document_title: The Strain (TV series)

question_text: who plays charlotte in the strain season 4

text: The Strain (TV series)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Corey Stoll as Dr. Ephraim "Eph" Goodweather, the head of the CDC Canary Team in New York City.[11]
David Bradley as Professor Abraham Setrakian, a Holocaust survivor turned New York pawnbroker. Jim Watson portrays a young Setrakian in flashbacks.[12][13]
Mía Maestro as Dr. Nora Martinez, a member of the CDC Canary Team and Eph's closest ally.[14] (seasons 1–2)
Kevin Durand as Vasiliy Fet, a once-solitary rat exterminator of Ukrainian descent, who is caught up in the fight for humanity.[15]
Jonathan Hyde as Eldritch Palmer/The Master, an elderly billionaire invalid driven to obtain immortality. Charlie Gallant portrays a young Palmer in flashbacks.[16]
Richard Sammel as Thomas Eichhorst, an undead vampire acolyte of the Master who has a 70-year history with Setrakian. In his former life, he was a Nazi commander at the Treblinka extermination camp in German-occupied Poland.[16]
Sean Astin as Jim Kent, a CDC administrator who works with Eph and Nora.[17] (season 1, guest season 2)
Jack Kesy as Gabriel Bolivar/The Master, a philandering rock star with an appetite for recreational drugs and is one of the Master's vampire acolytes before becoming the Master's host body. (seasons 1–2, recurring season 3)[18]
Natalie Brown as Kelly Goodweather, Eph's estranged wife.[19] (seasons 1–3, guest season 4)
Miguel Gomez as Augustin "Gus" Elizalde, a gang member who just got out of juvenile prison.[20]
Ben Hyland (season 1) and Max Charles (seasons 2–4) as Zach Goodweather, the son of Ephraim and Kelly.[21][22]
Robin Atkin Downes as the voice of the Master, one of the seven Ancient vampires and the series' central antagonist.[23]
Ruta Gedmintas as Dutch Velders, an internet hacker hired by Palmer, who turns against the company when she realizes what she has done. (recurring season 1, main seasons 2–4)
Rupert Penry-Jones as Mr. Quinlan, a half-vampire with a vendetta against the Master.[24] (seasons 2–4)
Samantha Mathis as Justine Feraldo, a tenacious New York City councilwoman for Staten Island. (recurring season 2, main season 3)[25]
Joaquín Cosío as Angel Guzman Hurtado, a retired wrestler once known as "The Silver Angel". (recurring season 2, main season 3)[26]

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Cas Anvar as Sanjay Desai, a Stoneheart employee and subordinate of Eichhorst. (seasons 3–4)
Pedro Miguel Arce as Felix, Gus's friend. (season 1)
Adriana Barraza as Guadalupe Elizalde, Gus and Crispin's mother. (seasons 1–3)
Brenda Bazinet as Pauline McGeever, a vampire victim experimented on by Eph and Nora. (season 2)
Nigel Bennett as Dr. Werner Dreverhaven, a former Nazi physician turned vampire. (seasons 2–3)
Anne Betancourt as Mariela Martinez, Nora's mother who suffers from dementia. (season 1)
Lizzie Brocheré as Coco Marchand, Palmer's new personal assistant. (season 2)[27]
Inga Cadranel as Diane, a Queens native and Kelly's best friend. (season 1)
Ron Canada as George Lyle, the Mayor of New York City. (season 2)[28]
Francis Capra as Crispin Elizalde, Gus's con artist brother. (season 1)[29]
K. C. Collins as Captain Daniel Roman, an Army officer who formerly served at a nuclear missile silo. (season 4)
Nicola Correia-Damude as Nikki Taylor, a roommate and once girlfriend of Dutch Velders. (seasons 1–2)
Roger Cross as Reggie Fitzwilliam, Palmer's caregiver and head of security. (seasons 1–2)[30]
Miranda Edwards as Eve, a human agent working with Quinlan and The Ancients. (season 2)
Kevin Hanchard as Curtis Fitzwilliam, a firefighter and Reggie's brother. (season 2)[31]
Jamie Hector as Alonso Creem, an arms dealer and gang leader. (seasons 1–2, 4)
Leslie Hope as Joan Luss, an attorney and one of the plane's surviving passengers. (season 1)[32]
Jocelyn Hudon as Abby, a maid who befriends Zach. (season 4)
Doug Jones as one of the Ancients, the seven original vampires.[33] Jones also portrays the Master's previous host before Jusef in a flashback. (seasons 1–3)
Daniel Kash as Dr. Everett Barnes, the director of the CDC and later Secretary for Health and Human Services. (seasons 1–2)
Parveen Kaur as Aanya Gupta, a waitress and the daughter of the owners of the Tandoori Palace. (season 2)
Tom Kemp as Cardinal McNamara, a Catholic cardinal who is selling an item of interest to both Setrakian and Palmer. (season 2)
Regina King as Ruby Wain, Bolivar's intelligent and accomplished manager. (season 1)[34]
Ron Lea as Harrison McGeever, a vampire victim experimented on by Eph and Nora. (season 2)
Robert Maillet as Jusef Sardu, a 19th-century Polish noble who was the Master's host body until he was gravely injured.[29] (season 1–2)
Stephen McHattie as Vaun, leader of a band of undead hunters sent to destroy the vampire outbreak. (seasons 1–2)[35]
Melanie Merkosky as Sylvia Kent, Jim Kent's cancer-stricken wife. (season 1)[34]
Rhona Mitra as Charlotte, a woman who joins Fet and Quinlan in their search for weapons to destroy the Master. (season 4)
Drew Nelson as Matt Sayles, Kelly Goodweather's live-in boyfriend. (season 1)[36]
Paulino Nunes as Captain Frank Kowalski, an NYPD officer working with Justine Feraldo. (season 2–3)
America Olivo as Captain Kate Rogers, the commander of a squad of NYPD combatants. (season 3)
Angel Parker as Alex Green, the leader of a group of anti-strigoi resistance fighters. (season 4)
Jonathan Potts as Captain Doyle Redfern, pilot of the flight and one of the outbreak's few survivors. (season 1)
Michael Reventar as Raul, Gus's cousin. (season 4)
Kim Roberts as Neeva, Joan Luss' nanny and housekeeper. (season 1)
Nikolai Witschl as Ansel Barbour, one of the plane's surviving passengers. (season 1)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2006, del Toro pitched The Strain as a television series, but negotiations broke down when the network president at Fox Broadcasting Company asked him to make it a comedy.[38] An agent suggested expanding the concept as a novel series instead.[39] Del Toro asked Chuck Hogan to co-write the series, explaining: "I've written short stories in Spanish and English. I've written screenplays. But I'm not good at forensic novels. I'm not good at hazmat language and that CSI-style precision. When Stoker wrote Dracula, it was very modern, a CSI sort of novel. I wanted to give The Strain a procedural feel, where everything seems real."[40] Hogan agreed after reading a page and a half of del Toro's 12-page project outline; the duo collaborated for the first year on a handshake, with no contract or publishing deal in place.[41] The first installment, The Strain, was released in 2009. It was followed by 2010's The Fall and 2011's The Night Eternal.

text: After the first book's publication, studios and networks began making offers for the film and television adaptation rights, but del Toro and Hogan declined, not wanting a screen version to influence the way they were writing the books. After the third book's publication, the authors talked with every cable network that had expressed interest. FX was deemed most suitable because they wanted to follow the books closely and liked the idea of The Strain as a close-ended series consisting of three to five seasons. Del Toro stated that the first two novels can be covered by one season each, while The Night Eternal may be split into two or three seasons. The author is also open to creative detours that may develop as the series goes on, possibly incorporating material cut from the books. Del Toro intends to direct as many episodes as his busy schedule allows.[39] Before the series order was announced, FX gave the writing team the go-ahead to script another ten episodes, which del Toro rewrote.[42] FX president John Landgraf has stated that the series will consist of "39–65 episodes, no less, no more", adding "What if a television show could be just the length that is optimal for that story?"[43]

text: Regarding the style of the show's production, del Toro stated: "Basically I'm trying to do what I do in my movies which is to show it as a reality, but as a reality that is stylized. It's not like CSI or The Wire, it's real but it feels a little stylized. But the way the camera work will be is very realistic. We want to keep the camera very documentary even if the look of the show is not. The look of the show is very designed. The style of the camera and the storytelling will be very loose. It will evolve from that feel of reality, and little by little we want to evolve into more stylish, horror feel that requires smoother camera moves, more suspense and atmosphere-driven moments so it will be a mixture. I don't think that mixture has been seen a lot on TV."[44]

text: FX ordered a thirteen-episode first season for the series on November 19, 2013, and announced that the series would premiere in July 2014.[2] In August 2015, del Toro and Cuse announced a five-season plan for the series after the third season renewal, Cuse said, "From the very beginning, we had really talked about the first book being the first season, the second book being the next two seasons and the third book the last two seasons". He also said that beyond the first and second seasons, which are 13 episodes each, the remaining seasons were planned to each consist of 10 episodes.[45] However, in September 2016, FX announced the series' fourth season would be its last. Cuse stated, "After finishing the writing on season three, Guillermo, Chuck and I looked at our remaining story and felt the best version could be told in one more season."[9]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Del Toro and Cuse cast the series together.[46] Stoll was cast as Eph Goodweather based on his performance in Midnight in Paris.[46] John Hurt played Abraham Setrakian in the original version of the pilot, but later dropped out.[47] The role was recast with David Bradley and his scenes were reshot with Bradley.[12] Del Toro had previously expressed interest in casting Roy Dotrice, who played Setrakian in several live-action advertisements for the first novel.[48] Kevin Durand, who appeared in Cuse's previous show Lost, was cast as Vasiliy Fet, although the character was originally created with regular del Toro collaborator Ron Perlman in mind.[46][49] Lauren Lee Smith was originally cast as Kelly Goodweather, but was ultimately replaced by Natalie Brown.[50] Del Toro wanted Doug Jones for a major role, but the actor had to decline because of scheduling conflicts; he later played the Ancient and the Master's previous incarnation.[51] Sean Astin was cast as Jim Kent because del Toro and Cuse "thought it would be funny to have the most famous sidekick of all times be a betrayer".[46] For the second season, Max Charles replaced Ben Hyland in the series regular role of Zach Goodweather.[22]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The pilot episode began principal photography on September 17, 2013, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[52][53] Shooting of the pilot was finished on October 31, 2013. FX ordered 13 episodes. Season one was expected to film from November 25, 2013, to April 30, 2014.[54] A full writing staff was hired to script subsequent episodes. FX reportedly committed $500,000 to creature creation.[11] Twelve swords used in the series were provided by Missoula, Montana-based bladesmith company Zombie Tools.[55] Production began for the second season in Toronto in November 2014.[56]

text: Music[edit]

text: The music was composed by Ramin Djawadi, who previously scored del Toro's 2013 film Pacific Rim.[57]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The original key art for the series prominently featured a worm, a vector of the vampiric virus, burrowing into a person's eye. Following complaints from members of the public, FX announced that they would replace the artwork on several of their billboards.[37]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
July 13, 2014 (2014-07-13)
October 5, 2014 (2014-10-05)

2
13
July 12, 2015 (2015-07-12)
October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04)

3
10
August 28, 2016 (2016-08-28)
October 30, 2016 (2016-10-30)

4
10
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season received generally positive reviews from critics and has a Metacritic rating of 72 out of 100 based on 38 reviews.[58] On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds an 87% "Certified Fresh" rating with an average score of 7.6 out of 10 based on 55 reviews. Its consensus states "The Strain makes the most of its familiar themes through an effective mix of supernatural thrills and B-movie gore – though it may not appeal to everyone".[59]

text: The second season received generally positive reviews and has a Metacritic rating of 66 out of 100 based on 8 reviews.[60] On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 79% with an average score of 7.2 out of 10 based on 19 reviews. Its consensus states "The Strain's gory action helps compensate for an unfocused narrative, while the show's political and philosophical subtext add necessary heft for adult viewers."[61]

text: The third season received generally positive reviews and has a Metacritic rating of 62 out of 100 based on 5 reviews.[62] On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 50% with an average score of 6.1 out of 10 based on 6 reviews.[63]

text: The fourth season received generally positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 100% with an average score of 7.65 out of 10 based on 7 reviews.[64]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.

2014
Critics Choice Television Awards
Most Exciting New Series
The Strain
Won
[65]

Satellite Awards
Best Genre Television Series
The Strain
Nominated
[66]

2015
Saturn Awards
Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series
The Strain
Nominated
[67]

Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series
David Bradley
Nominated

Richard Sammel
Nominated

Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
Best TV Supporting Actor
David Bradley
Nominated
[68]

Best TV Makeup/Creature FX
Steve Newburn, Sean Sansom
Nominated

Golden Reel Awards
Best Sound Editing – Short Form Dialogue and ADR in Television
Nelson Ferreira, Jill Purdy (for "The Box")
Nominated
[69]

2016
Canadian Society of Cinematographers Awards
TV Series Cinematography
Colin Hoult (for "By Any Means")
Nominated
[70]

Saturn Awards
Best Horror TV Series
The Strain
Nominated
[71]

Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series
Max Charles
Nominated

Directors Guild of Canada Awards
Best Sound Editing – Television Series
John Loranger, Dan Sexton, Adam Stein, Nathan Robitaille, Jill Purdy, Richard Calistan, Joe Mancuso, Craig MacLellan (for "Night Train")
Nominated
[72]

Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
Best TV Makeup/Creature FX
Steve Newburn, Sean Sansom
Nominated
[73]

Golden Maple Awards
Best Actress in a TV Series Broadcasted in the US
Natalie Brown
Won
[74]

Visual Effects Society Awards
Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode
Dennis Berardi, Luke Groves, Matt Glover, Trey Harrell, Warren Appleby (for "Identity")
Nominated
[75]

2017
Saturn Awards
Best Younger Actor on a Television Series
Max Charles
Nominated
[76]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13
Average

1
2.99
2.12
2.30
2.27
2.03
2.28
2.43
1.91
1.87
2.22
2.28
1.97
2.09
2.21[77]

2
1.66
1.63
1.47
1.38
1.26
1.44
0.95
1.36
1.15
1.30
1.42
1.23
1.17
1.34[78]

3
1.35
0.99
1.11
0.99
0.88
0.80
0.82
0.85
0.94
0.89
N/A
0.96[79]

4
1.44
0.91
0.86
1.17
0.93
0.79
0.89
1.01
0.84
1.00
N/A
0.99[80]


document_title: Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States

question_text: who was the last supreme court nominee rejected

root

text: George Washington[edit]

text: Among the six original nominees to the Supreme Court, George Washington nominated Robert H. Harrison, who declined to serve.[3] The seat remained empty until the confirmation of James Iredell in 1790.

tag: p

text: Washington nominated William Paterson for the Supreme Court on February 27, 1793.[4] The nomination was withdrawn by the President the following day. Washington had realized that since the law establishing the positions within the Supreme Court had been passed during Paterson's term as a Senator (a post he had resigned in November 1790 after being elected Governor of New Jersey) the nomination was a violation of Article I, Section 6 of the Constitution. Washington re-nominated Paterson to the Court on March 4, 1793, after Paterson's term as Senator had expired, and Paterson was confirmed by the Senate.[4]

text: John Jay resigned as Chief Justice on June 29, 1795, after being elected Governor of New York. The subsequent nomination of John Rutledge as Chief Justice was rejected by a vote of 10–14 on December 15, 1795. Rutledge's strident and vocal opposition to the Jay Treaty may have been the main reason for his rejection. Because he had been a recess appointment, Rutledge served as Chief Justice for one term.[5] Washington nominated Associate Justice William Cushing to replace him as Chief Justice, but Cushing declined the role. Washington then successfully appointed Oliver Ellsworth to serve as the next Chief Justice.[6]

text: John Adams[edit]

text: After Oliver Ellsworth decided to resign from the position of Chief Justice, President John Adams sought to replace Ellsworth with John Jay, who had been the first Chief Justice. Jay was formally nominated, but turned down the position. Adams then successfully nominated his Secretary of State, John Marshall.[7]

text: James Madison[edit]

text: When William Cushing died, James Madison nominated Levi Lincoln Sr. on January 2, 1811.  Lincoln declined the nomination.[8] Alexander Wolcott was then nominated, but was rejected by a vote of 9–24 on February 13, 1811.[8] After John Quincy Adams declined a nomination, Madison was finally successful in filling the seat with his appointment of Joseph Story.[6]

text: John Quincy Adams[edit]

text: John Quincy Adams nominated John J. Crittenden on December 18, 1828. The Senate postponed the vote on his confirmation, by a vote of 23–17, on February 12, 1829. The Senate did not explicitly vote to "postpone indefinitely", but the resolution did have that effect.[9] President Andrew Jackson instead filled the position with John McLean.[6]

text: Andrew Jackson[edit]

text: Andrew Jackson nominated Roger B. Taney on January 15, 1835, to be an Associate Justice. A resolution was passed by a Senate vote of 24–21 on March 3, 1835, to postpone the nomination indefinitely.[10] Jackson nominated Taney again on December 28, 1835. After the political composition of the Senate changed the next year, Taney was confirmed as Chief Justice March 15, 1836.[10]

text: In 1837, Jackson nominated William Smith and John Catron to newly created seats. Both were confirmed, but Smith declined to serve. Later that year, President Van Buren appointed John McKinley to fill the vacancy.[6]

text: John Tyler[edit]

text: John Tyler experienced extreme difficulty in obtaining approval of his nominees due to his lack of political support in the Senate. Tyler took office in 1841 after the death of Whig President William Henry Harrison. Tyler had been Harrison's running mate in the 1840 election, but Tyler clashed with the Congressional Whigs over issues such as the national bank, and these clashes extended to judicial nominees.[11]

text: John C. Spencer was nominated on January 9, 1844, and his nomination was defeated by a vote of 21–26 on January 31, 1844. Reuben H. Walworth was nominated on March 13, 1844, and a resolution to table the nomination passed on a 27–20 vote on June 15, 1844. The nomination was withdrawn from the Senate on June 17, 1844. Edward King was nominated on June 5, 1844. A resolution to table the nomination passed by a vote of 29–18 on June 15, 1844. No other action was taken on this nomination.[11]

text: The same day that Walworth's nomination was withdrawn, Spencer was re-submitted, but there is no record of debate and a letter from the President withdrawing the nomination was received on the same day. Walworth was then re-nominated later that same day, but the motion to act on the nomination in the Senate was objected to, and no further action was taken.[11]

text: Walworth and King were re-nominated on December 10, 1844, but both nominations were tabled on January 21, 1845. Walworth's nomination was withdrawn on February 6, 1845, and King's two days later. John M. Read was nominated on February 8, 1845, and there was a motion to consider the nomination in the Senate on January 21, 1845, but the motion was unsuccessful and no other action was taken.[11] On February 14, 1845, the Senate voted to confirm Samuel Nelson.[6]

text: James K. Polk[edit]

text: After Henry Baldwin's death in 1844, James K. Polk nominated James Buchanan, who declined the nomination.[12] Polk then nominated George W. Woodward, but the Senate rejected him by a vote of 20–29.[12] Baldwin was finally replaced by Robert Cooper Grier in 1846.[6]

text: Millard Fillmore[edit]

text: Millard Fillmore made three nominations to replace John McKinley, nominating Edward A. Bradford, George Edmund Badger, and William C. Micou, but the Senate did not take action on any of the nominees. President Franklin Pierce filled the vacancy with John Archibald Campbell.[6]

text: James Buchanan[edit]

text: James Buchanan nominated Jeremiah S. Black to the court in 1861 to replace Peter Vivian Daniel. The Senate voted 25–26 against confirming him.[13] President Lincoln filled the seat with Samuel Freeman Miller in 1862.[6]

text: Andrew Johnson[edit]

text: Andrew Johnson took office after the death of Republican President Abraham Lincoln in 1865. Johnson, a former Democrat, had been Lincoln's running mate on the National Union ticket of 1864, but Johnson disagreed with Congressional Republicans on several issues, including judicial nominees.

text: Two justices died in office during Johnson's administration, James Moore Wayne and John Catron. Congress, however, passed the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866, which provided for a gradual elimination of seats until only seven were left.[14] Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase had urged for this reduction in the hopes that it would result in an increase of the justices' salaries, which, ironically, did not happen until Congress restored the size of the court to nine members in 1871. Johnson had nominated Henry Stanbery to be an Associate Justice, but due to the reduction of seats, this nomination was nullified.[15]

text: Ulysses S. Grant[edit]

text: Ulysses S. Grant nominated Ebenezer R. Hoar to a new seat on the court. The Senate rejected this nomination by a vote of 24–33.[16]:54 Grant successfully nominated Joseph Bradley for the seat.[6]

text: Grant also nominated Edwin M. Stanton, former Attorney General and Secretary of War to the court.[16]:79 The nomination was eventually confirmed, but Stanton died before he was commissioned.[17] Grant then successfully nominated William Strong.[6]

text: Grant nominated George Henry Williams to be Chief Justice of the United States in 1873, but he later withdrew from consideration.[18]  Prior to withdrawal of consideration, the Senate Judiciary Committee declined to recommend confirmation to the entire Senate.[19] Grant then nominated Caleb Cushing for Chief Justice on January 9, 1874, but despite Cushing's great learning and eminence at the bar, his anti-war record and the feeling of distrust experienced by many members of the U.S. Senate on account of his inconsistency, aroused such vigorous opposition that his nomination was withdrawn on January 13, 1874.[20] Grant was successful with his third nomination of Morrison Waite.[6]

text: Rutherford B. Hayes[edit]

text: Early in 1881, President Rutherford B. Hayes nominated Thomas Stanley Matthews for the position of Associate Justice. Matthews was a controversial nominee due to his close ties to the railroad industry,[21] and as the nomination came near the end of Hayes's term, the Senate did not act on it. However, upon succeeding Hayes, incoming President James A. Garfield (who, like Hayes, was a Republican) renominated Matthews, and the Senate confirmed him by a vote of 24 to 23, the narrowest confirmation for a successful U.S. Supreme Court nominee in history. He served on the Court until his death in 1889.[22][23]

text: Chester A. Arthur[edit]

text: In 1882, Chester A. Arthur nominated Roscoe Conkling to serve as an Associate Justice after Ward Hunt resigned.[24]  Conkling was confirmed,[25] and then declined the position.[26]

text: After Conkling declined, Arthur nominated George F. Edmunds, who twice declined to serve.[27]  Arthur then nominated Samuel Blatchford, who was confirmed and accepted.[28]

text: Grover Cleveland[edit]

text: Associate Justice Samuel Blatchford died in 1893, during the second term of Grover Cleveland.[29]  This seat was traditionally held by a New Yorker. Cleveland's first two nominees were not confirmed by the Senate; the nomination of William Hornblower was rejected by the Senate by a vote of 24–30 on January 15, 1894.[6]  Cleveland's follow-up nominee Wheeler Hazard Peckham, was also rejected by the Senate, 32–41, on February 16, 1894.[6]

text: By the tradition of Senatorial courtesy, other Senators generally deferred to a nominee's home state senators when evaluating a presidential nomination.[30]  The Senators from New York were Edward Murphy, Jr. and David B. Hill;[31]  Hill objected to Cleveland's nominations, and most other Senators supported Hill.[32]  Hill was a rival of Cleveland's who had lost the Democratic nomination for President to him in 1892.[33]

text: Cleveland finally overcame Hill's opposition by nominating Edward Douglass White of Louisiana.[34]  White was a sitting Senator, and Senatorial courtesy dictated that the Senate not reject one of its own.[35]  White's nomination was approved; he served as an Associate Justice until 1910,[36] and as Chief Justice until his death in 1921.[37]

text: Warren Harding[edit]

text: President Warren G. Harding nominated Pierce Butler to the Supreme Court in 1922, but the Senate refused to consider his nomination, in part due to Butler's advocacy for railroad interests. However, Harding re-submitted the nomination later in the year, and Butler was confirmed in a 61–8 vote.[21]

text: Herbert Hoover[edit]

text: On May 7, 1930, Herbert Hoover's nomination of Appellate Judge John J. Parker for the Supreme Court was rejected by a vote of 39–41.[38] Parker was nominated to replace Edward Terry Sanford. The American Federation of Labor opposed Parker for his rulings that were favorable towards yellow dog contracts and the NAACP opposed Parker due to concerns about Parker's racial views.[39] Hoover attempted to appeal to Southern Democratic Senators to vote for Parker, who was from North Carolina, but Hoover was unable to win enough Democratic votes to make up for Republican defections.[39] Hoover's second nominee, Owen J. Roberts, was confirmed by the Senate.[6]

text: Dwight D. Eisenhower[edit]

text: President Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated John Marshall Harlan II in 1954, but his nomination was not reported out of the judiciary committee, in part due to opposition to his purported "ultra-liberal" views. Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in 1955, and the Senate confirmed him in a 71–11 vote.[21]

text: Lyndon B. Johnson[edit]

text: Lyndon B. Johnson nominated Abe Fortas, then an associate justice, for Chief Justice. Fortas would have succeeded Earl Warren, who had decided to retire. Controversy ensued regarding Fortas's extrajudicial activities, and at Fortas's request, Johnson withdrew the nomination prior to a vote of the full Senate.[40] Fortas's nomination was also opposed by many senators who opposed the rulings of the Warren Court.[21] President Nixon instead filled the vacancy caused by Warren's retirement with Warren Burger.

text: When Johnson nominated Fortas, he also nominated Homer Thornberry to fill Fortas' seat. Since Fortas withdrew his name from the Chief Justice nomination, but maintained his seat as an Associate Justice (with Earl Warren continuing as Chief Justice), the nomination of Thornberry was void. He was never voted on by the Senate.[41]

text: Richard Nixon[edit]

text: When Abe Fortas resigned in 1969 because of a scandal separate from his Chief Justice bid, Richard Nixon nominated Clement Haynsworth, a Southern jurist. His nomination was rejected by the Senate by a vote of 45–55 on November 21, 1969,[42] due to concerns about Haynsworth's civil rights record and perceived ethical lapses.[21] In response, Nixon nominated G. Harrold Carswell, a Southerner with a history of supporting segregation and opposing women's rights. The Senate rejected his nomination 45 to 51 on April 8, 1970, following much pressure from the Civil Rights and Feminist movements.[43] Nixon's third nominee for the Fortas vacancy was Harry Blackmun, who was confirmed by the Senate with no opposition on May 17, 1970.

text: Nixon was soon faced with two more Supreme Court vacancies when John Harlan and Hugo Black retired in the fall of 1971. Nixon considered nominating Arkansas lawyer Hershel Friday and California intermediate appellate judge Mildred Lillie to the high court. By tradition at the time, potential Supreme Court nominees were first disclosed to the American Bar Association's standing committee on the federal judiciary. When it became apparent that this 12-member committee would find that both were unqualified, Nixon passed over Friday and Lillie,[44] and nominated Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist. Powell was confirmed by an 89–1 vote, and Rehnquist was confirmed 68–22.[6]

text: Ronald Reagan[edit]

text: When Lewis Powell retired in July 1987, Ronald Reagan nominated Robert Bork. Bork was a member of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia at the time and known as a proponent of constitutional originalism. Bork lost confirmation by a Senate vote of 42 to 58, largely due to Bork's extreme conservative opinions on constitutional issues and his role in the Nixon Saturday Night Massacre.[45]

text: Reagan then announced his intention to nominate Douglas H. Ginsburg to the court. Before Ginsburg could be officially nominated, he withdrew himself from consideration under heavy pressure after revealing that he had smoked marijuana with his students while a professor at Harvard Law School.[46] Reagan then nominated Anthony Kennedy, who was confirmed by a Senate vote of 97–0.[6]

text: George W. Bush[edit]

text: In October 2005, George W. Bush nominated Harriet Miers, a corporate attorney from Texas who had served as Bush's private attorney and as White House Counsel, as an Associate Justice to replace retiring Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. Miers was widely perceived as unqualified for the position, and it later emerged that she had allowed her law license to lapse for a time. The nomination was immediately attacked by politicians and commentators from across the political spectrum. At Miers's request, Bush withdrew the nomination on October 27, ostensibly to avoid violating executive privilege by disclosing details of her work at the White House.[47] Four days later, Bush nominated Samuel Alito to the seat. Alito was confirmed by a vote of 58–42 on January 31, 2006.[6]

text: Barack Obama[edit]

text: In February 2016, Associate Justice Antonin Scalia died. The following month, President Barack Obama nominated D.C. Circuit Judge Merrick Garland to replace Scalia. However, the Senate was controlled by the Republican Party, which argued that the next president should instead appoint Scalia's successor.[48] Senate Republicans refused to hold hearings on Garland, and Garland's nomination remained before the Senate longer than any other Supreme Court nomination.[49] Garland's nomination expired with the end of the 114th United States Congress.[50]

text: The vacancy caused by Scalia's death remained unfilled for 422 days, making it just the second Supreme Court vacancy since the end of the Civil War to remain unfilled for more than one year.[51] On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated federal appeals court Judge Neil Gorsuch to replace Justice Scalia. Justice Gorsuch was sworn in on April 10, 2017, after being confirmed by a vote of 54–45.

text: List of unsuccessful nominations[edit]

text: Following is a complete list of the 30 persons officially nominated to the Supreme Court (not including current pending nominee Brett Kavanaugh), who for various reasons never served on the Court.

text:
Supreme Court nominees who never served on the Court

Nominee
Year
Nominated by
Outcome[6]

Robert Harrison
1789
Washington
Declined

Levi Lincoln
1811
Madison
Declined

Alexander Wolcott
1811
Madison
Rejected, 9–24

John Quincy Adams
1811
Madison
Declined

John J. Crittenden
1828
J. Q. Adams
Postponed

William Smith
1837
Jackson
Declined

John C. Spencer
1844
Tyler
Rejected, 21–26

Reuben H. Walworth
1844
Tyler
Withdrawn

Edward King
1845
Tyler
Withdrawn

John M. Read
1845
Tyler
No Action

George W. Woodward
1845
Polk
Rejected, 20–29

Edward A. Bradford
1852
Fillmore
No Action

George E. Badger
1853
Fillmore
Postponed

William C. Micou
1853
Fillmore
No Action

Jeremiah S. Black
1861
Buchanan
Rejected, 25–26

Henry Stanbery
1866
A. Johnson
Nullified

Ebenezer R. Hoar
1869
Grant
Rejected, 24–33

Edwin Stanton
1869
Grant
Died

George Henry Williams
1873
Grant
Postponed

Caleb Cushing
1874
Grant
Withdrawn

Roscoe Conkling
1882
Arthur
Declined

William B. Hornblower
1893
Cleveland
Rejected, 24–30

Wheeler Hazard Peckham
1894
Cleveland
Rejected, 32–41

John J. Parker
1930
Hoover
Rejected, 39–41

Homer Thornberry
1968
L. B. Johnson
Nullified

Clement Haynsworth
1969
Nixon
Rejected, 45–55

G. Harrold Carswell
1970
Nixon
Rejected, 45–51

Robert H. Bork
1987
Reagan
Rejected, 42–58

Harriet Miers
2005
G. W. Bush
Withdrawn

Merrick Garland
2016
Obama
No Action

tag: table


document_title: Shinnecock Hills Golf Club

question_text: when was the last time the us open was at shinnecock

text: Shinnecock Hills Golf Club

text: History[edit]

text: The club traces its roots to an 1889–1890 trip by William K. Vanderbilt, Edward Meade, and Duncan Cryder, to Biarritz in southern France where they encountered champion golfer Willie Dunn, from Scotland, who was building a golf course at the resort.[4][8]

text: Back in the United States, Meade and Cryder scouted for a place for a golf course near New York City. Meade, known for his cowboy-ish antics trading commodities, was convinced that upstate New York would be the ideal location, but Cryder preferred a parcel of land in Yonkers. Ultimately, they chose the sandhills adjoining the Long Island Rail Road just east of the Shinnecock Canal. The 80-acre (32 ha) parcel was purchased for $2,500 and 44 original members signed up for $100 each.[8]

text: Willie Davis, the club professional from the Royal Montreal Club, designed a 12-hole course that opened in late summer 1891.[8] Members of Shinnecock Indian Nation helped build the course,[9] which is on land they have laid claim to and which remains in litigation. Stanford White designed the 1892 clubhouse, said to be the oldest golf clubhouse in the United States.[8] A nine-hole ladies-only course was designed and built at Shinnecock Hills in 1893.[10]

text: In 1894, Dunn arrived and added six more holes bringing the total to 18. That same year Dunn won the tournament which was an inaugural attempt to establish a national championship at Newport, Rhode Island, but this victory was not recognized as official. Later in 1894, Shinnecock Hills was one of five founding clubs of the United States Golf Association, established in New York City. The new USGA held the first U.S. Open in 1895 in Newport, Rhode Island.[8]

text: In 1896 the then–5,000 yd (4,570 m) Shinnecock hosted the second U.S. Open. Many players broke 80 in the 36-hole event, which led to demands to increase the course's difficulty. Participating in the 1896 Open was black professional player John Shippen, believed by many historians to have been the first USA-born golf professional.

text: The popular ladies' course was abandoned in 1901 to allow for a lengthening and redesign by Charles B. Macdonald and Seth Raynor, retaining five of Dunn's original holes.[10]

text: William Flynn extensively redesigned the course in 1931 into a 6,740-yard (6,163 m) configuration. Flynn's design retains five of the holes by Macdonald and Raynor, and the green of a sixth hole designed by those two. Prior to the 2004 U.S. Open, the course was extended to a length of 6,996 yards (6,397 m) by the addition of extra tees.[1]

text: Shinnecock Hills was ranked second in Golf Digest's 100 Greatest Courses Ranking for 2007, 2008, and third in 2009.[citation needed]

text: Its routing was retained, and several new tees were added, in preparation for the 2018 U.S. Open; the course was extended to 7,440 yards, retaining its par of 70. The design modifications were performed by Ben Crenshaw and Bill Coore. The club also maintains a nine-hole secondary course.[11]

text: Notable events hosted[edit]

text:
Year

Event

Winner

Total

To par

Marginof victory

Runner(s)-up

Winner'sshare ($)

2018

U.S. Open (5)

 Brooks Koepka

281

+1

1 stroke

 Tommy Fleetwood

2,160,000

2004

U.S. Open (4)

 Retief Goosen

276

−4

2 strokes

 Phil Mickelson

1,125,000

1995

U.S. Open (3)

 Corey Pavin

280

E

2 strokes

 Greg Norman

350,000

1986

U.S. Open (2)

 Raymond Floyd

279

−1

2 strokes

 Chip Beck Lanny Wadkins

115,000

1977

Walker Cup

 United States

24 matches

16 to 8

 Great Britain & Ireland

—

1900

U.S. Women's Amateur

 Frances Griscom

match play

6 & 5

 Margaret Curtis

—

1896

U.S. Open

 James Foulis

152

—

3 strokes

 Horace Rawlins

150

 1896

U.S. Amateur

 H. J. Whigham

match play

8 & 7

 Joseph G. Thorp

—

text: A sixth U.S. Open at Shinnecock Hills is scheduled for 2026

tag: ul

text: Scorecard[edit]

text:
Shinnecock Hills Golf Club

Tee

Rating/Slope

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Out

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

In

Total

2018 U.S. Open

74.7 / 140

399
252
500
475
589
491
189
439
485
3819

415
159
469
374
519
409
616
175
485
3621
7440

Par

4
3
4
4
5
4
3
4
4
35

4
3
4
4
4
4
5
3
4
35
70

Red

74.4 / 140

391
221
456
409
529
456
184
361
411
3418

412
158
469
372
447
408
542
169
426
3403
6821

Green

72.3 / 134

380
193
422
373
487
415
173
319
373
3135

402
150
427
354
436
357
464
149
374
3113
6248

Blue

70.3 / 129

White

72.5 / 131

366
146
395
303
413
368
133
281
307
2712

337
121
396
325
361
288
406
140
289
2663
5375


document_title: Prison Break (season 3)

question_text: when does michael scofield break out of sona

text: Prison Break (season 3)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows
Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield
Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre
Wade Williams as Brad Bellick
Robert Knepper as Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell
Chris Vance as James Whistler
Robert Wisdom as Norman "Lechero" St. John
Danay Garcia as Sofia Lugo
Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Gretchen Morgan
William Fichtner as Alexander Mahone

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
Carlo Alban as Luis "McGrady" Gallego
Laurence Mason as Sammy
Davi Jay as Papo
Marshall Allman as L.J. Burrows
Joseph Melendez as Rafael
Curtis Wayne as Cheo
Christian Bowman as Agent King
Barbara Eve Harris as FBI Agent Felicia Lang
John S. Davies as Elliot Pike
Crystal Mantecón as Carmelita
Manny Rubio as Juan Nieves
Carlos Compean as Colonel Escamilla
Alex Fernandez as Captain Hurtado
Julio Cedillo as General Mestas
Kim Coates as Internal Affairs Agent Richard Sullins
F.J. Rio as Augusto
Gustavo Mellado as Alphonso Gallego
Castulo Guerra as General Zavala
Dominic Keating as Andrew Tyge
Camille Guaty as Maricruz Delgado
Silas Weir Mitchell as Charles "Haywire" Patoshik
Leon Russom as General

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

45
1
"Orientación"
Kevin Hooks
Paul Scheuring
September 17, 2007 (2007-09-17)
3AKJ01
7.51[1]

Scofield, Mahone, Bagwell and Bellick are incarcerated in Sona, a prison run by the inmates and where personal problems are solved in the ring, where two inmates duel until one is dead. Lincoln arranges for Scofield's transfer, but is approached by Susan B. Anthony, a woman working for the Company, who reveals that they have L.J. and Tancredi and will release them if Scofield breaks out an inmate called James Whistler. In Sona, Norman "Lechero" St. John, the inmate leader, tells Scofield that he knows the latter's identity and won't allow another breakout. Bagwell becomes one of Lechero's henchmen while Bellick is forced to clean toilets, where a man hidden behind a wall gives him food in exchange for an errand. An inmate develops a problem with Scofield, orchestrated by Lechero, and the two enter the duel. Bellick puts a note in each dueler's pocket. The fights starts and Scofield overpowers the other, who pulls a knife, which is illegal, before Mahone interfering and killing him. Lincoln tells Scofield of the Company's demand. Outside, a woman recovers the note from the body.

46
2
"Fire/Water"
Bobby Roth
Matt Olmstead
September 24, 2007 (2007-09-24)
3AKJ02
7.41[2]

Having befriended Luis "McGrady" Gallego, a basketballer, Scofield learns from him that Whistler is imprisoned for murdering the mayor's son; and the mayor has offered a private and easy trial for anyone who kills Whistler. Bellick tells Scofield who gave him the note and he deduces that it is Whistler. The prison's water supply is cut, starting a progressive riot against Lechero. Meanwhile, Lincoln gets the note from Scofield and intercepts Lugo, taking the book she recovered from the address. Anthony forces Lincoln to give her the book, but he surrenders a copy and keeps the original. Sucre learns from Bellick that the latter never captured Maricruz. The former calls her and says that he will stay away from her for the good of her and the baby. Bellick reveals Whistler's whereabouts to Lechero in exchange for food and clothes. His men go to capture him, where they see Mahone, who has his own plan to kill Whistler; but Scofield manages to reestablish the water supply, ending the riot for Lechero and the protection of Whistler in exchange.

47
3
"Call Waiting"
Milan Cheylov
Zack Estrin
October 1, 2007 (2007-10-01)
3AKJ03
7.29[3]

Scofield receives a picture of Tancredi, in which she is pointing a location in the newspaper. He tells Lincoln that he needs to talk to Tancredi. Lincoln refuses to give Sucre money, as the latter didn't accept to help him. Scofield learns that Sona phone lines are cut and only Lechero has a cell phone. The former forces Bagwell to get him the phone, otherwise he will reveal the latter's pedophile attributes to the inmates. Lugo tells Whistler about Lincoln's deed. Lincoln and Anthony arrange for the call. Tancredi gives Scofield another hint to find her and L.J. Lincoln manages to locate them; but the Company operatives are able to abduct them again. Lechero finds the unknown number in the call history and tells Sammy, his associate, to investigate it. Lechero begins to suspect that his drug business is manipulated by others. Sammy and the rest of Lechero's men show displeasure upon Bagwell; and he tells Lechero that his men are conspiring against him. Anthony tells Lincoln to get the package she left in the garage, which shocks the latter.

48
4
"Good Fences"
Michael Switzer
Nick Santora
October 8, 2007 (2007-10-08)
3AKJ04
7.35[4]

Scofield tells Lincoln that the gravedigger of Sona is needed for the plan. It is revealed that what Lincoln saw in the box was apparently Tancredi's head; but Lincoln decides not to tell the truth to Scofield. Sona's power supply is damaged and Lechero makes a deal with Scofield to fix the supply in exchange for the first cell to the East. Scofield tells Mahone that he is included in the plan. Bellick knows that Scofield is planning a breakout; and after Scofield refuses to include him, he reveals it to Lechero; but Scofield persuades him that Bellick is lying; and Lechero punishes Bellick by burning his back with hot coffee. The power problem, which is revealed to have been orchestrated by Scofield, is fixed and he moves to his new cell to continue his plan. Mahone threatens him not to deceive him. Meanwhile, Lincoln returns the original book to Anthony and the two try to hire the gravedigger; but the latter's increased demand makes her kill him. Sucre quickly gets the job and as Scofield instructed, burns part of the fence surrounding Sona.

49
5
"Interference"
Karen Gaviola
Karyn Usher
October 22, 2007 (2007-10-22)
3AKJ05
7.44[5]

Scofield realizes that escaping at night is impossible because of the lights and patrolling jeeps. Mahone keeps watching Captain Hurtado, one of the tower guards. A French man arrives in Sona and is quickly deprived of his clothes and money by Sammy. He begins watching Whistler. Bellick tries to befriend him. He claims to know Whistler, making him anxious. Scofield and Whistler continue gathering the necessary tools and information; but Hurtado detects Whistler watching him and the guards storm in and close Scofield's cell; but Whistler manages to convince them of his innocence. Sucre is approached by Augusto, Lechero's partner outside, who pays him to get a package inside Sona; and Sammy recovers it. Bagwell gets involved with Lechero's concubine. While Lincoln and Lugo arrange for the plan outside, Scofield finds out that one of the tower guards is annoyed by the sunlight and turns his face to avoid it at a specific time; and Mahone reveals that Hurtado is addicted to coffee.

50
6
"Photo Finish"
Kevin Hooks
Seth Hoffman
November 5, 2007 (2007-11-05)
3AKJ06
7.69[6]

The Frenchman pushes Bellick away after the latter tries to get closer. The packages Sammy receives are revealed to contain special cigars, one of which Cheo, one of Lechero's henchmen, takes for smoking. The Frenchman is murdered and by Gallego, Lechero finds out that Whistler had a problem with the victim. He is brought for interrogation. Scofield accuses Bellick of the murder; but he denies it. Mahone is visited by FBI agent Lang, who states that Sullins has arranged a hearing for the former to testify against the Company, and he accepts it. Bagwell offers to save Whistler by giving Sammy's ring to Scofield and telling him to put it in the crime scene, giving the former the ground to accuse Sammy. Thinking what to do, Scofield finds a bloody knife in Mahone's cell. He rushes and informs Lechero, who doesn't believe it because Mahone is leaving. However, instead of Whistler, he kills Cheo for receiving cigars behind his back. He forbids listening to football that day, ruining Scofield's plan to escape unnoticed. Lincoln finally tells Scofield the truth about Tancredi. He gets angry and arranges a duel with Whistler.

51
7
"Vamonos"
Vincent Misiano
Zack Estrin & Kalinda Vazquez
November 5, 2007 (2007-11-05)
3AKJ07
8.00[6]

Scofield reveals that the duel is a plan to gather everyone in the yard, giving the duo the chance. Hurtado is drugged by Lugo as planned and the other guard turns his face away; but as the duo prepare to exit through Sammy's cell, he arrives and delays their plan. They get in "no man's land", but are forced to return before the guard notices. Sammy arrives and takes them to the ring. They tell Lechero that the problem is solved; but he says that they must fight until one is down according to the rules. They start hitting each other until the guard sees the rope hanging from the window. The guards storm in and kill one of Lechero's henchmen, humiliating Lechero for his inability to run the prison. Lincoln and Sucre try to save L.J. before he is killed, but fail and he is abducted. Meanwhile, Mahone feels that he needs to do the hearing soon because of showing withdrawal symptoms; but it is not possible. Lechero tells Scofield that he knows the latter was trying to break out and because of his actions, the former's position is threatened in Sona. Lechero demands Scofield to include him in the plan. Scofield sees Whistler visiting Anthony.

52
8
"Bang & Burn"
Bobby Roth
Christian Trokey & Nick Santora
November 12, 2007 (2007-11-12)
3AKJ08
7.18[7]

Scofield tells Gallego to have his father give a message to Lincoln. Sammy convinces Lechero to recruit more men to consolidate their power. The General forces Anthony to get Whistler out by force; and she plans an assault on Sona and informs Whistler. Lechero shows a damaged underground corridor to Scofield. Whistler tries to kill Scofield before Lechero's return. The former claims to be claustrophobic and heads to the roof, followed by Scofield. As the assault starts, the two get to the roof and Scofield prevents Whistler from entering the helicopter and it is forced to retreat. Lincoln gets Scofield's message and realizes that they are in danger. The Company operatives attack them, being killed by Lincoln. The brothers' actions force the Company to rely on them again and not kill L.J. Meanwhile, Mahone asks Lang to get him the medication, which she doesn't in time and he fails the hearing. As a result of another escape attempt, the chief guard transfers Scofield out of Sona.

53
9
"Boxed In"
Craig Ross, Jr.
Karyn Usher
January 14, 2008 (2008-01-14)
3AKJ09
7.87[8]

General Zavala, the new chief guard, tortures Scofield to talk. Mahone is returned to Sona and he continues struggling with symptoms. Bagwell and Whistler agree to get Sammy killed. The former offers Mahone drugs in exchange for killing Sammy, which he refuses. Meanwhile, Sucre has an apparent argument with Lincoln, prompting Anthony to have the former spy on Lincoln; but the argument is revealed to be a ruse to get Sucre inside. Scofield tells the truth to Zavala, who forces Whistler to reveal Anthony's true name, Gretchen Morgan, and her whereabouts. Zavala arrests Morgan and starts torturing her, with Scofield promising her revenge for Tancredi. One of Sammy's men challenges Bellick to the ring, in which the latter wins using a special chemical. Bagwell finds out about his trick. Morgan agrees to take Zavala and his soldiers to L.J's location, where she manages to free herself and kill them. Scofield and Whistler are returned inside by the new chief. Augusto tells Sammy move on Lechero and open the last package, which contains a gun.

54
10
"Dirt Nap"
Michael Switzer
Matt Olmstead & Seth Hoffman
January 21, 2008 (2008-01-21)
3AKJ10
7.81[9]

Having dealt with the symptoms, Mahone is back to the plan and Bagwell is included. Sammy casts Lechero out while the team is working underground. Bagwell encourages Bellick to use the same trick to kill Sammy in exchange for getting in the team. Bellick challenges Sammy to the ring before realizing that the chemical is finished, making his death certain. The duel starts and before Sammy can finish him, his men inform him of Scofield's whereabouts. They force Lechero to open the inside door. The team tells Sammy about the plan. As the latter takes a look at the hole in the ceiling, it collapses, caused by Scofield, and kills him before Lechero killing the others and regaining his position in Sona. Bagwell agrees to include Bellick anyway. Meanwhile, Sucre gives Morgan wrong information to maintain his cover. Lincoln buys a bomb and Sucre puts it in Morgan's car. Lincoln and Lugo get closer while they find out that Whistler is more than what he pretends to be.

55
11
"Under and Out"
Greg Yaitanes
Zack Estrin
February 4, 2008 (2008-02-04)
3AKJ11
7.35[10]

Gallego begs Scofield to include him; but he believes the former is safer inside because of what the latter has experienced. The rain makes the collapse of the tunnel certain, making Scofield move the plan for that night. The team starts digging faster for the schedule. Morgan finds the bomb Sucre had planted and takes Lugo as another hostage. The former gives Whistler a watch showing the remaining time before Lugo is killed. Scofield decides to include Gallego and tells him to have his father contribute to the plan. As Sucre tries to leave to do his part, he is stopped by a guard who has found illegal background in his faked file. Scofield tells the team that the lights will be off for only 30 seconds and that is all they have. Lechero, Bagwell and Bellick force Scofield to let them be the first ones in line because of the shortage of time. Lincoln hijacks a bus and uses it to bring down the electricity pole supplying Sona. The lights go off and the team has 30 seconds.

56
12
"Hell or High Water"
Kevin Hooks
Nick Santora
February 11, 2008 (2008-02-11)
3AKJ12
7.84[11]

The first three run towards the fence; but the lights go back on and Lechero is shot. The guards enter the no man's land and rush inside the prison. They start torturing Bellick, who finally breaks and shows the underground after the four use the cars as cover to escape. They keep running towards the beach with the guards on them. They team up with Lincoln and they use oxygen capsules to swim underwater towards their destination, which is a sea beacon. They await Sucre's arrival with the boat, but he is still stuck in Sona. Gallego's father arrives with the boat and takes them to the dock, where Gallego separates and the four get in a car before realizing that they are chased by the Company operatives. Scofield realizes that Whistler's watch has a tracker and throws it away. They manage to lose the Company men and get in a warehouse. Lincoln decides to kill Mahone for revenge; but is distracted by Whistler's escape and consequently Mahone escapes. The brothers go after Whistler. In Sona, Bagwell recovers Whistler's book and reveals Sucre's identity to the guards.

57
13
"The Art of the Deal"
Nelson McCormick
Matt Olmstead & Seth Hoffman
February 18, 2008 (2008-02-18)
3AKJ13
7.40[12]

The brothers manage to find Whistler and arrange the exchange in a public place, where Scofield has designated for only making sure that L.J. and Sofia are fine. Scofield arranges the exchange to be in a museum. Morgan is forced to remove her weapons in order to enter the museum. L.J. and Whistler are exchanged and Sofia realizes that Whistler is a Company man and decides to go with Lincoln. Having predicted that Morgan has put an operative on every exit, Scofield triggers the alarm and they exit the main door before a shootout ensues between the Company men and the police. Scofield moves to kill Morgan; but his hesitation lets her leave. Sofia is wounded and taken to a hospital. Meanwhile, Bagwell gets money from Lechero's concubine, kills him and the inmates accept him as the new leader. Sucre doesn't break after a long torture and is sent inside Sona. Mahone joins Whistler's plan. Gallego and his father successfully pass the border and join the family. Scofield decides to find and kill Morgan, starting with Whistler's apartment.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The third season of Prison Break received positive reviews. In their season review, IGN wrote, "With so much going against it, this shortened third season of Prison Break could have been disastrous. But instead, the writers managed to not only salvage the season, but tell a tightly woven, compelling and action-packed story" and gave it an 8.5 out of 10.[13]

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Unlike many other TV shows, Prison Break was primarily filmed outside of Hollywood. The first season was primarily shot in and around Chicago, Illinois.[14][15] During the second season, filming was moved to Dallas, Texas.[16] Filming for the third season continued to be done in Dallas, but the price tag increased to about $3 million per episode.[17] Several of the exterior scenes with Lincoln and Gretchen negotiating the escape from the Panama jail were shot in the Casco Viejo quarter of Panama City.[18]

text: Home media release[edit]

text:
Prison Break: Season Three

Set details
Special features

13 episodes
4-disc set
1.78:1 aspect ratio
Subtitles: English, Spanish, French
English (Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround)

Season 3: Orientacion featurette
Breakout Episode featurette
Director's Take featurette
Between Takes featurettes
Episode of The Unit: "Force Majeure"

Release dates

 United States
 Canada
 United Kingdom
 Australia
 New Zealand

August 12, 2008
May 19, 2008
December 3, 2008


document_title: Apollo 13

question_text: what time did apollo 13 land on earth

question_tokens: what time did apollo 13 land on earth

text: Apollo 13

text: Crew

text:
Position
Astronaut

Commander
Jim Lovell
Fourth and last spaceflight

Command Module Pilot
Jack Swigert
Only spaceflight

Lunar Module Pilot
Fred Haise
Only spaceflight

text: Prime and backup crew

text: According to the standard crew rotation in place during the Apollo program, the prime crew for Apollo 13 would have been the backup crew for Apollo 10 with Mercury and Gemini veteran L. Gordon Cooper in command. That crew was composed of

text:
L. Gordon Cooper, Jr (Commander);
Donn F. Eisele (Command Module Pilot);
Edgar D. Mitchell (Lunar Module Pilot).

text: Deke Slayton, NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, never intended to rotate Cooper and Eisele to another mission, as both were out of favor with NASA management for various reasons (Cooper for his lax attitude towards training, and Eisele for incidents aboard Apollo 7 and an extra-marital affair). He assigned them to the backup crew simply because of a lack of flight-qualified manpower in the Astronaut Office at the time the assignment needed to be made.[2] Slayton felt Cooper had no more than a very small chance of receiving the Apollo 13 command, if he did an outstanding job with the assignment, which he did not. Despite Eisele's issues with management, Slayton always intended to assign him to a future Apollo Applications Program mission rather than a lunar mission, but this program was eventually cut down to only the Skylab component.

text: Thus, the original assignment Slayton submitted to his superiors for this flight was:

text:
Alan B. Shepard, Jr (Commander);
Stuart A. Roosa (Command Module Pilot);
Edgar D. Mitchell (Lunar Module Pilot).

text: For the first time ever, Slayton's recommendation was rejected by management, who felt that Shepard needed more time to train properly for a lunar flight, as he had only recently benefited from experimental surgery to correct an inner ear disorder which had kept him grounded since his first Mercury flight in 1961. Thus, Lovell's crew, backup for the historic Apollo 11 mission and therefore slated for Apollo 14, was swapped with Shepard's crew[2] and the original crew selection for the mission became:

text: Prime crew:

text:
Position
Astronaut

Commander
James A. Lovell, Jr.

Command Module Pilot
T. Kenneth Mattingly II

Lunar Module Pilot
Fred W. Haise, Jr.

text: Backup crew:

text:
Position
Astronaut

Commander
John W. Young[3]

Command Module Pilot
John L. "Jack" Swigert[3]

Lunar Module Pilot
Charles M. Duke, Jr[3]

text: Ken Mattingly was originally intended as the Command Module Pilot. Seven days before launch, the Backup Lunar Module Pilot, Charlie Duke, contracted rubella from one of his children. This exposed both the prime and backup crews, who trained together. Mattingly was found to be the only one of the other five who had not had rubella as a child and thus was not immune. Three days before launch, at the insistence of the Flight Surgeon, Swigert was moved to the prime crew.[4]

text: Mattingly never contracted rubella and was assigned after the mission as Command Module Pilot to Young's crew, which later flew Apollo 16, the fifth mission to land on the Moon.

text: Support crew

text:
Vance D. Brand;
Jack R. Lousma;
Joseph P. Kerwin.

text: Flight directors

text:
Gene Kranz (lead)[5] – White Team;
Glynn Lunney[5] – Black Team;
Milt Windler[5] – Maroon Team;
Gerry Griffin[5] – Gold Team.

text: Mission insignia

text: The astronauts' mission insignia was sculpted as a medallion titled Steeds of Apollo by Lumen Martin Winter and was struck by the Franklin Mint.[citation needed]

text: Mission parameters

text:
Mass: CSM Odyssey 63,470 pounds (28,790 kg); LM Aquarius 33,490 pounds (15,190 kg);
Perigee: 99.3 nautical miles (183.9 km);
Apogee (parking orbit): 100.3 nautical miles (185.8 km);
Inclination (Earth departure): 31.817°;
Period: 88.19 min.[6]

text: Objective

text: The Apollo 13 mission was to explore the Fra Mauro formation, or Fra Mauro highlands, named after the 80-kilometer (50 mi) diameter Fra Mauro crater located within it. It is a widespread, hilly selenological area thought to be composed of ejecta from the impact that formed Mare Imbrium.

text: The next Apollo mission, Apollo 14, eventually made a successful flight to Fra Mauro.

text: Abort

text: April 14, 1970 UTC (April 13, 21:07:53 CST)

text:
Oxygen tank explosion: 03:07:53 UTC (55:54:53 Ground Elapsed Time);[7] 173,790.5 nmi (321,860 km) from Earth[8]
CSM power down, LM power up: 05:23 UTC (58:10 Ground Elapsed Time)[7]

text: Closest approach to Moon

text: April 15, 1970, 00:21:00 UTC; 137 nmi (253.7 km)[9]

text: Splashdown

text: April 17, 1970, 18:07:41 UTC (142:54:47 Ground Elapsed Time). Crew was on board the USS Iwo Jima 45 minutes later.

text: Mission highlights

text: Launch and translunar injection

text: The mission was launched at the planned time, 02:13:00 PM EST (19:13:00 UTC) on April 11. An anomaly occurred when the second-stage, center (inboard) engine shut down about two minutes early. The four outboard engines and the third-stage engine burned longer to compensate, and the vehicle achieved very close to the planned circular 100 nautical miles (190 km) parking orbit, followed by a normal translunar injection about two hours later.[6][10] The engine shutdown was determined to be caused by severe pogo oscillations measured at a strength of 68 g and a frequency of 16 hertz, flexing the thrust frame by 3 inches (76 mm). The vehicle's guidance system shut the engine down in response to sensed thrust chamber pressure fluctuations. Pogo oscillations had been seen on previous Titan rockets, and also on the Saturn V during Apollo 6,[11] but on Apollo 13, they were amplified by an unexpected interaction with turbopump cavitation.[12] Later missions implemented anti-pogo modifications that had been under development. These included addition of a helium-gas reservoir to the center engine liquid oxygen line to damp pressure oscillations, an automatic cutoff as a backup, and simplification of the propellant valves of all five second-stage engines.

text: The crew performed the separation and transposition maneuver to dock the Command Module Odyssey to the Lunar Module (LM) Aquarius, and pulled away from the spent third stage, which ground controllers then sent on a course to impact the Moon in range of a seismometer placed on the surface by Apollo 12. They then settled in for the three-day trip to Fra Mauro.

text: Accident

text: Approaching 56 hours into the mission, Apollo 13 was approximately 205,000 miles (330,000 km) from Earth en route to the Moon.[13][14] Approximately six and a half minutes after the end of a live TV broadcast from the spacecraft, Haise was in the process of closing out the LM, while Lovell was stowing the TV camera, and Houston flight controllers asked Swigert to turn on the hydrogen and oxygen tank stirring fans in the Service Module, which were designed to destratify the cryogenic contents and increase the accuracy of their quantity readings. Two minutes later, the astronauts heard a "pretty large bang," accompanied by fluctuations in electrical power and the firing of the attitude control thrusters.[7] The crew initially thought that a meteoroid might have struck the Lunar Module. Communications and telemetry to Earth were lost for 1.8 seconds, until the system automatically corrected by switching the high-gain S-band antenna, used for translunar communications, from narrow-beam to wide-beam mode.[15]

text:
Houston, we've had a problem.

Swigert and Lovell reporting the incident on April 14, 1970 [2:59]

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Immediately after the bang Swigert reported a "problem", which Lovell repeated and clarified as a "main B bus undervolt", a temporary loss of operating voltage on the second of the spacecraft's main electrical circuits. Oxygen tank 2 immediately read quantity zero. About three minutes later, the number 1 and number 3 fuel cells failed. Lovell reported seeing out the window that the craft was venting "a gas of some sort" into space. The number 1 oxygen tank quantity gradually reduced to zero over the next 130 minutes, entirely depleting the SM's oxygen supply.[16]

text: Because the fuel cells generated the Command/Service Module's electrical power by combining hydrogen and oxygen into water, when oxygen tank 1 ran dry, the remaining fuel cell finally shut down, leaving the craft on the Command Module's limited-duration battery power and water. The crew was forced to shut down the CM completely to save this for re-entry, and to power up the LM to use as a "lifeboat."[17] This situation had been suggested during an earlier training simulation, but had not been considered a likely scenario.[18] Without the LM, the accident would certainly have been fatal.[19]

text: Crew survival and return journey

text: The damage to the Service Module made safe return from a lunar landing impossible, so Lead Flight Director Gene Kranz ordered an abort of the mission. The existing abort plans, first drawn up in 1966, were evaluated; the quickest was a Direct Abort trajectory, which required using the Service Module Propulsion System (SPS) engine to achieve a 6,079-foot-per-second (1,853 m/s) delta-v.[5]p. III-14 Although a successful SPS firing at 60 hours ground elapsed time (GET) would land the crew one day earlier (at 118 hours GET, or 58 hours later), the large delta-v was possible only if the LM were jettisoned first,[5]p. II-1 and since crew survival depended on the LM's presence during the coast back to Earth, that option was "out of the question."[5]p. III-17 An alternative would have been to burn the SPS fuel to depletion, then jettison the Service Module and make a second burn with the LM Descent Propulsion System (DPS) engine. It was desired to keep the Service Module attached for as long as possible because of the thermal protection it afforded the Command Module's heat shield. Apollo 13 was close to entering the lunar sphere of gravitational influence (at 61 hours GET), which was the break-even point between direct and circumlunar aborts, and the latter allowed more time for evaluation and planning before a major rocket burn.[5]p. B-5 There also was concern about "the structural integrity of the Service Module,"[5]p. III‑23 so mission planners were instructed that the SPS engine would not be used "except as a last-ditch effort."[5]p. III-14

text: For these reasons, Kranz chose the alternative circumlunar option, using the Moon's gravity to return the ship to Earth. Apollo 13 had left its initial free-return trajectory earlier in the mission, as required for the lunar landing at Fra Mauro. Therefore, the first order of business was to re-establish the free-return trajectory with a 30.7-second burn of the DPS. The descent engine was used again two hours after pericynthion, the closest approach to the Moon ("PC+2 burn"), to speed the return to Earth by 10 hours and move the landing spot from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. A more aggressive burn could have been performed at PC+2 by first jettisoning the Service Module, returning the crew in about the same amount of time as a direct abort,[5]p. III-20 but this was deemed unnecessary given the rates at which consumables were being used. The 4-minute, 24-second burn was so accurate that only two more small course corrections were subsequently needed.

text: Considerable ingenuity under extreme pressure was required from the crew, flight controllers, and support personnel for the safe return. The developing drama was shown on television.[20] Because electrical power was severely limited, no more live TV broadcasts were made; TV commentators used models and animated footage as illustrations. Low power levels made even voice communications difficult.

text: The Lunar Module consumables were intended to sustain two people for a day and a half, not three people for four days. Oxygen was the least critical consumable because the LM carried enough to repressurize the LM after each surface EVA. Unlike the Command/Service Module (CSM), which was powered by fuel cells that produced water as a byproduct, the LM was powered by silver-zinc batteries, so electrical power and water (used for equipment cooling as well as drinking) were critical consumables. To keep the LM life-support and communication systems operational until re-entry, the LM was powered down to the lowest levels possible. In particular, the LM's Abort Guidance System was used for most of the coast back to Earth instead of the primary guidance system, as it used less power and water.[5]pp. III‑17,33,40

text: Availability of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) for removing carbon dioxide presented a serious problem. The LM's internal stock of LiOH canisters was not sufficient to support the crew until return, and the remainder was stored in the descent stage, out of reach. The CM had an adequate supply of canisters, but these were incompatible with the LM. Engineers on the ground improvised a way to join the cube-shaped CM canisters to the LM's cylindrical canister-sockets by drawing air through them with a suit return hose. NASA engineers referred to the improvised device as "the mailbox".[21][22]

text: Another problem to be solved for a safe return was accomplishing a complete power-up from scratch of the completely shut-down Command Module, something never intended to be done in-flight. Flight controller John Aaron, with the support of grounded astronaut Mattingly and many engineers and designers, had to invent a new procedure to do this with the ship's limited power supply and time factor.[23] This was further complicated by the fact that the reduced power levels in the LM caused internal temperatures to drop to as low as 4 °C (39 °F). The unpowered CM got so cold that water began to condense on solid surfaces, causing concern that this might short out electrical systems when it was reactivated. This turned out not to be a problem, partly because of the extensive electrical insulation improvements instituted after the Apollo 1 fire.[24]

text: The last problem to be solved was how to separate the Lunar Module a safe distance away from the Command Module just before re-entry. The normal procedure was to use the Service Module's reaction control system (RCS) to pull the CSM away after releasing the LM along with the Command Module's docking ring, but this RCS was inoperative because of the power failure, and the useless SM would be released before the LM. To solve the problem, Grumman called on the engineering expertise of the University of Toronto. A team of six UT engineers, led by senior scientist Bernard Etkin, was formed to solve the problem within a day. The team concluded that pressurizing the tunnel connecting the Lunar Module to the Command Module just before separation would provide the force necessary to push the two modules a safe distance away from each other just prior to re-entry. The team had 6 hours to compute the pressure required, using slide rules. They needed an accurate calculation, as too high a pressure might damage the hatch and its seal, causing the astronauts to burn up; too low a pressure would not provide enough separation distance of the LM. Grumman relayed their calculation to NASA, and from there in turn to the astronauts, who used it successfully.[25]

text: Re-entry and splashdown

text: As Apollo 13 neared Earth, the crew first jettisoned the Service Module, using the LM's reaction control system to pull themselves a safe distance from it, instead of the normal procedure which used automatic firing of the SM's RCS. They photographed it for later analysis of the accident's cause. It was then that the crew were surprised to see for the first time that the entire Sector 4 panel had been blown off. According to the analysts, these pictures also showed the antenna damage and possibly an upward tilt to the fuel cell shelf above the oxygen tank compartment.

text:
Finally, the crew jettisoned the Lunar Module Aquarius using the above procedure worked out at the University of Toronto, leaving the Command Module Odyssey to begin its lone re-entry through the atmosphere. The re-entry on a lunar mission normally was accompanied by about four minutes of typical communications blackout caused by ionization of the air around the Command Module. The blackout in Apollo 13's reentry lasted six minutes, which was 87 seconds longer than had been expected.[26] The possibility of heat-shield damage from the O
2 tank rupture heightened the tension of the blackout period.

text: Odyssey regained radio contact and splashed down safely in the South Pacific Ocean, 21°38′24″S 165°21′42″W / 21.64000°S 165.36167°W / -21.64000; -165.36167 (Apollo 13 splashdown), southeast of American Samoa and 6.5 km (3.5 nmi) from the recovery ship, USS Iwo Jima. The crew was in good condition except for Haise, who was suffering from a serious urinary tract infection because of insufficient water intake. To avoid altering the trajectory of the spacecraft, the crew had been instructed to temporarily stop urine dumps. A misunderstanding prompted the crew to store all urine for the rest of the flight.[27]

text: The Lunar Module and Service Module reentered the atmosphere over the South Pacific between the islands of Fiji and New Zealand.[28]

text:
The crew of Apollo 13 on board the USS Iwo Jima following splashdown

The Apollo 13 Lunar Module Aquarius is jettisoned above the Earth after serving as a lifeboat for four days. It reentered Earth's atmosphere over Fiji and burned up during reentry

Apollo 13 Service Module (SM) and Lunar Module (LM) as they entered Earth's atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean on April 18, 1970 between the Fiji Islands and Auckland, New Zealand

Apollo 13's damaged Service Module, as photographed from the Command Module after being jettisoned

Mission Control celebrates the successful splashdown of Apollo 13

The Apollo 13 crew talking with President Nixon on April 17, 1970

text: Analysis and response

text: NASA Administrator Thomas Paine and Deputy Administrator George Low sent a memorandum to NASA Langley Research Center Director Edgar M. Cortright on April 17, 1970, (date of spacecraft splashdown) advising him of his appointment as chairman of an Apollo 13 Review Board to investigate the cause of the accident.

text: Review board

text: The second memorandum to Cortright from Paine and Low on April 21 established the board as follows:

text:
Robert F. Allnutt (Assistant to the Administrator, NASA Hqs.);
Neil Armstrong (Astronaut, Manned Spacecraft Center);
Dr. John F. Clark (Director, Goddard Space Flight Center);
Brig. General Walter R. Hedrick, Jr. (Director of Space, DCS/RED, Hqs., USAF);
Vincent L. Johnson (Deputy Associate Administrator-Engineering, Office of Space Science and Applications);
Milton Klein (Manager, AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office);
Dr. Hans M. Mark (Director, Ames Research Center).

text: George Malley (Chief Counsel, Langley Research Center)

text: Charles W. Mathews (Deputy Associate Administrator, Office of Manned Space Flight)

text:
William A. Anders (Executive Secretary, National Aeronautics and Space Council; ex-astronaut);
Dr. Charles D. Harrington (Chairman, NASA Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel);
I. I. Pinkel (Director, Aerospace Safety Research and Data Institute, Lewis Research Center).

text: Gerald J. Mossinghoff (Office of Legislative Affairs, NASA Hqs.)

text: Brian Duff (Public Affairs Officer. Manned Spacecraft Center)

text: Activities and report

text: The board exhaustively investigated and analyzed the history of the manufacture and testing of the oxygen tank, and its installation and testing in the spacecraft up to the Apollo 13 launch, as documented in detailed records and logs. They visited and consulted with engineers at the contractor's sites and the Kennedy Space Center. Once a theory of the cause was developed, elements of it were tested, including on a test rig simulation in a vacuum chamber, with a damaged tank installed in the fuel cell bay. This test confirmed the theory when a similar explosion was created, which blew off the outer panel exactly as happened in the flight. Cortright sent the final Report of Apollo 13 Review Board to Thomas Paine on June 15, 1970.[29]

text: The failure started in the Service Module's number 2 oxygen tank.[30] Damaged Teflon insulation on the wires to the stirring fan inside oxygen tank 2 allowed the wires to short-circuit and ignite this insulation. The resulting fire rapidly increased pressure beyond its 1,000-pound-per-square-inch (6.9 MPa) limit and the tank dome failed, filling the fuel cell bay (Sector 4) with rapidly expanding gaseous oxygen and combustion products. It is also possible some combustion occurred of the Mylar/Kapton thermal insulation material used to line the oxygen shelf compartment in this bay.[16]

text: The resulting pressure inside the compartment popped the bolts attaching the 13-foot (4.0 m) Sector 4 outer aluminum skin panel, which as it blew off probably caused minor damage to the nearby S-band antenna.[15]

text: Mechanical shock forced the oxygen valves closed on the number 1 and number 3 fuel cells, leaving them operating for only about three minutes on the oxygen in the feed lines. The shock also either partially ruptured a line from the number 1 oxygen tank, or caused its check or relief valve to leak, causing its contents to leak out into space over the next 130 minutes, entirely depleting the SM's oxygen supply.[16]

text: The board determined the oxygen tank failure was caused by an unlikely chain of events. Tanks storing cryogens, such as liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, require either venting, extremely good insulation, or both, in order to avoid excessive pressure buildup due to vaporization of the tanks' contents. The Service Module oxygen tanks were so well insulated that they could safely contain supercritical hydrogen and oxygen for years. Each oxygen tank held several hundred pounds of oxygen, which was used for breathable air and the production of electricity and water. The construction of the tanks made internal inspection impossible.

text: The tank contained several components relevant to the accident:

text:
a quantity sensor;
a fan to stir the tank contents for more accurate quantity measurements;
a heater to vaporize liquid oxygen as needed;
a thermostat to protect the heater;
a temperature sensor;
fill and drain valves and piping.

text: The heater and protection thermostats were originally designed for the Command Module's 28-volt DC bus. The specifications for the heater and thermostat were later changed to allow a 65-volt ground supply, in order to pressurize the tanks more rapidly. Beechcraft, the tank subcontractor, did not upgrade the thermostat to handle the higher voltage.

text: The oxygen shelf carrying the oxygen tanks was originally installed in the Apollo 10 Service Module, but was removed to fix a potential electromagnetic interference problem. During removal, the shelf was accidentally dropped about 2 inches (5 cm) because a retaining bolt had not been removed. The tank appeared to be undamaged, but a loosely fitting filling tube was apparently damaged, and photographs suggested that the close-out cap on the top of the tank may have hit the fuel cell shelf. The report of the Apollo 13 review board considers the probability of tank damage during this incident to be "rather low."[16] After the tank was filled for ground testing, it could not be emptied through the normal drain line. To avoid delaying the mission by replacing the tank, the heater was connected to 65-volt ground power to boil off the oxygen. Lovell signed off on this procedure. It should have taken a few days at the thermostatic opening temperature of 27 °C (81 °F). When the thermostat opened, the 65-volt supply fused its contacts closed and the heater remained powered. The board confirmed by testing that the thermostats welded themselves closed under the higher voltage. This raised the temperature of the heater to an estimated 540 °C (1,000 °F). A chart recorder on the heater current showed that the heater was not cycling on and off, as it should have been if the thermostat was functioning correctly, but no one noticed it at the time. Because the temperature sensor was not designed to read higher than the 27 °C (81 °F) thermostat opening temperature, the monitoring equipment did not register the true temperature inside the tank.[31][32] The gas boiled off in hours rather than days.

text: The sustained high temperatures melted the Teflon insulation on the fan power supply wires and left them exposed. When the tank was refilled with oxygen, it became a bomb waiting to go off. During the "cryo stir" procedure, fan power passed through the bare wires which apparently shorted, producing sparks and igniting the Teflon. This in turn boiled liquid oxygen faster than the tank vent could remove it.

text: In June 1970, the Cortright Report[16] provided an in-depth analysis of the mission in an extremely detailed five-chapter report with eight appendices. It included a copy of established NASA procedures for alleviating high pressure in a cryogenic oxygen tank, to include:

text:
Turning the four tank heaters and fans off;
Pulling the two heater circuit breakers to open to remove the energy source;
Performing a 2-minute purge, or directly opening the O2 valve.

text: This procedure was designed to prevent hardware failure so that the lunar landing mission could be continued. The Mission Operations Report Apollo 13 recounts how the master caution and warning alarm had been turned off for a previous low-pressure reading on hydrogen tank 2, and so it did not trigger to call attention to the high oxygen pressure reading.[33]

text: Oxygen tank 2 was not the only pressure vessel that failed during this mission. Prior to the accident, the crew had moved the scheduled entry into the Lunar Module forward by three hours. This was done to get an earlier look at the pressure reading of the supercritical helium (SHe) tank in the LM descent stage, which had been suspect since before launch. After the abort decision, the helium pressure continued to rise and Mission Control predicted the time that the burst disc would rupture. The helium tank burst disc ruptured at 108:54, after the lunar flyby. The expulsion reversed the direction of the passive thermal control (PTC) roll (nicknamed the "barbecue roll").[34]

text: While the investigation board did recreate the oxygen tank failure, it did not report on any experiments that would show how effective the Cryogenic Malfunctions Procedures were to prevent the system failure by de-energizing the electrical heater and fan circuits.

text: Corrective actions

text: The oxygen tank was redesigned, with the thermostats upgraded to handle the proper voltage. The heaters were retained since they were necessary to maintain oxygen pressure. The stirring fans, with their unsealed motors, were removed, which meant the oxygen quantity gauge was no longer accurate. This required adding a third tank so that no tank would go below half full.[35]

text: All electrical wiring in the power system bay was sheathed in stainless steel, and the oxygen quantity probes were changed from aluminum to stainless steel. The fuel cell oxygen supply valves were redesigned to isolate the Teflon-coated wiring from the oxygen. The spacecraft and Mission Control monitoring systems were modified to give more immediate and visible warnings of anomalies.[35]

text: Mission notes

text: Because Apollo 13 followed the free-return trajectory, its altitude over the lunar far side was approximately 100 km (60 mi) greater than the orbital altitude on the remaining Apollo lunar missions. The Moon was almost at apogee during the mission (as it also was during the flights of Apollo 10 and Apollo 15), which also increased the distance from the Earth. The combination of the two effects ensures that Apollo 13 holds the absolute altitude record for a manned spacecraft, reaching a distance of 400,171 kilometers (248,655 mi) from Earth on 7:21 pm EST, April 14, 1970.[36]

text: The A7L spacesuit intended to be worn on the lunar surface by Lovell would have been the first to feature red bands on the arms, legs, lunar EVA helmet assembly, and the life-support backpack. This came about because Mission Control personnel watching the video feeds of Apollos 11 and 12 had trouble distinguishing the astronauts while both had their helmet sunshades down. The red bands were used for the remaining Apollo flights, the Space Shuttle program, and in the International Space Station.

text: The Apollo 13 mission was called "a successful failure" by Lovell,[37] because of the successful safe return of the astronauts, but the failed lunar landing. Lead Flight Director Gene Kranz and Flight controller Sy Liebergot, the first one to see the telemetry of the initial oxygen tank failure, both describe it decades later as "NASA's finest hour."[38][39]

text: President Nixon awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom to the crew and the Apollo 13 Mission Operations Team for their actions during the mission.[40]

text: The Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment (CCGE) which was part of the ALSEP on Apollo 13 was never flown again. It was a version of the Cold Cathode Ion Gauge (CCIG) which featured on Apollo 12, Apollo 14, and Apollo 15. The CCGE was designed as a standalone version of the CCIG. On other missions, the CCIG was connected as part of the Suprathermal Ion Detector (SIDE). Because of the aborted landing, this experiment was never deployed. Other experiments included on Apollo 13's ALSEP included the Heat Flow Experiment (HFE), the Passive Seismic Experiment (PSE), and the Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment (CPLEE).[41]

text: Plaque and insignia

text: The original lunar plaque affixed to the front landing leg of Aquarius bore Mattingly’s name, so a replacement plaque with Swigert’s name was carried in the cabin, for Lovell to place over the other after he descended the ladder. He kept the plaque as a souvenir. In his book Lost Moon (later renamed Apollo 13), Lovell stated that, apart from the plaque and a couple of other pieces, the only other memento he possesses is a letter from Charles Lindbergh.

text: The Apollo 13 crew patch featured three flying horses as Apollo's "chariot" across space. Given Lovell's Navy background, the logo also included the mottoes "Ex Luna, scientia" ("From the Moon, knowledge"), borrowed from the U.S. Naval Academy's motto, "Ex scientia tridens" ("From knowledge, sea power"). The mission number appeared in Roman numerals as Apollo XIII. The patch did not have to be modified after Mattingly's replacement since it is one of only two Apollo mission insignia—the other being Apollo 11—not to include the names of the crew. It was designed by artist Lumen Martin Winter, who based it on a mural he had done for The St. Regis Hotel in New York City.[42][43] The mural was later purchased by actor Tom Hanks, who portrayed Lovell in the movie Apollo 13, and now is on the wall of a restaurant near Chicago owned by Lovell's son.[44]

text: Successful experiments

text: Despite Apollo 13's failure to land on the Moon, several experiments were conducted successfully because they were initiated before or conducted independently of the oxygen tank explosion.[45]

text:
Several experiments to study electrical phenomena were conducted prior to and during the launch of Apollo 13. This information was used to better understand hazards of launching in less than ideal weather conditions.
Eleven photographs of Earth were taken at precisely recorded times, to study the feasibility of using geosynchronous satellites to study cloud height.
Apollo 13's S-IVB third stage was the first to be purposely crashed into the lunar surface, as an active seismic experiment which measured its impact with a seismometer left on the lunar surface by the crew of Apollo 12. (The S-IVBs from the previous four lunar missions were sent into solar orbit by ground control after use.)

text: "Towing fees"

text: As a joke following Apollo 13's successful splashdown, Grumman Aerospace Corporation pilot Sam Greenberg (who had helped with the strategy for re-routing power from the LM to the crippled CM) issued a tongue-in-cheek invoice for $400,540.05 to North American Rockwell, Pratt and Whitney, and Beech Aircraft,[46][47] prime and subcontractors for the CSM, for "towing" the crippled ship most of the way to the Moon and back. The figure was based on an estimated 400,001 miles (643,739 km) at $1.00 per mile, plus $4.00 for the first mile. An extra $536.05 was included for battery charging, oxygen, and an "additional guest in room" (Swigert). A 20% "commercial discount," as well as a further 2% discount if North American were to pay in cash, reduced the total to $312,421.24.[48] North American declined payment, noting that it had ferried three previous Grumman LMs to the Moon (Apollo 10, Apollo 11 and Apollo 12) with no such reciprocal charges.

text: Spacecraft location

text: The Command Module shell was formerly at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, in Paris. The interior components were removed during the investigation of the accident and reassembled into boilerplate BP-1102A, the water egress training module; and were subsequently on display at the Museum of Natural History and Science in Louisville, Kentucky, until 2000. The Command Module and the internal components were reassembled, and Odyssey is currently on display at the Cosmosphere in Hutchinson, Kansas.

text: The Lunar Module burned up in Earth's atmosphere on April 17, 1970, having been targeted to enter over the Pacific Ocean to reduce the possibility of contamination from a SNAP 27 radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) on board. Intended to power the mission's ALSEP, the RTG survived re-entry (as designed) and landed in the Tonga Trench. While it will remain radioactive for several thousand years, it does not appear to be releasing any of its 3.9 kg of radioactive plutonium-238.[49]

text: Lovell's lunar space suit helmet, one of his gloves, and the plaque that had been intended to be left on the Moon are on exhibit at the Adler Planetarium in Chicago, Illinois.[50]

text: The Apollo 13 S-IVB with its Instrument Unit was guided to crash onto the lunar surface on April 14, providing a signal for the Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment.

text:
A recording of the Apollo 13 S-IVB's impact on the lunar surface as detected by the Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment

Crater left by the S-IVB's impact

LM armrest on display at the Apollo/Saturn V Center in Florida

text: Popular culture and media

text: The 1974 movie Houston, We've Got a Problem, while set around the Apollo 13 incident, is a fictional drama about the crises faced by ground personnel when the emergency disrupts their work schedules and places additional stress on their lives; only a couple of news clips and a narrator's solemn voice deal with the actual problems. "Houston... We've Got a Problem" was also the title of an episode of the BBC documentary series A Life At Stake, broadcast in March 1978. This was an accurate, if simplified, reconstruction of the events.[51]

text: Lovell was approached in 1991 by journalist Jeffrey Kluger about collaborating on a non-fiction account of the mission. The resultant book, Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13, was published in 1994. The next year, a film adaptation of the book, Apollo 13, was released, directed by Ron Howard and starring Tom Hanks as Lovell, Bill Paxton as Haise, Kevin Bacon as Swigert, Gary Sinise as Mattingly, Ed Harris as flight director Gene Kranz, and Kathleen Quinlan as Marilyn Lovell. James Lovell, Eugene Kranz, and other principals have stated that this film depicted the events of the mission with reasonable accuracy, given that some dramatic license was taken. For example, the film changes the tense of Lovell's famous follow-up to Swigert's original words from, "Houston, we've had a problem", to "Houston, we have a problem".[52][53][54] The film was nominated for several Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor (Harris) and Best Supporting Actress (Quinlan).

text: In the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, co-produced by Hanks and Howard, the mission is dramatized in the episode "We Interrupt This Program". Rather than showing the incident from the crew's perspective as in the Apollo 13 feature film, it is instead presented from an Earth-bound perspective of television reporters competing for coverage of the event.

text: In 2008, an interactive theatrical show titled Apollo 13: Mission Control[55] premiered at BATS Theatre in Wellington, New Zealand.[56] The production faithfully recreated the mission control consoles and audience members became part of the storyline. The show also featured a 'guest' astronaut each night: a member of the public who suited up and amongst other duties, stirred the oxygen tanks and said the line "Houston, we've had a problem." This 'replacement' astronaut was a nod to Jack Swigert, who replaced Ken Mattingly shortly before the launch in 1970. The production toured to other cities extensively in New Zealand and Australia in 2010–2011. The production was scheduled to travel to the US in 2012.

text: In the DC's Legends of Tomorrow episode 'Moonshot,' the oxygen tank explosion is averted when Eobard Thawne disguises himself as Swigert, in order to retrieve a piece of the Spear of Destiny that was hidden in the pole section of the American flag planted on July 21, 1969. Thawne and Ray Palmer crash land the lander on the Moon's surface.[57]

text: In November 2011, a notebook containing a checklist Lovell used to calculate a trajectory to get the damaged spacecraft, Apollo 13, back to Earth, and handwritten calculations by Lovell, was auctioned off by Heritage Auctions for $388,375. NASA made an email inquiry asking Heritage if Lovell had clear title to the notebook, stating that NASA had "nothing to indicate" the agency had ever transferred ownership of the checklist to Lovell. In January 2012, Heritage stated that the sale had been placed on hold after NASA launched an investigation into whether it was the astronaut’s property to sell.[58]