document_title: All-India Muslim League

question_text: who presided over the muslim league session at dhaka

text: All-India Muslim League

text: Foundation[edit]

text: The All-India Muslim League (AIML) was formed with the help from the reformist Syed Ahmad Khan. His strong advocacy for British education and political activism had inspired Subhan Muslims to support the cause for the AIML. Originally hosting the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886 in a vision to uplift the cause for the British education especially science and literature, among India's Muslims. The conference, in addition to generating funds for Sir Syed's Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), motivated Muslim upper class to propose expansion of educational uplift elsewhere, known as the Aligarh Movement. In turn this new awareness of Muslim needs helped stimulate a political consciousness among Muslim elites that went on to form the AIML.[10]

text: The formation of a Subhan political party on national level was seen as essential by 1901. The first stage of its formation was the meeting held at Lucknow in September 1906, with participation of representatives from all over India. The decision for re-consideration to form the all Indian Muslim political party was taken and further proceedings were adjourned until the next meeting of All India Muhammadan Educational Conference. The Simla Deputation reconsidered the issue in October 1906 and decided to frame the objectives of the party on the occasion of the annual meeting of Educational Conference; that was later, scheduled to be held at Dhaka. Meanwhile, Nawab Salimullah Khan published a detailed scheme through which he suggested the party to be named All-India Muslim Confederacy. Pursuant upon the decisions taken earlier in Lucknow meeting and later in Simla; the annual meeting of the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference was held at Dhaka that continued from 27 December, until 30 December 1906. that was headed by both Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk and Nawab Muhasan-ul-Mulk (the Secretary of the Muhammaden Educational Conference); in which he explained its objectives and stressed the unity of the Muslims under the banner of an association.[11] It was formally proposed by Nawab Salimullah Khan and supported by Hakim Ajmal Khan, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Zafar Ali Khan, Syed Nabiullah Bar at Law Lucknow and Syed Zahur Ahmad an eminent lawyer and several others. The political party was established at the end of the conference.[1] The Founding meeting was hosted by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah and attended by three thousand delegates, while Ameer Ali, Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi were also the founding fathers who attended this meeting. The name "All-India Muslim League" was proposed by Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi. Sir Agha Khan III was appointed its first president. Fifty eight delegates from all over the Subcontinent were the founding members of League.[12] The League's constitution was framed in 1907 in Karachi. In 1910, Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda selected as the president of the party.[13]

text: Early years[edit]

text: Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah (Aga Khan III) was appointed the first Honorary President of the Muslim League. The headquarters were established at Lucknow. There were also six vice-presidents, a secretary and two joint secretaries initially appointed for a three-years term, proportionately from different provinces.[14] The principles of the League were espoused in the "Green Book," which included the organisation's constitution, written by Maulana Mohammad Ali. Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state, but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights, promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians, educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government, and discouraging violence.

text: Aga Khan III (1877–1957) played a leading role in founding AIML; his goal was the advancement of Muslim agendas and protection of Muslim rights in India. He shared Ahmad Khan's belief that Muslims should first build up their social capital through advanced education before engaging in politics. Agha Khan boldly told the British Raj that Muslims must be considered a separate nation within India. Even after he resigned as president of the AIML in 1912, he still exerted major influence on its policies and agendas.[15] in 1913 Mohammed Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim league.

text: Intellectual support and a cadre of young activists emerged from Aligarh Muslim University. Hasan reports that in the early 20th century, this Muslim institution, designed to prepare students for service to the British Raj, exploded into political activity. Until 1939, the faculty and students supported an all-India nationalist movement. After 1939, however, sentiment shifted dramatically toward a Muslim separatist movement, as students and faculty mobilised behind Jinnah and the Muslim League.[16]

text: Communalism grows[edit]

text: Politically there was a degree of unity between Muslim and Hindu leaders after World War I, as typified by the Khilafat Movement. Relationships cooled sharply after that campaign ended in 1922. Communalism grew rapidly, forcing the two groups apart. Major riots broke out in numerous cities, including 91 in U.P. alone.[17][18] At the leadership level, the proportion of Muslims among delegates to Congress fell sharply, from 11% in 1921 to under 4% in 1924.[19]

text: Muhammad Ali Jinnah became disillusioned with politics after the failure of his attempt to form a Hindu-Muslim alliance, and he spent most of the 1920s in Britain. The leadership of the League was taken over by, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, who in 1930 first put forward the demand for a separate Muslim state in India. The "Two-Nation Theory", the belief that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations who could not live in one country, gained popularity among Muslims. The two-state solution was rejected by the Congress leaders, who favoured a united India based on composite national identity. Congress at all times rejected "communalism"—that is, basing politics on religious identity.[20] Iqbal's policy of uniting the North-West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Punjab, and Sindh into a new Muslim majority state became part of the League's political platform.[21]

text: The League rejected the Committee report (the Nehru Report), arguing that it gave too little representation (only one quarter) to Muslims, established Devanagari as the official language of the colony, and demanded that India turn into a de facto unitary state, with residuary powers resting at the centre – the League had demanded at least one-third representation in the legislature and sizeable autonomy for the Muslim provinces. Jinnah reported a "parting of the ways" after his requests for minor amendments to the proposal were denied outright, and relations between the Congress and the League began to sour.[22]

text: The Muslim League successfully mobilised the religious community in the United Provinces in the late 1930s. Jinnah worked closely with local politicians. However, there was a lack of uniform political voice by the League during the 1938–1939 Madhe Sahaba riots of Lucknow.[23]

text: Conception of Pakistan[edit]

text: On 29 December 1930 Sir Muhammad Iqbal delivered his monumental presidential address to the All India Muslim League annual session. He said:[24]

text: I would like to see Punjab, North-West Frontier Province [now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa], Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.

text: Sir Muhammad Iqbal did not use the word "Pakistan" in his address. According to some scholars, Iqbal had not presented the idea of a separate Muslim State; rather he wanted a large Muslim province by amalgamating Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan into a big North-Western province within India.[25] They argued that "Iqbal never pleaded for any kind of partition of the country. Rather he was an ardent proponent of a 'true' federal setup for India..., and wanted a consolidated Muslim majority within the Indian Federation".[26]

text: Another Indian historian, Tara Chand, also held that Iqbal was not thinking in terms of partition of India, but in terms of a federation of autonomous states within India.[27] Dr. Safdar Mehmood also asserted in a series of articles that in the Allahabad address Iqbal proposed a Muslim majority province within an Indian federation and not an independent state outside an Indian Federation.[28]

text: On 28 January 1933, Choudhary Rahmat Ali, founder of the Pakistan National Movement, voiced his ideas in the pamphlet entitled "Now or Never;[29] Are We to Live or Perish Forever?" The word 'P In a subsequent book Rehmat Ali discussed the etymology in further detail.[30] "Pakistan' is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our South Asia homelands; that is, Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan. It means the land of the Pure".

text: The British and the Indian Press vehemently criticised these two different schemes and created a confusion about the authorship of the word "Pakistan" to such an extent that even Jawaharlal Nehru had to write:

text: Iqbal was one of the early advocates of Pakistan and yet he appears to have realised its inherent danger and absurdity. Edward Thompson has written that in the course of conversation, Iqbal told him that he had advocated Pakistan because of his position as President of Muslim League session, but he felt sure that it would be injurious to India as a whole and to Muslims especially.

text: Campaign for Pakistan[edit]

text: At a League conference in Lahore in 1940, Jinnah said:

text: Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature.... It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes and different episodes.... To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state.[32]

text: In response to Jinnah's speech, the All-India Jamhur Muslim League (AIJML) was formed to counter the move of Jinnah on his support for Sir Syed's two-nation theory and to oppose the creation of Pakistan. The Raja of Mahmoodabad was elected its president and Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi was its first general secretary. Perhaps it was the first split of Muslim League on ideological ground.[33] This party however merged with Indian Congress latter on to strengthen its views on partition.

text: At Lahore the Muslim League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state, including Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province and Bengal, that would be "wholly autonomous and sovereign". The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions. The Lahore Resolution, moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal A. K. Fazlul Huq, was adopted on 23 March 1940, and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan's first constitution. Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement. This was the last attempt to reach a single-state solution.[34]

text: In the 1940s, Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known as Quaid-e-Azam (lit. Great Leader). In the Constituent Assembly of India's elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 425 out of 476 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted. Congress, led by Gandhi and Nehru remained adamantly opposed to dividing India.[citation needed]

text: However, 1947 saw violent and bloody battles caused due to the communal clashes between the two communities in India. Millions of people migrated from India to Pakistan and vice versa. The situation continued to be tense even after the governments of the two nations were formed.[35]

text: The partition seems to have been inevitable after all, one of the examples being Lord Mountbatten's statement on Jinnah: "There was no argument that could move him from his consuming determination to realize the impossible dream of Pakistan."[36]

text: Impact on the future courses of Subcontinent[edit]

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: After the partition of British Indian Empire, the Muslim League played a major role in giving the birth of modern conservatism and the introduction of the democratic process in the country.[37]

text: From 1947–51, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan spearheaded the Muslim League's government until 1955 when Awami League came to power with Huseyn Suhrawardy becoming the Prime Minister. After Jinnah and Ali Khan, Nazimuddin struggled to lead the party, primarily due to lack of its social programmes. During this time, the Republican Party, led by Iskander Mirza, had taken over the credibility and prestige of Muslim League in all over the country. In 1958, the Muslim League nearly lost its influence when General Ayub Khan, army chief at that time, imposed martial law to with the support of Republican President Iskander Mirza against Prime Minister Feroz Khan Noon, a leader of Muslim League.[citation needed]

text: The Federative constitution allowed the ailing Muslim League to be reformed itself as the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) and endorsed for Fatima Jinnah for the presidential bid in 1965. However, one of its convention actively supported President Ayub Khan.[38]

text: Other factions were also involved in supporting the presidential regimes of Zia-ul-Haq in the 1980s, and the recent regime of Pervez Musharraf in the 2000s.[38] Every time, the establishment has put the political leaders were put together, who splintered apart when the general's blessings faded away.[39] Hence, Pakistan Muslim League refers to several political parties in Pakistan.[38] However, the most dominating and influential faction of the Muslim League is the PML(N) that is led by its President Nawaz Sharif, the Prime Minister of Pakistan, who has won the largest number of seats in two of the last five general elections, including the 2013 election.[40]

text: India[edit]

text: With the partition of British Indian Empire, the Muslim League lost all influence in the United Provinces and Indian states with significant Muslim population. In 1948, the Indian Muslim League was formed as breakaway faction of the Muslim League by those members who did not migrate to Pakistan. During its successive periods, the Indian Muslim League remained a part of the Kerala government; nonetheless, the Indian Muslim League disintegrated after the general elections of 1980. Many of its leaders later joined Congress and some migrated to Pakistan. The party has still has a stronghold in northern Kerala and is the second largest party within the present ruling coalition in the state.

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: The Muslim League formed its government in East Bengal immediately after partition of Bengal, with Nurul Amin becoming the first Chief Minister.

text: Problems in East Pakistan for Muslim League began rise following the issue of Constitution. Furthermore, the language movement proved to be a last event that led the Muslim League to lose its mandate in the East Bengal. Muslim League's national conservatism program also faced several set back and resistance from the Communist Party of Pakistan. In an interview given to print media, Nurul Amin stated that the communists had played an integral and major role in staging the massive protests, mass demonstration, and strikes for the Bengali Language Movement.[41]

text: All over the country, the political parties had favoured the general elections in Pakistan with the exception of Muslim League.[42] In 1954, the legislative elections were to be held for the Parliament.[42] Unlike in West, not all of the Hindu population migrated to India, instead a large number of Hindu population was in fact presented in the state.[42] The communist influence deepened and was finally realised in the elections. The United Front, Communist Party and the Awami League returned to power, inflicting a severe defeat to Muslim League.[42] Out of 309, the Muslim League only won 10 seats, whereas the communist party had 4 seats of the ten contested. The communists working with other parties had secured 22 additional seats, totalling 26 seats. The right-wing Jamaat-e-Islami had completely failed in the elections.[42]

text: In 1955, the United Front named Abu Hussain Sarkar as the Chief minister of the State who ruled the state in two non-consecutive terms until 1958 when the martial law was imposed.[42] The Muslim League remained to be a minor party in East Pakistan but participated with full rigour during the general elections in 1970. It had won 10 seats from East Pakistan and 7 seats from other parts of Pakistan. After the independence of Bangladesh, the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but it was reduced, rendering it insignificant in the political arena.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: During the 1940s, the Muslim League had a United Kingdom section active in the British politics. After the establishment of Pakistan, the Pakistani community's leaders took over the UK branch, making Zubeida Habib Rahimtoola as president of party to continue to serve its purpose in the United Kingdom.[43] As of current, the Muslim League's UK branch is taken over by the PML-N, with Zubair Gull its president, and Nawaz Sharif serving its patron-in-chief.[43]

text: Historical versions[edit]

text: Historically, Pakistan Muslim League can also refer to any of the following political parties in Pakistan:[44]

text:
Muslim League, the original successor of All-India Muslim League, which was disbanded on first martial law.
Convention Muslim League, a political platform created by General Ayub Khan in 1962 when he became the president.
Council Muslim League, a party created by political leaders who opposed General Ayub Khan.
Muslim League, a party created by Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan when he split with the Council Muslim League to run for the 1970 general elections.


document_title: AFC Championship Game

question_text: who played in last year's afc championship game

question_tokens: who played in last year 's afc championship game

root

text: AFC Championship Game

text: History[edit]

text: The first AFC Championship Game was played following the 1970 regular season after the merger between the NFL and the American Football League. The game is considered the successor to the former AFL Championship, and its game results are listed with that of its predecessor in the annual NFL Record and Fact Book.[2] Since the pre-merger NFL consisted of six more teams than the AFL, a realignment was required as part of the merger to create two conferences with an equal number of teams: The NFL's Baltimore Colts, the Cleveland Browns, and the Pittsburgh Steelers joined the ten former AFL teams to form the AFC; while the remaining 13 pre-merger NFL clubs formed the NFC.

tag: p

text: Every AFC team except the Houston Texans has played in an AFC Championship Game at least once. The Seattle Seahawks, who have been members in both the AFC and the NFC, hold the distinction of appearing in both conference title games, a loss in the AFC conference title game to the Los Angeles Raiders for Super Bowl XVIII and, in their first appearance in a NFC conference title game, a win over the Carolina Panthers for Super Bowl XL. The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most appearances in the AFC Championship Game at 16, with 11 of those games being in Pittsburgh, the most for either conference. The most AFC Conference Championships have been won by the New England Patriots winning 10 of them and going to 7 straight (2011-present).

text: Playoff structure[edit]

text: At the end of each regular season, a series of playoff games involving the top six teams in the AFC are conducted. In the current (since 2002–03 season) NFL playoff structure, this consists of the four division champions and two wild card teams (those clubs that possess the two best won-loss records after the regular season yet fail to win their division). The two teams remaining following the Wild Card round (first round) and the divisional round (second round) play in the AFC Championship game.

text: Initially, the site of the game was determined on a rotating basis. Since the 1975–76 season, the site of the AFC Championship has been based on playoff seeding based on the regular season won-loss record, with the highest surviving seed hosting the game. A wild card team can only host the game if both participants are wild cards, in which case the fifth seed would host the sixth seed. Such an instance has never occurred in the NFL.

text: Lamar Hunt Trophy[edit]

text: Beginning with 1984–85 season,[1] the winner of the AFC Championship Game has received the Lamar Hunt Trophy, named after the founder of the AFL. The original design consisted of a wooden base with a sculpted AFC logo in the front and a sculpture of various football players in the back.

text: For the 2010–11 NFL playoffs, the Lamar Hunt Trophy and the George Halas Trophy, which is awarded to the NFC Champion, were redesigned by Tiffany & Co. at the request of the NFL, in an attempt to make both awards more significant.[3] The trophies are now a new, silver design with the outline of a hollow football positioned on a small base to more closely resemble the Vince Lombardi Trophy, which is awarded to the winner of the Super Bowl.[4]

text: List of AFC Championship Games[edit]

text:
Season
Playoffs
Winning team
Score
Losing team
Score
Location
Stadium

1970
1970–71
Baltimore Colts (1)
27
Oakland Raiders
17
Baltimore, Maryland
Memorial Stadium

1971
1971–72
Miami Dolphins (1)
21
Baltimore Colts
0
Miami, Florida
Miami Orange Bowl

1972
1972–73
Miami Dolphins (2)
21
Pittsburgh Steelers
17
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Three Rivers Stadium

1973
1973–74
Miami Dolphins (3)
27
Oakland Raiders
10
Miami, Florida (2)
Miami Orange Bowl (2)

1974
1974–75
Pittsburgh Steelers (1)
24
Oakland Raiders
13
Oakland, California
Oakland Coliseum

1975
1975–76
Pittsburgh Steelers (2)
16
Oakland Raiders
10
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (2)
Three Rivers Stadium (2)

1976
1976–77
Oakland Raiders (1)
24
Pittsburgh Steelers
7
Oakland, California (2)
Oakland Coliseum (2)

1977
1977–78
Denver Broncos (1)
20
Oakland Raiders
17
Denver, Colorado
Mile High Stadium

1978
1978–79
Pittsburgh Steelers (3)
34
Houston Oilers
5
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (3)
Three Rivers Stadium (3)

1979
1979–80
Pittsburgh Steelers (4)
27
Houston Oilers
13
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (4)
Three Rivers Stadium (4)

1980
1980–81
Oakland Raiders (2)
34
San Diego Chargers
27
San Diego, California
Jack Murphy Stadium

1981
1981–82
Cincinnati Bengals (1)
27
San Diego Chargers
7
Cincinnati, Ohio
Riverfront Stadium

1982
1982–83
Miami Dolphins (4)
14
New York Jets
0
Miami, Florida (3)
Miami Orange Bowl (3)

1983
1983–84
Los Angeles Raiders (3)
30
Seattle Seahawks
14
Los Angeles, California
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

1984
1984–85
Miami Dolphins (5)
45
Pittsburgh Steelers
28
Miami, Florida (4)
Miami Orange Bowl (4)

1985
1985–86
New England Patriots (1)
31
Miami Dolphins
14
Miami, Florida (5)
Miami Orange Bowl (5)

1986
1986–87
Denver Broncos (2)
23a[›]
Cleveland Browns
20
Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland Municipal Stadium

1987
1987–88
Denver Broncos (3)
38
Cleveland Browns
33
Denver, Colorado (2)
Mile High Stadium (2)

1988
1988–89
Cincinnati Bengals (2)
21
Buffalo Bills
10
Cincinnati, Ohio (2)
Riverfront Stadium (2)

1989
1989–90
Denver Broncos (4)
37
Cleveland Browns
21
Denver, Colorado (3)
Mile High Stadium (3)

1990
1990–91
Buffalo Bills (1)
51
Los Angeles Raiders
3
Orchard Park, New York
Ralph Wilson Stadium

1991
1991–92
Buffalo Bills (2)
10
Denver Broncos
7
Orchard Park, New York (2)
Ralph Wilson Stadium (2)

1992
1992–93
Buffalo Bills (3)
29
Miami Dolphins
10
Miami, Florida[fn 1] (6)
Joe Robbie Stadium

1993
1993–94
Buffalo Bills (4)
30
Kansas City Chiefs
13
Orchard Park, New York (3)
Ralph Wilson Stadium (3)

1994
1994–95
San Diego Chargers (1)
17
Pittsburgh Steelers
13
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (5)
Three Rivers Stadium (5)

1995
1995–96
Pittsburgh Steelers (5)
20
Indianapolis Colts
16
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (6)
Three Rivers Stadium (6)

1996
1996–97
New England Patriots (2)
20
Jacksonville Jaguars
6
Foxborough, Massachusetts
Foxboro Stadium

1997
1997–98
Denver Broncos (5)
24
Pittsburgh Steelers
21
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (7)
Three Rivers Stadium (7)

1998
1998–99
Denver Broncos (6)
23
New York Jets
10
Denver, Colorado (4)
Mile High Stadium (4)

1999
1999–00
Tennessee Titans (1)
33
Jacksonville Jaguars
14
Jacksonville, Florida
Alltel Stadium

2000
2000–01
Baltimore Ravens (1)
16
Oakland Raiders
3
Oakland, California (3)
Oakland Coliseum (3)

2001
2001–02
New England Patriots (3)
24
Pittsburgh Steelers
17
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (8)
Heinz Field

2002
2002–03
Oakland Raiders (4)
41
Tennessee Titans
24
Oakland, California (4)
Network Associates Coliseum (4)

2003
2003–04
New England Patriots (4)
24
Indianapolis Colts
14
Foxborough, Massachusetts (2)
Gillette Stadium

2004
2004–05
New England Patriots (5)
41
Pittsburgh Steelers
27
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (9)
Heinz Field (2)

2005
2005–06
Pittsburgh Steelers (6)
34
Denver Broncos
17
Denver, Colorado (5)
Invesco Field at Mile High

2006
2006–07
Indianapolis Colts (2)
38
New England Patriots
34
Indianapolis, Indiana
RCA Dome

2007
2007–08
New England Patriots (6)
21
San Diego Chargers
12
Foxborough, Massachusetts (3)
Gillette Stadium (2)

2008
2008–09
Pittsburgh Steelers (7)
23
Baltimore Ravens
14
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (10)
Heinz Field (3)

2009
2009–10
Indianapolis Colts (3)
30
New York Jets
17
Indianapolis, Indiana (2)
Lucas Oil Stadium

2010
2010–11
Pittsburgh Steelers (8)
24
New York Jets
19
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (11)
Heinz Field (4)

2011
2011–12
New England Patriots (7)
23
Baltimore Ravens
20
Foxborough, Massachusetts (4)
Gillette Stadium (3)

2012
2012–13
Baltimore Ravens (2)
28
New England Patriots
13
Foxborough, Massachusetts (5)
Gillette Stadium (4)

2013
2013–14
Denver Broncos (7)
26
New England Patriots
16
Denver, Colorado (6)
Sports Authority Field at Mile High (2)

2014
2014–15
New England Patriots (8)
45
Indianapolis Colts
7
Foxborough, Massachusetts (6)
Gillette Stadium (5)

2015
2015–16
Denver Broncos (8)
20
New England Patriots
18
Denver, Colorado (7)
Sports Authority Field at Mile High (3)

2016
2016–17
New England Patriots (9)
36
Pittsburgh Steelers
17
Foxborough, Massachusetts (7)
Gillette Stadium (6)

2017
2017–18
New England Patriots (10)
24
Jacksonville Jaguars
20
Foxborough, Massachusetts (8)
Gillette Stadium (7)

tag: table

text: Appearances 1970–present[edit]

text:
Num
Team
W
L
PCT
PF
PA
Last appearance
Last championship
Home games
Home wins
Home losses
Home Win Pct.
Away games
Away wins
Away losses
Away Win Pct.

14
New England Patriots
10
4
.714
334
249
2017
2017
8
7
1
.875
6
3
3
.500

16
Pittsburgh Steelers
8
8
.500
332
303
2016
2010
11
6
5
.545
5
2
3
.400

10
Denver Broncos
8
2
.800
235
200
2015
2015
7
6
1
.857
3
2
1
.667

7
Miami Dolphins
5
2
.714
152
115
1992
1984
6
4
2
.667
1
1
0
1.000

11
Los Angeles/Oakland Raidersd[›]
4
7
.364
202
253
2002
2002
5
3
2
.600
6
1
5
.167

5
Buffalo Bills
4
1
.800
130
54
1993
1993
3
3
0
1.000
2
1
1
.500

7
Baltimore/Indianapolis Coltse[›]
3
4
.429
132
178
2014
2009
3
3
0
1.000
4
0
4
.000

4
Baltimore Ravens
2
2
.500
78
62
2012
2012
0
0
0
-4 !—–
4
2
2
.500

2
Cincinnati Bengals
2
0
1.000
48
17
1988
1988
2
2
0
1.000
0
0
0
-6 !—–

4
Houston Oilers/
Tennessee Titansf[›]
1
3
.250
75
116
2002
1999
0
0
0
-3 !—–
4
1
3
.250

4
Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers
1
3
.250
63
95
2007
1994
1
0
1
.000
3
1
2
.333

4
New York Jets
0
4
.000
46
91
2010
N/A
0
0
0
-2 !—–
4
0
4
.000

3
Jacksonville Jaguars
0
3
.000
40
77
2017
N/A
1
0
1
.000
2
0
2
.000

3
Cleveland Browns
0
3
.000
74
98
1989
N/A
1
0
1
.000
2
0
2
.000

1
Kansas City Chiefs
0
1
.000
13
30
1993
N/A
0
0
0
-5 !—–
1
0
1
.000

1
Seattle Seahawksb[›]
0
1
.000
14
30
1983
N/Ab[›]
0
0
0
-6 !—–
1
0
1
.000

0
Houston Texans
0
0
-7 !—–
---
---
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
-7 !—–
0
0
0
-7 ! —–

0
Tampa Bay Buccaneersc[›]
0
0
-7 !—–
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N/A
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-7 !—–
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-7 ! —–

text: ^ b: The Seahawks were members of the NFC in 1976 and then members of the AFC from 1977 to 2001, before rejoining the NFC in 2002. Including their appearances in the NFC Championship Game (3–0), they hold a combined 3–1 record between both Conference Championship Games.

text: ^ c: The Buccaneers were members of the AFC in 1976 before moving to the NFC in 1977.

text: ^ d: Includes appearances during their first tenure in Oakland (the 1970 merger until 1981), where they went 2–5 in AFC Championship Games; their period as the Los Angeles Raiders (1982–1994), where they were 1–1 in AFC Championship Games; and their current tenure in Oakland (1995–present), where they have gone 1–1 in AFC Championship Games.

text: ^ e: Includes appearances as the Baltimore Colts (the 1970 merger to 1983), where they went 1–1 in AFC Championship Games. Since moving to Indianapolis in 1984, the Colts are 2–3 in AFC Championship Games

text: ^ f: Includes appearances as the Houston Oilers (the 1970 merger to 1996), where they went 0–2 in AFC Championship Games. Since moving to Tennessee in 1997, they are 1–1 in AFC Championship Games.

text: Records[edit]

text:
Most victories: 10**; New England Patriots (1985, 1996, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017)
Most losses: 8; Pittsburgh Steelers, (1972, 1976, 1984, 1994, 1997, 2001, 2004, 2016)
Most appearances: 16; Pittsburgh Steelers (1972, 1974–1976, 1978, 1979, 1984, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2016)
Most consecutive appearances: 7**; New England Patriots (2011–2017)
Most consecutive victories: 4**; Buffalo Bills (1990–1993)
Most victories without a loss: 2; Cincinnati Bengals (1981, 1988)[fn 2]
Most appearances without a win: 4; New York Jets (1982, 1998, 2009, 2010)
Most consecutive losses without a win: 4; (tie) Oakland Raiders (1970, 1973, 1974, 1975), New York Jets (1982, 1998, 2009, 2010)
Most defensive shutouts: 2**; Miami Dolphins (1971, 21–0 vs Colts and 1982, 14–0 vs Jets)
Most consecutive losses: 3; Oakland Raiders (1973–1975)
Most games hosted: 11**; Pittsburgh Steelers (1972, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2010)
Most numerous matchups: 3 (tie)

Pittsburgh Steelers vs. Oakland Raiders (1974, 1975, 1976)
Cleveland Browns vs. Denver Broncos (1986, 1987, 1989)
New England Patriots vs. Pittsburgh Steelers (2001, 2004, 2016)
New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts (2003, 2006, 2014)

Most points scored: 51**; January 20, 1991 (1990) – Buffalo Bills vs. Los Angeles Raiders
Largest margin of victory: 48 points**; January 20, 1991 (1990) – Buffalo Bills (51) vs. Los Angeles Raiders (3)
Fewest points scored, winning team: 10; January 12, 1992 (1991) – Buffalo Bills vs. Denver Broncos
Fewest points scored: 0*; (tie) Jan 2, 1972 (1971) Baltimore Colts 0 vs Dolphins 21, Jan 23, 1983 (1982) NY Jets 0 vs Dolphins 14
Most points scored, losing team: 34**; January 21, 2007 (2006) – New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts
Most combined points scored: 73**; January 6, 1985 (1984) – Miami Dolphins (45) vs. Pittsburgh Steelers (28)
Fewest combined points scored: 14; January 23, 1983 (1982) – Miami Dolphins (14) vs. New York Jets (0)
Longest game: 65 minutes, 38 seconds; January 11, 1987 (1986) – Denver Broncos (23) at Cleveland Browns (20), OT
Current AFC teams which have never appeared in a Conference Championship Game: Houston Texans[fn 3]
Current AFC teams which have never won a Conference Championship: Cleveland Browns (0–3), Houston Texans (0–0), Jacksonville Jaguars (0–3), New York Jets (0–4) and Kansas City Chiefs (0–1)
Longest drought without appearing in an AFC Championship Game: 29 years**; Cincinnati Bengals (last appearance – 1988)
Longest drought without an AFC Championship: 48 years**: New York Jets,[fn 4] and Kansas City Chiefs[fn 5]
Highest attendance: 91,445; Los Angeles Raiders vs. Seattle Seahawks in Los Angeles on January 8, 1984 (1983)

tag: ul

text: Notes:

text:
*Tied for Conference Championship record
**Conference Championship record

text: TV ratings[edit]

text:
1982: 51.6 million viewers [1]
2002:
2003: 41.5 million
2004:
2005: 44.3 million
2006: 39 million viewers [2]
2007: 46.7 million viewers (6:44-10:23pm) [3]
2008:
2009: 42 million viewers [4]
2010: 42.352 million viewers
2011: 54.9 million viewers[5]
2012: 48.7 million viewers[6][7]
2013: 47.7 million viewers[8]
2014: 51.3 million viewers [5]
2015:42.1 million viewers[9]
2016: 53.3 million viewers[10]
2017: 41.2 million viewers[11]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Joe Robbie Stadium, now Sun Life Stadium, is located in Miami Gardens. However, the city was not incorporated until 2003. Prior to that, the area was an unincorporated area of Miami-Dade County, and the stadium used a Miami address.
Jump up ^ The Miami Dolphins won 5 AFC Championships before losing their first championship game. The New England Patriots equaled that record before losing a championship game.
Jump up ^ The franchise was founded in 2002.
Jump up ^ The Jets won Super Bowl III as the 1968 AFL Champion.
Jump up ^ The Chiefs won Super Bowl IV as the 1969 AFL Champion

tag: ol


document_title: Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)

question_text: who played mr bennet in pride and prejudice 1995

text: Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Episode 1 – Part One: Mr. Charles Bingley, a rich man from the north of England, settles down at Netherfield estate near Meryton village in Hertfordshire for the autumn. Mrs Bennet, unlike her husband, is excited at the prospect of marrying off one of her five daughters (Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty, and Lydia) to the newcomer. Bingley takes an immediate liking to Jane at a local country-dance, while his best friend Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy, rumoured to be twice as rich, refuses to dance with anyone including Elizabeth. Elizabeth's poor impression of his character is confirmed at a later gathering at Lucas Lodge, and she and Darcy verbally clash on the two nights she spends at Netherfield caring for the sick Jane.

text: Episode 2 – Part Two: A sycophantic clergyman named Mr. William Collins visits his cousins, the Bennets. He is the entailed heir of their home and estate, Longbourn, and intends to marry one of Mr. Bennet's daughters. This is meant, on his part, as an act of benign goodwill towards the Bennets, because Mrs. Bennet and her unwed daughters will be rendered homeless once Mr. Bennet dies and Mr. Collins inherits the estate. He therefore invites himself for a two-week visit, to get to know the Bennets better and select a wife from among the daughters of the family. However, the Bennet girls judge Mr. Collins to be a rather ridiculous man, an "oddity" with many peculiarities of speech and deportment. They are nevertheless civil to him, and take him to balls and social events in Meryton. One day, while on a walk around Meryton village, they meet members of a newly arrived militia, including a Mr George Wickham. At a social event, Wickham befriends Elizabeth and tells her that Darcy, who is the son of Wickham's late father's employer, has denied Wickham a living (a curacy) which had been assured to him by Mr. Darcy's father. At another social event, Darcy surprises Elizabeth with a dance offer at a ball at Netherfield, which she grudgingly but politely accepts. Mr Collins proposes to Elizabeth the next day, but she resoundingly rejects him. While Mrs Bennet disagrees about Elizabeth's decision, her close friend Charlotte Lucas invites Mr Collins to stay at Lucas Lodge.

text: Episode 3 – Part Three: Elizabeth is stunned and appalled when she learns that Charlotte Lucas has accepted a proposal from Mr Collins. When the Netherfield party departs for London in autumn, Jane stays with her modest London relatives, the Gardiners, but she soon notices that the Bingleys ignore her. After befriending Mr Wickham, Elizabeth departs for the Collinses' home in Kent in the spring. They live near Rosings, the estate of the formidable Lady Catherine de Bourgh, and as Lady Catherine is Darcy's aunt, Elizabeth meets Darcy several times. Shortly after Elizabeth learns of Darcy's direct responsibility for Jane and Bingley's separation, Darcy unexpectedly proposes to her, expressing his ardent admiration and love despite Elizabeth's inferior family connections. Elizabeth flatly rejects him, noting his arrogant, disagreeable, and proud character, and his involvement in her sister's failed romance and Mr Wickham's misfortune.

text: Episode 4 – Part Four: Darcy justifies his previous actions in a long letter to Elizabeth: he misjudged Jane's affection for Bingley and exposes Wickham as a gambler who once attempted to elope with his young sister, Georgiana, to obtain her inheritance. Back at Longbourn, Mr Bennet allows Lydia to accompany the militia to Brighton as a personal friend of the militia colonel's wife. Elizabeth joins the Gardiners on a sightseeing trip to Derbyshire and visits Pemberley, Darcy's estate, during his absence. Greatly impressed by the immense scale and richness of the estate, Elizabeth listens to the housekeeper's earnest tales of her master's lifelong goodness, while Darcy refreshes from his unannounced journey home by taking a swim in a lake. After an unexpected and awkward encounter with Elizabeth, a damp Darcy is able to prevent the party's premature departure with an unusual degree of friendliness and politeness.

text: Episode 5 – Part Five: Elizabeth and the Gardiners receive an invitation to Pemberley, where Darcy and Elizabeth share significant glances. The next morning, Elizabeth receives two letters from Jane, discussing Lydia's elopement with Wickham. As Elizabeth is about to return to Longbourn, Darcy walks in and offers his help, but, upon digesting the bad news, gradually appears more remote, and soon takes his leave. Elizabeth supposes she will never see him again. Mr and Mrs Bennet try to deal with the possible scandal until they receive a letter from Mr Gardiner, saying that Lydia and Wickham have been found and are not married, but will be soon under the Gardiners' care. After Mr Bennet states his surprise at how easily the issue has been resolved, Elizabeth informs Jane about her last meeting with Darcy, including her ambivalent feelings for him.

text: Episode 6 – Part Six: After Lydia carelessly mentions Darcy's involvement in her wedding, Mrs Gardiner enlightens Elizabeth how Darcy found the errant couple and paid for all the expenses. When Bingley and Darcy return to Netherfield in the autumn, Darcy apologises to Bingley for intervening in his relationship with Jane and gives his blessing for the couple to wed. Lady Catherine de Bourgh, who has heard rumours of an engagement between Darcy and Elizabeth but wants him to marry her sickly daughter Anne, pays Elizabeth an unannounced visit. She insists that Elizabeth renounce Darcy, but Elizabeth does not rule out a future engagement. When Elizabeth thanks Darcy for his role in Lydia's marriage, Lady Catherine's story encourages Darcy to reconfirm his feelings for Elizabeth. Elizabeth admits the complete transformation of her feelings and agrees to an engagement, which takes her family by surprise. The series ends with a double wedding in the winter months: Jane with Bingley, and Elizabeth to Fitzwilliam Darcy.

text: Cast[edit]

text: When casting the many characters of Pride and Prejudice, the producer Sue Birtwistle and director Simon Langton were looking for actors with wit, charm and charisma, who could also play the Regency period. Their choices for the story's protagonists, 20-year-old Elizabeth Bennet and 28-year-old Mr Darcy, determined the other actors cast. Hundreds of actresses between 15 and 28 auditioned, and those with the right presence were screen-tested, performing several prepared scenes in period costumes and makeup in a television studio. Straight offers were made to several established actors.[3]

text: Actress Jennifer Ehle was chosen out of half a dozen serious candidates to play Elizabeth, the second Bennet daughter, the brightest girl, and her father's favourite. At the time in her mid-20s, Ehle had first read Pride and Prejudice at the age of 12 and was the only actor to be present throughout the whole filming schedule.[3][4][5] Sue Birtwistle particularly wanted Colin Firth, a relatively unknown British actor in his mid-30s at the time, to play the wealthy and aloof Mr. Darcy.[6] Birtwistle had worked with him on the mid-1980s comedy film Dutch Girls, but he repeatedly turned down her offer as he neither felt attracted to Austen's feminine perspective nor believed himself to be right for the role. Birtwistle's persistent coaxing and his deeper looks into the Darcy character finally convinced him to accept the role.[7][8] Firth and Ehle began a romantic relationship during the filming of the series, which only received media attention after the couple's separation.[9]

text: Benjamin Whitrow and BAFTA-nominated Alison Steadman were cast to play Mr and Mrs Bennet, Elizabeth's distinguished but financially imprudent and occasionally self-indulgent parents. Steadman was offered the role without auditions or screen tests. Elizabeth's four sisters, whose ages ranged between 15 and 22, were cast to look dissimilar from each other. Susannah Harker portrayed Elizabeth's beautiful older sister Jane, who desires to only see good in others. Lucy Briers, Polly Maberly, and Julia Sawalha played Elizabeth's younger sisters – the plain Mary, the good-natured but flighty and susceptible Kitty, and frivolous and headstrong Lydia. Being 10 years older than 15-year-old Lydia, Julia Sawalha, of Absolutely Fabulous fame, had enough acting experience to get the role without screen tests. Joanna David and Tim Wylton appeared as the Gardiners, Elizabeth's maternal aunt and uncle. David Bamber played the sycophantic clergyman, Mr Collins, a cousin of Mr Bennet. Lucy Scott portrayed Elizabeth's best friend and Mr Collins's wife, Charlotte Lucas, and David Bark-Jones portrayed Lt. Denny.[3]

text: The producers found Crispin Bonham-Carter to have the best physical contrast to Firth's Darcy and gave him his first major television role as the good-natured and wealthy Mr Charles Bingley.[3] Bonham-Carter had originally auditioned for the part of Mr George Wickham,[10] a handsome militia lieutenant whose charm conceals his licentiousness and greed, but Adrian Lukis was cast instead. Anna Chancellor, of Four Weddings and a Funeral fame, played Mr Bingley's sister Caroline Bingley. (Chancellor is also Jane Austen's six-times-great-niece)[11] Mr Bingley's other sister and his brother-in-law were played by Lucy Robinson (Louisa Hurst) and Rupert Vansittart (Mr Hurst). Casting the role of Darcy's young sister, Georgiana, proved hard as the producers were looking for a young actress who appeared innocent, proud and yet shy, had class and could also play the piano. After auditioning over 70 actresses, Simon Langton suggested Emilia Fox, the real-life daughter of Joanna David (Mrs Gardiner), for the part. Barbara Leigh-Hunt was cast as Darcy's meddling aunt, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, without auditions or screen tests.[3]

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception and adaptation[edit]

text: Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice had already been the subject of numerous television and film adaptations, including BBC television versions in 1938, 1952, 1958, 1967 and 1980. In the autumn of 1986, after watching a preview of Austen's Northanger Abbey, Sue Birtwistle and Andrew Davies agreed to adapt Pride and Prejudice, one of their favourite books, for television.[12][13] Birtwistle in particular felt that a new adaptation on film would serve the drama better than the previous videotaped Pride and Prejudice television adaptations, which looked too "undernourished" and "unpoetic".[12] The needs of TV scheduling forced Davies to change his original plan of a five-episode adaptation to six.[14] Birtwistle and Davies then offered the first three scripts to ITV in late 1986 to build on the guaranteed BBC audience, but the recent TV adaptation led to a delay. When ITV announced its renewed interest in 1993, Michael Wearing of the BBC commissioned the final scripts with co-funding from the American A&E Network.[12] Director Simon Langton and the art department joined pre-production in January and February 1994.[5][15]

text:
"We treated the story with great respect, but if we wanted to be utterly faithful, we would have got someone to recite it over the radio."

—Director Simon Langton[16]

tag: div

text: Although Birtwistle and Davies wished to remain true to the tone and spirit of the novel,[14] they wanted to produce "a fresh, lively story about real people",[12] not an "old studio-bound BBC drama that was shown in the Sunday teatime slot".[7] Emphasising sex and money as the themes of the story,[12] Davies shifted the focus from Elizabeth to Elizabeth and Darcy and foreshadowed Darcy's role in the narrative resolution. To portray the characters as real human beings, Davies added short backstage scenes such as the Bennet girls dressing up to advertise themselves in the marriage market. New scenes where men pursue their hobbies with their peers departed from Jane Austen's focus on women.[14] The biggest technical difficulty proved to be adapting the long letters in the second half of the story. Davies employed techniques such as voice-overs, flashbacks, and having the characters read the letters to themselves and to each other. Davies added some dialogue to clarify events from the novel to a modern audience but left much of the novel's dialogue intact.[14]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Film locations of Pride and Prejudice (1995).

text: Director of photography John Kenway used Super 16mm film, which has a slightly smaller widescreen aspect ratio than 16:9, but the series was originally broadcast 4:3 pan and scan.[17]

text: The budget of about £1 million per episode (totalling US$9.6 million) allowed 20 shooting weeks of five days to film six 55-minute episodes. Production aimed for 10.5-hour shooting days plus time for costume and make-up.[4][16] Two weeks before filming began, about 70 of the cast and crew gathered for the script read-through, followed by rehearsals, lessons for dancing, horse-riding, fencing, and other skills that needed to be ready ahead of the actual filming.[18] Filming took place between June 1994 and 1 November 1994 to reflect the changing seasons in the plot, followed by post-production until mid-May 1995.[5] Scenes in the same place were grouped in the filming schedule.[4]

text: Twenty-four locations, most of them owned by the National Trust, and eight studio sets were used for filming.[15][18] Reflecting the wealth differences between the main characters, the filming location for Longbourn showed the comfortable family house of the Bennet family, whereas Darcy's Pemberley needed to look like the "most beautiful place", showing good taste and the history of the aristocracy.[6]

text: The first location that the producers agreed on was Lacock in Wiltshire to represent the village of Meryton. Luckington Court nearby served as the interior and exterior of Longbourn. Lyme Hall in Cheshire was chosen as Pemberley but management problems forced production to film Pemberley's interiors at Sudbury Hall in Sudbury, Derbyshire.[19]

text: The producers found Belton House in Grantham, Lincolnshire the best match for Rosings, Lady Catherine de Bourgh's estate,[19] which needed to appear "over-the-top" to reflect her disagreeableness.[6] Old Rectory at Teigh in Rutland was chosen as Hunsford parsonage, Mr Collins's modest home. Edgcote House in south-west Northamptonshire served as the interior and exterior of Bingley's Netherfield, along with Brocket Hall in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire as the Netherfield ballroom. The London streets were filmed in Lord Leycester Hospital in Warwick, Warwickshire. Wickham's and Georgiana's planned elopement in Ramsgate was filmed in the English seaside resort Weston-super-Mare in Somerset.[19] Wickham's wedding takes place in St Paul's in Deptford, London.

text: Costumes and make-up[edit]

text: Because Pride and Prejudice was a period drama, the design required more research than contemporary films. The personality and wealth of the characters were reflected in their costumes; the wealthy Bingley sisters were never shown in print dresses and they wore big feathers in their hair.[6] As the BBC's stock of early 19th century costumes was limited, costume designer Dinah Collin designed most of the costumes, visiting museums for inspiration while trying to make the clothes attractive to a modern audience (although some costumes, mostly worn by extras, were re-used from earlier BBC productions or hired). Elizabeth's clothes had earthy tones and were fitted to allow easy and natural movements in line with the character's activity and liveliness. In contrast, Collin chose pale or creamy white colours for the clothes of the other Bennet girls to highlight their innocence and simplicity and richer colours for Bingley's sisters and Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Colin Firth participated in the wardrobe decisions and wanted his character to wear darker colours, leaving the warmer colours for Bingley.[20]

text: The producers imagined Darcy to be dark despite no such references in the novel and asked Firth to dye black his light-brown hair, eyebrows and lashes; they instructed all male actors to let their hair grow before filming and shave off their moustaches. Three brunette wigs were made to cover Ehle's short, blonde hair and one wig for Alison Steadman (Mrs. Bennet) because of her thick, heavy hair. Susannah Harker's (Jane) hair was slightly lightened to contrast with Elizabeth's and was arranged in a classic Greek style to highlight the character's beauty. Mary's plainness was achieved by painting spots on Lucy Briers's face; her hair was greased to suggest an unwashed appearance and was arranged to emphasise the actress's protruding ears. As Kitty and Lydia were too young and wild to have their hair done by the maids, the actresses' hair was not changed much. Makeup artist Caroline Noble had always considered Mr. Collins a sweaty character with a moist upper lip; she also greased David Bamber's hair and gave him a low parting to suggest baldness.[20]

text: Music and choreography[edit]

text: Carl Davis had been writing scores for BBC adaptations of classic novels since the mid-1970s and approached Sue Birtwistle during pre-production. Aiming to communicate the wit and vitality of the novel and its theme of marriage and love in a small town in the early 19th century, he used contemporary classical music as inspiration, in particular a popular Beethoven septet of the period, as well as a theme strongly reminiscent of the finale of Beethoven's Emperor Concerto. For control over the sound, the music was recorded in six hours by a group of up to 18 musicians and was then fed into tiny earpieces of the screen musicians, who mimed playing the instruments. The actresses whose characters played the piano, Lucy Briers (Mary) and Emilia Fox (Georgiana), were already accomplished pianists and were given the opportunity to practise weeks ahead of filming.[21] Among the songs and movements that were played in the serial were Handel's "Air con Variazioni" from Suite No. 5 in E Major HWV 430 and "Slumber, Dear Maid" from his opera Xerxes, Mozart's "Rondo Alla Turca", "Voi Che Sapete" and other music from his operas The Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni, Beethoven's Andante Favori, the second movement from Muzio Clementi's Sonatina No.4 and the traditional folk song "The Barley Mow". A soundtrack with Davis's themes was released on CD in 1995.

text: Many scenes in the book were set at dances or balls. Jane Gibson based her choreography on The Apted Book of Country Dances (1966) by W.S. Porter, which had several late-18th-century dances by Charles and Samuel Thompson such as "The Shrewsbury Lasses", "A Trip to Highgate" and "Mr. Beveridge's Maggot". Although these dances gave the story an impression of authenticity, they were anachronistic, being out of fashion by the time of the story. Some fifteen dances were choreographed and rehearsed before filming. Polly Maberly and Julia Sawalha, the dance-mad Kitty and Lydia, had three days to learn the dances. Three days were allotted for the filming of the ball at Netherfield, whose pace and style concentrated on elegance rather than the community enjoying themselves as at the dance at Meryton.[22] The musicians and dancers had earpieces with music playing to allow dialogue recording.[5] Many wide-shots of Elizabeth's and Darcy's dance at Netherfield later turned out to be unusable because of a hair in front of a lens so the editors resorted to close-up shots and material provided by a steadicam.[23]

text: Themes and style[edit]

text: The adaptation received praise for its faithfulness to the novel,[2][24] which highlights the importance of environment and upbringing on peoples' development, although privilege is not necessarily advantageous.[25] Describing the adaptation as "a witty mix of love stories and social conniving, cleverly wrapped in the ambitions and illusions of a provincial gentry",[2] critics noted that Davies's focus on sex and money and Austen's wry, incisive humour and the "deft" characterisation, prevented the television adaptation from "descending into the realm of a nicely-costumed, brilliantly-photographed melodrama".[26]

text:
"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife."

—First line of Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice

text: To avoid a narrator, the serial delegates the novel's first ironic sentence to Elizabeth in an early scene.[27][28] The adaptation opens with a view of Darcy's and Bingley's horses as they race across a field toward the Netherfield estate, expressing vitality; Elizabeth watches them before breaking into a run. While the novel indicates Elizabeth's independence and energy in her three-mile trek to Netherfield, the adaptation of this scene also shows her rebelliousness and love of nature.[29]

text: In what is "perhaps the most radical revision of Austen's text",[30] the BBC drama departs from a late 18th-century vision of emotional restraint and portrays emotions in a "modern" interpretation of the story.[30] The novel leaves Elizabeth and the reader uncertain of Darcy's emotions and the adaptation uses additional scenes to hint at Darcy's inability to physically contain or verbally express his emotional turmoil.[31] On the other hand, whereas the climax of the novel describes Darcy expressing his ardent love for Elizabeth at length (though Austen leaves his actual words to the reader's imagination), the adaptation elides this moment and passes directly to the next lines of dialogue. Scholars argue that activities such as billiards, bathing, fencing and swimming (see the lake scene) offer Darcy to a female gaze; he is often presented in profile by a window or a fireplace when his friends discuss Elizabeth. Many passages relating to appearance or characters' viewpoints were lifted from the novel.[32]

text: The novel shows irony with "unmistakable strains of cynicism, ... laughing at human nature without any real hope of changing it".[33] Laughter in the story, which ranges from irresponsible laughter to laughter at people and laughter of amusement and relief, can also be linked to the sexual tensions among the different characters. Despite their appeal to modern audiences, laughter and wit were seen as vulgar and irreverent in Austen's time.[34] The BBC drama made changes "with a view to exposing a character, or adding humour or irony to a situation".[28] The adaptation comically exaggerates the characters of Mrs. Bennet, Miss Bingley and Mr. Collins, even showing Mrs. Bennet on the verge of hysteria in many of the early scenes.[28]

text: The serial expands on Austen's metaphorical use of landscapes, reinforcing beauty and authenticity. Elizabeth takes every opportunity to enjoy nature and to escape exposure to Mr. Collins and Lady Catherine. The most symbolic use of nature in the novel is Elizabeth and the Gardiners' visit to Pemberley in Derbyshire,[29] where Elizabeth becomes conscious of her love for Darcy. The story makes nature integral in the form of Old England.[35] Elizabeth's appreciation of the beauties of Derbyshire elevates Darcy in her and her relatives' opinion.[29] Darcy's gaze through the window works as a movie screen, projecting Elizabeth's actions for him and the viewer. His participation in the English landscape is his redemption.[36]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Between 10 and 11 million people watched the original six-episode broadcast on BBC One on Sunday evenings from 24 September to 29 October 1995.[37][38] The episodes were repeated each week on BBC Two.[4] The final episode of Pride and Prejudice had a market share of about 40 percent in Britain,[7] by which time eight foreign countries had bought the rights to the serial.[38] 3.7 million Americans watched the first broadcast on the A&E Network, which aired the serial in double episodes on three consecutive evenings beginning 14 January 1996.[37][39]

text: Home release and merchandise[edit]

text: The serial was released on VHS in the UK in the week running up to the original transmission of the final episode. The entire first run of 12,000 copies of the double-video set sold out within two hours of release. 70,000 copies had been sold by the end of the first week of sales,[40] increasing to 200,000 sold units within the first year of the original airing.[41] A BBC spokeswoman called the initial sale results "a huge phenomenon", as "it is unheard of for a video to sell even half as well, especially when viewers are able to tape the episodes at home for free".[40] The CD soundtrack was also popular, and 20,000 copies of an official making-of book were sold within days.[38] The serial was released on DVD four times, initially in 2000, as a digitally remastered "Tenth Anniversary Edition" in September 2005, and in April 2007 as part of a "Classic Drama DVD" magazine collection. A high-definition transfer was produced from the original negatives and released as a Blu-ray in October 2008. The HD version has not been broadcast on television; the BBC refuses to broadcast anything shot in 16mm in HD. The same restored version was released on DVD in March 2009.[42] The Blu-ray was released on 14 April 2009.[43]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The critical response to Pride and Prejudice was overwhelmingly positive.[44] Gerard Gilbert of The Independent recommended the opening episode of the serial one day before the British premiere, saying the television adaptation is "probably as good as it [can get for a literary classic]. The casting in particular deserves a tilt at a BAFTA, Firth not being in the slightest bit soft and fluffy – and Jennifer Ehle showing the right brand of spirited intelligence as Elizabeth." He considered Benjamin Whitrow a "real scene-stealer with his Mr. Bennet", but was undecided about Alison Steadman's portrayal of Mrs. Bennet.[45] Reviewing the first episode for the same newspaper on the day after transmission, Jim White praised Andrew Davies for "injecting into the proceedings a pace and energy which at last provides a visual setting to do justice to the wit of the book. With everyone slinging themselves about at high speed (the dances, in a first for the genre, actually involve a bit of sweat), it looks like people are doing something you would never have suspected they did in Austen's time: having fun."[46]

text: A few days before the American premiere, Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times considered the adaptation "decidedly agreeable" despite its incidental liberties with Austen's novel, and named Elizabeth's parents and Mr. Collins as the main source of humour.[47] John O'Connor of The New York Times lauded the serial as a "splendid adaptation, with a remarkably faithful and sensitively nuanced script". He commented on Jennifer Ehle's ability to make Elizabeth "strikingly intelligent and authoritative without being overbearing", and noted how Firth "brilliantly captures Mr. Darcy's snobbish pride while conveying, largely through intense stares, that he is falling in love despite himself". O'Connor praised Barbara Leigh-Hunt's portrayal of Lady Catherine as "a marvellously imperious witch" and considered her scenes with David Bamber (Mr. Collins) "hilarious".[2]

text: However, O'Connor remarked that American audiences might find the "languorous walks across meadows" and "ornately choreographed dances" of the British production too slow.[2] In one of the most negative reviews, People Magazine considered the adaptation "a good deal more thorough than necessary" and "not the best Austen on the suddenly crowded market". Although the reviewer thought Firth "magnificent", he rebuked the casting of Jennifer Ehle as her oval face made her "look like Anaïs Nin in period clothes, and that ain't right".[48] The official A&E Network magazine summarised a year later that "critics praised the lavish production, audiences adored it, and women everywhere swooned over Darcy. So much, in fact, that newspapers began to joke about 'Darcy fever.'"[8] Commendation for the serial continued in the years following its original transmission.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Pride and Prejudice received BAFTA Television Award nominations for "Best Drama Serial", "Best Costume Design", and "Best Make Up/Hair" in 1996. Jennifer Ehle was honoured with a BAFTA for "Best Actress", while Colin Firth and Benjamin Whitrow, nominated for "Best Actor", lost to Robbie Coltrane of Cracker.[49] Firth won the 1996 Broadcasting Press Guild Award for "Best Actor", complemented by the same award for "Best Drama Series/Serial".[50] The serial was recognised in the United States with an Emmy for "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Costume Design for a Miniseries or a Special", and was Emmy-nominated for its achievements as an "Outstanding Miniseries" as well as for choreography and writing.[51] Among other awards and nominations, Pride and Prejudice received a Peabody Award,[52] a Television Critics Association Award,[53] and a Golden Satellite Award nomination[54] for outstanding achievements as a serial.

text: Influence and legacy[edit]

text: As one of the BBC's and A&E's most popular presentations ever,[38][55] the serial was "a cultural phenomenon, inspiring hundreds of newspaper articles and making the novel a commuter favourite".[56] With the 1995 and 1996 films Persuasion, Sense and Sensibility and Emma, the serial was part of a wave of Jane Austen enthusiasm which caused the membership of the Jane Austen Society of North America to jump fifty percent in 1996 and to over 4,000 members in the autumn of 1997.[41] Some newspapers like The Wall Street Journal explained this "Austen-mania" as a commercial move of the television and film industry, whereas others attributed Austen's popularity to escapism.[57]

text: While Jennifer Ehle refused to capitalise on the success of the serial and joined the Royal Shakespeare Company at Stratford-upon-Avon,[58] the role of Mr. Darcy unexpectedly elevated Colin Firth to stardom.[9] Although Firth did not mind being recognised as "a romantic idol as a Darcy with smouldering sex appeal"[59] in a role that "officially turned him into a heart-throb",[60] he expressed the wish to not be associated with Pride and Prejudice forever[8] and was reluctant to accept similar roles. He took on diverse roles and co-starred in productions such as The English Patient (1996), Shakespeare in Love (1998), Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003), Love Actually (2003) and Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004).[9][60]

text: Pride and Prejudice continued to be honoured years later. A 2000 poll of industry professionals conducted by the British Film Institute ranked the serial at 99 in the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes of the 20th century, which the BFI attributed to its "managing to combine faithfulness to the novel with a freshness that appealed across the generations".[24] Radio Times included the serial in their list of "40 greatest TV programmes ever made" in 2003.[61] It was also named by Entertainment Weekly as one of the 20 best miniseries of all time.[62] In 2007, the UK Film Council declared Pride and Prejudice one of the television dramas that have become "virtual brochures" for British history and society. Lyme Hall, Cheshire, which had served as the exterior of Pemberley, experienced a tripling in its visitor numbers after the series' broadcast and is still a popular travel destination.[61]

text: Lake scene[edit]

text: The adaptation is famous for a scene in its fourth episode where a fully dressed Darcy, having emerged from a swim in a lake at Pemberley, accidentally encounters Elizabeth. While many critics attributed the scene's appeal to Firth's sexual attractiveness,[59][63][64] Andrew Davies thought that it unwittingly "rerobed, not disrobed, Austen".[65] When Davies wrote the scene (it was not part of Austen's novel), he did not intend a sexual connection between Elizabeth and Darcy but to create "an amusing moment in which Darcy tries to maintain his dignity while improperly dressed and sopping wet".[59] The BBC opposed Davies's plan to have Darcy naked but the producers discarded the alternative of using underpants as fatuous.[66] According to Davies, Firth had "a bit of the usual tension about getting [his] kit off",[65] the scene was filmed with Firth in linen shirt, breeches and boots. A stuntman, who appears in midair in a very brief shot, was hired because of the risk of infection with Weil's disease at Lyme Park.[66] A short underwater segment was filmed separately with Firth in a tank at Ealing Studios in west London.[6]

text: The Guardian declared the lake scene "one of the most unforgettable moments in British TV history".[1] The sequence also appeared in Channel 4's Top 100 TV Moments in 1999, between the controversial programme Death on the Rock and the Gulf War.[67] The New York Times compared the scene to Marlon Brando shouting "Stella!" in his undershirt in A Streetcar Named Desire[68] and Firth's projects began alluding to it – screenwriter-director Richard Curtis added in-joke moments of Firth's characters falling into the water to Love Actually and Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason,[69] and Firth's character from the 2007 film St Trinian's emerges from a fountain in a soaking wet shirt before meeting up with an old love.[70] The creators of the 2008 ITV production Lost in Austen emulated the lake scene in their Pride and Prejudice through their contemporary heroine who cajoles Darcy into recreating the moment.[71]

text: Cheryl L. Nixon suggested in Jane Austen in Hollywood that Darcy's dive is a "revelation of his emotional capabilities", expressing a "Romantic bond with nature, a celebration of his home where he can 'strip down' to his essential self, a cleansing of social prejudices from his mind, or ... a rebirth of his love for Elizabeth".[72] Linda Troost and Sayre Greenfield wrote that the scene "tells us more about our current decade's obsession with physical perfection and acceptance of gratuitous nudity than it does about Austen's Darcy, but the image carves a new facet into the text".[73]

text: Bridget Jones[edit]

text: The fictional journalist Bridget Jones (in reality Helen Fielding of The Independent) wrote of her love of the serial in the paper's Bridget Jones's Diary column during the original British broadcast,[9] mentioning her "simple human need for Darcy to get off with Elizabeth" and regarding the couple as her "chosen representatives in the field of shagging, or rather courtship".[74] Fielding loosely reworked the plot of Pride And Prejudice in her 1996 novel of the column, naming Bridget's uptight love interest "Mark Darcy" and describing him exactly like Colin Firth.[9][75] Following a first meeting with Firth during his filming of Fever Pitch in 1996, Fielding asked Firth to collaborate in what would become a multi-page interview between Bridget Jones and Firth in her 1999 sequel novel, Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason. Conducting the real interview with Firth in Rome, Fielding lapsed into Bridget Jones mode and obsessed over Darcy in his wet shirt for the fictional interview. Firth participated in the editing of what critics called "one of the funniest sequences in the diary's sequel".[60][76] Both novels make various other references to the BBC serial.[77]

text: Andrew Davies collaborated on the screenplays for the 2001 and 2004 Bridget Jones films, in which Crispin Bonham-Carter (Mr. Bingley) and Lucy Robinson (Mrs. Hurst) appeared in minor roles. The self-referential in-joke between the projects convinced Colin Firth to accept the role of Mark Darcy,[9] as it gave him an opportunity to ridicule and liberate himself from his Pride and Prejudice character.[78] Film critic James Berardinelli would later state that Firth "plays this part [of Mark Darcy] exactly as he played the earlier role, making it evident that the two Darcys are essentially the same".[26] The producers never found a way to incorporate the Jones-Firth interview in the second film but shot a spoof interview with Firth as himself and Renée Zellweger staying in character as Bridget Jones after a day's wrap. The scene, which extended Bridget's Darcy obsession to cover Firth's lake scene in Love Actually, is available as a bonus feature on the DVD.[79]

text: Other adaptations[edit]

text: For almost a decade, the 1995 TV serial was considered "so dominant, so universally adored, [that] it has lingered in the public consciousness as a cinematic standard".[80] Comparing six Pride and Prejudice adaptations in 2005, the Daily Mirror gave 9/10 to the 1995 serial ("what may be the ultimate adaptation") and the 2005 film adaptation, leaving the other adaptations such as the 1940 film behind with six or fewer points.[63] The 2005 film was "obviously [not as] daring or revisionist" as the 1995 adaptation[81] but the youth of the film's leads, Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen, was mentioned favourably over the 1995 cast, as Jennifer Ehle had formerly been "a little too 'heavy' for the role".[82] The president of the Jane Austen Society of North America noted in an otherwise positive review that the casting of the 2005 leads was "arguably a little more callow than Firth and Ehle" and that "Knightley is better looking than Lizzy should strictly be".[81] The critical reception of MacFadyen's Darcy, whose casting had proven difficult because "Colin Firth cast a very long shadow",[83] ranged from praise to pleasant surprise and dislike.[82][84] Several critics did not observe any significant impact of Macfadyen's Darcy in the following years. Garth Pearce of The Sunday Times noted in 2007 that "Colin Firth will forever be remembered as the perfect Mr. Darcy",[64] and Gene Seymour stated in a 2008 Newsday article that Firth was "'universally acknowledged' as the definitive Mr. Darcy".[85]


document_title: List of U.S. state birds

question_text: what state bird has the color red in it

question_tokens: what state bird has the color red in it

text: List of U.S. state birds

text: Below is a list of U.S. state birds as designated by each state's legislature. The list also contains U.S. territory birds as designated by each territory's legislature, as well as the District of Columbia's bird. The selection of state birds began in 1927, when the legislatures for Alabama, Florida, Maine, Missouri, Oregon, Texas and Wyoming selected their state birds. The last state to choose its bird was Arizona in 1973. Alaska, California, and South Dakota permit hunting of their state birds. Pennsylvania has adopted a "state game bird" but not a state bird, while Alabama, Georgia, Massachusetts, Missouri, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Tennessee have designated an additional "state game bird" for the purpose of hunting. The northern cardinal is the state bird of seven states, followed by the western meadowlark as the state bird of six states. Several states have extinct official animals, such as state dinosaurs in addition to state insects, state butterflies, state mammals and state reptiles.

text: Each of the five inhabited territories of the United States has a designated territorial bird (except for American Samoa). The District of Columbia designated a district bird in 1938.[1]

text: Table[edit]

text:
State or territory
State bird /Territory bird
Binomial  nomenclature
Photography
Year

Alabama

Yellowhammer (state bird)
Colaptes auratus

1927[2]

Wild turkey(state game bird)
Meleagris gallopavo

1980[3]

Alaska

Willow ptarmigan
Lagopus lagopus

1955[4]

American Samoa

None (See List of birds of American Samoa)
—
—
—

Arizona

Cactus wren
Campylorhynchus  brunneicapillus

1973[5]

Arkansas

Northern mockingbird
Mimus polyglottos

1929[6]

California

California quail
Callipepla californica

1931[7]

Colorado

Lark bunting
Calamospiza melanocorys

1931[8]

Connecticut

American robin
Turdus migratorius

1943[9]

Delaware

Delaware Blue Hen
Gallus gallus

1939[10]

District of Columbia

Wood thrush
Hylocichla mustelina

1938[1]

Florida

Northern mockingbird
Mimus polyglottos

1927[11]

Georgia

Brown thrasher (state bird)
Toxostoma rufum

1928[12]

Bobwhite quail (state game bird)
Colinus virginianus

1970[13]

Guam

Guam rail (ko'ko')
Gallirallus owstoni

?

Hawaii

Hawaiian goose (Nēnē)
Branta sandvicensis

1957[14]

Idaho

Mountain bluebird
Sialia currucoides

1931[15]

Illinois

Northern cardinal
Cardinalis cardinalis

1929[16]

Indiana

Northern cardinal
Cardinalis cardinalis

1933[17]

Iowa

Eastern goldfinch  also known as the American goldfinch
Spinus tristis

1933[18]

Kansas

Western meadowlark
Sturnella neglecta

1933[19]

Kentucky

Northern cardinal
Cardinalis cardinalis

1942[20]

Louisiana

Brown pelican
Pelecanus occidentalis

1966[21]

Maine

Black-capped chickadee
Poecile atricapilla

1927[22]

Maryland

Baltimore oriole
Icterus galbula

1947[23]

Massachusetts

Black-capped chickadee (state bird)
Poecile atricapilla

1941[24]

Wild turkey  (state game bird)
Meleagris gallopavo

1991[25]

Michigan

American robin
Turdus migratorius

1931[26]

Minnesota

Common loon
Gavia immer

1961[27]

Mississippi

Northern mockingbird
Mimus polyglottos

1944[28]

Wood duck  (state waterfowl)
Aix sponsa

1974[29]

Missouri

Eastern bluebird
Sialia sialis

1927[30]

Bobwhite quail (state game bird)
Colinus virginianus

2007[31]

Montana

Western meadowlark
Sturnella neglecta

1941[32]

Nebraska

Western meadowlark
Sturnella neglecta

1929[33]

Nevada

Mountain bluebird
Sialia currucoides

1967[34]

New Hampshire

Purple finch
Carpodacus purpureus

1957[35]

New Jersey

Eastern goldfinch
also known as the American Goldfinch

Spinus tristis

1935[36]

New Mexico

Roadrunner  also known as the greater roadrunner
Geococcyx californianus

1949[37]

New York

Eastern bluebird
Sialia sialis

1970[38]

North Carolina

Northern cardinal
Cardinalis cardinalis

1943[39]

North Dakota

Western meadowlark
Sturnella neglecta

1970[40]

Northern Mariana Islands

Mariana fruit-dove
Ptilinopus roseicapilla

?

Ohio

Northern cardinal
Cardinalis cardinalis

1933[41]

Oklahoma

Scissor-tailed flycatcher
Tyrannus forficatus

1951[42]

Wild turkey (state game bird)
Meleagris gallopavo

1990[43]

Oregon

Western meadowlark
Sturnella neglecta

1927[44]

Pennsylvania

Ruffed grouse (state game bird)
Bonasa umbellus

1931[45]

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rican spindalis
Spindalis portoricensis

?

Rhode Island

Rhode Island Red
Gallus gallus

1954[46]

South Carolina

Northern mockingbird  (former state bird)
Mimus polyglottos

1939 -1948[47]

Carolina wren
Thryothorus ludovicianus

1948[47]

Wild turkey  (state wild game bird)
Meleagris gallopavo

1976[48]

South Dakota

Ring-necked pheasant
Phasianus colchicus

1943[49]

Tennessee

Northern mockingbird
Mimus polyglottos

1933[50]

Bobwhite quail  (state wild game bird)
Colinus virginianus

1987[51]

Texas

Northern mockingbird
Mimus polyglottos

1927[52]

Utah

California gull
Larus californicus

1955[53]

Vermont

Hermit thrush
Catharus guttatus

1941[54]

Virgin Islands (U.S.)

Bananaquit
Coereba flaveola

1970

Virginia

Northern cardinal
Cardinalis cardinalis

1950[55]

Washington

Willow goldfinch also known as the American goldfinch
Spinus tristis

1951[56]

West Virginia

Northern cardinal
Cardinalis cardinalis

1949[57]

Wisconsin

American robin
Turdus migratorius

1949[58]

Wyoming

Western meadowlark
Sturnella neglecta

1927[59]