The Air Jordan VI saw much of screen time in 2015's Creed. Adonis Johnson (Michael B. Jordan) can be seen sporting the black/infrared and the white/varsity red-black colorway through most of the movie,[10] most notably during the training montage before the big fight that Rocky films are known for.[11]

text: The VI was the first shoe used by the protagonist of Slam Dunk, Hanamichi Sakuragi.[12] Nike released special versions of both the VI and the Jordan Super.Fly 3 featuring artwork from the series in 2014. The VI also had Sakuragi's number 10 embroidered on the side of the heels.[13] Various other models in the Air Jordan line are featured in the series, including the original (which Sakuragi eventually switched to), the V, and the XII (both worn by Sakuragi's rival, Kaede Rukawa).[14]

text: AJ VII

text: The Air Jordan VII was released in 1992 with a new design by Tinker Hatfield. This shoe introduced the huarache technology which allowed the shoes to better conform to the user's foot. A few things were no longer featured on the new model, such as the visible air sole, the Nike Air logo, and the translucent soles. This was the first Air-Jordan in the line that did not have any distinctive "Nike Air" on the outer portions of the shoe. The "Nike Air" branding was still on the in-soles, which Air Jordans VIII-XI also had.  The VIIs were also known for a successful ad campaign in which Bugs Bunny appeared alongside Michael Jordan to market the shoes.

text: When Jordan went to compete at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics to play for the US Men's Basketball Team (also known as the "Dream Team"), Nike released a special Olympic color combo of the Air Jordan VII model which had Jordan's Olympic jersey number 9, instead of the usual "23" found on other colorways.

text: Various models of the Air Jordan VII were re-released in 2002, again in 2004, and again with different colors in 2006.

text: In 2011 the Air Jordan VII saw releases in the "Orion" and "Bordeaux" colorways. Other colorways are confirmed for a 2011 release as well, such as the "Cardinals" which is a re-release and "Year of the Rabbits". The "Olympic" and "Charcoal" (commonly referred to as Raptors) were re-released in 2012.

text: The Air Jordan VII was originally released in 1992. It was retro-ed in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008–2012 and 2015–2017.

text: AJ VIII:

text: The Air Jordan VIII was released to coincide with the 1992–1993 NBA season. The eighth model of the Air Jordan was noticeably heavier than its predecessors. This shoe had a lot more detail than most of the earlier Air Jordans such as two crossover straps on each shoe and a Jumpman. Thus the Air Jordan VIII model became known as the "Punisher" because of the advanced basketball ankle support and enhanced traction. This shoe contains a full length air sole, polyurethane midsole, polycarbonate shank plate, and two crossover straps (for added support and more custom fit).

text: The Air Jordan VIII was originally released in 1993. It was retro-ed in 2003, 2007, 2008, 2013 and 2015–2017.

text: AJ IX:

text: Originally released in November 1993, the Air Jordan IX model was the first model released after Michael Jordan's retirement. Jordan never played an NBA season wearing these shoes. This model was inspired by baseball cleats that Jordan wore when playing minor-league baseball.

text: Like the VII and VIII models, the Air Jordan IX featured an inner sock sleeve and nubuck accents. The sole featured different symbols and languages of different countries. The Air Jordan IX has been the shoe chosen to adorn Jordan's feet for his statue outside of the United Center in Chicago.

text: In popular culture, in the children's movie The Little Rascals one of the bullies, Butch is wearing a pair of these shoes. American rap icon Tupac Shakur also wore Air Jordans in a popular "Thug Life" photo set in 1993.

text: The Air Jordan IX was originally released from 1993 to 1994. It was retro-ed in 2002, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014–2018.

text: AJ X:

text:
This was released in 1995 in eight different colors, Black/grey, varsity-black, off-white/black/varsity red*, Powder Blue (worn by University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's Men's and Women's basketball teams), Orlando Magic*, New York Knicks*, Seattle SuperSonics*, and Sacramento Kings*.
It was the first Air Jordan to feature a lightweight Phylon midsole. The shoe also featured all of Michael Jordan's accomplishments so far on the outsole.

text: In 2012, the Air Jordan X was re-released. They are dubbed the "Chicago Bulls", as they are part of a regional pack (City Pack), representing five teams. The lacing and tongue are completely black, and the red inner lining contrasts with the red inserts on the outsole. The outsole's design features a striped (wavy) design, which list many of Jordan's accomplishments. They retailed at $160. The Air Jordan X was released again in an OVO collaboration in 2015 and 2016, releasing in white and black colorways respectively with stingray detailing.

text: The Air Jordan X was originally released from 1994 to 1995. It was retro-ed in 2005, 2008, 2012–2016 and 2018.

text: AJ XI:

text: This model was designed by Tinker Hatfield. When the shoe launched, Michael Jordan (retired from basketball by then) was with the Birmingham Barons in baseball's minor baseball leagues. Hatfield designed the sneaker waiting for Jordan to come back and hoping he would play in them.

text: The ballistic mesh upper of the sneaker was meant to make the Air Jordan XI lighter and more durable than past sneakers. Further changes came with the use of a carbon fiber spring plate in the translucent "frosty" outsole, giving the shoe better torque when twisting on the court. The highlight and arguably best-known aspect of the shoe is its patent leather mudguard. Patent leather was lightweight compared to genuine leather and also tended not to stretch as much – a property to help keep the foot within the bounds of the foot bed during directional changes on the court. The patent leather gave the XI a "formal" look.  When this shoe released, some wore this model with business suits instead of dress shoes.

text: The sneakers were only samples in 1995 when Jordan decided to come back to the NBA. Hatfield and Nike discouraged Jordan from playing in them, but once they were produced, he couldn't resist. Also noteworthy, Jordan violated league dress code by wearing the shoes, as his teammates wore all-black shoes. It wasn't the first time Jordan had run afoul of NBA footwear rules, having broken them with his very first signature shoe in 1985. He was fined $5,000 for not following the Bulls colorway policy with the AJ XI. After the fine, Nike made him a pair of the shoes in a black/white/concord colorway for the series against Orlando. A similar black/white/royal blue colorway was released to the public at the end of 2000. The colorway was changed for the public release because the concord purple had looked like royal blue on television.

text: Jordan wore the Air Jordan XI on the way to helping the Chicago Bulls claim the 1995–96 NBA Championship. He also wore the XI white Columbia colorway in the 1996 NBA All-Star Game and was selected MVP of the game. The shoes received more media exposure when Jordan wore the Air Jordan XI model in the 1996 animated movie Space Jam. These shoes were eventually released in 2000 and re-released in 2009 with the nickname Space Jams. The concord purple was changed to royal blue for the released versions of the shoe.

text: The Air Jordan XI was originally released from 1995 to 1996. It was retro'd in 2000, 2001, 2003, and 2006–2017. The Air Jordan XI is the most popular Air Jordan in the series and has released almost ritualistically every December since 2008, selling out in minutes. It also is Hatfield's favorite. With the Air Jordan XI being the most popular Jordan, supply used to be very limited and would cause fans to line up outside of stores before releases.

text: AJ XII: Main article: Air Jordan Retro XII

text:
The Air Jordan XII was inspired by Nisshoki (the Japanese flag), and a 19th-century women dress boot. However, featuring gold-plated steel lace loops, embossed lizard skin pattern and a full length zoom air unit with a carbon fiber shank plate, this model set a new direction in style and technology in shoe design. Though not as light weight as previous models, the construction and firmness of the shoe is widely considered to be the most durable and sturdy shoes from the Air Jordan line.
The first model released after the creation of subsidiary Jordan Brand, the Air Jordan XII has no Nike branding on it of any kind, while all the models before it have Nike Air or other Nike branding outwardly (Air Jordans I-VI) or just simply on the insoles (Air Jordans VII-XI). This shoe came in 5 colorways and was released on March 13. The shoe was re-released on December 25, 2008 with the Eleven as the final countdown pack. In addition, the Twelve was combined with the Thirteen numbered Jordan to produce the 12.5. As of today, the 11/12 countdown package (retro) retails for US$750–US$800, well above the starting price of US$310. The Air Jordan XII has been subject to many highly limited colorways recently such as the Air Jordan 12 x PSNY collaboration, the Wings colorway that was limited to 12,000 pairs, and the OVO collaboration.

text: The Air Jordan XII was originally released from 1996 to 1997. It was retro-ed in 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2011–2013, and 2015–2017.[15]

text: AJ XIII:

text: In 1997, Air Jordan XIII's were released to the public. This model was known for its cushioning along the feet, designed by Hatfield. The Black Panther was the inspiration for the Air Jordan XIII, the sole resembles the pads on a panther's paw. But also the panther is the hologram on the back of the shoe which imitates a panther's eyes in the dark when light is shined at them. They were re-released in 2005, which coincided with the release of the Air Jordan 8s shoe.

text: In the movie He Got Game, the Air Jordan XIII was worn by Jake Shuttlesworth (Denzel Washington). Ray Allen, who played Jake's son Jesus in the film, wore them when he broke Reggie Miller's all-time record for made three-point shots during a game against the Lakers in Boston during the 2011 season. The Jordan Brand re-released the Air Jordan XIII at the end of 2010, which included the French Blue/Flint Grey, White/Red-Black, "Playoff" color way and the Black/Altitude Green color way. In 2017, Jordan Brand released the "History of Flight" colorway. This colorway is from the 2009 World Basketball Festival, where the "History of Flight" collection was revealed to celebrate Jordan's 25th anniversary.

text: The Air Jordan XIII was originally released from 1997 to 1998. It was retro-ed in 2004, 2005, 2008, 2010–2018.

text: AJ XIV:

text: Inspired by the Ferrari 550 M which Michael Jordan owned, the Air Jordan XIV was originally released from 1997 to 1999. It was re-released in 2005, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2012 and 2014–2017.

text: The Air Jordan XIV co-styled by Hatfield and Mark Smith was made race ready and equipped with the Jordan Jumpman insignia on a Ferrari shaped badge. In addition, these shoes include breathable air ducts on the outer sole. The color scheme of predominant black accentuated with red was nicknamed "The Last Shot" because Michael Jordan wore them as he hit the game winning shot over Bryon Russell, of the Utah Jazz, in his final game with the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 NBA Finals.

text: There are 14 Jumpman logos on Air Jordan XIV's—7 on each shoe—corresponding the shoes' number in the series.  They can be found in the following places:

text:
Near the toebox x 1
Shield Logo near the achilles heel x 1
Above the number "23" at the heel x 1
At the bottom sole (middle part) x 1
Steel Lacetips x 2
Insoles x 1

text: AJ XV:

text: The Air Jordan XVs were released in 1999–2000. Reggie Miller wore it during the 2000 NBA Finals.

text:
This was the first shoe after Jordan's retirement. The design of the XV's originated from the aircraft prototype X-15, which was developed by NASA during the 1950s. The sides of the XV were made from woven kevlar fibre.
The Jordan XV's were the first Air Jordans to be negatively received in a while (the last being the Air Jordan 2's), because the quality on the Jordan shoes was bad.[16]

text: The Air Jordan XV was originally released from 1999 to 2000. It was retro-ed in 2007, 2008 and 2016-2017.

text: AJ XVI:

text: Air Jordan XVIs, designed by Nike's Senior Footwear Designer Wilson Smith, were released in 2001. This meaning it was the first design since the II's that Hatfield was not behind. Smith decided to bring in a few design elements/fabrics from earlier releases. The shoe featured the return of the clear rubber sole (V, VI, XI) and patent leather (XI).

text: Unique to the Air Jordan XVI was a gaiter/shroud that covered the shoe and could be removed to give the shoe a new look. Not only was this for fashion purposes, it also had a thermal functionality.

text: The shoe was said to be stiff and that the shroud/gaiter could easily fall off when playing basketball. The black/red and white/midnight navy versions of the shoe both featured patent leather which very easily creased and cracked.[17]

text: The Air Jordan XVI was originally released in 2001. It was retro-ed in 2008, 2014 and 2016.

text: AJ XVII:

text: This pair of Jordans come equipped with Keefer, which held the shoes and a compact disc containing the Air Jordan XVII song. The retail price of the shoe was US$200. The defining functional design element of the Air Jordan XVII model, which was later replicated on the Air Jordan XXIII model, was the reinforced mid-sole which provided a sturdy and stable chassis for the shoe. They were made in four mid top colors and three low-top colors.

text: The Air Jordan XVII was originally released in 2002. It was retro-ed in 2008 and 2016.

text: AJ XVIII:

text: The Air Jordan XVIII shoe was released in 2003, and was the shoe for Jordan's last season, in which he played for the Washington Wizards.

text: The shoe was designed by Air Jordan Senior Footwear Designer, Tate Kuerbis, a person that had been part of the Jordan footwear design team since 1999 and with Nike since 1995. The inspiration for the design came from a number of things; sleek racing lines of the auto world, carbon fibre-based monocoque of F1 race cars, race car driving shoes (rubber heel wrap) and Fine Italian dress shoes (bold stitching on the soles).

text: The Air Jordan XVIII was originally released from 2003 to 2004. It was retro-ed in 2008.

text: AJ XIX:

text: Released in 2004, this is the first Jordan release after his third, and final, retirement which came after the 2002–03 NBA season. The design was inspired by the black mamba snake, and two original colorways where released: white/flint grey and black/red. Three regional colorways and three special edition colorways were released. They consisted of the East, West, and Midwest edition for regular and West, East, and Olympic for the SE (special edition).

text: The Air Jordan XIX used innovative materials. The upper section of shoe was developed in collaboration with the global materials consultancy Material ConneXion, who sourced Nike a sleeving normally used in architectural applications for protecting PVC pipes from bursting. In theory, this allowed for a shoe without laces, because the sleeving does not stretch. Nonetheless, the Air Jordan XIX model did include a set of laces behind the sleeve to better secure the shoe. They are the lightest Air Jordans ever made.[citation needed]

text: The Air Jordan XIX was originally released in 2004. It was retro-ed in 2008.

text: AJ XX:

text: The Air Jordan XX was also inspired by bicycling shoes. The strap was placed in the center of the shoe over the laces. It also helped to create a tighter fit and increased support.

text: The Air Jordan XX was originally released in 2005. It was retro-ed in 2008 and 2015.

text: AJ XXI:

text: The Air Jordan XXI model of shoes was designed by D'Wayne Edwards and inspired by sport touring vehicles. The shoe features lower-foot air grilles, double-overlasted Phylon midsole, a carbon fibre shank plate and a seamless diamond-quilted booty. It also has a tenable I.P.S. suspension system that lets the wearer choose between Zoom and Encapsulated air.

text: The Air Jordan XXI was introduced on television by the "Second Generation" advertisement.

text: The Air Jordan XXI was originally released in 2006. It was retro-ed in 2008.

text: AJ XX2:

text: The Air Jordan XX2/XXII shoe model, designed by D'Wayne Edwards, was released on March 24, 2007. The original retail price of the model was US$175. The aggressive and sharp design was inspired by the F-22 Raptor fighter jet. Some technical features of the shoe include an updated visible and interchangeable I.P.S. suspension system, a new metallic mesh for ventilation, the Air Jordan camouflage pattern printed in reflective 3M material, and an updated traction system, based on an army general's stripes.

text: Two special editions of the Air Jordan XX2 model were released. The first edition was released for Jordan's birthday on February 17. This edition featured authentic Jordan Brand basketball leather. The second edition was the Omega model, part of the Alpha-Omega package. This model featured a laser-etched image of Jordan after he won his sixth NBA championship in 1998.

text: An entirely new line of Air Jordan XX2/XXII shoes called the released, with these shoes worn by NBA players from the Atlanta Hawks, Denver Nuggets, Detroit Pistons, and Dallas Mavericks. This Air Jordan model featured a new strap around the heel and ankle.

text: The promo commercial for the XX2 was directed by Mark Romanek.[18]

text: The Air Jordan XX2 was originally released in 2007. It was retro-ed in 2008.

text: AJ XX3:

text: The Air Jordan XX3 was designed by Tinker Hatfield. It was a unique model, being the first basketball shoe to be included in the "Nike Considered" category, for using materials from not more than 200 miles from a Nike Factory. It features a hand-stitched exterior, full-length bootie, carbon fiber shank plate, the last to feature interchangeable IPS pillars, and an articulated chassis. The shoe was released on January 25, 2008, and was the last Air Jordan until the XX8 to have Roman numeral identification.

text: The Air Jordan XX3 was originally released in 2008. It was retro-ed in 2015–2016.

text: AJ 2009:

text: The Air Jordan 2009 was designed by Jason Mayden and was the first Air Jordan model named after the year of its release rather than its numbered system. Inspired by Jordan's defensive focus, the shoe incorporates Articulated Propulsion Technology used by Paralympian runners. It also features a durable pleated silk upper, protective TPU chassis, carbon fiber arch plate and Zoom Air structure. The shoe was released on January 31, 2009.

text: The Air Jordan 2009 was originally released in 2009. It has not been retro-ed.

text: AJ 2010:

text: This is the 25th anniversary of the Air Jordan brand, and although commonly called the Jordan 2010s, is also referred to as Air Jordan XX5/XXV. This model of shoe was announced on November 12, 2009, for a release date of February 13, 2010, retailing for US$170. Dwyane Wade is endorsing the AJ 2010.

text: The base of the each mid-sole has stylized text that when combined reads: "I've failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed." This quote was originally attributed to Michael Jordan, and is a reference to an advertising campaign that aired in 1997 with Jordan detailing his failures that led to his success in his career.

text: The Air Jordan 2010 was originally released in 2010. It has not been retro-ed.

text: AJ 2011:

text: The Air Jordan 2011 was endorsed by Dwyane Wade in 2011, Jordan Brand decided to keep the fans happy with the release of the Air Jordan 2011. The shoe has inter-changeable insoles- The Red, "Explosive" one is claimed to symbolize power, and a Blue, "Quick" one, supposedly for quickness. Four colorways of the shoe were released on February 19, 2011 in correspondence with the 2011 All Star Game. The first colorway was White/Black. There were also White/Red and White/Blue colorways that coincided with the East/West Jersey Colors. The "Year of the Rabbit" colorway was a limited release that celebrated of Michael Jordan's Chinese zodiac sign, coinciding with the current zodiac sign, the Year of the Rabbit.

text:
The 2011 has a unique design along both sides of the shoe. It is a star-constellation pattern that also serves as breathing holes for the shoe to keep it well ventilated. It uses patent leather wrapped around the shoe. The shoes are hand burnished and crafted. A dress shoe that feels similar to the XI was reported to be the goal.
o
The Air Jordan 2011 was originally released in 2011. It has not been retro-ed.

text: AJ 2012:

text: Air Jordan 2012 offers six customization configurations. Two interchangeable sleeves and three insoles adapt to different playing styles. The Deluxe model was launched on February 8, while the customization Flight models were released on February 25, 2012. It was the final Air Jordan model to be named after the year it was released as the numbered system returned in 2013 with the Air Jordan XX8.

text: The Air Jordan 2012 was originally released in 2012. It has not been retro-ed.

text: AJ XX8:

text: The Air Jordan XX8, designed by Tinker Hatfield, was released on February 16, 2013. This premiere model featuring a mostly black upper and volt Dynamic Fit bootie. A heel and forefoot Nike Zoom unit in combination with the new Jordan Flight Plate, Dynamic Fit straps for increased support, a carbon fiber heel counter for additional support, and its most notable feature, the mesh upper for flexibility and ventilation. Jordan Brand has decided for 2013 to returning to the Air Jordan numbered order after having stopped at XX3. The Air Jordan 2012 featured different technology which including interchangeable insoles for various styles of play, a concept introduced with the Kobe System. The exterior shroud gives the shoe a sleeker look than any other and is 8 inches high on the ankle but unzips and folds down revealing the bright volt green interior.

text: AJ XX9:

text: The Air Jordan XX9, also designed by Hatfield, released in September 2014 in both an elephant print and a knit edition. The shoe has already been debuted in the NBA by Russell Westbrook and Kawhi Leonard. The shoe has Flight Web for superior lockdown, a performance woven upper for comfort, support, strength, and protection, and a re-engineered Flight Plate. The XX9 also released in a pack alongside the iconic Air Jordan XI on December 23, 2014 called the "Ultimate Gift of Flight" pack.[19]

text: AJ XXX:

text: The Air Jordan XXX (30) debuted on January 14, 2016 at an exclusive media event in Chicago. It was again designed by Tinker Hatfield. The first colorway of the shoe released on February 16.[20] The shoe consists of an upper and outsole very similar to that of the XX9 of the previous year. The upper is a combination of performance woven and flyknit that is new for the brand in 2016, and also has a flyknit-constructed ankle collar that extends slightly past where the collar of the shoe would normally be. Jordan brand has also brought back functional Dynamic Fit in the lacing system. The outsole/midsole is almost identical to the XX9, with very minor technical tweaks. The outsole boasts a more noticeable change, with a different traction pattern unique to this shoe, while the midsole remains almost entirely the same. The only difference in the midlsole cushioning setup from the Jordan XX9 is a material change in the FlightPlate setup, which is now named FlightSpeed and is constructed of a plastic rather than carbon fiber for more flexibility while remaining structural integrity.

text: AJ XXXI

text: The Air Jordan XXXI (31) was unveiled on July 20, 2016. The sneaker is heavily influenced by the Air Jordan 1's having a leather upper and both a Nike swoosh and a Jumpman plus a Jordan "Wings" logo.[21] Its first retail debut was on September 3, 2016 in the "banned" colorway for $185 alongside its air Jordan 1 counterpart.[21] Notable appearances of the AJ 31 include the "USA" colorway worn during the 2016 Olympic basketball tournament by members of team USA.[22]Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's team rosters.

text: AJ XXXII

text: The Air Jordan XXXII (32) was first released on September 23rd, 2017. This model is heavily influenced by the Air Jordan 2. It also included a Jordan "Wings" logo. It first came out in the "Rossa Corsa" colorway. A special "Banned" colorway was released on October 18th, 2017 to coincide with the 31st anniversary for when the NBA banned the original AJ 1 black and red colorway. Another special edition called the "Russ" colorway was released to celebrate Russell Westbrook's sponsorship with the Jordan brand.

text: Other shoes from the Air Jordan line[edit]

text: The Jordan Packages[edit]

text: "Spizike"[edit]

text:
Michael Jordan and Spike Lee released the Jordan Spiz'ike shoes on October 21, 2006, as a tribute to their historic relationship.[23] The relationship began when Mars Blackmon (a character from Spike Lee's film, She's Gotta Have It) became the primary pitchman in Nike commercials for Air Jordans.
The Spiz'ike is a mash-up of the Jordan III, IV, V, VI, Air Jordan IX and XX shoes. Only 4,567 pairs were made of the original release,[23] with all of the proceeds going to Morehouse College.[citation needed] The number 40 represents Spike Lee's film company, 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks, and the number 23 represents Michael Jordan's jersey number.[citation needed] Each future release of the shoes varied the colors used.

text: "Defining Moments"

text: Released in 2006 retailing at $295 containing the sneakers Michael Jordan wore during his first championship of his two three-peats. The retro 11 concord contains a gold Jumpman on the side, but originally was meant to also have gold eyelets spelling out Jordan was changed because of color bleeding. The retro 6 black infrared replaces its infrared for gold as well. Both shoes contained dog tags to reference the title won and a booklet showcasing a slam dunk highlight of the game and concept art of the shoe. Some of the original DMP retro 11 concords have surfaced and are considered some of the rarest air Jordans.[24]

text: "Defining Moments II"

text: The "raging bull pack" retailed for $310 and drew inspiration from the running of the bull that takes place every year in Spain. The pack contains two air Jordan 5s the toro bravo and the 3m. The toro bravo is a red suede sneaker one of the first of its kind, it takes inspiration from the red bandanas worn by the runners. The second pair is the 3m named after its reflective coating. Both shoes come in a wood gate exterior graphic box with double sided slide out, originally released in 2009.[25]

text: "Defining Moments III"[edit]

text: The Jordan Brand released a third "Defining Moments" package on July 11, 2009. The 60+ Air Jordan Retro 1 Package is inspired by Jordan scoring 63 points on the Celtics in a double overtime playoff game during his second year. The Air Jordan Retro 1 60+ Package features a re-release of the sneakers that Jordan wore during that game, and a Retro Air Jordan 1 inspired by the Celtics colors and the parquet floors from the old Boston Garden.

text: "Defining Moments IV"[edit]

text: The Jordan Brand released a fourth "Defining Moments" package on August 15, 2009. This package, also known as the Orlando 60+ pack, consists of the Jordan 7 black and red. Also included is a second pair of Air Jordan 's. The "Orlando" pair features a white leather upper with black and blue accents. The blue accents featured a cracked print. The black tongue had black pinstripes which represented the black pinstriped Orlando jersey of the 1990s.

text: Retro 6 Infrared Pack[edit]

text: The Jordan 6 white/infrared and black/infrared was released February 14, 2013, at a retail price of US$170. This is the second of the same colorway retro in Jordan Brand history. The first time retro on both colorways were in 2000, they were retro separately. This time, the retro distinguished with the previous release. The heel logo are using Jumpman logo instead of Nike Air logo, this is the most significant difference between these two re-releases. Jordan Brand started using Jumpman logo

text: "Old Love New Love"[edit]

text: The Jordan Brand released their second two-pair package named the "Old Love New Love" (OLNL), which consisted of the Air Jordan I Retro model in Mid White/Black-Varsity Red (Black Toes) and Black/Varsity-Maize/White. It was released on April 21, 2007. The Old Love New Love package was sold for $200.00. The pack represented Jordan's passions, the old love being basketball the new love being motorcycle racing.[26]

text: Air Jordan Brand released 5 new colorways including one that is themed after another Spike Lee's "Do The Right Thing."

text: There will be more colors of the Air Jordan Spizikes released than of the recent Air Jordan 3 retro re-release. The Air Jordan "Spiz'ikes" take pieces from the following Air Jordans:

text:
Air Jordan 3 – sole, midsole, and "Spike"/elephant print
Air Jordan 4 – "wings" on the sides of the shoes that hold lace loops to place

text: "Air Jordan Sixty Plus"[edit]

text: The first Jordan Sixty Plus was released in August 2009. The Jordan 6ixty Plus (60+) is a hybrid sneaker from Jordan Brand that combines the various sneakers Michael Jordan wore when he scored 60 or more points in an NBA Game. In these games, MJ was wearing the Jordan I, II, V and VII. Inspiration came from the Air Jordan 5 because he was wearing those when he scored his career high of 69 points.

text:
Air Jordan 1 – Toebox shape and perforations
Air Jordan 2 – Snakeskin accents, rear TPU, lower Eyelets, Jordan "Wings" logo on tongue
Air Jordan 5 – Midsole/Outsole, shape of tongue, Lacelock, mold of upper near ankle, higher eyelets, "Air Jordan" tag inside of tongue
Air Jordan 7 – Perforations on side panel, "gap" between ankle area and body of shoe, graphics on tongue, heel tab, 23 on rear TPU

text: "Jordan Son of Mars edition"[edit]

text:
The "Jordan Son of Mars" is an Air Jordan hybrid shoe, that released in the Summer of 2012. It borrows prominent design elements from the Air Jordan III, IV, V, VI, and XX.
It also retains a strap across the shoe laces, that is a custom modification with a design that seems to be elephant print but is instead a series of relevant icons, etc.
The Jordan Son Of Mars was birthed from the Spizike, which was originally inspired by all the Jordan shoes made in collaboration with famous urban director Spike Lee. Son of Mars is a sneaker directly influenced by Spike Lee's longtime involvement with the brand, as the shoe pieces together models in which Spike (or Mars Blackmon rather) had a hand in launching.

text: The shoe breakdown begins with elements from the first Tinker Hatfield years, Mars Blackmon; Lee's loudmouthed character first appeared alongside Michael Jordan for the release of the Air Jordan III, a sneaker whose immediately recognizable elephant print bookends the Jordan Son of Mars, with sectioning on the back end and towards the toe. Next the Air Jordan IV, which is pretty conspicuous in this hybrid release, shows up only in the form of the netting running below the laces. The sole gottem ion is all Air Jordan V, as the coveted icy treatment splashes across the bottom and the angular 'teeth' of the midsole rear up towards the toe. The V actually extends its reach to the top end too, with the textured Jumpman tongue bursting out from the familiar see-through lacelocks. Building up the ankle area is the higher-hitting support of the Air Jordan VI, complete with the attached loop on back and the perforated paneling reaching up the side of the shoe. The midsection which completes the sneaker is a major fast-forward, leaping ahead to the Air Jordan XX in the form of the lasered strap.

text: The Jordan Son of Mars takes on one of the favorite color schemes in the Jordan Brand line.

text: "Air Jordan Collezione/Countdown packages"[edit]

text: This package consisted of two variations of Retro Air Jordan, in which each model number equaled 23. So the Retro I was released in a package with the Retro XXII, the Retro II with the Retro XXI, etc.

text: "Air Jordan X/XIII "[edit]

text: The first Countdown package consisted of the reintroduced Air Jordan XIII model in white/black-true red. The package also included a pair of the shadow grey Air Jordan X model with the number 23 stitched on the side of the shoes. The package cost US$400.00 and was released January 19, 2008.

text: "Air Jordan IX/XIV"[edit]

text: The second Countdown package consisted of the Air Jordan Retro XIV model in Black/Varsity Red which was similar to the Air Jordan "Last Shot" XIV model though it consisted of a white stitching on the sides, a different color outer arch, and a different colored Jumpman logo on the side. The other Air Jordan was the Air Jordan Retro IX model in a White/Black/True Red colorway. The package retailed for US$310.00 and was released March 15, 2008.

text: "Air Jordan XXI/II"[edit]

text: The third Countdown package consisted of the Air Jordan Retro II model in White/Varsity Red. The other Air Jordan in this package was the Air Jordan Retro XXI model in Black/Varsity Red. The package retailed US$310.00 and was released April 26, 2009.

text: "Air Jordan XVII/VI"[edit]

text: The fourth Countdown package consisted of the Air Jordan Retro VI model in White/Carmine. The other Air Jordan in this package would be Air Jordan Retro XVII model in Black/Metallic Silver. The package cost US$310.00and was released May 24, 2008.

text: "Air Jordan XII/XI"[edit]

text: The final Countdown package consisted of the Air Jordan Retro XI model in Varsity Red/Black. The other Air Jordan in this package was the Air Jordan Retro XII model in Black/White. The package retailed for US$310.00.

text: Jordan Fusions[edit]

text: This line of sneakers consist of a fusion of several Air Jordan and Air Force One Models.

text: Air Jordan XII Air Force One Fusion[edit]

text: A fusion between the Air Jordan XII model and the Midtop Air Force One model.

text: Air Jordan III Air Force One Fusion[edit]

text: A fusion between the Air Jordan III model and the Air Force One model.

text: Air Jordan V Air Force One Fusion[edit]

text: This package is the only original colorway of the Air Jordan V model that was not released in the last round of re-releases. Like the Air Jordan V model, the outsole is a mix of black and clear rubber; there is no visible air sole unit in these shoes. The shoe a rubber loop in the back, middle upright cotton jumpman, rubber tongue, and the lace lock first was brought in an infrared colorway. It is said Michael Jordan wears these shoes in his practice games.

text: Air Jordan VI Air Force One[edit]

text: A fusion between the Air Jordan VI and the Air Force One model.

text: Air Jordan XX Air Force One Fusion[edit]

text: A fusion between the Air Jordan XX and the Air Force One model. These feature the same laser upper as the original XX but replace the ankle strap and sole with that of the Air Force One. Has the numbers one through till six on the heel to represent Jordan's 6 championships ever.

text: Air Jordan IV Air Force One Fusion[edit]

text: A fusion between the Air Jordan IV and the Air Force One model.

text: Air Jordan VIII Air Force One Fusion[edit]

text: A fusion between the Air Jordan VIII and the Midtop Air Force One model.

text: Air Jordan IX Air Force One Fusion[edit]

text: A fusion between the Air Jordan IX and the Air Force One model.

text: Air Jordan X Air Force One Fusion[edit]

text: A fusion between the Air Jordan X and the Midtop Air Force One model.

text: Air Jordan XIII Air Force One Fusion[edit]

text: A fusion between the Air Jordan XIII and the Midtop Air Force One model.

text: Jordan "6 Rings" shoe[edit]

text: The Jordan 6 Rings (aka Jordan Six Rings) is a combination of the seven Air Jordan shoes that Michael Jordan wore during his 6 Championship seasons. That includes the Air Jordan 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13 and 14. The Jordan Brand company released the "6 Rings" shoes starting in September 2008.

text: The Jordan Brand released colorways representative of each team that the Chicago Bulls defeated in each of their six championship seasons during the 1990s. The colorways include colors borrowed from the following teams: the L.A. Lakers, Portland Trail Blazers, Phoenix Suns, the former Seattle SuperSonics, and Utah Jazz, each shoe of which includes laser-etched graphics detailing specific aspects about that particular championship series, the city of the competing team and so forth. Many other colorways exist and Jordan Brand continues to release additional colors that pay tribute to different Jordan and Nike shoes along with new colorways specific to 6 Rings shoes.

text: There even exists a "winterized 6 rings" which are a modified 6 Rings shoe turned into a durable boot designed for the outdoors which changes some of the design and placement of the inspired pieces and parts from the Air Jordans the shoe pays tribute.

text: Of particular note, there is an Olympic colorway, a Nelly version apparently inspired by the rap artist Nelly and a shoe that combines the colors of all the teams that the Bulls defeated in the NBA Finals, acting as the 'sixth shoe' since only five separate teams were defeated for the Bulls to win six championships; the Utah Jazz was defeated twice, in 1997 and 1998.

text:
Air Jordan 6: Heel tab "spoiler", Jumpman on heel from retro 6 models, and lace locks
Air Jordan 7: Nike Huarache style inner sock and perforated air holes in the mudguard of the upper
Air Jordan 8: Chenille carpet-style sections on the tongue surrounding the Jumpman logo, dual velcro straps, the shape of the "23" printed on the lace locks and the colors on the midfoot arch plate on the sole
Air Jordan 11: Silhouette of upper, lace eyestays on certain models and patent leather mudguard
Air Jordan 12: TWO 3 embroidered on the tongue and metal lace loops at top of the ankle
Air Jordan 13: Midsole "pods" and panther paw-shaped outsole
Air Jordan 14: Small Jumpman logo embroidered at the top
Air Jordan 15: insole

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The Air Jordan line has been associated with many riots, assaults, robberies, and murders,[27][28][28][29][30][31][32] such as the murder of a 15-year-old high school student named Michael Eugene Thomas who was choked to death by one of his peers for a pair of Air Jordan sneakers in 1989.[33]

text: In 1988, the then-principal of Mumford High School in Detroit mentioned that clothing-related violence had reached a point where he felt it was necessary to ban certain items of clothing, including the Air Jordan sneaker, from the school grounds.[34] This ban was the first of many dress codes implemented in schools after the wave of robberies, beatings, and shootings over possession of Air Jordan sneakers and other items of clothing.[35]

text: Manufacturing[edit]

text: Nike owns none of the factories where Air Jordans are produced and contracts the work to various factory owners. Company officials say that they only advertise and market the shoes. However, Nike dictates production terms and standards to the contractor, often without questioning labor or safety practices. In April 1997, 10,000 Indonesian workers went on strike over wage violations at an Air Jordan factory. The same month in Vietnam 1,300 workers went on strike demanding a 1-cent-per-hour raise, and a year later in 1998, 3,000 workers in China went on strike to protest hazardous working conditions and low wages cause.[36]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The date the "Air Jordan I" was released.[1]


document_title: List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service

question_text: who is the longest serving member of the house of representatives

root

text: Key[edit]

text:
In gold
Currently serving

H
Served in House (only for House and Senate combined categories)

S
Served in Senate (only for House and Senate combined categories)

I
Interruptions in service (only for total tenure categories)

tag: table

text: Combined House and Senate time[edit]

text:
Total
tenure
rank
Uninterrupted
tenure
rank
Name
Party
affiliation
Total
tenure
Uninterrupted
tenure
Reason
for
leaving

1
1
John Dingell (H)
Democratic
59 years, 21 days
59 years, 21 days
Retired

2
2
Robert Byrd (H, S)
Democratic
57 years, 176 days
57 years, 176 days
Died

3
3
Carl Hayden (H, S)
Democratic
56 years, 319 days
56 years, 319 days
Retired

4
4
Daniel Inouye (H, S)
Democratic
53 years, 118 days
53 years, 118 days
Died

5
5
Jamie Whitten (H)
Democratic
53 years, 60 days
53 years, 60 days
Retired

6
6
John Conyers (H)
Democratic
52 years, 336 days
52 years, 336 days
Resigned

7
7
Carl Vinson (H)
Democratic
50 years, 61 days
50 years, 61 days
Retired

8
8
Emanuel Celler (H)
Democratic
49 years, 305 days
49 years, 305 days
Lost renomination

9
9
Sam Rayburn (H)
Democratic
48 years, 257 days
48 years, 257 days
Died

10
999
Sidney R. Yates (H, I)
Democratic
48 years, 0 days
n/a
Retired

11
12
Strom Thurmond (S, I)
Democratic,
Republican
47 years, 159 days
46 years, 57 days
Resigned and Retired

12
10
Wright Patman (H)
Democratic
47 years, 3 days
47 years, 3 days
Died

13
11
Ted Kennedy (S)
Democratic
46 years, 292 days
46 years, 292 days
Died

14
13
Charles Rangel (H)
Democratic
46 years, 0 days
46 years, 0 days
Retired

15
999
Joseph Gurney Cannon (H, I)
Republican
46 years, 0 days
n/a
Defeated, Defeated, and Retired

16
14
Adolph J. Sabath (H)
Democratic
45 years, 247 days
45 years, 247 days
Died

17
15
J. Lister Hill (H, S)
Democratic
45 years, 142 days
45 years, 142 days
Retired

18
16
Thad Cochran (H, S)
Republican
7004164840000000000♠45 years, 48 days
7004164840000000000♠45 years, 48 days

19
17
Don Young (H)
Republican
7004164220000000000♠44 years, 351 days
7004164220000000000♠44 years, 351 days

20
18
George H. Mahon (H)
Democratic
44 years, 0 days
44 years, 0 days
Retired

21
19
Warren Magnuson (H, S)
Democratic
44 years, 0 days
44 years, 0 days
Defeated

22
20
Charles Edward Bennett (H)
Democratic
44 years, 0 days
44 years, 0 days
Retired

23
21
Justin Smith Morrill (H, S)
Whig,
Republican
43 years, 299 days
43 years, 299 days
Died

24
999
William B. Allison (H, S, I)
Republican
43 years, 152 days
n/a
Retired and Died

25
22
Charles Melvin Price (H)
Democratic
43 years, 110 days
43 years, 110 days
Died

26
23
Patrick Leahy (S)
Democratic
7004157540000000000♠43 years, 48 days
7004157540000000000♠43 years, 48 days

27
24
Chuck Grassley (H, S)
Republican
7004157540000000000♠43 years, 48 days
7004157540000000000♠43 years, 48 days

28
25
Bill Young (H)
Republican
42 years, 288 days
42 years, 288 days
Died

29
26
Henry M. Jackson (H, S)
Democratic
42 years, 241 days
42 years, 241 days
Died

30
999
Carter Glass (H, S, I)
Democratic
42 years, 157 days
n/a
Resigned to become Secretary of the Treasury and Died

31
27
John William McCormack (H)
Democratic
42 years, 58 days
42 years, 58 days
Retired

32
28
John Sparkman (H, S)
Democratic
42 years, 0 days
42 years, 0 days
Retired

33
29
William R. Poage (H)
Democratic
42 years, 0 days
42 years, 0 days
Retired

34
30
Jack Brooks (H)
Democratic
42 years, 0 days
42 years, 0 days
Defeated

35
31
Robert L. Doughton (H)
Democratic
41 years, 305 days
41 years, 305 days
Retired

36
32
Joseph William Martin Jr. (H)
Republican
41 years, 305 days
41 years, 305 days
Lost renomination

37
33
Dave Obey (H)
Democratic
41 years, 276 days
41 years, 276 days
Retired

38
34
Ed Markey (H, S)
Democratic
7004150850000000000♠41 years, 110 days
7004150850000000000♠41 years, 110 days

39
35
Clarence Cannon (H)
Democratic
41 years, 69 days
41 years, 69 days
Retired

40
36
John C. Stennis (S)
Democratic
41 years, 59 days
41 years, 59 days
Retired

41
37
Orrin Hatch (S)
Republican
7004150230000000000♠41 years, 48 days
7004150230000000000♠41 years, 48 days

42
38
Kenneth McKellar (H, S)
Democratic
41 years, 30 days
41 years, 30 days
Lost renomination

43
39
William Natcher (H)
Democratic
40 years, 240 days
40 years, 240 days
Died

44
999
Claude Pepper (H, S, I)
Democratic
40 years, 207 days
n/a
Lost renomination and Died

45
40
William P. Frye (H, S)
Republican
40 years, 157 days
40 years, 157 days
Died

46
41
Ted Stevens (S)
Republican
40 years, 10 days
40 years, 10 days
Defeated

47
42
Carl Curtis (H, S)
Republican
40 years, 0 days
40 years, 0 days
Retired

48
43
Peter W. Rodino (H)
Democratic
40 years, 0 days
40 years, 0 days
Retired

49
44
Pete Stark (H)
Democratic
40 years, 0 days
40 years, 0 days
Defeated

50
45
Tom Harkin (H, S)
Democratic
40 years, 0 days
40 years, 0 days
Retired

51
46
George Miller (H)
Democratic
40 years, 0 days
40 years, 0 days
Retired

52
47
Henry Waxman (H)
Democratic
40 years, 0 days
40 years, 0 days
Retired

53
48
Barbara Mikulski (H, S)
Democratic
40 years, 0 days
40 years, 0 days
Retired

54
999
Jennings Randolph (H, S, I)
Democratic
39 years, 364 days
n/a
Defeated and Retired

55
999
Eugene Hale (H, S, I)
Republican
39 years, 363 days
n/a
Defeated and Retired

56
49
Leslie C. Arends (H)
Republican
39 years, 362 days
39 years, 362 days
Retired

57
50
Daniel A. Reed (H)
Republican
39 years, 352 days
39 years, 352 days
Died

58
51
George William Norris (H, S)
Republican,
Independent
39 years, 305 days
39 years, 305 days
Defeated

59
52
John Taber (H)
Republican
39 years, 305 days
39 years, 305 days
Retired

60
53
William M. Colmer (H)
Democratic
39 years, 305 days
39 years, 305 days
Retired

61
54
Richard Shelby (H, S)
Democratic,
Republican
7004142930000000000♠39 years, 48 days
7004142930000000000♠39 years, 48 days

62
55
Jim Sensenbrenner (H)
Republican
7004142930000000000♠39 years, 48 days
7004142930000000000♠39 years, 48 days

63
56
Max Baucus (H, S)
Democratic
39 years, 34 days
39 years, 34 days
Appointed Ambassador to China

64
999
Samuel Smith (H, S, I)
Democratic-Republican,
Democratic
39 years, 9 days
n/a
Retired

65
999
John Little McClellan (H, S, I)
Democratic
38 years, 329 days
n/a
Retired and Died

66
57
Morris Sheppard (H, S)
Democratic
38 years, 145 days
38 years, 145 days
Died

67
58
Ernest Hollings (S)
Democratic
38 years, 55 days
38 years, 55 days
Retired

68
59
Richard Russell Jr. (S)
Democratic
38 years, 9 days
38 years, 9 days
Died

69
999
John Sherman (H, S, I)
Oppositionist,
Republican
38 years, 4 days
n/a
Appointed Secretary of the Treasury &
Appointed Secretary of State

79
60
Russell B. Long (S)
Democratic
38 years, 3 days
38 years, 3 days
Retired

71
61
Frederick H. Gillett (H, S)
Republican
38 years, 0 days
38 years, 0 days
Retired

72
62
Wilbur Mills (H)
Democratic
38 years, 0 days
38 years, 0 days
Retired

73
63
Dante Fascell (H)
Democratic
38 years, 0 days
38 years, 0 days
Retired

74
64
Robert H. Michel (H)
Republican
38 years, 0 days
38 years, 0 days
Retired

75
65
Nick Rahall (H)
Democratic
38 years, 0 days
38 years, 0 days
Defeated

76
999
Robert Crosser (H, I)
Democratic
37 years, 305 days
n/a
Lost renomination

77
999
Robert L. F. Sikes (H, I)
Democratic
37 years, 290 days
n/a
Resigned and Retired

78
66
Nathaniel Macon (H, S)
Anti-Administration,
Democratic-Republican
37 years, 255 days
37 years, 255 days
Resigned

79
67
Henry Cabot Lodge (H, S)
Republican
37 years, 250 days
37 years, 250 days
Died

80
999
Alben W. Barkley (H, S, I)
Democratic
37 years, 74 days
n/a
Elected Vice President & Died

81
68
Henry B. Gonzalez (H)
Democratic
37 years, 60 days
37 years, 60 days
Retired

82
69
Ron Wyden (H, S)
Democratic
7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days
7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days

83
70
Pat Roberts (H, S)
Republican
7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days
7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days

84
71
Chuck Schumer (H, S)
Democratic
7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days
7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days

85
72
Hal Rogers (H)
Republican
7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days
7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days

86
73
Chris Smith (H)
Republican
7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days
7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days

87
999
Francis E. Warren (S, I)
Republican
37 years, 6 days
n/a
Defeated and Died

88
74
Steny Hoyer (H)
Democratic
7004134260000000000♠36 years, 277 days
7004134260000000000♠36 years, 277 days

89
999
James Eastland (S, I)
Democratic
36 years, 83 days
n/a
Resigned

90
75
Joe Biden (S)
Democratic
36 years, 12 days
36 years, 12 days
Elected Vice President

91
76
John Murtha (H)
Democratic
36 years, 3 days
36 years, 3 days
Died

92
77
Henry L. Dawes (H, S)
Republican
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Retired

93
78
Felix Edward Hébert (H)
Democratic
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Retired

94
79
Edward Boland (H)
Democratic
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Retired

95
80
William Broomfield (H)
Republican
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Retired

96
81
Dan Rostenkowski (H)
Democratic
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Defeated

97
82
Neal Edward Smith (H)
Democratic
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Defeated

98
83
Claiborne Pell (S)
Democratic
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Retired

99
84
Joseph M. McDade (H)
Republican
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Retired

100
85
Paul Sarbanes (H, S)
Democratic
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Retired

101
86
Pete Domenici (S)
Republican
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Retired

102
87
Ralph Regula (H)
Republican
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Retired

103
88
Chris Dodd (H, S)
Democratic
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Retired

104
89
Jim Oberstar (H)
Democratic
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Defeated

105
90
Richard Lugar (S)
Republican
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Lost renomination

106
91
Daniel Akaka (H, S)
Democratic
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Retired

107
92
Norm Dicks (H)
Democratic
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Retired

108
93
Dale Kildee (H)
Democratic
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Retired

109
94
Carl Levin (S)
Democratic
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days
Retired

110
999
Shelby Moore Cullom (H, S, I)
Republican
36 years, 0 days
n/a
Retired

text: Senate time[edit]

text: The 90th Congress was notable because for a period of 10 days (December 24, 1968 – January 3, 1969), it contained within its Senate all 10 of the longest-serving senators in history until January 7, 2013, when Patrick Leahy surpassed Russell B. Long as the 10th longest-serving senator in history. This period stretched from the installation of Ted Stevens of Alaska after his appointment to fill a vacancy to the retirement of Carl Hayden of Arizona early the next year.

tag: p

text: The 96th Congress and 97th Congress were the periods in which most people from this list were serving together (all but Hayden, Russell Jr., Warren, Eastland, and Grassley in the former and all but Hayden, Russell Jr., Warren, Eastland, and Magnuson in the latter).

text:
Total
tenure
rank
Uninterrupted
tenure
rank
Name
State
represented
Dates
of
service
Total
tenure
Uninterrupted
tenure

1
1
Robert Byrd
West Virginia
January 3, 1959 – June 28, 2010
51 years, 176 days
51 years, 176 days

2
2
Daniel Inouye
Hawaii
January 3, 1963 – December 17, 2012
49 years, 349 days
49 years, 349 days

3
4
Strom Thurmond (I)
South Carolina
December 24, 1954 – April 7, 1956
November 7, 1956 – January 3, 2003
47 years, 159 days
46 years, 57 days

4
3
Ted Kennedy
Massachusetts
November 7, 1962 – August 25, 2009
46 years, 292 days
46 years, 292 days

5
5
Patrick Leahy
Vermont
Since January 3, 1975
7004157540000000000♠43 years, 48 days
7004157540000000000♠43 years, 48 days

6
6
Carl Hayden
Arizona
March 4, 1927 – January 3, 1969
41 years, 305 days
41 years, 305 days

7
7
John C. Stennis
Mississippi
November 7, 1947 – January 3, 1989
41 years, 59 days
41 years, 59 days

8
8
Orrin Hatch
Utah
Since January 3, 1977
7004150230000000000♠41 years, 48 days
7004150230000000000♠41 years, 48 days

9
9
Ted Stevens
Alaska
December 24, 1968 – January 3, 2009
40 years, 10 days
40 years, 10 days

10
10
Thad Cochran
Mississippi
Since December 27, 1978
7004143000000000000♠39 years, 55 days
7004143000000000000♠39 years, 55 days

11
11
Ernest Hollings
South Carolina
November 8, 1966 – January 3, 2005
38 years, 55 days
38 years, 55 days

12
12
Richard Russell Jr.
Georgia
January 12, 1933 – January 21, 1971
38 years, 9 days
38 years, 9 days

13
13
Russell B. Long
Louisiana
December 31, 1948 – January 3, 1987
38 years, 3 days
38 years, 3 days

14
14
Chuck Grassley
Iowa
Since January 3, 1981
7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days
7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days

15
999
Francis E. Warren (I)
Wyoming
November 18, 1890 – March 4, 1893
March 4, 1895 – November 24, 1929
37 years, 6 days
n/a

16
999
James Eastland (I)
Mississippi
June 30 – September 28, 1941
January 3, 1943 – December 27, 1978
36 years, 83 days
n/a

17
15
Warren Magnuson
Washington
December 14, 1944 – January 3, 1981
36 years, 20 days
36 years, 20 days

18
16
Joe Biden
Delaware
January 3, 1973 – January 15, 2009
36 years, 12 days
36 years, 12 days

19
17
Claiborne Pell
Rhode Island
January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1997
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days

20
18
Pete Domenici
New Mexico
January 3, 1973 – January 3, 2009
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days

21
19
Richard Lugar
Indiana
January 3, 1977 – January 3, 2013
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days

22
20
Carl Levin
Michigan
January 3, 1979 – January 3, 2015
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days

text: House time[edit]

text:
Total
tenure
rank
Uninterrupted
tenure
rank
Name
State
represented
Dates
of
service
Total
tenure
Uninterrupted
tenure

1
1
John Dingell
Michigan
December 13, 1955 – January 3, 2015
59 years, 21 days
59 years, 21 days

2
2
Jamie L. Whitten
Mississippi
November 4, 1941 – January 3, 1995
53 years, 60 days
53 years, 60 days

3
3
John Conyers
Michigan
January 3, 1965 – December 5, 2017
52 years, 336 days
52 years, 336 days

4
4
Carl Vinson
Georgia
November 3, 1914 – January 3, 1965
50 years, 61 days
50 years, 61 days

5
5
Emanuel Celler
New York
March 4, 1923 – January 3, 1973
49 years, 305 days
49 years, 305 days

6
6
Sam Rayburn
Texas
March 4, 1913 – November 16, 1961
48 years, 257 days
48 years, 257 days

7
999
Sidney R. Yates (I)
Illinois
January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1963
January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1999
48 years, 0 days
n/a

8
7
Wright Patman
Texas
March 4, 1929 – March 7, 1976
47 years, 3 days
47 years, 3 days

9
8
Charles Rangel
New York
January 3, 1971 – January 3, 2017
46 years, 0 days
46 years, 0 days

10
999
Joseph Gurney Cannon (I)
Illinois
March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1891
March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1913
March 4, 1915 – March 3, 1923
46 years, 0 days
n/a

11
9
Adolph J. Sabath
Illinois
March 4, 1907 – November 6, 1952
45 years, 247 days
45 years, 247 days

12
10
Don Young
Alaska
Since March 6, 1973
7004164220000000000♠44 years, 351 days
7004164220000000000♠44 years, 351 days

13
11
George H. Mahon
Texas
January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1979
44 years, 0 days
44 years, 0 days

14
12
Charles Edward Bennett
Florida
January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1993
44 years, 0 days
44 years, 0 days

15
13
Charles Melvin Price
Illinois
January 3, 1945 – April 22, 1988
43 years, 110 days
43 years, 110 days

16
14
Bill Young
Florida
January 3, 1971 – October 18, 2013
42 years, 288 days
42 years, 288 days

17
15
John William McCormack
Massachusetts
November 6, 1928 – January 3, 1971
42 years, 58 days
42 years, 58 days

18
16
William R. Poage
Texas
January 3, 1937 – December 31, 1978
42 years, 0 days
42 years, 0 days

19
17
Jack Brooks
Texas
January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1995
42 years, 0 days
42 years, 0 days

20
18
Robert L. Doughton
North Carolina
March 4, 1911 – January 3, 1953
41 years, 305 days
41 years, 305 days

21
19
Joseph William Martin Jr.
Massachusetts
March 4, 1925 – January 3, 1967
41 years, 305 days
41 years, 305 days

22
20
Dave Obey
Wisconsin
April 1, 1969 – January 3, 2011
41 years, 276 days
41 years, 276 days

23
21
Clarence Cannon
Missouri
March 4, 1923 – May 12, 1964
41 years, 69 days
41 years, 69 days

24
22
William Natcher
Kentucky
August 1, 1953 – March 29, 1994
40 years, 240 days
40 years, 240 days

25
23
Peter W. Rodino
New Jersey
January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1989
40 years, 0 days
40 years, 0 days

26
24
Pete Stark
California
January 3, 1973 – January 3, 2013
40 years, 0 days
40 years, 0 days

27
25
George Miller
California
January 3, 1975 – January 3, 2015
40 years, 0 days
40 years, 0 days

28
26
Henry Waxman
California
January 3, 1975 – January 3, 2015
40 years, 0 days
40 years, 0 days

29
27
Leslie C. Arends
Illinois
January 3, 1935 – December 31, 1974
39 years, 362 days
39 years, 362 days

30
28
Daniel A. Reed
New York
March 4, 1919 – February 19, 1959
39 years, 352 days
39 years, 352 days

31
29
John Taber
New York
March 4, 1923 – January 3, 1963
39 years, 305 days
39 years, 305 days

32
30
William M. Colmer
Mississippi
March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1973
39 years, 305 days
39 years, 305 days

33
31
Jim Sensenbrenner
Wisconsin
Since January 3, 1979
7004142930000000000♠39 years, 48 days
7004142930000000000♠39 years, 48 days

34
32
Wilbur Mills
Arkansas
January 3, 1939 – January 3, 1977
38 years, 0 days
38 years, 0 days

35
33
Dante Fascell
Florida
January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1993
38 years, 0 days
38 years, 0 days

36
34
Robert H. Michel
Illinois
January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1995
38 years, 0 days
38 years, 0 days

37
35
Nick Rahall
West Virginia
January 3, 1977 – January 3, 2015
38 years, 0 days
38 years, 0 days

38
999
Robert Crosser (I)
Ohio
March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1919
March 4, 1923 – January 3, 1955
37 years, 305 days
n/a

39
999
Robert L. F. Sikes (I)
Florida
January 3, 1941 – October 19, 1944
January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1979
37 years, 290 days
n/a

40
36
Henry B. Gonzalez
Texas
November 4, 1961 – January 3, 1999
37 years, 60 days
37 years, 60 days

41
37
Hal Rogers
Kentucky
Since January 3, 1981
7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days
7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days

42
38
Chris Smith
New Jersey
Since January 3, 1981
7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days
7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days

43
39
Steny Hoyer
Maryland
Since May 19, 1981
7004134260000000000♠36 years, 277 days
7004134260000000000♠36 years, 277 days

44
40
Ed Markey
Massachusetts
November 2, 1976 – July 3, 2013
36 years, 256 days
36 years, 256 days

45
41
John Murtha
Pennsylvania
February 5, 1974 – February 8, 2010
36 years, 3 days
36 years, 3 days

46
42
Felix Edward Hébert
Louisiana
January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1977
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days

47
43
Edward Boland
Massachusetts
January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1989
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days

48
44
William Broomfield
Michigan
January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1993
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days

49
45
Dan Rostenkowski
Illinois
January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1995
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days

50
46
Neal Edward Smith
Iowa
January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1995
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days

51
47
Joseph M. McDade
Pennsylvania
January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1999
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days

52
48
Ralph Regula
Ohio
January 3, 1973 – January 3, 2009
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days

53
49
Jim Oberstar
Minnesota
January 3, 1975 – January 3, 2011
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days

54
50
Norm Dicks
Washington
January 3, 1977 – January 3, 2013
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days

55
51
Dale Kildee
Michigan
January 3, 1977 – January 3, 2013
36 years, 0 days
36 years, 0 days


document_title: Independence Day (United States)

question_text: when was 4th of july made a holiday

question_tokens: when was 4th of july made a holiday

text: Independence Day (United States)

text: Background

text: During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain's rule.[5][6] After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five, with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author. Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail:

text: The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more.[7]

text: Adams's prediction was off by two days. From the outset, Americans celebrated independence on July 4, the date shown on the much-publicized Declaration of Independence, rather than on July 2, the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress.[8]

text: Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, even though Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2, 1776, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed.[9][10][11][12][13]

text: Coincidentally, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States, died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration.[14] Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President who died on the anniversary of independence.[15] Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day.[16]

text: Observance

text:
In 1777, thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, Rhode Island. An article in July 18, 1777 issue of The Virginia Gazette noted a celebration in Philadelphia in a manner a modern American would find familiar: an official dinner for the Continental Congress, toasts, 13-gun salutes, speeches, prayers, music, parades, troop reviews, and fireworks. Ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting.[17]
In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute (feu de joie). Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, France.[18]

tag: ul

text:
In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5.[18]
In 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration.[18]
In 1783, Salem, North Carolina held a celebration with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter entitled The Psalm of Joy. The town claims to be the first public July 4 event, as it was carefully documented by the Moravian Church, and there are no government records of any earlier celebrations.[19]
In 1870, the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees.[20]
In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday.[21]

text: Customs

text: Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. According to 5 U.S.C. § 6103, Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people.[citation needed]

text: Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue; many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, a long weekend to gather with relatives or friends. Decorations (e.g., streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag. Parades are often held in the morning, before family get-togethers, while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares.[citation needed]

text: The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations, marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece. In New England, towns competed to build towering pyramids, assembled from barrels and casks. They were lit at nightfall to usher in the celebration. The highest were in Salem, Massachusetts, with pyramids composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels. These made the tallest bonfires ever recorded. The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries and is still practiced in some New England towns.[22]

text: Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner"; "God Bless America"; "America the Beautiful"; "My Country, 'Tis of Thee"; "This Land Is Your Land"; "Stars and Stripes Forever"; and, regionally, "Yankee Doodle" in northeastern states and "Dixie" in southern states. Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812.[citation needed]

text: Firework shows are held in many states, and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show. Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed. In addition, local and regional weather conditions may dictate whether the sale or use of fireworks in an area will be allowed. Some local or regional firework sales are limited or prohibited because of dry weather or other specific concerns. On these occasions the public may be prohibited from purchasing or discharging fireworks, but professional displays (such as those at sports events) may still take place, if certain safety precautions have been taken.[citation needed]

text: A salute of one gun for each state in the United States, called a "salute to the union," is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base.[23]

text: New York City has the largest fireworks display in the country, with more than 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded in 2009.[24] It generally holds displays in the East River. Other major displays are in Seattle on Lake Union; in San Diego over Mission Bay; in Boston on the Charles River; in Philadelphia over the Philadelphia Museum of Art; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay; and on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.[25]

text: During the annual Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival, Detroit, Michigan hosts one of the largest fireworks displays in North America, over the Detroit River, to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor, Ontario's celebration of Canada Day.[26]

text: The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year, as many people use what is often a three-day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips.[27]

text: Celebration gallery

text:
Play media

Patriotic trailer shown in theaters celebrating July 4, 1940

In addition to a fireworks show, Miami, Florida, lights one of its tallest buildings with the patriotic red, white and blue color scheme on Independence Day.

New York City's fireworks display, shown above over the East Village, is sponsored by Macy's and is the largest[24] in the country.

A festively decorated Independence Day cake

text: Notable celebrations

text:
Held since 1785, the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island, is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States.[28]
Since 1868, Seward, Nebraska, has held a celebration on the same town square. In 1979 Seward was designated "America's Official Fourth of July City-Small Town USA" by resolution of Congress. Seward has also been proclaimed "Nebraska's Official Fourth of July City" by Governor James Exon in proclamation. Seward is a town of 6,000 but swells to 40,000+ during the July 4 celebrations.[29]
Since 1912, the Rebild Society, a Danish-American friendship organization, has held a July 4 weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish-Americans in the Rebild Hills of Denmark.[30]
Since 1959, the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day (July 1). It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River.
The famous Macy's fireworks display usually held over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC since 1976. In 2009, the fireworks display was returned to the Hudson River for the first time since 2000 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's exploration of that river.[31]
The Boston Pops Orchestra has hosted a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the "Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular" annually since 1973.[32] The event was broadcast nationally from 1991 until 2002 on A&E, and since 2002 by CBS and its Boston station WBZ-TV. WBZ/1030 and WBZ-TV broadcast the entire event locally, and from 2002 through 2012, CBS broadcast the final hour of the concert nationally in primetime. The national broadcast was put on hiatus beginning in 2013, which Pops executive producer David G. Mugar believed was the result of decreasing viewership caused by NBC's encore presentation of the Macy's fireworks.[33][34] The national broadcast was revived for 2016, and expanded to two hours.[35] In 2017, Bloomberg Television took over coverage duty, with WHDH carrying local coverage beginning in 2018.[36]
On the Capitol lawn in Washington, D.C., A Capitol Fourth, a free concert broadcast live by PBS, NPR and the American Forces Network, precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually.[37]

text: Other countries

text:
The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence.[38]
July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day, and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962. In 1964, the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day. Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States.[39]


document_title: Glenn Strange

question_text: what happened to sam the bartender on gunsmoke

text: Glenn Strange

text: Early life[edit]

text: Strange was born in Weed, New Mexico Territory, 13 years prior to New Mexico gaining statehood. He was the fourth child of William Russell Strange and the former Sarah Eliza Byrd. An eighth generation grandson of Pocahontas and John Rolfe, he was of Irish and Cherokee descent and was a cousin of the Western film star and narrator Rex Allen.

text: Strange grew up in the West Texas town of Cross Cut. His father was a bartender and later a rancher. Strange learned by ear how to play the fiddle and guitar. By the time he was 12, young Strange was performing at cowboy dances. By 1928, he was on radio in El Paso, Texas. He was a young rancher, but in 1930, he came to Hollywood as a member of the radio singing group Arizona Wranglers. Strange joined the singers after having appeared at a rodeo in Prescott, Arizona.

text: Career[edit]

text: In 1932, Strange had a minor role as part of the Wrecker's gang in a 12-part serial, The Hurricane Express, starring John Wayne. He procured his first motion picture role in 1932 and appeared in hundreds of films during his lifetime. Beginning in 1949, he portrayed Butch Cavendish, the villain responsible for killing all of the Texas Rangers except one in the long-running television series The Lone Ranger.[1]

text: Strange appeared twice as Jim Wade on Bill Williams's syndicated western series geared to juvenile audience's The Adventures of Kit Carson. He also appeared twice as Blake in the syndicated western The Cisco Kid. In 1952, he was cast in the role of Chief Black Cloud in the episode "Indian War Party" of the syndicated The Range Rider. In 1954, Strange played Sheriff Billy Rowland in Jim Davis's syndicated western series Stories of the Century. Strange appeared six times in 1956 in multiple roles on Edgar Buchanan's syndicated Judge Roy Bean. In 1958, he had a minor part in an episode of John Payne's The Restless Gun and had an important role in the 1958 episode "Chain Gang" of the western series 26 Men, true stories about the Arizona Rangers. That same year he played the rancher Pat Cafferty, who faces the threat of anthrax, in the episode "Queen of the Cimarron" of the syndicated western series, Frontier Doctor. Strange appeared in six episodes of The Rifleman playing the same role in different variations: Cole, the stagecoach driver, in “Duel of Honor” (episode 7); a stagecoach shotgun guard in “The Dead-eye Kid” (episode 20); Joey, a stagecoach driver, in “The Woman” (episode 32); as well as an unnamed stagecoach driver in “The Blowout” (episode 43), “The Spiked Rifle” (episode 49) and “Miss Bertie” (episode 90).[2]

text: Strange was cast in five episodes of the ABC western The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp and three segments of the syndicated Annie Oakley. In 1959, he appeared in another western syndicated series, Mackenzie's Raiders, in the episode entitled "Apache Boy". Strange first appeared on Gunsmoke in 1959 and assumed several roles on the long-running program before he was permanently cast as the stolid bartender. Strange was cast twice on Kirby Grant's western aviation adventure series, Sky King, as Rip Owen in Stage Coach Robbers (1952) and as Link in Dead Giveaway (1958).

text: Frankenstein's Monster[edit]

text: In 1942, he appeared in The Mad Monster for PRC, a poverty row studio. In 1944, while Strange was being made up for an action film at Universal, make-up artist Jack Pierce noticed that Strange's facial features and 6'5" height would be appropriate for the role of Frankenstein's monster. Strange was cast in 1944 film House of Frankenstein in the role created by Boris Karloff in Frankenstein (1931), coached by Karloff personally after hours together.

text: Strange recounted a personal anecdote in Ted Newsom's documentary, 100 Years of Horror (1996). On the set of House of Dracula (1945), Lon Chaney, Jr., got him extremely inebriated. In the scene in which the Monster is discovered in a cave, where Strange lay immersed for hours in "faked quicksand" (actually cold mud) waiting for the cameras to roll. As Glenn began to get a serious chill, Chaney recommended that alcohol would keep Strange warm. Strange could barely walk straight after the day's shooting.

text: Strange played the Monster a third time in Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948), with Chaney, Jr. as the Wolf Man and Bela Lugosi as Dracula. Strange also appeared in character with Lou Costello in a haunted house skit on The Colgate Comedy Hour as well as making a gag publicity appearance as a masked flagpole-sitter for a local Los Angeles TV show in the 1950s. After weeks of the station teasing the public about the sitter's identity, Strange removed his mask and revealed himself as Frankenstein's monster (actually, yet another mask.) Strange also played a monster in the Bowery Boys horror-comedy Master Minds in 1949, mimicking the brain-transplanted Huntz Hall's frantic comedy movements, with Hall providing his own dubbed voice.

text: During the wave of monster-related merchandising in the late 1950s and 1960s, it was usually Glenn Strange's iconic image used for the Monster on toys, games and paraphernalia, most often from his appearance in the Abbott & Costello film. In 1969, The New York Times mistakenly published Boris Karloff's obituary with Glenn Strange's picture as the Frankenstein monster.[3]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Strange was 6 ft 5 in tall and weighed 220 lbs. His first wife was Flora Hooper of Duncan, Oklahoma. They had two daughters, Wynema and Juanita. He was married from 1937 to his death in 1973 to his third wife, Minnie Thompson (1911–2004). The couple had two children, Harry Glenn Strange (born 1938) and Janine Laraine Strange (born 1939).

text: Death[edit]

text: On September 20, 1973, at age 74, Strange died of lung cancer in Los Angeles, California. Singer Eddie Dean, with whom Strange had collaborated on various songs and opening themes for films, sang at Strange's funeral service as a final tribute. Strange is interred at Forest Lawn - Hollywood Hills Cemetery. In 1975, two years after Strange's death, his Gunsmoke costar Buck Taylor named his third son Cooper Glenn Taylor after Strange.


document_title: List of countries by vehicles per capita

question_text: who has most number of cars in the world

text: This article is a list of countries by the number of road motor vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants. Note that car is different from road motor vehicle as the latter includes automobiles but also vans, buses, freight and other trucks.

text: The list however excludes motorcycles and other two-wheelers.

text:
Rank
Country
Motor vehicles per
1,000 people
Total
Notes

1
 San Marino
1,263

[1]

2
 Monaco
899

[1]

3
 United States
795
255,009,283[2]
2015[2]

4
 New Zealand
774
3,600,000
2017[3]

5
 Liechtenstein
750

2014[1][4]

6
 Iceland
745

[1]

7
 Australia
740

2017[5]

8
 Luxembourg
739

[1]

9
 Malta
693

[1]

10
 Italy
679

[1]

11
 Guam
677

2014[6]

12
 Canada
662
23,553,604[7]
2016

13
 Finland
612

2011[1]

14
 Spain
593

[1]

15
 Japan
591
77,657,517[8]
2017[1]

16
 Greece
586

2014 [9]

17
 Norway
584

[1]

18
 Austria
578

[1]

19
 France
578
38,148,000
2014[10]

20
 Germany
572
46,332,000
[1]

21
 Slovenia
567

2011[11]

22
  Switzerland
543
4,524,029
2016[12]

23
 Lithuania
560

2010[1]

24
 Belgium
559

2010[1]

25
 Portugal
548

2010[13]

26
 Slovakia
546

2016[14]

27
 Poland
537

[1]

28
 Bahrain
537

2009[1]

29
 Qatar
532

2007[1]

30
 Cyprus
532

2010[1]

31
 Netherlands
528

2010[1]

32
 Kuwait
527

2010[1]

33
 Sweden
520

2010[1]

34
 United Kingdom
519
33,735,000
2010[1]

35
 Ireland
513

2009[1]

36
 Brunei
510

2008[1]

37
 Iraq
496

[15]

38
 Czech Republic
485

2010[1]

39
 Denmark
480

2010[1]

40
 Estonia
476

2010[1]

41
 Barbados
469

2007[1]

–
 Europe
468

2000[16]

42
 South Korea
459

2014[17]

43
 Lebanon
434

[15]

44
 Bulgaria
393

2010[1]

45
 Israel
383
3,239,305[18]
2016[19]

46
 Croatia
380

2010[1]

47
 Belarus
362

2010[1]

48
 Malaysia
361

2010[1]

49
 Trinidad and Tobago
353

2007[1]

50
 Hungary
345

2010[1]

51
 Saudi Arabia
336

[15]

52
 Taiwan
333
7,842,423[20]
2016[20]

53
 Montenegro
326
202,322
2016[21]

54
 Latvia
319

2010[1]

55
 Argentina
314

2007[1]

56
 United Arab Emirates
313

2007[1]

57
 Romania
305
5,996,377
2017[22]

58
 Russia
293
42,192,000
2014[23]

59
 Suriname
291

2010[1]

60
 Serbia
291
2,052,067
2015[24]

61
 Libya
290

2007[1]

62
 Mexico
275

2010[1]

63
 Iran
256

2018[25]

64
 Turkey
253

2014[26]

65
 Kazakhstan
250

2017[27]

66
 Brazil
249
35,601,099
2016[28]

67
 Antigua and Barbuda
230

2009[1]

68
 Chile
230

2013[29]

69
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
223

[15]

70
 Oman
215

2007[1]

71
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
214

2010[1]

72
 Thailand
206

2012[30][31]

73
 China
154
212,560,000
2016[32][33]

74
 Ukraine
202

2016[34]

75
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
204

2008[1]

76
 Uruguay
200

2009[1]

77
 Fiji
188

2010[1]

78
 Jamaica
179

2010[1]

79
 Costa Rica
287

2016

80
 Seychelles
176

2010[1]

81
 Mauritius
378

2010[1]

82
 Belize
174

2007[1]

83
 Tonga
174

[15]

85
 Jordan
166

[15]

86
 Saint Lucia
165

2010[1]

87
 South Africa
165

2010[1]

88
 Dominica
163

[15]

89
 Nauru
159

2004[35]

90
 Moldova
156

2010[1]

91
 Georgia
155

2010[1]

92
 Republic of Macedonia
155

2009[1]

93
 Kosovo
150

2013[36]

94
 Colombia
148

2015[37]

95
 Singapore
149

2010[1]

96
 Venezuela
147

2007[1]

97
 Kiribati
146

2008[1]

98
 Botswana
133

2009[1]

99
 Panama
132

2010[1]

100
 Dominican Republic
128

2009[1]

101
 Tunisia
125

2010[1]

102
 Albania
124

2010[1]

103
 Grenada
122

[38]

104
 Zimbabwe
114

2007[1]

104
 Algeria
114

2010[1]

106
 Azerbaijan
112

2011[1]

107
 Ecuador
109

2014[39]

108
 Turkmenistan
107

2010[1]

109
 Namibia
106

2008[1]

110
 Armenia
101

2010 [40]

111
 Cape Verde
101

2007[1]

112
 Honduras
95

2008[1]

113
 Guyana
95

2008[1]

114
 El Salvador
94

2007[1]

115
 Swaziland
89

2007[1]

116
 Bahamas
81

2007[1]

117
 Hong Kong
77

2010[1]

118
 Samoa
77

2007[1]

119
 Sri Lanka
150

2016[41]

120
 Peru
73

2010[1]

121
 Syria
73

2010[1]

122
 Mongolia
71

2010[1]

123
 Bolivia
70

2007[1]

124
 Morocco
68

2007[1]

125
 Indonesia
68

2010[1]

126
 Guatemala
69

2011[1]

127
 Nigeria
61

2016[42]

128
 Kyrgyzstan
59

2007[1]

129
 Bhutan
57

2009[1]

129
 Paraguay
57

2010[1]

131
 Nicaragua
54

2009[1]

131
 Vanuatu
54

[15]

133
 Egypt
45

2009[1]

134
 India
151
22,536,000[43]
2015 [44]

134
 Palestine
42

2010[1]

136
 Angola
38

2007[1]

136
 Cuba
38

2008[1]

136
 Tajikistan
38

2007[1]

139
 Uzbekistan
37

2004[45]

139
 Micronesia, Federated States of
37

2007[1]

141
 Yemen
35

2007[1]

142
 Comoros
33

2007[1]

142
 Guinea-Bissau
33

2008[1]

144
 Philippines
30

2010[1]

144
 Ghana
30

2009[1]

146
 Maldives
28

2010[1]

146
 Djibouti
28

[15]

146
 Afghanistan
28

2010[1]

149
 Congo, Republic of the
27

2007[1]

149
 Sudan
27

2007[1]

151
 Madagascar
26

2009[1]

152
 Kenya
24

2010[1]

153
 Vietnam
23

2013 [46]

154
 Benin
22

2007[1]

154
 Senegal
22

2008[1]

156
 Cambodia
21

2005[1]

156
 Zambia
21

2008[1]

158
 Laos
20

2007[1]

158
 Cote d'Ivoire
20

2007[1]

160
 Pakistan
18

2010[1]

161
 Cameroon
14

2007[1]

161
 Gabon
14

2004[47]

161
 Mali
14

2009[1]

164
 Equatorial Guinea
13

2004[48]

164
 Papua New Guinea
13

[15]

166
 Haiti
12

[15]

166
 Mozambique
12

2009[1]

166
 Burkina Faso
12

2010[1]

169
 Eritrea
11

2007[1]

169
 North Korea
11

2006[49]

171
 Ethiopia
8
850,000
2017[50]

171
 Malawi
8

2007[1]

171
 Uganda
8

2009[1]

174
 Myanmar
7

2010[1]

174
 Tanzania
7

2007[1]

174
 Gambia
7

2004[1]

174
 Niger
7

2009[1]

178
 Burundi
6

2007[1]

178
 Sierra Leone
6

2008[1]

178
 Chad
6

2006[1]

181
 Congo, Democratic Republic of the
5

2007[1]

181
 Guinea
5

[15]

181
 Mauritania
5

[15]

181
   Nepal
5

2007[1]

181
 Rwanda
5

[15]

186
 Central African Republic
4

[15]

186
 Lesotho
4

2004[51]

188
 Somalia
3

[15]

188
 Liberia
3

2007[1]

188
 Bangladesh
3

2010[1]

188
 Solomon Islands
3

2004[52]

192
 São Tomé and Príncipe
2

2007[1]

192
 Togo
2

2007[1]