document_title: My Three Sons

question_text: who played fred macmurray's wife on my three sons

question_tokens: who played fred macmurray 's wife on my three sons

root

text: My Three Sons

text: History[edit]

text: ABC years[edit]

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tag: table

text: The show began on ABC in black-and-white. The first season, consisting of 36 episodes, was directed in its entirety by Peter Tewksbury, who produced and occasionally scripted the programs.[2]

tag: p

text: These early episodes held to no specific generic type, so that any episode from one week to the next might be either comedic or dramatic. Tewksbury's episodes are also unusual for their use of cross-talk (a way of having the voices of off-screen characters heard in the background of the soundtrack, just under the voices of the main characters). Using this clever directorial twist, Tewksbury realistically portrayed the chaotic, fast-paced, and ever-changing sequence of events; coordinate and conflicting, that was the daily routine of living in the Douglas household.

text: An example of Tewksbury's use of cross-talk is the fourth episode, "Countdown", written by David Duncan, which chronicles the Douglas family's attempts to wake up, prepare for the day, have breakfast, and get out of the house by a common, agreed-upon time, all carefully synchronized to a televised rocket launch countdown – to comical and often ironic effect. Tewksbury returned to directing feature films after concluding the season because the producers could not handle his perfectionist attitude, which was costing thousands of dollars in lost time and reshoots.

text: During the 1964 fall season, William Frawley, who played Bub, was declared too ill to work by Desilu Studios, as the company was informed that insuring the actor would be too costly. Frawley continued in the role until a suitable replacement could be found at midseason. He was replaced by William Demarest, who played his hard-nosed brother (great) Uncle Charley part way through the 1964-1965 season (the last on ABC). According to the storyline, Bub returns to Ireland to help his Auntie Kate celebrate her 104th birthday. Soon after, brother Charley visits and stays on. Charley, a cello-playing merchant sailor, was a soft-hearted curmudgeon, who proved to be a responsible caregiver. Frawley left the series before the end of the 1964-1965 season.

text: Directors[edit]

text: Peter Tewksbury directed the first season. The succeeding director, Richard Whorf, took over the reins for one season and was in turn followed by former actor-turned-director Gene Reynolds from 1962 to 1964. James V. Kern, an experienced Hollywood television director who had previously helmed the "Hollywood" and "Europe" episodes of I Love Lucy, continued in this role for two years until his untimely death in late 1966, aged 57. Director James Sheldon was also contracted to finish episodes that had been partly completed by Kern to complete that season. Fred De Cordova was the show's longest and most consistent director of the series (108 episodes) until he left in 1971 to produce The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. Earl Bellamy rounded out the series as director of the show's final year.[3]

text: CBS years[edit]

text: My Three Sons moved to the CBS television network for the 1965-1966 season after ABC declined to underwrite the expense of producing the program in colour. Along with the change in networks and the transition to colour, Tim Considine (who had earlier worked with Fred MacMurray on The Shaggy Dog), playing eldest son Mike, had chosen not to renew his contract due to a clash with executive producer Don Fedderson over Considine's wish to direct but not co-star in the series. (Considine did, however, direct one of the last black-and-white episodes for ABC.) In an August 1989 interview on the Pat Sajak Show, he explained that he was also devoted to automobile racing, which his contract forbade. His character was written out, along with Meredith MacRae, who had played his fiancée Sally, in a wedding episode that was the premiere of the 1965–1966 season on CBS. After this episode, Mike is mentioned briefly in only four succeeding episodes (including one in which Ernie becomes adopted), and is never seen again, even at Robbie and Steve's weddings. (Steve explains briefly in one of these episodes that he has another son, but "He lives away from home".) In the episode "Steve and the Huntress" (first aired January 27, 1966), Mike is specifically mentioned as teaching at a college. MacRae joined Petticoat Junction the following year, the last of three actresses to play Billie Jo Bradley.

text: To keep the show's title plausible, the show's head writer, George Tibbles fashioned a three-part story arc in which an orphaned friend of youngest brother Richard (Chip, played by Stanley Livingston), Ernie Thompson (played by his real-life brother, Barry Livingston), awaits adoption when his current foster parents are transferred to the Orient. Steve offers to adopt Ernie, but faces antagonism from Uncle Charley, who finds Ernie a bit grating, and forecasts major headaches over both the boy and his dog. It also transpires that a law requires a woman to live in the home of an adoptive family. A likable female social worker supervises the case, and the Douglases speculate that Steve might marry the woman, to make the adoption possible, but they both agree this is not reason enough for them to be married. The family also does not need to hire a housekeeper, since Uncle Charley already has things running smoothly. The family soon appears before a judge who researches the law, and determines that its intent is to ensure a full-time caregiver is in the household. With Charley meeting that role, and having had a change of heart about Ernie, Charley assents to a legal fiction declaring him "housemother" to the Douglas family.[4]

text: While the three sons were always central to the storyline, several major changes took place by the late 1960s. In the spring of 1967, the ratings for the series began to sag and My Three Sons finished its seventh season in 31st place in the Nielsen ratings. It was decided that the 1967-1968 season would bring the program not only a new time slot, but also new storylines to spice up the ratings. In the fall of 1967, CBS moved My Three Sons to Saturday night at 8:30 pm. In the season-premiere episode, "Moving Day", the Douglas family and Uncle Charley relocate from the fictional town of Bryant Park in the Midwest to Los Angeles. Robbie (Don Grady) marries his classmate/girlfriend, Katie Miller (Tina Cole). Tina Cole, in fact, had appeared in different roles on three previous episodes of My Three Sons:   "House For Sale" from the fourth season (February 13, 1964), "The Coffee House Set" from the fifth season (November 19, 1964), and "Robbie and the Little Stranger" from the sixth season (February 17, 1966). At the end of the 1967-1968 season, the ratings had improved from the previous year with the series placing at 24th in the Nielsens. The following season, the newlyweds discover that Katie is pregnant, and she gives birth to triplets named Robert, Steven, and Charles. Although originally played by sets of uncredited twins, these babies were played uncredited by Guy, Gunnar, and Garth Swanson. The most familiar triplets in the show's last two seasons are played by Michael, Daniel, and Joseph Todd.

text: The following year in the tenth season, 1969-1970, Steve remarries, taking widowed teacher Barbara Harper (Beverly Garland) as his wife; she brings with her a 5-year-old daughter, Dorothy "Dodie" (Dawn Lyn), so Steven now had a stepdaughter whom he also subsequently adopts. (Dodie is wary of Steve at first, believing that he wants her to simply forget her late father, until he explains that he wants her to always remember and love him, but since he's no longer alive, Steve wants to raise her in his place, and hopes she'll come to love him  also.) Also, the last year-and-a-half of the series feature fewer appearances of both Don Grady and Stanley Livingston. Grady's character was written out of the show at the end of the 11th season, which allowed for his wife Katie and their triplet sons to remain within the Douglas household the following season (as a structural engineer Robbie was working on a bridge construction in Peru). Chip and his teenaged wife Polly (Ronne Troup) (who eloped after Polly's disciplinarian father refused to sanction their marriage) move into their own apartment.

text: At the end of the 1970-1971 season (the show's 11th year), My Three Sons was still garnering healthy ratings. By the spring of 1971, it had finished in 19th place. A 1971 television pilot with Don Grady and Tina Cole called Three of a Kind, then retitled Robbie—about Robbie, Katie, and the triplets moving to San Francisco—was filmed but not picked up as a series.[5] The final episode of the 1970-1971 season, "After the Honeymoon", actually set up the premise for this pilot. The guest stars were Richard X. Slattery and Pat Carroll, who were featured as the landlords of the apartment block into which Robbie and Katie move. However, Don Grady had informed the producers of his intention to leave the series and pursue a new full-time career as a composer, which he ultimately did.

text: For the series' 12th season, CBS moved My Three Sons to Monday nights at 10:00 pm. In addition to the time changes for the 12th season, a new four-part story arc is introduced with MacMurray in a second role, that of his cousin, the Laird (Lord) Fergus McBain Douglas of Sithian Bridge. The voice of English actor Alan Caillou is awkwardly dubbed over MacMurray's.  The plot centers around Lord Douglas's arrival in Los Angeles from the family's native Scotland, in search of a first lady to marry and return with him to Scotland.

text: He finds Terri Dowling (Anne Francis), a waitress at the Blue Berry Bowling Alley. While initially reluctant to give up her life in America and return to Scotland as royalty, she finally accepts. This storyline is a continuation of a plot idea that originally began in the fourth season, when the Douglases visit Scotland on the pretense of having been told they had inherited a castle in the highlands.[6]

text: With a later time slot, the show finished the season outside the top 30. To save the series, CBS moved it in midseason back to Thursday nights at 8:30 pm, its old time slot. Nevertheless, My Three Sons ended its primetime run in the spring of 1972 after 12 years on the air. CBS also aired daytime reruns starting in September 1971 (only the CBS color shows), for about one season.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Fred MacMurray, Steven "Steve" Douglas (1960–1972)
William Frawley, Michael Francis Aloysius "Bub" O'Casey (1960–1965)
William Demarest, Charles Leslie "Uncle Charley" O'Casey, Bub's brother (1965–1972)
Tim Considine, Michael "Mike" Douglas (1960–1965)
Don Grady, Robert "Robbie" Douglas (1960–1971)
Stanley Livingston, Richard "Chip" Douglas (1960–1972)
Barry Livingston, Ernest "Ernie" Thompson/Douglas (1963–1972)
Meredith MacRae, Sally Ann Morrison Douglas (1963–1965)
Tina Cole, Kathleen "Katie" Miller Douglas (1967–1972)
Beverly Garland, Barbara Harper Douglas (1969–1972)
Dawn Lyn, Dorothy "Dodie" Harper Douglas (1969–1972)
Ronne Troup, Polly Williams Douglas (1970–1972)
Michael, Daniel, and Joseph Todd, playing Robbie, Stevie, and Charley Douglas respectively (1970–1972)

tag: ul

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Cynthia Pepper, Jean Pearson (1960–1961)
Peter Brooks, Hank Ferguson (1960–1963)
Cheryl Holdridge, Judy Doucette (1960–1961)
Ricky Allen, Hubert 'Sudsy' Pfeiffer (1961–1963)
Hank Jones, Pete (1964–1966)
Bill Erwin, Joe Walters (1962–1964)
Doris Singleton, Helen Morrison (1964–65) and Margaret Williams (1970)
John Howard, Dave Welch (1965–1967)
Joan Tompkins, Lorraine Miller (1967–1970)

text: Musical connections[edit]

text: The series' cast had several music connections. MacMurray began his career as a saxophone player during the 1930s, and sometimes played it on the series, as well as clarinet. Frawley had been a vaudeville actor and sang in the 1929 short film Fancy That as well as the 1936 film The General Died at Dawn. Actress Tina Cole (Katie) was born into the King Family, a popular 1950s–1960s group. Ronne Troup (Polly) was the step-daughter of singer Julie London and daughter of musician/composer Bobby Troup (who wrote the song Route 66 and also starred in the TV program Emergency! along with wife London), and Dawn Lyn is the younger sister of 1970s pop idol Leif Garrett. Don Grady (Robbie) composed and produced music, having created successful Las Vegas venues for Phantom of the Opera star Michael Crawford and pop star David Cassidy.

text: Grady also played drums in the '60s pop group Yellow Balloon. Musical arranger Frank De Vol, who did the toe-tapping theme, scored over thirty motion pictures and arranged for such vocalists as Sarah Vaughan, Jack Jones, Nat King Cole, Ella Fitzgerald, Tony Bennett, Vic Damone, Dinah Shore, Doris Day, and Jaye P. Morgan.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedNielsen ratings[7]First airedLast airedNetworkRankRatingTied with136September 29, 1960 (1960-09-29)June 8, 1961 (1961-06-08)ABC1325.877 Sunset Strip236September 28, 1961 (1961-09-28)June 7, 1962 (1962-06-07)1124.7N/A339September 20, 1962 (1962-09-20)June 20, 1963 (1963-06-20)2821.0N/A437September 19, 1963 (1963-09-19)May 28, 1964 (1964-05-28)2721.9N/A536September 17, 1964 (1964-09-17)May 20, 1965 (1965-05-20)1325.5N/A632September 16, 1965 (1965-09-16)April 28, 1966 (1966-04-28)CBS1523.8N/A732September 15, 1966 (1966-09-15)May 11, 1967 (1967-05-11)2920.2I SpyThe CBS Thursday Night MovieThe F.B.I.830September 9, 1967 (1967-09-09)March 30, 1968 (1968-03-30)2420.8N/A928September 28, 1968 (1968-09-28)April 19, 1969 (1969-04-19)1422.8N/A1026October 4, 1969 (1969-10-04)April 4, 1970 (1970-04-04)1521.8IronsideThe Johnny Cash Show1124September 19, 1970 (1970-09-19)March 20, 1971 (1971-03-20)1920.8N/A1224September 13, 1971 (1971-09-13)April 13, 1972 (1972-04-13)N/AN/AN/A

text: My Three Sons had 36 episodes each in the first two seasons. The series had more than thirty episodes in each of the first eight seasons; the episode output then decreased by two episodes until the eleventh season, which had twenty-four episodes, along with the twelfth season. The first five seasons were filmed in black & white, then after the move to CBS, it was filmed in color for the remainder of its run.

text: Production schedule[edit]

text: The series was initially filmed at Desilu Studios in Hollywood, but at the start of the 1967–68 season, the cast and crew began filming the series at the CBS Studio Center in Studio City, California. The reasons behind this move concerned the sale of actress-comedian Lucille Ball 's studios to the Gulf + Western conglomerate, which owned Paramount Pictures, so Don Fedderson Productions, who produced My Three Sons (along with Family Affair starring Brian Keith), had to quickly make other arrangements for filming. The move also necessitated moves in the show's storyline as well, hence the family's move from the fictitious town of Bryant Park (in the Midwestern United States) to North Hollywood, California, although the town is never officially mentioned, simply just the city of Los Angeles.

text: Fred MacMurray was the only actor to appear in every episode of the series. Reportedly, MacMurray's contract stipulated that he work only 65 days per year. His scenes for each season were produced in two blocks of filming. He would report to the Desilu-Gower lot in late May and work 35 days (five days per week, weekends off), then take off for 10 weeks. He would then return to complete his remaining 30 days of shooting and was finished altogether around Thanksgiving. MacMurray's ten-week hiatus in the middle of each season's production schedule freed up the actor to follow other pursuits, while the filming of scenes with the other cast members continued. In short, all episodes were filmed out of sequence. Evidence of this is very apparent in several episodes, where plotlines had MacMurray's character on a business trip (e.g. "Small Adventure") or spending much of his time at the office (e.g. "Soap Box Derby"). This allowed him to seemingly take part in the entire episode with limited or no interaction with the other regulars during filming. This sometimes produced noticeable continuity problems onscreen, especially as the boys grew and changed styles.

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Although Don Fedderson gets the credit, My Three Sons was created by George Tibbles and produced by Don Fedderson Productions throughout the show's run, with MCA Television co-distributing the series during its 1960–65 ABC airing. When the series moved to CBS in 1965, the latter network assumed full production responsibilities (in association with Fedderson Productions) until the end of the series in 1972. CBS now holds the series' copyright. CBS Television Distribution presently owns distribution rights to the entire series (including the more widely seen and aforementioned 1965–72 CBS episodes). The show did not get syndicated until September 1976 (although CBS did air reruns of the show in its daytime lineup from December 1971 until the fall of 1972), and even then, only the CBS color episodes aired, while the black and white ABC episodes did not air on broadcast TV at all.

text: Nick at Nite aired My Three Sons from November 3, 1985 to October 28, 1991 with episodes from Seasons 1-5, the second half of season 11, and season 12. The Family Channel also aired only the black and white episodes from September 7, 1992 to July 30, 1993. The Seasons 1-3 episodes had the original Chevrolet closing credits. The Seasons 6–10 (and the first half of season 11) episodes were later aired on TV Land in the late 1990s. Odyssey ran all of the color episodes in the early 2000s.  They also briefly aired the black and white episodes. In 2000, TV Land briefly aired the black & white episodes again, using the same syndication episode rights that were on Nick at Nite during the 1980s.  In 2006 the Retro Television Network broadcast the show, airing only the color episodes.

text: Since fall 2004, only Seasons 6-10 are being distributed for syndication in the US-Domestic market, though very few stations air the show anymore.

text: In 2009, FamilyNet began airing the program as a lead-in for its Happy Days and Family Ties program block, which ended in February 2010. From 2012-14, and also from October 2015-February 2016, MeTV aired the Season 6-10 episodes in heavy rotation, and most closing credits included the original sponsor tags, such as those for Kellogg's. In 2016, Decades began airing the CBS (color) episodes in its "binge" blocks on some week-ends.

text: MeTV began airing the black and white episodes on May 29, 2017.[8]

text: Reunion special[edit]

text: This  does not cite any sources. Please help improve this  by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: MacMurray and most of the cast took part in Thanksgiving Reunion with The Partridge Family & My Three Sons, which aired on ABC on November 25, 1977. The retrospective special looked back at the history of My Three Sons and The Partridge Family (other than featuring single parents with a large family, the two series had no narrative, or even a studio, link). The special was notable for featuring footage from early black and white episodes of My Three Sons that, at this point in time, were not in syndication. While most of the collected casts gathered in a studio to reminisce, Demarest appeared in a brief pre-taped segment.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount) has released the first two seasons of My Three Sons on DVD in Region 1.[9][10]  It is unknown if the remaining seasons will be released.

text: In most episodes, the soundtrack was edited to remove the background musical score, which were originally stock music from the Capitol Records library; the licensing agreement with Capitol only covered broadcast rights, not home video rights, and clearing the music for home video release with the individual composers who worked on the Capitol recordings was deemed cost-prohibitive.  The Capitol scores were replaced instead with more modern, synthesized music.[11] The original theme tune by Frank DeVol has been left unaltered; his musical scores in later seasons of the show, written specifically for the series, would less-likely be affected by licensing problems if the later seasons were released on DVD.[citation needed]

text:
DVD name

No. ofepisodes

Release date

The First Season: Volume 1

18

September 30, 2008

The First Season: Volume 2

18

January 20, 2009

The Second Season: Volume 1

18

February 23, 2010

The Second Season: Volume 2

18

June 15, 2010


document_title: Army–Navy Game

question_text: where is the army navy game usually played

text: Army–Navy Game

text: Series history[edit]

text: Army and Navy first met on the field on November 29, 1890. They played 30 times between that date and November 26, 1927. The series has been renewed annually since 1930. The game has been held at several locations throughout its history, including Baltimore and New York City, but has most frequently been played in Philadelphia, roughly equidistant from the two academies. Historically played on the Saturday after Thanksgiving (a date on which most other major college football teams end their regular seasons), the game is now played on the second Saturday in December and is traditionally the last game of the season for both teams and the last regular-season game played in Division I FBS football. With the permanent expansion of the regular season to 12 games starting in 2006, several conference championship games joined the Army–Navy Game on its then-current date of the first weekend of December. In 2009, the game was moved from the first Saturday in December to the second Saturday; this means that it no longer conflicts with conference championship games and once again is the last non-bowl contest in college football.[5]

text: This game has inter-service "bragging rights" at stake. For much of the first half of the 20th century, both Army and Navy were often national powers, and the game occasionally had national championship implications. However, as the level of play in college football improved nationally, and became fueled by prospects of playing in the National Football League (NFL), the high academic entrance requirements, height and weight limits, and the five-year military commitment required has reduced the overall competitiveness of both academies. Since 1963, only the 1996, 2010, 2016 and 2017 games have seen both teams enter with winning records. Nonetheless, the game is considered a college football institution. It has aired nationally on radio since 1930, and has been nationally televised every year since 1945. The tradition associated with the game assures that it remains nationally broadcast to this day.

text: Arguably, one of the reasons this game has maintained its appeal is that the players are playing solely for the love of the game. Most players are required to fulfill a post-graduation active duty military commitment and, by the time this ends, many players are deemed too old to consider playing competitively again. Nevertheless, some participants in the Army–Navy Game have gone on to professional football careers. Quarterback Roger Staubach (Navy, 1965) went on to a Hall of Fame career with the Dallas Cowboys that included starting at quarterback in two Super Bowl victories including being named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl VI. Wide receiver and return specialist Phil McConkey (Navy, 1979) was a popular player on the New York Giants squad that won Super Bowl XXI. Running back Napoleon McCallum (Navy, 1985) was able to complete his commitment to the Navy and play for the then-Los Angeles Raiders in 1986. After satisfying his Navy commitment, he joined the Raiders full-time.

text: The game is especially emotional for the seniors, called "first classmen" by both academies, since it is typically the last competitive regular season football game they will ever play (though they sometimes play in a subsequent bowl game). During wartime the game is even more emotional, as some seniors may face combat and perhaps die after they graduate. Recognition of those who share the uniform and are deployed overseas is an important part of the day.

text: At the end of the game, both teams' almae matres are played and sung. The winning team stands alongside the losing team and faces the losing academy's students; then the losing team accompanies the winning team, facing their students.[6] This is done in a show of mutual respect and solidarity. Since the winning team's alma mater is always played last, the phrase "to sing second" has become synonymous with winning the rivalry game.

text: The rivalry between Annapolis and West Point, while friendly, is intense. The cadets live and breathe the phrase "Beat Navy!" while for midshipmen the opposite phrase, "Beat Army!" is ingrained. They have become a symbol of competitiveness, not just in the Army–Navy Game, but in the service of their country, and are often used at the close of (informal) letters by graduates of both academies. A long-standing tradition at the Army-Navy football game is to conduct a formal "prisoner exchange" as part of the pre-game activities. The prisoners are the cadets and midshipmen currently spending the semester studying at the sister academy. After the exchange, students have a brief reprieve to enjoy the game with their comrades.[7]

text: The game is the last of three contests in the annual Commander-in-Chief's Trophy series, awarded to each season's winner of the triangular series between Army, Navy, and Air Force since 1972. In years when Navy and Army have each beaten Air Force before the Army–Navy Game (1972, 1977, 1978, 1996, 2005, 2012 and 2017) the Army-Navy game has also determined whether Army or Navy would win this trophy. In years when Air Force has split its two games, the Army-Navy game determines whether the trophy is shared or won outright by the winner of the game.

text: The rivalries Army and Navy have with Air Force are much less intense than the Army–Navy rivalry, primarily due to the relative youth of the USAFA, established in 1954, and the physical distance between the USAFA and the other two schools. The Army–Air Force and Navy–Air Force games are usually played at the academies' regular home fields, although on occasion they have been held at a neutral field.

text: Navy won 14 Army-Navy games in a row from 2002 to 2015, the longest winning streak in the history of the series.[8] On December 10, 2016, Army snapped its 14-game losing streak against Navy with a 21–17 victory.

text: Venues[edit]

text: Though the game has been played 118 times, only six of those games have ever been held on the campus of either academy. Neither team has ever played at an on-campus stadium nearly large enough to accommodate the large crowds that usually attend the game, as well as the media and dignitaries. Army's Michie Stadium only seats 38,000 people, while Navy's Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium only seats 34,000. The game's popularity grew enough early on that when it was revived in 1899, it was played at a neutral site, the Franklin Field in Philadelphia. Except for the 1942 and 1943 games, which were played on-campus due to World War II travel restrictions, it has been played at a neutral site every year since.

text: Traditionally, the game is played in Philadelphia, due to the historic nature of the city and the fact that it is approximately halfway between West Point and Annapolis. Additionally, Philadelphia has always had a stadium large enough to accommodate the crowds. Philadelphia's John F. Kennedy Stadium (JFK) hosted the game from 1936 to 1979 (except for three years in World War II) – more than any other venue in the history of the series. It even hosted the game for several years after the 1971 construction of nearby Veterans Stadium, which finally became the game's host in 1980. The Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors offered game-day service to all Army–Navy games (except several during World War II) at John F. Kennedy Stadium, using a sprawling temporary station constructed each year on the railroad's nearby Greenwich freight yard. The service, with 40-odd trains serving as many as 30,000 attendees, was the single largest concentrated passenger rail movement in the country.[9][10]

text: Franklin Field, on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania, hosted the game in the early twentieth century before it was moved to JFK. New York's Polo Grounds holds the record for most games hosted outside of Philadelphia. The city of Baltimore has hosted a number of games throughout the history of the series as well, even though Baltimore is closer to Annapolis.

text: The Rose Bowl is the only site west of the Mississippi River to host the Army–Navy game; it did so in 1983. The city of Pasadena, California, paid for the travel expenses of all the students and supporters of both academies – 9,437 in all.[11] A substitute, however, for Bill XXII – the Navy mascot – and four rented Army mules were brought in.[11] The attendance was 81,000.[12][13] The game was held at the Rose Bowl that year because there are a large number of military installations and servicemen and women, along with many retired military personnel, on the West Coast.[11] The game has been held one other time in a non-East Coast venue, at Chicago's Soldier Field, which played host to the 1926 game. In October 1984, the $100,000 in costs to transport the cadets and midshipmen to the California game earned the Department of Defense a "Golden Fleece Award" from United States Senator William Proxmire, a Democrat from Wisconsin.[14]

text: Currently the game is played primarily at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, the home of the Philadelphia Eagles. Since the 1980s, the game has been held roughly once every three or four years at a site other than Philadelphia. In addition to the Rose Bowl, these sites have included Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey (replaced in 2010 by MetLife Stadium, which is scheduled to host the game for the first time in 2021), M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore and FedExField in Landover, Maryland. These are still considered neutral-site games, but provide locations that are closer to one academy or the other.

text: Future venues[edit]

text: All games through 2020 will be held at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia. MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey will host the 2021 game. The game will then return to Lincoln Financial Field for 2022. Games beyond 2022 have yet to be awarded.[15]

text: Total games by venue and geography[edit]

text:
Venue
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia)
41
16
22
3
1936
1979

Franklin Field
18
11
7
0
1899
1935

Veterans Stadium
17
11
5
1
1980
2001

Lincoln Financial Field
11
1
10
0
2003
2017

Polo Grounds
9
5
3
1
1913
1927

Giants Stadium
4
1
3
0
1989
2002

M&T Bank Stadium
4
1
3
0
2000
2016

The Plain
2
0
2
0
1890
1892

Worden Field
2
1
1
0
1891
1893

Municipal Stadium (Baltimore)
2
2
0
0
1924
1944

Yankee Stadium
2
2
0
0
1930
1931

Osborne Field
1
0
0
1
1905
1905

Soldier Field
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

Thompson Stadium
1
0
1
0
1942
1942

Michie Stadium
1
0
1
0
1943
1943

Rose Bowl
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

FedExField
1
0
1
0
2011
2011

text:
City
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

Philadelphia
87
39
44
4
1899
2017

New York City
11
7
3
1
1913
1931

Baltimore
6
3
3
0
1924
2016

East Rutherford, New Jersey
4
1
3
0
1989
2002

West Point, New York
3
0
3
0
1890
1943

Annapolis, Maryland
3
1
2
0
1891
1942

Princeton, New Jersey
1
0
0
1
1905
1905

Chicago
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

Pasadena, California
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

Landover, Maryland
1
0
1
0
2011
2011

text:
State
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

Pennsylvania
87
39
44
4
1899
2017

New York
14
7
6
1
1890
1943

Maryland
10
4
6
0
1891
2016

New Jersey
5
1
3
1
1905
2002

Illinois
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

California
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

text:
CSA
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

Philadelphia–Reading–Camden, PA–NJ–DE–MD
87
39
44
4
1899
2017

New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA
19
8
9
2
1890
2002

Washington–Baltimore–Arlington, DC–MD–VA–WV–PA
10
4
6
0
1891
2016

Chicago–Naperville, IL–IN–WI
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

Los Angeles–Long Beach, CA
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

text: Game results[edit]

text:
Army victories
Navy victories
Ties

text:
Year
Winner
Score
Location
City
Series

1890
Navy
24–0
"The Plain" USMA
West Point, New York
Navy 1–0

1891
Army
32–16
Worden Field USNA
Annapolis, Maryland
Tied 1–1

1892
Navy
12–4
"The Plain"
West Point, New York
Navy 2–1

1893
Navy
6–4
Worden Field
Annapolis, Maryland
Navy 3–1

1899
Army
17–5
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 3–2

1900
Navy
11–7
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 4–2

1901
Army
11–5
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 4–3

1902
Army
22–8
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 4–4

1903
Army
40–5
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 5–4

1904
Army
11–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 6–4

1905
Tie
6–6
Osborne Field
Princeton, New Jersey
Army 6–4–1

1906
Navy
10–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 6–5–1

1907
Navy
6–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 6–6–1

1908
Army
6–4
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 7–6–1

1910
Navy
3–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 7–7–1

1911
Navy
3–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 8–7–1

1912
Navy
6–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 9–7–1

1913
Army
22–9
Polo Grounds
New York
Navy 9–8–1

1914
Army
20–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 9–9–1

1915
Army
14–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 10–9–1

1916
Army
15–7
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 11–9–1

1919
Navy
6–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 11–10–1

1920
Navy
7–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Tied 11–11–1

1921
Navy
7–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Navy 12–11–1

1922
Army
17–14
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 12–12–1

1923
Tie
0–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Tied 12–12–2

1924
Army
12–0
Municipal Stadium
Baltimore
Army 13–12–2

1925
Army
10–3
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 14–12–2

1926
Tie
21–21
Soldier Field
Chicago
Army 14–12–3

1927
Army
14–9
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 15–12–3

1930
Army
6–0
Yankee Stadium
Bronx, New York
Army 16–12–3

1931
Army
17–7
Yankee Stadium
Bronx, New York
Army 17–12–3

1932
Army
20–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 18–12–3

1933
Army
12–7
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 19–12–3

1934
Navy
3–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 19–13–3

1935
Army
28–6
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 20–13–3

1936
Navy
7–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 20–14–3

1937
Army
6–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 21–14–3

1938
Army
14–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–14–3

1939
Navy
10–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–15–3

1940
Navy
14–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–16–3

1941
#11 Navy
14–6
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–17–3

1942
Navy
14–0
Thompson Stadium
Annapolis, Maryland
Army 22–18–3

1943
#6 Navy
13–0
Michie Stadium
West Point, New York
Army 22–19–3

1944
#1 Army
23–7
Municipal Stadium
Baltimore
Army 23–19–3

1945
#1 Army
32–13
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 24–19–3

1946
#1 Army
21–18
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 25–19–3

1947
#12 Army
21–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 26–19–3

1948
Tie
21–21
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 26–19–4

1949
#4 Army
38–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–19–4

1950
Navy
14–2
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–20–4

1951
Navy
42–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–21–4

1952
Navy
7–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–22–4

1953
#18 Army
20–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 28–22–4

1954
#6 Navy
27–20
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 28–23–4

1955
Army
14–6
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 29–23–4

1956
Tie
7–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 29–23–5

1957
#8 Navy
14–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 29–24–5

1958
#5 Army
22–6
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–24–5

1959
Navy
43–12
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–25–5

1960
#7 Navy
17–12
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–26–5

1961
Navy
13–7
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–27–5

1962
Navy
34–14
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–28–5

1963
#2 Navy
21–15
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–29–5

1964
Army
11–8
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 31–29–5

1965
Tie
7–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 31–29–6

1966
Army
20–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 32–29–6

1967
Navy
19–14
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 32–30–6

1968
Army
21–14
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 33–30–6

1969
Army
27–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 34–30–6

1970
Navy
11–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 34–31–6

1971
Army
24–23
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 35–31–6

1972
Army
23–15
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–31–6

1973
Navy
51–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–32–6

1974
Navy
19–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–33–6

1975
Navy
30–6
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–34–6

1976
Navy
38–10
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–35–6

1977
Army
17–14
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 37–35–6

1978
Navy
28–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 37–36–6

1979
Navy
31–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 37–37–6

1980
Navy
33–6
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 38–37–6

1981
Tie
3–3
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 38–37–7

1982
Navy
24–7
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 39–37–7

1983
Navy
42–13
Rose Bowl
Pasadena, California
Navy 40–37–7

1984
Army
28–11
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 40–38–7

1985
Navy
17–7
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 41–38–7

1986
Army
27–7
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 41–39–7

1987
Army
17–3
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 41–40–7

1988
Army
20–15
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 41–41–7

1989
Navy
19–17
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Navy 42–41–7

1990
Army
30–20
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 42–42–7

1991
Navy
24–3
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 43–42–7

1992
Army
25–24
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 43–43–7

1993
Army
16–14
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Army 44–43–7

1994
Army
22–20
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 45–43–7

1995
Army
14–13
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 46–43–7

1996
#23 Army
28–24
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 47–43–7

1997
Navy
39–7
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Army 47–44–7

1998
Army
34–30
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 48–44–7

1999
Navy
19–9
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 48–45–7

2000
Navy
30–28
PSINet Stadium
Baltimore
Army 48–46–7

2001
Army
26–17
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 49–46–7

2002
Navy
58–12
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Army 49–47–7

2003
Navy
34–6
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Army 49–48–7

2004
Navy
42–13
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Tied 49–49–7

2005
Navy
42–23
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 50–49–7

2006
Navy
26–14
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 51–49–7

2007
Navy
38–3
M&T Bank Stadium
Baltimore
Navy 52–49–7

2008
Navy
34–0
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 53–49–7

2009
Navy
17–3
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 54–49–7

2010
Navy
31–17
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 55–49–7

2011
Navy
27–21
FedExField
Landover, Maryland
Navy 56–49–7

2012
Navy
17–13
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 57–49–7

2013
Navy
34–7
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 58–49–7

2014
Navy
17–10
M&T Bank Stadium
Baltimore
Navy 59–49–7

2015
#21 Navy
21–17
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 60–49–7

2016
Army
21–17
M&T Bank Stadium
Baltimore
Navy 60–50–7

2017
Army
14–13
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 60–51–7

2018

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

2019

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

2020

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

2021

MetLife Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey

2022

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

text: Notable games[edit]

text: Navy Midshipman (and later Admiral) Joseph Mason Reeves wore what is widely regarded as the first football helmet in the 1893 Army–Navy Game. He had been advised by a Navy doctor that another kick to his head would result in intellectual disability or even death, so he commissioned an Annapolis shoemaker to make him a helmet out of leather.[16]

text: On November 27, 1926, the Army–Navy Game was held in Chicago for the National Dedication of Soldier Field as a monument to American servicemen who had fought in World War I. Navy came to the game undefeated, while West Point had only lost to Notre Dame, so the game would decide the National Championship. Played before a crowd of over 100,000, the teams fought to a 21–21 tie, but Navy was awarded the national championship.[17]

text: In both the 1944 and 1945 contests, Army and Navy entered the game ranked #1 and #2 respectively.[18] The 1945 game was labeled the "game of the century" before it was played. Army defeated a 7–0–1 Navy team 32–13. Navy's lone tie was against Notre Dame.[19]

text: In 1963, shortly after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy urged the academies to play after there had been talk of cancellation. Originally scheduled for November 30, 1963, the game was played on December 7, 1963 also coinciding with the 22nd anniversary of Pearl Harbor Day.[20] In front of a crowd of 102,000 people in Philadelphia's Municipal Stadium, later named John F. Kennedy Stadium, junior (second class Midshipman) quarterback Roger Staubach led number two ranked Navy to victory which clinched a Cotton Bowl national championship matchup with Texas played on January 1, 1964. Army was led by junior (second class Cadet) quarterback Rollie Stichweh. Stichweh led off the game with a touchdown drive that featured the first use of instant replay on television. Army nearly won the game after another touchdown and two point conversion, Stichweh recovered the onside kick and drove the ball to the Navy 2 yard line. On 4th down and no timeouts, crowd noise prevented Stichweh from calling a play and time expired with the 21–15 final score. Staubach won the Heisman Trophy that year and was bumped off the scheduled cover of Life magazine due to the coverage of the assassination. Stichweh and Staubach would meet again in 1964 as First Class where Stichweh's Army would defeat Staubach's Navy. Staubach went on to serve in the Navy and afterward became a Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback with the Dallas Cowboys. Stichweh served five years in Vietnam with the 173rd Airborne Brigade. Stichweh was inducted into the Army Sports Hall of Fame in 2012.[21][22]

text: On December 10, 2016, Army beat Navy 21–17, snapping Navy's 14-year winning streak. This followed the death earlier in the season of Brandon Jackson, a defensive back from the Army side who died in a car accident on September 11, 2016.[23] Army players wore Jackson's number 28 on their uniforms in remembrance of their late teammate.[24]


document_title: Sour Patch Kids

question_text: when did the blue sour patch kid come out

text: Sour Patch Kids

text: History[edit]

text: Sour Patch Kids were originally created by Frank Galatolie of Jaret International, under the name of Mars Men.[3] In the late-1970s Cadbury and the Malaco Licorice Company of Sweden formed the Allen Candy Company in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, to produce them. In 1985, they were renamed to Sour Patch Kids, likely to capitalize on the popularity of Cabbage Patch Kids.[4]

text: Flavors and colors[edit]

text:
Sour Patch Kids – The original line of Sour Patch Kids included Lime (green), Lemon (yellow), Orange (orange), and “Redberry” (red); and starting in 2014, Blue Raspberry (Blue).
UK Sour Patch Kids – Marketed under the name "Maynards Sour Patch Kids". The UK version initially included Lime, Lemon, Orange, and Raspberry, but later added Blackcurrant.
Sour Patch Exploders – Similar appearance to original Sour Patch Kids, but with a soft interior. Raspberry Lemonade Rush (pink), Grape Berry Surge (purple), Cherry Berry Bash (red), Apple Strawberry Burst (green).[5]
Sour Patch Kids Extreme – Similar to original Sour Patch Kids, but dusted in an extra sour coating. Strawberry (pink), Orange (orange), Pear (green), and Blue Raspberry (blue).[6]
Sour Patch Fruits – The same texture of original Sour Patch Kids, but shaped as a variety of fruits rather than as kids. Watermelon (pink), Orange (orange), Lemon (yellow), Lime (green), Grape (purple), Cherry (red).
Sour Patch Kids gum – Sour Patch Kids gum was introduced by Stride in 2014, originally as a Blue Raspberry flavor. Later that year, Redberry, Orange, and Lime flavors were also introduced.
Sour Patch Watermelon gum – Made by Stride in 2015.
Sour Patch Kids Extreme gum – Made by Stride. Available in Blue Raspberry flavor, with a more extreme sour taste than the original gum.
Sour Patch Kids Berries – The same shape as the original Sour Patch Kids, but come in berry flavors, Blue Raspberry (blue), Grape (purple), Cherry (red), and Strawberry (pink).
Sour Patch Kids Tropical – Introduced in 2017, these are the same shape as the original Sour Patch Kids, but come in tropical flavors. Passion Fruit (purple), Tropical Twist (orange), Pineapple (white), and Paradise Punch (pink).[7]
Sour Patch Kids Tricksters – A mix of Sour Patch Kids where the colors don't match the flavors. For example, a blue one might taste like a red one, or an orange one might taste like a blue one.[8]
Sour Patch Kids Fire – Coming in 2018, these are the same shape as the original Sour Patch Kids, but with a kick of heat in the aftertaste.
Sour Patch Kids Freeze – Also coming in 2018, these are the same shape as the original Sour Patch Kids, but with a surge of cooling, just like the discontinued Sour Patch Kids Chillers.
Sour Patch Christmas Kids – A package mix only of Cherry (red) and Lime (green) Sour Patch Kids.
Sour Patch Kids Chillers – Similar to original Sour Patch Kids, with menthol, Berry Punch Chiller (Blue), Frozen Lemonade (Yellow), Strawberry Shiver (Red), Frosty Grape (Purple). Sour Patch Kids Chillers have been discontinued. [9]
Sour Patch Bunnies – Shaped as rabbits for Easter and in pastel colors. Sour Patch Bunnies have a slightly different taste than original Sour Patch Kids. Lime (pastel green), Lemon (pastel yellow), Orange (pastel orange), Raspberry (pastel red/pink).[10]
Sour Patch Kids Soda Pops – A variant of the candy with soda pop-based flavors, Orangeade (orange), Cola (brown), Cherryade (red), Tropical (pink), Apple Fizz (green), available in the UK, Australia and New Zealand.[11]
Zombie Sour Patch Kids – Halloween-themed: Rattling Raspberry (purple) and Ominous Orange (orange) flavors.
Big Sour Patch Kids – Individually wrapped, larger sized Sour Patch Kids (5.5g)
Sour Patch Kids Heads & Bodies – Halloween-themed Sour Patch Kids, available in the UK only.
Sour Patch Jelly Beans – Easter-themed jelly beans coated in sour sugar. Same flavors as the original Sour Patch Kids.
Sour Patch Line Ups – String of Sour Patch Kids stuck together. (Called 'Linkz' in Canada)
Sour Patch Kids Popsicles – Originally came in Lime, Raspberry, and Orange flavors. Later in 2014, Orange was replaced by Blue Raspberry.
Sour Patch Lollipops
Sour Patch Apple
Sour Patch Cherry
Sour Patch Peach
Sour Patch Watermelon
Sour Patch Blue Raspberry
Sour Patch Sour Apple
Sour Patch Strawberry
Sour Patch Peach
Sour Patch Pineapple
Sour Patch Strawberry Banana
Sour Patch Grape
Sour Patch Starfruit
Sour Patch Plum
Sour Patch Mango
Sour Patch Lemon

text: Video game[edit]

text: World Gone Sour is a 2011 video game based on Sour Patch Kids. It was developed by Playbrains and published by Capcom. It was released on December 20, 2011, for PC, April 10, 2012, for PlayStation Network (PSN), and April 11, 2012, for XboxLive Arcade (XBLA).


document_title: Leachate

question_text: liquid produced by the interaction of rainwater with solid waste

text: Leachate

text: Landfill leachate[edit]

text: Leachate from a landfill varies widely in composition depending on the age of the landfill and the type of waste that it contains.[1][2] It usually contains both dissolved and suspended material. The generation of leachate is caused principally by precipitation percolating through waste deposited in a landfill. Once in contact with decomposing solid waste, the percolating water becomes contaminated, and if it then flows out of the waste material it is termed leachate.[3] Additional leachate volume is produced during this decomposition of carbonaceous material producing a wide range of other materials including methane, carbon dioxide and a complex mixture of organic acids, aldehydes, alcohols and simple sugars.

text: The risks of leachate generation can be mitigated by properly designed and engineered landfill sites, such as those that are constructed on geologically impermeable materials or sites that use impermeable liners made of geomembranes or engineered clay. The use of linings is now mandatory within the United States, Australia and the European Union except where the waste is deemed inert. In addition, most toxic and difficult materials are now specifically excluded from landfilling. However, despite much stricter statutory controls, leachates from modern sites are often found to contain a range of contaminants stemming from illegal activity or legally discarded household and domestic products.

text: Composition of landfill leachate[edit]

text: When water percolates through waste, it promotes and assists the process of decomposition by bacteria and fungi. These processes in turn release by-products of decomposition and rapidly use up any available oxygen, creating an anoxic environment. In actively decomposing waste, the temperature rises and the pH falls rapidly with the result that many metal ions that are relatively insoluble at neutral pH become dissolved in the developing leachate. The decomposition processes themselves release more water, which adds to the volume of leachate. Leachate also reacts with materials that are not prone to decomposition themselves, such as fire ash, cement-based building materials and gypsum-based materials changing the chemical composition. In sites with large volumes of building waste, especially those containing gypsum plaster, the reaction of leachate with the gypsum can generate large volumes of hydrogen sulfide, which may be released in the leachate and may also form a large component of the landfill gas.

text: In a landfill that receives a mixture of municipal, commercial, and mixed industrial waste but excludes significant amounts of concentrated chemical waste, landfill leachate may be characterized as a water-based solution of four groups of contaminants: dissolved organic matter (alcohols, acids, aldehydes, short chain sugars etc.), inorganic macro components (common cations and anions including sulfate, chloride, iron, aluminium, zinc and ammonia), heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cu, Hg), and xenobiotic organic compounds such as halogenated organics, (PCBs, dioxins, etc.).[4]

text: The physical appearance of leachate when it emerges from a typical landfill site is a strongly odoured black-, yellow- or orange-coloured cloudy liquid. The smell is acidic and offensive and may be very pervasive because of hydrogen-, nitrogen- and sulfur-rich organic species such as mercaptans.

text: Leachate management[edit]

text: In older landfills and those with no membrane between the waste and the underlying geology, leachate is free to leave the waste and flow directly into the groundwater. In such cases, high concentrations of leachate are often found in nearby springs and flushes. As leachate first emerges it can be black in colour, anoxic, and possibly effervescent, with dissolved and entrained gases. As it becomes oxygenated it tends to turn brown or yellow because of the presence of iron salts in solution and in suspension. It also quickly develops a bacterial flora often comprising substantial growths of Sphaerotilus natans.

text: History of landfill leachate collection[edit]

text: In the UK, in the late 1960s, central Government policy was to ensure new landfill sites were being chosen with permeable underlying geological strata to avoid the build-up of leachate. This policy was dubbed "dilute and disperse". However, following a number of cases where this policy was seen to be failing, and an exposee in The Sunday Times of serious environmental damage being caused by inappropriate disposal of industrial wastes, both policy and the law were changed. The Deposit of Poisonous Wastes Act 1972,[5] together with The 1974 Local Government Act, made local government responsible for waste disposal and for the enforcement of environmental standards regarding waste disposal. Proposed landfill locations also had to be justified not only by geography but also scientifically. Many European countries decided to select landfill sites in groundwater-free clay geological conditions or to require that the site have an engineered lining. In the wake of European advancements, the United States increased its development of leachate retaining and collection systems. This quickly led from lining in principle to the use of multiple lining layers in all landfills (excepting those truly inert).[6]

text: Goals of leachate collection systems[edit]

text: The primary criterion for design of the leachate system is that all leachate be collected and removed from the landfill at a rate sufficient to prevent an unacceptable hydraulic head occurring at any point over the lining system.

text: Components of leachate collection systems[edit]

text: There are many components to a collection system including pumps, manholes, discharge lines and liquid level monitors. However, there are four main components which govern the overall efficiency of the system. These four elements are liners, filters, pumps and sumps.

text: Liners[edit]

text: Natural and synthetic liners may be utilized as both a collection device and as a means for isolating leachate within the fill to protect the soil and groundwater below. The chief concern is the ability of a liner to maintain integrity and impermeability over the life of the landfill. Subsurface water monitoring, leachate collection, and clay liners are commonly included in the design and construction of a waste landfill. To effectively serve the purpose of containing leachate in a landfill, a liner system must possess a number of physical properties. The liner must have high tensile strength, flexibility, and elongation without failure. It is also important that the liner resist abrasion, puncture, and chemical degradation by leachate. Lastly, the liner must withstand temperature variation and be black (to resist UV light), easily installed, and economical.

text: There are several types of liners used in leachate control and collection. These types include geomembranes, geosynthetic clay liners, geotextiles, geogrids, geonets, and geocomposites. Each style of liner has specific uses and abilities. Geomembranes are used to provide a barrier between mobile polluting substances released from wastes and the groundwater. In the closing of landfills, geomembranes are used to provide a low-permeability cover barrier to prevent the intrusion of rain water. Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are fabricated by distributing sodium bentonite in a uniform thickness between woven and non-woven geotextiles. Sodium bentonite has a low permeability, which makes GCLs a suitable alternative to clay liners in a composite liner system. Geotextiles are used as separation between two different types of soils to prevent contamination of the lower layer by the upper layer. Geotextiles also act as a cushion to protect synthetic layers against puncture from underlying and overlaying rocks. Geogrids are structural synthetic materials used in slope veneer stability to create stability for cover soils over synthetic liners or as soil reinforcement in steep slopes. Geonets are synthetic drainage materials that are often used in lieu of sand and gravel. Radz can take 12 in (30 cm) of drainage sand, thus increasing the landfill space for waste. Geocomposites are a combination of synthetic materials that are ordinarily used singly. A common type of geocomposite is a geonet that is heat-bonded to two layers of geotextile, one on each side. The geocomposite serves as a filter and drainage medium.

text: Geosynthetic clay liners are a type of combination liner. One advantage to using a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) is the ability to order exact amounts of the liner. Ordering precise amounts from the manufacturer prevents surplus and over-spending. Another advantage to GCLs is that the liner can be used in areas without an adequate clay source. On the other hand, GCLs are heavy and cumbersome, and their installation is very labor-intensive. In addition to being arduous and difficult under normal conditions, installation can be cancelled during damp conditions because the bentonite would absorb the moisture, making the job even more burdensome and tedious.

text: Leachate drainage system[edit]

text: The leachate drainage system is responsible for the collection and transport of the leachate collected inside the liner. The pipe dimensions, type, and layout must all be planned with the weight and pressure of waste, and transport vehicles in mind. The pipes are located on the floor of the cell. Above the network lies an enormous amount of weight and pressure. To support this, the pipes can either be flexible or rigid, but the joints to connect the pipes yield better results if the connections are flexible. An alternative to placing the collection system underneath the waste is to position the conduits in trenches or above grade.

text: The collection pipe network of a leachate collection system drains, collects, and transports leachate through the drainage layer to a collection sump where it is removed for treatment or disposal. The pipes also serve as drains within the drainage layer to minimize the mounding of leachate in the layer. These pipes are designed with cuts that are inclined to 120 degrees, preventing entry of solid particles.[7]

text: Filters[edit]

text: The filter layer is used above the drainage layer in leachate collection. There are two types of filters typically used in engineering practices: granular and geotextile. Granular filters consist of one or more soil layers or multiple layers having a coarser gradation in the direction of the seepage than the soil to be protected.

text: Sumps or leachate well[edit]

text: As liquid enters the landfill cell, it moves down the filter, passes through the pipe network, and rests in the sump. As collection systems are planned, the number, location, and size of the sumps are vital to an efficient operation. When designing sumps, the amount of leachate and liquid expected is the foremost concern. Areas in which rainfall is higher than average typically have larger sumps. A further criterion for sump planning is accounting for the pump capacity. The relationship of pump capacity and sump size is inverse. If the pump capacity is low, the volume of the sump should be larger than average. It is critical for the volume of the sump to be able to store the expected leachate between pumping cycles. This relationship helps maintain a healthy operation. Sump pumps can function with preset phase times. If the flow is not predictable, a predetermined leachate height level can automatically switch the system on. Other conditions for sump planning are maintenance and pump drawdown. Collection pipes typically convey the leachate by gravity to one or more sumps, depending upon the size of the area drained. Leachate collected in the sump is removed by pumping to a vehicle, to a holding facility for subsequent vehicle pickup, or to an on-site treatment facility. Sump dimensions are governed by the amount of leachate to be stored, pump capacity, and minimum pump drawdown. The volume of the sump must be sufficient to hold the maximum amount of leachate anticipated between pump cycles, plus an additional volume equal to the minimum pump drawdown volume. Sump size should also consider dimensional requirements for conducting maintenance and inspection activities. Sump pumps may operate with preset cycling times or, if leachate flow is less predictable, the pump may be automatically switched on when the leachate reaches a predetermined level.

text: Membrane and collection for treatment[edit]

text: More modern landfills in the developed world have some form of membrane separating the waste from the surrounding ground, and in such sites there is often a leachate collection series of pipes laid on the membrane to convey the leachate to a collection or treatment location. An example of a treatment system with only minor membrane use is the Nantmel Landfill Site.

text: All membranes are porous to a limited extent so that, over time, low volumes of leachate will cross the membrane. The design of landfill membranes is at such low volumes that they should never have a measurable adverse impact on the quality of the receiving groundwater. A more significant risk may be the failure or abandonment of the leachate collection system. Such systems are prone to internal failure as landfills suffer large internal movements as waste decomposes unevenly and thus buckles and distorts pipes. If a leachate collection system fails, leachate levels will slowly build in a site and may even over-top the containing membrane and flow out into the environment. Rising leachate levels can also wet waste masses that have previously been dry, triggering further active decomposition and leachate generation. Thus, what appears to be a stabilised and inactive site can become re-activated and restart significant gas production and exhibit significant changes in finished ground levels.

text: Re-injection into landfill[edit]

text: One method of leachate management that was more common in uncontained sites was leachate re-circulation, in which leachate was collected and re-injected into the waste mass. This process greatly accelerated decomposition and therefore gas production and had the impact of converting some leachate volume into landfill gas and reducing the overall volume of leachate for disposal. However, it also tended to increase substantially the concentrations of contaminant materials, making it a more difficult waste to treat.[8]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: The most common method of handling collected leachate is on-site treatment. When treating leachate on-site, the leachate is pumped from the sump into the treatment tanks. The leachate may then be mixed with chemical reagents to modify the pH and to coagulate and settle solids and to reduce the concentration of hazardous matter. Traditional treatment involved a modified form of activated sludge to substantially reduce the dissolved organic content. Nutrient imbalance can cause difficulties in maintaining an effective biological treatment stage. The treated liquor is rarely of sufficient quality to be released to the environment and may be tankered or piped to a local sewage treatment facility; the decision depends on the age of the landfill and on the limit of water quality that must be achieved after treatment. With high conductivity, leachate is hard to treat with biological treatment or chemical treatment.

text: Treatment with reverse osmosis is also limited, resulting in low recoveries and fouling of the RO membranes. Reverse osmosis applicability is limited by conductivity, organics, and scaling inorganic elements such as CaSO4, Si, and Ba.

text: Removal to sewer system[edit]

text: In some older landfills, leachate was directed to the sewers, but this can cause a number of problems. Toxic metals from leachate passing through the sewage treatment plant concentrate in the sewage sludge, making it difficult or dangerous to dispose of the sludge without incurring a risk to the environment. In Europe, regulations and controls have improved in recent decades, and toxic wastes are now no longer permitted to be disposed of in the Municipal Solid Waste landfills, and in most developed countries the metals problem has diminished. Paradoxically, however, as sewage treatment plant discharges are being improved throughout Europe and many other countries, the plant operators are finding that leachates are difficult waste streams to treat. This is because leachates contain very high ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations, are usually very acidic, are often anoxic and, if received in large volumes relative to the incoming sewage flow, lack the Phosphorus needed to prevent nutrient starvation for the biological communities that perform the sewage treatment processes. The result is that leachates are a difficult-to-treat waste stream. However, within aging municipal solid waste landfills, this may not be a problem as the pH returns close to neutral after the initial stage of acidogenic leachate decomposition. Many sewer undertakers limit maximum ammoniacal nitrogen[10] concentration in their sewers to 250 mg/l to protect sewer maintenance workers, as the WHO's maximum occupational safety limit would be exceeded at above pH 9 to 10, which is often the highest pH allowed in sewer discharges.

text: Many older leachate streams also contained a variety of synthetic organic species and their decomposition products, some of which had the potential to be acutely damaging to the environment.

text: Environmental impact[edit]

text: The risks from waste leachate are due to its high organic contaminant concentrations and high concentration of ammonia. Pathogenic microorganisms that might be present in it are often cited as the most important, but pathogenic organism counts reduce rapidly with time in the landfill, so this only applies to the freshest leachate. Toxic substances may, however, be present in variable concentrations, and their presence is related to the nature of the waste deposited.

text: Most landfills containing organic material will produce methane, some of which dissolves in the leachate. This could, in theory, be released in poorly ventilated areas in the treatment plant. All plants in Europe must now be assessed under the EU ATEX Directive and zoned where explosion risks are identified to prevent future accidents. The most important requirement is the prevention of the discharge of dissolved methane from untreated leachate into public sewers, and most sewage treatment authorities limit the permissible discharge concentration of dissolved methane to 0.14 mg/l, or 1/10 of the lower explosive limit. This entails methane stripping from the leachate.

text: The greatest environmental risks occur in the discharges from older sites constructed before modern engineering standards became mandatory and also from sites in the developing world where modern standards have not been applied. There are also substantial risks from illegal sites and ad-hoc sites used by organizations outside the law to dispose of waste materials. Leachate streams running directly into the aquatic environment have both an acute and chronic impact on the environment, which may be very severe and can severely diminish bio-diversity and greatly reduce populations of sensitive species. Where toxic metals and organics are present this can lead to chronic toxin accumulation in both local and far distant populations. Rivers impacted by leachate are often yellow in appearance and often support severe overgrowths of sewage fungus.

text: The contemporary research in the field of assessment techniques and remedial technology of environmental issues originating from landfill leachate has been reviewed in an article published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology journal [11].

text: Problems and failures with collection systems[edit]

text: Leachate collection systems can experience many problems including clogging with mud or silt. Bioclogging can be exacerbated by the growth of micro-organisms in the conduit. The conditions in leachate collection systems are ideal for micro-organisms to multiply. Chemical reactions in the leachate may also cause clogging through generation of solid residues. The chemical composition of leachate can weaken pipe walls, which may then fail.

text: Other types of leachate[edit]

text: Leachate can also be produced from land that was contaminated by chemicals or toxic materials used in industrial activities such as factories, mines or storage sites. Composting sites in areas of high rainfall also produce leachate.[clarification needed]

text: Leachate is also associated with stockpiled coal and with waste materials from metal ore mining and other rock extraction processes, especially those in which sulfide containing materials are exposed to air producing sulfuric acid, often with elevated metal concentrations.

text: In the context of civil engineering (more specifically reinforced concrete design), leachate refers to the effluent of pavement wash-off (that may include melting snow and ice with salt) that permeates through the cement paste onto the surface of the steel reinforcement, thereby catalyzing its oxidation and degradation. Leachates can be genotoxic in nature.[12]