document_title: Ulysses S. Grant and the American Civil War

question_text: what general won a huge victory at vicksburg

text: American Civil War[edit]

text: Initial commissions[edit]

text: On April 15, 1861, after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to put down secession. Galena was enthusiastic in support of the war and recognized in Grant the one local with broad military experience. Grant helped recruit a company of volunteers in Galena and accompanied it to Springfield, the state capital, where untrained units were assembling in great confusion. Sponsored by his influential Congressman Elihu B. Washburne, Grant was named by the governor, Richard Yates, to train volunteers.[6] He proved efficient and energetic in the training camps but desired a field command. Yates appointed him as a colonel in the Illinois militia and gave him command of the undisciplined and rebellious 21st Illinois Infantry on June 17. He went to Mexico, Missouri, guarding the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad from Confederate attack. On July 31, 1861, President Lincoln appointed him as a brigadier general in the United States Volunteers. On September 1, he was selected by Western Department Commander, Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont, to command the District of Southeast Missouri. He soon established his headquarters at Cairo, Illinois, where the Ohio River joins the Mississippi. His command was soon reorganized and renamed the District of Cairo.[7]

text: Battles of Belmont, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson[edit]

text: Grant’s first Civil War battles occurred while he was in command of the District of Cairo. The Confederate Army, stationed in Columbus under General Leonidas Polk, had violated Kentucky's military neutrality. Immediately, Grant took the initiative and seized Paducah, Kentucky on September 5, 1861. He was ordered by commanding Union Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont just to make demonstrations against the Confederate Army, rather than attack Polk directly. Grant obeyed the order until President Lincoln discharged Frémont from active duty on November 2, 1861. Going on the offensive, Grant took 3,000 Union troops by boat and attacked the Confederate Army commanded by General Gideon J. Pillow positioned at Camp Johnson in Belmont, Missouri on November 7, 1861. Having initially pushed back the Confederate forces from Camp Johnson, Grant's undisciplined volunteers wildly celebrated rather than continuing the fight. Pillow, who was given reinforcements by Polk from Columbus, forced the Union troops to make a hasty retreat.

text: Although the battle was considered inconclusive and futile, Grant and his troops gained the confidence needed to continue on the offensive. More importantly, President Lincoln took notice of Grant's willingness to fight.[8] Grant won approval from Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck to attack Confederate Fort Henry on the Tennessee River. Embarking on Admiral Andrew H. Foote's naval flotilla, the expedition steamed south on February 3, 1862 with two divisions of 15,000 men. During the winter, the river had risen and swamped some of the defenses of Fort Henry. On February 6, 1862, Adm. Foote's Union fleet consisting of ironclads and wooden ships bombarded Fort Henry as Grant's troops began the landing. Before Grant could attack, the fortress surrendered. Two Union naval officers entered the fort on a rowboat to accept the surrender. Although approximately 3,000 Confederates escaped east before the surrender, the fall of Fort Henry opened up the Union war effort in Tennessee and Alabama.

text: After the fall of Fort Henry, Grant moved his army overland 12 miles east to capture Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. Foote's naval fleet arrived on February 14 and immediately started a series of bombardments; however, Fort Donelson's water batteries effectively repulsed the naval fleet. Stealthily, on February 15, Confederate Brig. Gen. John B. Floyd ordered General Pillow to strike at Grant's Union forces encamped around the fort, in order to establish an escape route through to Nashville, Tennessee. Pillow's attack pushed McClernand's corps into a disorganized retreat eastward on the Nashville road. However, the Confederate advance stalled and Grant was able to rally the Union troops to keep the southerners from escaping. The Confederate forces, under General Simon Bolivar Buckner, finally surrendered Fort Donelson on February 16. Grant’s surrender demand to Buckner was popular throughout the Union, “No terms except unconditional and immediate surrender.” The general was colloquially known from then on as "Unconditional Surrender" Grant. President Abraham Lincoln promoted Grant to major general of volunteers.[9]

text: The surrender of Fort Donelson was a tremendous victory for the Union war effort; 12,000 Confederate soldiers had been captured in addition to the bountiful arms inventory of the fort. However, Grant now experienced serious difficulties with his superior in St. Louis, Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck. Some writers believe that Halleck was personally or professionally jealous of Grant.[who?] In any event, Halleck made various criticisms about Grant to Washington, even suggesting that Grant's performance was impaired by drinking. With Washington's support, Halleck told Grant to remain at Fort Henry and give command of the next expedition up the Tennessee River to Charles F. Smith, newly nominated as a major general. Grant asked three times to be relieved from duty under Halleck. However, Halleck soon restored Grant to field command, perhaps in part because Lincoln intervened to inquire into Halleck's dissatisfaction with Grant. Grant soon rejoined his forces, eventually known as the Army of the Tennessee, at Savannah, Tennessee. After the fall of Donelson, Grant became popularly known for smoking cigars, as many as 18–20 a day.[10]

text: Battle of Shiloh[edit]

text: In early March 1862, Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck ordered Grant's Army of the Tennessee to move southward up the Tennessee River to attack Confederate railroads. Halleck then ordered Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's Army of Ohio to concentrate with Grant before implementing a planned attack on Confederate troops concentrated in Corinth, Mississippi. Buell, whose veteran army was only 90 miles east in Columbia, was hesitant in sending reinforcements, claiming "swollen rivers" were hindering progress. Union commanders Grant and then Brig. Gen. William T. Sherman, the informal commander at Pittsburg Landing, mistakenly assumed Confederate troops would not attack the Union Army so there were no entrenchments. On April 6, 1862, the Confederates launched a preemptive full force attack on Grant's troops in the Battle of Shiloh; the objective was to destroy Grant's forces before being reinforced by Buell's army. Over 44,000 Confederate Army of Mississippi troops, led by Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard, vigorously attacked five divisions of Grant’s army bivouacked nine miles north from Savannah, Tennessee, at Pittsburg Landing. Union Col. Everett Peabody, upon his infantry discovering the oncoming Confederate assault, was able to adequately warn the Union Army to form battle lines. Nonetheless, the Confederates were initially able to drive back the Union Army.[11]

text: The Union soldiers left, however, under Brig. Gens. Benjamin Prentiss, W.H.L. Wallace, and James M. Tuttle, bravely withstood determined Confederate assaults in a road pocket known as the "Hornet's Nest" for seven hours before being forced to yield ground towards the Tennessee River. This gave the Union army much needed time to be able to stabilize their line formations and gather reinforcements. Prentiss, himself, was taken prisoner and forced to surrender his division to the Confederates, while Wallace was mortally wounded. Grant, nursing a previous horse fall injury, arrived from Savannah where both he and Sherman rallied the troops and staved off defeat. Although Grant's forces were battered, the Army of the Tennessee held strong compact positions with 50 artillery guns while two federal gunboats fired at the Confederates. After receiving reinforcements from Buell and his own army, Grant had a total of 45,000 troops and launched a counter offensive on April 7. Confederate General Johnston was killed in the battle on the first day of fighting, and the Confederate Army, now under Beauregard, was outnumbered and forced to retreat to Corinth, Mississippi.[12]

text: The 23,746 casualties at Shiloh shocked both the Union and Confederacy, whose combined totals exceeded casualties from all of the United States' previous wars. The Battle of Shiloh led to much criticism of Grant for leaving his army unprepared defensively; he was also falsely accused of being drunk. According to one account, President Lincoln rejected suggestions to dismiss Grant, saying, "I can't spare this man; he fights." After Shiloh, General Halleck took the field personally and gathered a 120,000-man army at Pittsburg Landing, including Grant's Army of the Tennessee, Buell's Army of the Ohio, and John Pope's Army of the Mississippi. Halleck assigned Grant the role of second-in-command, with others in direct command of his divisions. Grant was upset over the situation and might have left his command, but his friend and fellow officer, William T. Sherman, persuaded him to stay in Halleck's Army.[13] After capturing Corinth, Mississippi, the 120,000-man army was disbanded; Halleck was promoted to General in Chief of the Union Army and transferred east to Washington, D.C. Grant resumed immediate command of the Army of the Tennessee and, a year later, captured the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg.[14]

text: Refugee slave contraband[edit]

text: On July 2, 1862, President Lincoln had authorized African American contraband or "fugitive slaves" seeking refuge in the Union Army to be recruited. During the fall of 1862, Grant made efforts to take care of "wagon loads" of black slave refugees in Western Tennessee and Northern Mississippi. On November 13, 1862, Grant placed Chaplain John Eaton of the 27th Ohio Infantry in charge of the refugees. Eaton organized camps and put the refugees to work to bring in the fall corn and cotton crops on deserted plantations. Eaton proved to be a judicious and fair leader of the Union contraband, protecting them from Confederate marauders. The refugees were not paid directly at this time; however, money was allocated and spent on them reasonably for their benefit. Eventually, these African Americans were recruited into the Union Army and paid directly to cut wood to fuel the Union steamers. With the resulting income the Union contraband were able to feed and clothe their families. This would be the beginnings of what would be known as the Freedmens Bureau during Reconstruction. Similar efforts to incorporate African Americans into the Union war effort were made on the Atlantic coast. Many Union political conservatives in Illinois, however, were against and blocked the influx of African Americans into their state. On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the slaves in the states and parts of states in rebellion. Thereafter, the Union recruited both former slaves and other blacks to fight against the Confederacy in new regiments of the Union Army known as the United States Colored Troops.[15]

text: The Battle of Vicksburg[edit]

text: Resolved to take control of the Mississippi River from the Confederacy, President Lincoln and the Union Army and Navy were determined to take the Confederate stronghold Vicksburg in 1862. Lincoln authorized Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand, a war Democrat politician, to recruit troops, the XIII corps, and organize an expedition against Vicksburg. A personal rivalry developed between Grant and McClernand on who would get credit for taking Vicksburg. The Vicksburg campaign started in December 1862 and lasted six months before the Union Army finally took the fortress. The campaign combined many important naval operations, troop maneuvers, failed initiatives, and was divided into two stages. The prize of capturing Vicksburg would ensure either McClernand or Grant's success and would divide the Confederacy into two eastern and western parts. At the opening of the campaign, Grant attempted to capture Vicksburg overland from the Northeast; however, Confederate Generals Nathan B. Forrest and Earl Van Dorn thwarted the Union Army advance by raiding Union supply lines. A related direct assault riverine expedition then failed when Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman was repulsed by the Confederate forces at the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou.[16]

text: In January 1863, McClernand and Sherman's combined XIII and XV corps, the Army of the Mississippi, defeated the Confederates at Arkansas Post. Grant made five attempts to capture Vicksburg by water routes; however, all failed. With the Union impatient for a victory, in March 1863, the second stage to capture Vicksburg began. Grant marched his troops down the west side of the Mississippi River and crossed over at Bruinsburg. Adm. David D. Porter’s navy ships had previously made a run past Vicksburg's batteries on April 16, 1863, enabling Union troops to be transported to the east side of the river. The crossing succeeded due to Grant's elaborate series of demonstrations and diversions that masked his intended movements from the Confederates. After the crossing, Grant maneuvered his army inland, and after a series of battles, the state capital, Jackson, Mississippi, was captured. Confederate general John C. Pemberton was defeated by Grant’s forces at the battles of Champion Hill and of Black River Bridge and retreated to the Vicksburg fortress. After two unsuccessful and costly assaults on Vicksburg, Grant settled in for a 40-day siege. Pemberton, unable to combine forces with the army of Joseph E. Johnson, which was hovering in central Mississippi, finally surrendered Vicksburg on July 4, 1863.[16] The capture of Vicksburg was a turning point for the Union war effort. The surrender of Vicksburg and the defeat of Confederate general Robert E. Lee at Gettysburg were stinging defeats for the Confederacy, now split in two by the Union's domination of the Mississippi River. President Lincoln promoted Grant to the permanent rank of Major General in the Regular Army. Vicksburg marked the second surrender of a Confederate army (the other being Buckner's surrender to Grant the year before). During the Vicksburg siege, Grant dismissed McClernand for publishing to the press a congratulatory order that seemed to claim it was McClernand's corps that was winning the campaign. McClernand appealed the dismissal to his personal friend, President Lincoln, but to no avail. Grant had ended the rivalry on his own terms. The Union army had captured considerable Confederate artillery, small arms, and ammunition. Total casualties, killed or wounded, for the final operation against Vicksburg that started on March 29, 1863 were 10,142 for the Union and 9,091 for the Confederacy.[16]

text: Although the victory at Vicksburg was a tremendous advance in the Union War effort, Grant's reputation did not escape criticism. During the initial campaign in December 1862, Grant became upset and angry over speculators and traders who inundated his department and violated rules about trading cotton in a militarized zone. As a result, Grant issued his notorious General Order No. 11 on December 17, expelling all Jews who he believed were engaged in trade in his department, including their families. When protests erupted from Jews and non-Jews alike, President Lincoln rescinded the order on January 4, 1863; however, the episode tarnished Grant's reputation. In addition, Grant was accused by Maj. Gen. Charles S. Hamilton and William J. Kountz for being a "drunkard" and "gloriously drunk" in February and March, 1863. Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand was alleged to have promoted and secretly spread this rumor in the Union Army. Both McClernand and Hamilton were seeking promotion in the army at the time of these allegations. Cincinnati Commercial editor Murat Halstead railed that, "Our whole Army of the Mississippi is being wasted by a foolish, drunken, stupid Grant". Lincoln sent Charles A. Dana to keep a watchful eye. To save Grant from dismissal, assistant Adjutant General John A. Rawlins, Grant's friend, got him to take a pledge not to touch alcohol.[17]

text: General Order No. 11[edit]

text: During the Vicksburg campaign Grant had received numerous reports from General Sherman and others that "highly visible" Jewish merchants were trading gold for cotton and were routinely violating trade regulations in Grant's war district. When his own father, Jesse Grant, arrived at his headquarters with two prominent Jewish merchants requesting special permits to trade in cotton Grant became angry and ordered his father and his partners to leave on the next train going north.[18] Believing Jewish merchants had used his father and were also playing a large role in the widespread cotton speculation, he issued General Order No. 11 from his Headquarters in Holly Springs, Mississippi, on December 17, 1862. Because of the generalized wording of the order allegations of antisemitism were soon levied at Grant.[19][20] [21] The Order stated in part:

text: The Jews, as a class, violating every regulation of trade established by the Treasury Department, and also Department orders, are hereby expelled from the Department (comprising areas of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky).[22]

text: The New York Times denounced the order as "humiliating" and a "revival of the spirit of the medieval ages." Its editorial column called for the "utter reprobation" of Grant's order.[23] After protest from Jewish leaders, the order was rescinded by President Lincoln on January 3, 1863.[24] Though Grant initially maintained that a staff officer issued it in his name, it was suggested by Gen. James H. Wilson that Grant may have issued the order in order to strike indirectly at the "lot of relatives who were always trying to use him" (for example his father, Jesse Grant, who was in business with Jewish traders), and perhaps struck instead at what he maliciously saw as their counterpart — opportunistic traders who were Jewish.[25] Bertram Korn suggests the order was part of a consistent pattern. "This was not the first discriminatory order [Grant] had signed [...] he was firmly convinced of the Jews' guilt and was eager to use any means of ridding himself of them."[26] During the campaign of 1868, Grant admitted the order was his, but maintained, "It would never have been issued if it had not been telegraphed the moment it were penned, and without reflection."[27] The order, ostensibly in response to illegal cotton smuggling done without Treasury approval, has been described by one modern historian as "the most blatant official episode of anti-Semitism in nineteenth-century American history."[28]

text: Chattanooga[edit]

text: When Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans was defeated at the Chickamauga in September 1863, the Confederates, led by Braxton Bragg, besieged the Union Army of the Cumberland in Chattanooga. In response, President Lincoln put Grant in charge of the new Military Division of the Mississippi to break the siege at Chattanooga, making Grant the commander of all Western Armies. Grant, who immediately relieved Rosecrans from duty, personally went to Chattanooga to take control of the situation, taking 20,000 troops commanded by Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman from the Army of the Tennessee. Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker was ordered to Chattanooga, taking 15,000 troops from the Army of the Potomac. Rations were running severely low for the Cumberland army and supply relief was necessary for a Union counter offensive. When Grant arrived at Chattanooga at the Union camp, he was informed of their plight and implemented a system known as the "Cracker Line,” devised by Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas's chief engineer, William F. "Baldy" Smith. After Union army seized Brown’s Ferry, Hooker's troops and supplies were sent into the city, helping to feed the starving men and animals and to prepare for an assault on the Confederate forces surrounding the city.[29]

text: On November 23, Grant launched his offensive on Missionary Ridge, combining the forces of the Army of the Cumberland, the Army of the Tennessee, and the Army of the Potomac. Maj. Gen. Thomas took a minor high ground known as Orchard Knob while Maj. Gen. Sherman took strategic positions for an attack on Bragg’s right flank on Missionary Ridge. On November 24, in heavy fog, Hooker captured Lookout Mountain and positioned his troops to attack Bragg's left flank at Rossville. On November 25, Grant ordered Thomas’s Army of the Cumberland to make a diversionary attack only to take the “rifle pits” on Missionary Ridge. However, after the soldiers took the rifle pits, they proceeded on their own initiative without orders to make a successful frontal assault straight up Missionary Ridge. Bragg’s army, routed and defeated, was in complete disarray from the frontal assault and forced to retreat to South Chickamauga Creek. Although the valiant frontal assault was successful, Grant was initially upset because he did not give direct orders for the men to take Missionary Ridge; however, he was satisfied with their results. The victory at Missionary Ridge eliminated the last Confederate control of Tennessee and opened the door to an invasion of the Deep South, leading to Sherman's Atlanta Campaign of 1864. Casualties after the battle were 5,824 for the Union and 6,667 for Confederate armies, respectively.[29][30]

text: Promotion to general-in-chief[edit]

text: After the Confederate defeat at Chattanooga, President Lincoln promoted Grant to a special regular army rank, General-in-chief (Lieutenant General), authorized by Congress on March 2, 1864. This rank had previously been awarded two other times, a full rank to George Washington and a Brevet rank to Winfield Scott. President Lincoln was reluctant to award the promotion, until informed that Grant was not seeking to be a candidate in the Presidential Election of 1864. With the new rank, Grant moved his headquarters to the east and installed Maj. Gen. Sherman as Commander of the Western Armies. President Lincoln and Grant met together in Washington and devised "total war" plans that struck at the heart of the Confederacy, including military, railroad, and economic infrastructures.

text: No longer refugees, African Americans were now incorporated into the Union Army as trained soldiers, taking away the Confederacy's labor force. The two primary objectives in the plans were to defeat Robert E. Lee's Army of Virginia and Joseph E. Johnston's Army of Tennessee. They would attack the Confederacy from multiple directions: the Union Army of the Potomac, led by George G. Meade, would attack Lee's Army of Northern Virginia; Benjamin Butler would attack south of Richmond from the James River; Sherman would attack Johnson's army in Georgia; and George Crook and William W. Averell would destroy railroad supply lines in West Virginia. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture Mobile, Alabama. Franz Sigel was to guard the Baltimore and Ohio railroad and advance in the Shenandoah Valley. Grant would command all the Union army forces while in the field with Meade and the Army of the Potomac.[31][32]

text: Fort Pillow Massacre[edit]

text: On April 12, 1864 Confederate forces under Maj. Gen. Nathan B. Forrest captured Union Fort Pillow and slaughtered Union African American troops rather than keep them as prisoners. Union Lt. Gen. Grant retaliated by ordering Union prisoner exchanges canceled until Union black soldiers were treated equally with white soldiers. The Confederate government declined to treat Union black soldiers as equals to white soldiers.[33]

text: Overland Campaign[edit]

text: On May 4, 1864, Grant began a series of battles with Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia known as the Overland Campaign. The first battle between Lee and Grant took place after the Army of the Potomac crossed Rapidan River into an area of secondary growth trees and shrubs known as the Wilderness. Lee was able to use this protective undergrowth to counter Grant's superior troop strength. Union Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock's II corps was able to inflict heavy casualties and drive back the Confederate General A.P. Hill's corps two miles; however, Lee was able to drive back the Union advance with Confederate General James Longstreet's reserves. The difficult, bloody, and costly battles lasted two days, May 5 and 6, resulting in an advantage to neither side. Unlike Union generals who retreated after similar battles with Lee, Grant ignored any setbacks and continued to flank Lee's right moving southward. The tremendous casualties for the Battle of the Wilderness were 17,666 for the Union and 11,125 for the Confederate armies, respectively.[34]

text: Although the Wilderness battle was costly for the Union, Grant decided to move south and continue the fight with Lee. As the Army of the Potomac moved southward from the Wilderness, Grant, on May 8, was forced into yet an even more desperate 14-day battle at Spotsylvania. Anticipating Grant's right flank move, Lee was able to position his army at Spotsylvania Court House before Grant and his army could arrive. The battle started on May 10. Although Lee's Army of Northern Virginia was located in an exposed rough arc known as the "Mule Shoe", his army resisted multiple assaults from Grant's Army of the Potomac for the first six days of the battle. The fiercest fighting in the battle took place on a point known as "Bloody angle". Rifles refused to fire due to the troops gunpowder getting wet from rainy weather and they were forced into a bloody hand-to-hand struggle similar to battles fought in ancient times. Both Confederates and Union soldiers were slaughtered and men were piled on top of each other in their attempt to control the point. By May 21, the fighting had finally stopped; Grant had lost 18,000 men with 3,000 having been killed in the prolonged battle. Many talented Confederate officers were killed in the battle with Lee's Army significantly damaged having a total of 10–13,000 casualties. The popular Union Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick of the VI corps was killed in the battle by a sharpshooter and replaced by Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright. During the fighting at Spotsylvania, Grant stated, "I will fight it on this line if it takes all summer."[35]

text: Finding he could not break Lee's line of defense at Spotsylvania, Grant turned southward and moved to the North Ana River a dozen miles closer to Richmond. An attempt was made by Grant to get Lee to fight out in the open by sending an individual II Corps on the west bank of the Mattatopi River. Rather than take the bait, Lee anticipated a second right flank movement by Grant and retreated to the North Anna River in response to the Union V and VI corps, withdrawing from Spotsylvania. During this time, many Confederate generals, including Lee, were incapacitated due to illness or injury. Lee, stricken with dysentery, was unable to take advantage of an opportunity to seize parts of the Army of the Potomac. After a series of inconclusive minor battles at North Anna on May 23 and 24, the Army of the Potomac withdrew 20 miles southeast to important crossroads at Cold Harbor. From June 1 to 3, Grant and Lee fought each other at Cold Harbor with the heaviest Union casualties on the final day. Grant's ordered assault on June 3 was disastrous and lopsided with 6,000 Union casualties to Lee's 1,500. After twelve days of fighting at Cold Harbor, total casualties were 12,000 for the Union and 2,500 for the Confederacy. On June 11, 1864, Grant's Army of the Potomac broke away completely from Robert E. Lee, and on June 12 secretly crossed the James River on a pontoon bridge and attacked the railroad junction at Petersburg. For a brief time, Robert E. Lee had no idea where the Army of the Potomac was.[36][37]

text: Union opinion[edit]

text: Among northern antiwar elements after the utter Union defeat at Cold Harbor, Grant was castigated as the "Butcher" for having sustained high casualties without a substantial advantage over Robert E. Lee. Grant, himself, who regretted the assault on June 3 at Cold Harbor as a bad mistake on his part, was determined to keep casualties minimal thereafter. Grant's plan was to keep fighting and Lincoln supported him, as did the Republican party apparatus, speakers and newspapers across the North.

text: Without a Union military victory, President Lincoln's presidential Campaign of 1864 against former general and Democratic contender George McClellan might have been at risk. Maj. Gen. Sherman was bogged down chasing Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston into a conclusive battle. Benjamin Butler, who was supposed to attack Confederate railroads south of Richmond, was trapped in the Bermuda Hundred. Sigel had failed to secure the Shenandoah Valley from Confederate invasion and was relieved from duty.

text: The entire Union war effort seemed to be stalling and the Union public was growing increasingly impatient. The Copperheads, an anti-war movement of northern Democrats, advocated legal recognition of the Confederacy, immediate peace talks, and encouraged draft dodging and desertion. The Union war effort was at its weakest point when Grant made a bold gamble to march deeper into Virginia at the risk of leaving the Washington capitol exposed to Confederate attack.[38]

text: Petersburg and Appomattox[edit]

text: Petersburg was the supply center for Northern Virginia with five railroads meeting at one junction. Its capture meant the immediate downfall of Richmond. To protect Richmond and fight Grant at the battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor, Lee was forced to leave Petersburg with minimal troop protection. After crossing the James River, the Army of the Potomac, without any resistance, marched towards Petersburg. After crossing the James, Grant rescued Butler from the Bermuda Hundred and sent the XVIII corps led by Brig. Gen. William F. "Baldy" Smith to capture the weakly protected Petersburg, which was guarded by Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard. Grant established his new headquarters at City Point for the rest of the Civil War. The Union forces quickly attacked and overtook Petersburg's outlying trenches on June 15. However, Smith inexplicably stopped fighting and waited until the following day, June 16, to attack the city, allowing Beauregard to concentrate reinforcements in secondary field works. The second Union attack on Petersburg started on June 16 and lasted until June 18, when Lee's veterans finally arrived to keep the Union army from taking the important railroad junction. Unable to break Lee's Petersburg defenses, Grant had to settle for a siege.[39]

text: Realizing that Washington was left unprotected due to Grant's siege of Petersburg, Lee detached a corps under the command of Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early, hoping it would force the Union army to send forces to pursue him. If Early could capture Washington, the Civil War would not have ended, but the Confederates would have embarrassed the Union and deeply wounded northern morale. Early, with 15,000 seasoned troops, marched north "down" the Shenandoah Valley, defeated Union Major General Lew Wallace at the Monocacy, and following the Battle of Fort Stevens, he reached the outskirts of Washington, causing great alarm. At Lincoln's urging, Grant dispatched the veteran Union VI Corps and parts of the XIX Corps, led by Major General Horatio Wright, to the capital. With the Union XXII Corps manning Washington's fortifications, Early was unable to take the city. The Confederate Army's mere presence close to the capital was still an embarrassment. At Petersburg, Grant blew up a section of Lee's trenches with gunpowder planted inside a huge mine tunnel dug by Pennsylvanian coal miners. The explosion dug a huge crater and opened a big gap in the Confederate line. The Union assault that followed, however, was slow and chaotic, with troops milling around inside the Crater. This allowed Lee to repulse the breakthrough.[40]

text: Despite the setback with the Crater incident and a Congressional investigation that followed, Grant was able to lock in Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia at Petersburg. Grant's Union siege at Petersburg allowed the Union war effort on other fronts to finally bear fruit. Sherman took Atlanta on September 2, 1864 and began his March to the Sea in November. With victories at Atlanta and Mobile Bay, Lincoln was re-elected President and the war effort continued. On October 19, after three battles, Philip Sheridan and the Army of the Shenandoah defeated Early's army. Sheridan and Sherman followed Lincoln and Grant's strategy of total war by destroying the economic infrastructure of the Shenandoah Valley and a large swath of Georgia and the Carolinas. On December 16, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas beat Confederate general John B. Hood at Nashville. Grant continued for months to stretch the Petersburg siege line westward to capture vital railroad lines that supplied Richmond, stretching Lee's defensive works thin.[41]

text: In March 1865, Grant invited Lincoln to visit his headquarters at City Point, Virginia. By coincidence, Sherman (then campaigning in North Carolina) happened to visit City Point at the same time. This allowed for the war's only three-way meeting of Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman, which was memorialized in G.P.A. Healy's famous painting The Peacemakers. Grant continued to apply months of relentless military pressure at Petersburg on the Army of Northern Virginia until Lee was forced to evacuate Richmond in April 1865. After a nine-day retreat, during which Grant expertly maneuvered his armies to block all paths of retreat, Lee surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. Considered his greatest triumph, this was the third time a Confederate Army surrendered to Grant. There, Grant offered generous terms that did much to ease tensions between the armies and preserve some semblance of Southern pride, which was needed to reunite the warring sides. Within a few weeks, the American Civil War was over, though minor actions continued until Kirby Smith surrendered his forces in the Trans-Mississippi Department on June 2, 1865.[41][42]

text: Historical reputation and aftermath[edit]

text: Ulysses S. Grant was a very popular man in the United States after the American Civil War. After President Lincoln was assassinated in April, 1865, Grant became America's first four-star general and would aid Congress, led by the Radicals, in their effort to reconstruct the South. Grant often disagreed with President Andrew Johnson's conservative approach during the Reconstruction Era of the United States. Grant was looked on as a popular national leader who could mend the nations wounds and bring in an era of peace. Grant was able to oust the French out of Mexico as commanding general under Johnson and also able to thwart a Fenian Brotherhood attempted take over of Canada. Grant was also in charge of Indian campaigns on the Western frontier. Elected President twice in 1868 and 1872 Grant's terms in office were filled with federal corruption scandals and sectional violence over the constitutional citizenship rights of African Americans. Grant, as President, supported the efforts of Congress to protect the Civil Rights of African Americans and was able for a few years to legally and militarily defeat the Ku Klux Klan.[43] After Grant retired from the Presidency, he went on an unprecedented World tour visiting Europe, the Mid East, and Asia, returning by ship to San Francisco in June, 1879. In March 1885, with the help of his friends in Congress, President Chester A. Arthur authorized Grant to be reinstated into the U.S. military in order to receive retirement pay. Grant then was reinstated his full rank in the U.S. military by President Grover Cleveland whereupon Grant and his family received much needed full military retirement pay. In 1885, Grant finished his popular and financially successful military memoirs and died after a painful struggle with throat cancer.

text: Toward the end of Grant's life, the mini-religious Lost Cause myth movement in the South, propped up Robert E. Lee as the greatest general during the Civil War and elevated him to a god like status, a view that permeated American society.[1] Grant was viewed as a drunk and butcher who had won only because he waged a brutal war of attrition.[1] Historian Edward H. Bonekemper counters this view and says that Grant was the most successful general of the Civil War, noting that in the West, Grant drove the Confederates out of the Mississippi Valley through a series of battles and campaigns, including Fort Donelson, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga.[44] When Grant was brought back East and put in command of the Union Army, he was able to defeat Lee's Confederate army within a year and effectively brought the war to a close.[44] According to Bonekemper, Grant's Union armies in the West and East that battled Confederate armies, inflicted more casualties, a total of 190,760 Confederate versus 153,643 Union, a difference of 37,118.[45]

text: Even today, many historians, scholars, and even ordinary Americans remember Grant more fondly as "General Grant" than "President Grant".

text: Dates of rank[edit]

text:
Brevet Second Lieutenant, USA - July 1843
Second Lieutenant, USA - September 1845
First Lieutenant, USA - September 1847
Captain, USA - August 1853
Colonel of Volunteers - 17 June 1861
Brigadier General of Volunteers - 31 July 1861 (date of rank 17 May)
Major General of Volunteers - 16 February 1862
Major General, USA - 4 July 1863
General-in-chief(1866~Lieutenant General), USA - 2 March 1864
General of the Army of the United States (General), USA - 25 July 1866

text: List of Presidents served under[edit]

text: Grant served under nine Presidents.

text: Military training and education[edit]

text:
Martin Van Buren (1839-1841) Entered United States Military Academy at West Point as a Cadet May 1839
William Henry Harrison (1841)
John Tyler (1841–1843) Graduated United States Military Academy at West Point 1843

text: Active duty[edit]

text:
John Tyler (1843-1845)
James K. Polk (1845–1849) Mexican-American War
Zachary Taylor (1849–1850)
Millard Fillmore (1850–1853) Fort Vancouver
Franklin Pierce (1853–1854) Fort Humboldt Resignation July 31, 1854
Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865) Civil War
Andrew Johnson (1865–1869) Civil War and Reconstruction

text: List of Union western ranks and commands 1861 to 1863[edit]

text:
Army and Department of the Tennessee Brigadier General - August 1, 1861 to February 14, 1862[47]
District and Army of West Tennessee Major General - February 21, 1862 to October 16, 1862[47]
Department and Army of the Tennessee Major General - October 16, 1862 to October 24, 1863[47]

text: Union vs Confederate casualties estimated[edit]

text: Western Campaigns and Battles of Ulysses S. Grant

text:
Total Union casualties under Grant: 36,688 [48]
Total Confederate casualties: 84,187 [48]

text:
Total Union casualties under Grant: 116,954 [49]
Total Confederate casualties: 106,573 [49]

text: Totals Western and Eastern Campaigns and Battles of Ulysses S. Grant

text:
Total Union casualties under Grant: 153,642 [49]
Total Confederate casualties: 190,760 [49]
Net casualties difference: (37,118) [49]

text: Gallery[edit]


document_title: National Assembly (French Revolution)

question_text: who formed the national assembly in france in 1789 answer

root

text: National Assembly (French Revolution)

text: Background Information[edit]

text: The Estates-General had been called on 4 May 1789 to deal with France's financial crisis, but promptly fell to squabbling over its own structure. Its members had been elected to represent the estates of the realm: the 1st Estate (the clergy), the 2nd Estate (the nobility) and the 3rd Estate (which, in theory, represented all of the commoners and, in practice, represented the bourgeoisie). The Third Estate had been granted "double representation"—that is, twice as many delegates as each of the other estates—but at the opening session on 5 May  1789 they were informed that all voting would be "by power" not "by head", so their double representation was to be meaningless in terms of power. They refused this and proceeded to meet separately.[1][2]

tag: p

text: Shuttle diplomacy among the estates continued without success until 27 May on 28 May  the representatives of the 3rd Estate began to meet on their own,[2] calling themselves the Communes ("Commons") and proceeding with their "verification of powers" independently of the other bodies; from 13 June to 17 June they were gradually joined by some of the nobles and the majority of the clergy and other people such as the peasants. On 13 June this group began to call itself the National Assembly.[citation needed]

text: The Assembly convenes[edit]

text: This newly created assembly immediately attached itself onto the capitalists — the sources of the credit needed to fund the national debt — and to the common people. They consolidated the public debt and declared all existing taxes to have been illegally imposed, but voted in these same taxes provisionally, only as long as the Assembly continued to sit. This restored the confidence of the capitalists and gave them a strong interest in keeping the Assembly in session. As for the common people, the Assembly established a committee of subsistence to deal with food shortages.[2]

text: The King resists[edit]

text: Jacques Necker, finance minister of Louis XVI, had earlier proposed that the king hold a Séance Royale (Royal Session) in an attempt to reconcile the divided Estates. The king agreed; but none of the three orders were formally notified of the decision to hold a Royal Session. All debates were to be put on hold until the séance royale took place.[3]

text: Events soon overtook Necker's complex scheme of giving in to the Communes on some points while holding firm on others. No longer interested in Necker's advice, Louis XVI, under the influence of the courtiers of his privy council, resolved to go in state to the Assembly, annul its decrees, command the separation of the orders, and dictate the reforms to be effected by the restored Estates-General. On 19 June he ordered the Salle des États, the hall where the National Assembly met, closed, and remained at Marly for several days while he prepared his address.[4]

text: Confrontation and recognition[edit]

text: Two days later, deprived of use of the tennis court as well, the National Assembly met in the Church of Saint Louis, where the majority of the representatives of the clergy joined them: efforts to restore the old order had served only to accelerate events. When, on 23 June in accord with his plan, the king finally addressed the representatives of all three estates, he encountered a stony silence. He concluded by ordering all to disperse. The nobles and clergy obeyed; the deputies of the common people remained seated in a silence finally broken by Mirabeau, whose short speech culminated, "A military force surrounds the assembly! Where are the enemies of the nation? Is Catiline at our gates? I demand, investing yourselves with your dignity, with your legislative power, you inclose yourselves within the religion of your oath. It does not permit you to separate till you have formed a constitution." The deputies stood firm.[2]

text: Necker, conspicuous by his absence from the royal party on that day, found himself in disgrace with Louis, but back in the good graces of the National Assembly. Those of the clergy who had joined the Assembly at the church of Saint Louis remained in the Assembly; forty-seven members of the nobility, including the Duke of Orléans, soon joined them; by 27 June the royal party had overtly given in, although the likelihood of a military counter-coup remained in the air. The French military began to arrive in large numbers around Paris and Versailles.

text: In the séance royale of 23 June the King granted a Charte octroyée, a constitution granted of the royal favour, which affirmed, subject to the traditional limitations, the right of separate deliberation for the three orders, which constitutionally formed three chambers. This move failed; soon that part of the deputies of the nobles who still stood apart joined the National Assembly at the request of the king. The Estates-General had ceased to exist, having become the National Assembly (and after 9 July 1789, the National Constituent Assembly), though these bodies consisted of the same deputies elected by the separate orders.

text: Reconstitution[edit]

text: Messages of support poured into the Assembly from Paris and other French cities. On 9 July 1789, the Assembly, reconstituting itself as the National Constituent Assembly, addressed the king in polite but firm terms, requesting the removal of the troops (which now included foreign regiments, who showed far greater obedience to the king than did his French troops), but Louis declared that he alone could judge the need for troops, and assured them that the troops had deployed strictly as a precautionary measure. Louis "offered" to move the assembly to Noyon or Soissons: that is to say, to place it between two armies and deprive it of the support of the Parisian people. Public outrage over this troop presence precipitated the Storming of the Bastille, beginning the Revolution.

text: Notes[edit]

text: This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Jump up ^ The First Revolution Archived 2007-04-27 at the Wayback Machine., Revolution and After: Tragedies and Forces, World Civilizations: An Internet Classroom and Anthology, Washington State University. Accessed online 14 March 2007.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Mignet, Chapter 1

Jump up ^ von Guttner, Darius (2015). The French Revolution. Nelson Cengage. p. 70.

Jump up ^ SparkNotes: the French Revolution (1789–1799): The National Assembly: 1789–1791

tag: ol


document_title: Tariff

question_text: what is the origin of the word tariff

question_tokens: what is the origin of the word tariff

text: Tariff

text: History[edit]

text: Tariffs in United States history[edit]

text: According to Michael Lind, protectionism was America's de facto policy from the passage of the Tariff of 1816 to World War II, "switching to free trade only in 1945, when most of its industrial competitors had been wiped out" by the war.[1] It has been argued that one of the underlying motivations for the American Revolution itself was a desire to industrialize, and reverse the trade deficit with Britain, which had grown by a factor of ten in the space of a few decades, from £67,000 (1721–30) to £739,000 (1761–70).[2]

text: According to Paul Bairoch, since the end of the 18th century, the United States has been "the homeland and bastion of modern protectionism". In fact, the United States never adhered to free trade until 1945. A very protectionist policy was adopted as soon as the presidency of George Washington by Alexander Hamilton, the first US Secretary of the Treasury from 1789 to 1795 and author of the text Report on Manufactures which called for customs barriers to allow American industrial development and to help protect infant industries, including bounties (subsidies) derived in part from those tariffs. This text was one of the references of the German economist Friedrich List (1789–1846). This policy remained throughout the 19th century and the overall level of tariffs was very high (close to 50% in 1830). The victory of the protectionist states of the North over the free trade southern states at the end of the Civil War (1861–1865) perpetuated this trend, even during periods of free trade in Europe (1860–1880).[3]

text: Hamilton explained that despite an initial “increase of price” caused by regulations that control foreign competition, once a “domestic manufacture has attained to perfection… it invariably becomes cheaper.” George Washington signed the Tariff Act of 1789, making it the Republic's second ever piece of legislation. Increasing the domestic supply of manufactured goods, particularly war materials, was seen as an issue of national security. Washington and Hamilton believed that political independence was predicated upon economic independence.[4]

text: In the 19th century, statesmen such as Senator Henry Clay continued Hamilton's themes within the Whig Party under the name "American System." The fledgling Republican Party led by Abraham Lincoln, who called himself a "Henry Clay tariff Whig", strongly opposed free trade, and implemented a 44-percent tariff during the Civil War—in part to pay for railroad subsidies and for the war effort, and to protect favored industries.[5]

text: From 1871 to 1913, “the average U.S. tariff on dutiable imports never fell below 38 percent [and] gross national product (GNP) grew 4.3 percent annually, twice the pace in free trade Britain and well above the U.S. average in the 20th century,” notes Alfred Eckes Jr., chairman of the U.S. International Trade Commission under President Reagan.

text: In 1896, the GOP platform pledged to “renew and emphasize our allegiance to the policy of protection, as the bulwark of American industrial independence, and the foundation of development and prosperity. This true American policy taxes foreign products and encourages home industry. It puts the burden of revenue on foreign goods; it secures the American market for the American producer. It upholds the American standard of wages for the American workingman.”

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The small Spanish town of Tarifa is sometimes credited with being the origin of the word "tariff", since it was the first port in history to charge merchants for the use of its docks.[6] The name "Tarifa" itself is derived from the name of the Berber warrior, Tarif ibn Malik. However, other sources assume that the origin of tariff is the Italian word tariffa translated as "list of prices, book of rates", which is derived from the Arabic ta'rif meaning "making known" or "to define".[7]

text: Customs duty[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A customs duty or due is the indirect tax levied on the import or export of goods in international trade. In economic sense, a duty is also a kind of consumption tax. A duty levied on goods being imported is referred to as an import duty. Similarly, a duty levied on exports is called an export duty. A tariff, which is actually a list of commodities along with the leviable rate (amount) of customs duty, is popularly referred to as a customs duty.

text: Calculation of customs duty[edit]

text: Customs duty is calculated on the determination of the assessable value in case of those items for which the duty is levied ad valorem. This is often the transaction value unless a customs officer determines assessable value in accordance with the Harmonized System. For certain items like petroleum and alcohol, customs duty is realized at a specific rate applied to the volume of the import or export consignments.

text: Harmonized System of Nomenclature[edit]

text: For the purpose of assessment of customs duty, products are given an identification code that has come to be known as the Harmonized System code. This code was developed by the World Customs Organization based in Brussels. A Harmonized System code may be from four to ten digits. For example, 17.03 is the HS code for molasses from the extraction or refining of sugar. However, within 17.03, the number 17.03.90 stands for "Molasses (Excluding Cane Molasses)".

text: Introduction of Harmonized System code in 1990s has largely replaced the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), though SITC remains in use for statistical purposes. In drawing up the national tariff, the revenue departments often specifies the rate of customs duty with reference to the HS code of the product. In some countries and customs unions, 6-digit HS codes are locally extended to 8 digits or 10 digits for further tariff discrimination: for example the European Union uses its 8-digit CN (Combined Nomenclature) and 10-digit TARIC codes.

text: Customs authority[edit]

text: A Customs authority in each country is responsible for collecting taxes on the import into or export of goods out of the country. Normally the Customs authority, operating under national law, is authorized to examine cargo in order to ascertain actual description, specification volume or quantity, so that the assessable value and the rate of duty may be correctly determined and applied.

text: Evasion[edit]

text: Evasion of customs duties takes place mainly in two ways. In one, the trader under-declares the value so that the assessable value is lower than actual. In a similar vein, a trader can evade customs duty by understatement of quantity or volume of the product of trade. A trader may also evade duty by misrepresenting traded goods, categorizing goods as items which attract lower customs duties. The evasion of customs duty may take place with or without the collaboration of customs officials. Evasion of customs duty does not necessarily constitute smuggling.[citation needed]

text: Duty-free goods[edit]

text: Many countries allow a traveler to bring goods into the country duty-free. These goods may be bought at ports and airports or sometimes within one country without attracting the usual government taxes and then brought into another country duty-free. Some countries impose allowances which limit the number or value of duty-free items that one person can bring into the country. These restrictions often apply to tobacco, wine, spirits, cosmetics, gifts and souvenirs. Often foreign diplomats and UN officials are entitled to duty-free goods. Duty-free goods are imported and stocked in what is called a bonded warehouse.

text: Duty calculation for companies in real life[edit]

text: With many methods and regulations, businesses at times struggle to manage the duties. In addition to difficulties in calculations, there are challenges in analyzing duties; and to opt for duty free options like using a bonded warehouse.

text: Companies use ERP software to calculate duties automatically to, on one hand, avoid error-prone manual work on duty regulations and formulas and on the other hand, manage and analyze the historically paid duties. Moreover, ERP software offers an option for customs warehouse, introduced to save duty and VAT payments. In addition, the duty deferment and suspension is also taken into consideration.

text: Economic analysis[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Neoclassical economic theorists tend to view tariffs as distortions to the free market. Typical analyses find that tariffs tend to benefit domestic producers and government at the expense of consumers, and that the net welfare effects of a tariff on the importing country are negative. Normative judgements often follow from these findings, namely that it may be disadvantageous for a country to artificially shield an industry from world markets and that it might be better to allow a collapse to take place. Opposition to all tariff aims to reduce tariffs and to avoid countries discriminating between differing countries when applying tariffs. The diagrams to the right show the costs and benefits of imposing a tariff on a good in the domestic economy.

text:
When incorporating free international trade into the model we use a supply curve denoted as

P

t
a
r
i
f
f

{\displaystyle P_{tariff}}

 (diagram 1) or

P

w

{\displaystyle P_{w}}

 (diagram 2). This curve represents the assumption that the international supply of the good or service is perfectly elastic and that the world can produce at a near infinite quantity of the good. Before the tariff, there is a quantity demanded of Qc1 (diagram 1) or D (diagram 2). The difference between quantity demanded and quantity supplied (between D and S on diagram 2, respectively) was filled by importing from abroad. This is shown on diagram 1 as Quantity of Imports (without tariff). After the imposition of a tariff, domestic price rises, but foreign export prices fall due to the difference in tax incidence on the consumers (at home) and producers (abroad).

text: The new price level at Home is Ptariff or Pt, which is higher than the world price. More of the good is now produced at Home – it now makes Qs2 (diagram 1) or S* (diagram 2) of the good. Due to the higher price, only Qc2 or D* of the good is demanded by Home. The difference between the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded is still filled by importing from abroad. However, the imposition of the tariff reduces the quantity of imports from D − S to D* − S* (diagram 2). This is also shown in diagram 1 as Quantity of Imports (with tariff).

text: Domestic producers enjoy a gain in their surplus. Producer surplus, defined as the difference between what the producers were willing to receive by selling a good and the actual price of the good, expands from the region below Pw to the region below Pt. Therefore, the domestic producers gain an amount shown by the area A.

text: Domestic consumers face a higher price, reducing their welfare. Consumer surplus is the area between the price line and the demand curve. Therefore, the consumer surplus shrinks from the area above Pw to the area above Pt, i.e. it shrinks by the areas A, B, C and D. This includes the gained producer surplus, the deadweight loss, and the tax revenue.

text: The government gains from the taxes. It charges an amount Pt − Pt* of tariff for every good imported. Since D* − S* goods are imported, the government gains an area of C and E. However, there is a deadweight loss of the triangles B and D, or in diagram 1, the triangles labeled Societal Loss. Deadweight loss is also called efficiency loss. This cost is incurred because tariffs reduce the incentives for the society to consume and produce.

text: The net loss to the society due to the tariff would be given by the total costs of the tariff minus its benefits to the society. Therefore, the net welfare loss due to the tariff is equal to:

text: or graphically, this gain is given by the areas shown by:

text: That is, tariffs are beneficial to the society if the area given by the rectangle E is greater than the deadweight loss. Rectangle E is called the terms of trade gain.

text: Political analysis[edit]

text: The tariff has been used as a political tool to establish an independent nation; for example, the United States Tariff Act of 1789, signed specifically on July 4, was called the "Second Declaration of Independence" by newspapers because it was intended to be the economic means to achieve the political goal of a sovereign and independent United States.[8]

text: The political impact of tariffs is judged depending on the political perspective; for example the 2002 United States steel tariff imposed a 30% tariff on a variety of imported steel products for a period of three years and American steel producers supported the tariff.[9]

text: Tariffs can emerge as a political issue prior to an election. In the leadup to the 2007 Australian Federal election, the Australian Labor Party announced it would undertake a review of Australian car tariffs if elected.[10] The Liberal Party made a similar commitment, while independent candidate Nick Xenophon announced his intention to introduce tariff-based legislation as "a matter of urgency".[11]

text: Unpopular tariffs are known to have ignited social unrest, for example the 1905 meat riots in Chile that developed in protest against tariffs applied to the cattle imports from Argentina.[12][13]

text: Within technology strategies[edit]

text: This section contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: When tariffs are an integral element of a country's technology strategy, some economists believe that such tariffs can be highly effective in helping to increase and maintain the country's economic health. Other economists might be less enthusiastic, as tariffs may reduce trade and there may be many spillovers and externalities involved with trade and tariffs. The existence of these externalities makes the imposition of tariffs a rather ambiguous strategy. As an integral part of the technology strategy, tariffs are effective in supporting the technology strategy's function of enabling the country to outmaneuver the competition in the acquisition and utilization of technology in order to produce products and provide services that excel at satisfying the customer needs for a competitive advantage in domestic and foreign markets. The notion that government and policy would be effective at finding new and infant technologies, rather than supporting existing politically motivated industry, rather than, say, international technology venture specialists, is however, unproven.

text: This is related to the infant industry argument.

text: In contrast, in economic theory tariffs are viewed as a primary element in international trade with the function of the tariff being to influence the flow of trade by lowering or raising the price of targeted goods to create what amounts to an artificial competitive advantage. When tariffs are viewed and used in this fashion, they are addressing the country's and the competitors' respective economic healths in terms of maximizing or minimizing revenue flow rather than in terms of the ability to generate and maintain a competitive advantage which is the source of the revenue. As a result, the impact of the tariffs on the economic health of the country are at best minimal but often are counter-productive.

text: A program within the US intelligence community, Project Socrates, that was tasked with addressing America's declining economic competitiveness, determined that countries like China and India were using tariffs as an integral element of their respective technology strategies to rapidly build their countries into economic superpowers. However, the US intelligence community tends to have limited inputs into developing US trade policy. It was also determined that the US, in its early years, had also used tariffs as an integral part of what amounted to technology strategies to transform the country into a superpower.[14]


document_title: Road Accident Fund

question_text: how is the south african government provides support to the road accident fund

text: Road Accident Fund

text: RAF at a glance[edit]

text: 1.1 Organisational Overview[edit]

text: 1.1.1 Mandate[edit]

text: The RAF is a juristic person established by an Act of Parliament, namely, the Road Accident Fund Act, 1996 (Act No. 56 of 1996), as amended (”RAF Act”). It commenced operations on 1 May 1997, assuming at the time, all the rights, obligations, assets and liabilities of the Multilateral Motor Vehicle Accidents Fund. The RAF is responsible for providing compulsory social insurance cover to all users of South African roads; to rehabilitate and compensate persons injured as a result of the negligent driving of motor vehicles in a timely and caring manner; and to actively promote the safe use of all South African roads. Section 3 of the RAF Act stipulates that "the object of the Fund shall be the payment of compensation in accordance with this Act for loss or damage wrongfully caused by the driving of a motor vehicle". The customer base of the RAF, therefore, comprises not only the South African public, but all foreigners within the borders of the country. The RAF provides two types of cover, namely personal insurance cover to accident victims or their families, and indemnity cover to wrongdoers.

text: 1.1.2 Predecessors[edit]

text: Prior to 1997, the system of compulsory motor vehicle accident insurance was governed by the following legislation: • Motor Vehicle Insurance Act, 1942 (Act No. 29 of 1942); • Compulsory Motor Vehicle Insurance Act, 1972 (Act No. 56 of 1972); • Motor Vehicle Accident Act, 1986 (Act No. 84 of 1986); and • Multilateral Motor Vehicle Accidents Fund Act, 1989 (Act No. 93 of 1989).

text: 1.1.3 Governing Structure[edit]

text: The RAF, as established by the RAF Act, is owned by the South African public. It is listed as a national public entity in accordance with schedule 3A of the PFMA. Government’s governance oversight over the RAF includes:

text: • (National Assembly) through the relevant Portfolio Committee and the Standing Committee on Public Accounts (“SCOPA”); The Executive Authority, • Honourable Minister of Transport; and • Board of the RAF.

text: The National Assembly has legislative powers and maintains oversight of the National Executive Authority and the RAF as an organ of State. In addition, Parliament oversees the Executive Authority who is required to provide Parliament with full and regular reports concerning matters under his control. Parliament exercises oversight of the RAF through the Transport Portfolio Committee and through SCOPA. The Portfolio Committee oversees service delivery and performance in accordance with the mandate of the RAF and its corporate strategy. It reviews financial and non-financial information, such as efficiency and effectiveness measures in delivering services against corporate goals. The Minister of Transport is the Executive Authority of the RAF and is concerned with the financial viability and risks of the organisation, as well as policy-making and monitoring of policy implementation to ensure that the RAF effectively delivers on its mandate. The board of directors acts as the Accounting Authority of the RAF and is accountable to the Executive Authority for the performance and affairs of the entity. The RAF’s Board is responsible for determining the overall direction of the RAF, formulating and implementing policies that are necessary to achieve the RAF’s strategic goals, and maintaining good corporate governance.

text: 1.1.5 Principal Activities[edit]

text: The RAF provides compulsory cover to all users of South African roads, both citizens and foreigners, against injuries sustained or death arising from accidents involving motor vehicles within the borders of South Africa. This cover is in the form of indemnity insurance to persons who cause the accident, as well as personal injury and death insurance to victims of motor vehicle accidents and their families.

text: 1.1.6 Economic Role[edit]

text: Road transportation is a critical element supporting and directly contributing to growth in any economy. Road accidents are, unfortunately, a negative consequence of this economic growth, affecting both economically active members of our society and other citizens. Free markets, and in particular the private sector, do not fully address the impact of road accidents on society and the economy. The RAF provides a social security safety net to the country and economy by making available compulsory social insurance cover to all users of South African roads. Contributions to the RAF are done by way of a levy on fuel used for road transportation. The cover extends to all members of society including, but not limited to, the poor, children, legal and illegal immigrants, foreigners, owners and drivers of motor vehicles, as well as their passengers. The social insurance cover, however, does not extend to drivers of motor vehicles that are found to be negligent.

text: 1.1.7 Social Role[edit]

text: The socio-economic role of the RAF is to re-integrate victims of road accidents into society, from a health and economic perspective, and to protect at-fault drivers and their families from financial ruin. This is done by the RAF paying the medical and related services costs required to restore accident victims to health, compensating the victims or their families for income or support lost as a result of the accident, and indemnifying the wrongdoer from liability. In addition, the RAF pays general damages to accident victims as compensation for pain and suffering, loss of amenities of life, disability and disfigurement, as well as funeral costs to families in circumstances where the victim of the accident sustains fatal injuries.

text: 1.1.8 Vision[edit]

text: The vision of the RAF is “to provide the highest standard of care to road accident victims to restore balance in the social system”.

text: 1.1.9 Mission[edit]

text: The mission of the RAF is “to provide appropriate cover to all road users within the borders of South Africa; to rehabilitate persons injured, compensate for injuries or death and indemnify wrongdoers as a result of motor vehicle accidents in a timely, caring and sustainable manner; and to support the safe use of our roads”.

text: 2. Funding[edit]

text: The RAF can obtain its funding from several sources as outlined below:

text: • Fuel levy income; • Government grants, paid by National Treasury when there is a pressing need such as an acute cash shortage; • Borrowings/loans, which are an allowed source of funding according to the RAF Act. This option has not been used to date; and • Investment income, acquired from invested funds that occasionally result when the RAF’s operational capacity prevents it from paying out all its funds.

text: 2.1 RAF Fuel Levy[edit]

text: The primary source of income for the RAF compensation scheme is a levy raised on fuel. The levy is measured in terms of cents per litre on petrol and diesel fuel sold in South Africa and forms part of the general fuel tax regulated by government. The fuel levy per litre is set by National Treasury on a yearly basis, whereas total fuel sales are influenced by a number of macro-economic factors. On an annual basis, the RAF requests National Treasury for an increase in the RAF Fuel Levy, based on a financial model and a calculation of its costs during the coming year. The full extent of the RAF Fuel Levy requested is seldom granted. This is because National Treasury has historically set the levy on the basis of a pay-as-you-go principle rather than with the purpose of establishing a fully funded position for the RAF. During the 2012 financial year the RAF Fuel Levy was set at 80 cents per litre.

text: The RAF is not involved in the collection of its fuel levy. The South African Revenue Service (“SARS”) administers the collection of the fuel levy and pays it to the RAF, in accordance with provisions of the Customs and Excise Act, 1964 (Act No. 91 of 1964) and the RAF Act. The two main variables that determine the income of the RAF are the volume of petrol and diesel sold per annum and the rate of the levy. The RAF Fuel Levy can be viewed as a compulsory contribution to social security benefits which is used only for the specific purposes as provided for in legislation.

text: 2.2 Financial Position[edit]

text: The RAF is affected by general economic conditions and other environmental factors, and by the extent to which it manages its costs effectively.

text: The nexus of all these factors is road activity in South Africa:

text: • The number of vehicles on the road influences the amount of fuel sold, which in turn affects the revenue granted to the RAF by National Treasury. This revenue comprises the fuel levy together with ad hoc government grants and minor income from investments to equal the RAF’s total revenue. • The number of vehicles on the road also influences the number of accidents, although many other factors influence this statistic, particularly the relative severity of accidents. Volume and severity of accidents influence the volume and average value of claims made against the RAF. Claims, combined with the cost of third parties, such as attorneys and medical/legal experts, and the RAF’s administration costs, equal the RAF’s total costs.

text: Locations[edit]

text: Head Office[edit]

text: 2 Eco Glades Office Park, 420 Witch-Hazel Avenue, Centurion, P/Bag X178, Centurion, 0046 Tel: +27 12 621 1600/1622

text: Menlyn Office[edit]

text: Road Accident Fund Building, 38 Ida Street, Menlopark, Pretoria, 0081 P/Bag X2003, Menlyn, 0063 Tel: +27 12 429 5000

text: Pretoria[edit]

text: Road Accident Fund Building, 38 Ida Street, Menlopark, Pretoria, 0081 PO Box 2743, Pretoria, 0001 Tel: +27 12 429 5000

text: Pretoria (Customer Service Centre )[edit]

text: Johannesburg[edit]

text: Marble Towers, 29th Floor, 212 Jeppe Street (Cnr Jeppe & Von Wielligh Street), Johannesburg, 2001 P/Bag X02, Johannesburg, 2000 Tel: +27 11 223 0000

text: East London[edit]

text: Metropolitan Building, 4th Floor, Cnr Drury Lane & Caxton Street, East London, 5200 P/Bag X9000, East London, 5200 Tel: +27 43 702 7800

text: Durban[edit]

text: The Embassy Building, 12th Floor, 199 Anton Lembede Street (previously Smith Street), Durban, 4001 P/Bag X54371, Durban, 4000 Tel: +27 31 565 2800

text: Cape Town[edit]

text: 1 Thibault Square, 7th Floor, Long Street, Cape Town, 8001 PO Box 2443, Cape Town, 8000 Tel: +27 21 408 3300


document_title: The A-List: New York

question_text: a list new york cast where are they now

question_tokens: a list new york cast where are they now

text: The A-List: New York

text: History and description[edit]

text: Frequently described as a Real Housewives-style show, the series followed the lives of six gay and bisexual men in New York City.[1] It was originally announced under the title Kept, but the title was changed in pre-production.[2] The series debuted on October 4, 2010.

text: On January 18, 2011, Logo announced a second season for the series. Season two began airing on July 25, 2011, and consists of 12 one-hour episodes. The entire original cast returned along with one new cast member. The season picked up several months after where the first season left off.[3]

text: The A-List: New York was canceled in June 2012.[4]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Reichen Lehmkuhl: known for winning the 4th season of The Amazing Race with former husband Chip Arndt and for his relationship with singer Lance Bass, Lehmkuhl is a model, author, actor, activist, jewelry designer and former Air Force pilot.
Rodiney Santiago: a model from Brazil, Santiago is, at the beginning of the series, Lehmkuhl's boyfriend. Santiago is bisexual and his relationship with Lehmkuhl is his second with a man.
Mike Ruiz: Ruiz is a film director and fashion photographer whose work has appeared in Interview and Vanity Fair. He had previously appeared on other reality series including America's Next Top Model and RuPaul's Drag Race.
Austin Armacost: a model, Armacost dated designer Marc Jacobs for a short time.
Derek Lloyd Saathoff: a former model turned casting agent.
Ryan Nickulas: hair stylist and owner of Ryan Darius salon.[5]

tag: ul

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Reviews for The A-List: New York have been mixed. The New York Daily News found that the cast could be "tiresome" but held out hope for some quality drama.[6] The A.V. Club was sharply critical, calling the cast "vapid and materialistic" and characterizing the series as being "about stupid people doing stupid things".[7] Entertainment Weekly and Salon.com touched upon the possible cultural significance of the series. EW reflected on the outrage that some in the LGBT community have expressed about the image of gay men the series projects, answering that criticism by noting that other reality series including The Real Housewives franchise are not viewed with the expectation that its participants are representative of the class as a whole.[8] Salon, while suggesting that the series is a source of "constant indignation" to viewers, nonetheless finds The A-List: New York to be "riveting" television and "a surprisingly thought-provoking reminder of how much representations of gay men on TV have changed and how gay identity is turning into a kind of consumer bracket rather than an act of self-expression".[9]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired

1
10
October 4, 2010
December 6, 2010

2
12
July 25, 2011
October 17, 2011

text: Season 1 (2010)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date

1
1
"Codeword Delicious"
October 4, 2010 (2010-10-04)

Reichen prepares for his stage debut in My Big Gay Italian Wedding. His busy schedule prevents him from helping Rodiney find a New York modeling agent so Reichen sends Rodiney to Mike for assistance. Austin begins training with trainer Mario Godiva Green to lose weight in preparation for relaunching his modeling career. He also sets about rekindling his romantic relationship with Reichen. The boys all turn out for Reichen's debut; he is proud of his performance but less pleased with the bad reviews he receives. Mike photographs Kelly Rowland for his "transformation project".[10]

2
2
"Hanging With the Big Boys"
October 11, 2010 (2010-10-11)

Ryan prepares for his 30th birthday party, a benefit for the Ali Forney Center for homeless LGBT youth by getting botox from his dentist. Reichen and Austin go out to dinner and Reichen wonders if it's a date. Rodiney does a photo shoot with Mike, then he and Reichen prepare to move into a new apartment. Derek and Austin spend time together in The Hamptons and Derek finds Austin's manners and his penchant for commenting on Reichen's genitalia appalling. Derek tells Reichen about it and he confronts Austin at Ryan's party.[11]

3
3
"Love Bares All"
October 18, 2010 (2010-10-18)

The guys are shocked to learn that Austin has been keeping his boyfriend of two years a secret and that they are engaged. Ryan decides to make Austin his "project" by serving as a mentor. Reichen unveils the new decor for his and Rodiney's apartment to general disapproval. Rodiney meets with a potential agent but is too short. Derek visits a "millionaire matchmaker" who sets him up with someone he'd already dated. At Carnival, a weekly party hosted by Amanda Lepore, Derek gets drunk and meets a man while Rodiney is upset by Reichen's drinking and flirtations with other guys. At home Rodiney confronts Reichen about his attitude, leading Reichen to say he doesn't like coming home to the situation anymore.[12]

4
4
"A Hot Messy Pride"
October 25, 2010 (2010-10-25)

Derek and new assistant Gina meet with a party planner to put together Derek's gay pride party. He meets Roberto, the man he met at Carnival, for a date and invites him to the party but Roberto doesn't show. Reichen and Rodiney meet Derek and Ryan for a spa day and discuss their relationship issues. The couple later meet with a counselor who tries to help them sort things out. Ryan takes Austin to a stylist friend and arranges a photo shoot for him but is appalled when Austin poses nude. Austin and Jake discuss meeting with an immigration lawyer they contacted through Ryan but don't make the meeting, with Austin claiming to Ryan that he and Jake got into a fistfight the night before. Mike does a photo shoot to benefit cancer patients. His dad Tony flies in for Pride and they reflect on their relationship. Ryan tells Derek that Austin is out of his life. When Austin shows up at Derek's party, he, Ryan, Derek and TJ have an altercation.[13]

5
5
"All Fired Up"
November 1, 2010 (2010-11-01)

Derek and TJ reflect on the blowup with Austin and make plans to spend July 4 weekend Fire Island Pines, New York. Reichen and Rodiney rehash their therapy session and, to contribute financially to the relationship, Rodiney plans a calendar. Derek has lip injections to prepare for an impromptu drag party. Mike and Ryan exchange colonic stories. Reichen's half-sister visits and they discuss whether she should come out to her parents. Reichen learns that he's being dropped from the play. He meets up with Austin and invites him to Fire Island for the holiday. On the Island, Austin's antics lead to another clash with Derek and TJ.[14]

6
6
"Texting and Tears"
November 8, 2010 (2010-11-08)

Reichen decides to hold a model search for a "co-pilot" to represent his jewelry line. Mike, Derek and TJ will serve as judges. Ryan and Rodiney go shopping and Rodiney tearfully confesses that he searched Raichen's phone and discovered texts that he believes prove Reichen cheated on him. Rodiney later tells Mike that he sent texts to Reichen's friend pretending to be Reichen. Derek and Roberto go out to dinner and Derek invites him to meet his mother. Derek, his mother Lisa and TJ go on a Hudson River cruise out of Chelsea Piers but Roberto stands Derek up with a one-word text, "Sorry". Rodiney and Reichen argue and break up, with Rodiney returning to Miami, possibly permanently.[15]

7
7
"Going Down in Flames"
November 15, 2010 (2010-11-15)

Rodiney books a job in Miami but his agent Julian tells him that it is not a good time to move back permanently. Austin brings champagne to Reichen's place. They discuss Reichen's living arrangements and Austin suggests that Reichen should stay single for a while. Derek, Ryan and TJ plan a trip to Maine with Reichen and they are horrified that Reichen wants Austin along. Derek and TJ decide to make up with Austin to make Reichen happy. Later they meet Austin for drinks and Austin apologizes for his behaviour. The group meets Reichen following his last performance and Rodiney shows up unexpectedly. Everyone but Mike meets for dinner. Reichen and Rodiney announce their reconciliation and Austin expresses shock and disbelief. He and Rodiney argue and the altercation turns physical.[16]

8
8
"Mainetervention"
November 22, 2010 (2010-11-22)

Reichen tries to manage the guys when they in various combinations refuse to go to Maine depending on whether Rodiney or Austin goes. Finally the various factions agree that they will all go. At Lake Pennesseewassee, Reichen confesses to Austin that he's lost the "boyfriend feeling" for Rodiney. Austin agrees to back off to let Reichen decide what to do about his relationship. Rodiney and Austin apologize to each other but the apologies turn into an argument and Reichen wonders aloud if he should have broken up with Rodiney earlier. Ryan discusses his marriage and Austin bursts into tears, apologizing profusely for coming between Rodiney and Reichen. Reichen privately tells Rodiney that he is tired of the stress of their relationship. Mike does not go to Maine as he has a fundraiser for The Trevor Project with Vanessa Williams being honored.[17]

9
9
"To the Sky"
November 29, 2010 (2010-11-29)

Mike prepares for his first solo show at the Leslie/Lohman Gallery. He has photographs taken of himself as various Tom of Finland characters for inclusion in the show. Ryan tells TJ that he has an appointment with a surrogacy counselor in hopes of having a child. Austin tells Derek that he is going back to England and may not return. Reichen records a single, "To the Sky", based on a letter he received from a gay Air Force pilot, in support of repealing Don't ask, don't tell. He performs the song live at a party he and Rodiney host. Everyone praises his performance to his face, but Reichen overhears Austin trashing him behind his back. Reichen confronts Austin, who tells him he should break up with Rodiney. Reichen apologizes to Rodiney for not believing him about Austin.[18]

10
10
"Reunion"
December 6, 2010 (2010-12-06)

Moderator Wendy Williams introduces retrospective clips for each of the A-Listers and they field questions from viewers. Reichen and Rodiney confirm that they are still together and have gotten past their problems. Austin calls Rodiney a "prostitute", saying he sleeps with Reichen so Reichen will pay the bills. TJ reveals he has had crushes on most of the panel. Austin and Jake shock everyone by announcing that they were married in England in July.[19]

text: Season 2 (2011)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date

1
11
"Dirty Exposure"
July 25, 2011 (2011-07-25)

Reichen's online scandal generates gossip about his relationship with Rodiney. Austin and his husband Jake return to New York. Austin has an offer to appear on the cover of Playgirl magazine but Derek and Ryan wonder if he is in proper shape. Rodiney moves into his own apartment. TJ confides to Derek that he fears his friendship with Ryan is in trouble. Mike and Martin meet Nyasha, a budding recording artist who also owns a hair extension and wig company. Mike invites her to the launch of his t-shirt line, where she meets the rest of the group. Reichen and Rodiney like her but the rest are not impressed. At the after-party, Rodiney and Austin rehash last year's arguments. It turns physical and Austin inadvertently hits Nyasha. They meet later and he apologizes, but Nyasha dismisses him as a child and a bully.[20]

2
12
"Porn and Prejudice"
August 1, 2011 (2011-08-01)

Rodiney considers taking out a temporary restraining order against Austin but after meeting with the group decides not to. Ryan worries that he's "too gay" and that it's affecting his business opportunities but Mike assures him there is no such thing as "too gay". Reichen confronts Austin about Austin's behaviour while under the influence of alcohol. Ryan fires TJ as his assistant in hopes of salvaging their friendship. He also helps Nyasha audition back-up dancers for her new music video. Austin does a test photo shoot for Playgirl which includes full-frontal nudity and being "fluffed" to achieve an erection. His husband Jake is displeased to hear of this.[21]

3
13
"Bestie Break-up"
August 8, 2011 (2011-08-08)

Derek's potential boyfriend Duncan arrives in town but on a dinner date Derek loses all interest because of Duncan's boorish manners. He later tells his assistant Gina that Austin and Jake came into the restaurant and became fast friends with Duncan. Reichen invites TJ to go with him to Hawaii for a gay event Reichen is hosting. Austin throws a cocktail party to show he can handle his liquor. Derek refuses to attend because Duncan is invited. The next day Derek tells Ryan that he is ending his friendship with Austin because of the betrayal.[22]

4
14
"Unholy Alliances"
August 15, 2011 (2011-08-15)

Derek tries to mend fences with Rodiney and Nyasha after his fallout with Austin. Reichen and TJ travel to Hawaii, where Reichen tries to connect with Mike Manning from The Real World: Washington D.C.. Ryan advises Austin that he should back off of Derek. Rodiney goes on a date with a woman named Liza, who is surprised when he tells her he's bisexual. Derek performs in a "boylesque" number to promote his new spray tan line.[23]

5
15
"Cattiness on the Catwalk"
August 22, 2011 (2011-08-22)

Rodiney consults a speech coach to try to improve his English. Later he travels to California to shoot a calendar with Mike. Mike is honored for his work on behalf of LGBT homeless youth. Austin pursues his Playgirl opportunity but keeps it from Jake. Reichen and Nyasha get to know each other but Nyasha takes offense at Reichen's advice. Nyasha expresses her attraction to Rodiney but he does not share her feelings. Ryan arranges for the guys and Nyasha to walk in a fashion show for a friend; Derek and Nyasha snipe at Austin backstage but the event goes off.[24]

6
16
"Wig Parties and Threesomes"
August 29, 2011 (2011-08-29)

Nyasha stresses over hiring models for her hair company's launch party. Mike does a photo shoot with Kathy Griffin in Los Angeles. Later he and Martin babysit a friend's children and Martin misses his own children from a previous relationship. Austin and Jake plan to renew their vows but while on a double date with Reichen and a friend of Austin's, Austin's flirting with Reichen leads to an argument with Jake. Nyasha's hair party is a success but a fight with Rodiney leads her to leave her own after-party.[25]

7
17
"Hamptons Hellraising"
September 12, 2011 (2011-09-12)

Several of the guys and Nyasha have a "day of beauty" (meaning botox injections) in anticipation of a function in The Hamptons for the charity God's Love We Deliver. Jake meets with Derek in hopes of convincing him to smooth things over with Austin. Reichen meets with branding consultants to develop a fragrance line which he plans to call "Reichen". After talking it over with Mike, Austin decides not to appear in Playgirl. Rodiney poses for the cover of Instinct magazine and later undergoes a hair transplant to address his receding hairline. At the charity event a tearful Austin begs Derek for forgiveness but Derek refuses him.[26]

8
18
"Lies, Hypocrisy and Marriage Equality"
September 19, 2011 (2011-09-19)

In the days leading up to marriage equality in New York, Jake and Austin look for a venue for their vow renewal while the group trades rumors about their alleged infidelities and physically abusive relationship. Nyasha signs up for an Internet dating site but while on a date with a man she met offline she confides her discomfort with the idea. Reichen informs his mother about his Internet scandal and later throws himself a "half-birthday" party; the group is shocked when Rodiney brings Liza. Mike directs a music video for recording artist Brian Kent and Rodiney appears as an extra. Austin and Derek rehash their relationship again and Derek indicates that he's open to a reconciliation.[27]

9
19
"Tense-sexual Party"
September 26, 2011 (2011-09-26)

Austin and Jake continue to plan their bachelor party in Atlantic City but the group goes back and forth on whether to go, even though they will be in town for Nyasha's live singing debut. Derek looks for retail space for his tanning business and plans a launch party for his line. Mike does a photo shoot with Jessie J and later attends a promotional party for his and Rodiney's calendar. In the run-up to Derek's launch party Austin and Nyasha try to work out their issues but the meeting devolves into a screaming match. This leads Austin to decide not to attend Derek's event. Derek takes this as another betrayal and he, Ryan, Reichen, Rodiney and Nyasha all pledge not to attend Jake and Austin's party.[28]

10
20
"Ultimate Betrayal at the Boardwalk"
October 3, 2011 (2011-10-03)

Mike proposes marriage to Martin, and Martin accepts. Reichen, Rodiney, Ryan and Derek take a spa day in Atlantic City before Nyasha's show. They decide that Reichen and Rodiney will confront Austin about the infidelity rumors. Jake, Austin and two friends arrive in Atlantic City for Jake and Austin's bachelor party. When Reichen and Rodiney confront Austin, he bursts into tears; Reichen and Rodiney say they won't support the relationship but they will support Austin. Nyasha performs her single. Austin and Jake argue about their relationship, culminating in a renewed commitment to each other and the decision to cut the others out of their lives. After finding pictures of the bachelor party online, the others reach the same decision about them.[29]

11
21
"Reunion Part I"
October 10, 2011 (2011-10-10)

Wendy Williams moderates a discussion among the A-Listers. Subjects include Mike's strategy for staying out of the drama, Austin's ongoing conflicts with Nyasha and Derek, whether or not Ryan is "two-faced" and a light-hearted look at Rodiney's "battle" with the English language.[30]

12
22
"Reunion Part II"
October 17, 2011 (2011-10-17)

Wendy Williams moderates the second half of the reunion.[31]

text: DVD release[edit]

text:
Season
Release date
Episodes
Special features
Discs

1
August 17, 2011[32]
10

Never-before-seen footage

4


document_title: The Sims Mobile

question_text: when is the sims mobile supposed to come out

text: The Sims Mobile

text:
The Sims

Developer(s)
Maxis
EA Mobile

Publisher(s)
Electronic Arts

Series
The Sims

Platform(s)
iOS, Android

Release

Brazil: May 9, 2017
Worldwide: March 6, 2018

Genre(s)
Life simulation game, God game

Mode(s)
Single-player, multiplayer

text: The Sims Mobile is a life simulation game based on The Sims 4 and The Sims FreePlay for Android and iOS devices.[1] It was announced on May 9, 2017 in a launch trailer.[2] The game was released on March 6, 2018.[3] It features a multiplayer component and includes story elements.[4][5]

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: In The Sims Mobile, players are able to create unique Sims with the in-game character creator, build houses, start families and control the lives of their Sims.[6] The game introduces multiplayer elements, as players can interact with other players' Sims by attending their parties or rating their Sims as "Cute, Hot or Fabulous" through a sticker system.[3]

text: Similarly to previous mobile games in The Sims franchise, energy is used when players take actions with their Sims. Energy can be restored through SimCash, which is earned through in-game quests and micro-transactions. SimCash can also be used to purchase certain premium clothing and furniture options in the game.[7]

text: Compared to its predecessor The Sims FreePlay, The Sims Mobile offers a closer experience to the PC series of games. There is a focus on telling stories through Sim's actions, chosen by the player as their Sims go through their career or make relationships. As Sims play through these stories, they are able to level up and unlock new cutscenes. Advancing stories may also unlock new furniture or clothing items.[8]