document_title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

question_text: who set up fort defiance and then later named it glenwood springs

question_tokens: who set up fort defiance and then later named it glenwood springs

text: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: History[edit]

text: Glenwood Springs was originally known as "Defiance", a name sometimes still used by local teams or businesses. Defiance was established in 1883, a camp of tents, saloons, and brothels with an increasing amount of cabins and lodging establishments. It was populated with the expected crowd of gamblers, gunslingers, and prostitutes. Town Founder Isaac Cooper's wife Sarah was having a hard time adjusting to the frontier life and, in an attempt to make her environment somewhat more comfortable, persuaded the founders to change the name to Glenwood Springs, Colorado, after her beloved hometown of Glenwood, Iowa.[14]

text: The location of Glenwood Springs, as well as gaining a stop on the railroad, rapidly made it a center of commerce in the area. The city has seen famous visitors, including President Teddy Roosevelt, who spent an entire summer vacation living out of the historic Hotel Colorado. Doc Holliday, a wild west legend from the O.K. Corral gunfight, spent the final months of his life in Glenwood Springs and is buried in the town's original Pioneer Cemetery above Bennett Avenue. Kid Curry is buried in the same location. Infamous serial killer Ted Bundy was imprisoned in the Glenwood Springs jail until he escaped on the night of December 30, 1977, an escape which went undetected for 17 hours.[15]

text: Glenwood Springs was one of the first places in the United States to have electric lights. The original lighting was installed in 1897 inside of the Fairy Caves in Iron Mountain. Later, a dam was built in Glenwood Canyon, providing water for the Shoshone power plant. The plant began producing power on May 16, 1909, and retains the largest and oldest water rights to the Colorado River,[16] the "Shoshone Call",[17] which is now far more valuable for the protection of Colorado River water rather than the minimal electricity produced.[18]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Glenwood Springs is located in the narrow mountain valleys that host the confluence of the Colorado River and the Roaring Fork River. The surrounding terrain is steeply contoured on all sides, with numerous caves to be found.[19] Extensive geothermal resources exist in the area, most famously manifest in the local hot springs, but also evidenced through other features such as the Dotsero maar. Occasional proposals to leverage the geothermal energy for other purposes arise.[20] Glenwood Springs has experienced several significant mudslides throughout its history, a threat mitigated somewhat by public works.[21]

text: Glenwood Springs is one of the most walkable towns in America, a distinction that has been recognized by PBS[22] and Walking Magazine,[23] including in the Walking Town Hall of Fame.[24] Though the town's dense amenities and constrained geography make Glenwood Springs a natural environment for pedestrians and cyclists, the extensive trails running throughout[25] and around the city[26] resulted from a renaissance that began in the 1980s in response to congestion and traffic.[27]

text: Due to assertive planning by city management during the early years of the city, Glenwood Springs owns some of the most senior water rights to tributaries of the Colorado River.[28] Despite very little risk of water supply inadequacy, unlike most of the American West, conservation plans have been enacted anyway for largely environmental reasons. Supply is so ample that the city has an incomplete understanding of its own water rights.[29] The town's drinking water is supplied primarily through senior rights to major watersheds in the Flat Tops Wilderness Area, and the tap water is generally of excellent quality.[30]

text: Extensive mineral deposits exist further up the Crystal River and the Roaring Fork, and petroleum resources are ample in western Garfield County,[31] bringing significant tax revenue to Glenwood Springs. However, Glenwood Springs itself lies outside of the Colorado Mineral Belt, and there are no mineral or oil and gas sources near Glenwood Springs proper or its watersheds.[31] While the paucity of minerals and oil was disastrous for early miners hoping to strike it rich, modern Glenwood Springs has none of the typical Colorado mountain town legacy of resource extraction,[32] boasting pristine air,[33] water, and land.[34] Valley inversions and heavy traffic to Aspen can lead to air quality issues during exceptionally cold spells of winter.

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Glenwood Springs has a total area of 5.7 square miles (14.7 km2), of which 0.01 square miles (0.02 km2), or 0.16%, is water.[10]

text: Climate[edit]

text: Glenwood Springs has a generally mild and semi-arid climate, much more consistently stable than that of the Front Range and most of Colorado, though still decidedly continental and prone to periods of extreme weather. Microclimates dominate Glenwood Springs, with areas close to the rivers often much more damp and cool than hillsides.

text:
[hide]Climate data for Glenwood Springs (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1893–present)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
60
(16)
67
(19)
79
(26)
88
(31)
95
(35)
102
(39)
102
(39)
100
(38)
100
(38)
88
(31)
80
(27)
65
(18)
102
(39)

Average high °F (°C)
35.5
(1.9)
41.0
(5)
51.5
(10.8)
59.4
(15.2)
69.8
(21)
81.0
(27.2)
87.3
(30.7)
85.1
(29.5)
76.2
(24.6)
63.8
(17.7)
47.2
(8.4)
35.4
(1.9)
61.2
(16.2)

Average low °F (°C)
13.4
(−10.3)
18.5
(−7.5)
26.6
(−3)
32.1
(0.1)
39.2
(4)
46.0
(7.8)
52.8
(11.6)
52.0
(11.1)
43.6
(6.4)
33.2
(0.7)
23.9
(−4.5)
14.9
(−9.5)
33.1
(0.6)

Record low °F (°C)
−38
(−39)
−30
(−34)
−14
(−26)
2
(−17)
17
(−8)
27
(−3)
30
(−1)
28
(−2)
20
(−7)
10
(−12)
−12
(−24)
−22
(−30)
−38
(−39)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
1.49
(37.8)
1.10
(27.9)
1.42
(36.1)
1.52
(38.6)
1.79
(45.5)
1.07
(27.2)
1.07
(27.2)
1.27
(32.3)
1.95
(49.5)
1.85
(47)
1.34
(34)
1.28
(32.5)
17.15
(435.6)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
17.9
(45.5)
11.2
(28.4)
6.6
(16.8)
1.8
(4.6)
0.3
(0.8)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1.1
(2.8)
5.3
(13.5)
14.9
(37.8)
59.3
(150.6)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
8
7
8
8
7
5
6
8
7
6
6
8
84

Source: WRCC (temperature and precipitation data 1981–2010, snowfall 1893–2012)[35]

text: Cultivation[edit]

text: Local food production has seen a dramatic revival in recent years.[36] While not as consistently fecund as the extensive agricultural and viticultural areas at lower altitude such as Palisade, most types of fruit and vegetable grow very well in the light and soil if generously watered. Stonefruit such as cherries, peaches, and plums, pomaceous fruit such as apples and pears, and grapes are especially suited.

text: Apples and peaches from the nearby town of Silt won first place at the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904,[37] and strawberries thrived so well that Glenwood Springs' largest festival[38] was inaugurated as Strawberry Days[39] in 1898.[37] Just a few miles upvalley, Carbondale became legendary for its potatoes.[37]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1890
920

—

1900
1,350

46.7%

1910
2,019

49.6%

1920
2,073

2.7%

1930
1,825

−12.0%

1940
2,253

23.5%

1950
2,412

7.1%

1960
3,637

50.8%

1970
4,106

12.9%

1980
4,637

12.9%

1990
6,561

41.5%

2000
7,736

17.9%

2010
9,614

24.3%

Est. 2016
9,997
[5]
4.0%

U.S. Decennial Census[40]

text: As of the census[41] of 2000, there were 7,736 people, 3,216 households, and 1,926 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,611 people per square mile (622.3/km²). There were 3,353 housing units at an average density of 698.5 per square mile (269.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 90.42% White, 0.23% African American, 0.71% Native American, 0.80% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 5.82% from other races, and 1.94% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.30% of the population. 13.9% were of German, 13.3% English, 12.9% Irish, 7.6% American and 7.0% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000.

text: There were 3,216 households out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.7% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.97.

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 23.1% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 33.3% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 103.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.7 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $43,934, and the median income for a family was $52,903. Males had a median income of $38,506 versus $29,272 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,449. About 3.5% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.

text: Despite being an expensive area in which to live, Glenwood Springs has the highest life expectancy in America for 40-year-olds making working wages.[42][43]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Glenwood Springs' economy has centered on hospitality for vacationers since its foundation, unlike many of Colorado's mountain towns, which were generally settled for mining or railroad purposes. While early railroad access and inclusion on main lines and proximity to Aspen certainly catalyzed the city's growth, Glenwood Springs consistently attracted visitors, and thus never really experienced the bust or quiet years most mountain towns endured.

text: Much of this tourism, particularly during the summer months, typically involves local outdoor sports or the amenities of the town. In the winter, the proximity of Glenwood Springs to multiple major ski resorts and its hot springs draw visitors as well. Autumn is scenic as the gambel oaks studding the hillsides change color, and spring brings a tide of violas and other flowers, particularly bulbs, from traditional daffodils to native sego lilies.

text: Historically, Glenwood Springs has been most visited by residents of other parts of Colorado, but tourism from the rest of America and the world has been the most rapid source of growth recently.[44] Excellent connectivity is provided throughout town[45] by a local fiber-optic loop[46] with multiple uplinks due to Glenwood's railroad heritage.

text: Glenwood Springs also serves as a bedroom community for Aspen and Vail, while many people who work in Glenwood Springs in turn live further down the Colorado River. Due to severe geographic constraints,[29] if further population growth is to be accommodated, it must come primarily from multifamily infill development.[47]

text: Bloomberg Business named Glenwood Springs the 7th wealthiest small town in America in 2015,[48][49] due principally to the influence of Aspen. Glenwood Springs and Aspen share a micropolitan statistical area, and businesses often serve the entire Valley, including a consolidated multiple listing service.[50] Many small businesses start in the area due to the ambient wealth and a strong preference for local business, but they typically relocate to larger metropolitan areas after successful growth leads to needs for more affordable labor and physical resources.[51]

text: Education[edit]

text: Glenwood Springs is the headquarters of the Roaring Fork RE-1 school district and the Colorado Mountain College. In all, the city has 5 public K-12 schools: Glenwood Springs High School, Yampah Mountain High School (an alternative school not part of RE-1), Glenwood Springs Middle School, Glenwood Springs Elementary School, and Sopris Elementary School. St. Stephen's Catholic School, which was founded in 1982, is K-8.

text: Yampah High was a finalist for a $10M grant from XQ Super Schools, a philanthropic project run by the widow of Steve Jobs.[52]

text: Media[edit]

text: Glenwood Springs' principal news source is the Post Independent,[53] a local daily newspaper created by the merger of the Glenwood Post, with a colorful history stretching back in various forms to 1889,[54] and a newer competitor, the Glenwood Independent. It has received numerous awards over the years,[55] including the 2016 American Society of News Editors' Osborne Award for Editorial Leadership.[56] The newspaper and many of its reporters have been recognized by the Colorado Associated Press for a variety of distinctions.[57]

text: KMTS[58] provides local country radio along the Colorado River, and KSNO[59] serves the Roaring Fork Valley.

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Amtrak and other rail[edit]

text: Amtrak's California Zephyr, operating daily in both directions between Chicago and Emeryville, California, serves Glenwood Springs, the second busiest station in Colorado, behind only Denver's Union Station.[60] The first commercially successful dome cars were built for the Zephyr family, inspired by Glenwood Canyon.[61]

text: Due to the scenery, timetables designed for maximum sunlight in Glenwood Canyon, the proximity of downtown, and the sheer volume of local tourism, Glenwood Springs receives more passenger traffic than many major cities on the Zephyr line, including Lincoln, Omaha,[62] Grand Junction,[60] and Salt Lake City.[63]

text: The Zephyr takes a scenic route through the mountains between Denver and Glenwood Springs. Much of the route follows the Colorado River and is away from roads and major development. Part of the route near Glenwood Springs was used for locations in the 1995 action movie Under Siege 2: Dark Territory, starring Steven Seagal.

text: The local transportation authority is Roaring Fork Transportation Authority (RFTA, pronounced "rafta"). RFTA retains ownership of the land previously used for rail traffic to Aspen,[64] a source of occasional consternation in balancing development needs.[65] Proposals to introduce light rail to the Valley were almost realized[66] but were not found economically feasible.[67] VelociRFTA service described below currently serves the role well,[68] but RFTA remains committed to realizing the light-rail vision.[69]

text: Bus[edit]

text: RFTA provides bus transit in Glenwood Springs and throughout the Roaring Fork Valley. VelociRFTA(pronounced "Veloci-rafta", a pun on velociraptor) BRT service, the first rural BRT in the United States, began in September 2013, offering connections between south Glenwood Springs and Aspen roughly every 15 minutes with a 60-minute total travel time.

text: The city also operates an intracity bus service, Ride Glenwood.[70] Ride Glenwood offers a main route from the west side of town along the 6&24 corridor, through downtown, to the south part of Glenwood along Hwy 82.

text: A free shuttle runs between the Hotel Colorado and the Hot Springs at Olive & 6th to 8th & Cooper and Centennial Park every 20 minutes from 9:00 AM to 11:00 PM while construction on the new pedestrian walkway over the Colorado River is underway.[71]

text: Greyhound Lines stops in Glenwood Springs on trips between New York and Las Vegas twice per day and Denver and Las Vegas once per day.[72]

text: Daily[73] bus service named the Bustang[74][75] runs between Glenwood Springs and Denver operated by CDOT.[76] Amenities include free Wi-Fi and electricity and restrooms. Direct connection to Denver International Airport through commuter rail is available at the drop-off point in Union Station.[77]

text: Automobile[edit]

text: Glenwood Springs lies along I-70 at exit 116 (main exit), about 150 miles (240 km) west of Denver and 85 miles (137 km) east of Grand Junction. I-70 is one of the main east-west routes through the Rocky Mountains. Colorado State Highway 82 leads southeast from Glenwood Springs up the Roaring Fork Valley 12 miles (19 km) to Carbondale and 41 miles (66 km) to Aspen.

text: Airport[edit]

text: Glenwood Springs Airport, a municipal airport, was built in the early 1940s. Its airport code is KGWS. The airport was also named the 4th most challenging mountain airport by the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA). The main reasons cited were the airport's mountainous location, the runway, and the unpredictable wind gusts, which caused a crash in 2007. In 2004 a Cessna crashed into an apartment near the airport due to engine problems.

text: Recreation[edit]

text: Glenwood Springs has always been famous principally for outdoor recreation, today joined by cultural facilities[78] and the emergence of Glenwood Springs and the Roaring Fork Valley as a whole as a gastronomical destination[79] for foodies.[80] Activities include whitewater rafting, kayaking, caving, cycling, rock climbing, horseback riding, all-terrain vehicle (ATV) tours, off-road Hummer tours, Segway tours, tandem paragliding flights, world-class fishing, and lodge stays in Glenwood Canyon. Outfitters are available to help visitors arrange activities.

text: Hot Springs[edit]

text: The primary draw of Glenwood Springs for over a hundred years has been the numerous hot springs in the area.[81] Colorado is making a broader effort to advertise its hot springs after surveys demonstrated the high value visitors place on hot mineral waters.[citation needed]

text: Glenwood Hot Springs is the largest hot springs facility in town, centrally located across the Colorado River from downtown. The large pool is kept at 93 °F (34 °C) year round and is the world's largest hot mineral springs pool. The smaller "Therapy Pool" averages 104 °F (40 °C) year round, preferred by some for its higher mineral content. There is a 107-room lodge, which includes unlimited access to the hot springs and a full hot breakfast for all guests. Spa of the Rockies is an award-winning mineral spa that specializes in natural, mineral based treatments. Other amenities include a full-service athletic club, gift shop and restaurant. Two waterslides, mini golf, and a cold water kiddy pool are open during the warmer months.

text: Yampah Hot Springs vapor caves are historic underground steam baths. They are over 100 years old and were used by the Ute Indians as a source of rejuvenation and healing. Today, the vapor caves consist of three adjoining underground rock chambers. Cave temperatures average 110 to 112 °F (43 to 44 °C). The hot springs and mineral caves are tourist attractions and were a main reason for the settlement of Glenwood Springs.

text: Iron Mountain Hot Springs offers a complimentary experience with smaller pools in a more intimate setting. The underlying geothermal resources and land have been developed and closed several times.[82] The present business opened in 2015.

text: Skiing[edit]

text: Sunlight Mountain Resort is the hometown hill for Glenwood Springs, operating a brick and mortar store for lift tickets, rentals, repairs, and equipment in downtown Glenwood. The ski resort itself lies 12 miles (19 km) south of town on County Road 117, also known as Four Mile Road. Sunlight Mountain Resort is most well-known to families[83] due to a variety of terrain that all leads to a single main base. It offers excellent cross-country skiing in a large groomed Nordic area, sharing the spectacular scenery and dense aspen trees that mark other, better-known resorts in the area. There are multiple very steep open grove runs for experts who enjoy tree skiing and powder.[84]

text: Other ski areas such as Aspen, Beaver Creek, and Vail are farther away, but Glenwood Springs is still frequently selected as a home base for visitors to these other resorts due to the hot springs, cultural and dining options, and cheaper lodging in the winter.

text: Rafting, kayaking, and fishing[edit]

text: Two of the largest rivers in Colorado, the Colorado River and the Roaring Fork River, converge in Glenwood Springs. Both are used extensively for recreation by locals, visitors and commercial outfitters. The waters of the Roaring Fork flowing through Glenwood Springs proper are "Gold Medal" fishing waters,[85] formally so designated by Colorado Parks and Wildlife.

text: The natural diversity in terrain and gradient of Glenwood Canyon and many local watersheds provides options for most watercraft users' skill levels. The Roaring Fork river provides a relaxing float trip with very few class 2 rapids. The Colorado River starting at Grizzly Creek is also a tame class 2 float. Running the Colorado from the Shoshone put-in provides a more adrenaline-loaded experience on upper class 3 rapids. Different times of year will accommodate different skill levels, with spring run-off making the rivers vastly more wild, while the rivers are often lackadaisical during the autumn and frozen over completely in the winter.

text: There is a dedicated Glenwood Whitewater Park[86] that was developed in the river near Midland Avenue to provide features and terrain for stationary wave surfing, kayaking, and more.

text: Paragliding[edit]

text: Paragliding is a popular summer and shoulder season morning activity in Glenwood Springs, with supportive and generally reliable air currents and extraordinary views with terrain that stretches more than 2 kilometers above the valley floor visible in multiple directions. There are three different launch points offered on two different mountains in town. Five more sites are available within a less-than-40 minute radius.

text: Mountain biking[edit]

text: While Carbondale, just upvalley, is already well known as a premiere mountain biking destination, Glenwood Springs has its own ambitious plans to make the rugged terrain surrounding town available to riders.[87] There are already many famous mountain bike trails in the Roaring Fork Valley, most requiring significant fitness and stamina for full enjoyment due to the steep slopes and rocky outcroppings.[88]

text: Some favored routes for locals are the Forest Hollow Trail, winding along the rim above Glenwood Canyon, and the Scout Trail, an extreme drop from the canyon rim into downtown Glenwood. The Jeanne Golay or Red Mountain Trail is a dirt trail up Red Mountain with constant, intense vertical gain that locals use for training and exercise.

text: Golf[edit]

text: Glenwood Springs is home to a 9-hole golf course referred to by locals as "The Hill" and is within driving distance of mountain golf. One golf club received Golf Magazine's "Best of America's New Courses" list. Several larger courses, most notably including River Valley Ranch[89] and Ironbridge,[90] sprawl through some of the mountain valleys around Glenwood Springs and Carbondale.

text: There are several local putt-putt golf facilities that generally only open in the summer.[91]

text: Bike trails[edit]

text: Two exceptionally[92] beautiful and long trails host Glenwood Springs as one of the endpoints.

text: The Glenwood Canyon Recreational Trail[93] winds 16 miles (26 km) through Glenwood Canyon sandwiched between the canyon walls and the Colorado River. It is suitable for families and recreational riders, with several access points and rest areas along the way.

text: The Rio Grande Trail[94] runs roughly 41 miles (66 km) along the former local Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, reaching all the way to Aspen in a highly successful rails-to-trails project featured by the Rails-to-Trails Conservancy as the Trail of the Month in April 2016.[95]

text: Beyond these primary trails, scores of connector trails[26] and designated bike paths[25] exist in the city and throughout the surrounding region. Bike rentals and shuttles are available at several outfitters in town. The network of trails offers several loops within the city, including some that tour the rivers.

text: Glenwood Caverns[edit]

text: Glenwood Caverns Adventure Park is a moderate-sized amusement park aimed at visitors of all ages.[96] A tram takes visitors up to an extensive system of caverns historically known as the "Fairy Caves", now known as the Glenwood Caverns. Bus transport is available as a backup on windy days. The rides and the tramway are faintly visible throughout the city.

text: Principal attractions are the caverns and a number of imported thrill rides, including an alpine coaster, the Giant Canyon Swing, which spins riders out over the cliff-edge of Glenwood Canyon to reflect on the Colorado River some 1300 ft below, and the Cliffhanger, a roller coaster which is literally bolted to the mountain.[97] More gentle experiences such as laser tag, lunch, and rides for small children are hosted at the top of the tramway.

text: The Glenwood Caverns themselves are a complex cave system that winds throughout Iron Mountain, eventually connecting to the same hydrothermal features that power the hot springs. A guided walking cave tour will take you through the cave system to see places like Kings Row, the most highly decorated cave room in Colorado, and the Barn, the second largest cave room in Colorado. Challenging and authentic guided caving experiences are available as well.

text: Glenwood Vaudeville Revue[edit]

text: The Glenwood Vaudeville Revue is a two-hour professional dinner theater show performing comedy skits, dances, and songs for audiences of all ages.[98] An old downtown movie theater was purchased and renovated into a dedicated performance venue.[99] The revue has been in professional performance since 2009.[100]

text: Hanging Lake[edit]

text: Hanging Lake is located in Glenwood Canyon about 7 miles (11 km) east of Glenwood Springs. The lake is reached via a trailhead located near I-70 in the bottom of the canyon. In the summer of 2010 the boardwalk at the lake was replaced. The trail to the lake itself is fairly strenuous, but the trailhead is easily accessible so long as parking is available. Cars regularly fill the lot all the way to the highway during most times of year.

text: Preservation of the lake's unique beauty is becoming a struggle against rapidly rising levels of visitation.[101] Plans are currently underway to provide alternative transportation options, study capacity limitations, and gauge other mechanisms to reduce the impact of visitation while still sharing the lake with a maximum number of visitors.[102]

text: Off-roading[edit]

text: The unique geography of Glenwood Springs, etched deep into the surrounding terrain by the confluence of the rivers, provides hundreds of miles of off-road trails minutes from downtown.

text: The most popular trail near Glenwood Springs is called the Transfer Trail. This trail starts on the base of Iron Mountain and travels on the Flat Tops going near many clear mountain lakes and hidden caves. The Transfer Trail was once a primary access route to Glenwood Springs when Glenwood Canyon was considered largely impassible. The Flat Tops still host the ghost town of Carbonate at 10,783 ft of elevation, the first county seat of Garfield County.[37]

text: Downtown Market[edit]

text: One of many festivals and markets hosted by Glenwood Springs throughout the year, the Downtown Market farmers' market occurs every Tuesday throughout the summer months. Vendors offer locally grown and Colorado made products, primarily foodstuffs and crafts and wares. Cooking demonstrations and musical performances are sometimes arranged in a small nearby park.

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Kid Curry — Wild West outlaw and gunman
Doc Holliday — Wild West gunfighter, gambler, and dentist
Jim Irwin — U.S. Air Force Colonel and NASA astronaut; the eighth man to walk on the moon
Jack P. Juhan — U.S. Marine Corps Major general, who served in World War II and Korean War.
Bobby Julich — bike racer and silver medalist at the 2004 Athens Olympics
Scott McInnis — former U.S. congressman from Colorado
Blake Neubert — artist
Sarah Schleper — Alpine skier
John David Vanderhoof — former Colorado governor
Mary Linda Clapham — Miss Colorado Universe 1957


document_title: Samsung Galaxy Core Prime

question_text: when did the samsung galaxy core prime come out

root

text: Samsung Galaxy Core Prime

text:
Samsung Galaxy Core Prime on display

Brand
Samsung Galaxy

Manufacturer
Samsung Electronics

Series
Samsung Galaxy Core

Model

SM-G360H
SM-G360BT SM-G360V

Compatible networks
(GSM/GPRS/EDGE): 850, 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz;
3G (HSPA 42.2/5.76 Mbit/s): HSDPA 850/‒900/‒1900/‒2100 MHz;
4G LTE (Cat4 150/50 Mbit/s): 700, 800, 850, 900, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, and 2600 MHz

First released
November 2014; 3 years ago (2014-11)

Predecessor
Samsung Galaxy Core II

Type
Touchscreen smartphone

Dimensions
130.8 mm (5.15 in) H
67.9 mm (2.67 in) W
8.8 mm (0.35 in) D

Weight
130 g (4.6 oz)

Operating system
Android 4.4.4 KitKat
upgradable to Android Lollipop 5.0.2[1][2][3][4] or 5.1.1[5][6][7]

System on chip
Qualcomm Snapdragon MSM8916 410
Spreadtrum SC8830 (SM-G360H)

CPU
ARM-A7 1.2 GHz quad-core CPU (SM-G360H)

GPU
Adreno 306
Mali-400MP (SM-360H)

Memory
1 GB RAM

Storage
8 GB

Removable storage
microSD, microSDXC up to 128 GB

Battery
2000 mAh Li-ion

Data inputs
Accelerometer
Proximity sensor

Display
4.5 in (110 mm) 480×800 px (207 dpi)

Rear camera
5 Megapixel with LED flash

Front camera
2 Megapixel

Website
Official Website

tag: table

text: The Samsung Galaxy Core Prime (also known as the Galaxy Prevail LTE in Boost Mobile) is an Android smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The Galaxy Core Prime features a 4.5 in (110 mm) WVGA display, 4G LTE connectivity and Android Kitkat 4.4.4.[8] Some variants can be upgraded to Lollipop 5.0.2[1][2][3][4] or Lollipop 5.1.1.[5][6][7] The 4G version of Samsung Galaxy Core Prime (SM-360FY/DS) was launched on 2 June 2015.[9]

tag: p

text: In Brazil, Core Prime is marketed under the name Win 2, a model optionally with Digital TV.[10]

text: Specifications[edit]

text:
Optional Dual SIM
4.5" 480 x 800 TFT display with 207dpi (xdpi: 197, ydpi: 192)
Android OS version 4.4.4 KitKat available to update to Lollipop 5.0.2 or 5.1.1 operating system with TouchWiz UI
Quad-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A53 processor
Adreno 306/Mali 400MP GPU
1 GB of RAM
Snapdragon 410 chipset/Spreadtrum SC8830
8 GB built-in storage, microSD card slot (up to 128 GB)
5 MP camera with LED flash, 720p video recording, 2MP front-facing camera
Cat. 4 LTE (150/50Mbit/s); Wi-Fi b/g/n; Bluetooth 4.0; NFC; GPS; microUSB, FM radio
2,000 mAh battery.

tag: ul


document_title: A Hazy Shade of Winter

question_text: meaning of the song hazy shade of winter

text: A Hazy Shade of Winter

text: Background[edit]

text: The duo recorded "A Hazy Shade of Winter" during the sessions for Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme (1966), but the song was not included on an album until 1968's Bookends.[2]

text: Composition[edit]

text: "A Hazy Shade of Winter" follows a more rock-tinged sound, with a fairly straightforward verse-refrain structure.[3] The song dates back to Simon's days in England in 1965. The song follows a hopeless poet, with "manuscripts of unpublished rhyme", unsure of his achievements in life.[3]

text: The lyrics recall the transition from fall to winter, as suggested by the repetition of the final chorus of the song:

text: Author and disc jockey Pete Fornatale considered the lyrics evocative of, and standing in contrast with, those of John Phillips' "California Dreamin'".[5][6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Decades later, Allmusic critic Richie Unterberger described the song as "one of [Simon and Garfunkel's] best songs, and certainly one of the toughest and more rock-oriented".[5]

text: Chart history[edit]

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1966)

Peakposition

New Zealand  (Listener)[7]

14

UK Singles Chart[8]

30

US Billboard Hot 100

13

text: The Bangles version[edit]

text:
"Hazy Shade of Winter"
Single by the Banglesfrom the album Less Than ZeroReleased
November 1987Format
7" single12" maxi, CD singleGenre
Hard rockLength
2:46Label
Def Jam RecordingsSongwriter(s)
Paul SimonProducer(s)
Rick Rubinthe Bangles singles chronology

"Following" (1987)

"Hazy Shade of Winter" (1987)

"In Your Room" (1988)

"Following"(1987)

"Hazy Shade of Winter"(1987)

"In Your Room"(1988)

Audio sample
"Hazy Shade Of Winter"filehelp
Music video
"Hazy Shade of Winter""Hazy Shade of Winter" (audio)on YouTube

text: In 1987, the Bangles were approached to record a song for the soundtrack of the film Less Than Zero. They chose to record a cover of "A Hazy Shade of Winter", a song they had been performing live since at least as far back as March 1983.[9]

text: Their cover, simply titled "Hazy Shade of Winter", was a harder-edged rock song that removed most of the bridge section. The record, like the rest of the soundtrack album, was produced by Rick Rubin. After a fruitful but disappointing experience with the producer of their Different Light album, David Kahne, where they were given little input in the production of the songs, the group decided to take more control for the recording of this song, and they were given an additional producer credit. Michael Steele later commented that "we sounded the most on this record the way we actually sound live", and that "If we hadn't been so messed up as a band, it could have been a turning point for us."[10]

text: Lead vocals were performed jointly by all four members of the group, with a short solo led by Susanna Hoffs towards the end of the song. This was a rare occurrence in the Bangles songs, as they mostly had just one member singing lead on their songs. Due to pressure from their record label, the Bangles removed the verse from the original song that contained the line "drinking my vodka and lime". According to liner notes on the Soundtrack album, Steve Bartek from the band Oingo Boingo played acoustic guitar on the track.

text: When released as a single in November 1987, "Hazy Shade of Winter" became a huge hit, surpassing the popularity of the original version, peaking at #2 on the Billboard Hot 100, behind Tiffany's "Could've Been", and also #11 in the UK. It was also a hit around Europe.

text: The music video for the song showed the band singing in a studio surrounded by television screens on the walls, similar to a scene of the Less Than Zero film. Scenes of the film also appear throughout the video.

text: "Hazy Shade of Winter" was not included on any of the band's studio albums, but later appeared on the band's first official Greatest Hits in 1990, and on many of the band's subsequent compilations. The accompanying Greatest Hits video compilation did not include the "Hazy Shade of Winter" video, due to complications with the licensing of the movie rights of the Less Than Zero scenes that appear on the video clip.

text: Chart history[edit]

text:
Chart (1987–1988)

Peakposition

U.S. Billboard Hot 100

2

U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales

37

Chart (1988)

Peakposition

UK Singles Chart[11]

11

Ireland Singles Chart

8

New Zealand Singles Chart

14

Canadian Singles Chart

3

Dutch Singles Chart

12

Australia (Kent Music Report)[12]

7

German Singles Chart

52


document_title: Christian cross

question_text: when was the cross first used in christianity

text: Christian cross

text: History of use[edit]

text: Pre-Christian[edit]

text: This section may stray from the topic of the article. Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page. (July 2016)

text: The cross-shaped sign, represented in its simplest form by a crossing of two lines at right angles, greatly predates the introduction of Christianity, in both East and West. It goes back to a very remote period of human civilization. It is supposed to have been used not just for its ornamental value, but also with religious significance.[2] It may have represented the apparatus used in kindling fire, and thus as the symbol of sacred fire or as a symbol of the sun, denoting its daily rotation. It has also been interpreted as the mystic representation of lightning or of the god of the tempest, or the emblem of the Aryan pantheon and the primitive Aryan civilization.[2]

text: Ankh

tag: div

text: Another associated symbol is the ansated cross (ankh or crux ansata) used in ancient Egypt. It was often depicted in the hands of the goddess Sekhmet, and as a hieroglyphic sign of life or of the living. Egyptian Christians (Copts) adopted it as the emblem of the cross.[2] In his book, The Worship of the Dead, Colonel J. Garnier wrote: "The cross in the form of the 'Crux Ansata' ... was carried in the hands of the Egyptian priests and Pontiff kings as the symbol of their authority as priests of the Sun god and was called 'the Sign of Life'."[3]

text: Ndj & nfr

text: Another Egyptian symbol is the Ndj (Cross-ndj (hieroglyph)) - Uses for the hieroglyph: 1— "to protect, guard, avenge", and "protector, advocate, avenger" 2— "homage to thee", (a form of salutation to gods) 3— "discuss a matter with someone", "to converse", "to take counsel". Yet another Egyptian symbol is the nfr - meaning: beauty or perfect.

text: In the Bronze Age a representation of the cross as conceived in Christian art appeared, and the form was popularised. The more precise characterization coincided with a corresponding general change in customs and beliefs. The cross then came into use in various forms on many objects: fibulas, cinctures, earthenware fragments, and on the bottom of drinking vessels. De Mortillet believed that such use of the sign was not merely ornamental, but rather a symbol of consecration, especially in the case of objects pertaining to burial. In the proto-Etruscan cemetery of Golasecca every tomb has a vase with a cross engraved on it. True crosses of more or less artistic design have been found in Tiryns, at Mycenæ, in Crete, and on a fibula from Vulci.[2]

text: According to W. E. Vine, the cross was used by worshipers of Tammuz, an Ancient Near East deity of Babylonian origin who had the cross-shaped taw (tau) as his symbol.[4]

text: Instrument of torture[edit]

text: John Pearson, Bishop of Chester (c. 1660) wrote in his commentary on the Apostles' Creed that the Greek word stauros originally signified "a straight standing Stake, Pale, or Palisador", but that, "when other transverse or prominent parts were added in a perfect Cross, it retained still the Original Name", and he declared: "The Form then of the Cross on which our Saviour suffered was not a simple, but a compounded, Figure, according to the Custom of the Romans, by whose Procurator he was condemned to die. In which there was not only a straight and erected piece of Wood fixed in the Earth, but also a transverse Beam fastned unto that towards the top thereof".[5]

text: [[File:KERALA - 87.jpg|thumb|cross from kerala

text: Early Christian[edit]

text: [[File:Spas vsederzhitel sinay.jpg|thumb|upright|The Sinai icon of Christ Pantocrator (6th century), showing Christ with a cruciform halo and holding a book adorned with a crux gemmata]] During the first two centuries of Christianity, the cross was rare in Christian iconography, as it depicts a purposely painful and gruesome method of public execution and Christians were reluctant to use it.[1] A symbol similar to the cross, the staurogram, was used to abbreviate the Greek word for cross in very early New Testament manuscripts such as P66, P45 and P75, almost like a nomen sacrum (nomina sacra).[6] The extensive adoption of the cross as Christian iconographic symbol arose from the 4th century.[7]

text: The earliest depiction of the Christian Cross may be the Herculaneum Cross which was found in the city of Herculaneum, which was entombed in pyroclastic material along with Pompeii during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. Another early depictions of the cross as a Christian symbol is the Alexamenos graffito.

text: However, the cross symbol was already associated with Christians in the 2nd century, as is indicated in the anti-Christian arguments cited in the Octavius[8] of Minucius Felix, chapters IX and XXIX, written at the end of that century or the beginning of the next,[9] and by the fact that by the early 3rd century the cross had become so closely associated with Christ that Clement of Alexandria, who died between 211 and 216, could without fear of ambiguity use the phrase τὸ κυριακὸν σημεῖον (the Lord's sign) to mean the cross, when he repeated the idea, current as early as the apocryphal Epistle of Barnabas, that the number 318 (in Greek numerals, ΤΙΗ) in Genesis 14:14 was interpreted as a foreshadowing (a "type") of the cross (T, an upright with crossbar, standing for 300) and of Jesus (ΙΗ, the first two letter of his name ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, standing for 18),[10] and his contemporary Tertullian could designate the body of Christian believers as crucis religiosi, i.e. "devotees of the Cross".[11] In his book De Corona, written in 204, Tertullian tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross.[12] The crucifix, a cross upon which an image of Christ is present, is not known to have been used until the 6th century AD.[13]

text: The Jewish Encyclopedia says:[14]

text: The cross as a Christian symbol or "seal" came into use at least as early as the second century (see "Apost. Const." iii. 17; Epistle of Barnabas, xi.-xii.; Justin, "Apologia," i. 55-60; "Dial. cum Tryph." 85-97); and the marking of a cross upon the forehead and the chest was regarded as a talisman against the powers of demons (Tertullian, "De Corona," iii.; Cyprian, "Testimonies," xi. 21–22; Lactantius, "Divinæ Institutiones," iv. 27, and elsewhere). Accordingly the Christian Fathers had to defend themselves, as early as the second century, against the charge of being worshipers of the cross, as may be learned from Tertullian, "Apologia," xii., xvii., and Minucius Felix, "Octavius," xxix. Christians used to swear by the power of the cross

text: In contemporary Christianity[edit]

text: In contemporary Christianity, the cross is a symbol of the atonement and reminds Christians of God's love in sacrificing his own son for humanity. It represents Jesus' victory over sin and death, since it is believed that through his death and resurrection he conquered death itself. See Colossians 2:15, "Having disarmed the powers and authorities, he made a public spectacle of them, triumphing over them by the cross.

text: Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, members of the major branches of Christianity with other adherents as Lutheranism, some Anglicans, and others often make the Sign of the Cross upon themselves. This was already a common Christian practice in the time of Tertullian.[15]

text: The Feast of the Cross is an important Christian feast. One of the twelve Great Feasts in Eastern Orthodoxy is the Exaltation of the Cross on September 14, which commemorates the consecration of the basilica on the site where the original cross of Jesus was reportedly discovered in 326 by Helena of Constantinople, mother of Constantine the Great. The Catholic Church celebrates the feast on the same day and under the same name (In Exaltatione Sanctae Crucis), though in English it has been called the feast of the Triumph of the Cross.

text: Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Anglican bishops place a cross [+] before their name when signing a document. The dagger symbol (†) placed after the name of a dead person (often with the date of death) is sometimes taken to be a Christian cross.[16]

text: Exclusion[edit]

text: Although Christians accepted that the cross was the gallows on which Jesus died,[17] they had already begun in the 2nd century to use it as a Christian symbol.[18] During the first three centuries of the Christian era the cross was "a symbol of minor importance" when compared to the prominence given to it later,[19] but by the second century it was nonetheless so closely associated with Christians that Tertullian could designate the body of Christian believers as crucis religiosi, i.e. "devotees of the Cross".[20] and it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross.[21] Martin Luther at the time of the Reformation retained the cross and crucifix in the Lutheran Church. Luther wrote: "The cross alone is our theology." He believed one knows God not through works but through suffering, the cross, and faith[need quotation to verify].[22]

text: The Protestant Reformation spurred a revival of iconoclasm, a wave of rejecting sacred images, which in some localities (such as England) included polemics against using the cross in worship. For example, during the 16th century, a minority of theologians in the Anglican and Reformed traditions Nicholas Ridley,[23] James Calfhill,[24] and Theodore Beza,[25] rejected practices that they described as cross worship. Considering it a form of idolatry, there was a dispute in 16th century England over the baptismal use of the sign of the cross and even the public use of crosses.[26] There were more active reactions to religious items that were thought as 'relics of Papacy', as happened for example in September 1641, when Sir Robert Harley, pulled down and destroyed the cross at Wigmore.[27] Writers during the 19th century indicating a pagan origin of the cross included Henry Dana Ward,[28] Mourant Brock,[29] and John Denham Parsons.[30] David Williams, writing of medieval images of monsters, says: "The disembodied phallus is also formed into a cross, which, before it became for Christianity the symbol of salvation, was a pagan symbol of fertility."[31] The study, Gods, Heroes & Kings: The Battle for Mythic Britain states: "Before the fourth century CE, the cross was not widely embraced as a sign of Christianity, symbolizing as it did the gallows of a criminal."[32]

text: Jehovah's Witnesses do not use the symbol of the cross in their worship, which they believe constitutes idolatry.[33] They believe that Jesus died on a single upright torture stake rather than a two-beam cross, arguing that the Greek term stauros indicated a single upright pole.[34] Although early Watch Tower Society publications associated with the Bible Student movement taught that Christ was executed on a cross, it no longer appeared on Watch Tower Society publications after the name Jehovah's witnesses was adopted in 1931,[35] and use of the cross was officially abandoned in 1936.[36]

text: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that Jesus died on a cross, however, their prophet Gordon B. Hinckley stated that "for us the cross is the symbol of the dying Christ, while our message is a declaration of the living Christ." When asked what was the symbol of his religion, Hinckley replied "the lives of our people must become the only meaningful expression of our faith and, in fact, therefore, the symbol of our worship."[37][38] Prophet Howard W. Hunter encouraged Latter-day Saints "to look to the temple of the Lord as the great symbol of your membership."[39] Images of LDS temples and the Angel Moroni (who is found in statue on most temples) are commonly used to symbolize the LDS faith.[40]

text: Notable individual crosses[edit]

text:
A wooden cross at Coventry Cathedral, constructed of the remnants of beams found after the Coventry Blitz

Cross of Sacrifice or War Cross, from a Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery

Cross in Valle de los Caídos near Madrid, the highest cross in the world

Kottakkavu Sliva, a Persian cross founded by Mar Sabor and Mar Proth, is preserved at Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Pilgrim Center, North Paravur, India.

The Millennium Cross in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, one of the biggest crosses in the world

The Cross on the Hill, a 199-foot (61 m) cross located in Bossier City, Louisiana

Tile cross from Rødtvet Church in Oslo, Norway, built in 1978

The Ruthwell Cross, a stone Anglo-Saxon cross located in Ruthwell, Dumfriesshire

The World Trade Center Cross rises from the World Trade Center wreckage.

The Cross in Melaten-Friedhof, Köln, Germany

Altar and cross in the Chapel at Callaway Gardens


document_title: Anne (TV series)

question_text: when is anne with an e set in

question_tokens: when is anne with an e set in

text: Anne (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: In the late 19th century, brother and sister Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert, both in their old age, decide to take on an orphan boy to help out around their ancestral farm of Green Gables, on the outskirts of the town of Avonlea, on Prince Edward Island. When Matthew goes to pick the child up at the railway station, he finds not a boy, but a high-spirited and talkative girl, Anne Shirley. At first, the Cuthberts are inclined to send her back, particularly after Marilla's brooch goes missing, and Anne, in despair, runs away. The family reconciles and Anne settles in her new home. Upon starting school, Anne once again displays boundless enthusiasm which is nevertheless easily turned into despair when things go wrong, which they often do. Slowly, her ebullient nature wins over those around her.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Amybeth McNulty as Anne Shirley[10]
Geraldine James as Marilla Cuthbert[10]
R. H. Thomson as Matthew Cuthbert[10]
Dalila Bela as Diana Barry[11]
Lucas Jade Zumann as Gilbert Blythe[12]
Aymeric Jett Montaz as Jerry Baynard[11]
Corrine Koslo as Rachel Lynde[11]
Dalmar Abuzeid as Sebastian "Bash" Lacroix (season 2)[13]
Cory Grüter-Andrew as Cole Mackenzie (season 2)[13]

text: Others[edit]

text:
Jonathan Holmes as Mr. William Barry
Dalmar Abuzeid as Sebastian Lacroix
Helen Johns as Mrs. Eliza Barry
Ryan Kiera Armstrong as Minnie May Barry
Deborah Grover as Josephine Barry
Wayne Best as John Blythe
Phillip Williams as Thomas Lynde
David Ingram as Mr. Harmon Andrews
Janet Porter as Mrs. Andrews
Christian Martyn as Billy Andrews
Lia Pappas-Kemps as Jane Andrews
Ella Jonas Farlinger as Prissy Andrews
Jim Annan as Mr. Gillis
Fiona Byrne as Mrs. Gillis
Kyla Matthews as Ruby Gillis
Jacob Ursomarzo as Moody Spurgeon
Stephen Tracey as Mr. Phillips
Miranda McKeon as Josie Pye
Glenna Walters as Tillie Boulter
Katelyn Wells as Mary Joe
Jacob Horsley as Charlie Sloane
Joanna Douglas as Miss Muriel Stacy
Trenna Keating as Mrs. Pye

text: Production[edit]

text: According to executive producer Miranda de Pencier, this adaptation of the novel has a different look and feel to past productions, aiming for a "documentary level of realism", as reflected in the extraordinary detail which has gone into the design of sets and costumes.[14]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Besides the show itself having a larger number of female characters than male, women serving as executive producer and showrunner, the series has several female directors.[15] For the second season, showrunner and scriptwriter Moira Walley-Beckett is joined by a team of women writers.[16]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Approximately 1800 girls on three continents auditioned for the role of Anne Shirley. Amybeth McNulty was chosen for her ability to deliver dialogue which is "incredibly thick and dynamic and beautiful", according to Miranda de Pencier. Walley-Beckett describes her as at once "luminous," transparent, smart, soulful and emotional.[15]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The series is filmed partially in Prince Edward Island as well as locations in Southern Ontario (including Millbrook[17] and Caledon).[18]

text: Music[edit]

text: The opening theme is the song "Ahead by a Century" performed and originally composed by Canadian band The Tragically Hip.[15]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Moira Walley-Beckett had this to say about her treatment, which is darker than the previous productions: "In this day and age, themes of identity, prejudice, bullying, being an outsider, searching for a way to be accepted and how to belong are entirely topical and super relevant, and those are themes that are built into the story of 'Anne.'" She went on to call Anne Shirley an "accidental feminist", and how she "really wanted to tell this story now."[15] For the second season, according to what she called her "master plan", Walley-Beckett introduced an entirely new character of her own, Bash,[13] to reflect the racial diversity present in and around Charlottetown at the time of the novel, with a view to representing a community absent from previous adaptations, achieving this by having Gilbert travel on a steamship and meet with the new character in Trinidad: "Bash is the vehicle to explore intolerance and inequality, even more when he goes to The Bog, when he learns that other black people live there."[19] Walley-Beckett explains: "The Bog is the community that's just outside of Charlottetown, where people of color were marginalized and had their own community there."

text: Broadcast and release[edit]

text: The series initially premiered on March 19, 2017, on CBC and aired on a weekly basis, the season finale airing on April 30, 2017.

text: The series debuted on Netflix on May 12, 2017, under the title Anne with an E.[20][21]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series Overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired17March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)April 30, 2017 (2017-04-30)210July 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)July 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateCan. viewers(millions)11"Your Will Shall Decide Your Destiny"Niki CaroMoira Walley-BeckettMarch 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)0.999[22]
When a miscommunication brings a girl, Anne Shirley, to Green Gables instead of a boy, Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert are faced with a life-changing decision.
22"I Am No Bird, and No Net Ensnares Me"Helen ShaverMoira Walley-BeckettMarch 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)0.780[23]
Hoping all is not lost, Matthew races to catch up with Anne while Marilla anxiously hopes and waits for their return to Green Gables.
33"But What Is So Headstrong as Youth?"Sandra GoldbacherMoira Walley-BeckettApril 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)0.994[24]
Anne is excited to begin school and make friends, but is unprepared for the bullying that occurs when she doesn't fit in. Marilla too, is testing new waters as she accepts an invitation to join a "Progressive Mothers" group.
44"An Inward Treasure is Born"David EvansMoira Walley-BeckettApril 9, 2017 (2017-04-09)0.654[25]
Anne is faced with the decision of whether or not to return to school. But a fire at the Gillis house and Anne's generous actions help her in her choice.
55"Tightly Knotted to a Similar String"Patricia RozemaMoira Walley-BeckettApril 16, 2017 (2017-04-16)N/A
Anne must deal with the inevitability of womanhood when she gets her first period. At the same time, Marilla and Matthew acclimatize to parenthood and revisit moments of their youth through Anne.
66"Remorse Is the Poison of Life"Paul FoxMoira Walley-BeckettApril 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)0.656[26]
When her little sister Minnie May becomes ill, Diana runs to Anne for help.  Meanwhile, the Blythe farm sees change, as Marilla is reminded of what she gave up and Matthew receives some unsettling news.
77"Wherever You Are Is My Home"Amanda TappingMoira Walley-BeckettApril 30, 2017 (2017-04-30)N/A
The Cuthberts vow to do whatever it takes to save the farm which reminds Anne of the strength of friendship and love.

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date [7]Can. viewers(millions)81"Youth is the Season of Hope"Helen ShaverMoira Walley-BeckettJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
The Cuthberts' boarders stir excitement with a question: Could there be gold in Avonlea? Elsewhere, Gilbert makes a new friend at sea.
92"Signs are Small Measurable Things, but Interpretations are Illimitable"Paul FoxShernold EdwardsJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
The steamer lands in Trinidad, bringing Bash face to face with his past. The Barrys get behind the gold rush, but Matthew and Marilla aren't so sure.
103"The True Seeing is Within"Ken GirottiKathryn Borel, Jr.July 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
An adventure away with the Barrys teaches Anne to trust her instincts. Marilla begins to suspect that her boarders aren’t as innocent as they seem.
114"The Painful Eagerness of Unfed Hope"Anne WheelerJane MaggsJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
Anne writes letters as an "agent of romance" while Diana trains at home to be a lady. A life-changing encounter steers Gilbert toward his destiny.
125"The Determining Acts of Her Life"Norma BaileyAmanda FaheyJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
A game of spin the bottle prompts burning questions about love and beauty. Anne and Cole bond over their differences as Gilbert makes his way home.
136"I Protest Against Any Absolute Conclusion"Ken GirottiNaledi JacksonJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
Anne faces the world with a shocking new look while the town preps for its annual Christmas pantomime. Gilbert and Bash join the Cuthberts for dinner.
147"Memory Has as Many Moods as The Temper"Anne WheelerJane MaggsJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
Cole accompanies the girls to Aunt Josephine's for a lavish party filled with surprises. Back at home, Marilla's health takes a worrisome turn.
158"Struggling Against the Perception of Facts"Amanda TappingShernold EdwardsJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
With a wedding on the horizon, Anne wonders what kind of bride she'd like to be. Marilla sees an oculist, and Bash meets a friendly face in "The Bog."
169"What We Have Been Makes Us What We Are"Paul FoxMoira Walley-BeckettJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
A brand-new teacher brings unconventional methods -- and a motorbike -- to Avonlea. Gilbert's plan to speed up his studies leaves Bash feeling lost.
1710"The Growing Good of the World"Paul FoxMoira Walley-BeckettJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
Anne rallies her friends to save Miss Stacy in the wake of a disastrous incident. Bash gets an unexpected gift, and Cole makes a surprising choice.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The first season has achieved a rating of 84% on Rotten Tomatoes, the site's critical consensus stating: "Anne with an E uses its complex central character to offer a boldly stylish, emotionally resonant spin on classic source material that satisfies in its own right."[27] The series has received a rating of 79 on Metacritic based on fifteen reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[28]

text: Emily Ashby, writing for Common Sense Media, calls the series an "exceptional" and "spectacular" interpretation, giving it four out of five stars.[29] Tasha Cerny, contributor for the Tracking Board, praises the cinematography as lush and colourful, the characters vibrant, and the plot "surprisingly thrilling for a story about a young girl living in a small secluded community in the late nineteenth century. I laughed, I cried, and I didn’t expect either from a show about a little girl."[30] Gwen Inhat of The A.V. Club calls the series "at once darker and sweeter than the original" novel, praising the core cast, reserving the highest for the series lead: "Amybeth McNulty defies her youth with a performance that’s less a portrayal of Anne than an absolute possession. It can’t be easy to make Anne’s fanciful language sing the way she does, and McNulty captures the endearing awkwardness that enables Anne to win over everyone she comes in contact with."[31] Writing of the 90-minute premiere episode for the Toronto Star, Johanna Schneller was appreciative of Walley-Beckett's departures from the novel, bringing its subtext to the fore: "Reading between the novel's lines and adding verisimilitude, she gives us quick but potent glimpses of the miseries many orphans faced in 1890s imperialist culture."[32] Hanh Nguyen, reviewing the series for IndieWire, concurs with this assessment, saying: "Rather than ruining the series, they give the context for why Anne would be filled with gratitude for the beauties of nature, basic human decency and having a family to call her own. Montgomery had based much of Anne’s need for escape into imagination on her own lonely childhood, and her stories have always had an underlying poignancy that made them all the sweeter."[33] Jen Chaney, writing for Vulture.com, agrees, saying: "What distinguishes it from other previous Anne iterations is its willingness to harden some of the story’s softness, just enough, to create an element of realism that period pieces, Gables-related or not, can be inclined to avoid."[34] Neil Genzlinger writing for The New York Times, commenting on reports of darkness and grittiness, goes so far as to call the adaptation "richer" than the source material: "Ms. McNulty’s Anne is still wonderfully ebullient and eminently likable; she’s just not the one-dimensional figure of other adaptations".[35]  Annie Hirschlag, writing for Mic, suggests that a genuinely contemporary Anne is bound to reflect the current television landscape and wider culture of its times (the 2010s): "Since today's entertainment is peppered with antiheroes — characters who are far from perfect, even occasionally villainous — it makes sense that Anne's familiar idealism is fringed with darkness and agony."[36]

text: Some reviewers were more ambivalent, mainly about Walley-Beckett's changes to the story. Canadian novelist Saleema Nawaz, who reviewed the 90-minute first episode for Toronto Life, said she enjoyed it more than she expected, particularly the set designs and costumes, as well as the performances by McNulty and Thomson, and she approved of the choice of theme song as reflective of the continued relevance of the source material. She was less sure about how far the series intended to stray from that source material, and disapproved of the "manufactured drama, such as Matthew’s wild horse ride".[37] Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Isabella Beidenharn expressed similar feelings, but, "putting the source material aside, it’s a fine show on its own", and she conceded that "inventing a dark side might help Anne With an E fit into today’s TV landscape".[38] Allison Keene, writing for Collider, agrees that Anne is a good drama on its own terms, but allows it is "only a fair adaptation" of the novel, at its best in the home scenes: "Anne with an E is undeniably the most stylish adaptation we’ve ever seen of Anne of Green Gables. But its desire to reveal more of Anne’s miserable past in order to be more true to what the desperation of an orphan is like feels at odds with Montgomery’s story."[39] Writing for Variety, critic Sonia Saraiya is even more ambivalent, describing the series as on the one hand "a brilliant adaptation" which "succeeds admirably", but on the other hand, "the show can’t quite sustain the brilliance, veering first into maudlin territory and then into the oddly saccharine as it tests out its tone", contending that "the show gets a bit bogged down in telling the story of Anne’s dysfunction", presenting "a slightly soapy view of Anne’s trials and tribulations that at times really humanize her and in others, are rather infantilizing".[40]

text: Sarah Larson, writing for The New Yorker, was not at all impressed with changes made to the story, arguing that they alter Anne's character to the point of non-recognition. While she acknowledges that bringing subtext to the fore is a fine idea, she is not pleased with the execution, saying that the result is part "the Anne we know and love" and part "untrustworthy stranger", calling the alteration and addition of scenes a "betrayal" of Montgomery's novel, comparing the treatment unfavourably to Patricia Rozema's 1999 adaptation of Jane Austen's Mansfield Park.[41] For Joanna Robinson, writing for Vanity Fair, a central problem with the show is that it "seems to think that in order for Anne to be a feminist figure, she has to butt up against a straw-man-filled patriarchy," and so it turned many of the male characters into misogynists, most notably the Reverend Allan, who is considered by Anne to be a "kindred spirit" in the book: "Anne with an E seems to think Anne’s triumphs are only noteworthy if she's continually told she can't succeed, when in fact her unfettered brilliance needs no such clumsy opposition. It also seems to think that Anne needs a radical feminist makeover when, in fact, the story of her success was feminist in its own right." This is part of a more general problem Robinson notes, that conflicts are exaggerated and overdone: "this series thrives on non-stop tragedy."[42]