document_title: Economy of Venezuela

question_text: in the early 1980s venezuela was the richest country in latin america because of

question_tokens: in the early 1980s venezuela was the richest country in latin america because of

root

text: Economy of Venezuela

text: History[edit]

text: When oil was discovered during Maracaibo strike in 1922, Venezuela's dictator, Juan Vicente Gómez, allowed US oil companies to write Venezuela's petroleum law.[30] However, oil history was made in 1943 when Standard Oil of New Jersey accepted a new agreement in Venezuela based on the 50-50 principle, "a landmark event."[31] Terms even more favorable to Venezuela were negotiated in 1945 after a coup brought to power a left-leaning government that included Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso.

tag: p

text: From the 1950s to the early 1980s, the Venezuelan economy, which was buoyed by high oil prices, was one of the strongest and most prosperous in South America. The continuous growth during that period attracted many immigrants.

text: In 1958, a new government, again included Pérez Alfonso, devised a plan for the international oil cartel that would become OPEC.[32] In 1973, Venezuela voted to nationalize its oil industry outright, effective January 1, 1976, with Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) presiding over a number of holding companies. In subsequent years, Venezuela built a vast refining and marketing system in the US and Europe.[33]

text: During Pérez Jimenez' dictatorship from 1952 to 1958, Venezuela enjoyed remarkably high GDP growth, so that in the late 1950s Venezuela's real GDP per capita almost reached that of West Germany. In 1950, Venezuela was the world's 4th largest wealthiest nation per capita[34] However, from 1958/1959 onward, Romulo Betancourt (president from 1959 to 1964) inherited an enormous internal and external debt caused by rampant public spending during the dictatorship. Nevertheless, he managed to balance Venezuela's public budget and initiate an unsuccessful agrarian reform.[35]

text: Buoyed by a strong oil sector in the 1960s and 1970s, Venezuela's governments were able to maintain social harmony by spending fairly large amounts on public programs including health care, education, transport, and food subsidies. Literacy and welfare programs benefited tremendously from these conditions.[36] Because of the oil wealth, Venezuelan workers "enjoyed the highest wages in Latin America."[37] This situation was reversed when oil prices collapsed during the 1980s.

text: When world oil prices collapsed in the 1980s, the economy contracted and inflation levels (consumer price inflation) rose, remaining between 6 and 12% from 1982 to 1986,[38][39] The inflation rate peaked in 1989 at 84%,[39] the year the capital city of Caracas suffered from rioting during the Caracazo following the cut of government spending and the opening of markets by President Carlos Andrés Pérez.[40] After Pérez initiated such liberal economic policies and made Venezuelan markets more free, Venezuela's GDP went from a -8.3% decline in 1989 to growing 4.4% in 1990 and 9.2% in 1991, though wages remained low and unemployment was high among Venezuelans.[40]

text: Some state that "neoliberalism" was the cause of Venezuelan economic difficulties, though overreliance on oil prices and a fractured political system without parties agreeing on policies caused many of the problems.[41] By the mid-1990s under President Rafael Caldera, Venezuela saw annual inflation rates of 50-60% from 1993 to 1997 with an exceptional peak in 1996 at 100%.[39] The number of people living in poverty rose from 36% in 1984 to 66% in 1995[42] with the country suffering a severe banking crisis (Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994). In 1998, the economic crisis had grown even worse. Per capita GDP was at the same level as 1963 (after adjusting 1963 dollar to 1998 value), down a third from its 1978 peak; and the purchasing power of the average salary was a third of its 1978 level.[43]

text: Hugo Chávez was elected president in December 1998 and took office in February 1999. In 2000, oil prices soared, offering Chavez funds not seen since Venezuela's economic collapse in the 1980s.[38] Chavez then used economic policies that were more socialistic than those of his predecessors, using populist approaches with oil funds that made Venezuela's economy dependent on high oil prices.[38] Chavez also played a leading role within OPEC to reinvigorate the organization and obtain members' adherence to lower quotas designed to drive up the oil price. Alí Rodríguez Araque, the Venezuelan oil minister, gave an announcement in 1999 that his country would respect OPEC production quotas, which marked "a historic turnaround from the nation's traditional pro-US oil policy."[44]

text: In the first four years of the Chávez presidency, the economy grew at first (1999–2001), then contracted from 2001–2003 to GDP levels similar to 1997. At first, the economic decline was due to low oil prices, but was fueled by the turmoil of the 2002 coup attempt and the 2002–2003 business strike. Other factors of the decline were an exodus of capital from the country and a reluctance of foreign investors. Gross Domestic Product was 50.0 trillion bolivares in 1998. At the bottom of the recession, 2003, it was 42.4 trillion bolivares (in constant 1998 bolivares).[45] However, with a calmer political situation in 2004, GDP rebounded 50.1 trillion bolivares and rose to 66.1 trillion bolivares in 2007 (both in constant 1998 bolivares).[46]

text: The government sought international assistance to finance reconstruction after massive flooding and landslides in December 1999 caused an estimated US$15 billion to $20 billion in damage.[citation needed]

text: The hardest hit sectors in the worst recession years, 2002–2003, were construction (−55.9%), petroleum (−26.5%), commerce (−23.6%) and manufacturing (−22.5%). The drop in the petroleum sector was caused by adherence to the OPEC quota established in 2002 and the virtual cessation of exports during the PdVSA-led Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003. The non-petroleum sector of the economy contracted by 6.5% in 2002. The bolivar, which had been suffering from serious inflation and devaluation relative to international standards since the late 1980s,[47] continued to weaken.

text: The inflation rate, as measured by consumer price index, was 35.8% in 1998, falling to a low of 12.5% in 2001 and rising to 31.1% in 2003. Historically, the highest yearly inflation was 100% in 1996. On January 23, 2003, in an attempt to support the bolivar, bolster the government's declining level of international reserves, and mitigate the adverse impact from the oil industry work stoppage on the financial system, the Ministry of Finance and the central bank suspended foreign exchange trading. On February 6, the government created CADIVI, a currency control board charged with handling foreign exchange procedures. The board set the US dollar exchange rate at 1,596 bolivares to the dollar for purchases and 1,600 to the dollar for sales.

text: The housing market in Venezuela shrunk significantly with developers avoiding Venezuela due to the massive number of companies who have had their property expropriated by the government.[48] According to The Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal, Venezuela had the weakest property rights in the world, scoring only 5.0 on a scale of 100; expropriation without compensation is common.[49] The shortage of housing is so significant that in 2007, a group of squatters occupied Centro Financiero Confinanzas, a cancelled economic center that was supposed to symbolize Venezuela's growing economy.[50]

text: The Venezuelan economy shrank 5.8% in the first three months of 2010 compared to the same period of 2009[51] and had the highest inflation rate in Latin America at 30.5%.[51] President Hugo Chávez expressed optimism that Venezuela would emerge from recession,[51] despite the International Monetary Fund forecasts showing that Venezuela would be the only country in the region to remain in recession that year.[52] The IMF qualified the economic recovery of Venezuela as "delayed and weak" in comparison with other countries of the region.[53] Following Chavez's death in early 2013, Venezuela's economy continued to fall into an even greater recession.

text: In 2013, according to the Global Misery Index Venezuela ranked as the top spot globally with the highest misery index score.[54][55] The International Finance Corporation ranked Venezuela one of the lowest countries for doing business with, ranking it 180 of 185 countries for its Doing Business 2013 report with protecting investors and taxes being its worst rankings.[56][57] In early 2013, the bolívar fuerte was devalued due to growing shortages in Venezuela.[58] The shortages included necessities such as toilet paper, milk, and flour.[59] Shortages also affected healthcare in Venezuela, with the University of Caracas Medical Hospital ceasing to perform surgeries due to the lack of supplies in 2014.[60] The Bolivarian government's policies also made it difficult to import drugs and other medical supplies.[61] Due to such complications, many Venezuelans died avoidable deaths with medical professionals having to use limited resources using methods that were replaced decades ago.[62][63]

text: In 2014, Venezuela entered an economic recession having its GDP growth decline to -3.0%.[64] Venezuela was placed at the top of the Global Misery Index for the second year in a row.[65] The Economist said Venezuela was "[p]robably the world’s worst-managed economy".[66] Citibank believed that "the economy has little prospect of improvement" and that the state of the Venezuelan economy was a "disaster".[67] For the Doing Business 2014 report by the International Finance Corporation and The World Bank ranked Venezuela one score lower than the previous year, then 181 out of 185.[68] The Heritage Foundation ranked Venezuela 175th out of 178 countries in economic freedom for 2014, classifying it as a "repressed" economy according to the principles the foundation advocates.[69][70] According to Foreign Policy, Venezuela was ranked last in the world on its Base Yield Index due to low returns that investors receive when investing in Venezuela.[71] In a 2014 report titled Scariest Places on the Business Frontiers by Zurich Financial Services and reported by Bloomberg, Venezuela was ranked as the riskiest emerging market in the world.[72] Many companies such as Toyota, Ford Motor Co., General Motors Company, Air Canada, Air Europa, American Airlines, Copa Airlines, TAME, TAP Airlines, and United Airlines slowed or stopped operation due to the lack of hard currency in the country,[73][74][75][76][77] with Venezuela owing such foreign companies billions of dollars.[78] Venezuela also dismantled CADIVI, a government body in charge of currency exchange. CADIVI was known for holding money from the private sector and was suspected to be corrupt.[79]

text: Venezuela again topped the Global Misery Index according to the World Bank in 2015.[80][81] The IMF predicted in October 2015 an inflation rate of 159% for the year 2015 - the highest rate in Venezuelan history and the highest rate in the world - and predicted the economy would contract by 10%.[21][82] According to leaked documents from the Central Bank of Venezuela, the country ended 2015 with an inflation rate of 270% and a shortage rate of goods over 70%.[83][84]

text: President Maduro reorganized his economic cabinet in 2016 with the group mainly consisting of leftist Venezuelan academics.[85] According to Bank of America's investment division, Merrill Lynch, Maduro's new cabinet was expected to tighten currency and price controls in the country.[85] Alejandro Werner, the head of IMF's Latin American Department, stated that 2015 figures released by the Central Bank of Venezuela were not accurate and that Venezuela's inflation for 2015 was 275%. Other forecast inflation figures by IMF and Bank of America were 720%[86][87]-1,000%[88] in 2016 and 4,500% in 2021.[89] Analysts believed that the Venezuelan government has been manipulating economic statistics, especially since they did not report adequate data since late 2014.[88] According to economist Steve Hanke of Johns Hopkins University, the Central Bank of Venezuela delayed the release of statistics and lied about figures much like the Soviet Union did, with Hanke saying that a lie coefficient had to be used to observe Venezuela's economic data.[90]

text: By 2016, media outlets said that Venezuela was suffering an economic collapse[91][92] with the IMF estimating a 500% inflation rate and 10% contraction in the GDP.[93] On December 3, 2016, monthly inflation exceeded 50 percent for the 30th consecutive day, meaning the Venezuelan economy was officially experiencing hyperinflation, making it the 57th country to be added to the Hanke-Krus World Hyperinflation Table.[94]

text: On August 25, 2017, it was reported that new US sanctions against Venezuela did not ban trading of the country’s existing non-government bonds, with the sanctions instead including restrictions intended to block the government’s ability to fund itself.[95]

text: On January 26, 2018, the government ended the protected, subsidized fixed exchange rate mechanism that was highly overvalued as a result of rampant inflation.[96] The National Assembly (led by the opposition) said inflation in 2017 was over 4,000%, a level other independent economists also agreed with.[22] In February, the government launched an oil backed cryptocurrency called the Petro.[97]

text: Bloomberg's Cafe Con Leche Index calculated the price increase for a cup of coffee to have increased by 718% in the 12 weeks before 18 January 2018. If the rate of increase remains the same, the annualized inflation rate was predicted to reach 448,025%.[98]

text: Sectors[edit]

text: Under the tenures of Hugo Chávez and his successor Nicolás Maduro, many businesses abandoned Venezuela. In 1999, there were 13,000 companies in the country. By 2016, less than a third of companies remained in Venezuela with only 4,000 companies operating in the nation.[99]

text: Petroleum and other resources[edit]

text: Venezuela is a major producer of petroleum products, which remain the keystone of the Venezuelan economy. The International Energy Agency shows how Venezuela's oil production has fallen in the last years, producing only 2,300,000 barrels (370,000 m3) daily, down from 3.5 million in 1998. However, with the recent currency devaluation the oil incomes will double its value in local currency.[100] Venezuela has large energy subsidies. In 2015, the cost of petrol was just US$0.06 per gallon, costing 23% of government revenues.[101] In February 2016, the government finally decided to raise the price, but only to 6 bolivar (about 60¢ at the official rate of exchange) per litre for premium and just 1 bolivar (10¢) for lower-grade petrol.[102][103]

text: A range of other natural resources, including iron ore, coal, bauxite, gold, nickel, and diamonds, are in various stages of development and production. In April 2000, Venezuela's president decreed a new mining law and regulations were adopted to encourage greater private sector participation in mineral extraction. During Venezuela's economic crisis, the rate of gold excavated fell 64.1% between February 2013 and February 2014 and iron production dropped 49.8%.[104]

text: Venezuela mostly utilizes hydropower resources to supply power to the nation's industries, accounting for 57% of total consumption at the end of 2016.[105] However, persistent drought has severely reduced energy production from hydropower resources.[106] The national electricity law is designed to provide a legal framework and to encourage competition and new investment in the sector.[citation needed] After a 2-year delay, the government is proceeding with plans to privatize the various state-owned electricity systems under a different scheme than previously envisioned.[citation needed]

text: Manufacturing[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2010)

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text: Manufacturing contributed 15% of GDP in 2009. The manufacturing sector is experiencing severe difficulties, amidst lack of investment and accusations of mismanagement.[107][108] Venezuela manufactures and exports steel, aluminum, transport equipment, textiles, apparel, beverages, and foodstuffs. It produces cement, tires, paper, fertilizer, and assembles cars both for domestic and export markets.

text: In 2014, General Motors Venezolana stopped automotive production after 65 years of service due to a lack of supplies[109][110] while the Central Bank of Venezuela announced that the shortage rate of new automobiles was at 100%.[111] By the first half of 2016, only 10 vehicles were manufactured per day in Venezuela with production dropping 86%.[112]

text: In 2015, estimates showed that Venezuela's industrial production fell about 8% that year alone.[2]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Agriculture in Venezuela accounts for approximately 3% of GDP, 10% of the labor force, and at least a quarter of Venezuela's land area. Venezuela exports rice, corn, fish, tropical fruit, coffee, beef, and pork. The country is not self-sufficient in most areas of agriculture. Venezuela imports about two-thirds of its food needs. In 2002, U.S. firms exported $347 million worth of agricultural products, including wheat, corn, soybeans, soybean meal, cotton, animal fats, vegetable oils, and other items to make Venezuela one of the top two U.S. markets in South America. The United States supplies more than one-third of Venezuela's food imports. Recent government policies have led to problems with food shortages.[17]

text: Trade[edit]

text: Thanks to petroleum exports, Venezuela usually posts a trade surplus. From 2005, nontraditional (i.e., nonpetroleum) private sector exports have been declining rapidly. By 2015 they constitute 8% of total exports.[113] The United States is Venezuela's leading trade partner. During 2002, the United States exported $4.4 billion in goods to Venezuela, making it the 25th-largest market for the U.S. Including petroleum products, Venezuela exported $15.1 billion in goods to the U.S., making it its 14th-largest source of goods. Venezuela opposes the proposed Free Trade Agreement of the Americas.

text: Since 1998 People's Republic of China-Venezuela relations have seen an increasing partnership between the government of the Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and the People's Republic of China. Sino-Venezuelan trade was less than $500m per year before 1999, and reached $7.5bn in 2009, making China Venezuela's second-largest trade partner,[114] and Venezuela China's biggest investment destination in Latin America. Various bilateral deals have seen China invest billions in Venezuela, and Venezuela increase exports of oil and other resources to China. China has demanded payment in oil for its exports to Venezuela, because of its unwillingness to accept Venezuelan currency, and the inability of Venezuela to pay in dollars or gold.

text: Labor[edit]

text: Under Chávez, Venezuela has also instituted worker-run "co-management" initiatives in which workers' councils play a key role in the management of a plant or factory. In experimental co-managed enterprises, such as the state-owned Alcasa factory, workers develop budgets and elect both managers and departmental delegates who work together with company executives on technical issues related to production.[115]

text: In November 2010, following the expropriation of U.S. bottle-maker Owens-Illinois, workers spent a week protesting outside factories in Valera and Valencia.[116]

text: Labor disputes have continued to increase since the financial crisis in 2008. According to the World Economic Forum, Venezuela is ranked as 134th of the 148 countries for economic competitiveness. Many in the private sector attribute these findings to the inflexible labor market.

text: In recent years, a barrage of pro-worker decrees have been passed. The most significant could be the 2012 labor laws known as the LOTTT. These laws included the virtual ban on dismissal, shorter work week, improved holidays, and enhanced maternity benefits. The LOTTT offers job security to most workers after the first month. Employers have reported an absenteeism rate of up to 40% which they blame on the leniency of these labor laws. As expected, employers have been less willing to recruit.[117]

text: On November 17, 2014, President Maduro issued a decree to increase the minimum salary for all workers by 15%. The decree became effective on December 1, 2014.[118] On April 28, 2015, as part of the May Day celebrations in honor of workers' day, President Maduro announced that the minimum wage would increase 30%; 20% in May and 10% in July, with the newly announced minimum wage for Venezuelans being only about $30 per month at the widely used black market rate.[119]

text: In September 2017, the National Union of Workers (UNETE) announced that Venezuela had lost 3,345,000 jobs since the election of President Maduro.[120] By December 2017, the number of lost jobs increased by 400,000 to over 3,850,000 lost jobs since the start of Maduro's tenure.[121]

text: Infrastructure[edit]

text: In the 20th century when Venezuela benefitted from oil sales, infrastructure flourished in Venezuela.[38] However, in recent years, Venezuela's public services and infrastructure has suffered; especially utilities such as electricity and water.[38][122]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Venezuela has an extensive road system that was initially created in the 1960s helped aid the oil and aluminum industries.[38] The capital Caracas had a modern subway system designed by the French that was finished in 1995, with the subway tunneling more than over 31.6 mi (51 km).[38]

text: In 1870, Antonio Guzmán Blanco helped create Venezuela's railway system.[38]

text: The Chavez government launched a National Railway Development Plan designed to create 15 railway lines across the country, with 8,500 miles (13,700 km) of track by 2030. The network is being built in cooperation with China Railways, which is also cooperating with Venezuela to create factories for tracks, railway cars and eventually locomotives. However, Venezuela's rail project is being put on hold due to Venezuela not being able to pay the $7.5 billion and owing China Railway nearly $500 million.[123]

text: Lufthansa said it would stop all flights to Venezuela on 18 June 2016, citing difficulties with currency controls.[124] Other airlines also cut back on flights and required that passengers pay fares in US dollars.[124]

text: Energy[edit]

text: The Venezuelan electrical grid is plagued with occasional blackouts in various districts of the country. In 2011, it had so many problems that rations on electricity were put in place to help ease blackouts.[122] On September 3, 2013, 70% of the country plunged into darkness with 14 of 23 states of Venezuela stating they did not have electricity for most of the day.[125] Another power outage on December 2, 2013 left most of Venezuela in the dark again and happened just days before elections.[126]

text: Energy statistics[edit]

text:
Electricity – production by source:
fossil fuel: 35.7% (2012 est.)
"hydroelectric" 64.3 (2012 est.)
nuclear: 0% (2012 est.)
other: 0% (2012 est.)

text: Electricity production 127.6 billion kWh (2012 est.)

text: Electricity – consumption: 85.05 billion kWh (2011 est.)

text: Electricity – exports: 633 million kWh (2009 est.)

text: Electricity – imports: 260 million kWh (2009 est.)

text: Electricity - installed generating capacity: 27.5 million kW (2012 est.)

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Economy Data[edit]

text: The Macroeconomic Stabilization Fund (FIEM) decreased from US$2.59 billion in January 2003 to US$700 million in October, but central bank-held international reserves actually increased from US$11.31 billion in January to US$19.67 billion in October 2003.From 2004 to the first half of 2006, non-petroleum On the black market the bolívar fell 28% in 2007 to Bs. 4,750 per US$,[127] and declined to around VEF 5.5 (Bs 5500) per US$ in early 2009.[128]

text: The economy recovered and grew by 16.8% in 2004. This growth occurred across a wide range of sectors - the oil industry directly provides only a small percentage of employment in the country. International reserves grew to US$27 billion (old data, probably circa 2004). Polling firm Datanalysis noted that real income in the poorest sectors of society grew by 33% in 2004.[citation needed]

text: On 7 March 2007 the government announced that the Venezuelan bolívar would be redenominated at a ratio of 1 to 1000 at the beginning of 2008 and renamed the bolívar fuerte ("strong bolivar"), to ease accounting and transactions. This was carried out on 1 January 2008, at which time the exchange rate was 2.15 bolívar fuerte per US$.[129] The ISO 4217 code for the bolívar fuerte is "VEF".

text: Government spending as a percentage of GDP in Venezuela in 2007 was 30%, smaller than other capitalist mixed-economies such as France (49%) and Sweden (52%).[130] According to official sources from the United Nations, the percentage of people below the national poverty line has decreased during the presidency of Hugo Chávez, from 48.1% in 2002 to 28% in 2008.[131][132]

text: With the 2007 rise in oil prices and rising government expenditures, Venezuela's economy grew by 9% in 2007. Oil prices fell starting in July 2008 resulting in a major loss of income. Hit by a global recession, the economy contracted by 2% in the second quarter of 2009,[133] contracting a further 4.5% in the third quarter of 2009. Chavez's response has been that these standards mis-state economic fact and that the economy should be measured by socialistic standards.[134] For 17 November 2009 the Central Bank reported that private sector activity declined by 4.5% and that inflation was averaging 26.7%. Compounding such problems is a drought which the government says was caused by El Niño, resulting in rationing of water and electricity and a short supply of food.[135]

text: The year 2010 promises a Venezuela still in recession as Gross Domestic Product has fallen by 5.8% in the first quarter of 2010.[136] The Central Bank has stated that the recession is due largely "to restricted access to foreign currency for imports, lower internal demand and electricity rationing." The oil sector's performance is also particularly troubling, with oil GDP shrinking by 5%. More importantly the Central Bank hints at the root cause of the oil contraction: "the bank said it was due to falls in production, "operative problems", maintenance stoppages and the channeling of diesel to run thermal generators during a power crisis."[136] While the public sector of the economy has fallen 2.8%, the private sector has dropped off 6%.[136]

text: The year 2013 proved to be difficult for Venezuela as shortages of necessities and extreme inflation attacked the nation's economy. Items became so scarce that nearly one quarter of items were not in stock.[137] The bolívar was devalued to 6.3 per USD in early 2013 taking one third of its value away.[138] However, inflation still continued to rise drastically in the country to the point President Maduro forced stores to sell their items just days before elections. Maduro said that the stores were charging unreasonable prices even though the owners were only charging so much due to the actual devaluation of the bolivar.[139]

text: As the year 2014 began, it was pretty rough as well. The central bank of Venezuela stopped releasing statistics for the first time in its history as a way to possibly manipulate the image of economy.[140] Venezuela has also dismantled CADIVI, a government body in charge of currency exchange.[79]

text: Currency Black Market[edit]

text: The parallel exchange rate (informally known as lechuga verde "green lettuce"[citation needed]) is what Venezuelans believe the Venezuelan currency is worth compared to the United States dollar.[141] In the first few years of Chavez's office, his newly created social programs required large payments in order to make the desired changes. On February 5, 2003, the government created CADIVI, a currency control board charged with handling foreign exchange procedures. Its creation was to control capital flight by placing limits on individuals and only offering them so much of a foreign currency.[142] This limit to foreign currency led to a creation of a currency black market economy since Venezuelan merchants rely on foreign goods that require payments with reliable foreign currencies. As Venezuela printed more money for their social programs, the bolívar continued to devalue for Venezuelan citizens and merchants since the government held the majority of the more reliable currencies.[143]

text: As of January 2018, the strongest official exchange rate was 1 USD to 10 VEF while the free market exchange rate was over 200,000 VEF to 1 USD.[144][82] since the actual value of the bolívar is overvalued for Venezuelan businesses. Since merchants can only receive so much necessary foreign currency from the government, they must resort to the black market which in turn raises the merchant's prices on consumers.[145] The high rates in the black market make it difficult for businesses to purchase necessary goods since the government often forces these businesses to make price cuts. This leads to businesses selling their goods and making a low profit, such as Venezuelan McDonald's franchises offering a Big Mac meal for only $1.[146] Since businesses make low profits, this leads to shortages since they are unable to import the goods that Venezuela is reliant on. Venezuela's largest food producing company, Empresas Polar, has stated that they may need to suspend some production for nearly the entire year of 2014 since they owe foreign suppliers $463 million.[147] The last report of shortages in Venezuela showed that 22.4% of necessary goods are not in stock.[148] This was the last report by the government since the central bank no longer posts the scarcity index. This has led to speculation that the government is hiding its inability to control the economy which may create doubt about future economic data released.[149]

text: Socioeconomic indicators[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2014)

text: Like most Latin American countries, Venezuela has an unequal distribution of wealth. Although distribution improved when the surplus of rural labor started to diminish and the educational system improved in the middle of the 20th century,[150] equality is far from coinciding with western standards. The rich tend to be very rich and the poor very poor. In 1970, the poorest fifth of the population had 3% of national income, while the wealthiest fifth had 54%.[151] For comparison the UK 1973 figures were 6.3% and 38.8%, and the US in 1972, 4.5% and 42.8%.[151]

text: The more recent income distribution data available is for distribution per capita, not per household. The two are not strictly comparable because poor households tend to have more members than rich households; thus, the per household data tends to show less inequality than the per capita data. The table below shows the available per capita data for recent years from the World bank.

text:
Personal Income Distribution

Year
Share of personal income (%) received by:
GINI index

Poorest fifth
2nd fifth
3rd fifth
4th fifth
Wealthiest fifth
Wealthiest 10%

1987
4.7
9.2
14.0
21.5
50.6
34.2
~43.42

1995
4.3
8.8
13.8
21.3
51.8
35.6
46.8

1996
3.7
8.4
13.6
21.2
53.1
37.0
48.8

2000
4.7
9.4
14.5
22.1
45.4
29.9
42.0

2004
3.5
—
12.9
—
54.8
—
45.59

2007
5.1
—
14.2
—
47.7
—
42.37

2010
5.7
—
14.9
—
44.8
—
38.98

2011
5.7
—
15.9
—
44.8
—
39.02

2013
—
—
—
—
—
—
44.8

Note that personal (per capita) income distribution, given in this table, is not exactly comparable with household income distribution, given in the previous table, because poor households tend to have more members.

Sources
1987 data: 1991 World Development Report, Table 30, pp. 262–3.
1995 data: 1998 World Development Report, Table 2.8, p. 70.
1996 data: 2000/2001 World Development Report, Table 5, pp. 282–3.
2000 data: 2006 World Development Indicators, Table 2.8.

All of the above publications are by the World Bank.

2004 data: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, p. 8[152]
2007 data: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, p. 8[152]
2010 data: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, p. 8[152]
2011 data: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, p. 8[152]
2013 data: United Nations Development Programme[153]

text: Poverty in Venezuela increased during the 1980s and early 1990s, but decreased greatly in the mid to late 1990s. The decreasing trend continued through the Chávez presidency, with the exception of the troubled years 2002 and 2003. Under the Bolivarian government, poverty decreased initially when Venezuela acquired oil funds, though poverty began to increase to its highest level in decades in the 2010s.[154]

text: The table below shows the percentage of people, and the percentage of households, whose income is below a poverty line which is equal to the price of a market basket of necessities such as food.[155]

text:
Percentage of people and households with income below national poverty line

Year
1989
-
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013

Households
–
-
48.1
43.9
42.0
40.4
39.0
48.6
55.1
47.0
37.9
30.6
28.5
27.5
26.7
26.9
26.5
21.1
27.3

People
31.3
-
54.5
50.4
48.7
46.3
45.4
55.4
62.1
53.9
43.7
36.3
33.6
32.6
31.8
32.5
31.6
25.4
32.1

Sources
World Bank, 1997 World Development Indicators, p. 52;
Venezuela, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Pobreza por línea de ingreso, 1er semestre 1997 - 2do semestre 2013. Retrieved December 2014.
Note
The Instituto Nacional de Estadística gives these poverty data twice yearly. For brevity we have included only the end of year data. For example, in 2007, household poverty in the first six months was 27.5% (not shown), and in the last six months, 28.5% (shown). The 1989 datum is from the World Bank and, as far as we know, is a whole year average.

text:
Venezuela Economic Indicators (2014)[2]

indicator
%

Real GDP growth
-4.0

Inflation
69.8

Gross national saving: (% of GDP)
22.9

text:
Foreign trade[2]

Leading markets 2013
% of total
Leading suppliers
% of total

United States
39.1
United States
31.7

China
14.3
China
16.8

India
12.0
Brazil
9.1

Netherlands Antilles
7.8
Colombia
4.8

text:
Foreign trade[158]

Major exports
% of total
Major imports
% of total

Oil & gas
90.4
Raw materials and intermediate goods
44.5

Other
9.6
Consumer goods
24.5

Capital goods
31.0

text: Social development[edit]

text: In the early 2000s when oil prices soared and offered Chavez funds not seen since the beginning of Venezuela's economic collapse in the 1980s, Chávez's government became "semi-authoritarian and hyper-populist" and consolidated its power over the economy in order to gain control of large amounts of resources.[38][159] Domestically, Chavez used such oil funds for populist policies, creating the "Bolivarian Missions," aimed at providing public services to improve economic, cultural, and social conditions.[38][160] From 1999—2009, 60% of government revenues focused on social programs[161][better source needed] while social investment went from 8.4% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1988 to 18.8% in 2008.[162][better source needed] Despite warnings near the beginning of Chávez's tenure in the early 2000s,[38] Chávez's government continuously overspent in social spending and did not save enough money for any future economic turmoil, which Venezuela faced shortly before and after his death.[159][163] On the year of Chávez's death, Venezuela was still categorized as having high human development on its Human Development Index in 2013 according to the United Nations Development Programme, although human development began to decline in Venezuela within a year, with the country dropping 10 ranks by 2014.[164]

text: Poverty and hunger[edit]

text: Although poverty initially declined under Chávez, by 2013, Venezuela's poverty rate increased to 28% with extreme poverty rates increasing 44% to 10% according to the Venezuelan government's INE.[165] Estimates of poverty by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and Luis Pedro España, a sociologist at the Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, showed an increase of poverty in Venezuela.[166] ECLAC showed a 2013 poverty rate of 32% while Pedro España calculated a 2015 rate of 48%.[166] The Venezuelan government estimated that 33% were in poverty in the first half of 2015 and then stopped producing statistics.[22] According to Venezuelan NGO PROVEA, by the end of 2015, there would be the same number of Venezuelans living in poverty as there was in 2000, reversing the advancements against poverty by Hugo Chávez.[166] The ENCOVI annual survey by three universities estimated poverty at 48% in 2014, 82% in 2016 and 87% in 2017.[167]

text: In relation to hunger, under-nutrition, undernourishment and the percentage of children under the age of five who are moderately or severely underweight decreased earlier in Chávez's tenure.[168] However, shortages in Venezuela as a result of price control policies left the majority of Venezuelans without adequate products after his death.

text: Since the country's economy collapsed in 2014, hunger and malnutrition have become a severe problem.[169] In 2015, close to 45% of Venezuelans said they were unable to afford food at times. In 2018, this figure rose to 79%, one of the highest rates in the world.[170]

text: According to government figures released in April 2017, 1,446 children under the age of 1 had died in 2016, representing a 30 percent increase in one year.[169] As of August 2017, 31 million people suffered from severe food shortages.[171] The ENCOVI universities survey found that 73% of Venezuelans said they had lost 9 kg (19 lbs) of body weight in 2016[172] and 64% had lost 11 kg (25 lbs) in 2017.[173][167]

text: Education[edit]

text: The total net enrollment ratio in primary education for both sexes increased from 87% in 1999 to 93.9% in 2009.[168] The primary completion rate for both sexes reached 95.1% in 2009, as compared to 80.8% in 1991.[168] The literacy rates of 15- to 24-year-olds in 2007, for men and women, were 98% and 98.8%, respectively.[168] During the Bolivarian diaspora, a large percentage of the millions of Venezuelans who left the country were highly educated, resulting in a brain drain in the country.[174][175]

text: The free government program, Misión Robinson, since starting in 2003, had taught more than 2.3 million people to read and write as of 2012. The program also focused much of its attention on reaching out to geographically isolated and historically excluded members of the population, including indigenous groups and Afro-descendents.[176][better source needed] In 2008, Francisco Rodríguez of Wesleyan University in Connecticut and Daniel Ortega of IESA stated that there was “little evidence” of “statistically distinguishable effect on Venezuelan illiteracy” during the Chávez administration.[177] The Venezuelan government claimed that it had taught 1.5 million Venezuelans to read,[178] but the study found that "only 1.1m were illiterate to begin with" and that the illiteracy reduction of less than 100,000 can be attributed to adults that were elderly and died.[177]

text: Health care[edit]

text: Following the Bolivarian Revolution and the establishment of the Bolivarian government, initial healthcare practices were promising with the installation of free healthcare and the assistance received from Cuban medical professionals providing aid. The Bolivarian government's failure to concentrate on healthcare for Venezuelans, the reduction of healthcare spending and government corruption eventually affected medical practices in Venezuela; causing avoidable deaths along with an emigration of medical professionals to other countries.[62][179]

text: Venezuela's reliance of imported goods and its complicated exchange rates initiated under Hugo Chávez led to increasing shortages during the late-2000s and into the 2010s that affected the availability of medicines and medical equipment in the country.[179] The United Nations reported an increase in the maternal mortality ratio, which increased from 93 per 100,000 in 1990 to 110 per 100,000 in 2013.[180] In 2014 following shortages of many medical and common goods, Venezuelan women have had difficulties accessing contraceptives and were forced to change prescriptions or search several stores and the Internet for their medications.[181] Shortage of antiretroviral medicines to treat HIV/AIDS affected about 50,000 Venezuelans in 2014 as well, potentially causing thousands of Venezuelans with HIV to develop AIDS.[182]

text: Venezuela is also the only country in Latin America where the incidence of malaria is increasing, allegedly due to illegal mining and in 2013, Venezuela registered the highest number of cases of malaria in the past 50 years, with 300 of 100,000 Venezuelans being infected with the disease.[183]

text: Technology[edit]

text: In 1990, the number of Internet users was minimal, but by 2010, 35.63% of Venezuelans were Internet users.[168] In fact, the number of Internet subscribers has increased sixfold.[184] Programs such as the National Technological Literacy Plan, which provides free software and computers to schools, have assisted Venezuela in meeting this goal.[185] However, several experts state that the poor infrastructure in Venezuela had created a poor quality of Internet in Venezuela, which has one of the slowest Internet speeds in the world.[186] The lack of US dollars due to the Venezuelan governments currency controls has also damaged Internet services because technological equipment must be imported into Venezuela.[186]

text: The number of fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants was 7.56 in 1990. The number increased to 24.44 in 2010.[168] In 2000, 2,535,966 Venezuelans had landline telephones. By 2009, this had increased to 6,866,626.[161]

text: The Bolivarian government has also launched an aerospace program in cooperation with the People's Republic of China who built and launched two satellites that are currently in orbit—a communications satellite called Simón Bolívar, and a remote sensing satellite called Miranda. In July 2014 President Maduro announced that a third satellite would be built by Chinese-Venezuelan bilateral cooperation.[187][188]


document_title: Hophni and Phinehas

question_text: who was the father of phineas and hophni who perpetuated much sin

text: Hophni and Phinehas

text: Hophni (Hebrew: חָפְנִי, Modern H̱ofni, Tiberian Ḥop̄nî) and Phinehas or Phineas (Hebrew: פִּינְחָס, Modern Pinẖas, Tiberian Pînəḥās) were the two sons of Eli. The first book of Samuel describes them as the officiating priests at the sanctuary of Shiloh at the time of Hannah. According to Josephus, Phinehas officiated as high priest because Eli had resigned as high priest at Shiloh because of his advanced age.[1]

text: In the biblical narrative, Hophni and Phinehas are criticised for engaging in illicit behaviour, such as appropriating the best portion of sacrifices for themselves, and having sexual relations with the sanctuary's serving women. They are described as "sons of Belial" in (1 Samuel 2:12) KJV, "corrupt" in the New King James Version, or "scoundrels" in the NIV. Their misdeeds provoked the wrath of Yahweh and led to a divine curse being put on the house of Eli, and they subsequently both died on the same day, when Israel was defeated by the Philistines at the Battle of Aphek near Eben-ezer; the news of this defeat then led to Eli's death (1 Samuel 4:17-18). On hearing of the deaths of Eli and Phinehas, and of the capture of the ark, Phinehas' wife gave birth to a son that she named Ichabod, and then she herself died (1 Samuel 4:19-22).

text: In the Talmud, some commentators argue that Phinehas was innocent of the crimes ascribed to him and that Hophni alone committed them, though Jonathan ben Uzziel declares that neither was wicked, and that this part of the biblical narrative, in which the crimes are imputed to them, should be regarded as having a figurative meaning.

text: According to another part of the Books of Samuel,[2] Ichabod had a brother, Ahitub. That he is referred to as Ichabod's brother, rather than as another son of Phinehas, is considered by biblical scholars to suggest that Ichabod, barely mentioned in the Bible, was actually an important figure.[3]


document_title: Steve Wright in the Afternoon

question_text: who does the voices on steve wright's show

question_tokens: who does the voices on steve wright 's show

text: Steve Wright in the Afternoon

text: History[edit]

text: The show originally started on Radio 1 in the 1980s where it ran successfully for a number of years until ending in 1993. Steve Wright then worked on other shows for the network before leaving the BBC for several years. In this period, he worked at Talk Radio, and at GWR presenting a networked weekend show. He finally moved back to the BBC at Radio 2 in 1996. He started as a weekend presenter hosting a Saturday morning show (later taken over by Jonathan Ross) and Sunday morning's Steve Wright's Sunday Love Songs. Steve Wright in the Afternoon was revived in 1999 following a shake-up at Radio 2 and Wright now presents the show every Monday to Friday from 2:00 pm to 5:00 pm. It has built up a huge following[citation needed] and was given its own podcast in 2006 as part of a trial period. This is still available every week with highlights from the show.

text: Team members[edit]

text: The Show follows the zoo format, with Steve Wright as the host, and co-presenters Tim Smith and Janey Lee Grace, as well as input from news and travel presenters on the day. There is also a character called 'The Old Woman'; when she appeared on the show, listeners did not know her identity, but many rumours circulated on the internet as to who she was. On 9 November 2016, Steve Wright confirmed the death of Joyce Frost from Dagenham, aka 'The Old Woman', thereby revealing her true identity.[1] Other spoof characters include 'Barry from Watford' (the octogenarian lifestyle coach - played by the actor Alex Lowe) and 'Elvis', who appears in the feature Ask Elvis.

text: Format[edit]

text: The show begins at 14:00 with the show's main theme. Unlike most shows, it is well established as being a "brand", with its own unique style of presentation, although Steve regularly uses the standard BBC Radio 2 jingles along with jingles unique to the show, written and performed by AJ Music Productions.[2] Guests regularly appear on the show, often to plug a new TV show or movie.

text: When other presenters stand in for Steve Wright in the Afternoon, the stand-in host does "their own thing", rather than replicating the normal show. The show's theme and jingles are not played, and otherwise regular features (such as the factoids) are not used. For example, the most recent stand in Mark Goodier has been known to use an instrumental version of Chic's "Happy Man" as background music, and during the 3–3:30 pm slot he plays six songs, one from each decade from the 1960s onwards, plus two chosen by the listeners, all of which relate to a theme, such as weddings or water. In the past, stand-in presenters have included Mark Radcliffe, Aled Jones, Craig Charles, Liza Tarbuck, Dale Winton, Richard Allinson, Sara Cox, Chris Tarrant and Tony Blackburn. More recently, alongside the aforementioned Mark Goodier, the regular stand-in hosts have been Patrick Kielty, Jo Whiley, Ore Oduba, Gary Davies, Chris Tarrant, Jonathan Ross and Al Murray.

text: Features[edit]

text: Some regular features include;

text:
"Non-Stop Oldies", a mixtape of around six songs submitted by a particular listener, often with sentimental value. Contrary to the segment's name, some of the songs played are not necessarily classified as oldies by the general public, as songs from as late as 2009 have played during the block. The songs are played with almost no breaks from 3:00 to 3:30 pm every day.
Factoids, short items of trivia. This segment spawned two books; Steve Wright's Book of Factoids in 2006 and Steve Wright's Further Factoids in 2009.
"Do You Remember?" (discontinued): Once or twice a week, the team (normally two or three of Steve, Tim Smith, Bobbie Pryor or Janey Lee Grace) reminisced on how things were when they were growing up, often in a humorous fashion. Subjects discussed included TV programmes, cars, household appliances, food, shopping and travel. Listeners also often sent in suggestions to contribute.
Barry from Watford: Approximately once a month, "elderly lifestyle guru" Barry from Watford (actually actor/comedian Alex Lowe) visits Steve and delivers his take on popular culture.
Hands up: Steve asks 2 or 3 questions between his first and second song with a round of applause in the studio such as "Hands up if you are liking the warm weather?".
Guest interviews, usually 2 or 3 per show.
Big Shout-Outs: Listeners send Steve messages via text or email. If the message is sensible and entertaining it may be read out. The likelihood of your message being read on air is greatly increased if a phrase such as "Absolutely loving the Big Show" is included in the message. This feature is particularly enjoyed by bored workmen; spoof messages are often sent on behalf of their colleagues.

tag: ul

text: In mid-2014, Steve introduced a new Friday feature, Serious Jockin' (with no G), where he plays tracks, often disco music and house music, back to back with listeners' texts and emails. He invites listeners to send in their "no G puns", which he reads out on air; for example, "I'm playing my electric guitar; serious rockin'". The music ranges from 1950s to the present day and has an iTunes and BBC Music playlist. Whenever Mark Goodier fills in for Steve, he does a similar feature called "Serious Mixin'" which starts fifteen minutes earlier than Wright's block and is throughout the week instead of just on Fridays.

text: The show is occasionally punctuated by voice impressions of famous people, such as Donald Trump ("This is the bigliest show" / "No fake news!") and Jeremy Vine ("Just another reminder not to miss Eggheads tonight, the best quiz" - in reference to Vine's frequent references to Eggheads - which he presents - at the end of his own radio show, which precedes Wright's). Steve himself often performs impressions of his Radio 2 colleagues - such as Tony Blackburn, Bob Harris and Jools Holland - when publicising their shows.

text: Steve often talks about his disdain for red trousers, which is signalled by a jingle of him shouting the phrase "Red Trousers!" with shock and fear, then screaming as a snippet of the Dragnet theme song plays in the background.

text: When Steve reads a shout-out from listeners who are in France, he often reads the shout-out in an exaggerated French accent with clichéd accordion music playing in the background. When he reads a shout-out from listeners in Spain, he often plays stereotypical Spanish-style fiesta music during the shout-out.


document_title: List of currencies

question_text: starting with r what is the indonesian monetary unit called

text: List of currencies

text:
Numismatics
Currency
Coins
Banknotes
Forgery
List
ISO

Circulating currencies
Africa
The Americas
Europe
Asia
Oceania

Local currencies
Company scrip
LETS
Time dollars

Fictional currenciesProposed currencies
History
Historical currencies
Greek
Roman
China
India
Persian
Tibetan
Thai
Filipino
Malay

Byzantine
Medieval currencies
Production
Mint
Designers
Coining
Milling
Hammering
Cast

Exonumia
Credit cards
Medals
Tokens
Cheques

Notaphily
Banknotes

Scripophily
Stocks
Bonds

Terminology
 Numismatics portalvte

text: For a list of current national currencies, see List of circulating currencies.For a list of alternative currencies, see List of alternative currencies.For a list of digital currencies, see List of digital currencies.For a list of cryptocurrencies, see List of cryptocurrencies.For a list of historical currencies, see List of historical currencies.For a list of fictional currencies, see List of fictional currencies.For a list of currencies with ISO codes, see ISO 4217.

text: A list of all currencies, current and historic. The local name of the currency is used in this list, with the adjectival form of the country or region.

text:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

text: A[edit]

text:
Afghani – Afghanistan
Akşa – Tuva
Angolar – Angola
Argentino – Argentina
Ariary – Madagascar
Austral – Argentina
Auksinas – Lithuania

text: B[edit]

text:
Baht (บาท) – Thailand
Balboa – Panama
Birr – Ethiopia
Bolívar – Venezuela
Boliviano – Bolivia
Budju – Algeria

text: C[edit]

text:
Cedi – Ghana
Chervonets – Russia
Colón
Costa Rican colón – Costa Rica
Salvadoran colón – El Salvador
Continental currency – United States of America
Conventionsthaler – Holy Roman Empire
Córdoba – Nicaragua
Portuguese Cruzado – Portugal
Real – Brazil
Real – Brazil
Cruzeiro Real – Brazil
Cupon – Moldova
Cryptocurrency – Internet based.
Customs gold unit – Republic of China (1912–1949)

text: D[edit]

text:
Dalasi – The Gambia
Daler – Danish West Indies
Dangka
Denar – Macedonia
Denier – France
Dinar (دينار)
Algerian dinar – Algeria
Bahraini dinar – Bahrain
Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar – Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatian dinar – Croatia
Iraqi dinar – Iraq
Jordanian dinar – Jordan, Palestinian territories
Kelantanese dinar – Kelantan
Krajina dinar – Krajina
Kuwaiti dinar – Kuwait
Libyan dinar – Libya
Republika Srpska dinar – Republika Srpska
Serbian dinar – Serbia
South Yemeni dinar – South Yemen
Sudanese dinar – Sudan
Swiss dinar – Iraq
Tunisian dinar – Tunisia
Yugoslav dinar – Yugoslavia
Diner – Andorra (commemorative only)
Dinero – Spain
Dinheiro – Portugal
Dirham (درهم)
Moroccan dirham – Morocco
United Arab Emirates dirham – United Arab Emirates
Dobra – São Tomé and Príncipe
Dollar
Antigua dollar – Antigua
Australian dollar – Australia, Kiribati, Nauru and Tuvalu
Bahamian dollar – Bahamas
Barbadian dollar – Barbados
Belize dollar – Belize
Bermudian dollar – Bermuda
British Columbia dollar – British Columbia
British North Borneo dollar – British North Borneo
British West Indies dollar – British West Indies
Brunei dollar – Brunei
Canadian dollar – Canada
Cayman Islands dollar – Cayman Islands
Continental dollar – Colonial America
Cook Islands dollar – Cook Islands
Dominican dollar – Dominica
East Caribbean dollar – Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Fijian dollar – Fiji
Grenadan dollar – Grenada
Guyanese dollar – Guyana
Hawaiian dollar – Hawaii
Hong Kong dollar – Hong Kong
International dollar – hypothetical currency pegged 1:1 to the United States dollar
Jamaican dollar – Jamaica
Kiautschou dollar – Qingdao
Kiribatian dollar – Kiribati
Liberian dollar – Liberia
Malaya and British Borneo dollar – Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, British North Borneo and Brunei
Malayan dollar – Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore
Mauritian dollar – Mauritius
Mongolian dollar – Mongolia
Namibian dollar – Namibia
Nevisian dollar – Nevis
New Brunswick dollar – New Brunswick
New Zealand dollar – New Zealand, Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, Pitcairn Islands.
Newfoundland dollar – Newfoundland
Nova Scotian dollar – Nova Scotia
Prince Edward Island dollar – Prince Edward Island
Penang dollar – Penang
Puerto Rican dollar – Puerto Rico
Rhodesian dollar – Rhodesia
Saint Kitts dollar – Saint Kitts
Saint Lucia dollar – Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent dollar – Saint Vincent
Sarawak dollar – Sarawak
Sierra Leonean dollar – Sierra Leone
Singapore dollar – Singapore
Solomon Islands dollar – Solomon Islands
Straits dollar – Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore
Sumatran dollar – Sumatra
Surinamese dollar – Suriname
Old Taiwan dollar – Taiwan
New Taiwan dollar – Taiwan
Texan dollar – Republic of Texas
Tobagan dollar – Tobago
Trinidadian dollar – Trinidad
Trinidad and Tobago dollar – Trinidad and Tobago
Tuvaluan dollar – Tuvalu (not an independent currency, equivalent to Australian dollar)
United States dollar – United States
Zimbabwean dollar – Zimbabwe
Đồng
North Vietnamese đồng – North Vietnam
South Vietnamese đồng – South Vietnam
Vietnamese đồng – Vietnam
Drachma (Δραχμή) – Greece
Dram (Դրամ) – Armenia and Republic of Artsakh

text: E[edit]

text: Ekwele (Ekuele) – Equatorial Guinea

text: See also: Scudo (below)

text:
Escudo
Angolan escudo – Angola
Cape Verdean escudo – Cape Verde
Chilean escudo – Chile
Mozambican escudo – Mozambique
Portuguese escudo – Portugal
Portuguese Guinean escudo – Guinea Bissau
Portuguese Indian escudo – Portuguese India
Portuguese Timorese escudo – East Timor
São Tomé and Príncipe escudo – São Tomé and Príncipe
Spanish escudo – Spain
Euro (Eυρώ, Евро) – Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain
Countries that have made legal agreements with the EU to use the euro: Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican City
Countries that unilaterally use the euro: Montenegro, Kosovo
Currencies pegged to the euro: Cape Verdean escudo, CFA franc, CFP franc, Comorian franc, Bulgarian lev, Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark, São Tomé and Príncipe Dobra.

text: F[edit]

text:
Fanam – Madras Presidency
Fiorino – Tuscany
Florin
Aruban florin – Aruba
Austrian florin – Austria
East African florin – Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania and Uganda
Lombardy-Venetia florin – Lombardy-Venetia
Forint – Hungary
Franc
Algerian franc – Algeria
Belgian franc – Belgium
Burundian franc – Burundi
Cambodian franc – Cambodia
Central African CFA franc – Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon
CFP franc – New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna
Comorian franc – Comoros
Congolese franc – Democratic Republic of Congo (replaced in 1967, re-established in 1998)
Djiboutian franc – Djibouti
French franc – France
French Camerounian franc – French Cameroun
French Equatorial African franc – French Equatorial Africa
French Guianan franc – French Guiana
French Polynesian franc – French Polynesia
French West African franc – French West Africa
Geneva franc – Geneva
Guadeloupe franc – Guadeloupe
Guinean franc – Guinea (replaced in 1971, re-established in 1985)
Katangese franc – Katanga
Luxembourgish franc – Luxembourg
Malagasy franc – Madagascar
Malian franc – Mali
Martinique franc – Martinique
Monegasque franc – Monaco
Moroccan franc – Morocco
New Caledonian franc – New Caledonia
New Hebrides franc – New Hebrides
Réunion franc – Réunion
Rwanda and Burundi franc – Rwanda and Burundi
Rwandan franc – Rwanda
Saar franc – Saar
Saint Pierre and Miquelon franc – Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Swiss franc – Switzerland, Liechtenstein
Togolese franc – Togo
Tunisian franc – Tunisia
US occupation franc – France (issued and used by Allied soldiers, never backed by any government)
West African CFA franc – Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo
Vaud franc – Vaud
Franco
Dominican franco – Dominican Republic
Luccan franco – Lucca
Ticino franco – Ticino
Frange – Korçë
Frank
Aargau Frank – Aargau
Appenzell Frank – Appenzell
Basel Frank – Basel
Berne Frank – Berne
Fribourg Frank – Fribourg
Glarus Frank – Glarus
Graubünden Frank – Graubünden
Liechtenstein frank – Liechtenstein
Luzern Frank – Luzern
Schaffhausen Frank – Schaffhausen
Schwyz Frank – Schwyz
Solothurn Frank – Solothurn
St. Gallen Frank – St. Gallen
Thurgau Frank – Thurgau
Unterwalden Frank – Unterwalden
Uri Frank – Uri
Vlorë frank – Vlorë
Westphalian frank – Westphalia
Zürich Frank – Zürich

text: G[edit]

text:
Gazeta (Γαζετα) – Ionian Islands
Genevoise – Geneva
Gineih – Egypt
Gourde – Haiti
Grosz – Kraków
Guaraní – Paraguay
Guilder – British Guiana
Gulden
Austro-Hungarian gulden – Austria-Hungary
Baden Gulden – Baden
Bavarian Gulden – Bavaria
Danzig Gulden – Danzig
Dutch gulden – Netherlands
Fribourg Gulden – Fribourg
Luzern Gulden – Luzern
Netherlands Antillean gulden – Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Indian gulden – Netherlands Indies
Neuchâtel gulden – Neuchâtel
Schwyz Gulden – Schwyz
South German Gulden – Baden, Bavaria, Frankfurt, Hohenzollern, Württemberg and other states
Surinamese gulden – Suriname
West New Guinean gulden – West New Guinea
Württemberg Gulden – Württemberg

text: H[edit]

text:
Hryvnia (Гривня) – Ukraine
Hwan (圜 or 환) – South Korea

text: I[edit]

text:
Inca – Peru
Inti – Peru

text: K[edit]

text:
Karbovanets
Ukrainian karbovanets – Ukraine
Keping
Kelantan keping – Kelantan
Trengganu keping – Trengganu
Kina – Papua New Guinea
Kip – Laos
Kolion – Russia
Konvertibilna marka (Конвертибилна марка) – Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kori – Kutch
Korona – Hungary
Koruna
Bohemian and Moravian koruna – Bohemia and Moravia
Czech koruna – Czech Republic
Czechoslovak koruna – Czechoslovakia
Slovak koruna – Slovakia
Koruuni – Greenland
Króna
Faroese króna – Faroe Islands (not an independent currency, equivalent to Danish krone)
Icelandic króna – Iceland
Krona – Sweden
Krone
Austro-Hungarian krone – Austria
Danish krone – Denmark, Greenland
Liechtenstein krone – Liechtenstein
Norwegian krone – Norway
Yugoslav krone – Yugoslavia
Kronenthaler
Austrian Netherlands kronenthaler – Belgium
Holy Roman Empire Kronenthaler – Holy Roman Empire
Kroon – Estonia
Kuna – Croatia
Kuna – Independent State of Croatia
Kwacha
Malawian kwacha – Malawi
Zambian kwacha – Zambia
Kwanza – Angola
Kyat () – Myanmar

text: L[edit]

text:
Laari – Maldives
Lari (ლარი) – Georgia
Lats – Latvia
Lek – Albania
Lempira – Honduras
Leone – Sierra Leone
Leu
Moldovan leu – Moldova
Romanian leu – Romania
Lev (Лев) – Bulgaria
Libra – Peru
Lilangeni – Swaziland
Lira
Israeli lira (לירה, pound) – Israel
Italian lira – Italy
Italian East African lira – Italian East Africa
Italian Somaliland lira – Italian Somaliland
Lebanese lira (ليرة) – Lebanon
Luccan lira – Lucca
Maltese lira – Malta
Neapolitan lira – Naples (Kingdom of Joachim Murat)
Papal States lira – Papal States
Parman lira – Parma
Sammarinese lira – San Marino
Sardinian lira – Sardinia
Tripolitanian lira (ليرة) – Tripolitania
Turkish lira – Turkey
Turkish new lira – Turkey
Tuscan lira – Tuscany
Vatican lira – Vatican City
Venetian lira – Venice
Litas – Lithuania
Livre
French colonial livre – French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Martinique, Mauritius and Réunion
French livre – France
Guadeloupe livre – Guadeloupe
Jersey livre – Jersey
French livre parisis – France
French livre tournois – France
Haitian livre – Haiti
New France livre – New France
Luxembourgish livre – Luxembourg
Saint Lucia livre – Saint Lucia
Loti – Lesotho

text: M[edit]

text:
Manat
Azerbaijani manat – Azerbaijan
Turkmenistani manat – Turkmenistan
Maneti – Georgia
Maravedí – Spain
Mark
Danzig Mark – Danzig
Estonian mark – Estonia
German Mark – Germany
German Goldmark – Germany
German Papiermark – Germany
German Reichsmark – Germany
German Rentenmark – Germany
German South-West African Mark – German South-West Africa
East German Mark – East Germany
Hamburg Mark – Hamburg
New Guinean Mark – New Guinea
Saar Mark – Saar
Marka
Bosnia and Herzegovina konvertibilna marka (конвертибилна марка) – Bosnia and Herzegovina
Polish marka – Poland
Markka – Finland
Metica – Mozambique (proposed)
Metical – Mozambique
Mohar – Nepal
Mon – Japan
Mun – Korea

text: N[edit]

text:
Nahar – Chechnia (planned and printed but never used)
Naira – Nigeria
Nakfa – Eritrea
New pence – Britain
Ngultrum (དངུལ་ཀྲམ) – Bhutan

text: O[edit]

text:
Obol – Ionian Islands
Ora – Orania, South Africa
Ostmark
Ostmark – Lithuania
East German mark – East Germany (known as the Ostmark, or East mark)
Ostruble – Lithuania
Ouguiya (أوقية) – Mauritania

text: P[edit]

text:
Pa'anga – Tonga
Paisa
Bangladeshi Paisa (পয়সা) – Bangladesh
Indian Paisa (पैसा) – India
Nepalese Paisa (पैसा) – Nepal
Omani Paisa (بيسة) – Oman
Pakistani Paisa (پیسہ) – Pakistan
Pataca
Macanese pataca (澳門圓) – Macau
Maltese pataca – Malta
Portuguese Timorese pataca – Portuguese Timor
Pengő – Hungary
Penning – Sweden
Perper
Serbian perper – Serbia
Montenegrin perper – Montenegro
Perun – Montenegro (proposed)
Peseta
Catalan peseta – Catalunya
Equatorial Guinean peseta – Equatorial Guinea
Peruvian peseta – Peru
Spanish peseta – Spain
Peso
Argentine peso – Argentina
Argentine peso argentino – Argentina
Argentine peso ley – Argentina
Argentine peso moneda corriente – Argentina
Argentine peso moneda nacional – Argentina
Bolivian peso – Bolivia
Chilean peso – Chile
Colombian peso – Colombia
Costa Rican peso – Costa Rica
Cuban convertible peso – Cuba
Cuban peso – Cuba
Dominican peso – Dominican Republic
Ecuadorian peso – Ecuador
Guatemalan peso – Guatemala
Guinea Bissau peso – Guinea Bissau
Honduran peso – Honduras
Japanese government-issued Philippine fiat peso – Philippines
Malvinas Islands peso – Malvinas Islands (Falkland Islands)
Mexican peso – Mexico
Nicaraguan peso – Nicaragua
Paraguayan peso – Paraguay
Philippine peso fuerte – Philippines
Philippine piso – Philippines
Puerto Rican peso – Puerto Rico
Salvadoran peso – El Salvador
Uruguayan peso – Uruguay
Venezuelan peso – Venezuela
Petro — Venezuela
Phoenix – Greece
Piastra
Neapolitan piastra – Mainland part of Two Sicilies
Sicilian piastra – Sicily
Two Sicilies piastra – Two Sicilies
Piastre
Piastre – Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam
Ottoman Turkish piastre – Ottoman Empire
Pitis – Brunei
Pound
Alderney pound – Alderney (commemorative, same as British pound
Anglo-Saxon pound – Anglo-Saxon England
Australian pound – Australia
Bahamian pound – Bahamas
Bermudian pound – Bermuda
Biafran pound – Biafra
British pound (sterling) – United Kingdom, British Indian Ocean Territory (accepted)
British West African pound – Cameroon, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone
Canadian pound – Canada
Connecticut pound – Connecticut
Cypriot pound – Cyprus, Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Delaware pound – Delaware
Egyptian pound – Egypt
Falkland Islands pound – Falkland Islands
Fijian pound – Fiji
Gambian pound – Gambia
Georgia pound – Georgia
Ghanaian pound – Ghana
Gibraltar pound – Gibraltar
Guernsey pound – Guernsey
Irish pound – Ireland
Israeli pound – Israel
Jamaican pound – Jamaica
Jersey pound – Jersey
Libyan pound – Libya
Malawian pound – Malaŵi
Maltese pound – Malta
Manx pound – Isle of Man
Maryland pound – Maryland
Massachusetts pound – Massachusetts
New Brunswick pound – New Brunswick
Newfoundland pound – Newfoundland
New Guinean pound – New Guinea
New Hampshire pound – New Hampshire
New Jersey pound – New Jersey
New York pound – New York
New Zealand pound – New Zealand
Nigerian pound – Nigeria
North Carolina pound – North Carolina
Nova Scotian pound – Nova Scotia
Oceanian pound – Kiribati, Nauru, New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu
Palestine pound – British Mandate of Palestine
Pennsylvania pound – Pennsylvania
Prince Edward Island pound – Prince Edward Island
Rhode Island pound – Rhode Island
Rhodesia and Nyasaland pound – Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Rhodesian pound – Rhodesia
Saint Helena pound – Saint Helena
Pound Scots – Kingdom of Scotland
Solomon Islands pound – Solomon Islands
South African pound – South Africa
South Carolina pound – South Carolina
Southern Rhodesian pound – Southern Rhodesia
Sudanese pound – Sudan
(New) Sudanese pound – Southern Sudan
Syrian pound – Syria
Tongan pound – Tonga
Virginia pound – Virginia
West Indian pound – British West Indies
Western Samoan pound – Samoa
Zambian pound – Zambia
Pula – Botswana

text: Q[edit]

text:
Qiran – Iran
Quetzal – Guatemala

text: R[edit]

text:
Rai stones – Yap
Rand – South Africa
Reaal – Curaçao
Real
Angolan real – Angola
Argentine real – Argentina
Azorean real – Azores
Brazilian real – Brazil
Cape Verde real – Cape Verde
Central American Republic real – Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua
Colombian real – Colombia
Ecuadorian real – Ecuador
Gibraltar real – Gibraltar
Honduran real – Honduras
Mexican real – Mexico
Mozambican real – Mozambique
Paraguayan real – Paraguay
Peruvian real – Peru
Philippine real – Philippines
Portuguese Guinea real – Guinea Bissau
Portuguese real – Portugal (plural réis)
Santo Domingo real – Santo Domingo
Salvadoran real – El Salvador
São Tomé and Príncipe real – São Tomé and Príncipe
Spanish colonial real – Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela
Spanish real – Spain
Venezuelan real – Venezuela
Reichsmark – Germany
Reichsthaler – Germany
Renminbi (人民币 or 人民幣) – China
Rentenmark – Germany
Rial (ريال)
Moroccan rial – Morocco
North Yemeni rial – North Yemen
Omani rial – Oman
Tunisian rial – Tunisia
Yemeni rial – Yemen
Riel – Cambodia
Rigsdaler
Danish West Indies rigsdaler – Danish West Indies
Danish rigsdaler – Denmark
Greenlandic rigsdaler – Greenland
Norwegian rigsdaler – Norway
Riksdaler – Sweden
Rijksdaalder – Netherlands
Ringgit
Malaysian ringgit – Malaysia
Brunei ringgit – Brunei – known in English as the dollar
Rixdollar – Ceylon
Riyal – Iran
Riyal (ريال)
Hejaz riyal – Hejaz
Qatari riyal – Qatar
Saudi riyal – Saudi Arabia
Zanzibari riyal – Zanzibar
Roepiah – Netherlands Indies
Ruble (Рубль)
Armenian ruble – Armenia
Azerbaijani ruble – Azerbaijan
Belarusian ruble – Belarus
Russian ruble – Russia
Tajikistani ruble – Tajikistan
Transcaucasian ruble – Transcaucasia
Transnistrian ruble – Transnistria
Rublis – Latvia
Rufiyah (ދިވެހި ރުފިޔ) – Maldives
Rupee
Afghan rupee – Afghanistan
Bhutanese rupee – Bhutan
Burmese rupee – Burma
Danish Indian rupee – Danish India
East African rupee – Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania and Uganda
French Indian rupee – French India
Gulf rupee – Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and UAE
Hyderabad rupee – Hyderabad
Indian rupee (रुपया,ரூபாய்)) – India
Javan rupee – Java
Mauritian rupee – Mauritius
Nepalese rupee (रुपैयाँ) – Nepal
Pakistani rupee (روپیہ) – Pakistan
Portuguese Indian rupia – Portuguese India
Seychellois rupee – Seychelles
Sri Lankan rupee (රුපියල්, ரூபாய்) – Sri Lanka
Travancore rupee – Travancore
Zanzibari rupee – Zanzibar
Rupiah – Indonesia
Indonesian rupiah – Indonesia
Italian Somaliland rupia – Italian Somaliland
Riau rupiah – Riau
West New Guinea rupiah – West New Guinea
Rupie – Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania
Ryō – Japan

text: S[edit]

text: Schilling – Austria

text: see also: Escudo (above)

text:
Scudo
Bolivian scudo – Bolivia
Lombardy-Venetia scudo – Lombardy-Venetia
Maltese scudo – Malta
Milanese scudo – Milan
Papal States scudo – Papal States
Piedmont scudo – Piedmont and other mainland parts of the Kingdom of Sardinia
Sardinian scudo – Sardinia
Setu (Historically used in Southern India and Sri Lanka)
Shah (Шаг) – Ukraine
Shekel
New Shekel (שקל חדש) – Israel, Gaza Strip, West Bank
Shekel (שקל) – Israel, Gaza Strip, West Bank
Shilling
East African shilling – Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania and Uganda
Kenyan shilling – Kenya
Somali shilling – Somalia
Somaliland shilling – Somaliland
Tanzanian shilling – Tanzania
Ugandan shilling – Uganda
Skender – Korçë
Sol – Peru
Peruvian sol (1863–1985) – Peru
Som
Kyrgyzstani som (Сом) – Kyrgyzstan
Uzbekistani soʻm (Сўм) – Uzbekistan
Somalo – Italian Somaliland
Somoni (Сомонӣ) – Tajikistan
Speciedaler – Norway
Speciethaler – Schleswig-Holstein
Srang – Tibet
Sucre – Ecuador
Syli – Guinea

text: T[edit]

text:
Tael (兩, liǎng) – China
Taka (টাকা) – Bangladesh
Tala – Samoa
Tallero – Eritrea
Talonas – Lithuania
Tangka – Tibet
Tenga
Bukharan tenga – Bukhara
Kokand tenga – Kokand
Khwarazmi tenga – Khwarazm
Tenge (Теңге) – Kazakhstan
Thaler – Germany, Austria, Hungary
Basel Thaler – Basel
Berne Thaler – Berne
Bremen Thaler – Bremen
Danzig Thaler – Danzig
Geneva thaler – Geneva
Hannovarian Thaler – Hannover
Hesse-Kassel Thaler – Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)
Mecklenburg Thaler – Mecklenburg
Prussian Thaler – Prussia
St. Gallen Thaler – St. Gallen
Saxon Thaler – Mecklenburg
Solothurn Thaler – Solothurn
Valais thaler – Valais
Westphalian Thaler – Westphalia
Zürich Thaler – Zürich
Tical – Cambodia
Tögrög (Tөгрөг) – Mongolia
Tolar – Slovenia
Toman (تومان) – Iran
Trade dollar
British trade dollar – Great Britain
Japanese trade dollar – Japan
United States trade dollar – United States of America

text: V[edit]

text:
Vatu – Vanuatu
Venezolano – Venezuela
Vereinsthaler
Hanoverian vereinsthaler – Hannover
Hesse-Kassel vereinsthaler – Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)
Mecklenburg vereinsthaler – Mecklenburg
Prussian vereinsthaler – Prussia
Saxon vereinsthaler – Saxony

text: W[edit]

text:
Wén (文) – China
Won (원,圓)
Korean won – Korea
North Korean won – North Korea
South Korean won – South Korea

text: Y[edit]

text:
Yang (兩) – Korea
Yen (円)
Korean yen – Korea
Japanese military yen – Hong Kong
Japanese yen – Japan
Taiwanese yen – Taiwan
Yuan
Yuan (元, 圆 or 圓) – China
Chinese yuan (元, 圆 or 圓) – China
Chinese renminbi yuan (人民币 or 人民幣) – China
Manchukuo yuan (圓) – Manchukuo
Taiwanese old yuan (Old Taiwan dollar) – Taiwan
Taiwanese new yuan (New Taiwan dollar) – Taiwan

text: Z[edit]

text:
Zaïre – Zaïre
Złoty – Poland
Kraków złoty – Kraków
Polish złoty – Poland


document_title: Giant slalom

question_text: what is the distance of the giant slalom in the olympics

text: Giant slalom

text: Course[edit]

text: The vertical drop for a GS course must be 250–450 m (820–1,480 ft) for men, and 250–400 m (820–1,310 ft) for women. The number of gates in this event is 56–70 for men and 46–58 for women. The number of direction changes in a GS course equals 11–15% of the vertical drop of the course in metres, 13–18% for children. As an example, a course with a vertical drop of 300 m (984 ft) would have 33–45 direction changes for an adult race.[1]

text: Speed[edit]

text: Although not the fastest event in skiing, on average a well-trained racer may reach average speeds of 40 km/h (25 mph) in the giant slalom.

text: Equipment[edit]

text: Giant slalom skis are shorter than super-G and downhill skis, and longer than slalom skis.

text: In an attempt to increase safety for the 2003–04 season, the International Ski Federation (FIS) increased the minimum sidecut radius for giant slalom skis to 21 m (69 ft) and for the first time imposed minimum ski lengths for GS: 185 cm (72.8 in) for men and 180 cm (70.9 in) for women. A maximum stand height (the distance from the snow to the sole of the boot) of 55 mm (2.17 in) was also established for all disciplines.

text: In May 2006, the FIS announced further changes to the rules governing equipment. Beginning with the 2007–08 season, the minimum radius for GS skis was increased to 27 m (89 ft) for men and 23 m (75 ft) for women. Additionally, the minimum ski width at the waist was increased from 60 to 65 mm (2.36 to 2.56 in), and the maximum stand height for all disciplines was reduced to 50 mm (1.97 in).[1] The best skiers tended to use a bigger sidecut radius, like Ted Ligety 29 m (95 ft) and Lindsey Vonn 27 m (89 ft).

text: For the 2012–13 season, the FIS increased the sidecut radius to 35 m (115 ft) and the minimal length to 195 cm (76.8 in). Many athletes criticized this decision. Often David Dodge was cited. Dodge argues that FIS used studies which do not comprise a scientific proof. He states that it is well known that if one tips the ski 7° more the 35 m ski will have the same turning radius as the 28 m ski. He states as well that knee injuries are decreasing since the 1990s, when carving skis started to be used.[2][3][4][5][6]

text: History[edit]

text: The first giant slalom was set in 1935 on the Mottarone in Italy, over the Lake Maggiore, near Stresa, on January 20.[7] After one month, the second giant slalom was set on the Marmolada in Italy's Dolomite mountains, by Guenther Langes.[8]

text: The giant slalom was added to the world championships in 1950 at Aspen, Colorado, and debuted at the Winter Olympics in 1952 at Oslo, Norway, run at Norefjell. The GS has been run in every world championships and Olympics since. Originally a one-run event, a second run was added for men at the world championships in 1966, run on consecutive days, and at the Olympics in 1968. The second run for women was added at the world championships in 1978, and made its Olympic debut in 1980.

text: The world championships changed to a one-day format for the giant slalom in 1974, but the Olympics continued the GS as a two-day event through 1980. Also scheduled for two days in 1984, both giant slaloms became one-day events after repeated postponements of the downhills. Following the extra races added to the program in 1988, the GS has been scheduled as a one-day event at the Olympics.

text: Upon its introduction, giant slalom briefly displaced the combined event at the world championships; it was absent in 1950 and 1952. The combined returned in 1954 in Åre, Sweden, but as a "paper race," using the results of the three events (downhill, giant slalom, and slalom), a format used through 1980. The combined returned as a stand-alone event at the world championships in 1982 at Schladming, Austria, and at the 1988 Calgary Olympics. It was changed to the super-combined format (one run of slalom on same day as downhill) at the world championships in 2007 and the Olympics in 2010.

text: Men's World Cup podiums[edit]

text: In the following table men's giant slalom World Cup podiums from the World Cup first edition in 1967.[9]

text:
Season
1st
2nd
3rd

1967
 Jean-Claude Killy
 Georges Mauduit
 Jimmy Heuga

1968
 Jean-Claude Killy
 Edmund Bruggmann
 Herbert Huber

1969
 Karl Schranz
 Reinhard Tritscher
 Jean-Noel Augert

1970
 Gustav Thöni
 Patrick Russel
 Dumeng Giovanoli

1971
 Gustav Thöni
 Patrick Russel

 Edmund Bruggmann

1972
 Gustav Thöni
 Edmund Bruggmann
 Rogers Rossat-Mignod

1973
 Hans Hinterseer
 Erik Haker
 Adolf Rösti

1974
 Piero Gros
 Hans Hinterseer
 Gustav Thöni

1975
 Ingemar Stenmark
 Piero Gros
 Erik Haker

1976
 Ingemar Stenmark
 Gustav Thöni
 Piero Gros

1977
 Ingemar Stenmark
 Heini Hemmi

 Klaus Heidegger

1978
 Ingemar Stenmark
 Andreas Wenzel
 Phil Mahre

1979
 Ingemar Stenmark
 Peter Lüscher
 Bojan Krizaj

1980
 Ingemar Stenmark
 Hans Enn
 Jacques Lüthy

1981
 Ingemar Stenmark
 Alexander Zhirov
 Phil Mahre

1982
 Phil Mahre
 Ingemar Stenmark
 Marc Girardelli

1983
 Phil Mahre
 Ingemar Stenmark
 Max Julen

1984
 Ingemar Stenmark
 Pirmin Zurbriggen

 Hans Enn

1985
 Marc Girardelli
 Pirmin Zurbriggen
 Thomas Bürgler

1986
 Joel Gaspoz
 Ingemar Stenmark
 Hubert Strolz

1987
 Pirmin Zurbriggen
 Joel Gaspoz

 Richard Pramotton

1988
 Alberto Tomba
 Hubert Strolz
 Helmut Mayer

1989
 Ole-Christian Furuseth
 Pirmin Zurbriggen

 Rudolf Nierlich

1990
 Günther Mader
 Ole-Christian Furuseth

 Hubert Strolz

1991
 Alberto Tomba
 Rudolf Nierlich
 Marc Girardelli

1992
 Alberto Tomba
 Hans Pieren
 Paul Accola

1993
 Kjetil-Andre Aamodt
 Alberto Tomba
 Marc Girardelli

1994
 Christian Mayer
 Kjetil-Andre Aamodt
 Franck Piccard

1995
 Alberto Tomba
 Jure Kosir
 Harald Strand Nilsen

1996
 Michael von Grünigen
 Urs Kälin
 Lasse Kjus

1997
 Michael von Grünigen
 Kjetil-Andre Aamodt
 Hans Knauß

1998
 Hermann Maier
 Michael von Grünigen
 Christian Mayer

1999
 Michael von Grünigen
 Stephan Eberharter
 Hermann Maier

2000
 Hermann Maier
 Christian Mayer
 Michael von Grünigen

2001
 Hermann Maier
 Michael von Grünigen
 Erik Schlopy

2002
 Frederic Covili
 Benjamin Raich
 Stephan Eberharter

2003
 Michael von Grünigen
 Bode Miller
 Hans Knauß

2004
 Bode Miller
 Kalle Palander
 Massimiliano Blardone

2005
 Benjamin Raich
 Bode Miller
 Thomas Grandi

2006
 Benjamin Raich
 Massimiliano Blardone
 Fredrik Nyberg

2007
 Aksel Lund Svindal
 Massimiliano Blardone
 Benjamin Raich

2008
 Ted Ligety
 Benjamin Raich
 Manfred Mölgg

2009
 Didier Cuche
 Benjamin Raich
 Ted Ligety

2010
 Ted Ligety
 Carlo Janka
 Benjamin Raich

2011
 Ted Ligety
 Aksel Lund Svindal
 Cyprien Richard

2012
 Marcel Hirscher
 Ted Ligety
 Massimiliano Blardone

2013
 Ted Ligety
 Marcel Hirscher
 Alexis Pinturault

2014
 Ted Ligety
 Marcel Hirscher
 Alexis Pinturault

2015
 Marcel Hirscher
 Alexis Pinturault
 Ted Ligety

2016
 Marcel Hirscher
 Alexis Pinturault
 Henrik Kristoffersen

2017
 Marcel Hirscher
 Mathieu Faivre
 Alexis Pinturault

text: Men's most podiums in World Cup[edit]

text: Skiers having most podium in FIS Alpine Ski World Cup.[10]

text: Updated to 5 February 2018.

text:
#
Skier
Total
Last

1
 Ingemar Stenmark
72
19-02-1989

2
 Marcel Hirscher
52
28-01-2018

3
 Michael Von Grueningen
46
15-03-2003

4
 Ted Ligety
41
28-01-2018

5
 Benjamin Raich
35
01-03-2015

6
 Alberto Tomba
31
06-01-1998

7
 Hermann Maier
28
23-10-2005

8
 Phil Mahre
26
05-03-1984

9
 Gustavo Thoeni
26
02-01-1977

10
 Alexis Pinturault
26
06-01-2018

11
 Marc Girardelli
26
27-03-1993

12
 Massimiliano Blardone
25
13-02-2016

13
 Bode Miller
21
08-12-2013

14
 Fredrik Nyberg
20
17-03-2006