document_title: Royal Enfield

question_text: which country is the owner of royal enfield

text: Royal Enfield

text: History[edit]

text: George Townsend set up a business in 1851 in Redditch making sewing needles. In 1882 his son, also named George, started making components for cycle manufacturers including saddles and forks. By 1886 complete bicycles were being sold under the names Townsend and Ecossais. This business suffered a financial collapse in 1891. [2] [3] Albert Eadie, sales manager of Birmingham’s Perry & Co Ltd, pen makers who had begun to supply components for cycles, and Robert Walker Smith, an engineer from D. Rudge & Co[4], were chosen by Townsend's bankers to run the business. Then, in 1892, the firm was re-incorporated and named Eadie Manufacturing Company Limited; it was based in Snow Hill, Birmingham.[5][6] Later, in 1907, after serious losses from their newly floated Enfield Autocar business, Eadie Manufacturing and its pedal-cycle component business was absorbed by BSA.[7] Years later, the BSA chairman was to tell shareholders that the acquisition had "done wonders for the cycle department".[8] Eadie still retained a separate identity when Raleigh bought BSA's cycle interests in 1957.[9]

text: Enfield[edit]

text: Eadie had won contracts to supply precision parts for fire arms to the government's long-established Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield, Middlesex, now the London Borough of Enfield with its offshoot in Sparkbrook and had assumed the brand name Royal Enfield.[citation needed] In 1896 they also incorporated a new subsidiary company, The New Enfield Cycle Company Limited,[note 1] to handle much of the cycle work and in 1897 Enfield making complete cycles as well parts for other assemblers took all the cycle assembly work from Eadie.

text: Enfield diversified into motor cycles, 1901 and motor cars, 1902. The motor department was put into a separate subsidiary, Enfield Autocar Company Limited incorporated in 1906 and established in new works at Hunt End, Redditch.[10] However Enfield Autocar after just 19 months reported a substantial loss and, aside from Eadie himself, shareholders were unwilling to provide more capital so in early 1907 Eadie sold his control of Eadie Manufacturing to BSA. Albert Eadie and Robert Walker Smith had been appointed directors of BSA before the proposed sale ha been put to shareholders. The new combined BSA and Eadie business manufactured "military and sporting rifles, (pedal) cycle and cycle components, motor-cars etc."[11] "BSA and Eadie cycle specialities".[12] But there were still minority Eadie shareholders alongside BSA in 1957.

text: The business of Enfield Autocar, that is to say the plant and stock, was sold to Birmingham's Alldays & Onions Pneumatic Engineering.[13] Enfield Cycle Company took over the Hunt End premises.

text: In 1955, Enfield Cycle Company partnered with Madras Motors in India in forming Enfield of India, based in Chennai, and started assembling the 350cc Royal Enfield Bullet motorcycle in Madras. The first machines were assembled from components imported from England. Starting in 1957, Enfield of India acquired the machines necessary to build components in India, and by 1962 all components were made in India.

text: Frank Walker Smith (1888-1962), eldest son of Robert Walker Smith, joined Enfield Cycle Company in 1909. Appointed joint (with his father) managing director in 1914 he took over the full responsibility when his father died in 1933.[14] After his death Enfield was bought by investors E & H P Smith who sold Enfield for £82,500 to Norton Villiers in 1967.[15] While Norton Villiers acquired 33 per cent of Enfield India the assets of Enfield's diesel engine division and pedal cycle and spares divisions were not picked up.[16]

text: Royal Enfield produced bicycles at its Redditch factory until it closed in early 1967. The company's last new bicycle was the 'Revelation' small wheeler, released in 1965.[17][better source needed] Production of motorcycles ceased in 1970 and the original Redditch, Worcestershire-based company was dissolved in 1971.[18]

text: Enfield of India continued producing the 'Bullet', and began branding its motorcycles 'Royal Enfield' in 1999. A lawsuit over the use of 'Royal', brought by trademark owner David Holder, was judged in favour of Enfield of India, who now produce motorcycles under the Royal Enfield name.[19]

text: Products[edit]

text: By 1899, Royal Enfield were producing a quadricycle – a bicycle modified by adding a wrap-around four-wheeled frame, retaining a rear rider-saddle with handlebars – having a front-mounted passenger seat, driven by a rear-mounted De Dion engine.[20]

text: After experimenting with a heavy bicycle frame fitted with a Minerva engine clamped to the front downtube, Enfield built their first motorcycle in 1901 with a 239 cc engine.

text: A light car was introduced in 1903 powered by either a French Ader V-twin or De Dion single cylinder engine. In 1906 car production was transferred to a new company, the Enfield Autocar Co Ltd with premises in Hunt End, Redditch. The independent company only lasted until 1908 when it was purchased by Alldays & Onions.[6]

text: In 1907, Enfield merged with the Alldays & Onions Pneumatic Engineering Co. of Birmingham, and began manufacturing the Enfield-Allday automobile.

text: By 1910, Royal Enfield was using 344 cc Swiss Motosacoche V-Twin engines, or large-displacement JAP and Vickers-Wolseley engines.[21]

text: In 1912, the Royal Enfield Model 180 sidecar combination was introduced with a 770 cc V-twin JAP engine which was raced successfully in the Isle of Man TT and at Brooklands.

text: First World War (1911–1921)[edit]

text: In 1914 Enfield supplied large numbers of motorcycles to the British War Department and also won a motorcycle contract for the Imperial Russian Government. Enfield used its own 225 cc two-stroke single and 425 cc V-twin engines.[22] They also produced an 8 hp motorcycle sidecar model fitted with a Vickers machine gun.

text: Inter-war years (1921–1939)[edit]

text: In 1921, Enfield developed a new 976 cc twin, and in 1924 launched the first Enfield four-stroke 350 cc single using a Prestwich Industries engine. In 1928, Royal Enfield began using the bulbous 'saddle' tanks and centre-spring girder front forks, one of the first companies to do so. Even though it was trading at a loss in the depression years of the 1930s, the company was able to rely on reserves to keep going. In 1931, Albert Eddie, one of the founders of the company, died and his partner R.W. Smith died soon afterwards in 1933.

text: Second World War (1939–1945)[edit]

text: During World War II, The Enfield Cycle Company was called upon by the British authorities to develop and manufacture military motorcycles. The models produced for the military were the WD/C 350 cc sidevalve, WD/CO 350 cc OHV, WD/D 250 cc SV, WD/G 350 cc OHV and WD/L 570 cc SV. One of the most well-known Enfields was the [ designed to be dropped by parachute with airborne troops.

text: In order to establish a facility not vulnerable to the wartime bombing of the Midlands, an underground factory was set up, starting in 1942, in a disused "Bath Stone" quarry at Westwood, near Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire. Many staff were transferred from Redditch and an estate of "prefabs" was built in Westwood to house them.

text: As well as motorcycle manufacture, it built other equipment for the war effort such as mechanical "predictors" for anti-aircraft gunnery: the manufacture of such high precision equipment was helped by the constant temperature underground. After the war the factory continued, concentrating on engine manufacture and high precision machining. After production of Royal Enfield motorcycles ceased, the precision engineering activities continued until the final demise of the company.

text: Postwar Model G and Model J and ex-military C and CO (1946–1954)[edit]

text: Postwar, Royal Enfield resumed production of the single cylinder ohv 350cc model G and 500cc Model J, with rigid rear frame and telescopic front forks. These were ride-to-work basic models, in a world hungry for transport. A large number of factory reconditioned ex-military sv Model C and ohv Model CO singles were also offered for sale, as they were sold off as surplus by various military services.[23]

text: In 1948, a groundbreaking development in the form of rear suspension springing was developed, initially for competition model "trials" models (modern enduro type machines), but this was soon offered on the roadgoing Model Bullet 350cc, a single cylinder OHV. This was a very popular seller, offering a comfortable ride. A 500cc version appeared shortly after. A mid 1950s version of the Bullet manufacturing rights and jigs, dies and tools was sold to India for manufacture there, and where developed versions continue to this day.[23]

text: 500 Twins, Meteors, Super Meteors and Constellations 1949-1963[edit]

text: In 1949, Royal Enfields version of the now popular selling parallel twins appeared. This 500cc version was the forerunner of a range of Royal Enfield Meteors, 700cc Super Meteors and 700cc Constellations. Offering good performance at modest cost, these sold widely, if somewhat quietly in reputation. The 700cc Royal Enfield Constellation Twin has been described as the first Superbike. [24]

text: 250 cc models[edit]

text: The 250cc class was important in the UK as it was the largest engine which a 'learner' could ride without passing a test. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Royal Enfield produced a number of 250 cc machines, including a racer, the 'GP'[25] and a Scrambler, the 'Moto-X', which used a modified Crusader frame, leading link forks and a Villiers Starmaker engine.[26][27] The Clipper was a base-model tourer with the biggest-seller being the Crusader, a 248 cc pushrod OHV single producing 18 bhp (13 kW).

text: In 1965, a 21 bhp (16 kW) variant called the Continental GT, with red GRP tank, five-speed gearbox (which was also an option on the Crusader), clip-on handlebars, rearset footrests, swept pipe and hump-backed seat was launched. It sold well with its race-styling including a fly-screen resembling a race number plate which doubled as a front number plate mount.[28]

text: The Avon 'Speedflow' full sports fairing was available as an extra in complementary factory colours of red and white.[29]

text: Other variants were the Olympic[26] and 250 Super 5, notable for use of leading-link front suspension (all the other 250 road models had conventional telescopic forks) and the 250 'Turbo Twin', fitted with the Villiers 247 cc twin cylinder two-stroke engine.

text: The Royal Enfield GP production-volume racer was first raced in the Manx Grand Prix in September, 1964. Developed in conjunction with Royal Enfield Racing Manager Geoff Duke[25] the first public appearance was at Earls Court Show in November, 1964. Using a duplex-tube frame, leading link forks and one-piece tank and seat unit, the 250cc two-stroke single engine was similar to other small capacity race machines offered from rivals Greeves, Cotton, DMW and particularly Villiers,[30][31] which provided the engines for these marques and many other manufacturers and bike-builders including the 'Starmaker' competition engine used for the Scorpion racer and Sprite scrambler.[26]

text: Royal Enfield Interceptor[edit]

text: During the onslaught of the Japanese motorcycle manufacturers in the late sixties and early seventies, the English factories made a final attempt with the 692cc Interceptor[32] in 1960[33][not in citation given] –1961[34][not in citation given] followed in 1962–1968 [35][not in citation given] by the 736cc Series I and Series II Interceptors. Made largely for the US market, it sported lots of chrome and strong performance, completing the quarter mile in less than 13 seconds at speeds well above 175 km/h (105 mph).[36] It became very popular in the US, but the classic mistake of not being able to supply this demand added to the demise of this last English-made Royal Enfield.[37]

text: The Redditch factory ceased production in 1967 and the Bradford-on-Avon factory closed in 1970, which meant the end of the British Royal Enfield. After the factory closed a little over two hundred Series II Interceptor engines were stranded at the dock in 1970. These engines had been on their way to Floyd Clymer in the US; but Clymer had just died and his export agents, Mitchell's of Birmingham, were left to dispose of the engines. They approached the Rickman brothers for a frame. The main problem of the Rickman brothers had always been engine supplies, so a limited run of Rickman Interceptors were promptly built.[38]

text: As far as the motorcycle brand goes, though, it would appear that Royal Enfield is the only motorcycle brand to span three centuries, and still going, with continuous production. A few of the original Redditch factory buildings remain (2009) and are part of the Enfield Industrial Estate.

text: Enfield Indians[edit]

text: From 1955 to 1959, Royal Enfields were painted red, and marketed in the USA as Indian Motorcycles by the Brockhouse Corporation, who had control of the Indian Sales Corporation (and therefore Indian Motorcycles) and had stopped manufacturing all American Indians in the Springfield factory in 1953. But Americans were not impressed by the badge engineering and the marketing agreement ended in 1960, and from 1961, Royal Enfields were available in the US under their own name. The largest Enfield 'Indian' was a 700 cc twin named the Chief, like its American predecessors.[39]

text: Enfield India (since 1949)[edit]

text: This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Royal Enfield motorcycles had been sold in India since 1949. In 1955, the Indian government looked for a suitable motorcycle for its police and army, for use patrolling the country's border. The Bullet was chosen as the most suitable bike for the job. The Indian government ordered 800 350-cc model Bullets, an enormous order for the time.[40] In 1955, the Redditch company joined Madras Motors in India in forming "Enfield India" to assemble, under licence, the 350 cc Royal Enfield Bullet motorcycle in Madras (now called Chennai). Under Indian law, Madras Motors owned the majority (over 50%) of shares in the company. In 1957 tooling equipment was sold to Enfield India so that they could manufacture components.

text: Enfield of India continued producing the 'Bullet' long after the UK factory's bankruptcy, and changed its branding to 'Royal Enfield' in 1999. The 'Royal Enfield' name and rights had been purchased by Matt Holder of Aerco Jigs and Tools, at the bankruptcy sale in 1967.[41] The business passed on to his son, David Holder, of the Velocette Motorcycle Company of Birmingham, UK. The Holder family has produced spares for Royal Enfield motorcycles continuously from 1967 through to the present,[disputed – discuss] but did not trade under the Royal Enfield name.[42] While David Holder objected to the use of 'Royal Enfield' by Enfield of India, a UK court ruled in favour of the Indian company, who have now assumed the trademark, and produce motorcycles as Royal Enfield.[19]

text: Royal Enfield India manufactures and sells in India, and also exports to Europe as well as the Americas, South Africa and Australia. They recently entered the Indonesian market.[43] Recently Royal Enfield has undergone a major retooling particularly in the engine department going from carburated cast-iron engines to twin spark unit construction engines on all its models, with Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) available on their flagship 500 cc model. The major redesign has sparked such a demand for the bikes that Royal Enfield have started double shifts at their plants.

text: In August 2015, Royal Enfield Motors announced it is establishing its North American headquarters and a dealership in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with the intention to offer three bikes, the Bullet 500, Classic 500 and Continental GT 535 Cafe Racer as they feel this engine size represents an underserved market. The dealership will be Royal Enfield's first company-owned store in the U.S., according to Rod Copes, president of Royal Enfield North America. The company wants to establish about 100 dealerships in American cities starting with Milwaukee.

text: "I live here, so I am biased. But in my mind, Milwaukee is kind of the center of motorcycling in the United States," said Copes, a former Harley-Davidson executive. "We view this as kind of our first flagship dealership," he added.[44]

text: On November 9th, 2017 Royal Enfield revealed their new 650 twins, the Interceptor and Continental GT 650.[45]


document_title: Flank (anatomy)

question_text: where are the flanks located on the body

root

text: Flank (anatomy)

text:
Flank

Surface lines of the front of the thorax and abdomen. (Latus labeled as "lumbar".)

Details

Identifiers

Latin
regio lateralis

TA
A01.2.04.004

FMA
14603

Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]

tag: table

text: The flank or latus is the side of the body between the rib cage and the iliac bone of the hip (below the rib cage and above the ilium).[1]

tag: p

text: In some contexts, it is sometimes called the lumbar region.


document_title: List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals

question_text: who is the soccer player who scored most goals

text: In top-level football, 27 players have scored 500 or more goals over the course of their career, according to research by the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Only players who were active in top division football for all or most of their careers are considered. The ranking below takes into account goals scored in official matches played with national teams at all age levels and clubs in all divisions.[1]

text: Ranking[edit]

text:
Unverified data is excluded from players' data; goal and match totals may be higher.
Players in bold are currently active; data is accurate as of 18 April 2018.[2][3]

text:
Rank
Player
Goals
Matches
Ratio
Years

1
 Bican, JosefJosef Bican (CZE)
805
530
1.52
1931–1955

2
 Romário (BRA)
772
994
0.78
1985–2007

3
 Pelé (BRA)
767
831
0.92
1957–1977

4
 Puskás, FerencFerenc Puskás (HUN)
746
754
0.99
1943–1966

5
 Müller, GerdGerd Müller (GER)
735
793
0.92
1962–1981

6
 Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo (POR)
670
941
0.71
2001–present

7
 Messi, LionelLionel Messi (ARG)
634
810
0.78
2003–present

8
 Deák, FerencFerenc Deák (HUN)
576

1940–1957

9
 Seeler, UweUwe Seeler (GER)
575
649
0.89
1953–1978

 Maravilha, TúlioTúlio Maravilha (BRA)
575
—
1988–2012

11
 Friedenreich, ArthurArthur Friedenreich (BRA)
557

1909–1935

12
 Willimowski, ErnstErnst Willimowski (POL)
554
—
1934–1955

13
 Eusébio (POR)
552
—
1957–1979

14
 McGrory, JimmyJimmy McGrory (SCO)
550
—
1922–1937

15
 Binder, FranzFranz Binder (AUT)
546
—
1949–1976

16
 Peyroteo, FernandoFernando Peyroteo (POR)
544
354
1.54
1937–1949

17
 Sánchez, HugoHugo Sánchez (MEX)
541
—
1976–1997

18
 Walter, FritzFritz Walter (GER)
539
—
1937–1959

19
 Takács, JózsefJózsef Takács (HUN)
523
—
1917–1934

20
 Zsengellér, GyulaGyula Zsengellér (HUN)
522
—
1935–1953

 Zico (BRA)
522
—
1971–1994

22
 Di Stéfano, AlfredoAlfredo Di Stéfano (ARG)
514
—
1945–1966

 Krankl, HansHans Krankl (AUT)
514
—
1970–1989

24
 Nordahl, GunnarGunnar Nordahl (SWE)
513
—
1937–1958

25
 Dinamite, RobertoRoberto Dinamite (BRA)
512
—
1971–1993

26
 Greaves, JimmyJimmy Greaves (ENG)
511
—
1957–1980

27
 Bene, FerencFerenc Bene (HUN)
508
—
1961–1978

text: Source: Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation[1]


document_title: Carbon–hydrogen bond

question_text: the combination of carbon and oxygen would result in what type of bond

text: Carbon–hydrogen bond

text: The carbon-hydrogen bond (C–H bond) is a bond between carbon and hydrogen atoms that can be found in many organic compounds.[1] This bond is a covalent bond meaning that carbon shares its outer valence electrons with up to four hydrogens. This completes both of their outer shells making them stable.[2] Carbon–hydrogen bonds have a bond length of about 1.09 Å (1.09 × 10−10 m) and a bond energy of about 413 kJ/mol (see table below). Using Pauling's scale—C (2.55) and H (2.2)—the electronegativity difference between these two atoms is 0.35. Because of this small difference in electronegativities, the C−H bond is generally regarded as being non-polar. In structural formulas of molecules, the hydrogen atoms are often omitted. Compound classes consisting solely of C–H bonds and C–C bonds are alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Collectively they are known as hydrocarbons.

text: In October 2016, astronomers reported that the very basic chemical ingredients of life—the carbon-hydrogen molecule (CH, or methylidyne radical), the carbon-hydrogen positive ion (CH+) and the carbon ion (C+)—are the result, in large part, of ultraviolet light from stars, rather than in other ways, such as the result of turbulent events related to supernovae and young stars, as thought earlier.[3]

text: Reactions[edit]

text: The C−H bond in general is very strong, so it is relatively unreactive. In several compound classes, collectively called carbon acids, the C−H bond can be sufficiently acidic for proton removal. Unactivated C−H bonds are found in alkanes and are not adjacent to a heteroatom (O, N, Si, etc.). Such bonds usually only participate in radical substitution. Many enzymes are known, however, to affect these reactions.[4]

text: Although the C−H bond is one of the strongest, it varies over 30% in magnitude for fairly stable organic compounds, even in the absence of heteroatoms.[5][6]

text:
Bond
Hydrocarbon radical
Molar Bond Dissociation Energy (kcal)
Molar Bond Dissociation Energy (kJ)

CH3−H
Methyl
104
440

C2H5−H
Ethyl
98
410

(CH3)2HC−H
Isopropyl
95
400

(CH3)3C−H
tert-Butyl
93
390

CH2=CH−H
vinyl
112
470

HC≡C−H
ethynyl
133
560

C6H5−H
phenyl
110
460

CH2=CHCH2−H
Allyl
88
370

C6H5CH2−H
Benzyl
85
360

OC4H7−H
tetrahydrofuranyl
92
380

CH3C(O)CH2−H
acetonyl
96
400

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: The C−H unit is formally named carbogen.

text:
showCompounds of carbon with other elements in the periodic table
This box:

view
talk
edit

CH

He

CLi
CBe
CB
CC
CN
CO
CF
Ne

CNa
CMg
CAl
CSi
CP
CS
CCl
CAr

CK
CCa
CSc
CTi
CV
CCr
CMn
CFe
CCo
CNi
CCu
CZn
CGa
CGe
CAs
CSe
CBr
CKr

CRb
CSr
CY
CZr
CNb
CMo
CTc
CRu
CRh
CPd
CAg
CCd
CIn
CSn
CSb
CTe
CI
CXe

CCs
CBa

CHf
CTa
CW
CRe
COs
CIr
CPt
CAu
CHg
CTl
CPb
CBi
CPo
CAt
Rn

Fr
CRa
Rf
Db
CSg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og

↓

CLa
CCe
CPr
CNd
CPm
CSm
CEu
CGd
CTb
CDy
CHo
CEr
CTm
CYb
CLu

Ac
CTh
CPa
CU
CNp
CPu
CAm
CCm
CBk
CCf
CEs
Fm
Md
No
Lr

Chemical bonds to carbon

Core organic chemistry
Many uses in chemistry

Academic research, but no widespread use
Bond unknown


document_title: Public holidays in Hong Kong

question_text: what are the public holidays in hong kong

text: Public holidays in Hong Kong

text: Holidays in 2017[1][edit]

text:
Date
English name

2 January
The day following the first day of January

28-31 January
Lunar New Year

4 April
Ching Ming Festival

14 April
Good Friday

15 April
Holy Saturday

17 April
Easter Monday

1 May
Labour Day

3 May
Buddha's Birthday

30 May
Dragon Boat Festival

1 July
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day

2 October
Day following the National Day

5 October
Day following the Mid-Autumn Festival

28 October
Chung Yeung Festival

25 December
Christmas Day

26 December
The first weekday after Christmas Day

text: Public holidays[edit]

text: The 17 public holidays (Chinese: 公眾假期), also called Bank Holidays (Chinese: 銀行假期), are set by the General Holidays Ordinance.

text:
Public holidays in Hong Kong

Date
Name in English
Name in Chinese
Remarks

1 January
New Year's Day
元旦新年

1st day of 1st month (Lunar calendar)
Lunar New Year
農曆年初一
Usually occurs in late January or early February; the most important of the traditional holidays

2nd day of the 1st month (Lunar calendar)
Second day of Lunar New Year
農曆年初二

3rd day of the 1st month (Lunar calendar)
Third day of Lunar New Year
農曆年初三

5 April (4 April in leap years)
Ching Ming Festival
清明節
Occurs about 15 days after the Vernal Equinox; day for paying respect to one's ancestors

2 days before Easter (see Computus)
Good Friday
耶穌受難節

Day before Easter
Day following Good Friday (Holy Saturday)
耶穌受難節翌日

Day after Easter
Easter Monday
復活節星期一

1 May
Labour Day
勞動節

8th day of the 4th month (Lunar calendar)
Buddha's Birthday
佛誕
Usually occurs in May; new holiday established in 1998 (general not statutory)

5th day of the 5th month (Lunar calendar)
Dragon Boat Festival (Tuen Ng Festival)
端午節
Usually occurs in June; day for patriotic remembrance, eating rice dumplings and dragon boat races

1 July
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day
香港特別行政區成立紀念日

16th day of the 8th month (Lunar calendar)
Day following the Mid-Autumn Festival
中秋節翌日
Usually occurs in September; important autumn celebration of harvest and togetherness, with the lighting of lanterns, eating of mooncakes and observation of the moon

1 October
National Day
中華人民共和國國慶日

9th day of the 9th month (Lunar calendar)
Chung Yeung Festival
重陽節
Usually occurs in October; day for honouring the elderly and the deceased, and for mountain climbing

25 December
Christmas Day
聖誕節

26 December
Day following Christmas (Boxing Day)
聖誕節翌日

text: Under the administration of the United Kingdom prior to 1997, the Queen's Birthday was a public holiday observed in the second Monday of June. It was replaced by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day after the transfer of sovereignty to the People's Republic of China. Similarly, Commonwealth Day was a school holiday prior to the transfer of sovereignty, as is the birthday anniversary of Dr. Sun Yat Sen. The anniversary of the liberation of Hong Kong (Chinese: 重光紀念日) was observed on the last Monday in August, and the preceding day was also observed as anniversary of the victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War. After the transfer of sovereignty, the two public holidays were replaced with Labour Day and the National Day of the People's Republic of China.[2]

text: According to Hong Kong laws, when a designated public holiday falls on a Sunday or on the same day of another holiday, the immediate following weekday would be a public holiday. However, there are exceptions; for example, as Lunar New Year 2007 falls on a Sunday (18 February), the government have designated the Saturday directly before (17 February) as a public holiday.[3] However, this does not apply to Saturdays, and when a non-statutory public holiday falls on a Saturday, the public holiday is lost to people that do not work on Saturdays.

text: Statutory holidays[edit]

text: According to the Employee Ordinance of the Labour Legislation, 12 of the 17 public holidays are compulsory for employers to give to the employees. These 12 holidays are known as statutory holidays (Chinese: 法定假期), labour holidays (Chinese: 勞工假期), or factory holidays (Chinese: 工廠假期).

text:
Statutory holidays in Hong Kong

Date
Name in English
Name in Chinese
Remarks

1 January
New Year's Day
一月一日 (元旦新年)

First day of the first month (Lunar calendar)
Lunar New Year
農曆年初一
Usually occurs in late January or early February; the most important of the traditional holidays

Second day of the first month (Lunar calendar)
Second day of Lunar New Year
農曆年初二

Third day of the first month (Lunar calendar)
Third day of Lunar New Year
農曆年初三

5 April (4 April in leap years)
Qingming Festival
清明節
Occurs about 15 days after the Vernal Equinox; day for paying respect to one's ancestors

1 May
Labour Day
勞動節

Fifth day of the fifth month (Lunar calendar)
Dragon Boat Festival (Tuen Ng Festival)
端午節
Usually occurs in June; day for patriotic remembrance, eating rice dumplings and dragon boat races

1 July
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day
香港特別行政區成立紀念日

Sixteenth day of the eighth month (Lunar calendar)
Day following the Mid-Autumn Festival (or Moon Festival)
中秋節翌日
Usually occurs in September; important autumn celebration of harvest and togetherness, with the lighting of lanterns, eating of mooncakes and observation of the moon

1 October
National Day
中華人民共和國國慶日

Ninth day of the ninth month (Lunar calendar)
Chung Yeung Festival
重陽節
Usually occurs in October; day for honouring the elderly and the deceased, and for mountain climbing

around 21 or 22 December OR 25 December
Winter Solstice OR Christmas Day
冬至或聖誕節
either day can be chosen by employers.

text: If an employer states in the employment contract that its employees are only allowed to take statutory holidays, it is legal to require the employees to work on public holidays that are not statutory holidays (i.e. Good Friday, the day following Good Friday, Easter Monday, Buddha's Birthday and the day following Christmas) without salary or leave compensations.

text: Traditionally, statutory holidays are an entitlement associated with blue-collar jobs in fields such as manufacturing, construction, textiles and clothing, repairing, mass media, security, cleaning, transportation, logistics, distribution, retailing, catering, labourer, hotel and customer service.

text: The Government has, by legislation, designated 3 September 2015, The 70th anniversary day of the victory of the Chinese people's war of resistance against Japanese aggression, on a one-off basis as an additional Statutory Holiday and General Holiday for 2015.

text: Off-in-lieu for statutory holidays[edit]

text: In general, if a statutory holiday falls on the employee's rest day, the employer is committed to giving a day off-in-lieu at a following day which isn't the employee's rest day.[4] For example, under the 5-day work week system, if a statutory holiday falls on a Saturday, the employee can be entitled to a day off-in-lieu. This is not true for non-statutory public holidays which are lost to people that do not work on Saturday.


document_title: Popcorn ceiling

question_text: when was asbestos stopped being used in popcorn ceilings

text: Popcorn ceiling

text: A popcorn ceiling (slang), also known as a cottage cheese ceiling, a stucco ceiling or formally an acoustic ceiling, is a term for a spray-on or paint-on ceiling treatment. It was the standard for bedroom and residential hallway ceilings for its bright, white appearance, ability to hide imperfections, and acoustical characteristics.[citation needed] In comparison, kitchen and living room ceilings would normally be finished in smoother skip-trowel or orange peel texture for their higher durability and ease of cleaning.

text: In early formulations it often contained white asbestos fibers. When asbestos was banned in ceiling treatments by the Clean Air Act of 1978 in the United States,[1] popcorn ceilings fell out of favor in much of the country. However, in order to minimize economic hardship to suppliers and installers, existing inventories of asbestos-bearing texturing materials were exempt from the ban, so it is possible to find asbestos in popcorn ceilings that were applied through the 1980s. After the ban, popcorn ceiling materials were created using a paper-based or Styrofoam product to create the texture, rather than asbestos. Textured ceilings remain common in residential construction in the United States.


document_title: Norse activity in the British Isles

question_text: when did the vikings first come to england

text: Norse activity in the British Isles

text: Background[edit]

text: During the Early Medieval period, Ireland and Britain were culturally, linguistically and religiously divided into various peoples. The languages of the Celtic Britons and Gaels were descended from the Celtic languages spoken by those of Iron Age Europe. In Ireland, parts of western Scotland, as well as the Isle of Man, people were speaking an early form of Gaelic known as Old Irish. There may have been another pre-Indo-European language spoken by the Erainn up until the 8th century in what is today Kerry, but this is likely to have been Celtic or some other Indo-European language. In Western Britain, which includes; Cornwall, Cumbria, Wales, and Southwest Scotland, the Celtic Brythonic languages were spoken, with modern descendants such as Welsh and Cornish still being used. In Northern Britain, past the Forth and Clyde rivers which constitutes a large portion of modern-day Scotland, dwelled the Picts who spoke the Pictish language. Due to the scarcity of writing in Pictish, all of which can be found in Ogham, views are conflicted as to whether Pictish was Celtic like the southernly languages, or perhaps even a non-Indo-European language like Basque. However, most inscriptions and place names hint towards the Picts being Celtic in language and culture. Most peoples of Britain and Ireland had already predominantly converted to Christianity from their older, pre-Christian polytheistic religions. In contrast to the rest of the isles though, much of southern Britain was considered to be part of Anglo-Saxon England, where Anglo-Saxon migrants from continental Europe had settled during the 5th century CE, bringing with them their own Germanic language (known as Old English), a polytheistic religion (Anglo-Saxon paganism) and their own distinct cultural practices. By the time of the Viking incursions though, Anglo-Saxon England had too become mostly Christian.

text: The Isle of Man had supported its own agrarian population, but it is widely believed that it was Brythonic-speaking before Old Irish (later to become Manx) spread there. Gaelicisation could have taken place before the Viking age or perhaps during it, when the area was settled by Norse-Gaels who practised their own culture.

text: In northern Britain, in the area roughly corresponding to modern-day Scotland, lived three distinct ethnic groups in their own respective kingdoms; the Picts, Scots and Britons.[6] The Pictish cultural group dominated the majority of Scotland, with major populations concentrated between the Firth of Forth and the River Dee, as well as in Sutherland, Caithness, and Orkney.[7] The Scots were, according to written sources, a tribal group which had crossed to Britain from Dalriada in the north of Ireland during the late 5th century. Archaeologists have not been able to identify anything that was unique to the kingdom of the Scots, noting similarities with the Picts in most forms of material culture.[8] The Britons were those dwelling in the Old North, in parts of what have become southern Scotland and northern England, and by the 7th or 8th centuries, had apparently come under the political control of the Anglo-Saxons.[9]

text: By the mid-9th century, Anglo-Saxon England was divided into four separate and independent kingdoms; East Anglia, Wessex, Northumbria, and Mercia, the latter of which was the strongest military power.[10] Between half a million and a million people lived in England at this time, with society being rigidly hierarchical. This class system had a king and his ealdormen at the top, under whom were the thegns, or landholders, and then the various forms of agricultural workers below them. Beneath all of these was a class of slaves, who may have made up as much as a quarter of the population.[10] The majority of the populace lived in the countryside, although a few large towns had developed, namely London and York, which were centres of royal and ecclesiastical administration. There was also a number of trading ports, such as Hamwic and Ipswich, where foreign trade took place .[10]

text: Scandinavia[edit]

text: Society in 8th century Scandinavia was, unlike parts of the British Isles, still pre-literate, existing in the final stages of European prehistory, known to archaeologists as the Iron Age. In Scandinavia, the 8th century proved to be "a period of rapid technological, economic and social development" which would lead the region out of the Iron Age and into what has come to be known as the Viking Age.[11]

text: At the start of the Early Mediaeval period, the Norse populations saw themselves primarily as inhabitants of specific locations, such as Jutland, Vestfold and Hordaland. It would only be in the later centuries that the national identities would develop amongst the Scandinavians, dividing them into such national groups as the Danes, Swedes and Norwegians.[12]

text: The Late Iron Age peoples of Scandinavia had not yet been converted to Christianity as the peoples of Britain and Ireland had, and instead followed Norse paganism, a polytheistic set of beliefs that revered such deities as Odin, Thor, Frey and Freyja.[13]

text: Scandinavian society was heavily dependent on fishing herring, and when that failed, the seafaring Norse sailors turned to navigating around much of Europe during the Early Mediaeval period.[14] The Norse populations of Scandinavia had developed trade links with many areas of Europe, obtaining large quantities of gold in the late 5th century, most of which had been found in Sweden, and to a lesser extent, Norway.[4]

text: Viking raids: 793–850 AD[edit]

text: In the final decade of the 8th century AD, Norse raiders attacked a series of Christian monasteries located in the British Isles. In the British Isles, Christian monasteries had often been positioned on small islands and in other remote coastal areas so that the monks could dwell there in seclusion, devoting themselves to worship without the interference of other elements of society. At the same time, it made them isolated and unprotected targets for attack.[15] Historian Peter Hunter Blair remarked that the Viking raiders would have been astonished "at finding so many communities which housed considerable wealth and whose inhabitants carried no arms."[15] These raids would have been the first contact many Norsemen had with Christianity, but such attacks were not specifically anti-Christian in nature, rather the monasteries were simply seen as 'easy targets' for raiders.[13]

text:
Lo, it is nearly 350 years that we and our fathers have inhabited this most lovely land, and never before has such a terror appeared as we have now suffered from a pagan race, nor was it thought that such an inroad from the sea could be made. Behold the church of St Cuthbert spattered with the blood of the priests of God, despoiled of all its ornaments.

Archbishop Alcuin of York on the sacking of Lindisfarne.[16]

tag: div

text: The first known account of a Viking raid taking place in Anglo-Saxon England comes from 789, when three ships from Hordaland (in modern Norway) landed in the Isle of Portland on the southern coast of Wessex. They were approached by the royal reeve from Dorchester, whose job it was to identify all foreign merchants entering the kingdom, and they proceeded to kill him.[16] It is likely that other raids (the records for which have since been lost) occurred soon after, for in 792 King Offa of Mercia began to make arrangements for the defence of Kent from raids perpetrated by "pagan peoples".[16]

text: The next recorded attack against the Anglo-Saxons came the following year, in 793, when the monastery at Lindisfarne, an island off England's eastern coast, was sacked by a Viking raiding party on 8 June.[16] The following year they sacked the nearby Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey.[5]

text: In 795 they once again attacked, this time raiding Iona Abbey on Scotland's west coast.[5] This monastery would be attacked again in 802 and 806, when 68 people dwelling there were killed. Following such devastation, the monastic community at Iona abandoned the site and fled instead to Kells in Ireland.[17]

text: In the first decade of the 9th century AD, Viking raiders began to attack coastal districts along Ireland.[18] In 835, the first major Viking raid in southern England took place and was directed against the Isle of Sheppey.[19]

text: Treasure hoards[edit]

text: Various hoards of treasure were buried in England at this time, some of which may have been deposited by Anglo-Saxons attempting to hide their wealth from Viking raiders, and some of which may have instead been buried by the Viking raiders themselves as a way of protecting their looted treasure.[16]

text: One of these hoards, discovered in Croydon (historically part of Surrey, now part of Greater London) in 1862, contained 250 coins, three silver ingots and part of a fourth as well as four pieces of hack silver in a linen bag. Archaeologists interpret this as loot collected by a member of the Viking army. By dating the artefacts, archaeologists came to believe that it was likely that this hoard had been buried in 872, when the army wintered in London.[16] The coins themselves came from a wide range of different kingdoms, with Wessex, Mercian and East Anglian examples found alongside foreign imports from Carolingian-dynasty Francia and from the Arab world.[16] Not all such Viking hoards in England contain coins, however – for example, at Bowes Moor, Durham, 19 silver ingots were discovered, whilst at Orton Scar, Cumbria, a silver neck-ring and penannular brooch were uncovered.[20]

text: The historian Peter Hunter Blair believed that the success of the Viking raids and the "complete unpreparedness of Britain to meet such attacks" became major factors in the subsequent Norse invasions and colonisation of large parts of the British Isles.[15]

text: Invasion and Danelaw: 865–896[edit]

text: From 865 the Norse attitude towards the British Isles changed, as they began to see it as a place for potential colonisation rather than simply a place to raid. As a result of this, larger armies began arriving on Britain's shores, with the intention of conquering land and constructing settlements there.[21]

text: England[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Viking invasions of England

Great Heathen Army (865–78)

Englefield
Reading
Ashdown
Basing
Marton
Edington/Ethandun
Cynwit

The Danelaw

Buttington
First Stamford
The Holme
Tettenhall
Tempsford
Derby
Second Stamford
Corbridge
Brunanburh
Stainmore
Maldon
First Alton
St Brice's Day
Pinhoe
Ringmere

Cnut's invasion (1015–16)

Assandun
Brentford

Harald's invasion (1066)

Fulford
Stamford Bridge

text: In 866, Norse armies captured York, one of the two major cities in Anglo-Saxon England.[21] In 871, King Æthelred of Wessex, who had been leading the conflict against the Vikings, died and was succeeded to the throne by his younger brother, Alfred the Great.[21] Meanwhile, many Anglo-Saxon kings began to capitulate to the Viking demands, and handed over land to the invading Norse settlers. In 876, the Northumbrian monarch Healfdene gave up his lands to them, and in the next four years they gained further land in the kingdoms of Mercia and East Anglia as well.[21] King Alfred continued his conflict with the invading forces, but was driven back into Somerset in the south-west of his kingdom in 878, where he was forced to take refuge in the marshes of Athelney.[21]

text: Alfred regrouped his military forces and defeated the armies of the Norse monarch of East Anglia, Guthrum, at the Battle of Edington. Following Guthrum's defeat, in 886 the Treaty of Wedmore was signed between the (Norse-controlled) East Anglian and Wessex governments that established a boundary between the two kingdoms. The area to the north and east of this boundary became known as the Danelaw because it was under the control of Norse political influence, whilst those areas south and west of it remained under Anglo-Saxon dominance.[21] Alfred's government set about constructing a series of defended towns or burhs, began the construction of a navy and organised a militia system whereby half of his peasant army remained on active service.[21] Although there were continuous attacks on Wessex by new Viking armies, the kingdom's new defences proved a success and in 896 the invaders dispersed, instead settling in East Anglia and Northumbria, with some instead sailing to Normandy.[21]

text: Alfred's policy of opposing the Viking settlers was continued under the regime of his daughter Æthelflæd, who married Æthelred, Ealdorman of Mercia, and also under the regime of her brother Edward the Elder. In 920 the Northumbrian government and the Scots governments both submitted to the military power of Wessex, and in 937 the Battle of Brunanburh led to the collapse of Norse power in northern Britain. In 954 Erik Bloodaxe, the last Norse King of York, was expelled from the city.[22]

text: Norse settlement in the British Isles[edit]

text: The early Norse settlers in Anglo-Saxon England would have appeared visibly different from the Anglo-Saxon populace, wearing specifically Scandinavian styles of jewellery, and probably also wearing their own peculiar styles of clothing as well. There was also a difference in the style of hair worn by Norse and Anglo-Saxon men, with the former typically wearing a hair style that was shaved at the back and left shaggy on the front, whilst in contrast to this the latter typically wore their hair long.[23]

text: Second invasion: 980–1012[edit]

text: England[edit]

text: Under the reign of Wessex King Edgar the Peaceful, England came to be further politically unified, with Edgar coming to be recognized as the king of all England by both Anglo-Saxon and Norse populations living in the country.[24] However, under the regimes of his son Edward the Martyr, who was murdered in 978, and then Æthelred the Unready, the political strength of the English monarchy waned, and in 980 Viking raiders from Scandinavia once more started making attacks against England.[24] The English government decided that the only way of dealing with these attackers was to pay them protection money, and so in 991 they gave them £10,000. This fee did not prove to be enough, and over the next decade the English kingdom was forced to pay the Viking attackers increasingly large sums of money.[24] Many English began to demand that a more hostile approach be taken against the Vikings, and so, on St Brice's Day in 1002, King Æthelred proclaimed that all Danes living in England would be executed. It would come to be known as the St. Brice's Day massacre.[24]

text: The news of the massacre reached King Sweyn Forkbeard in Denmark. It is believed that Sweyn's sister Gunhilde could have been among the victims, which prompted Sweyn to raid England the following year where Exeter was burned down. Hampshire, Wiltshire, Wilton and Salisbury also became victims to the viking revenge attack. Sweyn continued his raid in England and in 1004 his viking army looted East Anglia, plundered Thetford and sacked Norwich, before he once again returned to Denmark.

text: Further raids took place in 1006–1007, and in 1009–1012 Thorkell the Tall led a Viking invasion into England.

text: In 1013 Sweyn Forkbeard returned to invade England with a large army, and Æthelred fled to Normandy, leading Sweyn to take the English throne. Sweyn died within a year however, and so Æthelred returned, but in 1016 another Norse army invaded, this time under the control of the Danish King Cnut son of Sweyn Forkbeard.[25] After defeating Anglo–Saxon forces at the Battle of Assandun, Cnut became king of England, subsequently ruling over both the Danish and English kingdoms.[25] Following Cnut's death in 1035, the two kingdoms were once more declared independent and remained so apart from a short period from 1040 to 1042 when Cnut's son Harthacnut ascended the English throne.[25]

text: Invasions of 1066[edit]

text: The Battle of Fulford took place at Fulford near York, on 20 September 1066, when an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada of Norway and Tostig Godwinson, his English ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar. When King Harold II of England heard of this defeat he marched his English army from the south coast of England to meet the Norwegians at Stamford Bridge.[26]

text: The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place near the village of Stamford, East Riding of Yorkshire in England on 25 September 1066. The Norwegian invasion was repelled but before the English Army had fully recovered, the Normans—under the leadership of Duke William II of Normandy (William the Conqueror)—invaded Anglo-Saxon England. William defeated Harold II of England's army at the Battle of Hastings.

text: Evidence[edit]

text: Written records[edit]

text: Archaeologists James Graham-Campbell and Colleen E. Batey noted that there was a lack of historical sources discussing the earliest Viking encounters with the British Isles, which would have most probably been amongst the northern island groups, those closest to Scandinavia.[27]

text: The Irish Annals provide us with accounts of much Norse activity during the 9th and 10th centuries.[28]

text: The Viking raids that affected Anglo-Saxon England were primarily documented in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a collection of annals initially written in the late 9th century, most probably in the Kingdom of Wessex during the reign of Alfred the Great. The Chronicle is however a biased source, acting as a piece of "wartime propaganda" written on behalf of the Anglo-Saxon forces against their Norse opponents, and in many cases greatly exaggerates the size of the Norse fleets and armies, thereby making any Anglo-Saxon victories against them seem more heroic.[29]

text: Archaeological evidence[edit]

text: The Norse settlers in the British Isles left remains of their material culture behind, which archaeologists have been able to excavate and interpret during the 20th and 21st centuries. Such Norse evidence in Britain consists primarily of Norse burials undertaken in Shetland, Orkney, the Western Isles, the Isle of Man, Ireland and the north-west of England.[28] Archaeologists James Graham-Campbell and Colleen E. Batey remarked that it was on the Isle of Man where Norse archaeology was "remarkably rich in quality and quantity".[3]

text: However, as archaeologist Julian D. Richards commented, Scandinavians in Anglo-Saxon England "can be elusive to the archaeologist" because many of their houses and graves are indistinguishable from those of the other populations living in the country.[2] For this reason, historian Peter Hunter Blair noted that in Britain, the archaeological evidence for Norse invasion and settlement was "very slight compared with the corresponding evidence for the Anglo-Saxon invasions" of the 5th century.[28]


document_title: List of earthquakes in the United States

question_text: when was the last time there was an earthquake in florida

text: The following is a list of notable earthquakes and/or tsunamis which had their epicenter in areas that are now part of the United States with the latter affecting areas of the United States.  Those in italics were not part of the United States when the event occurred.

text:
Date
State(s)
Magnitude
Fatalities
Article
Further information

January 26, 1700
Washington, Oregon, California
8.7–9.2
Unknown
1700 Cascadia earthquake

November 18, 1755
Massachusetts
5.9
Unknown
1755 Cape Ann earthquake

December 16, 1811
Missouri
7.2–8.1
Unknown
1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

December 8, 1812
California
6.9–7.5
7001400000000000000♠40+
1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake

January 9, 1857
California
7.9
7000200000000000000♠2
1857 Fort Tejon earthquake

April 24, 1867
Kansas
5.1
5000000000000000000♠0
1867 Manhattan, Kansas earthquake

April 2, 1868
Hawaii
7.9
7001770000000000000♠77
1868 Hawaii earthquake and tsunami

October 21, 1868
California
6.3–6.7
7001300000000000000♠30
1868 Hayward earthquake

December 14, 1872
Washington
6.5–7.0
5000000000000000000♠0
1872 North Cascades earthquake

March 26, 1872
California
7.4–7.9
7001270000000000000♠27
1872 Lone Pine earthquake

August 31, 1886
South Carolina
6.9–7.3
7001600000000000000♠60
1886 Charleston earthquake

April 18, 1906
California
7.9
7003300000000000000♠3,000+
1906 San Francisco earthquake

September 27, 1909
Indiana
5.1
5000000000000000000♠0
1909 Wabash River earthquake

October 3, 1915
Nevada
7.1
5000000000000000000♠0
1915 Pleasant Valley earthquake

June 29, 1925
California
6.8
7001130000000000000♠13
1925 Santa Barbara earthquake

August 16, 1931
Texas
5.8
5000000000000000000♠0
1931 Valentine earthquake

March 10, 1933
California
6.4
7002120000000000000♠120
1933 Long Beach earthquake

October 18, 1935

Montana

6.2

4

1935 Helena earthquake

July 15, 1936
Oregon, Washington
5.8
5000000000000000000♠0
1936 State Line earthquake

May 18, 1940
California
6.9
7000900000000000000♠9
1940 El Centro earthquake

December 20, 1940
New Hampshire
5.3
5000000000000000000♠0
1940 New Hampshire earthquakes

December 24, 1940
New Hampshire
5.5
5000000000000000000♠0
1940 New Hampshire earthquakes

April 1, 1946
Alaska
8.6
7002165000000000000♠165
1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake and tsunami

December 4, 1948
California
6.3
5000000000000000000♠0
1948 Desert Hot Springs earthquake

April 13, 1949
Washington
6.7
7000800000000000000♠8
1949 Olympia earthquake

July 21, 1952
California
7.3
7001140000000000000♠14
1952 Kern County earthquake

March 9, 1957
Alaska
8.6
5000000000000000000♠0
1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake and tsunami

July 9, 1958
Alaska
7.8
7000500000000000000♠5 (tsunami)
1958 Lituya Bay earthquakes and megatsunami

August 17, 1959
Montana, Wyoming, Idaho
7.3–7.5
7001280000000000000♠28+
1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake

March 27, 1964
Alaska
9.2
7002143000000000000♠143
1964 Alaska earthquake and tsunami

February 4, 1965
Alaska
8.7
5000000000000000000♠0
1965 Rat Islands earthquake and tsunami

April 29, 1965
Washington
6.7
7000700000000000000♠7
1965 Puget Sound earthquake

August 9, 1967
Colorado
5.3
5000000000000000000♠0
Rocky Mountain Arsenal#Deep injection well

November 26, 1967
Colorado
5.2
5000000000000000000♠0
Rocky Mountain Arsenal#Deep injection well

November 9, 1968
Illinois
5.4
5000000000000000000♠0
1968 Illinois earthquake

October 2, 1969
California
5.6, 5.7
7000100000000000000♠1
1969 Santa Rosa earthquakes
Doublet

February 9, 1971
California
6.5–6.7
7001580000000000000♠58–65
1971 San Fernando earthquake

February 2, 1975
Alaska
7.6
5000000000000000000♠0
1975 Near Islands earthquake

November 29, 1975
Hawaii
7.2
7000200000000000000♠2
1975 Hawaii earthquake

May 2, 1983
California
6.5
5000000000000000000♠0
1983 Coalinga earthquake

October 28, 1983
Idaho
7.3
7000200000000000000♠2
1983 Borah Peak earthquake

April 24, 1984
California
6.2
5000000000000000000♠0
1984 Morgan Hill earthquake

October 1, 1987
California
5.9
7000800000000000000♠8
1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake

October 17, 1989
California
6.9
7001630000000000000♠63
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake

June 28, 1991
California
5.6
7000200000000000000♠2
1991 Sierra Madre earthquake

April 25–26, 1992
California
6.5–7.2
5000000000000000000♠0
1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes

June 28, 1992
California
7.3
7000300000000000000♠3
1992 Landers earthquake

June 28, 1992
California
6.5
5000000000000000000♠0
1992 Big Bear earthquake

March 25, 1993
Oregon
5.6
5000000000000000000♠0
1993 Scotts Mills earthquake

September 20, 1993
Oregon
6.0
7000200000000000000♠2
1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes

January 17, 1994
California
6.7
7001570000000000000♠57
1994 Northridge earthquake

April 14, 1995
Texas
5.7
5000000000000000000♠0
1995 Marathon earthquake

May 2, 1996
Washington
5.6
5000000000000000000♠0
1996 Duvall earthquake

September 25, 1998
Pennsylvania
5.2
5000000000000000000♠0
1998 Pymatuning earthquake

October 16, 1999
California
7.1
5000000000000000000♠0
1999 Hector Mine earthquake

February 28, 2001
Washington
6.8
7000100000000000000♠1
2001 Nisqually earthquake

November 3, 2002
Alaska
7.9
5000000000000000000♠0
2002 Denali earthquake

December 22, 2003
California
6.5
7000200000000000000♠2
2003 San Simeon earthquake

September 10, 2006
Florida
5.8
5000000000000000000♠0
2006 Gulf of Mexico earthquake

October 15, 2006
Hawaii
6.7
5000000000000000000♠0
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake

October 30, 2007
California
5.6
5000000000000000000♠0
2007 Alum Rock earthquake

February 21, 2008
Nevada
6.0
5000000000000000000♠0
2008 Wells earthquake

April 18, 2008
Illinois
5.4
5000000000000000000♠0
2008 Illinois earthquake

July 29, 2008
California
5.5
5000000000000000000♠0
2008 Chino Hills earthquake

January 9, 2010
California
6.5
5000000000000000000♠0
2010 Eureka earthquake

July 7, 2010
California
5.4
5000000000000000000♠0
2010 Borrego Springs earthquake

August 22, 2011
Colorado
5.3
5000000000000000000♠0
2011 Colorado earthquake

August 23, 2011
Virginia
5.9
5000000000000000000♠0
2011 Virginia earthquake

November 5, 2011
Oklahoma
5.6
5000000000000000000♠0
2011 Oklahoma earthquake

June 23, 2014
Alaska
7.9
5000000000000000000♠0
2014 Aleutian Islands earthquake

July 25, 2014
Alaska
5.9
5000000000000000000♠0
2014 Southeast Alaska earthquake

August 24, 2014
California
6.0
7000100000000000000♠1
2014 South Napa earthquake

September 25, 2014
Alaska
6.2
5000000000000000000♠0
2014 Southern Alaska earthquake

January 24, 2016
Alaska
7.1
5000000000000000000♠0
2016 Old Iliamna earthquake

September 3, 2016
Oklahoma
5.8
5000000000000000000♠0
2016 Oklahoma earthquake

January 23, 2018
Alaska
7.9
5000000000000000000♠0
2018 Alaska earthquake

text: Earthquake swarms which affected the United States:

text:
1962–71 Denver earthquake swarm[1]
Enola earthquake swarm
2008 Reno earthquakes
Guy-Greenbrier earthquake swarm
2009–present Oklahoma earthquake swarms

tag: ul

text: Earthquakes which affected the United States but whose epicenters were outside the United States borders:

text:
1925 Charlevoix–Kamouraska earthquake – magnitude 6.2 earthquake, no injuries or fatalities anywhere
2010 Baja California earthquake (Mexico near S California) – magnitude 7.2 earthquake, 4 fatalities and 100 injuries, none in the United States

text: Earthquakes which did not affect the United States directly, but caused tsunamis which did:

text:
1960 Valdivia earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 9.5 earthquake, between 2200–6000 fatalities, including 61 in Hilo, HI
2006 Kuril Islands earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 8.3 earthquake, no injuries or fatalities anywhere
2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 8.0 earthquake with an epicenter 120 miles (190 km) southwest of American Samoa generated tsunami waves up to 16 feet (5 m), killing 34 people in American Samoa and causing extensive damage[2]
2010 Chile earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 8.8 earthquake, ~525 fatalities and unknown number of injuries, none in the United States
2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 9.0 earthquake, 15,850–28,000 fatalities and 6,011 injured, one fatality and unknown number of injuries in the United States
2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake – magnitude 7.8 earthquake with an epicenter on Moresby Island in British Columbia, the second largest Canadian earthquake ever recorded by a seismometer, over 100,000 people were evacuated to higher ground in the state of Hawai'i


document_title: Planet of the Apes (1968 film)

question_text: where was the last scene of planet of the apes filmed

text: Planet of the Apes (1968 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Astronauts Taylor (Charlton Heston), Landon (Robert Gunner) and Dodge (Jeff Burton) are in deep hibernation when their spaceship crashes in a lake on an unknown planet after a long near-light speed voyage, during which, due to time dilation, the crew ages only 18 months. The ship immediately starts sinking; Taylor finds their fourth astronaut Stewart dead and her body desiccated. The three survivors throw an inflatable raft from the ship and climb down into it; before departing the ship, Taylor notes that the date is November 25, 3978, approximately two millennia after their departure in 1972. Once ashore, Dodge performs a soil test and pronounces the soil incapable of sustaining life.

text: After abandoning their raft, the astronauts set off through a desolate wasteland in hopes of finding food and water before their provisions run out. Eventually, they encounter plant life. They find an oasis at the edge of the desert and go swimming, ignoring eerie scarecrow-like figures around the edge of the water. While they are swimming, their clothes are stolen. Pursuing the thieves, the astronauts find their clothes torn to shreds, their supplies pillaged and the perpetrators—a group of humans that are apparently so primitive that they cannot even talk and dressed in torn clothes—raiding a cornfield. Taylor is attracted to one of the humans, whom he later names Nova (Linda Harrison).

text: Suddenly, armed and uniformed gorillas on horseback charge through the cornfield, brandishing firearms, snares, and nets. They capture some humans and kill the rest. In the chaos, Dodge is shot in the back of the neck and killed, Landon is wounded and rendered unconscious, and Taylor is shot in the throat and taken prisoner. The gorillas take Taylor to Ape City, where his life is saved after a blood transfusion administered by two chimpanzees: animal psychologist Zira (Kim Hunter) and surgeon Galen (Wright King). While his throat wound is healing, he is unable to speak. Taylor discovers that the various apes, who can talk and are in control, are in a strict caste system: gorillas are police officers, military, hunters and workers; orangutans are administrators, politicians, lawyers and priests; and chimpanzees are intellectuals and scientists. The apes have developed a primitive society based on the beginnings of the human Industrial Era. They ride horses and have carts, rifles, and even primitive photography. Humans, who are believed by the apes to be unable to talk, are considered vermin and are hunted, either killed outright, enslaved, or used in scientific experiments.

text: Zira and her fiancé Cornelius (Roddy McDowall), an archaeologist, take an interest in Taylor, whom Zira calls "Bright Eyes". Taylor attempts to communicate by writing in the dirt, but Nova, who has been following him around, attempts to destroy his writing with her hands, not understanding what the words mean. The letters she doesn't destroy are then obliterated by Zira's and Cornelius's superior, an orangutan named Dr. Zaius (Maurice Evans). Back in his cage, Taylor steals Zira's pencil and notebook and uses them to write the message My name is Taylor. Zira and Cornelius become convinced that Taylor is intelligent, but upon learning of this, Dr. Zaius orders that Taylor be castrated. Before the castration can occur, Taylor escapes. During his desperate flight through Ape City, he passes through a museum, where he finds Dodge's stuffed and eyeless corpse on display. When Taylor is recaptured by gorillas, he overcomes his throat injury and roars: "Take your stinking paws off me, you damn dirty ape!"

text: A tribunal to determine Taylor's origins is convened by the president of the Assembly (James Whitmore), Dr. Zaius, and Maximus (Woodrow Parfrey). Dr. Honorious (James Daly) is the prosecutor. Taylor mentions his two comrades at this time. The court then produces Landon, who has been subjected to a lobotomy that has rendered him catatonic and unable to speak. After the tribunal, Dr. Zaius privately threatens to castrate and lobotomize Taylor if he does not tell the truth about where he came from. With help from Zira's socially rebellious nephew Lucius (Lou Wagner), Zira and Cornelius free Taylor and Nova and take them to the Forbidden Zone, a taboo region outside Ape City that has been ruled out of bounds for centuries by Ape Law. A year earlier, Cornelius led an expedition into the Forbidden Zone that found a cave containing artifacts of an earlier non-simian (and believed to be human) civilization. The group sets out for the cave to answer questions Taylor has about the evolution of the ape world and to prove he is not of that world.

text: Arriving at the cave, Cornelius is intercepted by Dr. Zaius and his soldiers. Taylor holds them off, threatening to shoot them if he has to. Zaius agrees to enter the cave to disprove their theories and to avoid physical harm to Cornelius and Zira. Inside, Cornelius displays the remnants of a technologically advanced human society pre-dating simian history. Taylor identifies artifacts such as dentures, eyeglasses, a heart valve and, to the apes' astonishment, a talking children's doll. More soldiers appear and Lucius is overpowered, but Taylor again fends them off. Dr. Zaius is held hostage so Taylor can escape, but he admits to Taylor that he has always known that a human civilization existed long before apes ruled the planet and that "the Forbidden Zone was once a paradise, your breed made a desert of it… ages ago!" Taylor nonetheless thinks it best to search for answers, but Dr. Zaius warns him that he may not like what he finds. Once Taylor and Nova have ridden off, Dr. Zaius has the gorillas lay explosives to seal off the cave and destroy the remaining evidence of the human society. He then has Zira, Cornelius and Lucius charged with heresy.

text: Taylor and Nova, at last free, follow the shoreline and discover the remains of the Statue of Liberty, revealing that this "alien" planet is actually Earth long after a nuclear war. Realizing what Dr. Zaius meant earlier, Taylor falls to his knees in despair and anger and condemns humanity for destroying the world.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Charlton Heston as George Taylor
Roddy McDowall as Cornelius
Kim Hunter as Zira
Maurice Evans as Dr. Zaius
James Whitmore as President of the Assembly
James Daly as Honorious
Linda Harrison as Nova
Robert Gunner as Landon
Lou Wagner as Lucius
Woodrow Parfrey as Maximus
Jeff Burton as Dodge
Buck Kartalian as Julius
Norman Burton as Hunt Leader
Wright King as Dr. Galen
Paul Lambert as Minister

text: Production[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Producer Arthur P. Jacobs bought the rights for the Pierre Boulle novel before its publication in 1963. Jacobs pitched the production to many studios, but was passed over. After Jacobs made a successful debut as a producer doing 1964's What a Way to Go! (1964) for 20th Century Fox and begun pre-production of another movie for the studio, Doctor Dolittle, he managed to convince Fox vice-president Richard D. Zanuck to greenlight Planet of the Apes.[9]

text: One script that came close to being made was written by The Twilight Zone creator Rod Serling, though it was finally rejected for a number of reasons. A prime concern was cost, as the technologically advanced ape society portrayed by Serling's script would have involved expensive sets, props, and special effects. The previously blacklisted screenwriter Michael Wilson was brought in to rewrite Serling's script and, as suggested by director Franklin J. Schaffner, the ape society was made more primitive as a way of reducing costs. Serling's stylized twist ending was retained, and became one of the most famous movie endings of all time. The exact location and state of decay of the Statue of Liberty changed over several storyboards. One version depicted the statue buried up to its nose in the middle of a jungle while another depicted the statue in pieces.[9]

text: To convince the Fox Studio that a Planet of the Apes film could be made, the producers shot a brief test scene from a Rod Serling draft of the script, using early versions of the ape makeup. Charlton Heston appeared as an early version of Taylor (named Thomas, as he was in the Serling-penned drafts), Edward G. Robinson appeared as Zaius, while two then-unknown Fox contract actors, James Brolin and Linda Harrison, played Cornelius and Zira. This test footage is included on several DVD releases of the film, as well as the documentary Behind the Planet of the Apes. Linda Harrison, at the time the girlfriend of studio chief Richard Zanuck, went on to play Nova in the 1968 film and its first sequel, and had a cameo in Tim Burton's Planet of the Apes more than 30 years later, which was also produced by Zanuck. Although Harrison often opined that the producers had always had her in mind for the role of Nova, they had, in fact, considered first Ursula Andress, then Raquel Welch, and Angelique Pettyjohn. When these three women proved unavailable or uninterested, Zanuck gave the part to Harrison. Dr. Zaius was originally to have been played by Robinson, but he backed out due to the heavy makeup and long sessions required to apply it.[10] Robinson later made his final film, Soylent Green (1973), opposite his one-time Ten Commandments (1956) co-star Heston.

text: Michael Wilson's rewrite kept the basic structure of Serling's screenplay but rewrote all the dialogue and set the script in a more primitive society. According to associate producer Mort Abrahams an additional uncredited writer (his only recollection was that the writer's last name was Kelly) polished the script, rewrote some of the dialogue and included some of the more heavy-handed tongue-in-cheek dialogue ("I never met an ape I didn't like") which wasn't in either Serling or Wilson's drafts. According to Abraham some scenes, such as the one where the judges imitate the "See no evil, speak no evil and hear no evil" monkeys, were improvised on the set by director Franklin J. Schaffner and kept in the final film because of the audience reaction during test screenings prior to release.[11][page needed] During filming John Chambers, who designed prosthetic make up in the film,[6] held training sessions at 20th Century-Fox studios, where he mentored other make-up artists of the film.[12]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began on May 21, 1967, and ended on August 10, 1967. Most of the early scenes of a desert-like terrain were shot in northern Arizona near the Grand Canyon, the Colorado River, Lake Powell,[11]:61 Glen Canyon[11]:61 and other locations near Page, Arizona[11]:59 Most scenes of the ape village, interiors and exteriors, were filmed on the Fox Ranch[11]:68 in Malibu Creek State Park, northwest of Los Angeles, essentially the backlot of 20th Century Fox. The concluding beach scenes were filmed on a stretch of California seacoast between Malibu and Oxnard with cliffs that towered 130 feet above the shore. Reaching the beach on foot was virtually impossible, so cast, crew, film equipment, and even horses had to be lowered in by helicopter.[11]:79 The home movies of Roddy McDowall (on YouTube) show makeup, the Ape Village set and the beach site/set - a wooden ramp was built around the point from Westward Beach to Pirates Cove for access to the beach set. The remains of the Statue of Liberty were shot in a secluded cove on the far eastern end of Westward Beach, between Zuma Beach and Point Dume in Malibu.[13] As noted in the documentary Behind the Planet of the Apes,[9] the special effect shot of the half-buried statue was achieved by seamlessly blending a matte painting with existing cliffs. The shot looking down at Taylor was done from a 70-foot scaffold, angled over a 1/2-scale papier-mache model of the Statue. The actors in Planet of the Apes were so affected by their roles and wardrobe that, when not shooting, they automatically segregated themselves with the species they were portraying.[14]

text: Taylor's spacecraft[edit]

text: The spacecraft onscreen is never actually named in the film. But for the 40th anniversary release of the Blu-ray edition of the film, in the short-film created for the release called A Public Service Announcement from ANSA, the ship is called "Liberty 1".[15] The ship had originally been called "Immigrant One" in an early draft of the script, and then called "Air Force One" in a test set of Topps Collectible cards, and dubbed "Icarus" by a fan; that name gained popularity among Ape fandom.[15][16]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Planet of the Apes was well received by critics and is widely regarded as a classic film and one of the best films of 1968, applauded for its imagination and its commentary on a possible world gone upside down.[17][18] As of April, 2012, the film held a 90% "Certified Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 50 reviews.[19] In 2008, the film was selected by Empire magazine as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time.[20]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film won an honorary Academy Award for John Chambers for his outstanding make-up achievement. The film was nominated for Best Costume Design (Morton Haack) and Best Original Score for a Motion Picture (not a Musical) (Jerry Goldsmith).[21] The score is known for its avant-garde compositional techniques, as well as the use of unusual percussion instruments and extended performance techniques, as well as his 12-note music (the violin part using all 12 chromatic notes) to give an eerie, unsettled feel to the planet, mirroring the sense of placelessness.

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies—Nominated[22]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills—#59
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:

Colonel George Taylor—Nominated Hero[23]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"Take your stinking paws off me, you damned dirty ape!"—#66

AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores—#18
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)—Nominated[24]
AFI's 10 Top 10—Nominated Science Fiction Film[25]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Original series sequels[edit]

text: Writer Rod Serling was brought back to work on an outline for a sequel. Serling's outline was ultimately discarded in favor of a story by associate producer Mort Abrahams and writer Paul Dehn, which became the basis for Beneath the Planet of the Apes.[11][page needed] The original film series had four sequels:

text:
Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970)
Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971)
Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972)
Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973)

text: Television series[edit]

text:
Planet of the Apes (1974)
Return to the Planet of the Apes (animated) (1975)

text: Remake[edit]

text: Planet of the Apes (2001): The film was a re-imagining of the original film, directed by Tim Burton.

text: Reboot series[edit]

text:
Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011): A series reboot, directed by Rupert Wyatt, was released in August 5, 2011 to critical and commercial success. It is the first installment in the new series of films.[8]
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014): The second entry in the Planet of the Apes reboot series, directed by Matt Reeves, was released in July 11, 2014.[26][27]
War for the Planet of the Apes (2017): The third film in the reboot series, directed by Matt Reeves, was released on July 14, 2017.[28][29][30]

text: Comics[edit]

text: Comic book adaptations of the films were published by Gold Key (1970) and Marvel Comics (b/w magazine 1974-77,[31] color comic book 1975-76[32]). Malibu Comics reprinted the Marvel adaptations when they had the license in the early 1980s. Dark Horse Comics published an adaptation for the 2001 Tim Burton film. Currently Boom! Studios has the licensing rights to Planet of the Apes. Their stories tell the tale of Ape City and its inhabitants before Taylor arrived. However, in July 2014, it was announced that Boom! Studios and IDW Publishing will do a crossover between Planet of the Apes and Star Trek the original series.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: A parody of the film series titled "The Milking of the Planet That Went Ape" was published in Mad Magazine. It was illustrated by Mort Drucker and written by Arnie Kogen in regular issue #157, March 1973.[33]

text: Numerous parodies and references have appeared in films and other media, including Spaceballs, The Simpsons, Futurama, Family Guy, South Park, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Mad Men, The Big Bang Theory and the Madagascar films.[citation needed]

text: The film is also alluded to in literature, most notably in Junot Díaz's Pulitzer-winning novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (2007).[citation needed]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The crash of the astronauts' spacecraft was partially filmed in and around Lake Powell.

Horseshoe Bend on the Colorado River, near Page, Arizona, was a part of the Forbidden Zone, through which Taylor, Zira, and Cornelius fled Ape City.

Malibu Creek State Park, part of which was formerly the 20th Century Fox Movie Ranch, was the location of the astronauts' initial encounter with primitive humans and superior apes, and of Cornelius, Zira and Taylor's escape from Ape City.

The final scene was filmed at Point Dume's Westward Beach on the Malibu coast.

The cliff face of Point Dume is obscured by the matte painting of the Statue of Liberty.


document_title: Salmon River (Idaho)

question_text: where does the salmon river meet the snake river

text: Salmon River (Idaho)

text: Course[edit]

text: The Salmon River originates from and flows through the mountains of central and eastern Idaho (Lemhi Range, Sawtooth, Salmon River Mountains, Clearwater and Bitterroot Range). The main stem rises in the Sawtooth Range at over 9,200 feet (2,800 m) in elevation, several miles northwest of Norton Peak. For the first 30 miles (50 km), it flows north through the Sawtooth Valley, then turns east at Stanley, receiving the Yankee Fork shortly below that point and the East Fork further downstream. The river then flows northeast, receiving the Pahsimeroi River at Ellis and then the Lemhi River at Salmon, Idaho east of the Lemhi Range.

text: North of Salmon, the river is joined by the North Fork, before turning west into over 200 miles (320 km) of continuous canyons through the Salmon River and Clearwater Mountains – some of the most rugged and isolated terrain in the contiguous United States. Exhibiting upwards of 7,000 feet (2,130 m) of vertical relief, the Salmon River canyons are some of the deepest in the U.S., surpassing the Grand Canyon and second only to the Snake River's Hells Canyon on the Idaho–Oregon border.[8] Here, the river is joined by its two largest tributaries, the Middle Fork and South Fork. Ten miles (16 km) downstream (west) of its confluence with the Middle Fork, the Salmon River becomes the dividing line for the two time zones in Idaho: Mountain time to the south, Pacific time to the north, bisecting the state at approximately 45½ degrees north latitude.

text: The river turns abruptly north at the confluence with the Little Salmon River at Riggins, about 87 miles (140 km) above its mouth. From there the river flows almost due north, with U.S. Route 95 on its east bank until a few miles before White Bird; the river then loops northwest and south to its confluence with the Snake River north of Hells Canyon, 15 miles (25 km) south of the Washington border and 40 miles (65 km) south of Lewiston. The Salmon River is the longest river system contained entirely within a single U.S. state.[citation needed]

text: History[edit]

text: Anthropology[edit]

text: The Salmon River area has been home to people for at least the last 8,000 years.[9] Much of the area was inhabited by several tribes, including the Nez Perce. The river was considered sacred ground and a rich source of food for the indigenous people of the area, who relied on the abundant salmon species and other wildlife.

text: Exploration[edit]

text: In August 1805, just after crossing the Continental Divide of the Americas, Lewis and Clark ventured down the Salmon River, but found it to be too rough to be navigable. Clark wrote:[10]

text: "...I shall in justice to Capt. Lewis who was the first white man ever on this fork of the Columbia Call this Louis's river. ...The Westerly fork of the Columbia River [the present Salmon River] is double the size of the Easterley fork [the present Lemhi River] & below those forks the river is ...100 yards (90 m) wide, it is very rapid & Sholey water Clear but little timber."

text: The honor didn't last long; by 1810, maps of the area were already referring to "Louis' River" as the Salmon. Clark had thought that the Salmon River was the Snake River, thus he called it the "Westerly fork of the Columbia". The Snake River retained the variant name "Lewis River" or "Lewis Fork" longer than did the Salmon.

text: Gold[edit]

text: In the 1860s, placer deposits of gold were found along the river, and a gold rush began. Miners came to the area, causing clashes with the Nez Perce on their ancestral tribal lands. Many historic and present day mines (including dredging operations) can be seen while traveling along the river.

text: Recreation[edit]

text: Several national forests and Sawtooth National Recreation Area provide for numerous recreation opportunities within the river's watershed. Two segments (the Middle Fork and a section of the main Salmon River, known as the Main Fork) are protected as National Wild and Scenic Rivers. The Middle Fork was one of the original eight rivers designated Wild and Scenic in 1968, and is often considered the "crown jewel"[6] of the Wild and Scenic system.[11]

text: The Salmon is a popular destination for whitewater kayaking, canoeing, and rafting. The canyons of the Salmon allow for magnificent views of the complex geology of the region. The Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness Area includes one of the deepest canyons in the continental United States, which at roughly 7,000 feet (2,130 m) of vertical relief, is deeper than the Grand Canyon.

text: Both the Middle Fork and Main Fork travel through the Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness Area. The Middle Fork is about 110 miles (180 km) long, while the Main Fork is about 81 miles (130 km) in length. The Middle Fork raft trip run ends 7 miles (11 km) prior to the beginning of the Main Fork run; Corn Creek is the start of the Main Fork section of the Salmon River.

text: The South Fork of the Salmon flows through Payette National Forest and enters the Wild and Scenic Main Fork at Mackay Bar. The Main Fork raft trip ends about 25 miles (40 km) east of Riggins, either at Vinegar Creek or Carey Creek, marking the beginning of the Lower Salmon rafting section. Boating companies offer both single and multiple day trips on the river.

text: The Middle Fork of the Salmon River is known as one of the best catch and release fly fisheries in the nation. Other recreational activities along the river include camping, hiking and mountain biking.

text: Wildlife[edit]

text: The Salmon River historically produced 45% percent of all the steelhead (ocean-going rainbow trout) and 45 percent of all the spring and summer chinook salmon in the entire Columbia River Basin. The Salmon River basin contains most (up to 70 percent) of the remaining salmon and steelhead habitat in the Columbia River Basin. Despite abundant, excellent salmon habitat in the Salmon River basin, chinook, steelhead, and sockeye salmon populations have not significantly recovered, despite listings under the federal Endangered Species Act since the mid-1990s. Populations remain at risk in large part because of the negative effects of four federal dams and reservoirs on the lower Snake river, through which both juvenile salmon and returning adults must pass. Many Northwest salmon advocates, commercial & sportfishermen call for removal of the Lower Granite, Little Goose, Lower Monumental, and Ice Harbor dams to address survival problems. As of November 2015, controversy continues in NW Politics, public discourse, and in federal court, where federal salmon recovery plans are under legal challenge.[12][citation needed]

text: USGS stations[edit]

text:
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap · Google Maps

Download coordinates as: KML · GPX

text: The United States Geological Survey operates four stream gauge water level monitoring stations on the main stem of the Salmon River and 17 others on its tributaries. Real time data is available for each station on the USGS website. For a map of these see Salmon River USGS Station Map or in the box at right.

text:
USGS stations in the Salmon River watershed as of August 12, 2012[13]

Stream
Location
Site number
Coordinates
Drainage area
Avg discharge
Max discharge
Min discharge
Website

Salmon River
Clayton, ID
13296500
44°16′06″N 114°43′58″W / 44.26833°N 114.73278°W / 44.26833; -114.73278 (Salmon River below Yankee Fork near Clayton, ID)
807 sq mi (2,090 km2)
974 cu ft/s (27.6 m3/s)
10,400 cu ft/s (290 m3/s)
160 cu ft/s (4.5 m3/s)
[1]

Salmon River
Salmon, ID
13302500
45°11′01″N 113°53′43″W / 45.18361°N 113.89528°W / 45.18361; -113.89528 (Salmon River at Salmon, ID)
3,737 sq mi (9,680 km2)
1,923 cu ft/s (54.5 m3/s)
17,700 cu ft/s (500 m3/s)
242 cu ft/s (6.9 m3/s)
[2]

Salmon River
Shoup, ID
13307000
45°19′21″N 114°26′24″W / 45.32250°N 114.44000°W / 45.32250; -114.44000 (Salmon River near Shoup, ID)
6,239 sq mi (16,160 km2)
2,913 cu ft/s (82.5 m3/s)
25,700 cu ft/s (730 m3/s)
600 cu ft/s (17 m3/s)
[3]

Salmon River
White Bird, ID
13317000
45°45′01″N 116°19′26″W / 45.75028°N 116.32389°W / 45.75028; -116.32389 (Salmon River at White Bird, ID)
13,421 sq mi (34,760 km2)
11,090 cu ft/s (314 m3/s)
130,000 cu ft/s (3,700 m3/s)
1,000 cu ft/s (28 m3/s)
[4]

Valley Creek
Stanley, ID
13295000
44°13′21″N 114°55′52″W / 44.22250°N 114.93111°W / 44.22250; -114.93111 (Valley Creek at Stanley, ID)
147 sq mi (380 km2)
198 cu ft/s (5.6 m3/s)
2,210 cu ft/s (63 m3/s)
34 cu ft/s (0.96 m3/s)
[5]

Yankee Fork Salmon River
Clayton, ID
13296000
44°16′44″N 114°44′02″W / 44.27889°N 114.73389°W / 44.27889; -114.73389 (Yankee Fork Salmon River near Clayton, ID)
189 sq mi (490 km2)
198 cu ft/s (5.6 m3/s)
3,360 cu ft/s (95 m3/s)
10 cu ft/s (0.28 m3/s)
[6]

Thompson Creek
Clayton, ID
13297330
44°16′13″N 114°31′00″W / 44.27028°N 114.51667°W / 44.27028; -114.51667 (Thompson Creek near Clayton, ID)
29.1 sq mi (75 km2)
16.8 cu ft/s (0.48 m3/s)
442 cu ft/s (12.5 m3/s)
1.0 cu ft/s (0.028 m3/s)
[7]

Squaw Creek
Clayton, ID
13297355
44°17′27″N 114°28′18″W / 44.29083°N 114.47167°W / 44.29083; -114.47167 (Squaw Creek below Bruno Creek near Clayton, ID)
71.6 sq mi (185 km2)
33.2 cu ft/s (0.94 m3/s)
755 cu ft/s (21.4 m3/s)
3.3 cu ft/s (0.093 m3/s)
[8]

Pahsimeroi River
Ellis, ID
13302005
44°41′30″N 114°02′49″W / 44.69167°N 114.04694°W / 44.69167; -114.04694 (Pahsimeroi River at Ellis, ID)
830 sq mi (2,100 km2)
230 cu ft/s (6.5 m3/s)
710 cu ft/s (20 m3/s)
87 cu ft/s (2.5 m3/s)
[9]

Lemhi River
Lemhi, ID
13305000
44°56′24″N 113°38′21″W / 44.94000°N 113.63917°W / 44.94000; -113.63917 (Lemhi River near Lemhi, ID)
897 sq mi (2,320 km2)
257 cu ft/s (7.3 m3/s)
2,430 cu ft/s (69 m3/s)
22 cu ft/s (0.62 m3/s)
[10]

Lemhi River
Salmon, ID
13305310
45°07′58″N 113°47′56″W / 45.13278°N 113.79889°W / 45.13278; -113.79889 (Lemhi River below L5 Diversion near Salmon, ID)
1,216 sq mi (3,150 km2)
258 cu ft/s (7.3 m3/s)
2,920 cu ft/s (83 m3/s)
0.75 cu ft/s (0.021 m3/s)
[11]

Blackbird Creek
Cobalt, ID
13306336
45°05′29″N 114°17′53″W / 45.09139°N 114.29806°W / 45.09139; -114.29806 (Blackbird Creek near Cobalt, ID)
Unknown
6.8 cu ft/s (0.19 m3/s)
100 cu ft/s (2.8 m3/s)
2 cu ft/s (0.057 m3/s)
[12]

Panther Creek
Cobalt, ID
13306370
45°05′23″N 114°14′12″W / 45.08972°N 114.23667°W / 45.08972; -114.23667 (Panther Creek at Cobalt, ID)
Unknown
57.6 cu ft/s (1.63 m3/s)
1,100 cu ft/s (31 m3/s)
3.5 cu ft/s (0.099 m3/s)
[13]

Napias Creek
Leesburg, ID
13306385
45°12′20″N 114°08′02″W / 45.20556°N 114.13389°W / 45.20556; -114.13389 (Napias Creek below Arnett Creek near Leesburg, ID)
41.1 sq mi (106 km2)
29.2 cu ft/s (0.83 m3/s)
1,020 cu ft/s (29 m3/s)
3.5 cu ft/s (0.099 m3/s)
[14]

Middle Fork Salmon River
Yellow Pine, ID
13309220
44°43′18″N 115°00′59″W / 44.72167°N 115.01639°W / 44.72167; -115.01639 (Middle Fork Salmon River at Middle Fork Lodge near Yellow Pine, ID)
1,042 sq mi (2,700 km2)
1,413 cu ft/s (40.0 m3/s)
20,900 cu ft/s (590 m3/s)
190 cu ft/s (5.4 m3/s)
[15]

Middle Fork Salmon River
Shoup, ID
13310199
45°17′37″N 114°35′47″W / 45.29361°N 114.59639°W / 45.29361; -114.59639 (Middle Fork Salmon River at mouth near Shoup, ID)
2,876 sq mi (7,450 km2)
2,818 cu ft/s (79.8 m3/s)
28,600 cu ft/s (810 m3/s)
349 cu ft/s (9.9 m3/s)
[16]

South Fork Salmon River
Krassel Ranger Station
13310700
44°59′13″N 115°43′30″W / 44.98694°N 115.72500°W / 44.98694; -115.72500 (South Fork Salmon River near Krassel Ranger Station, ID)
330 sq mi (850 km2)
535 cu ft/s (15.1 m3/s)
9,710 cu ft/s (275 m3/s)
38 cu ft/s (1.1 m3/s)
[17]

East Fork South Fork Salmon River
Stibnite, ID
13311000
44°54′21″N 115°19′42″W / 44.90583°N 115.32833°W / 44.90583; -115.32833 (East Fork South Fork Salmon River at Stibnite, ID)
19.3 sq mi (50 km2)
25.6 cu ft/s (0.72 m3/s)
394 cu ft/s (11.2 m3/s)
2.0 cu ft/s (0.057 m3/s)
[18]

Sugar Creek
Stibnite, ID
13311450
44°56′10.9″N 115°20′14.0″W / 44.936361°N 115.337222°W / 44.936361; -115.337222 (Sugar Creek near Stibnite, ID)
Unknown
22.9 cu ft/s (0.65 m3/s)
185 cu ft/s (5.2 m3/s)
5.5 cu ft/s (0.16 m3/s)
[19]

Johnson Creek
Yellow Pine, ID
13313000
44°57′42″N 115°30′00″W / 44.96167°N 115.50000°W / 44.96167; -115.50000 (Johnson Creek at Yellow Pine, ID)
218 sq mi (560 km2)
344 cu ft/s (9.7 m3/s)
6,250 cu ft/s (177 m3/s)
21 cu ft/s (0.59 m3/s)
[20]

Little Salmon River
Riggins, ID
13316500
45°24′47″N 116°19′31″W / 45.41306°N 116.32528°W / 45.41306; -116.32528 (Little Salmon River at Riggins, ID)
576 sq mi (1,490 km2)
776 cu ft/s (22.0 m3/s)
12,600 cu ft/s (360 m3/s)
54 cu ft/s (1.5 m3/s)
[21]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Salmon River, north of Riggins

Breached Sunbeam Dam on the Salmon

Yankee Fork of the Salmon

Yankee Fork Gold Dredge

Salmon River Canyon 1945


document_title: Dingoes ate my baby

question_text: where does the dingo ate my baby come from

text: Dingoes ate my baby

text: "A dingo ate my baby" is a phrase attributed to Lindy Chamberlain-Creighton and also to Meryl Streep's depiction of Chamberlain in the movie A Cry in the Dark (1988) – also known as Evil Angels – about the death of Azaria Chamberlain, an Australian baby girl who died in 1980 at Uluru in the Northern Territory. The Chamberlain family had been holidaying at Uluru when their daughter was taken from their tent by a dingo. The authorities disbelieved the family's story about a dingo, and prosecuted and won convictions against Lindy Chamberlain for murder and against her then-husband Michael Chamberlain as an accessory after the fact. Ultimately, the courts found both parents innocent after being sent to court 3 different times, and the coroner found Azaria's death was "the result of being attacked and taken by a dingo".[1]

text: The phrase "A dingo ate my baby" was not actually used by Chamberlain, nor is it used in the film. Chamberlain is reported to have called out to her husband, "a dingo took my baby",[2] or either "That dog's got my baby" or "My God, My God, a dingo has got my baby."[1] In the film, Streep's character, upon discovering her daughter missing, cries out, "The dingo took my baby!"

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
In "The Stranded" episode of Seinfeld (Season 3, Episode 10), Elaine does a mock Australian accent and exclaims "Maybe the dingo ate your baby!"
Dingoes Ate My Baby is the name of a fictional band in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer
In The Simpsons episode "Bart vs Australia" (Season 6, Episode 16) Bart says to an Australian farmer "Hey! I think I hear a dingo eating your baby!"
In "Those Big Pink Things with Coconut" episode of Two and a Half Men (Season 2, Episode 14), Charlie says to Alan "Does the dingo feel sorry for the slow-crawling Australian baby?", and also Charlie refer to his mother and says; "And the dingo found another Australian baby?"
In The Simpsons episode "Lisa Gets an A" (Season 10, Episode 7) While home from school due to illness, Lisa plays the "Dash Dingo" video game in which the main character is a dingo. As the game begins, the dingo is instructed by a large, floating Australian head that he must "find and devour the seven crystal babies".
In "Flour Child", an episode of Frasier (Season 2, Episode 4), Eddie is attacking a bag of flour that Niles is using to simulate an infant. Daphne puts on an Australian accent and exclaims "That dingo's got your baby!"
In the "Mystery Spot" episode of Supernatural (Season 3, Episode 11), Dean refers to what Sam is saying as "Dingo-ate-my-baby crazy."
In the "Good Queen Fun" episode of Project Runway (Season 5, Episode 6), guest judge RuPaul responded "Oh, did a dingo eat your baby, mate?" to contestant Keith Bryce after Bryce apparently took offense to critique from the rest of the judging panel.
In the "Mother Tucker" episode of Family Guy (season 5, episode 2), Brian and Stewie host a radio show named "Dingo and the Baby".
Modern Family's episode "Australia" references this joke when Claire's computer, previously being used for a project referenced as her "baby", is nabbed from a tent by a wild dog.
In the Hot in Cleveland episode titled "That Changes Everything," when Joy's grandchild goes missing, Regis Philbin's character says "Maybe a Dingo ate it."
In the Psych episode titled "The Old and Restless," Shawn tries to get into a retirement home by saying, "Dingo ate my baby."
In The Rugrats Movie, a news reporter on the scene of the Pickles' house asks Didi: "Is it true that a dingo ate your baby?"
In "Product Recall" episode of The Office (Season 3, Episode 20), Kevin makes a few Australian stereotypes in an Australian accent, including "Alligators and dingo babies."
In season three episode five of The Tick, titled "Devil in Diapers", Mr. Mental, disguised as a baby and being cared for by The Tick, is attacked by government agents disguised as dingoes. For a moment a newspaper can be seen with a picture of The Tick and the headline "dingoes stole my baby!"
In the 2008 comedy film Tropic Thunder, character Alpa Chino (Brandon T. Jackson) says: "I'm sorry a dingo ate your baby." during an argument with the Australian character Kirk Lazarus (Robert Downey, Jr.).
Pro-wrestler Chris Jericho on WWE Raw. March 18th 2013. He offered his various mocking pronunciations of rival Fandango, which included in an Australian accent - "Fan-Dingo ate my Baby-O!"
During the "Barry Gibb Talk Show VI" sketch on Saturday Night Live (Season 39, Episode 10), Jimmy Fallon (as Barry Gibb) takes offense to a guest's actions and goes on a usual hubristic rant, with one of his hyperbolic claims to importance being "My baby ate a dingo!"
In the episode “Grandpa” of the show High Maintenance after Gatsby the dog jumps on The Guy he says “that dingo better not eat no baby” to Beth. Beth (played by the Australian Yael Stone) replies “that’s not even funny. It’s a real thing.” When The Guy tries to excuse himself since he hasn’t seen the movie Beth soberly replies “it’s real people’s lives”.
During the January 8, 2017 Drew & Mike Podcast, hosts Drew Lane and Marc Fellhauer discuss Meryl Streep's delivery of the line in the movie A Cry in the Dark.[3]


document_title: Most valuable player

question_text: what does it mean to be the most valuable player

text: Most valuable player

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In sports, a most valuable player (MVP) award is an honor typically bestowed upon the best-performing player (or players) in an entire league, for a particular competition, or on a specific team. Initially used in professional sports, the term is now also commonly used in amateur sports, as well as in other completely unrelated fields such as business and music. In many sports, MVP awards are presented for a specific match—in other words, a man of the match award.

text: The term is most common in the United States and Canada. In other cases, "player of the year" is used. In Australia, Australian rules football clubs and leagues use the term "best and fairest", while those playing rugby league use "player of the year", such as the Dally M Medal.[1] The National Basketball League, however, uses the American-style "MVP" for its awards. Insofar as there is a distinction between an MVP and a player of the year, a "player of the year" describes the greatest individual talent, while a "most valuable player" is a person most responsible for their team's success.

text: In many cases the awards are voted on by members of the media. In others the vote is by players, coaches, or umpires. In recent years, online polls from the public decide some awards.

text: Sports[edit]

text: Specific examples include:

text:
Major League Baseball's American and National Leagues, AL & NL Championship Series, and World Series; also All-Star Game
National Football League regular season and Super Bowl; also Pro Bowl
Hart Memorial Trophy and Lester B. Pearson/Ted Lindsay Award (National Hockey League regular season) and Conn Smythe Trophy (playoffs); the All-Star Game also has an MVP
National Basketball Association regular season and Finals; also NBA All-Star Game
Major League Soccer regular season and MLS Cup
FIVB Tournaments
Canadian Football League regular season, East Division, West Division, and Grey Cup; also "Most Valuable Canadian" awards for the regular season and Grey Cup
College football's Heisman Trophy
NCAA Basketball Tournament; there are also various awards for the player(s) selected as player of the year
Indian Premier League[2]
National Basketball League regular season and Grand Final
Leigh Matthews Trophy, given by the AFL Players Association to the AFL's most valuable player (as opposed to the Brownlow Medal, given to the fairest and best)
Philippine Basketball Association regular season