document_title: List of England national rugby union team results 2010–19

question_text: when did england last lose a rugby match

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

06/02/2010
Wales
30
17
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

14/02/2010
Italy
17
12
Stadio Flaminio, Rome
England
Six Nations

27/02/2010
Ireland
16
20
Twickenham, London
Ireland
Six Nations

13/03/2010
Scotland
15
15
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
draw
Six Nations

20/03/2010
France
10
12
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
France
Six Nations

12/06/2010
Australia
17
27
Subiaco Oval, Perth
Australia
First Test

19/06/2010
Australia
21
20
ANZ Stadium, Sydney
England
Second Test

06/11/2010
New Zealand
16
26
Twickenham, London
New Zealand
Test Match

13/11/2010
Australia
35
18
Twickenham, London
England
Test Match

20/11/2010
Samoa
26
13
Twickenham, London
England
Test Match

27/11/2010
South Africa
11
21
Twickenham, London
South Africa
Test Match

text: 45.45% winning rate for 2010.

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

04/02/2011
Wales
26
19
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
England
Six Nations

12/02/2011
Italy
59
13
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

26/02/2011
France
17
9
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

13/03/2011
Scotland
22
16
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

19/03/2011
Ireland
8
24
Aviva Stadium, Dublin
Ireland
Six Nations

06/08/2011
Wales
23
19
Twickenham, London
England
Test Match

13/08/2011
Wales
9
19
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
Wales
Test Match

27/08/2011
Ireland
20
9
Aviva Stadium, Dublin
England
Test Match

10/09/2011
Argentina
13
9
Otago Stadium, Dunedin
England
2011 Rugby World Cup

18/09/2011
Georgia
41
10
Otago Stadium, Dunedin
England
2011 Rugby World Cup

24/09/2011
Romania
67
3
Otago Stadium, Dunedin
England
2011 Rugby World Cup

01/10/2011
Scotland
16
12
Eden Park, Auckland
England
2011 Rugby World Cup

08/10/2011
France
12
19
Eden Park, Auckland
France
2011 Rugby World Cup

text: 76.92% winning rate for 2011.

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

04/02/2012
Scotland
13
6
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
England
Six Nations

11/02/2012
Italy
19
15
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
England
Six Nations

25/02/2012
Wales
12
19
Twickenham, London
Wales
Six Nations

11/03/2012
France
24
22
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
England
Six Nations

17/03/2012
Ireland
30
9
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

09/06/2012
South Africa
17
22
Kings Park Stadium, Durban
South Africa
2012 tour

16/06/2012
South Africa
27
36
Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg
South Africa
2012 tour

23/06/2012
South Africa
14
14
Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Port Elizabeth
draw
2012 tour

10/11/2012
Fiji
54
12
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

17/11/2012
Australia
14
20
Twickenham, London
Australia
Test match

24/11/2012
South Africa
15
16
Twickenham, London
South Africa
Test match

01/12/2012
New Zealand
38
21
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

text: 50% winning rate for 2012.

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

02/02/2013
Scotland
38
18
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

10/02/2013
Ireland
12
6
Aviva Stadium, Dublin
England
Six Nations

23/02/2013
France
23
13
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

9/03/2013
Italy
18
11
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

16/03/2013
Wales
3
30
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
Wales
Six Nations

08/06/2013
Argentina
32
3
Estadio Padre Ernesto Martearena, Salta
England
First Test

15/06/2013
Argentina
51
26
Estadio José Amalfitani, Buenos Aires
England
Second Test

02/11/2013
Australia
20
13
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

09/11/2013
Argentina
31
12
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

16/11/2013
New Zealand
22
30
Twickenham, London
New Zealand
Test match

text: 80% winning rate for 2013.

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

01/02/2014
France
24
26
Stade de France, Paris
France
Six Nations

8/02/2014
Scotland
20
0
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
England
Six Nations

22/02/2014
Ireland
13
10
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

09/03/2014
Wales
29
18
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

15/03/2014
Italy
52
11
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
England
Six Nations

07/06/2014
New Zealand
15
20
Eden Park, Auckland
New Zealand
First Test

14/06/2014
New Zealand
27
28
Forsyth Barr Stadium, Dunedin
New Zealand
Second Test

21/06/2014
New Zealand
13
36
Waikato Stadium, Hamilton
New Zealand
Third Test

08/11/2014
New Zealand
21
24
Twickenham, London
New Zealand
Test match

15/11/2014
South Africa
28
31
Twickenham, London
South Africa
Test match

22/11/2014
Samoa
28
9
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

29/11/2014
Australia
26
17
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

text: 50% winning rate for 2014.

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

06/02/2015
Wales
21
16
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
England
Six Nations

14/02/2015
Italy
47
17
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

01/03/2015
Ireland
9
19
Aviva Stadium, Dublin
Ireland
Six Nations

14/03/2015
Scotland
25
13
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

21/03/2015
France
55
35
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

15/08/2015
France
19
14
Twickenham, London
England
Test Match

22/08/2015
France
20
25
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
France
Test Match

05/09/2015
Ireland
21
13
Twickenham, London
England
Test Match

18/09/2015
Fiji
35
11
Twickenham, London
England
2015 Rugby World Cup

26/09/2015
Wales
25
28
Twickenham, London
Wales
2015 Rugby World Cup

03/10/2015
Australia
13
33
Twickenham, London
Australia
2015 Rugby World Cup

10/10/2015
Uruguay
60
3
Etihad Stadium, Manchester
England
2015 Rugby World Cup

text: 66.67% winning rate for 2015.

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

06/02/2016
Scotland
15
9
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
England
Six Nations

14/02/2016
Italy
40
9
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
England
Six Nations

27/02/2016
Ireland
21
10
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

12/03/2016
Wales
25
21
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

19/03/2016
France
31
21
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
England
Six Nations

29/05/2016
Wales
27
13
Twickenham, London
England
Old Mutual Wealth Cup

11/06/2016
Australia
39
28
Suncorp Stadium, Brisbane,
England
2016 England rugby union tour of Australia

18/06/2016
Australia
23
7
AAMI Park, Melbourne,
England
2016 England rugby union tour of Australia

25/06/2016
Australia
44
40
Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney
England
2016 England rugby union tour of Australia

12/11/2016
South Africa
37
21
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

19/11/2016
Fiji
58
15
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

26/11/2016
Argentina
27
14
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

03/12/2016
Australia
37
21
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

text: 100% winning rate for 2016.

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

04/02/2017
France
19
16
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

11/02/2017
Wales
21
16
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
England
Six Nations

26/02/2017
Italy
36
15
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

11/03/2017
Scotland
61
21
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

18/03/2017
Ireland
9
13
Aviva Stadium, Dublin
Ireland
Six Nations

28/05/2017
Barbarians F.C.
28
14
Twickenham, London
England
Old Mutual Wealth Cup

10/06/2017
Argentina
38
34
Estadio San Juan del Bicentenario, San Juan
England
2017 England rugby union tour of Argentina

17/06/2017
Argentina
35
25
Estadio Brigadier General Estanislao López, Santa Fe
England
2017 England rugby union tour of Argentina

11/11/2017
Argentina
21
8
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

18/11/2017
Australia
30
6
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

25/11/2017
Samoa
48
14
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

text: Barbarians F.C. is classed as a capped match

text: 90.90% winning rate for 2017.

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

04/02/2018
Italy
46
15
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
England
Six Nations

10/02/2018
Wales
12
6
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

24/02/2018
Scotland
13
25
Edinburgh, Scotland
Scotland
Six Nations

10/03/2018
France
16
22
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
France
Six Nations

17/03/2018
Ireland
15
24
Twickenham, London
Ireland
Six Nations

text: Year Box[edit]

text:
Preceded by
2000–2009
England Rugby Results
2010–2019
Succeeded by
2020–2029

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

England national rugby union team

Rugby Football Union

History

History
Tries

Players

All Players
Top Scorers
Killed in the World Wars

Home stadiums

Twickenham Stadium

Competitions and trophies

Rugby World Cup
Six Nations Championship
Triple Crown
Grand Slam
Calcutta Cup
Cook Cup
Hillary Shield
Old Mutual Wealth Cup
Millennium Trophy

Related teams

Sevens
England Saxons
RFU Championship XV
England Counties XV
U20s
U18s

Matches

World Cup finals

1991
2003
2007

By opponent

Argentina
Australia
Barbarians
France
Ireland
Italy
New Zealand
Samoa
Scotland
South Africa
Wales

Results

1871–79
1880–89
1890–99
1900–09
1910–14
1920–29
1930–39
1947–49
1950–59
1960–69
1970–79
1980–89
1990–99
2000–09
2010–19

See also

All Matches
Test Series
Scotland (1871)
England v President's Overseas XV

Tours

Australia

1963
1975
1988
1991
1997
1998
1999
2003
2004
2006
2010
2016

New Zealand

1963
1973
1985
1998
2003
2004
2008
2010
2014

South Africa

1972
1984
1994
1998
2000
2007
2012
2018

Argentina

1981
1990
1997
2002
2013
2017

Romania

1989

South Pacific

1973
1979
1988
1991

North America

1982
1993
2001

Asia

1971
1979

See also

Swing Low, Sweet Chariot

text: Lists of England national rugby union team results2009–10 in English rugby union2010–11 in English rugby union2011–12 in English rugby union2012–13 in English rugby union2013–14 in English rugby union2014–15 in English rugby union2015–16 in English rugby union2016–17 in English rugby union2017–18 in English rugby union2018–19 in English rugby union


document_title: List of Phineas and Ferb characters

question_text: who voices the dad in phineas and ferb

question_tokens: who voices the dad in phineas and ferb

root

text: List of Phineas and Ferb characters

text: Main characters

text: Phineas Flynn

text: Phineas Flynn (voiced by Vincent Martella) Like other characters, he has red hair. His age is not mentioned. Phineas, along with his stepbrother Ferb Fletcher, star in the A-Plot of every episode. The series concerns Phineas's attempts to avoid boredom by finding something new to do every day of the summer vacation. He does this with his less-talkative stepbrother Ferb,[1] and often with many other neighborhood children. He is known to be very selfless and energetic. Phineas has many catch phrases like "Oh, there you are, Perry" or "Hey, Ferb! I know what we're going to do today!" and "Hey, where's Perry?".

tag: p

text: Phineas comes from a blended family. The creators chose this arrangement because they considered it underused in children's programming as well as from Marsh's experiences in one.[2] As a character, Phineas has received a positive critical response, with one reviewer describing him and his brother as a "comical pairing."[3] Phineas appears in Phineas and Ferb merchandise, including plush toys,[4] t-shirts,[5] and a video game.[6]

text: Ferbs "Ferb" Fletcher

text: Ferb Fletcher (voiced by Thomas Sangster) is a boy of few words, Phineas's green-haired, intelligent but laconic stepbrother from the United Kingdom and created by Phineas and Ferb co-founders Dan Povenmire and Jeff "Swampy" Marsh. He first appeared in the show's pilot episode, "Rollercoaster."

text: Ferb and his stepbrother Phineas Flynn spend their days during their summer vacation having fun. They are featured in every episode's A-Plot constructing large scale inventions or taking part in other outlandish activities. Ferb, an engineering genius, allows Phineas to do most of the talking for the pair and is described as "more of a man of action," by Phineas, which makes him more of a plot device than a developed character. Ferb is more likely to sing than speak, but most often has a one-liner in the episodes. Ferb is named after a friend of the show's creators who was an expert on tools and, at times, stayed rather silent.[7]

text: Candace Flynn

text: Candace Flynn (voiced by Ashley Tisdale) is Phineas's fifteen-year-old older sister and Ferb's stepsister.[8] She first appeared in the pilot episode. Candace does not approve of the inventions her brothers create then she hates their creations, and in most episodes she attempts to "bust her brothers" by showing their mom. Her best friend is Stacy Hirano; Candace also has an obvious crush on Jeremy Johnson, but for a long time she was oblivious to the fact he liked her back. As a character, she has received a positive critical acclaim, having appeared in other media such as video games.[9][10]

text: Perry the Platypus

text: Perry the Platypus (vocal effects by Dee Bradley Baker), a.k.a. Agent P, is Phineas and Ferb's pet platypus and first appeared along with a large portion of the main cast in the pilot episode "Rollercoaster." Perry is featured as the star of the B-Plot for all but one episode of the series alongside his arch-nemesis Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz. In the end, he pretends to destroy Phineas and Ferb's  creations. He is a primarily silent character, with the only noises being the occasional rattling of his bill.

text: In Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, an alternate reality (yet more evil and ruthless) version of Perry (known as Platyborg) appears. Platyborg would later return in the episode sequel, Tales from the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension.

text: Dr. Doofenshmirtz

text: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz (voiced by Dan Povenmire) is a mad scientist appearing in all but one episode's B-Plots thus far. He is the father to teenage Vanessa Doofenshmirtz and is the head of his own company, Doofenshmirtz Evil Inc. Depending on the episode, Dr. Doofenshmirtz's main goal is to either destroy or rule the Tri-State Area which was suggested to him as a starting point before trying to take over the world.[11] Routinely bumbling, incompetent, and forgetful, almost all of Doofenshmirtz's plans—always involving various gadgets and inventions—have been thwarted by Perry the Platypus. However, a few of his schemes were quite successful, such as in the 2014 special Phineas and Ferb Save Summer when Doofenshmirtz moved the Earth away from its original orbit to bring on an early autumn, much to Perry's distress. After most defeats, he shouts his catchphrase, "Curse you, Perry the Platypus!"

text: His contraptions are almost all named "[something]-inator", and in "Unfair Science Fair" it is revealed that his first invention as a child was simply called "Inator".[12]

text: Throughout the series, Doofenshmirtz's flashbacks (which are often shown after Perry has been captured) explore his mentally abusive and lonely childhood growing up in the fictional village Gimmelshtump, Druelselstein. Before becoming an evil scientist, Doofenshmirtz was a bratwurst vendor until being put out of business by the hot dog industry. Doofenshmirtz usually monologues[2] and displays acts of cartoon-style physical violence[13] towards his nemesis Perry, a skilled anthropomorphic platypus secret agent. His last name is frequently abbreviated to "Doof". Doofenshmirtz appears in several merchandise pieces, particularly the book series,[14][15][16][17] and the video game.[6]

text: In the 2011 TV film, Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, an alternate reality (yet more intelligent and successful) version of Dr. Doofenshmirtz appears, with the regular Doctor Doofenshmirtz serving as a supporting character. 2nd Doofenshmirtz later returns in the episode sequel, Tales from the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension.

text: Secondary characters

text: Baljeet Tjinder

text: Baljeet Tjinder[18] (voiced by Maulik Pancholy) is Phineas' and Ferb's friend and neighbor. He wears blue overalls, despite being in grade school. A shy, intellectual, and polite boy who moved to Danville from India, he often helps the boys with their ideas and displays his knowledge of algebra and trivia. He also has a compulsive need to get good grades.

text: Carl the Intern

text: Carl the Intern (Tyler Alexander Mann) is Major Monogram's young unpaid intern of the O.W.C.A. (Organization Without a Cool Acronym) in charge of video taping Monogram when he is being interviewed and talking to Agent P. He is a bit careless, wears glasses, and sometimes forgets to focus the camera correctly.

text: Fireside Girls

text: The Fireside Girls are a group of ten girl scout-like girls led by Isabella in troop 46231. Isabella and the other Fireside Girls usually help Phineas and Ferb in their projects which, in turn, are at times created to help the Fireside Girls with a humanitarian cause.

text: Other members of the troop:

text:
Gretchen (voiced by Ariel Winter) wears glasses and has short auburn hair. She is second in command in the troop and the first (besides Isabella) who had been addressed by name.
Holly (voiced by Cymphonique Miller (seasons 1-2), Diamond White (season 2-4),[19] Dana Davis (as a teenager in "Act Your Age"))
Katie (voiced by Isabella Acres, Soleil McGhee (as a teenager in "Act Your Age"))
Milly (voiced by Isabella Murad, Dannah Phirman (as a teenager in "Act Your Age"))
Adyson Sweetwater (voiced by Madison Pettis) The second member of the troop to be addressed by name, and the first to have been given a last name as well.
Ginger Hirano (voiced by Tiffany Espensen (seasons 1-2), Michaela Zee (season 3-4),[19] Ming-Na (as a teenager in "Act Your Age")) The younger sister of Candace's best friend Stacy. She has a crush on Baljeet.

tag: ul

text: Lawrence Fletcher

text: Lawrence Fletcher (voiced by Richard O'Brien) is the father of Ferb and stepfather of Phineas and Candace. Lawrence sells antiques, is from the United Kingdom and is portrayed like a sitcom dad as being scatterbrained and unaware of what is going on. He often agrees to follow Phineas's instructions and even forces Candace to cooperate as if he considers Phineas and Ferb's skills normal. Unlike the boys' mother, he has seen some of the boys' inventions; he has not reacted negatively, and apparently believes that their mother approves. His precise surname is a matter of some dispute; in at least one episode, Isabella addresses him as "Mr. Flynn".[20] Jeff "Swampy" Marsh has said that Lawrence Fletcher is very similar to his stepfather, Bill.[21]

text: Linda Flynn-Fletcher

text: Linda Flynn-Fletcher (voiced by Caroline Rhea) is the mother of Phineas and Candace and stepmother of Ferb. Unaware of the large-scale projects that Phineas and Ferb create on a daily basis, Candace often drags her away from other interests in an attempt to get the boys in trouble. Each creation is somehow destroyed or eliminated moments before "Mom" arrives, leaving Candace dumbfounded and Linda reluctant to believe Candace. Linda was also a one-hit wonder known as "Lindana" with her song, "I'm Lindana and I Wanna Have Fun". That fact possibly makes her, as a singer, a parody of Cyndi Lauper, because of Lauper's hit Girls Just Want to Have Fun, and because both of them were famous singers in the 1980s (Linda fictionally). Her single is used as elevator music throughout the series.[22] Her surname is not consistent throughout the series; in at least one episode, Candace refers to her as "Linda Flynn".[23] She is based on Dan Povenmire's sister, also named Linda.[21] She also used to date Dr. Doofenshmirtz during their mid-teens and that she was the one who inspired him to take over the Tri-State Area as a starting point for worldwide domination when he sarcastically stated that he would rule the world.

text: Isabella Garcia-Shapiro

text: Isabella Garcia-Shapiro (voiced by Alyson Stoner) is a Jewish Mexican girl.[24]  She is one of the brothers' best friends and has an obvious crush on Phineas Flynn of which he is unaware, though he has shown he cares for her from time to time. She is known for the catchphrase, "Whatcha doin'?" and is the leader of the Fireside Girls troop 46231. The troop often helps Phineas and Ferb in their projects.[25] She is named after series creator Dan Povenmire's oldest daughter.[26]

text: Stacy Hirano

text: Stacy Hirano (voiced by Kelly Hu) is Candace's best friend. She is of Japanese heritage. Stacy is shown to be annoyed by Candace's constant attempts to bust Phineas and Ferb, and would prefer to just have fun with the inventions; she also occasionally gets annoyed with Candace's gushing about her relationship with Jeremy. During the episode "Happy Birthday, Isabella", she finds out about Perry's secret Identity but doesn't lose her memories afterwards.[27][28]

text: Jeremy Johnson

text: Jeremy Johnson (voiced by Mitchel Musso) is Candace Flynn's crush and later boyfriend. His age is sixteen, a year older than Candace. He works at Mr. Slushy Burger (sometimes named Mr. Slushy Dawg). In "Summer Belongs to You," it was confirmed that he and Candace had become boyfriend and girlfriend; toward the end of the episode, they kissed.[29] He also has a band called "The Incidentals."

text: Major Monogram

text: Major Francis Monogram (voiced by Jeff "Swampy" Marsh) is one of the heads of the O.W.C.A. (Organization Without a Cool Acronym) Department and Perry the Platypus' boss. He usually appears in a Nehru jacket on a giant screen giving Perry instructions for his next mission to stop Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz's endless attempts to take over the Tri-State Area. His uniform prominently features the initials "MM." He has a monobrow and wears a toupée. Sometimes, he is shown to have a lack of details about what Doofenshmirtz is up to, and orders Perry to go stop it as usual. Just like Doofenshmirtz, he has appeared in every episode of the series to date except, "Isabella and the Temple of Sap."

text: Buford van Stomm

text: Buford van Stomm (voiced by Bobby Gaylor) is frequently referred to as a bully, but he rarely hurts anyone on-screen. He is portrayed as a nice person with a tough guy attitude more often than as a bully. Phineas believes that Buford only bullies out of boredom thus Phineas often invites him to keep his mind occupied. He is thought not to get along with Baljeet, but in most episodes it is shown that they share a friendly bond. In one episode, Buford and Baljeet sing a song where they describe each other as "Frenemies" and "my least favorite brother".

text: Vanessa Doofenshmirtz

text: Vanessa Doofenshmirtz (voiced by Olivia Olson) is Heinz and Charlene Doofenshmirtz's teenage daughter. She is sarcastic, mild-mannered, cynical, and dresses in a goth style. Vanessa is aware that her father is an evil scientist and knows about her father's nemesis Perry the Platypus. She is often exasperated by her father whenever he tries to establish a "father-daughter" bond between them as he doesn't really understand her interests or refuses to acknowledge that she is growing up and often assumes that she is also interested in "evil." She often tries to convince her mom that her dad is an "evil scientist" but, much like Candace, ultimately always fails when she does appear trying to catch him in the act, much to her dismay. She does, however, occasionally show appreciation for what he does for her, as he is clearly devoted to her (he once taught her how to drive and traveled halfway around the world after she got lost).[30] Also, despite denying it so many times, Vanessa admits that she may be a little evil, as she once helped her father escape from custody by posing her hairdryer as a pistol to fool Major Monogram and Perry into releasing Doofenshmirtz, as shown in the special Phineas and Ferb: Summer Belongs to You!. Although Ferb has a crush on her, she remains oblivious to his affections as she already had a punk (not visigoth) boyfriend named "Johnny.", whom she later broke up with in the episode "Minor Monogram". She is in a relationship with Monty Monogram, the son of Major Monogram; however "Act Your Age" depicts her becoming involved with Ferb ten years down the line.

text: In addition to this, Vanessa makes a cameo appearance in the 2011 TV film, "Phineas and Ferb: Across the 2nd Dimension", along with an alternative reality version of herself (2nd Vanessa), though their scenes were deleted. 2nd Vanessa returned in the episode sequel, Tales from the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension.

text: Recurring characters

text: Vivian Garcia-Shapiro

text: Vivian Garcia-Shapiro (voiced by Eileen Galindo), or simply "Viv," is Isabella's mother and lives across the street from Phineas and Ferb. She is a Jewish Mexican,[24] one of Linda's best friends, and plays upright bass in a jazz band with Linda Flynn and Jeremy's mom. She is known for talking very fast and often making useless comments such as, "Oh, Candace, look how tall you've gotten." despite seeing Candace only a week earlier.

text: Jenny Brown

text: Jenny Brown (voiced by Alyson Stoner) is Candace's second best friend and a hippie. She wears a peace symbol necklace and says that she hopes for world peace.

text: Pinky

text: Pinky (vocals by Dee Bradley Baker) is Isabella's pet chihuahua. Much like Perry the Platypus, Pinky also lives a double-life as a secret agent for the O.W.C.A. under the codename, "Agent Pinky" in a division run by a commander named Wanda, a.k.a. Admiral Acronym. Pinky's nemesis is Professor Poofenplotz.[31] Although he does not like dog food, Pinky will eat just about anything–especially his favorite; grilled cheese sandwiches, and even inedible objects, having once swallowed Isabella's Fireside Girl sash. Pinky always shakes as an ongoing joke about the behavior of Chihuahuas. He first appeared in the episode, "Journey to the Center of Candace."

text: Norm

text: Norm (voiced by John Viener) is a giant robot man created by Dr. Doofenshmirtz to destroy Perry the Platypus. Introduced in "Greece Lightning," he is a giant robotic mild-mannered businessman who often says, "The enemy of platypus is man." Norm has appeared in other episodes. For instance, in the episode, "Traffic Cam Caper," Perry borrows Norm as a ride to steal the traffic cam disk, for it has evidence that Perry is a secret agent. He was once a part of the O.W.C.A. but was fired because he was not an animal. Later in the series, he is depicted as Doofenshmirtz's sidekick and servant who makes frequent mistakes such as cooking eggs with the shells on or serving Doof chocolate cake for breakfast, though always staying cheery. In the episode "A Real Boy", Norm reveals that he has always wanted to be a human boy and considers Doofenshmirtz his father and Vanessa his sister.

text: In the 2011 TV film, Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, a group of alternate reality (yet more menacing and successful) versions of Norm (known as Norm-Bots) appear, with the regular Norm making a cameo.

text: Charlene Doofenshmirtz

text: Charlene Doofenshmirtz (voiced by Allison Janney) is the former wife of Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz and shares custody of their daughter, Vanessa. Unaware of Dr. Doofenshmirtz's "evil" side, and in fact saying she does not believe someone can ever be truly evil, she divorced him due to a lack of common interests and having different life-goals. She is very wealthy and gives her ex-husband a large allowance each month. She is sometimes called by Vanessa who tries to "bust" her father but to no avail. Charlene and Linda Flynn-Fletcher have been paired up in a cooking class owned by Chef Pierre and in "I Scream, You Scream" were distracted by both Candace and Vanessa at the same time. Despite being divorced with Doof, she still goes to Doofenshmirtz family reunions claiming that she "kept the name," as seen in "Thaddeus and Thor."

text: However, in the episode "Tales From the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension" (the episode sequel to the 2011 TV film, "Phineas and Ferb: Across the 2nd Dimension"), it is shown that there is an alternate reality version of Charlene Doofenshmirtz. It turns out that 2nd Charlene is still married to 2nd Doof and actually shares much of his evil personality, and that their divorce was just a ruse to gain financial advantages during 2nd Doof's reign (such as receiving coupon mail, putting up junk yard sales, and going on separate vacation trips).

text: Suzy Johnson

text: Suzy Johnson (voiced by Kari Wahlgren), known as Little Suzy Johnson, is Jeremy's little sister. She has a high-pitched squeaky voice and appears very sweet and innocent. However, she is actually very spoiled and manipulative and very possessive over Jeremy, once telling Candace, "There is only one girl in Jeremy's life" and thus will do anything to keep Candace away from her brother.

text: Grandpa Clyde and Grandma Betty Jo

text: Grandpa Clyde Flynn and Grandma Betty Jo Flynn (voiced by Barry Bostwick and Caroline Rhea respectively) are Linda's parents, Phineas and Candace's maternal grandparents, Lawrence's -in-laws, and Ferb's step-grandparents. Every summer, they invite the family along with many neighborhood kids to a lakehouse which Phineas calls, "Camp P&F". Though they are old, they often participate in the kids' capers. Grandpa Clyde, like Phineas and Ferb, has a great sense of mechanics, as seen in "Crack That Whip!" Betty Jo is also shown in the same episode to have a fierce rivalry with Edna Hildagard, Jeremy and Suzy's grandmother.

text: Grandpa Reginald and Grandma Winifred

text: Grandma Winifred Fletcher and Grandpa Reginald Fletcher (voiced by Malcolm McDowell and Jane Carr) are Lawrence's parents, Ferb's paternal grandparents, Phineas and Candace's step grandparents, and Linda Flynn Fletcher's in laws who reside in the United Kingdom. Reginald used to be a daredevil known as the Flying Fishmonger the anthem.

text: Roger Doofenshmirtz

text: Roger Doofenshmirtz (voiced by John O'Hurley) is mayor of Danville and Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz's younger brother. Heinz often states angrily that Roger is their mother's favorite son. In "Tree to Get Ready" Roger states that he is, "the most handsome and charming man in the Tri-State area."

text: Irving Du Bois

text: Irving Du Bois (voiced by Jack McBrayer) is Phineas' and Ferb's self-proclaimed biggest fan. He always carries a scrapbook that he filled with images and souvenirs from Phineas and Ferb's big ideas as well as a strand of Ferb's hair.[32] Irving has an older brother Albert, who is self-nicknamed 'The Truth Detector.'

text: Django Brown

text: Django Brown (voiced by Alec Holden) is a friend of Phineas and Ferb. Django is the son of the artist Beppo Brown from "Oil on Candace," who is famous for his work in making giant creations, from refrigerators to dental floss. He is named after co-creator's Jeff "Swampy" Marsh son, Django Marsh, who voices minor characters on the show.[33]

text: Admiral Acronym

text: Admiral Wanda Acronym (voiced by Jane Leeves) is the one of the heads of the O.W.C.A. (Organization Without a Cool Acronym) Department and Pinky the Chihuahua' boss. Just like Major Monogram, she usually appears on a giant screen giving Pinky instructions for his next mission to stop Professor Poofenplotz's endless attempts to take over the world.

text: Also, just like Monogram (who has an unpaid intern named Carl), Adrimal Acronym has her own unpaid intern named Carla, who bears some resemblances to Carl.

text: Carla

text: Carla (voiced by Jennifer Hale) is one of the interns working for the O.W.C.A.. She bears some resemblances to Carl (possible could be her brother or cousin), as her boss Admiral Acronym stated that she comes from an 'entire family of unpaid interns'. She usually gives in the intelligence of whatever plans that Poofenplotz is up to.

text: Professor Poofenplotz

text: Professor Esmeralda Poofenplotz (voiced by Amanda Plummer) is an old mad scientist and the nemesis of Agent Pinky, Isabella's pet Chihuahua. She is known for her silly attempts for worldwide domination. Her known schemes so far involve replacing handbags, stealing royal jelly, and searching for strong hairspray (her favorite is "Stiff Beauty" hairspray, which originally was only used by clowns). Needless to say, because of her somewhat arrogant personality, Poofenplotz has failed to know about the flaws of her schemes. And because of that, it has allowed Pinky to defeat her in return, leaving an humiliated Poofenplotz to yell out, "Curse you, Pinky the Chihuahua!", similar to how Heinz Doofenshmirtz says whenever his plans get foiled by Perry the Platypus.

text: Love Händel

text: Love Händel is a rock band idolized by many in the Danville Tri-State Area, first seen the episode, "Dude, We're Gettin' the Band Back Together!" Lawrence Fletcher and Linda Flynn shared their first kiss at a Love Händel concert. Shortly afterward, plagued by infighting caused by the pressures of a dwindling fanbase, Love Händel split up. Lead Singer Danny (voiced by Jaret Reddick) became the owner of Danny's Music Shop. Bass Player Bobbi Fabulous (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) became the owner of Bobbi's Fashion Salon and Linda's hairdresser. Sherman "Swampy" (voiced by Steve Zahn) ended up working at the Danville Public Library, believing he had lost his sense of rhythm. Eventually all three members are convinced to reunite for a concert in the Flynn/Fletcher's backyard, in which they sing their hit song, "You Snuck Your Way Right into My Heart." Love Handel occasionally reappears in other episodes and in the movie where they sing their songs.

text: Monty Monogram

text:
Monty Monogram (voiced by Seth Green) is Major Monogram's son and has been working in O.W.C.A. since "Minor Monogram". Vanessa Doofenshmirtz seems to become interested in him after she broke up with Johnny, and it is possible that he is slightly interested in her too because he winks at her before leaving. They have coffee together in "Sipping with the Enemy", at which point they apparently begin to date one another.
In "Minor Monogram" he has recently graduated from the "High School Without a Cool Acronym" (H.S.W.C.A.) and he really wants to fight evil following his dad's footsteps. Due to the rivalry between his father and Dr. Doofenshmirtz, he and Vanessa try to keep it secret from the two of them, aided by Perry and Carl (though the latter briefly blackmailed Monty in hopes of getting his help in earning Major Monogram's approval). In the special Phineas and Ferb Save Summer, Monty played a major role as he attempts to help rescue all of the captured agents and defeat the villains of L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. in their plan to take over the world by sending it into a new Ice Age.

text: Dr. Hirano

text: Dr. Hirano (voiced by Ming-Na Wen) is Stacy and Ginger's mother. She removed Isabella's tonsils in, "I Scream, You Scream." She is often referred to through conversations between Candace and Stacy where Candace gratifies, "Stacy, you're a genius!" and Stacy replies, "Could you call my mom and tell her that?"

text: Rodney

text: Aloyse Everheart Elizabeth Otto Wolfgang Hypatia Gunther Galen Gary Cooper von Roddenstein (voiced by Joe Orrantia), or Rodney for short, is a bald evil scientist and a member of the villain organization L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N.. He serves as the main rival to Dr. Doofenshmirtz, believing him to a disappointment because of his constant failures. Throughout most of his appearances, Rodney attempts to best out on Doofenshmirtz to show that he's a better villain, only to fail so many times (either due to Doofenshmirtz's antics or Perry's intervention). Similar to Doofenshmirtz, Rodney usually makes his own inventions and ends them with the suffix '-inizor'. He also has his own robot apprentice named Chloe, whom Norm fell in love with. He also has a son named Orville, who usually helps him create his -inizors.

text: Rodney would later go on to appear in the 2014 episode special, "Phineas and Ferb Save Summer", where he learns that Doofenshmirtz has actually succeeded in moving the Earth away from the Sun to an early autumn with his latest -inator. Taking the opportunity to exploit this, Rodney leads L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. into revealing themselves to the world and capturing all of O.W.C.A.'s agents. He even creates an -inizor (which is just ten times the size and strength of Doof's -inator) that will send the Earth into a new Ice Age if the world refuse to meet all of L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N.'s demands. However, in the end, Doofenshmirtz (who is completely disgusted by Rodney's true goal for worldwide domination) manages to defeat Rodney, who then gets arrested by Monty Monogram and taken into O.W.C.A. custody.

text: Professor Parenthesis

text: Professor Parenthesis (voiced by Paul Reubens) is an evil scientist serving in the 2015 standalone special, O.W.C.A. Files. He has claimed to have known Major Monogram during biology class 30 years ago (even announcing several names of their old classmates). In the special, Parenthesis plots to take over O.W.C.A. by using robotic fleas to take control of all of its animal agents, so that he can unleash them to wreak havoc around the world in order to smear O.W.C.A.'s good name. During the climax, he is revealed to be a tiny talking flea controlling a human android, as he plans to capture Perry (who is among the few agents not be infested with the robotic fleas) while finalizing his control over the agents to become permanent. However, Perry's team of trainees (including Doofenshmirtz, who has given up evil at that time) set up a trap against Parenthesis, destroy his robotic fleas to free the agents, and confine Parenthesis inside a pill bottle as punishment for his crimes.

text: Minor characters

text: There are several characters that reappear as recurring joke such as farmer and wife. The wife always tells her husband "I can't believe you (blank) without getting a (blank)" and then it falls from the sky and sometimes hits her. For example, in the episode, "Leave the Busting to Us", the wife says, "I can't believe you bought a bunny farm but forgot to buy any bunnies! Did you really think the bunnies would fall from the sky?" A pack of rabbits then falls from the sky and hits her. Then in the end credits scene from said episode, the wife yells at her husband, "I can't believe you sold our lucrative bunny farm and bought a van rental place! And you didn't buy a single van!" She hears a van falling over her and says, "Not one word," just before the van crashes and injures her (the screen blacks out the impact).

text: Another minor character is the Giant Floating Baby Head. In an interview, Dan Povenmire stated that the head had originated from a storyboard panel that writer Mike Diederich had drawn which director Rob Hughes found hilarious enough to create an entire bit around. It first appears in "One Good Scare Ought to Do It!" and has since appeared in several other episode. [34]

text: Dr. Doofenshmirtz's mother (Cloris Leachman) has appeared. She refers to Roger being her favorite child and often ignores Heinz. Albert (voiced by Diedrich Bader), Irving's Brother has appeared in "Not Phineas and Ferb", "The Doof Side of the Moon", and "Nerds of a Feather".

text: Celebrity guest stars

text: see the list of guest stars on Phineas and Ferb


document_title: Left- and right-hand traffic

question_text: when did ghana change driving from left to right

text: Left- and right-hand traffic

text: History[edit]

text: Ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Roman troops kept to the left when marching.[10] In 1998, archaeologists found a well-preserved double track leading to a Roman quarry near Swindon, in southern England. The grooves in the road on the left side (viewed facing down the track away from the quarry) were much deeper than those on the right side, suggesting LHT, at least at this location, since carts would exit the quarry heavily loaded, and enter it empty.[11]

text: The first reference in English law to an order for LHT was in 1756, with regard to London Bridge.[12]

text: Some historians, such as C. Northcote Parkinson, believed that ancient travellers on horseback or on foot generally kept to the left, since most people were right handed. If two men riding on horseback were to start a fight, each would edge toward the left.[10] In the year 1300, Pope Boniface VIII directed pilgrims to keep left.[10]

text: In the late 1700s, traffic in the United States was RHT based on teamsters' use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses. The wagons had no driver's seat, so the (typically right-handed) postilion held his whip in his right hand and thus sat on the left rear horse. Seated on the left, the driver preferred that other wagons pass him on the left so that he could be sure to keep clear of the wheels of oncoming wagons.[13]

text: In France, traditionally foot traffic had kept right, while carriage traffic kept left. Following the French Revolution, all traffic kept right.[12] Following the Napoleonic Wars, the French imposed RHT on parts of Europe. During the colonial period, RHT was introduced by the French in New France, French West Africa, the Maghreb, French Indochina, the West Indies, French Guiana and the Réunion, among others.

text: Meanwhile, LHT traffic was introduced by the British in Atlantic Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the East Africa Protectorate, British India, Southern Rhodesia and the Cape Colony (now Zimbabwe and South Africa), British Malaya (now Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore), British Guiana, and British Hong Kong. LHT was also introduced by the Portuguese Empire in Portuguese Macau, Colonial Brazil, East Timor, Portuguese Mozambique, and Angola.

text: The first keep-right law for driving in the United States was passed in 1792 and applied to the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike.[7] New York formalized RHT in 1804, New Jersey in 1813 and Massachusetts in 1821.[14]

text: Changing sides[edit]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Influential in Europe was the 1920 Paris Convention, which advised driving on the right-hand side of the road, in order to harmonise traffic across a continent with many borders. This was despite the fact that left-hand traffic was still widespread: in 1915 for example, LHT was introduced everywhere in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[15] However, three years later the Empire was split up into several countries, and they all changed eventually to RHT, notably including when Nazi Germany introduced RHT with almost immediate effect in Czechoslovakia in 1938-39.[16]

text: Sweden was LHT from about 1734 to 1967,[17] despite having land borders with RHT countries, and approximately 90 percent of cars being left-hand drive (LHD) vehicles.[18] A referendum was held in 1955, with an overwhelming majority voting against a change to RHT. Nevertheless, some years later the government ordered a conversion, which took place at 5 am on Sunday, 3 September 1967. The accident rate dropped sharply after the change,[19] but soon rose back to near its original level.[20] The day was known as Dagen H ("H-Day"), the 'H' being for Högertrafik or right traffic. When Iceland switched the following year, it was known as H-dagurinn, again meaning "H-Day".[21]

text: In the late 1960s, the UK Department for Transport considered switching to RHT, but declared it unsafe and too costly for such a built-up nation.[22] Road building standards, for motorways in particular, allow asymmetrically designed road junctions, where merge and diverge lanes differ in length.[23]

text: Asia and the Pacific[edit]

text: China adopted RHT in 1946. Taiwan changed to driving on the right at the same time. Hong Kong and Macau continue to be LHT.

text: Both North Korea and South Korea switched to RHT in September 1945 after liberation from Japan which was defeated and surrendered by the Allies.

text: Myanmar switched to RHT in 1970.[24]

text: Samoa, a former German colony, had been RHT for more than a century. It switched to LHT in 2009,[25] being the first territory in almost 30 years to switch.[26] The move was legislated in 2008 to allow Samoans to use cheaper right hand drive (RHD) vehicles imported from Australia, New Zealand or Japan, and to harmonise with other South Pacific nations. A political party, The People's Party, was formed to try to protest against the change, a protest group which launched a legal challenge,[27] and an estimated 18,000 people attending demonstrations against it.[28] The motor industry was also opposed, as 14,000 of Samoa's 18,000 vehicles are designed for RHT and the government has refused to meet the cost of conversion.[26] After months of preparation, the switch from right to left happened in an atmosphere of national celebration. There were no reported incidents.[3] At 05:50 local time, Monday 7 September, a radio announcement halted traffic, and an announcement at 6:00 ordered traffic to switch to LHT.[25] The change coincided with more restrictive enforcement of speeding and seat-belt laws.[29] That day and the following day were declared public holidays, to reduce traffic.[30] The change included a three-day ban on alcohol sales, while police mounted dozens of checkpoints, warning drivers to drive slowly.[3]

text: The Philippines was mostly LHT during its Spanish[31] and American colonial periods,[32][33] the latter despite United States switch to RHT in the 1930s (see above); as well as during the Commonwealth era.[34] During the Japanese occupation the Philippines remained LHT,[35] also because LHT had been required by the Japanese;[36] but during the Battle of Manila the liberating American forces drove their tanks to the right for easier facilitation of movement. RHT was formally finalised by Executive Order No. 34 signed by President Sergio Osmeña on 10 March 1945.[37]

text: Africa[edit]

text: A number of non-contiguous former British colonies in West Africa originally drove LHT and switched to RHT in the early 1970s to match the surrounding countries. Sierra Leone switched to RHT in 1971, Nigeria in 1972 and Ghana in 1974. Before this period The Gambia, a country entirely contained within RHT Senegal, had officially switched to RHT in 1965.

text: Rwanda, a former Belgian colony in central Africa, is RHT but is considering switching to LHT, to bring the country in line with other members of the East African Community (EAC).[38] A survey, carried out in 2009, indicated that 54% of Rwandans were in favour of the switch. Reasons cited were the perceived lower costs of RHD vehicles as opposed to LHD versions of the same model, easier maintenance and the political benefit of harmonisation of traffic regulations with other EAC countries. The same survey also indicated that RHD cars are 16 to 49 per cent cheaper than their LHD equivalents.[39] In 2014 an internal report from consultants to the Ministry of Infrastructure recommended a switch to LHT.[40] In 2015, the ban on RHD vehicles was lifted; RHD trucks from neighbouring countries cost $1000 less than LHD models imported from Europe.[41][42]

text: Changing sides at borders[edit]

text: Although many LHT jurisdictions are on islands, there are cases where vehicles may be driven from LHT across a border into a RHT area. The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic regulates the use of foreign registered vehicles in the 72 countries that are parties to the 1968 agreement.

text: Although the United Kingdom is separated from Continental Europe by the English Channel, the level of cross-Channel traffic is very high; the Channel Tunnel alone carries 3.5 million vehicles per year between the UK and France.

text: Some countries have borders where drivers must switch from LHT to RHT and vice versa.

text: LHT Thailand has three RHT neighbours: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar. Most of its borders use a simple traffic light to do the switch, but there are also interchanges which enable the switch while keeping up a continuous flow of traffic.[43]

text: There are four road border crossing points between Hong Kong and Mainland China. In 2006, the daily average number of vehicle trips recorded at Lok Ma Chau was 31,100.[44] The next largest is Man Kam To, where there is no changeover system and the border roads on the mainland side Wenjindu intersect as one-way streets with a main road.

text: The Takutu River Bridge (which links LHT Guyana and RHT Brazil[45]) is the only border in the Americas where traffic changes sides.

text: Road vehicle configurations[edit]

text: Driver seating position[edit]

text: In RHT jurisdictions, vehicles are configured with LHD, with the driver sitting on the left side. In LHT jurisdictions, the reverse is true. The driver's side, the side closest to the centre of the road, is sometimes called the offside, while the passenger side, the side closest to the side of the road, is sometimes called the nearside.[46]

text: Historically there was less consistency in the relationship of the position of the driver to the handedness of traffic. Most American cars produced before 1910 were RHD.[7] In 1908 Henry Ford standardised the Model T as LHD in RHT America,[7] arguing that with RHD and RHT, the passenger was obliged to "get out on the street side and walk around the car" and that with steering from the left, the driver "is able to see even the wheels of the other car and easily avoids danger."[47] By 1915 other manufacturers followed Ford's lead, due to the popularity of the Model T.[7]

text: In specialised cases, the driver will sit on the nearside, or kerbside. Examples include:

text:
Where the driver needs a good view of the nearside, e.g. street sweepers, or vehicles driven along unstable road edges.[48]
Where it is more convenient for the driver to be on the nearside, e.g. delivery vehicles. The Grumman LLV is widely in used on RHD configurations in RHT North America. Some Unimogs are designed to be switch between LHD and RHD to permit operators to work on the more convenient side of the truck.

text: Generally, the convention is to mount a motorcycle on the left,[49] and kickstands are usually on the left[50] which makes it more convenient to mount on the safer kerbside[50] as is the case in LHT.

text: Headlamps[edit]

text: The projection of light from low-beam headlamps is asymmetrical. The kerbside lamp projects light forwards, while the other headlamp dips the beam down and away from oncoming traffic, so as not to dazzle drivers coming in the opposite direction. In Europe, headlamps approved for use on one side of the road must be adaptable to produce adequate illumination with controlled glare for temporarily driving on the other side of the road.[51] This is done by affixing masking strips or prismatic lenses to a designated part of the lens or by moving all or part of the headlamp optic so all or part of the beam is shifted or the asymmetrical portion is occluded.[51] Some cars have a built-in adjustment to adapt the projection mechanically.[52]

text: Worldwide distribution by country[edit]

text: Of the 193 countries currently recognised by the United Nations, 139 use RHT and 54 use LHT. A country and its territories and dependencies is counted once.

text:
Country
Road traffic
Road switched sides
Multi-track rail traffic generally
Notes

 Afghanistan
RHT

LHT
Was LHT until the 1950s, in line with neighbouring British Raj and later Pakistan.[53]

 Albania
RHT[54]

RHT

 Algeria
RHT[54]

 Andorra
RHT[54]

 Angola
RHT[54]
1928

 Antigua and Barbuda
LHT[54]

 Argentina
RHT
10 June 1945
LHT
The anniversary on 10 June is still observed each year as Día de la Seguridad Vial (road safety day).[55]
The Metrotranvía Mendoza uses RHT.

 Armenia
RHT[54]

 Australia
LHT[56]

LHT
Commonwealth. Includes  Christmas Island,  Cocos Islands,  Norfolk Island

 Austria
RHT
1921 in Vorarlberg, 1930 in North Tyrol, 1935 in Carinthia and East Tyrol, 1938 in the rest of the country.
RHT[57]
Originally LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary.

 Azerbaijan
RHT[54]

RHT

 Bahamas
LHT[54]

 Bahrain
RHT
1967

Former British protectorate. Switched to same side as neighbours.[58]

 Bangladesh
LHT[54]

LHT

 Barbados
LHT

 Belgium
RHT[54]
1899
LHT
The Brussels Metro uses RHT.

 Belarus
RHT[54]

RHT

 Belize
RHT
1961[2]

Former British colony. Switched to same side as neighbours.

 Benin
RHT[54]

 Bhutan
LHT[54]

Under British protection before 1949.

 Bolivia
RHT[54]

 Botswana
LHT[54]

 Brazil
RHT
1928[54]
LHT
A Portuguese colony until the early 19th century, switched some states still using LHT[59] to RHT in 1928.[60]
Most metro systems use RHT.

 Brunei
LHT[54]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
RHT[54]

Switched sides after the collapse of Austria-Hungary.

 Bulgaria
RHT[54]

RHT

 Burkina Faso
RHT[54]

 Burundi
RHT

Considering switching to LHT[61] in line with neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda.

 Cambodia
RHT

RHT implemented while part of French Indochina. RHD cars, many of which were smuggled from Thailand, were banned from 2001, even though they accounted for 80% of vehicles in the country.[62]

 Cameroon
RHT[54]
1961

 Canada
RHT
1920s
RHT
Territories now in Canada have always been RHT, except British Columbia, which changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923,[63][64] and New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island which changed in 1922, 1923, and 1924 respectively.[65] Newfoundland and Labrador changed to RHT in 1947 while still a dominion of the British Empire, two years before joining Canada.[66]

 Cape Verde
RHT[54]
1928

 Central African Republic
RHT[54]

 Chad
RHT[54]

 Chile
RHT[54]

LHT
The Santiago Metro uses RHT.

 China
RHT/LHT[56]
1946
LHT/RHT
At one time, northern provinces were RHT due to American influence, while southern provinces were LHT due to British influence. LHT was uniform in the 1930s. China includes LHT  Hong Kong and  Macau, former colonies of Britain and Portugal, respectively.
Most metro systems use RHT, with the exception of the Hong Kong MTR.

 Colombia
RHT[54]

 Comoros
RHT[54]

 Congo
RHT[54]

 Democratic Republic of Congo
RHT[54]

 Costa Rica
RHT[54]

 Côte d'Ivoire
RHT[54]

 Croatia
RHT[54]

RHT
Istria and Dalmatia were RHT, while Croatia-Slavonia was LHT when Croatia was part of Austria-Hungary [67]. The LHT regions switched to RHT on joining the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

 Cuba
RHT[54]

 Cyprus
LHT[54]

Former British colony.

 Czech Republic
RHT[54]
1939
RHT
Was LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary, switched during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia.

 Denmark
RHT

RHT[68]
Includes  Faroe Islands and  Greenland

 Djibouti
RHT[54]

 Dominica
LHT[54]

Former British colony.

 Dominican Republic
RHT[54]

 East Timor
LHT
1976

Originally LHT, like its colonial power Portugal. Switched to RHT with Portugal in 1928.[2] Under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, changed back to LHT in 1976.

 Ecuador
RHT[54]

LHT

 Egypt
RHT[54]

LHT
Road vehicles are RHT due to French influence, but railway system was built by British companies.

 El Salvador
RHT[54]

 Equatorial Guinea
RHT[54]

 Eritrea
RHT[54]
1964

 Estonia
RHT[54]

RHT

 Ethiopia
RHT[54]
1964
LHT

 Fiji
LHT

 Finland
RHT
1858
RHT
Formerly ruled by LHT Sweden, switched to RHT as the Grand Duchy of Finland by Russian decree.[69] Majority of Helsinki commuter rail lines runs on the left.

 France
RHT
1792
LHT[70]/RHT
Includes  French Polynesia,  New Caledonia,  Saint Pierre and Miquelon,  Wallis and Futuna,  French Guiana,  Réunion,  Saint Barthélemy,  Collectivity of Saint Martin,  Guadeloupe,  Mayotte.
Most metro systems use RHT, except for the Lyon Metro.

 Gabon
RHT[54]

 Gambia
RHT [54]
1965

 Georgia
RHT[54]

RHT

 Germany
RHT[71]

RHT

 Ghana
RHT
1974

Former British colony. When changing to RHT a Twi language slogan was "Nifa, Nifa Enan" or "Right, Right, Fourth".[72]

 Greece
RHT[54]

RHT

 Grenada
LHT[54]

 Guatemala
RHT[54]

 Guinea
RHT[54]

 Guinea-Bissau
RHT[54]
1928

 Guyana
LHT[54]

 Haiti
RHT[54]

 Honduras
RHT[54]

 Hungary
RHT[54]
1941
RHT
Originally LHT, like most of Austria-Hungary.

 Iceland
RHT
1968

The day of the switch was known as H-dagurinn. Most passenger cars were already LHD.

 Iran
RHT[54]

RHT

 Iraq
RHT[54]

 India
LHT[54]

LHT
Former British colony.

 Indonesia
LHT[56]

RHT[73]
The Jakarta MRT will use LHT.

 Ireland
LHT[54]

LHT
Former British Dominion.

 Israel
RHT[54]

LHT

 Italy
RHT
1920s
LHT
Until 1927 the countryside was RHT while cities were LHT.[74] Rome changed to RHT in 1924 and Milan in 1926. Alfa Romeo and Lancia did not produce LHD cars until as late as 1950 and 1953 respectively, as many drivers favoured the RHD layout even in RHT as this offered the driver a clearer view of the edge of the road in mountainous regions at a time when many such roads lacked barriers or walls.[75]
The metro systems in Brescia, Genoa, Milan, and Turin use RHT, as well as all tram systems.

 Jamaica
LHT[54]

 Japan
LHT[76]

LHT
Post-World War II Okinawa was ruled by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands and was RHT. It was returned to Japan in 1972 went LHT in 1978.[77] The conversion operation was known as 730 (Nana-San-Maru, which means Nana(7)-San(3)-Maru(0)). Okinawa is one of few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century.

 Jordan
RHT[54]

RHT, despite the Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum being under British rule till 1946.

 Kazakhstan
RHT[54]

RHT

 Kenya
LHT[78]

British colony until 1963.

 Kiribati
LHT[54]

 North Korea and  South Korea
RHT
1946
LHT
Korea had been LHT because of the influence of Japan in the 1900s. Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945.
Most metro systems in South Korea use RHT (exceptions include Seoul Subway Line 1 and the Bundang Line).

 Kuwait
RHT[54]

 Kyrgyzstan
RHT

RHT
Former part of RHT Soviet Union. In 2012, over 20,000 cheaper used RHD cars were imported from Japan.[79]

 Laos
RHT[54]

LHT
RHT implemented while part of French Indochina.

 Latvia
RHT[54]

RHT

 Lebanon
RHT[54]

Former French mandate.

 Lesotho
LHT[54]

 Liberia
RHT[54]

 Libya
RHT[54]

 Liechtenstein
RHT[54]

 Lithuania
RHT[54]

RHT

 Luxembourg
RHT[54]

RHT

 Macedonia
RHT[54]

 Madagascar
RHT[54]

 Malawi
LHT[54]

 Malaysia
LHT[54]

LHT
Former British colony.

 Maldives
LHT[54]

 Mali
RHT[54]

 Malta
LHT[54]

British colony until 1964.

 Marshall Islands
RHT[54]

 Mauritania
RHT

Mining roads between Fdérik and Zouérat are LHT.[80]

 Mauritius
LHT[54]

Former British colony. Island nation.

 Mexico
RHT[54]

RHT

 Micronesia
RHT [54]

RHT

 Moldova
RHT[54]

RHT

 Monaco
RHT[54]

LHT

 Mongolia
RHT[54]

RHT

 Montenegro
RHT[54]

RHT

 Morocco
RHT[54]

 Mozambique
LHT[81]

 Myanmar
RHT
1970
LHT
Much of infrastructure still geared to LHT, most cars are pre-owned RHD vehicles, imported from Japan.[82]

 Netherlands
RHT
1906[83]
RHT
Rotterdam was LHT until 1917.[84] Includes  Curaçao,  Sint Maarten, and  Aruba

 Namibia
LHT
1918

RHT as a German colony. After South Africa occupied German South-West Africa during World War I, switched to LHT.[2] South-West Africa was made a South African mandate by the League of Nations, and the new rule of the road was established in law.[85]

 Nauru
LHT[54]
1918

   Nepal
LHT[86]

 New Zealand
LHT[56]

LHT
Includes territories  Niue and  Cook Islands

 Nicaragua
RHT[54]

 Niger
RHT[54]

 Nigeria
RHT
1972[87]

Former British colony. Switched to RHT as it is surrounded by former French RHT colonies.

 Norway
RHT[54]

RHT

 Oman
RHT

Not a party to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and bans all foreign-registered RHD vehicles.[88]

 Palau
RHT[54]

RHT

 Palestine
RHT[54]

 Pakistan
LHT[54]

LHT

 Panama
RHT
1943[89]

 Papua New Guinea
LHT[54]

 Paraguay
RHT
1945[90]

 Peru
RHT[54]

LHT

 Philippines
RHT
1946[37]
RHT
LHT up until the Battle of Manila in 1945

 Poland
RHT

RHT
Partitions of Poland belonging to the German Empire and the Russian Empire were RHT. Partitions that were part of Austria-Hungary were LHT and changed to RHT in the 1920s.[91]

 Portugal
RHT[56]
1928
LHT
Colonies Goa, Macau and Mozambique, which had land borders with LHT countries, did not switch and continue to drive on the left.[81]

 Qatar
RHT[54]

 Romania
RHT[54]

RHT

 Russia
RHT[54]

RHT
In the Russian Far East RHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby Japan.[92] Railway between Moscow and Ryazan is LHT. Sormovskaya line in Metro of Nizhny Novgorod is LHT.

 Rwanda
RHT[61]

Former Belgian mandate. Considering switching to LHT[61][93] like its neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda.

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
LHT

 Saint Lucia
LHT

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
LHT

 Samoa
LHT
2009

Switched to LHT to allow the import of cars more cheaply from Australia, New Zealand and Japan.[56]

 San Marino
RHT[54]

 São Tomé and Príncipe
RHT[54]
1928

 Saudi Arabia
RHT[54]

 Senegal
RHT[54]

 Serbia
RHT[54]

RHT
Vojvodina was LHT while part of Austria-Hungary.

 Seychelles
LHT[54]

 Sierra Leone
RHT
1971[94]

Importation of RHD vehicles was banned in 2013.[95]

 Singapore
LHT[54]

Former British colony.

 Slovakia
RHT[54]
1939–41
RHT

 Slovenia
RHT[54]

LHT

 Solomon Islands
LHT[54]

 Somalia
RHT
1968[96]

 South Africa
LHT[97][98]

LHT
Former British colony.

 South Sudan
RHT
1973

Was LHT during the period of British colonial rule. Split from Sudan in 2011 after the majority of the population voted for independence.

 Spain
RHT
1924
RHT
Up to the 1920s Barcelona was RHT, and Madrid was LHT until 1924. The Madrid Metro is LHT.[99]

 Sri Lanka
LHT[54]

LHT
Former British Colony.

 Sudan
RHT[54]
1973

Former British Colony.

 Suriname
LHT[54]

 Swaziland
LHT[54]

 Sweden
RHT[54]
1967
LHT
The day of the switch was known as Dagen H. Most passenger cars were already LHD. The tram systems in Gothenburg and Norrköping use RHT; the tram system in Stockholm uses a mixture of LHT and RHT.[100]

  Switzerland
RHT[54]

LHT

 Syria
RHT[54]

 Taiwan
RHT
1946
LHT
Was LHT during the period of Japanese rule. The government of the Republic of China changed Taiwan to RHT in 1946 along with the rest of China.[101]

 Tajikistan
RHT[54]

RHT

 Tanzania
LHT[54]

 Thailand
LHT[56]

LHT
One of the few LHT countries not a former British colony. Shares long land border with RHT Laos and Cambodia.

 Togo
RHT[54]

 Tonga
LHT[54]

 Trinidad and Tobago
LHT[102]

Former British colony.

 Tunisia
RHT[54]

French RHT was enforced in the French protectorate of Tunisia from 1881.

 Turkey
RHT[54]

RHT

 Turkmenistan
RHT[54]

RHT

 Tuvalu
LHT[54]

 Uganda
LHT[54]

 Ukraine
RHT
1922[91]
RHT
West Ukraine was LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary. Carpathian Ruthenia remained LHT as part of Czechoslovakia before switching in 1941 as part of Hungary. The rest of Ukraine, having been part of the Russian Empire, already drove on the right.

 United Arab Emirates
RHT[54]

RHT

 United Kingdom
LHT

LHT/RHT
Includes Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories  Isle of Man,  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Anguilla,  Bermuda,  British Virgin Islands,  Cayman Islands, Channel Islands,  Falkland Islands,  Montserrat,  Pitcairn Islands,  Turks and Caicos Islands,  Saint Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha.  Gibraltar has been RHT since 1929 because of its land border with Spain.[103] The Channel Islands (Jersey and Guernsey) drove on the right under German occupation until their liberation in 1945.[104] The Falkland Islands similarly drove on the right during their occupation by Argentina in 1982.[105]

 United States
RHT

RHT/LHT[106]
Includes  American Samoa,  Guam,  Northern Mariana Islands,  Puerto Rico.  U.S. Virgin Islands is LHT, like much of the Caribbean.

 Uruguay
RHT[90]
1945

Became LHT in 1918, but as in some other countries in South America, changed to RHT on 2 September 1945. A speed limit of 30 km/h (19 mph) was observed until 30 September for safety.

 Uzbekistan
RHT[54]

RHT

 Vanuatu
RHT[107]

 Venezuela
RHT[54]

LHT

 Vietnam
RHT[54]

LHT
Became RHT as French Indochina.

 Yemen
RHT
1977[2]

South Yemen, formerly the British colony of Aden, changed to RHT 1977. A series of postage stamps commemorating the event was issued.[108] North Yemen was already RHT.

 Zambia
LHT[54]

 Zimbabwe
LHT

LHT
Former British colony. In 2010 the government attempted to ban LHD vehicles.[109]

tag: table

text: Traffic behaviour[edit]

text:
Manoeuvre
LHT
RHT

Unless overtaking stay on the
left
right

In roundabouts traffic rotates
clockwise
anticlockwise

Oncoming traffic is seen coming from the
right
left

Traffic must cross oncoming traffic when turning
right
left

Most traffic signs are on the
left
right

Pedestrians crossing a two-way road look first for traffic from their
right
left

Dual carriageway ramps are on the
left
right

After stopping at a red light it may be legal to turn
left
right

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Gibraltar is RHT (since 1929)

A sign reminding motorists to keep left in Australia

Vehicles entering and leaving Macau cross over each other at the Lotus Bridge.

Sign reminding motorists to drive on the left in Ireland

The entrance to the Channel Tunnel in France.