document_title: List of The Cosby Show characters

question_text: who was the fast talking girl on the cosby show

question_tokens: who was the fast talking girl on the cosby show

text: List of The Cosby Show characters

text: Main characters

text: Cliff Huxtable

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes

Bill Cosby
All
202 (all)

text: Dr. Heathcliff "Cliff" Huxtable[1] is known for his comical antics, playful admonishments, and relentless teasing humor. He lives in Brooklyn Heights, New York. Cliff had a brother, James Theodore Huxtable, who died of rheumatic fever at the age of 7. In his high school and college years, he was an athlete who wrestled, played football, and ran track. He later served in the Navy before going to medical school. He is an OB/GYN who runs a practice from the office annexed to his home. In the show, most characters outside of family and friends refer to him as "Dr. Huxtable", and he is well-respected in the community.[2][3][4][5][6]

text: Cliff is married to Clair Huxtable. Both Cliff and Clair attended the fictional Hillman College. Together, they have five children: Sondra, Denise, Theodore (Theo), Vanessa, and Rudith (Rudy). Cliff enjoys live jazz, has an extensive collection of albums, and tries to eat junk food whenever he can get away with it.[7]

text: Cliff is very eccentric and silly to most people around him, especially his family, however he is very kind-hearted and an extremely dedicated father with a strong sense of humor. Although he and his wife fostered a tight-knit, loving family, a running gag throughout the series is his thwarted attempts to get the grown children to leave the house.[8]

text: Very playful, Cliff enjoys competition, often making bets with Clair over various things, such as the date a certain jazz song was released, or having a "Smooth Contest" to see which of them looked more elegant for a night on the town, as judged by the children. He also plays a monthly game of pinochle against his father and some friends, which sometimes gets very passionate. Unfortunately, Cliff often finds himself on the losing end of most of his bets and games, as, for example, he has never beaten his father-in-law at chess. However, Cliff eventually broke his losing streak at pinochle against his father and his friend Homer Dobson with the help of Dr. Foster (played by Roscoe Lee Browne), an expert pinochle player who also happened to be his and Clair's literary professor at Hillman College.

text: In the pilot episode, Cosby's character's full name is Clifford, as shown on a sign on the exterior of the house. His full name was subsequently changed to Heathcliff, even though in one episode Clair called him "Heathclifford", and he is commonly called "Cliff" throughout the series.

text: Originally, Cliff was to have worked as a chauffeur, with most of the humor coming from his interactions with customers. However, the show was changed before airing to have Cliff be a medical doctor, and the humor to come from his interactions with his family.

text: Cliff also appears in three episodes of A Different World: the pilot (with Rudy), "Rudy and the Snow Queen" (also with Rudy) and "If Chosen, I May Not Run".

text: He is the only character to appear in every episode.

text: Clair Huxtable

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes

Phylicia Rashād
All
193

text: Clair Olivia Huxtable (née Hanks) is the elegantly tough, eloquent, and engaging wife of Cliff, who is known for her relaxed confidence and striking emphasis as shown.[4][1] Aside from her deep and decorated self-expression, Clair can also be playful and silly. She is an intelligent, classy, and successful businesswoman. A great debater, Clair rarely if ever loses an argument on the show, a testament to her career as lawyer. She is also highly skilled in areas of recall about facts and dates, which she uses during discussions and debates: in one episode she is shown quoting a passage and even the page number of a book during an appearance at a television roundtable. Clair is bilingual but is only shown speaking Spanish on a couple of occasions. Several episodes also showcased her singing talent. Despite her elegant brand of toughness and strictness, Clair is a very loving mother and wife. The character is loosely based upon Cosby's wife, Camille Olivia Hanks-Cosby.

text: Her age is directly stated only once during the series, and two separate episodes provide contradictory information on the age difference between herself and Cliff. He celebrates his 50th birthday during season three ("Cliff's 50th Birthday"), while she celebrates her 46th during season five ("Birthday Blues," two years later), indicating that she is six years younger. However, in the season four episode "The Locker Room," it is stated that Clair is four years younger.

text: Her character was originally supposed to be a housewife, but when the show finally aired, she became a lawyer. During the series, she becomes a partner in her law firm. As an attorney she helps her family with legal issues, and she successfully represents her eldest daughter, Sondra, in a case over dishonest car repairs. When it came to the Huxtable household, she was in charge, even though she let Cliff think he was in charge (although Cliff was known to lay down the law when he had to). She was the chief disciplinarian of the children, as shown in an episode where Vanessa and her friends sneak off to Baltimore to see a rock concert and Clair delivers a memorable and scathing diatribe to her. Another memorable moment came when the normally composed Clair lost her temper when Sondra announced she wasn't going to law school after paying her tuition to attend Princeton.

text: Clair also appears in four episodes of A Different World: "Clair's Last Stand", "Risky Business" (with Theo and Vanessa), "Forever Hold Your Peace" (with Martin and Olivia) and "Success, Lies and Videotapes".

text: Clair Huxtable has been ranked highly in several lists of the top television mothers. She was voted as television's "Favorite TV Mom" in a poll conducted by the Opinion Research Company in 2004.[9] In 2009, she was included in the Top 5 Classic TV Moms by Film.com.[10] In May 2012, Clair was one of the 12 moms chosen by users of iVillage on their list of "Mommy Dearest: The TV Moms You Love".[11] AOL named her the ninth Most Memorable Female TV Character.[12]

text: Sondra Huxtable Tibideaux

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes
First appearance

Sabrina LeBeauf
2–8;
recurring in 1
53
"Bonjour Sondra"

text: Sondra Tibideaux (née Huxtable), the eldest daughter of Cliff and Clair, did not appear on screen until mid-way through season one. She did not exist in the pilot episode (Clair: "Why do we have four children?" Cliff: "Because we did not want five.") In her first appearance, she is a sophomore in college, and Cliff notes her to be 20 years old (episode 10), making her birth year 1964. She earned a degree from Princeton University and had intentions of pursuing a career as a lawyer, like her mother. She married her boyfriend, Elvin Tibideaux, in season four, and later gave birth to twins—a boy and a girl—named after Nelson and Winnie Mandela. More serious, earnest and responsible than the other children, Sondra fits many of the characteristics of the first born from a large family. Though she had her moments of bizarre thinking (e.g. dropping out of law school to open up a wilderness store with Elvin), she'd usually snap out of them relatively quickly. Because of her intelligence level and overachieving nature, she is looked upon by her parents proudly, but also is held to a higher standard than the rest of the children. Sondra appeared sporadically in early seasons of the series due to the character being off at college at the time.

text: Sondra was created when Bill Cosby wanted the show to express the accomplishment of successfully raising a child (e.g. a college graduate). Whitney Houston was considered for the role of Sondra Huxtable. Sabrina LeBeauf almost missed out on the role because she is only 10 years younger (b. 1958) than Phylicia Rashad (b. 1948).

text: The character is loosely based upon Cosby's eldest daughter, Erika, who was approximately the same age as Sondra.

text: Denise Huxtable Kendall

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes
Final appearance

Lisa Bonet
1–3, 6–7;
recurring in 4&5
119
"Cliff and Jake"

text: Denise Kendall (née Huxtable) is the second daughter of Cliff and Clair Huxtable.[13] At the beginning of the series, she is sixteen years old, putting her year of birth in 1968. She loves fashion and music, but did not want to attend school to pursue either interest. She is noted as being an individual who usually wishes to march to the beat of her own drum, and often learns lessons up front for herself rather than based off the experiences of others. A two-year stint at Hillman College ends with Denise wishing to see what she can accomplish on her own, which leads her to Africa as a photographer's assistant. While there, she meets and marries Navy Lt. Martin Kendall, and also becomes stepmother to Martin's three-year-old daughter Olivia, his child from a previous marriage. Denise eventually decides to become a special education teacher and makes arrangements to attend Medgar Evers College to this effect, but that idea does not work out as Denise eventually leaves New York again when Martin is posted to Singapore on a long-term assignment. It is revealed in the series finale that she is pregnant.

text: During the first two seasons, Denise was portrayed as a very popular high-schooler, with many friends, who seemingly had a different boyfriend every episode. Along with her constantly fluctuating love life, were her various hairstyles and choices of clothing, which were occasionally made fun of by Cliff. In later seasons, however, she exhibited a more flighty nature, often expressing ideas that left Cliff and Clair greatly puzzled.

text: In season three, Denise left home to attend Hillman College, a fictional, historically African-American college, of which her mother, father and grandfather were all alumni. The Cosby Show's producers created a spin-off series, entitled A Different World, which initially dealt with the life of Denise at college. Denise was written out of the series following its inaugural season (which aired concurrently with season four of The Cosby Show), after actress Lisa Bonet became pregnant. Shortly after the start of season five, Denise traveled to Africa for a year, and there she fell in love with and married Martin. In the season six premiere, she returned home, shocking her parents with the news of her surprise marriage to a divorced single father. However, Cliff and Clair accepted the couple when they met Olivia, who immediately won their hearts and was welcomed into the family. She appears regularly during the first three seasons, and is in only four episodes each of seasons four and five (a picture of her can be seen in the opening credits of season four), she appears regularly in season six, but only appears in a handful of episodes during season seven.

text: The character is loosely based upon Cosby's daughter, Erinn, who was approximately the same age as Denise. Additionally, Denise attended Hillman College, whereas Erinn attended Spelman College, the university that Hillman is believed to be modeled after.

text: Theo Huxtable

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes

Malcolm-Jamal Warner
All
176

text: Theodore Aloysius "Theo" Huxtable is the middle child and only son of Cliff and Clair Huxtable, and is athletic and obsessed with impressing girls, and obtaining a sports car or motorcycle. He is fourteen years old when the series begins, making his birth year 1970. In the pilot episode, he is lectured by his father for not applying himself at school ("I brought you in this world, and I'll take you out"). Also in the early seasons, he was somewhat of a troublemaker, as illustrated through incidents both alluded to and explicitly portrayed in the series, such as letting his best friend's younger sister pierce his ear, resulting in an infected earlobe, but his behavior had improved by the time he left high school.

text: A running theme of the early seasons revolved around Theo's academic struggles, especially in his sophomore-year geometry class, taught by Mrs. Westlake (Sonia Braga). As the seasons progressed, Theo gradually evolved from being an under-achiever to a successful high school—and college—student (in interviews, Cosby noted a similar change in his real-life son, Ennis). While Theo was a student at NYU, it was revealed that he suffered from dyslexia, a learning disability that inspired him to work harder, and as a result overcame it. By the final season, Theo was a student teacher, helping other children with dyslexia at a local education center. In the show's final episode, he graduated from NYU with a degree in psychology.

text: In the pilot, and once more in season one (the episode "Bad Dreams"), he is referred to by Vanessa as "Teddy", instead of "Theo."

text: Theo has a long-running, but on-and-off relationship with a girl named Justine, who is mentioned many times throughout the series, but appears in only nine episodes. During his high school years, Theo's best friend was Walter Bradley (Carl Anthony Payne II), better known as "Cockroach", who was more of a scholastic underachiever than Theo. The two of them would occasionally compose rap songs for various school assignments. When Theo got tickets to "Dance Mania" (a "Soul Train"-like television dance show), and only one of them was allowed into the studio, Theo let Cockroach have the spot, but did not feel good about it when he saw Cockroach on TV, and as the center of their friends' attention the next day at school. This episode marked the final appearance of the character, and Cockroach was rarely mentioned in subsequent episodes. Theo appears in the series the most out of the Huxtable children.

text: The character is loosely based upon Cosby's only son Ennis, who was approximately the same age as Theo (and was also dyslexic).

text: Theo also appears in two episodes of A Different World: "My Dinner With Theo" (with Rudy) and "Risky Business" (with Clair and Vanessa).

text: Vanessa Huxtable

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes

Tempestt Bledsoe
All
157

text: Vanessa Huxtable is the fourth child and third daughter of Cliff and Clair. In season one, she is eleven years old, making her birth year 1973. As Vanessa grew up, she faced typical teenage problems and heartbreaks, such as wearing make-up before her 15th birthday in violation of her parents' rules and spending a lot of time talking on the phone with her friends. Unlike her older brother, she was an excellent student and seemed to enjoy school; at the beginning of season seven, she went off to college one year early. She became engaged in the final season to Dabnis Brickey, a man in his late twenties. Dabnis was the head of maintenance at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, where Vanessa was enrolled. However, Vanessa realized that she was not ready to get married, and they broke off the engagement. They maintained they were "just friends" by the end of the season.

text: In the early seasons, Vanessa is usually considered to be nosy, as she usually—sneakily—tries to find out what goes on in the Huxtable house, especially when it involves someone (usually Theo) in trouble with their parents. But, in a later episode, the tables are turned, as Theo catches Vanessa's friends smoking cigarettes in her room, although Vanessa herself did not take part, and even tried to dissuade her friends from doing so.

text: She often fought with her younger sister, Rudy, over typical childish issues. At one point, their fighting caused damage to both their bedrooms and the kitchen ceiling, driving Cliff to declare their rooms off limits because of "World War Five" and exile them to the basement until repairs were finished. But, on one occasion, Vanessa got into a physical tussle with Denise over a sweater that Vanessa stole from Denise's closet after Denise did not allow her to borrow it.

text: One of Vanessa's best friends in high school was a girl named Kara (played by Elizabeth Narvaez), who could ramble on about nothing in particular at high speed. Whenever Cliff—who once referred to Kara as "Turbo Tongue"—was on the receiving end of her babbling, he would always reply with a bewildered "Thank you." Vanessa appeared sporadically in the final two seasons of the series due to the character being away at college.

text: The character is loosely based upon Cosby's daughter, Ensa, who was approximately the same age as Vanessa.

text: Vanessa also appears in the A Different World episode "Risky Business" (with Clair and Theo).

text: Rudy Huxtable

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes

Keshia Knight Pulliam
All
177[14]

text: Rudith Lillian "Rudy" Huxtable is the youngest of the Huxtable children.[15] She is only five years old at the beginning of the series, making her birth year 1979. She comes of age during the course of the show.[16]

text: A number of Rudy's friends appear in episodes as the series progresses. Among the best known are the taciturn Peter Chiara who repeatedly ran out the Huxtables' front door when frightened; and the chauvinist, blues-loving Kenny, whom she nicknames "Bud", and who always gets advice from his (unseen) older brother about basically everything. This unfortunately gives him the wrong conception about certain things and gets him in trouble, although he seemed to grow out of it as the series reached its end.

text: Keshia Knight Pulliam was nominated for an Emmy for her performance in season two, becoming the youngest nominee ever.[17] One of her fellow nominees that year was Phylicia Rashad. Neither won.

text: The Huxtable family was originally going to be two boys and two girls. The youngest child, Rudy, was initially supposed to be a boy, but the character was re-written for a girl (Keshia Knight Pulliam) when no boys auditioned. Jaleel White, later known for his role as Steve Urkel on Family Matters, revealed in a 2011 interview with Vanity Fair that he had auditioned for the role of Rudy.[18]

text: The character is loosely based upon Cosby's youngest daughter, Evin, who was approximately the same age as Rudy.[19]

text: Rudy also appears in three episodes of A Different World: the pilot (with Cliff), "Rudy and the Snow Queen" (also with Cliff) and "My Dinner with Theo" (with Theo).

text: Elvin Tibideaux

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes
First appearance

Geoffrey Owens
4–8;
recurring in 2&3
44
"Cliff in Love"

text: Elvin Tibideaux is Sondra's boyfriend, and later, husband. They met at Princeton, where they both earned degrees. The two constantly bickered during early episodes, until his interactions with the Huxtables, particularly Clair, challenged him to confront his "male-chauvinist" attitudes.

text: When they return from their honeymoon, they shock Cliff and Clair by announcing their intentions to forego medical school and law school, and start a wilderness supply store in Brooklyn. When his children are born, Elvin then announces that he will re-apply to medical school. This decision later convinces Sondra to resume her studies at law school.

text: Elvin was a wrestler in high school and for one year at Princeton, but had to quit after injuring his hip. During season three, he helped Theo with some strategy and moves.

text: Martin Kendall

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes
First appearance

Joseph C. Phillips
6 and 7,
recurring in 8
21
"Denise: The Saga Continues"

text: Lt. Martin Kendall is a Navy officer, husband of Denise Huxtable, and father of Olivia. Phillips' role as Martin Kendall came about when Denise unexpectedly married him in Africa, unbeknownst to her parents and family. When the newlyweds arrive back home, Martin learns that Denise's family not only does not know about their marriage, they do not know about him at all, so he wants to introduce himself to the Huxtables now that he has married into their family and to show his intentions of marrying his daughter were honorable. This does not go over smoothly at first, as Clair and Cliff are uneasy with the whirlwind marriage of Martin, however in due time they become accustomed to this blended family. Kendall also had an ex-wife, named Paula (played by Victoria Rowell of The Young and the Restless). In the finale, it is revealed that he and Denise are expecting a baby together.

text: Joseph C. Phillips played Sondra's date in a season two episode, before coming back as a new character, and playing the husband of Denise. Martin appears frequently in the sixth season but is only seen in a handful episodes of the seventh season, Joseph C. Phillips's final season as a regular. Martin makes his final appearance in an episode of season eight, "Olivia Comes Out of the Closet."

text: Martin also appears in the Different World episode "Forever Hold Your Peace" (with Clair and Olivia).

text: Olivia Kendall

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes
First appearance

Raven-Symoné
6–8
63
"Denise: The Saga Continues"

text: Olivia Kendall is Denise Huxtable's precocious stepdaughter, who is three years old when she first appears in the series. Olivia is the only child of Martin and Paula Kendall. After a few years of marriage, her parents divorced, and her mother, Paula, gave Martin full custody, as she felt overwhelmed by marriage and motherhood. Olivia was then raised by her grandparents and father.

text: When Olivia was almost four years old, her father Martin married Denise Huxtable, whom he met in Africa. The new family moved in with Denise's parents, Clair and Cliff Huxtable, who are now Olivia's step-grandparents. Martin, as a Naval officer, is required to travel a lot, so for a while, Olivia was unable to spend time with him. During his absences, her stepmother, Denise, raised her. Olivia continued to live with her step-grandparents while her parents were in Singapore during the final season.

text: The character was named after Bill Cosby's wife, Camille Olivia Hanks-Cosby.

text: Olivia also appears in the Different World episode "Forever Hold Your Peace" (with Clair and Martin).

text: Pam Tucker

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes
First appearance

Erika Alexander[20]
7–8
21
"Period of Adjustment"

text: Pam Tucker is Clair Huxtable's distant cousin.[21] The daughter of a single mother, Pam comes to live with the Huxtables after her mother moved to California to take care of Pam's grandmother.[22] Upon moving in, Pam is a high school junior—younger than Vanessa, but older than Rudy. At first, she is not used to the Huxtables' upper-middle-class lifestyle or close-knit family relationships.[23] Eventually, she fits in, and becomes just another one of the Huxtable clan. Pam makes her first appearance in the fourth episode, "A Period of Adjustment," Tin season seven.

text: Frequently, Pam is shown interacting with her best friend, Charmaine Brown (Karen Malina White), and Charmaine's boyfriend, Lance Rodman (Allen Payne).

text: The character had a mixed reception.[24][25][26]

text: Recurring characters

text:
Russell Huxtable (Earle Hyman) Cliff's father (40 episodes)
Kenny, aka "Bud" (Deon Richmond) Rudy's longtime friend (32 episodes)
Anna Huxtable (Clarice Taylor) Cliff's mother (19 episodes)
Charmaine Brown (Karen Malina White) Pam's best friend (13 episodes) (later became a regular on the final season of A Different World)
Winnie Tibideaux (Domonique & Monique Reynolds, Jalese & Jenelle Grays, Jessica Ann Vaughn) daughter of Sondra and Elvin (18 episodes)
Peter Chiara (Peter Costa) Rudy's friend (13 episodes)
Walter Bradley, aka "Cockroach" (Carl Anthony Payne II) Theo's best friend in high school (12 episodes)
Nelson Tibideaux (Christopher & Clayton Griggs, Darrian & Donovan Bryant, Gary LeRoi Gray) son of Sondra and Elvin (7 episodes)
Denny (Troy Winbush) Theo's high school, college friend (11 episodes)
Lance Rodman (Allen Payne) Charmaine's boyfriend (11 episodes)
Janet Meiser (Pam Potillo) Vanessa's friend (10 episodes)
Howard (Reno Wilson Theo's college friend (10 episodes)
Justine Phillips (Michelle Thomas) Theo's longtime girlfriend (8 episodes)
Kara (Elizabeth Narvaez) Vanessa's friend (8 episodes)
Stanley (Merlin Santana) Rudy's boyfriend (7 episodes)
Kim Ogawa (Naoka Nakagawa) Rudy's friend (7 episodes)
Carrie Hanks (Ethel Ayler) Clair's mother (6 episodes)
Robert Foreman (Dondre T. Whitfield) Vanessa's boyfriend (6 episodes)
Lou Hernandez (Alex Ruiz) Theo's college friend (6 episodes)
Dabnis Brickey (William Thomas Jr.) Vanessa's fiance (6 episodes)
Jeffry Engels (Wallace Shawn) the Huxtables' neighbor (5 episodes)
Smitty (Adam Sandler) Theo's high school friend (4 episodes)
Arthur Bartell a.k.a. "Slide" (Mushond Lee) Pam's ex-boyfriend (4 episodes)
Al Hanks (Joe Williams) Clair's father (4 episodes)
Aaron Dexter (Seth Gilliam) Pam's boyfriend (3 episodes)
Mrs. McGee (Elaine Stritch) Rudy's teacher (3 episodes)
Jade (Vanessa A. Williams) Theo's friend (2 episodes, season 5)
Cheryl (Vanessa A. Williams) Theo's friend (2 episodes, season 7)

text: Notable guest stars

text:
Debbie Allen as Emma ("If the Dress Fits, Wear It", season 5)
John Amos as Dr. Herbert ("The Physical", season 5)
Tichina Arnold as Delores ("Theo's Women", season 5)
Angela Bassett as Mrs. Mitchell ("Mr. Quiet", season 1), and Paula ("Bookworm", season 4)
Norman Beaton as Carleton ("There's Still No Joy in Mudville" season 7)
U.S. Senator Bill Bradley as Cliff's teammate #1 ("The Boys of Winter", season 5)
Sônia Braga as Anna Maria Westlake ("Mrs. Westlake" and "An Early Spring", season 2)
Valerie Brisco-Hooks as herself ("Off to the Races", season 2)
Roscoe Lee Browne as Dr. Foster ("Shakespeare", season 4)
Red Buttons as Jake, owner of Jake's Appliances ("Cliff and Jake", season 7)
Naomi Campbell as Julia ("The Birth" and "Cyranoise de Bergington", season 5)
Betty Carter as Amanda Woods ("How Do You Get to Carnegie Hall", season 5)
Robert Culp as Scott Kelly ("Bald and Beautiful", season 3)
Sammy Davis, Jr. as Ray Palomino ("No Way, Baby", season 5)
Dave DeBusschere as Cliff's teammate #2 ("The Boys of Winter", season 5)
Plácido Domingo as Alberto Santiago ("Birthday Blues", season 5)
Teresa Edwards as Opponent #2 ("The Boys of Winter", season 5)
Yvonne Irvin as Clair's Sister ("Clair's Sister", season 2)
Al Freeman, Jr. as Ernie Scott ("Back to the Track, Jack", season 1)
Minnie Gentry as Gramtee ("The Storyteller", season 6)
Dizzy Gillespie as Mr. Hampton ("Play It Again Vanessa", season 1)
Erica Gimpel as Jennifer ("Waterworks", season 4)
Robin Givens as Susanne ("Theo and the Older Woman", season 2)
Pam Grier as Samantha ("Planning Parenthood", season 3)
Moses Gunn as Joe Kendall ("Grampy and NuNu Visit the Huxtables", season 6)
Walt Hazzard as Cliff's teammate #3 ("The Boys of Winter", season 5)
Lena Horne as herself ("Cliff's Birthday", season 1)
Iman as Mrs. Montgomery ("Theo and the Joint", season 1)
Danny Kaye as Dr. Burns ("The Dentist", season 2), in one of his last TV appearances
Alicia Keys as Maria ("Slumber Party", season 1)
B.B. King as Riley Jackson ("Not Everybody Loves the Blues", season 6)
LaChanze as Sylvia ("The Prom", season 4)
Audrey Landers as Cookie Bennett ("Cliff and Jake", season 7)
Sheldon Leonard as Dr. Wexler ("Physician of the Year," season 1)
Nancy Lieberman as Opponent #1 ("The Boys of Winter", season 5)
Miriam Makeba as herself ("Olivia Comes Out of the Closet", season 8)
S. Epatha Merkerson as Book Club Member 5 ("Bookworm", season 4)
Melba Moore as Patricia Abbott ("Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star", season 4)
Rita Moreno as Mrs. Granger ("You Only Hurt the One You Love", season 3)
Lou Myers as Mr. Davis ("You Only Hurt the One You Love", & "Andalusian Flu", season 3)
Tony Orlando as Tony Castillo ("Mr. Quiet", season 1)
Tito Puente as timbal player ("Play It Again, Russell", season 2)
Christopher Plummer as Professor Jonathan Lawrence ("Shakespeare", season 4)
Patricia Richardson as Mrs. Schrader ("Calling Doctor Huxtable", season 3)
John Ritter as Ray Evans ("Total Control", season 7)
Frank Robinson as Frank Potter ("There's Still No Joy in Mudville", season 7)
Victoria Rowell as Paula Kendall ("Cliff's Wet Adventure", season 6)
Howard "Sandman" Sims as himself ("Mr. Sandman", season 6)
Special Ed as J.T. Freeze ("Warning: A Double-Lit Candle Can Cause a Meltdown", season 8)
Bern Nadette Stanis as Carolyn Thompson ("Adventures in Babysitting", season 7)
Leslie Uggams as Kris Temple ("The Return of the Clairettes", season 7)
Blair Underwood as Denise's boyfriend (uncredited) ("Jitterbug Break", season 1), and Mark ("Theo and the Older Woman", season 2)
Mario Van Peebles as Garvin ("Clair's Sister", season 2)
Jim Valvano as John Velarde ("The Getaway", season 8)
Dick Vitale as Dan Vicente ("The Getaway", season 8)
Malinda Williams as Althea Logan ("Calling Doctor Huxtable", season 3) and Shana ("Denise Kendall: Singles Counselor", season 6)
Nancy Wilson as Lorraine Kendall ("Grampy and NuNu Visit the Huxtables", season 6)
Stevie Wonder as himself ("A Touch of Wonder", season 2)
Amy Yasbeck as Alicia Evans ("Total Control", season 7)


document_title: Microsoft Office

question_text: what type of application software is microsoft word

question_tokens: what type of application software is microsoft word

root

text: Microsoft Office

text: Components[edit]

text: Desktop apps[edit]

text: Unless stated otherwise, desktop apps are available for Windows and macOS.

tag: p

text:
Microsoft Word: a word processor included in Microsoft Office and some editions of the now-discontinued Microsoft Works. The first version of Word, released in the autumn of 1983, was for the MS-DOS operating system and had the distinction of introducing the mouse to a broad population. Word 1.0 could be purchased with a bundled mouse, though none was required. Following the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for Macintosh attempted to add closer WYSIWYG features into its package. Word for Mac was released in 1985. Word for Mac was the first graphical version of Microsoft Word. Initially, it implemented the proprietary doc format as its primary format. Word 2007, however, deprecated this format in favor of Office Open XML, which was later standardized by Ecma International as an open format. Support for Portable Document Format (PDF) and OpenDocument (ODF) was first introduced in Word for Windows with Service Pack 2 for Word 2007.[6]
Microsoft Excel: a spreadsheet editor that originally competed with the dominant Lotus 1-2-3, and eventually outsold it. Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Mac OS in 1985, and the first Windows version (numbered 2.05 to line up with the Mac) in November 1987.
Microsoft PowerPoint: a presentation program used to create slideshows composed of text, graphics, and other objects, which can be displayed on-screen and shown by the presenter or printed out on transparencies or slides.
Microsoft Access: a database management system for Windows that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software development tools. Microsoft Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Jet Database Engine. It can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications and databases.[7]
Microsoft Outlook (not to be confused with Outlook Express, Outlook.com or Outlook on the web): a personal information manager that replaces Windows Messaging, Microsoft Mail, and Schedule+ starting in Office 97, it includes an e-mail client, calendar, task manager and address book. On the Mac OS, Microsoft offered several versions of Outlook in the late 1990s, but only for use with Microsoft Exchange Server. In Office 2001, it introduced an alternative application with a slightly different feature set called Microsoft Entourage. It reintroduced Outlook in Office 2011, replacing Entourage.[8]
Microsoft OneNote: a notetaking program that gathers handwritten or typed notes, drawings, screen clippings and audio commentaries. Notes can be shared with other OneNote users over the Internet or a network. OneNote was initially introduced as a standalone app that was not included in any of Microsoft Office 2003 editions. However, OneNote eventually became a core component of Microsoft Office; with the release of Microsoft Office 2013, OneNote was included in all Microsoft Office offerings. OneNote is also available as a web app on Office Online, a freemium (and later freeware) Windows desktop app, a mobile app for Windows Phone,  iOS, Android, and Symbian, and a Metro-style app for Windows 8 or later.
Microsoft Publisher: a desktop publishing app for Windows mostly used for designing brochures, labels, calendars, greeting cards, business cards, newsletters,  web site, and postcards.
Skype for Business: an integrated communications client for conferences and meetings in real time, it is the only Microsoft Office desktop app that is neither useful without a proper network infrastructure nor has the "Microsoft" prefix in its name.
Microsoft Project: a project management app for Windows to keep track of events and to create network charts and Gantt charts, not bundled in any Office suite.
Microsoft Teams: a platform that combines workplace chat, meetings, notes, and attachments. Microsoft announced that Teams would eventually replace Skype for Business.
Microsoft Visio: a diagram and flowcharting app for Windows not bundled in any Office suite.

tag: ul

text: Mobile apps[edit]

text:
Office Lens: An image scanner optimized for mobile devices. It captures the document (e.g. business card, paper, whiteboard) via the camera and then straightens the document portion of the image. The result can be exported to Word, OneNote, PowerPoint or Outlook, or saved in OneDrive, sent via Mail or placed in Photo Library.
Office Remote: Turns the mobile device into a remote control for desktop versions of Word, Excel and PowerPoint.

text: Server applications[edit]

text:
Microsoft SharePoint: collaboration server.
Excel Services
InfoPath Forms Services
Microsoft Project Server: project management server
Microsoft Search Server
Skype for Business Server: a real-time communications server for instant messaging and video-conferencing.

text: Web services[edit]

text:
Microsoft Office Online
Word Online: Free web app version of Microsoft Word.
Excel Online: Free web app version of Microsoft Excel.
PowerPoint Online: Free web app version of Microsoft PowerPoint.
OneNote Online: Free web app version of Microsoft OneNote.
Outlook.com: Free webmail with a user interface similar to Microsoft Outlook and Mail on Windows 10.
Docs.com: A public document sharing service where Office users can upload and share Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Sway and PDF files for the whole world to discover and use. On June 9, 2017, Microsoft announced it would shut down Docs.com on December 15, 2017 in favor of the acquired SlideShare with its LinkedIn purchase.
OneDrive: A file hosting service that allows users to sync files and later access them from a web browser or mobile device.
Office Sway: A presentation web app released in October 2014. It also has a native app for iOS and Windows 10.
Delve: Allows Office 365 users to search and manage their emails, meetings, contacts, social networks and documents stored on OneDrive or Sites in Office 365.
Microsoft Forms: An online survey creator, available for Office 365 Education subscribers.
Outlook on the web: Similar to Outlook.com but more comprehensive and available only through Office 365 and Microsoft Exchange Server offerings.
Microsoft Planner: A planning application available on the Microsoft Office 365 platform.
Office 365 Video: A video sharing service for enterprise users with an Office 365 Academic or Enterprise license.
Microsoft Bookings: An appointment booking application on the Microsoft Office 365 platform.

text: Office Mobile[edit]

text: Office Mobile includes the scaled-down and touch-optimised versions of Word, Excel and PowerPoint. Other Office applications such as OneNote, Lync and Outlook are available as standalone apps.[9] It is supported on Android, iOS, Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile.

text: Office Mobile enables users to save and access documents on OneDrive, OneDrive for Business, and SharePoint. Additionally, the Windows Phone version also allows users to save files locally on the device. According to Microsoft, Office Mobile for iPhone and Android are "very similar" to each other, whereas the Windows Phone version provides a "richer, more integrated experience".[10]

text: Office Mobile for iPhone was released on 14 June 2013 in the United States.[11]  Support for 135 markets and 27 languages was rolled out over a few days.[12] It requires iOS 8 or later.[13]  Although the app also works on iPad devices, excluding the first generation, it is designed for a small screen.[11] Office Mobile was released for Android phones on 31 July 2013 in the United States. Support for 117 markets and 33 languages was added gradually over several weeks.[10] It is supported on Android 4.0 and later.[14] Office Mobile for both iPhone and Android, available for free from the App Store and Google Play Store respectively, initially required a qualifying Office 365 subscription to activate, but in March 2014, with the release of Office for iPad, the apps were updated making them fully free for home use, although a subscription is still required for business use.[15][16][17][18]

text: On 27 March 2014, Microsoft released Word, Excel and PowerPoint for iPad. On 6 November 2014, Microsoft released updated versions of Word, Excel and PowerPoint for iPhone.[19]

text: On 29 January 2015, Microsoft released Word, Excel and PowerPoint for Android tablets. On 24 June 2015, Microsoft released updated versions of Word, Excel and Powerpoint for Android phones.[20] The Android version is also supported on certain Chrome OS machines.[21]

text: In January 2015, Microsoft unveiled updated universal app versions of the Office applications for Windows 10 devices—including PCs, tablets and smartphones—that are based upon the previously released Android and iOS apps.[22][23]

text: Office Mobile is or was also available, though no longer supported, on Windows Mobile, Windows Phone and Symbian. There is also Office RT, a touch-optimized version of the standard desktop Office suite, pre-installed on Windows RT.[24]

text: Common features[edit]

text: Most versions of Microsoft Office (including Office 97 and later) use their own widget set and do not exactly match the native  operating system. This is most apparent in Microsoft Office XP and 2003, where the standard menus were replaced with a colored, flat-looking, shadowed menu style. The user interface of a particular version of Microsoft Office often heavily influences a subsequent version of Microsoft Windows. For example, the toolbar, colored buttons and the gray-colored 3D look of Office 4.3 were added to Windows 95, and the ribbon, introduced in Office 2007, has been incorporated into several programs bundled with Windows 7 and later. In 2012, Office 2013 replicated the flat, box-like design of Windows 8.

text: Users of Microsoft Office may access external data via connection-specifications saved in Office Data Connection (.odc) files.[25]

text: Both Windows and Office use service packs to update software. Office had non-cumulative service releases, which were discontinued after Office 2000 Service Release 1.

text: Past versions of Office often contained Easter eggs. For example, Excel 97 contained a reasonably functional flight-simulator. Office XP and later do not have any Easter eggs, in compliance with Trustworthy Computing guidelines.

text: File formats and metadata[edit]

text: Microsoft Office prior to Office 2007 used proprietary file formats based on the OLE Compound File Binary Format.[26] This forced users who share data to adopt the same software platform.[27] In 2008, Microsoft made the entire documentation for the binary Office formats freely available for download and granted any possible patents rights for use or implementations of those binary format for free under the Open Specification Promise.[28][29] Previously, Microsoft had supplied such documentation freely but only on request.[30]

text: Starting with Office 2007, the default file format has been a version of Office Open XML, though different than the one standardized and published by Ecma International and by ISO/IEC. Microsoft has granted patent rights to the formats technology under the Open Specification Promise[31] and has made available free downloadable converters for previous versions of Microsoft Office including Office 2003, Office XP, Office 2000[32] and Office 2004 for Mac OS X. Third-party implementations of Office Open XML exist on the Windows platform (LibreOffice, all platforms), macOS platform (iWork '08, LibreOffice) and Linux (LibreOffice and OpenOffice.org 3.0). In addition, Office 2010, Service Pack 2 for Office 2007, and Office 2016 for Mac supports the OpenDocument Format (ODF) for opening and saving documents.

text: Microsoft provides the ability to remove metadata from Office documents. This was in response to highly publicized incidents where sensitive data about a document was leaked via its metadata.[33] Metadata removal was first available in 2004, when Microsoft released a tool called Remove Hidden Data Add-in for Office 2003/XP for this purpose.[34] It was directly integrated into Office 2007 in a feature called the Document Inspector.

text: Extensibility[edit]

text: A major feature of the Office suite is the ability for users and third party companies to write add-ins (plug-ins) that extend the capabilities of an application by adding custom commands and specialized features. One of the new features is the Office Store.[35] Plugins and other tools can be downloaded by users.[36] Developers can make money by selling their applications in the Office Store. The revenue is divided between the developer and Microsoft where the developer gets 80% of the money.[37] Developers are able to share applications with all Office users.[37]

text:
The app travels with the document, and it is for the developer to decide what the recipient will see when they open it. The recipient will either have the option to download the app from the Office Store for free, start a free trial or be directed to payment.[37]
With Office's cloud abilities, IT department can create a set of apps for their business employees in order to increase their productivity.[38] When employees go to the Office Store, they'll see their company's apps under My Organization. The apps that employees have personally downloaded will appear under My Apps.[37] Developers can use web technologies like HTML5, XML, CSS3, JavaScript, and APIs for building the apps.[39]
An application for Office is a webpage that is hosted inside an Office client application. User can use apps to amplify the functionality of a document, email message, meeting request, or appointment. Apps can run in multiple environments and by multiple clients, including rich Office desktop clients, Office Web Apps, mobile browsers, and also on-premises and in the cloud.[39] The type of add-ins supported differ by Office versions:

text:
Office 97 onwards (standard Windows DLLs i.e. Word WLLs and Excel XLLs)
Office 2000 onwards (COM add-ins)[40]
Office XP onwards (COM/OLE Automation add-ins)[41]
Office 2003 onwards (Managed code add-ins – VSTO solutions)[42]

text: Password protection[edit]

text: Microsoft Office has a security feature that allows users to encrypt Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, Skype Business) documents with a user-provided password. The password can contain up to 255 characters and uses AES 128-bit advanced encryption by default.[43] Passwords can also be used to restrict modification of the entire document, worksheet or presentation. Due to lack of document encryption, though, these passwords can be removed using a third-party cracking software.[44]

text: Support policies[edit]

text: Approach[edit]

text: All versions of Microsoft Office products before Microsoft Office 2016 are eligible for ten years of support following their release, during which Microsoft releases security updates for the product version and provides paid technical support. The ten-year period is divided into two five-years phases: The mainstream phase and the extended phase. During the mainstream phase, Microsoft may provide limited complimentary technical support and release non-security updates or change the design of the product. During the extended phase, said services stop.[45]

text: Starting with Microsoft Office 2016, Microsoft has moved to a so-called "Modern Lifecycle Policy" that requires the consumer to stay current to stay supported.[46]

text: Timelines of support[edit]

text: (Spent) standard support     (Remaining) standard support     (Spent) extended support     (Remaining) extended support

text: Platforms[edit]

text: Microsoft supports Office for the Windows and macOS platforms, as well as mobile versions for Windows Phone, Android and iOS platforms. Beginning with Mac Office 4.2, the macOS and Windows versions of Office share the same file format, and are interoperable. Visual Basic for Applications support was dropped in Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac,[47] then reintroduced in Office for Mac 2011.[48]

text: Microsoft tried in the mid-1990s to port Office to RISC processors such as NEC/MIPS and IBM/PowerPC, but they met problems such as memory access being hampered by data structure alignment requirements. Microsoft Word 97 and Excel 97 however did ship for the DEC Alpha platform. Difficulties in porting Office may have been a factor in discontinuing Windows NT on non-Intel platforms.[49]

text: Pricing model and editions[edit]

text: Sales approach[edit]

text: Microsoft has changed its sales approach in the past years with the introduction of Microsoft Office 365 in 2011 (28 June). It abandoned the traditional one-time purchase in favor of a regular (monthly or yearly) subscription for many of its offerings, all including the Office 365 label. In addition to the regular Office applications, Office 365 includes cloud-based tools (software as a service), and is sold as a monthly or annual subscription.

text: Microsoft Office is licensed through:

text:
Retail.
Volume licensing, which includes site-wide and OEM licenses for bundling Microsoft Office with personal computers and Microsoft Software Assurance.
A "Home Use Program" (HUP) permitting employees of a participating organization access to home-use Microsoft Office products.[50]

tag: ol

text: Retail editions[edit]

text: Microsoft Office is available in several editions, which regroup a given number of applications for a specific price. Current retail editions are grouped by category:

text:
Home: Home, Personal, Home & Student.
Business: Business, Business Premium, Business Essentials.

text: Education pricing[edit]

text: Post-secondary students may obtain the University edition of Microsoft Office 365 subscription. It is limited to one user and two devices, plus the subscription price is valid for four years instead of just one.  Apart from this, the University edition is identical in features to the Home Premium version.  This marks the first time Microsoft does not offer physical or permanent software at academic pricing, in contrast to the University versions of Office 2010 and Office 2011. In addition, students eligible for DreamSpark program may receive select standalone Microsoft Office apps free of charge.

text: Discontinued applications and features[edit]

text:
Microsoft Binder: Incorporates several documents into one file and was originally designed as a container system for storing related documents in a single file. The complexity of use and learning curve led to little usage, and it was discontinued after Office XP.
Microsoft FrontPage: a WYSIWYG HTML editor and website administration tool for Windows. It was branded as part of the Microsoft Office suite from 1997 to 2003. FrontPage was discontinued in December 2006 and replaced by Microsoft SharePoint Designer and Microsoft Expression Web.
Microsoft InfoPath: Windows application for designing and distributing rich XML-based forms. Last version was included in Office 2013.[51]
Microsoft Mail: Mail client (in old versions of Office, later replaced by Microsoft Schedule Plus and subsequently Microsoft Outlook).
Microsoft Office Accounting
Microsoft Office Document Image Writer: a virtual printer that takes documents from Microsoft Office or any other application and prints them, or stores them in an image file as TIFF or Microsoft Document Imaging Format format. It was discontinued with Office 2010.[52]
Microsoft Office Document Imaging: an application that supports editing scanned documents. Discontinued with Office 2010.[52]
Microsoft Office Document Scanning: a scanning and OCR application. Discontinued with Office 2010.[52]
Microsoft PhotoDraw 2000: A graphics program that was first released as part of the Office 2000 Premium Edition. A later version for Windows XP compatibility was released, known as PhotoDraw 2000 Version 2. Microsoft discontinued the program in 2001.
Microsoft Photo Editor: Photo-editing/raster-graphics software in older Office versions up to Office XP. It was supplemented by Microsoft PhotoDraw in Office 2000 Premium edition.
Microsoft Schedule Plus: Released with Office 95. It featured a planner, to-do list, and contact information. Its functions were incorporated into Microsoft Outlook.
Microsoft Virtual PC: Included with Microsoft Office Professional Edition 2004 for Mac. Microsoft discontinued support for Virtual PC on the Mac in 2006 owing to new Macs possessing the same Intel architecture as Windows PCs.[53] It emulated a standard PC and its hardware.
Microsoft Vizact 2000: A program that "activated" documents using HTML, adding effects such as animation. It allows users to create dynamic documents for the Web. Development has ended due to unpopularity.
Microsoft Data Analyzer 2002: A business intelligence program for graphical visualization of data and its analysis.
Office Assistant, included since Office 97 (Windows) and Office 98 (Mac) as a part of Microsoft Agent technology, is a system that uses animated characters to offer context-sensitive suggestions to users and access to the help system. The Assistant is often dubbed "Clippy" or "Clippit", due to its default to a paper clip character, coded as CLIPPIT.ACS. The latest versions that include the Office Assistant were Office 2003 (Windows) and Office 2004 (Mac).
Microsoft SharePoint Workspace (formerly known as Microsoft Office Groove): a proprietary peer-to-peer document collaboration software designed for teams with members who are regularly offline or who do not share the same network security clearance.
Microsoft SharePoint Designer: Initially a WYSIWYG HTML editor and website administration tool, Microsoft attempted to turn it into a specialized HTML editor for SharePoint sites, failed and discontinued it.
Microsoft Office InterConnect: business-relationship database available only in Japan
Microsoft Office Picture Manager: basic photo management software (similar to Google's Picasa or Adobe's Photoshop Elements), replaced Microsoft Photo Editor
Microsoft Entourage: An Outlook counterpart on macOS, Microsoft discontinued it in favor of extending the Outlook brand name.

text: Discontinued server applications[edit]

text:
Microsoft Office Forms Server: Lets users use any browser to access and fill InfoPath forms. Office Forms Server is a standalone server installation of InfoPath Forms Services.
Microsoft Office Groove Server: Centrally managing all deployments of Microsoft Office Groove in the enterprise
Microsoft Office Project Portfolio Server: Allows creation of a project portfolio, including workflows, hosted centrally
Microsoft Office PerformancePoint Server: Allows customers to monitor, analyze, and plan their business

text: Discontinued web services[edit]

text:
Office Live
Office Live Small Business: Web hosting services and online collaboration tools for small businesses
Office Live Workspace: Online storage and collaboration service for documents, superseded by Office Online
Office Live Meeting: Web conferencing service

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Microsoft Office has been criticized in the past for using proprietary file formats rather than open standards, which forces users who share data into adopting the same software platform.[54] However, on February 15, 2008, Microsoft made the entire documentation for the binary Office formats freely available under the Open Specification Promise.[55] Also, Office Open XML, the document format for the latest versions of Office for Windows and Mac, has been standardized under both Ecma International and ISO. Ecma International has published the Office Open XML specification free of copyrights and Microsoft has granted patent rights to the formats technology under the Open Specification Promise[56] and has made available free downloadable converters for previous versions of Microsoft Office including Office 2003, Office XP, Office 2000 and Office 2004 for the Mac. Third-party implementations of Office Open XML exist on the Mac platform (iWork 08) and Linux (OpenOffice.org 2.3 – Novell Edition only).

text: Another point of criticism Microsoft Office has faced was the lack of support in its Mac versions for Unicode and Bi-directional text languages, notably Arabic and Hebrew. This issue, which had existed since the first release in 1989, was only addressed in the 2016 version.[57][58]

text: Tables of versions[edit]

text:
Windows

Office version

Version number

Minimum operating system version

Office support end date

Mainstream

Extended

2019

17.0

Windowsclientversions

10[59]

Future release: TBD

Future release: TBD

2016

16.0

7 SP1[60]

Current stable version: 13 October 2020[61]

Current stable version: 14 October 2025[61]

2013

15.0

7[62]

Old version, no longer supported: 10 April 2018[63]

Older version, yet still supported: 11 April 2023[63]

2010

14.0

XP SP3[64]

Old version, no longer supported: 13 October 2015

Older version, yet still supported: 13 October 2020

2007

12.0

XP SP2[65]

Old version, no longer supported: 9 October 2012[66]

Old version, no longer supported: 10 October 2017[66]

2003

11.0

2000 SP3[67]

Old version, no longer supported: 14 April 2009

Old version, no longer supported: 8 April 2014

XP

10.0

98 or NT 4 SP6a[68][69]

Old version, no longer supported: 11 July 2006[70]

Old version, no longer supported: 12 July 2011[70]

2000

9.0

95 or NT 4 SP3[71]

Old version, no longer supported: 30 June 2004

Old version, no longer supported: 14 July 2009

97

8.0

NT 3.51 or 95

Old version, no longer supported: 31 August 2001[72]

Old version, no longer supported: 28 February 2002[72]

95

7.0

NT 3.51 or 95

Old version, no longer supported: 31 December 2001[73]

N/A[73]

4.x

6.0

3.1

Old version, no longer supported: 1 November 2000[74]

N/A[74]

3.x

Various

?

Old version, no longer supported: 30 September 1998[75]

N/A[75]

tag: table

text:
Mac

Office version

Version number

Minimum operating system

Office support end date

Mainstream

Extended

2016 for Mac

15.0

macOS

10.10 – 10.13[76]

Current stable version: 13 October 2020[77]

N/A[77]

2011 for Mac

14.0

10.5 (Intel) – 10.12[76]

Old version, no longer supported: 10 October 2017[78]
N/A[78]

2008 for Mac

12.0

10.4 (PPC) – 10.12[76]

Old version, no longer supported: 9 April 2013[79]
N/A[79]

2004 for Mac

11.0

10.2 – 10.6

Old version, no longer supported: 10 January 2012[80]
N/A[80]

v. X

10.0

10.1 – 10.6

Old version, no longer supported: 9 January 2007[81]
N/A[81]

2001

9.0

ClassicMac OS

8.1 (PPC)

Old version, no longer supported: 31 December 2005[82]
N/A[82]

98 Macintosh Edition

8.0

7.5 (PPC)

Old version, no longer supported: 30 June 2003[83]
N/A[83]

4.2

7.0

7.0 (68K)

Old version, no longer supported: 31 December 1996[74]
N/A[74]

3.0

6.0

?

Old version, no longer supported: 1 June 2001[75]

N/A[75]

text:
iOS & Android

Office version

Version number

Minimum operating system

Office support end date

Mainstream

Extended

Android[84][85][86]for Word, Excel, PowerPoint

15.0

Android

4.4.x KitKat

Based on Office 365 subscription

iOS[87][88][89]for Word, Excel, PowerPoint

1.31

iOS

iOS 9

Based on Office 365 subscription

text: Version history[edit]

text: Windows versions[edit]

text: Microsoft Office for Windows[edit]

text: Microsoft Office for Windows[90] started in October 1990 as a bundle of three applications designed for Microsoft Windows 3.0: Microsoft Word for Windows 1.1, Microsoft Excel for Windows 2.0, and Microsoft PowerPoint for Windows 2.0.[91]

text: Microsoft Office for Windows 1.5 updated the suite with Microsoft Excel 3.0.[92]

text: Version 1.6[93] added Microsoft Mail for PC Networks 2.1 to the bundle.[94]

text: Microsoft Office 3.0[edit]

text: Microsoft Office 3.0,[95] also called Microsoft Office 92, was released on 30 August 1992 and[96] contained Word 2.0, Excel 4.0, PowerPoint 3.0 and Mail 3.0. It was the first version of Office also released on CD-ROM.[97] In 1993, The Microsoft Office Professional[98] was released, which added Microsoft Access 1.1.[99]

text: Microsoft Office 4.x[edit]

text: Microsoft Office 4.0 was released containing Word 6.0, Excel 4.0a, PowerPoint 3.0 and Mail in 1993.[100] Word's version number jumped from 2.0 to 6.0 so that it would have the same version number as the MS-DOS and Macintosh versions (Excel and PowerPoint were already numbered the same as the Macintosh versions).

text: Microsoft Office 4.2 for Windows NT was released in 1994 for i386, Alpha,[101] MIPS and PowerPC[102] architectures, containing Word 6.0 and Excel 5.0 (both 32-bit,[103] PowerPoint 4.0 (16-bit), and Microsoft Office Manager 4.2 (the precursor to the Office Shortcut Bar)).

text: Microsoft Office 95 and 97[edit]

text: Microsoft Office 95 was released on 24 August 1995. Software version numbers were altered again to create parity across the suite—every program was called version 7.0 meaning all but Word missed out versions. It was designed as a fully 32-bit version to match Windows 95. Office 95 was available in two versions, Office 95 Standard and Office 95 Professional. The standard version consisted of Word 7.0, Excel 7.0, PowerPoint 7.0, and Schedule+ 7.0. The professional edition contained all of the items in the standard version plus Microsoft Access 7.0. If the professional version was purchased in CD-ROM form, it also included Bookshelf.[citation needed]

text: The logo used in Office 95 returns in Office 97, 2000 and XP. Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition also uses a similar logo.

text: Microsoft Office 97 (Office 8.0) included hundreds of new features and improvements, such as introducing command bars, a paradigm in which menus and toolbars were made more similar in capability and visual design. Office 97 also featured Natural Language Systems and grammar checking. Office 97 was the first version of Office to include the Office Assistant. In Brazil, it was also the first version to introduce the Registration Wizard, a precursor to Microsoft Product Activation.

text: Microsoft Office 2000 to 2003[edit]

text: Microsoft Office 2000 (Office 9.0) introduced adaptive menus, where little-used options were hidden from the user. It also introduced a new security feature, built around digital signatures, to diminish the threat of macro viruses. Office 2000 automatically trusts macros (written in VBA 6) that were digitally signed from authors who have been previously designated as trusted. The Registration Wizard, a precursor to Microsoft Product Activation, remained in Brazil and was also extended to Australia and New Zealand, though not for volume-licensed editions. Academic software in the United States and Canada also featured the Registration Wizard.

text: Microsoft Office XP (Office 10.0 or Office 2002) was released in conjunction with Windows XP, and was a major upgrade with numerous enhancements and changes over Office 2000. Office XP introduced the Safe Mode feature, which allows applications such as Outlook to boot when it might otherwise fail by bypassing a corrupted registry or a faulty add-in. Smart tag is a technology introduced with Office XP in Word and Excel and discontinued in Office 2010. Office XP includes integrated voice command and text dictation capabilities, as well as handwriting recognition. It was the first version to require Microsoft Product Activation worldwide and in all editions as an anti-piracy measure, which attracted widespread controversy.[104] Product Activation remained absent from Office for Mac releases until it was introduced in Office 2011 for Mac.

text: Microsoft Office 2003 (Office 11.0) was released in 2003. It featured a new logo. Two new applications made their debut in Office 2003: Microsoft InfoPath and OneNote. It is the first version to use new, more colorful icons. Outlook 2003 provides improved functionality in many areas, including Kerberos authentication, RPC over HTTP, Cached Exchange Mode, and an improved junk mail filter.

text: Microsoft Office 2007[edit]

text: Microsoft Office 2007 (Office 12.0) was released in 2007. Office 2007's new features include a new graphical user interface called the Fluent User Interface,[105] replacing the menus and toolbars that have been the cornerstone of Office since its inception with a tabbed toolbar, known as the Ribbon; new XML-based file formats called Office Open XML; and the inclusion of Groove, a collaborative software application.[106]

text: Microsoft Office 2010[edit]

text: Microsoft Office 2010 (Office 14.0, because Microsoft skipped 13.0[107]) was finalized on 15 April 2010 and made available to consumers on 15 June 2010.[108][109] The main features of Office 2010 include the backstage file menu, new collaboration tools, a customizable ribbon, protected view and a navigation panel. This is the first version to ship in 32-bit and 64-bit variants. Microsoft Office 2010 featured a new logo, which resembled the 2007 logo, except in gold, and with a modification in shape.[110]

text: Microsoft released Service Pack 1 for Office 2010 on June 28, 2011[111] and Service Pack 2 on July 16, 2013.[112]

text: Microsoft Office 2013[edit]

text: A technical preview of Microsoft Office 2013 (Build 15.0.3612.1010) was released on 30 January 2012, and a Customer Preview version was made available to consumers on 16 July 2012.[113] It sports a revamped application interface; the interface is based on Metro, the interface of Windows Phone and Windows 8. Microsoft Outlook has received the most pronounced changes so far; for example, the Metro interface provides a new visualization for scheduled tasks. PowerPoint includes more templates and transition effects, and OneNote includes a new splash screen.[114] On 16 May 2011, new images of Office 15 were revealed, showing Excel with a tool for filtering data in a timeline, the ability to convert Roman numerals to Arabic numerals, and the integration of advanced trigonometric functions. In Word, the capability of inserting video and audio online as well as the broadcasting of documents on the Web were implemented.[115] Microsoft has promised support for Office Open XML Strict starting with version 15, a format Microsoft has submitted to the ISO for interoperability with other office suites, and to aid adoption in the public sector.[116] This version can read and write ODF 1.2 (Windows only).[117]

text: On 24 October 2012, Office 2013 Professional Plus was released to manufacturing and was made available to TechNet and MSDN subscribers for download.[118] On 15 November 2012, the 60-day trial version was released for public download.[119] Office 2013 was released to general availability on January 29, 2013.[120]

text: Service Pack 1 for Office 2013 was released on February 25, 2014.[121]

text: Microsoft Office 2016[edit]

text: On 22 January 2015, the Microsoft Office blog announced that the next version of the suite for Windows desktop, Office 2016, was in development. On 4 May 2015, a public preview of Microsoft Office 2016 was released.[22][23][122] Office 2016 was released for Mac OS X on 9 July 2015[5] and for Windows on 22 September 2015.[4]

text: Microsoft Office 2019[edit]

text: On 26 September 2017, Microsoft announced that the next version of the suite for Windows desktop, Office 2019, was in development. On 27 April 2018, Microsoft released Office 2019 Commercial Preview for Windows 10.[123]

text: Mac versions[edit]

text: Prior to packaging its various office-type Mac OS software applications into Office, Microsoft released Mac versions of Word 1.0 in 1984, the first year of the Macintosh computer; Excel 1.0 in 1985; and PowerPoint 1.0 in 1987.[124] Microsoft does not include its Access database application in Office for Mac.

text: Microsoft has noted that some features are added to Office for Mac before they appear in Windows versions, such as Office for Mac 2001's Office Project Gallery and PowerPoint Movie feature, which allows users to save presentations as QuickTime movies.[125][126] However, Microsoft Office for Mac has been long criticized for its lack of support of Unicode and for its lack of support for right-to-left languages, notably Arabic, Hebrew and Persian.[127][128]

text: Early Office for Mac releases (1989–1994)[edit]

text: Microsoft Office for Mac was introduced for Mac OS in 1989, before Office was released for Windows.[129] It included Word 4.0, Excel 2.2, PowerPoint 2.01, and Mail 1.37.[130] It was originally a limited-time promotion but later became a regular product. With the release of Office on CD-ROM later that year, Microsoft became the first major Mac publisher to put its applications on CD-ROM.[131]

text: Microsoft Office 1.5 for Mac was released in 1991 and included the updated Excel 3.0, the first application to support Apple’s System 7 operating system.[124]

text: Microsoft Office 3.0 for Mac was released in 1992 and included Word 5.0, Excel 4.0, PowerPoint 3.0 and Mail Client. Excel 4.0 was the first application to support new AppleScript.[124]

text: Microsoft Office 4.2 for Mac was released in 1994. (Version 4.0 was skipped to synchronize version numbers with Office for Windows) Version 4.2 included Word 6.0, Excel 5.0, PowerPoint 4.0 and Mail 3.2.[132] It was the first Office suite for Power Macintosh.[124] Its user interface was identical to Office 4.2 for Windows[133] leading many customers to comment that it wasn't Mac-like enough.[125] The final release for Mac 68K was Office 4.2.1, which updated Word to version 6.0.1, somewhat improving performance.

text: Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition[edit]

text: Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition was unveiled at MacWorld Expo/San Francisco in 1998. It introduced the Internet Explorer 4.0 web browser and Outlook Express, an Internet e-mail client and usenet newsgroup reader.[134] Office 98 was re-engineered by Microsoft's Macintosh Business Unit to satisfy customers' desire for software they felt was more Mac-like.[125] It included drag–and-drop installation, self-repairing applications and Quick Thesaurus, before such features were available in Office for Windows. It also was the first version to support QuickTime movies.[125]

text: Microsoft Office 2001 and v. X[edit]

text: Microsoft Office 2001 was launched in 2000 as the last Office suite for the classic Mac OS. It required a PowerPC processor. This version introduced Entourage, an e-mail client that included information management tools such as a calendar, an address book, task lists and notes.[126]

text: Microsoft Office v. X was released in 2001 and was the first version of Microsoft Office for Mac OS X.[135] Support for Office v. X ended on 9 January 2007 after the release of the final update, 10.1.9[136] Office v.X includes Word X, Excel X, PowerPoint X, Entourage X, MSN Messenger for Mac and Windows Media Player 9 for Mac; it was the last version of Office for Mac to include Internet Explorer for Mac.[137]

text: Office 2004[edit]

text: Microsoft Office 2004 for Mac was released on 11 May 2004.[138] It includes Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Entourage and Virtual PC. It is the final version of Office to be built exclusively for PowerPC and to officially support G3 processors, as its sequel lists a G4, G5 or Intel processor as a requirement. It was notable for supporting Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is unavailable in Office 2008. This led Microsoft to extend support for Office 2004 from September 10, 2009 to January 10, 2012. VBA functionality was reintroduced in Office 2011, which is only compatible with Intel processors.

text: Office 2008[edit]

text: Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac was released on 15 January 2008. It was the only Office for Mac suite to be compiled as an universal binary, being the first to feature native Intel support and the last to feature PowerPC support for G4 and G5 processors, although the suite is unofficially compatible with G3 processors. New features include native Office Open XML file format support, which debuted in Office 2007 for Windows,[124] and stronger Microsoft Office password protection employing AES-128 and SHA-1. Benchmarks suggested that compared to its predecessor, Office 2008 ran at similar speeds on Intel machines and slower speeds on PowerPC machines.[139] Office 2008 also lacked Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) support, leaving it with only 15 months of additional mainstream support compared to its predecessor. Nevertheless, five months after it was released, Microsoft said that Office 2008 was "selling faster than any previous version of Office for Mac in the past 19 years" and affirmed "its commitment to future products for the Mac."[140]

text: Office 2011[edit]

text: Microsoft Office for Mac 2011 was released on 26 October 2010,.[48] It is the first version of Office for Mac to be compiled exclusively for Intel processors, dropping support for the PowerPC architecture. It features an OS X version of Outlook to replace the Entourage email client. This version of Outlook is intended to make the OS X version of Office work better with Microsoft's Exchange server and with those using Office for Windows.[141] Office 2011 includes a Mac-based Ribbon similar to Office for Windows.

text: OneNote and Outlook release (2014)[edit]

text: Microsoft OneNote for Mac was released on 17 March 2014. It marks the company's first release of the note-taking software on the Mac. It is available as a free download to all users of the Mac App Store in OS X Mavericks.[142]

text: Microsoft Outlook 2016 for Mac debuted on 31 October 2014. It requires a paid Office 365 subscription, meaning that traditional Office 2011 retail or volume licenses cannot activate this version of Outlook. On that day, Microsoft confirmed that it would release the next version of Office for Mac in late 2015.[143]

text: Despite dropping support for older versions of OS X and only keeping support for 64-bit-only versions of OS X, these versions of OneNote and Outlook are 32-bit applications like their predecessors.

text: Office 2016[edit]

text: The first Preview version of Microsoft Office 2016 for Mac was released on 5 March 2015.[144] On 9 July 2015, Microsoft released the final version of Microsoft Office 2016 for Mac which includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook and OneNote. It was immediately made available for Office 365 subscribers with either a Home, Personal, Business, Business Premium, E3 or ProPlus subscription. A non-Office 365 edition of Office 2016 was made available as a one-time purchase option on 22 September 2015.[4]


document_title: Jarasandha

question_text: who was born in two halves in mahabarata

text: Jarasandha

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word Jarasandha is a combination of two Sanskrit words, Jara (जरा) and sandha (सन्ध), "joining". Jara was a demoness who put the two halves of Jarasandha together after finding them by a tree. In return for saving Brihadratha's son, he named Jarasandha after her. The meaning of Jarasandha is 'the one who is joined by Jara'.[1][better source needed]

text: Legend about his birth[edit]

text: Jarasandha's father king Brihadratha was married to the twin daughters of the King of Kashi. Brihadratha loved both his wives equally, but had no sons. Once sage Chandakaushika visited his kingdom and gave a mango to the king as a boon. The king divided the mango equally and gave to his both the wives. Soon, both wives became pregnant and gave birth to two halves of a human body. These two lifeless halves were very horrifying to view. So, Brihadratha ordered these to be thrown in the forest. A Rakshasi (demoness) named Jara (or Barmata) found the two pieces and held each of them in her two palms. Incidentally, when she brought both of her palms together, the two pieces joined giving rise to a living child. The child cried loudly which created panic for Jara. Not having the heart to eat a living child, the demoness gave it to the king and explained to him all that had happened. The father was overjoyed to see him.[2]

text: Chandakaushika arrived at the court and saved the child. He prophesied to Brihadratha that his son would be specially gifted and would be a great devotee of the god Shiva.[3]

text: Fight with Karna[edit]

text: Karna helped Duryodhana marry the Princess Bhanumati of Kalinga. Duryodhana abducted Princess Bhanumati from her Swayamvara ceremony in a chariot and Karna fought with the rest of the suitors. Many legendary rulers like Shishupala, Jarasandha, Bhishmaka, Vakra, Kapotaroman, Nila, Rukmi, Sringa, Asoka, Satadhanwan etc. were defeated by Karna and Duryodhana. The ashamed Jarasandha, later challenged Karna to a one-on-one fight. Karna and Jarasandha fought continuously with different weapons until Karna defeated Jarasandha by trying to tear him apart during a wrestling fight. Jarasandha conceded defeat and Karna spared his life. Jarasandha gifted the city of Malini to Karna as a token of appreciation. The victory over Jarasandha made Karna famous on all over the world.[citation needed]

text: Jarasandha had also participated in the Swayamvara of Draupadi, and after being unable to lift the bow, left the place.[4]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Jarasandha was a very powerful king of Magadha, and the history of his birth and activities is also very interesting - Vaniquotes". vaniquotes.org. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
Jump up ^ Chandrakant, Kamala (1977). Krishna and Jarasandha. India Book House Ltd. pp. 3–5. ISBN 81-7508-080-9.
Jump up ^ "Slaying of Jarasandha - Indian Mythology". www.apamnapat.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
Jump up ^ Squarcini, Frederico (2011). Boundaries, Dynamics, and Constructions of Traditions in South Asia. 244 Madison Ave, #116, New York,NY: Anthem Press. p. 117. ISBN 9780857284303.


document_title: Letters of Administration

question_text: where do you get a letter of administration

text: Letters of Administration

text:
Wills, trusts
and estates

Part of the common law series

Wills

Legal history of wills

Joint wills and mutual wills

Will contract
Codicil

Holographic will
Oral will

Sections

Attestation clause

Residuary clause

Incorporation by reference

Contest

Testamentary capacity

Undue influence

Insane delusion
Fraud

No-contest clause

Property disposition

Lapse and anti-lapse

Ademption
Abatement

Satisfaction of legacies

Acts of independent significance

Elective share
Pretermitted heir

Wills and conflict of laws

Trusts

Express
Resulting

Constructive

Common types

Bare
Discretionary

Accumulation and maintenance

Interest in possession

Charitable
Purpose
Incentive

Other types

Protective
Spendthrift

Life insurance
Remainder

Life interest

Reversionary interest

Testamentary

Honorary
Asset-protection

Special needs (Supplemental needs)

Governing doctrines

Pour-over will

Cy-près doctrine

Hague Convention (conflict law)

Application in civil law

Dishonest assistance

Estate administration

Intestacy
Testator
Probate

Power of appointment

Simultaneous death
Slayer rule

Laughing heir
Advancement

Disclaimer of interest
Inheritance tax

Related topics

Advance directive (Living will)
Forced heirship
Totten trust

Other common law areas

Contract
Tort
Property

Criminal law
Evidence

v
t
e

text: Letters of Administration are granted by a Surrogate Court or probate registry to appoint appropriate people to deal with a deceased person's estate where property will pass under Intestacy Rules or where there are no executors living (and willing and able to act) having been validly appointed under the deceased's will. Traditionally, letters of administration granted to a representative of a testate estate are called "letters of administration with the will annexed" or "letters of administration cum testamento annexo" or "c.t.a.".

text: Essentially, this document is issued to the person who will administer the estate of someone who dies without a will.[1] As outlined by the Cornell Legal Information Institute, "The letters authorize the administrator to settle the deceased person's estate according to the state's intestate succession laws. Banks, brokerages, and government agencies often require a certified copy of the letters before accepting the administrator's authority to collect the deceased person's assets."[2] If a decedent has a surviving spouse, this individual will have priority in receiving a letter of administration over others, including children; age alone does not render an individual ineligible to serve as a fiduciary.


document_title: History of the world's tallest buildings

question_text: when completed in 2009 in which city would you find the world's tallest hotel

question_tokens: when completed in 2009 in which city would you find the world 's tallest hotel

text: Definition of terms[edit]

text: Meaning of "building"[edit]

text: The earliest structures now known to be the tallest in the world were the Egyptian pyramids, with the Great Pyramid of Giza, at an original height of 146.5 metres (481 ft), being the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years, until the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in 1300. From then until the completion of the Washington Monument (capped in 1884) the world's tallest buildings were churches or cathedrals. Later, the Eiffel Tower and, still later, some radio masts and television towers were the world's tallest structures.

text: However, though all of these are structures, some are not buildings in the sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied. It is in this sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied that the term "building" is generally understood to mean when determining what is the world's tallest building. The non-profit international organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), which maintains a set of criteria for determining the height of tall buildings, defines a "building" as "(A) structure that is designed for residential, business or manufacturing purposes" and "has floors".[1]

text: Tall churches and cathedrals occupy a middle ground: their lower areas are regularly occupied, but much of their height is in bell towers and spires which are not. Whether a church or cathedral is a "building" or merely a "structure" for the purposes of determining the title of "world's tallest building" is a subjective matter of definition (this article treats churches and cathedrals as buildings).

text: Determination of height[edit]

text: The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat based in Chicago uses three different criteria for determining the height of a tall building, each of which may give a different result. "Height of the highest floor" is one criterion, and "height to the top of any part of the building" is another, but the default criterion used by the CTBUH is  "height of the architectural top of the building", which includes spires but not antennae, masts or flag poles.[1]

text: Tallest buildings (until 7th century)[edit]

text: Hwangnyongsa, or Hwangnyong Temple (also spelled Hwangryongsa) is the name of a former Buddhist temple in the city of Gyeongju, South Korea. Completed in the 7th century, the enormous 9-story structure was built entirely with wood with interlocking design with no iron nails. It had a standing total height of 68 m (223 ft) or 80 m (262 ft)[2], making it the tallest structure in East Asia and the tallest wooden structure in the world at the time of its construction.

text: Tallest buildings (13th century–1901)[edit]

text: Churches and cathedrals[edit]

text: From the 13th century until 1901, the world's tallest building was always a church or cathedral. In the 13th century Old St Paul's Cathedral with its spire was completed. Completed in the early 14th century, the central spire of Lincoln Cathedral surpassed it. In 1549 this spire collapsed, beginning a long sequence where the status of world's tallest building was borne by shorter and shorter buildings. On the collapse of Lincoln Cathedral's spire, then St. Mary's Church in Stralsund became the world's tallest building. In 1647, the bell tower of St. Mary's burned down, thus making the shorter Strasbourg Cathedral the world's tallest building.

text: It was not until the completion of the Ulm Minster in 1890 that the world's tallest building was again also the tallest building ever, surpassing the original configuration of Lincoln Cathedral.

text:
Years tallest

Name

Location

Height

Increase

13th century–1300

Old St Paul's Cathedral*

 London

149 metres (489 ft)

0

1300–1549

Lincoln Cathedral*

 Lincoln

159.7 metres (524 ft)

7.2%

1549–1569

St. Mary's Church

 Stralsund

151 metres (495 ft)

-5.4%

1569–1573

St. Pierre's Cathedral

Beauvais

153 metres (502 ft)

-5.4%

1573–1647

St. Mary's Church

 Stralsund

151 metres (495 ft)

-5.4%

1647–1874

Strasbourg Cathedral

 Strasbourg

142 metres (466 ft)

-6%

1874–1876

Church of St. Nicholas

 Hamburg

147 metres (482 ft)

3.5%

1876–1880

Rouen Cathedral

 Rouen

151 metres (495 ft)

2.7%

1880–1890

Cologne Cathedral

 Cologne

157.38 metres (516.3 ft)

4.2%

1890–1901

Ulm Minster*

 Ulm

161.53 metres (530.0 ft)

2.6%

text: * – Also set record at time of completion as tallest building ever built.

text: The 524 feet (160 m) height of Lincoln Cathedral is disputed by some,[3] but accepted by most sources.[4][5][6][7][8][9] The completion date for the spire is given as 1311 rather than 1300 by some sources.[10] Also the 489 feet (149 m) height of the spire of Old St Paul's Cathedral, destroyed by lightning in 1561, is disputed, for example Christopher Wren (1632–1723) judged that an overestimate and gave a height of 460 feet (140 m).[11]

text: The spire of Mole Antonelliana in Turin, completed in 1889, is claimed to have been 167.5 metres (550 ft) tall;[12] however, the upper part of the structure was destroyed by a 1953 tornado and rebuilt. If the original spire was 167.5 metres tall, then the Mole Antonelliana was the world's tallest building from 1889 to 1908, surpassing Philadelphia City Hall by just 0.5 metres (2 ft).

text: Skyscrapers[edit]

text: The buildings that were the tallest secular skyscrapers, which excludes religious buildings, were:

text:
Years tallest

Name

Location

Height

Increase

1797–1885

Ditherington Flax Mill

 Shrewsbury

16 metres (52 ft)

0

1885–1890

Home Insurance Building

 Chicago

42 metres (138 ft)

162.5%

1890–1894

New York World Building

 New York

94 metres (308 ft)

123.8%

1894–1908

Philadelphia City Hall

 Philadelphia

167 metres (548 ft)

77.7%

text: Tallest buildings (from 1908)[edit]

text:
Years tallest

Name

Location

Height

Increase

1908–1909

Singer Building

 New York City

186.57 metres (612.1 ft)

11.7%

1909–1913

Metropolitan Life Tower

 New York City

213.36 metres (700.0 ft)

14.4%

1913–1930

Woolworth Building

 New York City

241.4 metres (792 ft)

13.1%

1930

Bank of Manhattan Trust Building

 New York City

283 metres (928 ft)

17.2%

1930–1931

Chrysler Building

 New York City

318.8 metres (1,046 ft)

12.65%

1931–1972

Empire State Building

 New York City

381 metres (1,250 ft)

19.5%

1972–1974

1 World Trade Center

 New York City

417 metres (1,368 ft)

9.45%

1974–1998

Sears Tower

 Chicago

442 metres (1,450 ft)

6%

1998–2004

Petronas Towers

 Kuala Lumpur

451.9 metres (1,483 ft)

2.24%

2004–2010

Taipei 101

 Taipei

509.2 metres (1,671 ft)

12.68%

2010–present

Burj Khalifa

 Dubai

828 metres (2,717 ft)

62.61%

text: The list of tallest buildings is based on the default metric of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), that of measuring to the highest architectural element. Other criteria would generate a different list. Shanghai World Financial Center is not on the above list, but it surpassed Taipei 101 in 2008 to become the building with the highest occupied floor. Using the criteria of highest tip (including antennae), the World Trade Center in New York City was the world's tallest building from 1972 to 2000, until the Sears Tower in Chicago (which already had a higher occupied floor than the World Trade Center) had its antenna extended to give that building the world's tallest tip; a title it held until the 2010 completion of Burj Khalifa. Petronas Towers and Taipei 101 were never the world's tallest buildings by the highest–tip criteria.

text: Since 2010, Burj Khalifa has been the tallest building by any criteria. It has the highest architectural element, tip and occupied floor, and is indeed the tallest structure of any kind ever built, surpassing the (now destroyed) 646.38 metres (2,120.7 ft) Warsaw Radio Mast.

text: Since the completion of the Washington Monument in 1884, the world's tallest building has not usually also been the world's tallest structure. The exceptions are 1930–1954, when the Chrysler Building and then the Empire State building surpassed the Eiffel Tower (to be surpassed in turn by a succession of broadcast masts, starting with the Griffin Television Tower in Oklahoma), and from 2010 with the completion of Burj Khalifa.

text: Charts[edit]

text: In this chart, time progresses from right to left. Note the early buildings that lost the title as their spires collapsed.

text: History of increment in height of skyscrapers[edit]

text: After the construction of the Home Insurance Building in Chicago in the 19th century, the incrementation in the height of skyscrapers began with the construction of the Chrysler Building, followed by the Empire State Building, in New York City. The Chrysler Building was the first building in the world to break the 300 metres (984 ft) barrier, and the Empire State Building was the first building to have more than 100 floors. It stands at 381 metres (1,250 ft) and has 102 floors. The next tallest skyscraper was the World Trade Center, which was completed in 1971. The north tower was 417 m (1,368 ft) and the south 415 m (1,362 ft) tall. It surpassed the height of the Empire State Building by 36 m (118 ft). Two years later the Sears Tower was built in Chicago, standing at 442 m (1,450 ft) with 110 floors, surpassing the height of the World Trade Center by 25 metres (82 ft). The Petronas Towers rose 10 meters above the Sears Tower, standing at a height of 452 m (1,483 ft) and each having 88 floors.

text: In 2004, the construction of Taipei 101 brought the height of skyscrapers to a new level, standing at 509 m (1,670 ft) with 101 floors. It is 59 metres (194 ft) taller than the previous record holders, the Petronas Towers. Burj Khalifa surpassed the height of Taipei 101 by 319 metres (1,047 ft) in 2009, making it 60% taller.[13] It has broken several skyscraper records, and it is almost twice as tall as the Empire State Building. Burj Khalifa has also broken the record of the world's tallest structure.

text: NOTE: The CTBUH defines a building as a supertall if it is 300 metres (984 ft) or taller.[14]

text: History of supertall skyscrapers by location[edit]

text: Since the early skyscraper boom that took place in North America, the significant number of skyscrapers in North America have dominated the 100 tallest buildings in the world. In 1930, 99 of the 100 tallest buildings in the world were located in North America. In the future, this percentage is expected to decline to only 22 percent.[13] The predominance of skyscrapers in North America is decreasing due to skyscraper construction in other parts of the world, especially in Asia.

text: In Asia, there has been an increase in the number of supertall skyscrapers beginning with the construction of Petronas Twin Towers. There are currently sixty buildings in the world's 100 tallest that are located in Asia (including  the Middle East).

text: Increment in usage of skyscrapers[edit]

text:
Since the skyscraper boom, the great majority of skyscrapers in the world were used predominantly as office space. From 1930 to 2000 the percentage of office towers never fell below 86 percent, but in the future it is expected to be as low as 46 percent.[13] In 2010 less than half of the 100 tallest buildings in the world were office towers with the majority utilized as residential and mixed use.[13]
Today, only four out of the ten tallest buildings in the world, and twenty eight out of the fifty tallest in the world, are used primarily as offices.[15]

text: A mixed-use tall building contains two or more functions (uses), where each of the functions occupies a significant proportion of the tower's total space[A]. Support areas such as car parks and mechanical plant space do not contribute towards mixed-use status.[14]

text: Skyscrapers used as hotels and as residential space are generally smaller. There are only a few super tall skyscrapers of that type among the 100 tallest skyscrapers in the world. The tallest residential building in the world is 432 Park Avenue.[citation needed] There are few supertall hotel skyscrapers in the world.[citation needed] The Emirates Park Towers Hotel & Spa, Rose Tower and Burj Al Arab are the only three supertall hotels standing, while the topped-out Emirates Park Towers Hotel & Spa is currently the tallest hotel in the world at 377 m (1,237 ft).[citation needed]