document_title: Wanted Dead or Alive (TV series)

question_text: who played jason on wanted dead or alive

root

text: Wanted Dead or Alive (TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Josh Randall (McQueen) is a Confederate veteran and bounty hunter with a soft heart. He often donates his earnings to the needy and helps his prisoners if they have been wrongly accused.

tag: p

text: Randall carries a shortened Winchester Model 1892 carbine called the "Mare's Leg" in a holster patterned after "gunslinger" rigs then popular in movies and television.[3] Randall can draw and fire his weapon with blazing speed. Three Mare's Legs were used in the series, differing in the shape of the lever and the barrel.

text: Although Randall is a bounty hunter, he doesn't chase and capture only men on wanted posters. He also settles a family feud, frees unjustly jailed or sentenced men, helps an amnesia victim recover his memory, and finds missing husbands, sons, fathers, a fiancée, a suitor, a daughter who had been captured many years earlier by Indians, an Army deserter, a pet sheep, and even Santa Claus. This variety, as well as his pursuit of justice and not just money, contributed to the show's attraction and popularity.[4]

text: Except for a few episodes at the beginning of the series, Randall rode a horse named Ringo.[3]

text: Several episodes in 1960 included a sidekick named Jason Nichols (Wright King), a deputy sheriff turned bounty hunter. He and Randall worked well together on-screen, sharing a chemistry audiences enjoyed. By the start of the third season, Nichols had been dropped. The episode called "The Partners", where Nichols killed three men that Randall felt could have been taken alive, is often considered the episode that broke up the partnership, although that was actually only the second episode with Wright King and long before the last episode he appeared in.[5]

text:
“
Three hard mother-grabbin' years, but I learned my trade and it gave me discipline.
McQueen, commenting about his experience on the series.[6]

”

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (1958–59)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
1
"The Martin Poster"
Thomas Carr
John Robinson
September 6, 1958 (1958-09-06)

Josh Randall tracks down two brothers he witnesses shooting a sheriff.

2
2
"Fatal Memory"
Thomas Carr
Don Brinkley
September 13, 1958 (1958-09-13)

Colonel Sykes, Josh's former commander, is listed as a wanted man on a counterfeit poster.

3
3
"The Bounty"
Thomas Carr
Samuel A. Peeples
September 20, 1958 (1958-09-20)

Josh clashes with a sadistic bounty hunter as they search for a reclusive old man with an Apache bodyguard wanted for a crime committed years ago.

4
4
"Dead End"
Thomas Carr
George F. Slavin
September 27, 1958 (1958-09-27)

Josh is hired by a rancher to find a man wanted for grand theft and kidnapping.

5
5
"The Passing of Shawnee Bill"
Thomas Carr
David Lang
October 4, 1958 (1958-10-04)

A stranger offers to help Josh capture a fugitive for half the reward.

6
6
"The Giveaway Gun"
Donald McDougall
Frank D. Gilroy
October 11, 1958 (1958-10-11)

Josh searches for a gunfighter identified by the way he draws his pistol.

7
7
"Ransom for a Nun"
Donald McDougall
Fred Freiberger
October 18, 1958 (1958-10-18)

Josh offers to take a killer to Tucson since the sheriff is worried about a rescue attempt by the outlaw's gang, who are holding a nun hostage.

8
8
"Miracle at Pot Hole"
Thomas Carr
Ellis Marcus
October 25, 1958 (1958-10-25)

Josh finds a suspected murderer, then begins to doubt the man's guilt.

9
9
"The Fourth Headstone"
Donald McDougall
Frank D. Gilroy
November 1, 1958 (1958-11-01)

Josh tries to help a woman he suspects has been framed for murder.

10
10
"Til Death Do Us Part"
Donald McDougall
Don Brinkley
November 8, 1958 (1958-11-08)

Josh tracks down a woman wanted for murdering her husband, only to discover the man to still be alive.

11
11
"The Favor"
Thomas Carr
John Robinson
November 15, 1958 (1958-11-15)

Josh does a favor for a sheriff and embarks on a perilous journey to bring a murder suspect to justice.

12
12
"Ricochet"
Donald McDougall
Tony Barrett
November 22, 1958 (1958-11-22)

A woman hires Josh to find her husband, for whom she plans death.

13
13
"Sheriff of Red Rock"
Thomas Carr
Philip Saltzman
November 29, 1958 (1958-11-29)

Josh brings in a wanted man, who's a member of a bounty hunter gang in cahoots with the local sheriff.

14
14
"Die by the Gun"
Donald McDougall
Story: Lawrence Menkin
Teleplay: Christopher Knopf and Lawrence Menkin
December 6, 1958 (1958-12-06)

Josh and his prisoner, wanted for robbery, are ambushed by killers.

15
15
"Rawhide Breed"
Donald McDougall
Samuel A. Peeples
December 13, 1958 (1958-12-13)

A stagecoach carrying Josh and his prisoner is attacked by Indians.

16
16
"Eight Cent Reward"
Thomas Carr
Story: John Robinson
Teleplay: Christopher Knopf
December 20, 1958 (1958-12-20)

Josh is given a most unusual assignment: bringing in Santa Claus.

17
17
"Drop to Drink"
Donald McDougall
Wells Root
December 27, 1958 (1958-12-27)

A pony-express company hires Josh to solve the mystery of a murdered rider and a stolen ring.

18
18
"Rope Law"
Thomas Carr
Donn Mullally
January 3, 1959 (1959-01-03)

A lynch mob sets out to hang Josh's prisoner, who has been falsely accused of his stepdaughter's murder.

19
19
"Six-Up to Bannach"
Thomas Carr
John Robinson
January 10, 1959 (1959-01-10)

A stagecoach carrying Josh and his prisoner races against time to save an innocent man from an unjust hanging.

20
20
"The Spurs"
Donald McDougall
David Lang
January 17, 1959 (1959-01-17)

Josh tracks down a bank robber in spite of reports claiming that the robber's been murdered.

21
21
"Reunion for Revenge"
R.G. Springsteen
Richard H. Landau
January 24, 1959 (1959-01-24)

Josh brings in a man wanted by the law and a group of escaped convicts who blame him for sending them to prison.

22
22
"Competition"
R.G. Springsteen
Daniel B. Ullman
January 31, 1959 (1959-01-31)

Josh must find out why a seemingly nice farmer had put a price on his head.

23
23
"Call Your Shot"
Donald McDougall
Fred Freiberger
February 7, 1959 (1959-02-07)

Josh is hired to find a drunk's son.

24
24
"Secret Ballot"
Donald McDougall
Don Brinkley
February 14, 1959 (1959-02-14)

Josh tries to help the mayoral campaign of his friend Ned Easter.

25
25
"The Corner"
R.G. Springsteen
D.D. Beauchamp & Mary M. Beauchamp
February 21, 1959 (1959-02-21)

Josh is wrongly accused of murdering a friend.

26
26
"Eager Man"
Donald McDougall
Ray Buffum
February 28, 1959 (1959-02-28)

A fugitive is eager to let Josh take him in, but only if his wife is willing to share the reward.

27
27
"The Legend"
Thomas Carr
Tony Barrett
March 7, 1959 (1959-03-07)

Josh finds himself up against a pair of desperadoes in a search for a legendary lost treasure.

28
28
"Railroaded"
Thomas Carr
D.D. Beauchamp & Mary M. Beauchamp
March 14, 1959 (1959-03-14)

Josh must prove that a young boy did not murder a detective.

29
29
"Double Fee"
Donald McDougall
Ellis Marcus
March 21, 1959 (1959-03-21)

An opera singer gets Josh involved in a kidnapping case.

30
30
"The Kovack Affair"
Thomas Carr
Story: John Robinson
Teleplay: D.D. Beauchamp & Mary M. Beauchamp
March 28, 1959 (1959-03-28)

A friend turns to Josh for help when he's pressured into relinquishing his controlling interest in a hotel.

31
31
"Bounty for a Bride"
Donald McDougall
Samuel A. Peeples
April 4, 1959 (1959-04-04)

Josh fights a fierce Apache for the hand of an Indian princess.

32
32
"Crossroads"
Donald McDougall
David Lang
April 11, 1959 (1959-04-11)

A fugitive's father attempts to stop Josh from capturing his son.

33
33
"Angels of Vengeance"
R.G. Springsteen
Charles Beaumont
April 18, 1959 (1959-04-18)

A religious cult seeks vengeance on Josh for murdering their leader's son.

34
34
"Littlest Client"
Thomas Carr
Story: Ray Buffum
Teleplay: John Robinson and Ray Buffum
April 25, 1959 (1959-04-25)

A child refuses to believe that her father is dead so she asks Josh to find him.

35
35
"The Conquerors"
Thomas Carr
Fred Freiberger
May 2, 1959 (1959-05-02)

A banker hires Josh to find his son, who has joined a gang of conquerors.

36
36
"Amos Carter"
Thomas Carr
John Robinson
May 9, 1959 (1959-05-09)

Josh attempts to end a feud between two hillbilly families.

text: Season 2 (1959–60)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

37
1
"The Montana Kid"
Thomas Carr
D.D. Beauchamp & Mary M. Beauchamp
September 5, 1959 (1959-09-05)

Josh uses a recently released youth called the Montana Kid to nab a gambler.

38
2
"The Healing Woman"
Donald McDougall
Teleplay: Charles Beaumont
Story: Charles Beaumont and Richard Matheson
September 12, 1959 (1959-09-12)

Josh tries to rescue a sick child from a quack.

39
3
"The Matchmaker"
Frank MacDonald
Fred Freiberger
September 19, 1959 (1959-09-19)

Josh is forced to find a bride for the "ugliest man in town."

40
4
"Breakout"
Thomas Carr
Richard H. Landau
September 26, 1959 (1959-09-26)

Josh stages a jailbreak when he's hired to reclaim money.

41
5
"Estralita"
Donald McDougall
Ray Buffum
October 3, 1959 (1959-10-03)

Josh learns that an angry mob is just as eager to capture a killer as he is.

42
6
"The Hostage"
Donald McDougall
Don Brinkley
October 10, 1959 (1959-10-10)

As soon as Josh brings in a notorious killer, the outlaw takes the sheriff hostage.

43
7
"The Empty Cell"
Thomas Carr
D.D. Beauchamp & Mary M. Beauchamp
October 17, 1959 (1959-10-17)

Josh delivers a prisoner, only to have him and the sheriff mysteriously disappear.

44
8
"Bad Gun"
Thomas Carr
John Tomerlin
October 24, 1959 (1959-10-24)

Josh goes after a man with a defective gun.

45
9
"The Tyrant"
Donald McDougall
Tom Gries
October 31, 1959 (1959-10-31)

A Cavalry deserter Josh is tracking down is being held prisoner by the town marshal.

46
10
"Reckless"
R.G. Springsteen
Robert Leslie Bellem
November 7, 1959 (1959-11-07)

Tate Bradley hires Josh to find the man who killed Bradley's son in an argument over a girl.

47
11
"Desert Seed"
Donald McDougall
Calvin Clements, Sr.
November 14, 1959 (1959-11-14)

Josh tracks down a fugitive who killed in self-defense.

48
12
"Twelve Hours to Crazy Horse"
Thomas Carr
Cy Chermak
November 21, 1959 (1959-11-21)

Josh escorts an accused murderer to trial, but the victim's brother intends to take justice into his own hands.

49
13
"No Trail Back"
Donald McDougall
Peter Germano
November 28, 1959 (1959-11-28)

One of the robbers Josh is after has been bitten by a rabid dog.

50
14
"Man on Horseback"
Donald McDougall
Paul Franklin
December 5, 1959 (1959-12-05)

Josh follows an Apache who's been framed for shooting a man.

51
15
"Chain Gang"
Thomas Carr
Robert Leslie Bellem
December 12, 1959 (1959-12-12)

Josh must escape from a chain gang when he's arrested on a false charge.

52
16
"Vanishing Act"
Donald McDougall
John Tomerlin
December 26, 1959 (1959-12-26)

A magician distracts townspeople while robbing banks.

53
17
"Mental Lapse"
Thomas Carr
Teleplay: John Tomerlin
Story: William F. Nolan
January 2, 1960 (1960-01-02)

Josh attempts to help an amnesiac remember who he is.

54
18
"Angela"
George Blair
Tom Gries
January 9, 1960 (1960-01-09)

Angela Prior is determined to see the man who murdered her father hang.

55
19
"The Monster"
Thomas Carr
Don Brinkley
January 16, 1960 (1960-01-16)

An elephant trainer uses one of his elephants to scare people out of their villages and rob them.

56
20
"The Most Beautiful Woman"
Arthur D. Hilton
George Greedy
January 23, 1960 (1960-01-23)

Josh is willing to do anything for money, including searching for a woman believed to be dead.

57
21
"Jason"
George Blair
Teleplay: D.D. Beauchamp & Mary M. Beauchamp
Story: John Robinson
January 30, 1960 (1960-01-30)

Josh becomes suspicious of Jason Nichols when the deputy begs to join his hunt for a desperado.

58
22
"The Partners"
George Blair
D.D. Beauchamp & Mary M. Beauchamp
February 6, 1960 (1960-02-06)

Jason proposes that he and Josh become partners.

59
23
"Tolliver Bender"
George Blair
Eric Norden[A]
February 13, 1960 (1960-02-13)

Josh and Jason rescue Tolliver Bender from the gallows so he can testify at a trial, but the citizens want a hostage to ensure his return.

60
24
"A House Divided"
George Blair
D.D. Beauchamp & Mary M. Beauchamp
February 20, 1960 (1960-02-20)

Josh becomes a target for assassination as he tries to intervene in a family feud.

61
25
"Triple Vice"
George Blair
Fred Freiberger
February 27, 1960 (1960-02-27)

Josh and Jason trail a killer to Mexico, where Josh gets a new perspective thanks to a barmaid.

62
26
"Black Belt"
George Blair
John Tomerlin
March 19, 1960 (1960-03-19)

Josh and Jason are hired to bring in a black belt accused of murder, unaware that their employer is the real killer.

63
27
"The Pariah"
George Blair
Fred Freiberger
March 26, 1960 (1960-03-26)

Josh agrees to keep an eye on his friend's son Randy Holleran, who's a pariah for deliberately withholding the town's medical supplies.

64
28
"Vendetta"
George Blair
Samuel Newman
April 9, 1960 (1960-04-09)

Josh captures an Army recruit whose mission is to start a war with the Indians.

65
29
"Death Divided by Three"
George Blair
Don Brinkley
April 23, 1960 (1960-04-23)

Josh tracks down a fugitive who's also being sought after by his wife.

66
30
"The Inheritance"
Arthur D. Hilton
George W. George
April 30, 1960 (1960-04-30)

Josh is tasked with bringing home a dying man's runaway son.

67
31
"Prison Trail"
Thomas Carr
D.D. Beauchamp
May 14, 1960 (1960-05-14)

Josh and Jason are escorting four prisoners to jail when one of them is frightened by a stranger.

68
32
"Pay-Off at Pinto"
Donald McDougall
Wells Root
May 21, 1960 (1960-05-21)

The citizens of Pinto panic when the bank is robbed, so the bank owner enlists Josh to capture the robbers.

text: Season 3 (1960–61)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

69
1
"The Trial"
Harry Harris, Jr.
Ed Adamson
September 21, 1960 (1960-09-21)

Josh is hired to bring in a former Union officer, only to find that it's all part of an illegal mock trial staged by the officer's former soldiers.

70
2
"The Cure"
Gene Reynolds
Ed Adamson
September 28, 1960 (1960-09-28)

A woman hires Josh to sober up the town drunk so she can marry him.

71
3
"Journey for Josh"
Harry Harris, Jr.
Ed Adamson
October 5, 1960 (1960-10-05)

Josh falls for the female robber he's escorting to prison.

72
4
"The Looters"
Harry Harris, Jr.
Norman Katkov
October 12, 1960 (1960-10-12)

Josh tracks down desperadoes who broke out of prison during a tornado.

73
5
"The Twain Shall Meet"
Richard Donner
Norman Katkov
October 19, 1960 (1960-10-19)

A writer from Boston joins Josh on his manhunt to get an exclusive story.

74
6
"The Showdown"
Murray Golden
Ed Adamson
October 26, 1960 (1960-10-26)

Josh is forced into a showdown with an old friend who swears he's innocent.

75
7
"Surprise Witness"
Murray Golden
Ed Adamson
November 2, 1960 (1960-11-02)

The townspeople refuse to tell Josh who murdered his friend - until a surprise witness comes forward.

76
8
"To the Victor"
Murray Golden
Ed Adamson
November 9, 1960 (1960-11-09)

The women leave town and refuse to return unless all the men put away their guns.

77
9
"Criss-Cross"
Murray Golden
Norman Katkov
November 16, 1960 (1960-11-16)

Josh catches the crook he was trailing, but the sheriff claims he has the wrong man.

78
10
"The Medicine Man"
R.D. Donner[B]
Norman Katkov
November 23, 1960 (1960-11-23)

A medicine man claims to know how the money from the bank - as well as the teller - went missing.

79
11
"One Mother Too Many"
Harry Harris, Jr.
Norman Katkov
November 7, 1960 (1960-11-07)

Fearing she'll lose custody of her son, a widow proposes to Josh in order to acquire a new father.

80
12
"The Choice"
Harry Harris, Jr.
Norman Katkov
December 14, 1960 (1960-12-14)

A bounty hunter named Frank Koster is after the man who bested him in a gunfight.

81
13
"Three for One"
Murray Golden
Norman Katkov
December 21, 1960 (1960-12-21)

The friends of the prisoner Josh brought in kidnap the sheriff and threaten a person a day until their leader is released.

82
14
"Witch Woman"
Harry Harris, Jr.
Norman Katkov
December 28, 1960 (1960-12-28)

Josh is hired to keep a voodoo doctor away from a man's pregnant wife.

83
15
"Baa-Baa"
Harry Harris, Jr.
Norman Katkov
January 4, 1961 (1961-01-04)

Josh is hired by George Goode to find Mrs. Goode's pet ewe.

84
16
"The Last Retreat"
Richard D. Donner[B]
Norman Katkov
January 11, 1961 (1961-01-11)

Josh must protect a woman when the killer her testimony put in prison escapes.

85
17
"Bounty on Josh"
Richard D. Donner[B]
Ed Adamson
January 25, 1961 (1961-01-25)

A gunman stalks Josh in a small town.

86
18
"Hero in the Dust"
Harry Harris, Jr.
Norman Katkov
February 1, 1961 (1961-02-01)

Harry Weaver hires Josh to bring in his twin brother - a fugitive wanted for murder.

87
19
"Epitaph"
Harry Harris, Jr.
Norman Katkov
February 8, 1961 (1961-02-08)

Josh goes after his friend Jim Kramer, a lawman who's been seduced by his girlfriend into robbing a bank.

88
20
"The Voice of Silence"
Richard D. Donner[B]
Ed Adamson
February 15, 1961 (1961-02-15)

Frank Hagen asks Josh to look after his deaf-mute daughter Carol while he serves time in jail.

89
21
"El Gato"
Murray Golden
Ed Adamson
February 22, 1961 (1961-02-22)

Josh tracks down a bandit known as El Gato.

90
22
"Detour"
Murray Golden
Norman Katkov
March 1, 1961 (1961-03-01)

Clayton Armstrong wishes to elope with Jane Fairweather, but he's afraid of her father, so he turns to Josh for help.

91
23
"Monday Morning"
Murray Golden
Ed Adamson
March 8, 1961 (1961-03-08)

A thief decides to return the loot he stole, but fears what his partners will do when they find it missing.

92
24
"The Long Search"
Murray Golden
Norman Katkov
March 15, 1961 (1961-03-15)

A geisha arrives to find the man who promised to marry her.

93
25
"Dead Reckoning"
Murray Golden
Ed Adamson
March 22, 1961 (1961-03-22)

A woman asks Josh to bring her husband back alive so he can prove he killed one of the Taggart boys in self-defense, but the brothers of the deceased are out for revenge.

94
26
"Barney's Bounty"
Richard D. Donner[B]
Sumner Arthur Long and Ed Adamson
March 29, 1961 (1961-03-29)

Josh helps his friend Barney Durant track down a pair of horse thieves.

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: Dyan Cannon billed as Diane Cannon, daughter of magician Season 2- Episode 52.

text: Wright King appeared as Jason Nichols in eleven episodes in 1960.

text: Guest stars included Noah Beery, Jr., James Best, Lon Chaney, Jr., James Coburn, Charles Bronson, Brad Dexter, Lawrence Dobkin, John Dehner, Betsy Drake, Alan Hale, Jr., DeForest Kelley, Martin Landau, Michael Landon, Nan Leslie, Ralph Meeker, Jay North, Warren Oates, Susan Oliver, Luana Patten, Steve Brodie, William Schallert, Beverly Garland, King Donovan, Jay Silverheels, Suzanne Storrs, Mary Tyler Moore, and Lee Van Cleef.

text: Production notes[edit]

text: The series was filmed in black and white at the Selznick Studios and produced by Four Star Television. A number of additional shooting locations were used, with the bulk of the outdoor action sequences shot on the famed Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, Calif., widely regarded as the most heavily filmed outdoor shooting location in the history of TV and the movies. A number of sets on the Republic Pictures backlot in Studio City, Calif., also appear in the series, notably the Western street and the Duchess Ranch set, which at the time of production on the series consisted mainly of a large barn, a main house and a bunkhouse.

text: Writers included Samuel A. Peeples and Charles Beaumont.

text: The first season theme song was written and conducted by William Loose. It was replaced by a new theme titled "Wanted". This theme was used until the end of the series and was written and supervised by Herschel Burke Gilbert.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
October 1958 – April 1959: No. 16 – 28.0 (tied with Peter Gunn)
October 1959 – April 1960: No. 9 – 28.7
October 1960 – April 1961: not in top 30

tag: ul

text: Colorized version[edit]

text: In December 1987, Four Star International colorized Wanted: Dead or Alive making it the first vintage TV series to be completely colorized; the colorized version aired on at least 50 independent television stations.[7]

text: 1987 film[edit]

text: In 1987, New World Pictures adapted the series into a low-budget film of the same title;[8] Rutger Hauer played modern-day bounty hunter Nick Randall, Josh's grandson.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: On June 7, 2005, New Line Home Video released season 1 of Wanted: Dead or Alive on DVD in Region 1. In 2007, BCI Eclipse acquired the distribution rights to the series and released the final two seasons on DVD. Season 2 was released on July 17, 2007, and season 3 on October 16, 2007. These releases are now out of print as BCI Eclipse ceased operations in December 2008.[9]

text: In June 2009, Mill Creek Entertainment acquired the rights to the series under license from copyright holder StudioCanal, and have subsequently re-released the first two seasons.[10][11] On August 25, 2009, they released an 11-disc box set featuring all 94 episodes of the series on DVD for the first time.[12]

text:
DVD name
Ep#
Release date

Season One
36
August 25, 2009

Season Two
32
March 9, 2010


document_title: Appalachian Mountains

question_text: what is the highest mountain in the appalachian range

text: Appalachian Mountains

text: Overview[edit]

text: The range is mostly in the United States (U.S.) but extends into southeastern Canada, forming a zone from 100 to 300 mi (160 to 480 km) wide, running from the island of Newfoundland 1,500 mi (2,400 km) southwestward to Central Alabama in the United States.[discuss] The range covers parts of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, which comprise an overseas territory of France. The system is divided into a series of ranges, with the individual mountains averaging around 3,000 ft (910 m). The highest of the group is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet (2,037 m), which is the highest point in the United States east of the Mississippi River.

text: The term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the entire mountain range with its surrounding hills and the dissected plateau region. The term is often used more restrictively to refer to regions in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, usually including areas in the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina, as well as sometimes extending as far south as northern Alabama, Georgia and western South Carolina, and as far north as Pennsylvania, southern Ohio and parts of southern upstate New York.

text: The Ouachita Mountains in Arkansas and Oklahoma were originally part of the Appalachians as well, but became disconnected through geologic history.

text: Origin of the name[edit]

text: While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528, the members of the Narváez expedition, including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee, Florida whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen [a.paˈla.tʃɛn]. The name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. Pánfilo de Narváez's expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15, 1528, and applied the name. Now spelled "Appalachian," it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US.[10]

text: After the de Soto expedition in 1540, Spanish cartographers began to apply the name of the tribe to the mountains themselves. The first cartographic appearance of Apalchen is on Diego Gutierrez's map of 1562; the first use for the mountain range is the map of Jacques le Moyne de Morgues in 1565.[11]

text: The name was not commonly used for the whole mountain range until the late 19th century. A competing and often more popular name was the "Allegheny Mountains", "Alleghenies", and even "Alleghania". In the early 19th century, Washington Irving proposed renaming the United States either Appalachia or Alleghania.[12]

text: In U.S. dialects in the southern regions of the Appalachians, the word is pronounced /ˌæpəˈlætʃɪnz/, with the third syllable sounding like "latch". In northern parts of the mountain range, it is pronounced /ˌæpəˈleɪtʃɪnz/ or /ˌæpəˈleɪʃɪnz/; the third syllable is like "lay", and the fourth "chins" or "shins".[13] There is often great debate between the residents of the regions as to which pronunciation is the more correct one. Elsewhere, a commonly accepted pronunciation for the adjective Appalachian is /ˌæpəˈlætʃiən/, with the last two syllables "-ian" pronounced as in the word "Romanian".[14]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Regions[edit]

text: The whole system may be divided into three great sections:[15]

text:
Northern: The northern section runs from the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador to the Hudson River. It includes the Long Range Mountains and Annieopsquotch Mountains on the island of Newfoundland, Chic-Choc Mountains and Notre Dame Range in Quebec and New Brunswick, scattered elevations and small ranges elsewhere in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the Longfellow Mountains in Maine, the White Mountains in New Hampshire, the Green Mountains in Vermont, and The Berkshires in Massachusetts and Connecticut. The Metacomet Ridge Mountains in Connecticut and south-central Massachusetts, although contained within the Appalachian province, is a younger system and not geologically associated with the Appalachians. The Monteregian Hills, which cross the Green Mountains in Quebec, are also unassociated with the Appalachians.
Central: The central section goes from the Hudson Valley to the New River (Great Kanawha) running through Virginia and West Virginia. It comprises (excluding various minor groups) the Valley Ridges between the Allegheny Front of the Allegheny Plateau and the Great Appalachian Valley, the New York–New Jersey Highlands, the Taconic Mountains in New York, and a large portion of the Blue Ridge.
Southern: The southern section runs from the New River onwards. It consists of the prolongation of the Blue Ridge, which is divided into the Western Blue Ridge (or Unaka) Front and the Eastern Blue Ridge Front, the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, and the Cumberland Plateau.

text: The Adirondack Mountains in New York are sometimes considered part of the Appalachian chain but, geologically speaking, are a southern extension of the Laurentian Mountains of Canada.[7][8][9]

text: In addition to the true folded mountains, known as the ridge and valley province, the area of dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains is usually grouped with the Appalachians. This includes the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York, the Poconos in Pennsylvania, and the Allegheny Plateau of southwestern New York, western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia. This same plateau is known as the Cumberland Plateau in southern West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, western Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and northern Alabama.

text: The dissected plateau area, while not actually made up of geological mountains, is popularly called "mountains," especially in eastern Kentucky and West Virginia, and while the ridges are not high, the terrain is extremely rugged. In Ohio and New York, some of the plateau has been glaciated, which has rounded off the sharp ridges, and filled the valleys to some extent. The glaciated regions are usually referred to as hill country rather than mountains.

text: The Appalachian region is generally considered the geographical divide between the eastern seaboard of the United States and the Midwest region of the country. The Eastern Continental Divide follows the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia.

text: The Appalachian Trail is a 2,175-mile (3,500 km) hiking trail that runs all the way from Mount Katahdin in Maine to Springer Mountain in Georgia, passing over or past a large part of the Appalachian system. The International Appalachian Trail is an extension of this hiking trail into the Canadian portion of the Appalachian range in New Brunswick and Quebec.

text: Chief summits[edit]

text: The Appalachian belt includes, with the ranges enumerated above, the plateaus sloping southward to the Atlantic Ocean in New England, and south-eastward to the border of the coastal plain through the central and southern Atlantic states; and on the north-west, the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus declining toward the Great Lakes and the interior plains. A remarkable feature of the belt is the longitudinal chain of broad valleys, including The Great Appalachian Valley, which in the southerly sections divides the mountain system into two unequal portions, but in the northernmost lies west of all the ranges possessing typical Appalachian features, and separates them from the Adirondack group. The mountain system has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights, and, especially in the central section, the various ridges and intermontane valleys have the same trend as the system itself. None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow.[15]

text: Mountains of the Long Range in Newfoundland reach heights of nearly 2,700 ft (800 m). In the Chic-Choc and Notre Dame mountain ranges in Quebec, the higher summits rise above 4,000 ft (1,200 m) in elevation. Isolated peaks and small ranges in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick vary from 1,000 to 2,700 ft (300 to 800 m). In Maine several peaks exceed 4,000 ft (1,200 m), including Mount Katahdin at 5,267 feet (1,605 m). In New Hampshire, many summits rise above 5,000 ft (1,500 m), including Mount Washington in the White Mountains at 6,288 ft (1,917 m), Adams at 5,771 ft (1,759 m), Jefferson at 5,712 ft (1,741 m), Monroe at 5,380 ft (1,640 m), Madison at 5,367 ft (1,636 m), Lafayette at 5,249 feet (1,600 m), and Lincoln at 5,089 ft (1,551 m). In the Green Mountains the highest point, Mt. Mansfield, is 4,393 ft (1,339 m) in elevation; others include Killington Peak at 4,226 ft (1,288 m), Camel's Hump at 4,083 ft (1,244 m), Mt. Abraham at 4,006 ft (1,221 m), and a number of other heights exceeding 3,000 ft (900 m).[15]

text: In Pennsylvania, there are over sixty summits that rise over 2,500 ft (800 m); the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob rise over 3,000 ft (900 m). In Maryland, Eagle Rock and Dans Mountain are conspicuous points reaching 3,162 ft (964 m) and 2,882 ft (878 m) respectively. On the same side of the Great Valley, south of the Potomac, are the Pinnacle 3,007 feet (917 m) and Pidgeon Roost 3,400 ft (1,000 m).[15] In West Virginia, more than 150 peaks rise above 4,000 ft (1,200 m), including Spruce Knob 4,863 ft (1,482 m), the highest point in the Allegheny Mountains. A number of other points in the state rise above 4,800 ft (1,500 m). Snowshoe Mountain at Thorny Flat 4,848 ft (1,478 m) and Bald Knob 4,842 ft (1,476 m) are among the more notable peaks in West Virginia.

text: The Blue Ridge Mountains, rising in southern Pennsylvania and there known as South Mountain, attain elevations of about 2,000 ft (600 m) in that state. South Mountain achieves its highest point just below the Mason-Dixon line in Maryland at Quirauk Mountain 2,145 ft (654 m) and then diminishes in height southward to the Potomac River. Once in Virginia the Blue Ridge again reaches 2,000 ft (600 m) and higher. In the Virginia Blue Ridge, the following are some of the highest peaks north of the Roanoke River: Stony Man 4,031 ft (1,229 m), Hawksbill Mountain 4,066 ft (1,239 m), Apple Orchard Mountain 4,225 ft (1,288 m) and Peaks of Otter 4,001 and 3,875 ft (1,220 and 1,181 m). South of the Roanoke River, along the Blue Ridge, are Virginia's highest peaks including Whitetop Mountain 5,520 ft (1,680 m) and Mount Rogers 5,729 ft (1,746 m), the highest point in the Commonwealth.

text: Chief summits in the southern section of the Blue Ridge are located along two main crests—the Western or Unaka Front along the Tennessee-North Carolina border and the Eastern Front in North Carolina—or one of several "cross ridges" between the two main crests. Major subranges of the Eastern Front include the Black Mountains, Great Craggy Mountains, and Great Balsam Mountains, and its chief summits include Grandfather Mountain 5,964 ft (1,818 m) near the Tennessee-North Carolina border, Mount Mitchell 6,684 ft (2,037 m) in the Blacks, and Black Balsam Knob 6,214 ft (1,894 m) and Cold Mountain 6,030 ft (1,840 m) in the Great Balsams. The Western Blue Ridge Front is subdivided into the Unaka Range, the Bald Mountains, the Great Smoky Mountains, and the Unicoi Mountains, and its major peaks include Roan Mountain 6,285 ft (1,916 m) in the Unakas, Big Bald 5,516 ft (1,681 m) and Max Patch 4,616 ft (1,407 m) in the Bald Mountains, Clingmans Dome 6,643 ft (2,025 m), Mount Le Conte 6,593 feet (2,010 m), and Mount Guyot 6,621 ft (2,018 m) in the Great Smokies, and Big Frog Mountain 4,224 ft (1,287 m) near the Tennessee-Georgia-North Carolina border. Prominent summits in the cross ridges include Waterrock Knob (6,292 ft (1,918 m)) in the Plott Balsams. Across northern Georgia, numerous peaks exceed 4,000 ft (1,200 m), including Brasstown Bald, the state's highest, at 4,784 ft (1,458 m) and 4,696 ft (1,431 m) Rabun Bald.

text: Drainage[edit]

text: There are many geological issues concerning the rivers and streams of the Appalachians. In spite of the existence of the Great Appalachian Valley, many of the main rivers are transverse to the mountain system axis. The drainage divide of the Appalachians follows a tortuous course which crosses the mountainous belt just north of the New River in Virginia. South of the New River, rivers head into the Blue Ridge, cross the higher Unakas, receive important tributaries from the Great Valley, and traversing the Cumberland Plateau in spreading gorges (water gaps), escape by way of the Cumberland River and the Tennessee River rivers to the Ohio River and the Mississippi River, and thence to the Gulf of Mexico. In the central section, north of the New River, the rivers, rising in or just beyond the Valley Ridges, flow through great gorges to the Great Valley, and then across the Blue Ridge to tidal estuaries penetrating the coastal plain via the Roanoke River, James River, Potomac River, and Susquehanna River.[15]

text: In the northern section the height of land lies on the inland side of the mountainous belt, and thus the main lines of drainage run from north to south, exemplified by the Hudson River.[15] However, the valley through which the Hudson River flows was cut by the gigantic glaciers of the Ice Ages—the same glaciers that deposited their terminal moraines in southern New York and formed the east-west Long Island.

text: Geology[edit]

text: A look at rocks exposed in today's Appalachian mountains reveals elongated belts of folded and thrust faulted marine sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks and slivers of ancient ocean floor, which provides strong evidence that these rocks were deformed during plate collision. The birth of the Appalachian ranges, some 480 Ma, marks the first of several mountain-building plate collisions that culminated in the construction of the supercontinent Pangaea with the Appalachians near the center. Because North America and Africa were connected, the Appalachians formed part of the same mountain chain as the Little Atlas in Morocco. This mountain range, known as the Central Pangean Mountains, extended into Scotland, before the Mesozoic Era opening of the Iapetus Ocean, from the North America/Europe collision (See Caledonian orogeny).

text: During the middle Ordovician Period (about 496–440 Ma), a change in plate motions set the stage for the first Paleozoic mountain-building event (Taconic orogeny) in North America. The once-quiet Appalachian passive margin changed to a very active plate boundary when a neighboring oceanic plate, the Iapetus, collided with and began sinking beneath the North American craton. With the birth of this new subduction zone, the early Appalachians were born. Along the continental margin, volcanoes grew, coincident with the initiation of subduction. Thrust faulting uplifted and warped older sedimentary rock laid down on the passive margin. As mountains rose, erosion began to wear them down. Streams carried rock debris down slope to be deposited in nearby lowlands. The Taconic Orogeny was just the first of a series of mountain building plate collisions that contributed to the formation of the Appalachians, culminating in the collision of North America and Africa (see Alleghanian orogeny).[17]

text: By the end of the Mesozoic Era, the Appalachian Mountains had been eroded to an almost flat plain.[17] It was not until the region was uplifted during the Cenozoic Era that the distinctive topography of the present formed.[18] Uplift rejuvenated the streams, which rapidly responded by cutting downward into the ancient bedrock. Some streams flowed along weak layers that define the folds and faults created many millions of years earlier. Other streams downcut so rapidly that they cut right across the resistant folded rocks of the mountain core, carving canyons across rock layers and geologic structures.

text: Mineral resources[edit]

text: The Appalachian Mountains contain major deposits of anthracite coal as well as bituminous coal. In the folded mountains the coal is in metamorphosed form as anthracite, represented by the Coal Region of northeastern Pennsylvania. The bituminous coal fields of western Pennsylvania, western Maryland, southeastern Ohio, eastern Kentucky, southwestern Virginia, and West Virginia contain the sedimentary form of coal.[19] The mountain top removal method of coal mining, in which entire mountain tops are removed, is currently threatening vast areas and ecosystems of the Appalachian Mountain region.[20]

text: The 1859 discovery of commercial quantities of petroleum in the Appalachian Mountains of western Pennsylvania started the modern United States petroleum industry.[21] Recent discoveries of commercial natural gas deposits in the Marcellus Shale formation and Utica Shale formations have once again focused oil industry attention on the Appalachian Basin.

text: Some plateaus of the Appalachian Mountains contain metallic minerals such as iron and zinc.[22]

text: Ecology[edit]

text: Flora[edit]

text: The floras of the Appalachians are diverse and vary primarily in response to geology, latitude, elevation and moisture availability. Geobotanically, they constitute a floristic province of the North American Atlantic Region. The Appalachians consist primarily of deciduous broad-leaf trees and evergreen needle-leaf conifers, but also contain the evergreen broad-leaf American holly (Ilex opaca), and the deciduous needle-leaf conifer, the tamarack, or eastern larch (Larix laricina).

text: The dominant northern and high elevation conifer is the red spruce (Picea rubens), which grows from near sea level to above 4,000 ft (1,200 m) above sea level (asl) in northern New England and southeastern Canada. It also grows southward along the Appalachian crest to the highest elevations of the southern Appalachians, as in North Carolina and Tennessee. In the central Appalachians it is usually confined above 3,000 ft (900 m) asl, except for a few cold valleys in which it reaches lower elevations. In the southern Appalachians it is restricted to higher elevations. Another species is the black spruce (Picea mariana), which extends farthest north of any conifer in North America, is found at high elevations in the northern Appalachians, and in bogs as far south as Pennsylvania.

text: The Appalachians are also home to two species of fir, the boreal balsam fir (Abies balsamea), and the southern high elevation endemic, Fraser fir (Abies fraseri). Fraser fir is confined to the highest parts of the southern Appalachian Mountains, where along with red spruce it forms a fragile ecosystem known as the Southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest. Fraser fir rarely occurs below 5,500 ft (1,700 m), and becomes the dominant tree type at 6,200 ft (1,900 m).[23] By contrast, balsam fir is found from near sea level to the tree line in the northern Appalachians, but ranges only as far south as Virginia and West Virginia in the central Appalachians, where it is usually confined above 3,900 ft (1,200 m) asl, except in cold valleys. Curiously, it is associated with oaks in Virginia. The balsam fir of Virginia and West Virginia is thought by some to be a natural hybrid between the more northern variety and Fraser fir. While red spruce is common in both upland and bog habitats, balsam fir, as well as black spruce and tamarack, are more characteristic of the latter. However balsam fir also does well in soils with a pH as high as 6.[24]

text: Eastern or Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is another important evergreen needle-leaf conifer that grows along the Appalachian chain from north to south, but is confined to lower elevations than red spruce and the firs. It generally occupies richer and less acidic soils than the spruce and firs and is characteristic of deep, shaded and moist mountain valleys and coves. It is, unfortunately, subject to the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), an introduced insect, that is rapidly extirpating it as a forest tree. Less abundant, and restricted to the southern Appalachians, is Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana). Like Canada hemlock, this tree suffers severely from the hemlock woolly adelgid.

text: Several species of pines characteristic of the Appalachians are eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), pitch pine (Pinus rigida), Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata). Red pine (Pinus resinosa) is a boreal species that forms a few high elevation outliers as far south as West Virginia. All of these species except white pine tend to occupy sandy, rocky, poor soil sites, which are mostly acidic in character. White pine, a large species valued for its timber, tends to do best in rich, moist soil, either acidic or alkaline in character. Pitch pine is also at home in acidic, boggy soil, and Table Mountain pine may occasionally be found in this habitat as well. Shortleaf pine is generally found in warmer habitats and at lower elevations than the other species. All the species listed do best in open or lightly shaded habitats, although white pine also thrives in shady coves, valleys, and on floodplains.

text: The Appalachians are characterized by a wealth of large, beautiful deciduous broadleaf (hardwood) trees. Their occurrences are best summarized and described in E. Lucy Braun's 1950 classic, Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America (Macmillan, New York). The most diverse and richest forests are the mixed mesophytic or medium moisture types, which are largely confined to rich, moist montane soils of the southern and central Appalachians, particularly in the Cumberland and Allegheny Mountains, but also thrive in the southern Appalachian coves. Characteristic canopy species are white basswood (Tilia heterophylla), yellow buckeye (Aesculus octandra), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera), white ash (Fraxinus americana) and yellow birch (Betula alleganiensis). Other common trees are red maple (Acer rubrum), shagbark and bitternut hickories (Carya ovata and C. cordiformis) and black or sweet birch (Betula lenta). Small understory trees and shrubs include flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) and spicebush (Lindera benzoin). There are also hundreds of perennial and annual herbs, among them such herbal and medicinal plants as American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) and black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa).

text: The foregoing trees, shrubs and herbs are also more widely distributed in less rich mesic forests that generally occupy coves, stream valleys and flood plains throughout the southern and central Appalachians at low and intermediate elevations. In the northern Appalachians and at higher elevations of the central and southern Appalachians these diverse mesic forests give way to less diverse "northern hardwoods" with canopies dominated only by American beech, sugar maple, American basswood (Tilia americana) and yellow birch and with far fewer species of shrubs and herbs.

text: Dryer and rockier uplands and ridges are occupied by oak-chestnut type forests dominated by a variety of oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.) and, in the past, by the American chestnut (Castanea dentata). The American chestnut was virtually eliminated as a canopy species by the introduced fungal chestnut blight (Cryphonectaria parasitica), but lives on as sapling-sized sprouts that originate from roots, which are not killed by the fungus. In present-day forest canopies chestnut has been largely replaced by oaks.

text: The oak forests of the southern and central Appalachians consist largely of black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks (Quercus velutina, Q. rubra, Q. alba, Q. prinus and Q. coccinea) and hickories, such as the pignut (Carya glabra) in particular. The richest forests, which grade into mesic types, usually in coves and on gentle slopes, have dominantly white and northern red oaks, while the driest sites are dominated by chestnut oak, or sometimes by scarlet or northern red oaks. In the northern Appalachians the oaks, except for white and northern red, drop out, while the latter extends farthest north.

text: The oak forests generally lack the diverse small tree, shrub and herb layers of mesic forests. Shrubs are generally ericaceous, and include the evergreen mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), various species of blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), a number of deciduous rhododendrons (azaleas), and smaller heaths such as teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens) and trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens). The evergreen great rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) is characteristic of moist stream valleys. These occurrences are in line with the prevailing acidic character of most oak forest soils. In contrast, the much rarer chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii) demands alkaline soils and generally grows where limestone rock is near the surface. Hence no ericaceous shrubs are associated with it.

text: The Appalachian floras also include a diverse assemblage of bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), as well as fungi. Some species are rare and/or endemic. As with vascular plants, these tend to be closely related to the character of the soils and thermal environment in which they are found.

text: Eastern deciduous forests are subject to a number of serious insect and disease outbreaks. Among the most conspicuous is that of the introduced gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), which infests primarily oaks, causing severe defoliation and tree mortality. But it also has the benefit of eliminating weak individuals, and thus improving the genetic stock, as well as creating rich habitat of a type through accumulation of dead wood. Because hardwoods sprout so readily, this moth is not as harmful as the hemlock woolly adelgid. Perhaps more serious is the introduced beech bark disease complex, which includes both a scale insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga) and fungal components.

text: During the 19th and early 20th centuries the Appalachian forests were subject to severe and destructive logging and land clearing, which resulted in the designation of the national forests and parks as well many state protected areas. However, these and a variety of other destructive activities continue, albeit in diminished forms; and thus far only a few ecologically based management practices have taken hold.

text: Appalachian bogs are boreal ecosystems, which occur in many places in the Appalachians, particularly the Allegheny and Blue Ridge subranges.[25][26] Though popularly called bogs, many of them are technically fens.[27]

text: Fauna[edit]

text: Animals that characterize the Appalachian forests include five species of tree squirrels. The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Occupying similar habitat is the slightly larger fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) and the much smaller southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans). More characteristic of cooler northern and high elevation habitat is the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), whereas the Appalachian northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus), which closely resembles the southern flying squirrel, is confined to northern hardwood and spruce-fir forests.

text: As familiar as squirrels are the eastern cottontail rabbit (Silvilagus floridanus) and the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The latter in particular has greatly increased in abundance as a result of the extirpation of the eastern wolf (Canis lupus lycaon) and the cougar. This has led to the overgrazing and browsing of many plants of the Appalachian forests, as well as destruction of agricultural crops. Other deer include the moose (Alces laces), found only in the north, and the elk (Cervus canadensis), which, although once extirpated, is now making a comeback, through transplantation, in the southern and central Appalachians. In Quebec, the Chic-Chocs host the only population of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) south of the St. Lawrence River. An additional species that is common in the north but extends its range southward at high elevations to Virginia and West Virginia is the varying of snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus). However, these central Appalachian populations are scattered and very small.

text: Another species of great interest is the beaver (Castor canadensis), which is showing a great resurgence in numbers after its near extirpation for its pelt. This resurgence is bringing about a drastic alteration in habitat through the construction of dams and other structures throughout the mountains.

text: Other common forest animals are the black bear (Ursus americanus), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), raccoon (Procyon lotor), woodchuck (Marmota monax), bobcat (Felis rufus), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and in recent years, the coyote (Canis latrans), another species favored by the advent of Europeans and the extirpation of eastern and red wolves. European boars were introduced in the early 20th century.

text: Characteristic birds of the forest are wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), common raven (Corvus corax), wood duck (Aix sponsa), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), barred owl (Strix varia), screech owl (Megascops asio), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), and northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), as well as a great variety of "songbirds" (Passeriformes), like the warblers in particular.

text: Of great importance are the many species of salamanders and, in particular, the lungless species (Family Plethodontidae) that live in great abundance concealed by leaves and debris, on the forest floor. Most frequently seen, however, is the eastern or red-spotted newt (Notophthalmus viridescens), whose terrestrial eft form is often encountered on the open, dry forest floor. It has been estimated that salamanders represent the largest class of animal biomass in the Appalachian forests. Frogs and toads are of lesser diversity and abundance, but the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) is, like the eft, commonly encountered on the dry forest floor, while a number of species of small frogs, such as spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer), enliven the forest with their calls. Salamanders and other amphibians contribute greatly to nutrient cycling through their consumption of small life forms on the forest floor and in aquatic habitats.

text: Although reptiles are less abundant and diverse than amphibians, a number of snakes are conspicuous members of the fauna. One of the largest is the non-venomous black rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta), while the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) is among the smallest but most abundant. The American copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) and the timber rattler (Crotalus horridus) are venomous pit vipers. There are few lizards, but the broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps), at up to 13 in (33 cm) in length, and an excellent climber and swimmer, is one of the largest and most spectacular in appearance and action. The most common turtle is the eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina), which is found in both upland and lowland forests in the central and southern Appalachians. Prominent among aquatic species is the large common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina), which occurs throughout the Appalachians.

text: Appalachian streams are notable for their highly diverse freshwater fish life. Among the most abundant and diverse are those of the minnow family (family Cyprinidae), while species of the colorful darters (Percina spp.) are also abundant.[28]

text: A characteristic fish of shaded, cool Appalachian forest streams is the wild brook or speckled trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), which is much sought after as a game fish. However, in past years such trout waters have been much degraded by increasing temperatures due to timber cutting, pollution from various sources and potentially, global warming.


document_title: Look Who's Talking Now

question_text: who played samantha in look whos talking now

text: Look Who's Talking Now

text: Plot[edit]

text: A young cross bred puppy is up for sale and we can hear him talking. He sees Mikey passing by him and begs him to take him home. Mikey, however, has to hurry past in tow of his mother, and two harsh looking individuals buy the puppy. He manages to escape them and starts his life as a stray.

text: James is a private air pilot working for Samantha - who we see has a crush on him and is always trying to extend the trips to spend more time with him. Mollie is looking for a job. Mikey tells Santa that he wants a dog for Christmas, James feels the time has come to give him one and tells Samantha about this.

text: One day, though, the dog gets caught by the animal rescue force and taken to a kennel, where several others are kept - presumably also found on the streets. He is about to be put down on the same day that James brings Mikey there to select one. Overjoyed, he bumps into the dog he saw as a puppy, and takes an instant liking to him and decides to take him home.

text: When James, Mikey, and Rocks the dog get home, they see that Samantha is there and has brought over her dog, Daphne, who is highly trained and she wants James to have her as a present from her.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Travolta as James Ubriacco
Kirstie Alley as Mollie Ubriacco
David Gallagher as Mikey Ubriacco
Tabitha Lupien as Julie Ubriacco
Lysette Anthony as Samantha
George Segal as Albert
Olympia Dukakis as Rosie
Charles Barkley as Himself

text:
Danny DeVito as Rocks
Diane Keaton as Daphne

text:
Bob Bergen
Peter Iacangelo
Nick Jameson
Patricia Parris
Pat Pinney
Rodney Saulsberry
Jeff Winkless
Don Rickles

text: Production[edit]

text: Unlike the previous films, the children no longer have voiceovers for their inner thoughts since they are now old enough to talk for themselves. Danny DeVito and Diane Keaton portray the Ubriaccos' dogs. This also marked the film debuts of Tabitha Lupien, and David Gallagher, best known for his later role as Simon Camden on 7th Heaven.

text: George Segal who portrayed Albert, the first film's antagonist and Mikey's biological father, reappears briefly.

text: Charles Barkley makes a cameo appearance as himself. Don Rickles does the voice of a wolf.

text: Twink Caplan, who portrayed Mollie's best friend, Rona, in the previous two films, does not appear nor is she mentioned in this one. Also Elias Koteas, who portrayed Mollie's brother, Stuart, in the second film also does not appear nor is he mentioned in this one. Both Caplan and Koteas declined to return for it.

text: French singer Jordy performs, along with David Gallagher and Tabitha Lupien, amongst other children, in a special music video for the film, titled It's Christmas, C'est Noel, from the Christmas album Potion magique.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received overwhelmingly negative reviews upon its release.[1] It was also a box office bomb only earning over $10 million, making it the lowest-grossing one in the series.[2][3] On the movie review site Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 0% approval rating.[4] Among its main problems were the lack of originality, the bland treatment of the children and its overblown ending. In its opening week, it also faced stiff competition for an audience from The Nightmare Before Christmas.


document_title: The Greatest Showman

question_text: who sings for charles in the greatest showman

text: The Greatest Showman

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the late 19th century, P. T. Barnum and his troupe perform a show at the circus ("The Greatest Show"). In a flashback to Barnum's childhood where he and his father Philo, a tailor, work for the Hallett family, he becomes infatuated with their daughter, Charity. Though Charity is being sent to finishing school, Barnum reassures her they will not be separated. The two keep in touch through letters until they meet again in adulthood ("A Million Dreams"), eventually marrying and raising two daughters, Caroline and Helen, in New York City ("A Million Dreams" reprise). They live a humble life; though Charity is happy, Barnum dreams of more.

text: Barnum loses his job as a clerk at a shipping company after the company goes bankrupt. Taking a risky bet, he takes out a large loan from a bank, deceiving the bank into accepting his former employer's lost ships as collateral. He uses this loan to buy Barnum's American Museum in downtown Manhattan, an attraction showcasing various wax models. Initially, sales are slow; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something "alive", Barnum searches for "freaks" to serve as performers for his museum ("Come Alive"). This attracts a large audience despite protests and poor reviews, prompting Barnum to rename his venture "Barnum's Circus."

text: Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class, Barnum meets playwright Phillip Carlyle and convinces him to join his venture ("The Other Side"). Carlyle is enchanted with Anne Wheeler, an African-American trapeze artist, but he hides his feelings. During a trip, Carlyle arranges for Barnum and his troupe to meet Queen Victoria. Afterwards, Barnum meets Jenny Lind, a famed Swedish singer, whom he convinces to perform in America, with him serving as her manager. Lind's first American performance is a rousing success ("Never Enough"). While Barnum gains favor with the aristocratic patrons, he begins to distance himself from his original troupe, refusing to socialize with them. Dejected, they decide to stand against their local harassers ("This Is Me").

text: Carlyle and Wheeler attend the theater together one night, only to run into Carlyle's parents, who are blatantly racist toward Wheeler, causing her to leave. Carlyle chases her and tries to convince her that they can be together, but she rejects him despite her feelings towards him ("Rewrite the Stars"). As Barnum takes Lind on a US tour, Charity feels isolated from her husband as she stays home with their daughters ("Tightrope"). While on tour, Lind begins falling in love with Barnum, but when he refuses her advances, she calls off the tour and kisses him at the end of her last show, which is photographed by the press ("Never Enough" reprise). Barnum returns home to find his circus on fire, caused by a fight between the protesters and the troupe. Carlyle, who had tried to save Anne not knowing she had already escaped, is rescued by Barnum amid the chaos but suffers severe burns. Most of the sets and props are destroyed. Word of Lind's cancellation and Barnum's public intimacy also reaches New York, resulting in his mansion being foreclosed upon and Charity taking Caroline and Helen to her parents' home.

text: Depressed, Barnum retreats to a local bar, where his troupe find him there and explain that despite their disappointments, they still consider themselves a family that needs him. An inspired Barnum resolves to start anew and not let ambition overtake his loved ones anymore. Meanwhile, the injured Carlyle wakes in a hospital with Anne by his side and they share a kiss ("From Now On").

text: Barnum leaves and finds his estranged wife, and they decide to mend their relationship. Faced with the financial difficulty of rebuilding the circus, the recovering Carlyle steps in, offering to use his earnings from his share of the circus's profits to rebuild it under the condition of becoming partners, which Barnum happily accepts. As rebuilding the circus in its original location would be too expensive, Barnum rebuilds it as an open-air tent circus by the docks. The revamped circus is a huge success, and Barnum gives full control of the show to Carlyle so he can focus on his family ("The Greatest Show" reprise).

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Hugh Jackman as P. T. Barnum, an ambitious showman and entrepreneur.
Ellis Rubin as Young P. T. Barnum
Ziv Zaifman provides Young P. T. Barnum's singing voice.
Zac Efron as Phillip Carlyle, a playwright who becomes Barnum's partner. His character is partly based on James Anthony Bailey.
Michelle Williams as Charity Hallett-Barnum, the wife of P.T. Barnum.
Skylar Dunn as Young Charity
Rebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind, a famous Swedish singer known as the "Swedish Nightingale".
Loren Allred provides Lind's singing voice.[8][9]
Zendaya as Anne Wheeler, an acrobat, trapeze artist, W.D.'s younger sister and Phillip Carlyle's love interest. Her character is partly based on Ruth Louisa McCaddon.
Keala Settle as Lettie Lutz, a bearded lady. She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones.
Yahya Abdul-Mateen II as W. D. Wheeler, an acrobat and Anne's brother.
Natasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan, a Chinese acrobat and blade-specialist.
Paul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett, the founder, editor and publisher of the New York Herald.
Sam Humphrey as Charles Stratton, a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name, General Tom Thumb.
James Babson provides Stratton's speaking and singing voice.
Austyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum, one of Barnum's daughters.
Cameron Seely as Helen Barnum, one of Barnum's daughters.
Eric Anderson as Mr. O'Malley, a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus to handle different tasks like staffing the front of the house, selling tickets, reading the reviews, fending off the protestors, producing the posters and promotional materials, and distributing the circus posters on everything.
Daniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds, a heavyweight man who is based on Teodulo Valenzuela.
Timothy Hughes as the Strongman, a man with enhanced strength who is based on Angus MacAskill.
Shannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine, the Tattooed Man who is based off George Costentenus.
Luciano Acuna Jr. as Walter, the Dog Boy who is based on Fedor Jeftichew.
Danial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker, the "Siamese Twins."
Jonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini, the Three-Legged Man.
Nick Jantz as Jeff Harris, the Juggler.
Kenneth Chan as the Human Cannonball
Martha Nichols as Woman in Gold, a woman in gold clothing with gold spots on her.
Jeremy Hudson as The Elephant-Skinned Man, a man who is based on Ralph Krooner. He was credited as "Dancer Oddity #3."[10]
Taylor James as Blockhead, a man with facial piercing that is based on Melvin Burkhart. He is credited as "Dancing Oddity #4."[10]
Chelsea Caso as Tattoo Lady, a woman covered in tattoos who is based on Nora Hildebrant. She is credited as "Dancing Oddity #5."[10]
Caoife Coleman and Mishay Petronelli as the Albino Twins. They were credited as "Dancer Oddity #6" and "Dancer Oddity #7."
Khasan Brasilford as Albino Man, a white-haired man in white clothes. He was credited as "Ensemble Dancer #1."[10]
Alex Wong as Oriental Man, a man dressed in an oriental outfit. He was credited as "Ensemble Dancer #2."[10]
Julius Rubio as Golden Boy, a man in gold clothing with gold spots on him. He was credited as "Ensemble Dancer #2."[10]
Vincent-Oliver Noiseux as Devil Boy, a performer with horns. He was credited as "Ensemble Dancer #4."[10]
Dean Walters and Jessica Castro as the Voodoo Twins. They are credited as "Ensemble Dancer #5" and "Ensemble Dancer" #6.[10]
Najla Gilam as Snake Dancer, a snake charmer who is based on Nala Damajanti. She was credited as "Ensemble Dancer #7."[10]
Damian Young as Mr. Winthrop
Tina Benko as Mrs. Winthrop
Gayle Rankin as Queen Victoria.
Will Swenson as Philo Barnum, a tailor and the father of P. T. Barnum.
Fredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett, father of Charity and abusive father-in-law of Barnum.
Kathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett, mother of Charity and mother-in-law of Barnum.

text: Production[edit]

text: The project was first announced in 2009, with Jackman already set for the title role.[11] In August 2011, Michael Gracey was chosen to direct.[12] In 2013, Fox hired lyricists Pasek and Paul to write the songs.[13]

text: On June 15, 2016, Zac Efron began negotiations to star in the film,[14] and in July 2016, Michelle Williams was cast.[15][16][17][18] The film was choreographed by Ashley Wallen.[19]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City, and principal photography began on November 22, 2016.[20][21]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In December 2017, it was reported that James Mangold, who had worked with Jackman on several projects (including 2017's Logan), had been brought in to serve as an executive producer during the film's post-production. In an interview, director Michael Gracey noted, "There were eight producers on this film, and it was amazing having one of them be a filmmaker."[22]

text: Music[edit]

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote all the songs appearing in the film.[23]

text:
"The Greatest Show" – Hugh Jackman, Keala Settle, Zac Efron, Zendaya
"A Million Dreams" – Ziv Zaifman, Jackman, Michelle Williams
"A Million Dreams" (Reprise) – Austyn Johnson, Cameron Seely, Jackman
"Come Alive" – Jackman, Settle, Daniel Everidge, Zendaya
"The Other Side" – Jackman & Efron
"Never Enough" – Loren Allred
"This Is Me" – Settle
"Rewrite the Stars" – Efron & Zendaya
"Tightrope" – Williams
"Never Enough" (Reprise) – Allred
"From Now On" – Jackman

tag: ol

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack album is produced by Greg Wells, Justin Paul, and Benj Pasek, featuring the eleven tracks performed by the cast. In the United Kingdom it became only the second album in 30 years to achieve 11 consecutive weeks at number 1.[24] The Greatest Showman now[when?] draws level with Adele's 21 for the longest unbroken run at the UK summit in the last 30 years. The cast album is now[when?] at 910,000 combined units, according to the Official Charts Company, made up of 420,000 physical copies, 186,000 downloads and 186,000 streaming.[25]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Greatest Showman held its premiere on December 8, 2017, aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2, while it was docked in New York City. The film was then released in the United States on December 20, 2017.[26][27] Like Disney's live-action Beauty and the Beast, a sing-along version of the film was released in the United Kingdom on February 23, 2018.[28] The film had a limited IMAX release on February 2.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On June 28, 2017, 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film. On November 13, 2017, the second trailer was released.[29]

text: On December 17, 2017, Fox televised a live performance of "Come Alive" from Warner Bros. Studios during its live musical special A Christmas Story Live! (which was based on fellow Pasek and Paul work A Christmas Story: The Musical). The number featured the film's stars and a cast of 150 dancers.[30][31]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In the United States, the film was released via digital download on March 20, 2018, and was released on Blu-ray, DVD and 4K Ultra HD on April 10, 2018.[32] In the United Kingdom, the film was released first on digital download on April 27, 2018, while Blu-ray, 4K Ultra HD and DVD copies went on sale on May 14. These versions include the sing-along version, two hours of behind-the-scenes footage and music machine jukebox features.[33]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Greatest Showman grossed $174.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $260.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $434.5 million, against a production budget of $84 million.[3] It is the third highest grossing musical ever in North America and globally, respectively, and Deadline Hollywood estimated the film would turn a profit between $50–100 million.[34]

text: In the United States and Canada, The Greatest Showman was released alongside Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle, and was projected to gross around $21 million from 3,006 theaters over its first six days.[35][36] It took in $2 million on its first day and $2 million on its second. Over the three day weekend, it grossed $9 million (for a six-day total of $19 million), finishing fourth at the box office, behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi, Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle and Pitch Perfect 3.[37] In its second weekend, the film grossed $15.5 million, again finishing 4th at the box office.[38] The weekend-to-weekend increase of 76.3% marked the largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters, and the fourth biggest ever.[39][40] In its third week, the film dropped 11% to $14 million.[41]

text: The film made $13 million in its fourth weekend and $11 million in its fifth, finishing 4th and 5th at the box office, respectively.[42] The film continued to hold well in its sixth week of release, grossing $9.5 million and returning to 4th place,[43] and again finished fourth in its seventh week, this time grossing $7.8 million (a drop of just 18%).[44] It is the 13th highest-grossing film that never reached first place at the American box office.[45]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 56% based on 208 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Greatest Showman tries hard to dazzle the audience with a Barnum-style sense of wonder – but at the expense of its complex subject's far more intriguing real-life story."[46] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[47] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while it earned a 70% "definite recommend" from comScore.[37]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review, writing, "The Greatest Showman is a concoction, the kind of film where all the pieces click into place, yet at an hour and 45 minutes it flies by, and the link it draws between P.T. Barnum and the spirit of today is more than hype."[48] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3/4 stars, saying, "With all that corn and cheese and old-timey sentiment, The Greatest Showman ends up scoring some very timely social arguments. P.T. Barnum himself would have approved the dramatic sleight of hand."[49] Steve Persall of Tampa Bay Times gave the film an 'A', and said, "The Greatest Showman is the feel-good movie the holiday season needs,"[50] while William Bibbiani of IGN gave The Greatest Showman a score of 7.9/10, and called the film, "wildly entertaining."[51]

text: Britton Peele of The Dallas Morning News said, "The story is interesting and the beats are well-acted, but it's the musical numbers that make The Greatest Showman."[52] Jackie K Cooper of HuffPost gave the film a score of 10/10 and wrote, "You will be overwhelmed by the music and magic that explode on the screen. The film has a message that should resonate with today's world concerning acceptance and courage."[53] Hugh Armitage of Digital Spy said, "The Greatest Showman is a broad and solid crowd-pleaser. An undemanding spectacle for all the family."[54] Alan Jones of Radio Times called it "A joyously uplifting potpourii of visual resplendence, stylish choreography and solid gold magic, one engineered to approximate the lavish spectacle the movie musical once offered."[55]

text: Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave it 3.5/4, stating "The Greatest Showman is an unabashed piece of pure entertainment punctuated by memorable songs."[56] Douglas Davidson of CLTure called the film, "An undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack, a movie that dazzles and delights."[57] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a 3/4 score, and said, "The film has show-stopping well-choreographed numbers with catchy tunes,"[58] and Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film "highly enjoyable."[59]

text: Carl Kozlowski of Pasadena Weekly gave the film an 'A', calling it "Groundbreaking & grandly innovative."[60] Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune gave The Greatest Showman 3.5/4 stars, stating, "A strong cast give emotional power to this romanticized, tune-filled biography."[61] Manuela Lazic of Little White Lies gave it 4/5, saying, "The Greatest Showman deserves to become a Christmas classic. The film's severe romanticism and ridiculous but affecting enthusiasm make it irresistibly life-affirming."[62] Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and called it, "A fantasia of song and dance, a joyous exercise in pure entertainment that is made for the holiday crowd."[63]

text: Conversely, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review, criticizing the songs and characters and saying "There's idiotic, and there's magnificent, but The Greatest Showman is that special thing that happens sometimes. It's magnificently idiotic. It's an awful mess, but it's flashy. The temptation is to cover your face and watch it through your fingers, because it's so earnest and embarrassing and misguided – and yet it's well-made."[64] In a negative review for The Hollywood Reporter, David Rooney wrote "This ersatz portrait of American big-top tent impresario P.T. Barnum is all smoke and mirrors, no substance. It hammers pedestrian themes of family, friendship and inclusivity while neglecting the fundaments of character and story."[65]

text: Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars, saying, "How do you cast a virtuoso Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum, spare no expense in production values, add a score by Oscar and Tony winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and still end up with the shrill blast of nothing that is The Greatest Showman? Ask first-time director Michael Gracey, who cut his teeth on commercials and music videos without ever mastering the crucial knack of building snippets of musical comedy and drama into a satisfying whole."[66] Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film's failures "are rooted in something deeper: a dispiriting lack of faith in the audience's intelligence, and a dawning awareness of its own aesthetic hypocrisy. You've rarely seen a more straight-laced musical about the joys of letting your freak flag fly."[67]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Ref(s)

AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards

February 5, 2018

Best Grownup Love Story

The Greatest Showman

Won

[68][69]

Academy Awards

March 4, 2018

Best Original Song

"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Nominated

[70][71]

Casting Society of America

January 18, 2018

Big Budget – Comedy

Bernard Telsey, Tiffany Little Canfield, Rori Bergman and Patrick Goodwin

Won

[72]

Costume Designers Guild

February 20, 2018

Excellence in Period Film

Ellen Mirojnick

Nominated

[73]

Critics' Choice Movie Awards

January 11, 2018

Best Song

"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Nominated

[74]

Dorian Awards

February 24, 2018

Campy Flick of the Year

The Greatest Showman

Nominated

[75][76]

Empire Awards

March 18, 2018

Best Costume Design

The Greatest Showman

Nominated

[77][78]

Best Make-up And Hairstyling

The Greatest Showman

Nominated

Georgia Film Critics Association

January 12, 2018

Best Original Song

"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Nominated

[79]

Golden Globe Awards

January 7, 2018

Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

Hugh Jackman

Nominated

[80]

Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

The Greatest Showman

Nominated

Best Original Song – Motion Picture

"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Won

Golden Reel Awards

February 18, 2018

Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Musical

Jen Monnar, Jim Harrison, Jeff Carson, Peter Myles and Sheri Ozeki

Won

[81]

Guild of Music Supervisors Awards

February 8, 2018

Best Music Supervision for Film: Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars

Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Nominated

[82]

Best Song/Recording Created for a Film

"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Nominated

Heartland Film Festival

December 31, 2017

Truly Moving Picture Award

Michael Gracey

Won

[83]

Kids' Choice Awards

March 24, 2018

Favorite Movie

The Greatest Showman

Nominated

[84]

Favorite Movie Actress

Zendaya

Won

Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild

February 24, 2018

Feature Motion Picture: Best Period and/or Character Makeup

Nicki Ledermann, Tania Ribalow and Sunday Englis

Nominated

[85]

Saturn Awards

June 27, 2018

Best Action or Adventure Film

The Greatest Showman

Won

[86][87]

Best Costume Design

Ellen Mirojnick

Nominated

Best Music

John Debney and Joseph Trapanese

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

August 12, 2018

Choice Breakout Movie Star

Keala Settle

Nominated

[88]

Choice Collaboration

"Rewrite the Stars" – Zac Efron and Zendaya

Won

Choice Drama Movie

The Greatest Showman

Won

Choice Drama Movie Actor

Zac Efron

Won

Hugh Jackman

Nominated

Choice Drama Movie Actress

Zendaya

Won

Choice Liplock

Zac Efron and Zendaya

Nominated

Choice Movie Ship

Zac Efron and Zendaya

Won

Choice Pop Song

"This Is Me" – Keala Settle

Nominated

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: Detailing the differences between the biography of Barnum, and the character portrayed in the film, Smithsonian magazine called the film "pretty humbug."  The magazine noted that one of the legacies ascribed to the real Barnum was his profiting from marketing racism to the masses, even though later in life he came to express some regrets.[89]


document_title: Hey Girl Don't Bother Me

question_text: who sang hey girl don't bother me

question_tokens: who sang hey girl do n 't bother me

text: Hey Girl Don't Bother Me

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Hey Girl Don't Bother Me"

Single by The Tams

from the album Hey Girl Don't Bother Me!

A-side
"Hey Girl Don't Bother Me"

B-side
"Take Away"

Released
1964 (1964)

Genre
R&B, soul

Label
ABC

Songwriter(s)
Ray Whitley

The Tams singles chronology

"Silly Little Girl"
(1964)
"Hey Girl Don't Bother Me"
(1964)
"It's All Right (You're Just In Love)"
(1964)

"Silly Little Girl"
(1964)
"Hey Girl Don't Bother Me"
(1964)
"It's All Right (You're Just In Love)"
(1964)

text: "Hey Girl Don't Bother Me" is a popular single by The Tams. Written by Ray Whitley, it was originally released in 1964 and reached number 41 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 10 on the R&B chart.[1] It later became a favourite on the Northern soul scene in the UK, belatedly reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks in September 1971.[2] The single was also number one on the Irish Singles Chart, for one week, the same month.[citation needed]


document_title: Conn Smythe Trophy

question_text: who won the conn smythe trophy in 2009

question_tokens: who won the conn smythe trophy in 2009

text: Conn Smythe Trophy

text: History[edit]

text: The Conn Smythe Trophy was introduced in 1964 by Maple Leaf Gardens Limited to honor Conn Smythe, the former owner, General Manager, and coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs and a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame as a builder.[1] The centerpiece of the trophy is a stylized silver replica of Maple Leaf Gardens, the arena built under Smythe's ownership of the Maple Leafs, and their home from 1931 to 1999. Backing the arena replica is a large silver botanically-accurate maple leaf. The arena replica and leaf are set atop a square wooden foundation, the front of which bears a dedication plaque. Additional tiers below the foundation, sloping outward, contain maple leaf-shaped plates bearing the inscriptions of the winners' names.[2]

text: The base of the Conn Smythe Trophy has been expanded twice over the years to accommodate more winners. Although the 16 nameplates on the original base tier were filled up after 1980, a new tier was not added until the 1983-84 season. Following the 2000 Stanley Cup Finals, the 20 nameplates on the new tier were filled up, so the first nine winners' nameplates were moved up to the remaining three sides of the foundation tier, with the remaining nameplates shifted accordingly to keep the winners in chronological order. Due to the cancellation of the 2004-05 season, the trophy wasn't filled up again until 2010, after which a new tier was added, making room for 24 more names.

text: The first winner of the award was center Jean Béliveau of the Montreal Canadiens in 1965. The first player and only defenseman to win it twice was Bobby Orr, who scored the Cup-clinching goals for the Boston Bruins in 1970 and 1972. Goaltender Bernie Parent (for the Philadelphia Flyers) and centers Wayne Gretzky (for the Edmonton Oilers), Mario Lemieux, and Sidney Crosby (for the Pittsburgh Penguins) have also won it twice each, with Parent, Lemieux, and Crosby each winning theirs back to back (1974/1975, 1991/1992, and 2016/2017 respectively). Goaltender Patrick Roy is the only player to win the trophy three times, and also the only player to win it as a member of two different teams (with the Canadiens in 1986 and 1993, and with the Colorado Avalanche in 2001); his wins also fall into three different decades. Ken Dryden, the 1971 Smythe winner, is the only NHL player to win this trophy before winning the Calder Trophy as rookie of the year (in 1972): Montreal called him up to play only six regular season games, which is not enough to qualify as a rookie season. Dave Keon's eight playoff points in 1967 is the fewest ever by a non-goalie Conn Smythe winner, as he was a defensive forward and is the only Maple Leafs player to win the trophy donated by his club's parent company.

text: Though the award rewards a player who performed particularly well over the entirety of the playoffs, it has never been given to a player whose team did not at least reach the Stanley Cup Finals. The trophy has been awarded to members of the team that lost the Finals five times, most recently Jean-Sébastien Giguère of the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in 2003, who backstopped his team's surprise run to the Finals, where they pushed the New Jersey Devils to seven games. The only skater to win the award in a losing cause is Philadelphia's Reggie Leach, who won it in 1976 as he had set a league record for most goals in the playoffs (19), which included a five-goal game in the semifinals and four goals in the Finals, even though the Canadiens swept his Flyers.[3]

text: With seven exceptions, the winners of the Conn Smythe Trophy have all been Canadian. The seven non-Canadian winners are Americans Brian Leetch, who won it in 1994, Tim Thomas in 2011, Jonathan Quick in 2012, and Patrick Kane in 2013; Russian Evgeni Malkin, who won it in 2009; and Swedes Nicklas Lidstrom and Henrik Zetterberg, who won it in 2002 and 2008, respectively.

text: Only three players have won the Conn Smythe Trophy and the Hart Memorial Trophy for Most Valuable Player during the regular season in the same year: Orr in 1970 and 1972, Guy Lafleur in 1977 and Gretzky in 1985. These three players also won the Art Ross Trophy as regular season leading scorer, while Orr also won the James Norris Memorial Trophy as top defenceman to give him a record four individual original NHL awards in 1970.[1][4]

text: The trophy had been won sixteen times each by centers and goaltenders, nine times by defensemen, seven times by right wings, and just once by a left wing (Bob Gainey of Montreal in 1979). Canadiens players have won it nine times, Detroit Red Wings and Pittsburg Penguins players five times, and Oilers, Flyers, and New York Islanders players four times each. The St. Louis Blues are the only team without a Stanley Cup victory to have a Conn Smythe Trophy winner, as Glenn Hall won in 1968.

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Positions key

C
Centre

LW
Left Wing

D
Defence

RW
Right Wing

G
Goaltender

text:
Conn Smythe Trophy winners

Year
Winner
Team
Position
Win #

1965
Beliveau, JeanJean Beliveau
Montreal Canadiens
C
1

1966
Crozier, RogerRoger Crozier
Detroit Red Wings
G
1

1967
Keon, DaveDave Keon
Toronto Maple Leafs
C
1

1968
Hall, GlennGlenn Hall
St. Louis Blues
G
1

1969
Savard, SergeSerge Savard
Montreal Canadiens
D
1

1970
Orr, BobbyBobby Orr (1)
Boston Bruins
D
1

1971
Dryden, KenKen Dryden
Montreal Canadiens
G
1

1972
Orr, BobbyBobby Orr (2)
Boston Bruins
D
2

1973
Cournoyer, YvanYvan Cournoyer
Montreal Canadiens
RW
1

1974
Parent, BernieBernie Parent (1)
Philadelphia Flyers
G
1

1975
Parent, BernieBernie Parent (2)
Philadelphia Flyers
G
2

1976
Leach, ReggieReggie Leach
Philadelphia Flyers
RW
1

1977
Lafleur, GuyGuy Lafleur
Montreal Canadiens
RW
1

1978
Robinson, LarryLarry Robinson
Montreal Canadiens
D
1

1979
Gainey, BobBob Gainey
Montreal Canadiens
LW
1

1980
Trottier, BryanBryan Trottier
New York Islanders
C
1

1981
Goring, ButchButch Goring
New York Islanders
C
1

1982
Bossy, MikeMike Bossy
New York Islanders
RW
1

1983
Smith, BillyBilly Smith
New York Islanders
G
1

1984
Messier, MarkMark Messier
Edmonton Oilers
C
1

1985
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky (1)
Edmonton Oilers
C
1

1986
Roy, PatrickPatrick Roy (1)
Montreal Canadiens
G
1

1987
Hextall, RonRon Hextall
Philadelphia Flyers
G
1

1988
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky (2)
Edmonton Oilers
C
2

1989
MacInnis, AlAl MacInnis
Calgary Flames
D
1

1990
Ranford, BillBill Ranford
Edmonton Oilers
G
1

1991
Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux (1)
Pittsburgh Penguins
C
1

1992
Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux (2)
Pittsburgh Penguins
C
2

1993
Roy, PatrickPatrick Roy (2)
Montreal Canadiens
G
2

1994
Leetch, BrianBrian Leetch
New York Rangers
D
1

1995
Lemieux, ClaudeClaude Lemieux
New Jersey Devils
RW
1

1996
Sakic, JoeJoe Sakic
Colorado Avalanche
C
1

1997
Vernon, MikeMike Vernon
Detroit Red Wings
G
1

1998
Yzerman, SteveSteve Yzerman
Detroit Red Wings
C
1

1999
Nieuwendyk, JoeJoe Nieuwendyk
Dallas Stars
C
1

2000
Stevens, ScottScott Stevens
New Jersey Devils
D
1

2001
Roy, PatrickPatrick Roy (3)
Colorado Avalanche
G
3

2002
Lidstrom, NicklasNicklas Lidstrom
Detroit Red Wings
D
1

2003
Giguere, Jean-SebastienJean-Sebastien Giguere
Anaheim, Mighty Ducks ofMighty Ducks of Anaheim
G
1

2004
Richards, BradBrad Richards
Tampa Bay Lightning
C
1

2005[a]
&
—

&
—

&
—

&
—

2006
Ward, CamCam Ward
Carolina Hurricanes
G
1

2007
Niedermayer, ScottScott Niedermayer
Anaheim Ducks
D
1

2008
Zetterberg, HenrikHenrik Zetterberg
Detroit Red Wings
C
1

2009
Malkin, EvgeniEvgeni Malkin
Pittsburgh Penguins
C
1

2010
Toews, JonathanJonathan Toews
Chicago Blackhawks
C
1

2011
Thomas, TimTim Thomas
Boston Bruins
G
1

2012
Quick, JonathanJonathan Quick
Los Angeles Kings
G
1

2013
Kane, PatrickPatrick Kane
Chicago Blackhawks
RW
1

2014
Williams, JustinJustin Williams
Los Angeles Kings
RW
1

2015
Keith, DuncanDuncan Keith
Chicago Blackhawks
D
1

2016
Crosby, SidneySidney Crosby (1)
Pittsburgh Penguins
C
1

2017
Crosby, SidneySidney Crosby (2)
Pittsburgh Penguins
C
2

text: Jump up ^ No winner due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout