document_title: List of FIFA World Cup winners

question_text: ok google who won the world cup soccer

question_tokens: ok google who won the world cup soccer

text: List of FIFA World Cup winners

text: By team[edit]

text: The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different nations. Brazil has won the most titles, five. The current champion is France, who won the title in 2018.

text:
Nations that won the World Cup

Titles

Team

Year(s)

5

 Brazil

1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002

4

 Italy

1934, 1938, 1982, 2006

4

 Germany[n 1]

1954, 1974, 1990, 2014

2

 Uruguay

1930, 1950

2

 Argentina

1978, 1986

2

 France

1998, 2018

1

 England

1966

1

 Spain

2010

text: By year[edit]

text: Participating teams have to register squads for the World Cup, which consisted of 22 players until 1998 and of 23 players from 2002 onwards.

text: Since 1978, winners' medals are given to all members of the winning squads. Prior to that, only players who were on the pitch during the final matches received medals. FIFA decided in 2007 to retroactively award winners' medals to all members of the winning squads between 1930 and 1974.[citation needed]

text:
Squads of teams that won the World Cup

Year

Team

Squad[n 2]

Coach

Ref

1930

 Uruguay  (detailed squad)

MF J. Andrade •  FW P. Anselmo •  GK E. Ballestrero •  FW J. Calvo •  GK M. Capuccini •  FW H. Castro •  FW P. Cea •  FW P. Dorado •  DF L. Fernández •  MF Á. Gestido •  FW S. Iriarte •  DF E. Mascheroni •  MF Á. Melogno •  DF J. Nasazzi •  FW P. Petrone •  MF C. Píriz •  DF E. Recoba •  MF C. Riolfo •  FW Z. Saldombide •  FW H. Scarone •  DF D. Tejera •  FW S. Urdinarán

A. Suppici

[fs 1]

1934

 Italy  (detailed squad)

DF L. Allemandi •  FW P. Arcari •  MF L. Bertolini •  FW F. Borel •  DF U. Caligaris •  MF A. Castellazzi •  GK G. Cavanna •  GK G. Combi •  FW A. Demaría •  FW G. Ferrari •  MF A. Ferraris •  FW E. Guaita •  FW A. Guarisi •  GK G. Masetti •  FW G. Meazza •  MF L. Monti •  DF E. Monzeglio •  FW R. Orsi •  MF M. Pizziolo •  DF V. Rosetta •  FW A. Schiavio •  MF M. Varglien

V. Pozzo

[fs 2]

1938

 Italy  (detailed squad)

MF M. Andreolo •  FW S. Bertoni •  FW A. Biavati •  GK C. Ceresoli •  MF B. Chizzo •  FW G. Colaussi •  MF A. Donati •  FW G. Ferrari •  FW P. Ferraris •  DF A. Foni •  MF M. Genta •  MF U. Locatelli •  GK G. Masetti •  FW G. Meazza •  DF E. Monzeglio •  GK A. Olivieri •  MF R. Olmi •  FW P. Pasinati •  MF M. Perazzolo •  FW S. Piola •  DF P. Rava •  MF P. Serantoni

V. Pozzo

[fs 3]

1950

 Uruguay  (detailed squad)

FW J. Britos •  FW J. Burgueño •  DF S. Gambetta •  FW A. Ghiggia •  DF J. González •  DF M. González •  DF W. Martínez •  GK R. Máspoli •  FW Ó. Míguez •  FW R. Morán •  MF W. Ortuño •  GK A. Paz •  FW J. Pérez •  MF R. Pini •  FW L. Rijo •  MF V. Rodríguez Andrade •  FW C. Romero •  FW J. Schiaffino •  DF E. Tejera •  MF O. Varela •  FW E. Vidal •  DF H. Vilches

J. López

[fs 4]

1954

 West Germany  (detailed squad)

1 T. Turek •  2 F. Laband •  3 W. Kohlmeyer •  4 H. Bauer •  5 H. Erhardt •  6 H. Eckel •  7 J. Posipal •  8 K. Mai •  9 P. Mebus •  10 W. Liebrich •  11 K.-H. Metzner •  12 H. Rahn •  13 M. Morlock •  14 B. Klodt •  15 O. Walter •  16 F. Walter •  17 R. Herrmann •  18 U. Biesinger •  19 A. Pfaff •  20 H. Schäfer •  21 H. Kubsch •  22 H. Kwiatkowski

S. Herberger

[fs 5]

1958

 Brazil  (detailed squad)

1 Castilho •  2 Bellini •  3 Gilmar •  4 Djalma Santos •  5 Dino Sani •  6 Didi •  7 M. Zagallo •  8 Oreco •  9 Zózimo •  10 Pelé •  11 Garrincha •  12 Nílton Santos  •  13 Moacir •  14 De Sordi •  15 Orlando •  16 Mauro •  17 Joel •  18 J. Altafini •  19 Zito •  20 Vavá •  21 Dida •  22 Pepe

V. Feola

[fs 6]

1962

 Brazil  (detailed squad)

1 Gilmar •  2 Djalma Santos •  3 Mauro •  4 Zito •  5 Zózimo •  6 Nílton Santos •  7 Garrincha •  8 Didi •  9 Coutinho •  10 Pelé •  11 Pepe •  12 Jair Marinho •  13 Bellini •  14 Jurandir •  15 Altair •  16 Zequinha •  17 Mengálvio •  18 Jair •  19 Vavá •  20 Amarildo •  21 M. Zagallo •  22 Castilho

A. Moreira

[fs 7]

1966

 England  (detailed squad)

1 G. Banks •  2 G. Cohen •  3 R. Wilson •  4 N. Stiles •  5 J. Charlton •  6 B. Moore •  7 A. Ball •  8 J. Greaves •  9 B. Charlton •  10 G. Hurst •  11 J. Connelly •  12 R. Springett •  13 P. Bonetti •  14 J. Armfield •  15 G. Byrne •  16 M. Peters •  17 R. Flowers •  18 N. Hunter •  19 T. Paine •  20 I. Callaghan •  21 R. Hunt •  22 G. Eastham

A. Ramsey

[fs 8]

1970

 Brazil  (detailed squad)

1 Félix •  2 Brito •  3 Piazza •  4 Carlos Alberto •  5 Clodoaldo •  6 Marco Antônio •  7 Jairzinho •  8 Gérson •  9 Tostão •  10 Pelé •  11 Rivellino •  12 Ado •  13 Roberto •  14 Baldocchi •  15 Fontana •  16 Everaldo •  17 Joel •  18 Paulo Cézar Caju •  19 Edu •  20 Dario •  21 Zé Maria •  22 Leão

M. Zagallo

[fs 9]

1974

 West Germany  (detailed squad)

1 S. Maier •  2 B. Vogts •  3 P. Breitner •  4 H.-G. Schwarzenbeck •  5 F. Beckenbauer •  6 H.-D. Höttges •  7 H. Wimmer •  8 B. Cullmann •  9 J. Grabowski •  10 G. Netzer •  11 J. Heynckes •  12 W. Overath •  13 G. Müller •  14 U. Hoeneß •  15 H. Flohe •  16 R. Bonhof •  17 B. Hölzenbein •  18 D. Herzog •  19 J. Kapellmann •  20 H. Kremers •  21 N. Nigbur •  22 W. Kleff

H. Schön

[fs 10]

1978

 Argentina  (detailed squad)

1 N. Alonso •  2 O. Ardiles •  3 H. Baley •  4 D. Bertoni •  5 U. Fillol •  6 A. Gallego •  7 L. Galván •  8 R. Galván •  9 R. Houseman •  10 M. Kempes •  11 D. Killer •  12 O. Larrosa •  13 R. La Volpe •  14 L. Luque •  15 J. Olguín •  16 O. Ortiz •  17 M. Oviedo •  18 R. Pagnanini •  19 D. Passarella •  20 A. Tarantini •  21 J. Valencia •  22 R. Villa

C. Menotti

[fs 11]

1982

 Italy  (detailed squad)

1 D. Zoff •  2 F. Baresi •  3 G. Bergomi •  4 A. Cabrini •  5 F. Collovati •  6 C. Gentile •  7 G. Scirea •  8 P. Vierchowod •  9 G. Antognoni •  10 G. Dossena •  11 G. Marini •  12 I. Bordon •  13 G. Oriali •  14 M. Tardelli •  15 F. Causio •  16 B. Conti •  17 D. Massaro •  18 A. Altobelli •  19 F. Graziani •  20 P. Rossi •  21 F. Selvaggi •  22 G. Galli

E. Bearzot

[fs 12]

1986

 Argentina  (detailed squad)

1 S. Almirón •  2 S. Batista •  3 R. Bochini •  4 C. Borghi •  5 J. Brown •  6 D. Passarella •  7 J. Burruchaga •  8 N. Clausen •  9 J. Cuciuffo •  10 D. Maradona •  11 J. Valdano •  12 H. Enrique •  13 O. Garré •  14 R. Giusti •  15 L. Islas •  16 J. Olarticoechea •  17 P. Pasculli •  18 N. Pumpido •  19 O. Ruggeri •  20 C. Tapia •  21 M. Trobbiani •  22 H. Zelada

C. Bilardo

[fs 13]

1990

 West Germany  (detailed squad)

1 B. Illgner •  2 S. Reuter •  3 A. Brehme •  4 J. Kohler •  5 K. Augenthaler •  6 G. Buchwald •  7 P. Littbarski •  8 T. Häßler •  9 R. Völler •  10 L. Matthäus •  11 F. Mill •  12 R. Aumann •  13 K.-H. Riedle •  14 T. Berthold •  15 U. Bein •  16 P. Steiner •  17 A. Möller •  18 J. Klinsmann •  19 H. Pflügler •  20 O. Thon •  21 G. Hermann •  22 A. Köpke

F. Beckenbauer

[fs 14]

1994

 Brazil  (detailed squad)

1 Taffarel •  2 Jorginho •  3 Ricardo Rocha •  4 Ronaldão •  5 Mauro Silva •  6 Branco •  7 Bebeto •  8 Dunga •  9 Zinho •  10 Raí •  11 Romário •  12 Zetti •  13 Aldair •  14 Cafu •  15 Márcio Santos •  16 Leonardo •  17 Mazinho •  18 Paulo Sérgio •  19 Müller •  20 Ronaldo •  21 Viola •  22 Gilmar

C. Parreira

[fs 15]

1998

 France  (detailed squad)

1 B. Lama •  2 V. Candela •  3 B. Lizarazu •  4 P. Vieira •  5 L. Blanc •  6 Y. Djorkaeff •  7 D. Deschamps •  8 M. Desailly •  9 S. Guivarc'h •  10 Z. Zidane •  11 R. Pirès •  12 T. Henry •  13 B. Diomède •  14 A. Boghossian •  15 L. Thuram •  16 F. Barthez •  17 E. Petit •  18 F. Leboeuf •  19 C. Karembeu •  20 D. Trezeguet •  21 C. Dugarry •  22 L. Charbonnier

A. Jacquet

[fs 16]

2002

 Brazil  (detailed squad)

1 Marcos •  2 Cafu •  3 Lúcio •  4 Roque Júnior •  5 Edmílson •  6 Roberto Carlos •  7 Ricardinho •  8 Gilberto Silva •  9 Ronaldo •  10 Rivaldo •  11 Ronaldinho •  12 Dida •  13 Belletti •  14 Ânderson Polga •  15 Kléberson •  16 Júnior •  17 Denílson •  18 Vampeta •  19 Juninho Paulista •  20 Edílson •  21 Luizão •  22 Rogério Ceni •  23 Kaká

L. Scolari

[fs 17]

2006

 Italy  (detailed squad)

1 G. Buffon •  2 C. Zaccardo •  3 F. Grosso •  4 D. De Rossi •  5 F. Cannavaro •  6 A. Barzagli •  7 A. Del Piero •  8 G. Gattuso •  9 L. Toni •  10 F. Totti •  11 A. Gilardino •  12 A. Peruzzi •  13 A. Nesta •  14 M. Amelia •  15 V. Iaquinta •  16 M. Camoranesi •  17 S. Barone •  18 F. Inzaghi •  19 G. Zambrotta •  20 S. Perrotta •  21 A. Pirlo •  22 M. Oddo •  23 M. Materazzi

M. Lippi

[fs 18]

2010

 Spain  (detailed squad)

1 I. Casillas •  2 R. Albiol •  3 G. Piqué •  4 C. Marchena •  5 C. Puyol •  6 A. Iniesta •  7 D. Villa •  8 Xavi •  9 F. Torres •  10 C. Fàbregas •  11 J. Capdevila •  12 V. Valdés •  13 J. Mata •  14 X. Alonso •  15 S. Ramos •  16 S. Busquets •  17 Á. Arbeloa •  18 Pedro •  19 F. Llorente •  20 J. Martínez •  21 D. Silva •  22 J. Navas •  23 P. Reina

V. del Bosque

[fs 19]

2014

 Germany  (detailed squad)

1 M. Neuer •  2 K. Großkreutz •  3 M. Ginter •  4 B. Höwedes •  5 M. Hummels •  6 S. Khedira •  7 B. Schweinsteiger •  8 M. Özil •  9 A. Schürrle •  10 L. Podolski •  11 M. Klose •  12 R.-R. Zieler •  13 T. Müller •  14 J. Draxler •  15 E. Durm •  16 P. Lahm •  17 P. Mertesacker •  18 T. Kroos •  19 M. Götze •  20 J. Boateng •  21 S. Mustafi •  22 R. Weidenfeller •  23 C. Kramer

J. Löw

[fs 20]

2018

 France  (detailed squad)

1 H. Lloris •  2 B. Pavard •  3 P. Kimpembe •  4 R. Varane •  5 S. Umtiti •  6 P. Pogba •  7 A. Griezmann •  8 T. Lemar •   9 O. Giroud •  10 K. Mbappé •  11 O. Dembélé •  12 C. Tolisso •  13 N. Kanté •  14 B. Matuidi •  15 S. Nzonzi •  16 S. Mandanda •  17 A. Rami •  18 N. Fekir •  19 D. Sidibé •  20 F. Thauvin •  21 L. Hernández •  22 B. Mendy •  23 A. Areola

D. Deschamps

[fs 21]

text: By player[edit]

text: A total of 445 players have been in the winning team in the World Cup. Brazil's Pelé is the only one to have won three times, while another 20 have won twice.

text:
No player has won two World Cups both as captain. Italy's Giuseppe Meazza (1938), Brazil's Hilderaldo Bellini (1958), Mauro (1962) and Cafu (2002), and Argentina's Daniel Passarella (1978) lifted the trophy once as captain, but were not captain for the other tournament they won. Argentina's Diego Maradona (1986, 1990) and Brazil's Dunga (1994, 1998) captained their sides in two final matches, but only won on their first occasions, while West Germany's Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (1982, 1986) lost both final matches as captain.
Brazil's Pelé and Vavá are the only two players to score in two final matches for winning teams. West Germany's Paul Breitner (1974, 1982) and France's Zinedine Zidane (1998, 2006) also scored in two final matches, but only won on their first occasions.
Cafu is the only player to play in three final matches, 1994 (as a substitute), 1998 and 2002.
Luis Monti is the only player to play in two final matches for different national teams. He appeared in the 1930 final for Argentina, who lost, and the 1934 final for Italy, who won. Attilio Demaría was also in Argentina's 1930 squad and Italy's 1934 squad, but appeared in neither final.
Brazil's Mário Zagallo, having won in 1958 and 1962 as player, went on to win in 1970 as the head coach, becoming the first to win both as player and coach. West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer is the second, winning as both captain (1974) and coach (1990). Didier Deschamps is the third. He led the France team to win in 1998 as captain, and in 2018 as coach.
Germany's Miroslav Klose is the only player to have won four World Cup medals: 2002 (silver), 2006, 2010 (both bronze) and 2014 (gold).

text:
Players who have won the World Cup

T

Player

Team

Year(s) won[n 3]

Other appearances

Profile

As player[n 4]

As coach[n 5]

3

Pelé

 Brazil

1958, 1962, 1970

1966

[fp 1]

2

Hilderaldo Bellini

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1966

[fp 2]

2

Cafu

 Brazil

1994, 2002

1998, 2006

[fp 3]

2

Castilho

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1950, 1954

[fp 4]

2

Didi

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1954

1970 PER

[fp 5]

2

Djalma Santos

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1954, 1966

[fp 6]

2

Giovanni Ferrari

 Italy

1934, 1938

1962 ITA

[fp 7]

2

Garrincha

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1966

[fp 8]

2

Gilmar

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1966

[fp 9]

2

Guido Masetti

 Italy

1934, 1938

[fp 10]

2

Mauro

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1954

[fp 11]

2

Giuseppe Meazza

 Italy

1934, 1938

[fp 12]

2

Eraldo Monzeglio

 Italy

1934, 1938

[fp 13]

2

Nílton Santos

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1950, 1954

[fp 14]

2

Daniel Passarella

 Argentina

1978, 1986

1982

1998 ARG

[fp 15]

2

Pepe

 Brazil

1958, 1962

[fp 16]

2

Ronaldo

 Brazil

1994, 2002

1998, 2006

[fp 17]

2

Vavá

 Brazil

1958, 1962

[fp 18]

2

Mário Zagallo

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1970 BRA, 1974 BRA, 1998 BRA

[fp 19]

2

Zito

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1966

[fp 20]

2

Zózimo

 Brazil

1958, 1962

[fp 21]

Ado

 Brazil

1970

[fp 22]

Raúl Albiol

 Spain

2010

2014

[fp 23]

Aldair

 Brazil

1994

1990, 1998

[fp 24]

Luigi Allemandi

 Italy

1934

[fp 25]

Sergio Almirón

 Argentina

1986

[fp 26]

Norberto Alonso

 Argentina

1978

[fp 27]

Xabi Alonso

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014

[fp 28]

José Altafini

 Brazil

1958

1962 ITA[n 6]

[fp 29]

Altair

 Brazil

1962

1966

[fp 30]

Alessandro Altobelli

 Italy

1982

1986

[fp 31]

Amarildo

 Brazil

1962

[fp 32]

Marco Amelia

 Italy

2006

[fp 33]

Ânderson Polga

 Brazil

2002

[fp 34]

José Andrade

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 35]

Michele Andreolo

 Italy

1938

[fp 36]

Peregrino Anselmo

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 37]

Giancarlo Antognoni

 Italy

1982

1978

[fp 38]

Álvaro Arbeloa

 Spain

2010

[fp 39]

Pietro Arcari

 Italy

1934

[fp 40]

Osvaldo Ardiles

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 41]

Alphonse Areola

 France

2018

[fp 42]

Jimmy Armfield

 England

1966

1962

[fp 43]

Klaus Augenthaler

 West Germany

1990

1986

[fp 44]

Raimond Aumann

 West Germany

1990

[fp 45]

Baldocchi

 Brazil

1970

[fp 46]

Héctor Baley

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 47]

Alan Ball

 England

1966

1970

[fp 48]

Enrique Ballestrero

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 49]

Gordon Banks

 England

1966

1970[n 7]

[fp 50]

Franco Baresi

 Italy

1982

1990, 1994

[fp 51]

Simone Barone

 Italy

2006

[fp 52]

Fabien Barthez

 France

1998

2002, 2006

[fp 53]

Andrea Barzagli

 Italy

2006

2014

[fp 54]

Sergio Batista

 Argentina

1986

1990

[fp 55]

Hans Bauer

 West Germany

1954

[fp 56]

Bebeto

 Brazil

1994

1990, 1998

[fp 57]

Franz Beckenbauer

 West Germany

1974

1966, 1970

1986 FRG, 1990 FRG

[fp 58]

Uwe Bein

 West Germany

1990

[fp 59]

Juliano Belletti

 Brazil

2002

[fp 60]

Giuseppe Bergomi

 Italy

1982

1986, 1990, 1998

[fp 61]

Thomas Berthold

 West Germany

1990

1986, 1994

[fp 62]

Luigi Bertolini

 Italy

1934

[fp 63]

Daniel Bertoni

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 64]

Sergio Bertoni

 Italy

1938

[fp 65]

Amedeo Biavati

 Italy

1938

[fp 66]

Ulrich Biesinger

 West Germany

1954

[fp 67]

Laurent Blanc

 France

1998

[fp 68]

Jérôme Boateng

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 69]

Ricardo Bochini

 Argentina

1986

[fp 70]

Alain Boghossian

 France

1998

2002

[fp 71]

Peter Bonetti

 England

1966

1970

[fp 72]

Rainer Bonhof

 West Germany

1974

1978

[fp 73]

Ivano Bordon

 Italy

1982

1978

[fp 74]

Felice Borel

 Italy

1934

[fp 75]

Claudio Borghi

 Argentina

1986

[fp 76]

Branco

 Brazil

1994

1986, 1990

[fp 77]

Andreas Brehme

 West Germany

1990

1986, 1994

[fp 78]

Paul Breitner

 West Germany

1974

1982

[fp 79]

Brito

 Brazil

1970

1966

[fp 80]

Julio César Britos

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 81]

José Luis Brown

 Argentina

1986

[fp 82]

Guido Buchwald

 West Germany

1990

1994

[fp 83]

Gianluigi Buffon

 Italy

2006

1998, 2002, 2010, 2014

[fp 84]

Juan Burgueño

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 85]

Jorge Burruchaga

 Argentina

1986

1990

[fp 86]

Sergio Busquets

 Spain

2010

2014, 2018

[fp 87]

Gerry Byrne

 England

1966

[fp 88]

Antonio Cabrini

 Italy

1982

1978, 1986

[fp 89]

Umberto Caligaris

 Italy

1934

[fp 90]

Ian Callaghan

 England

1966

[fp 91]

Juan Carlos Calvo

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 92]

Mauro Camoranesi

 Italy

2006

2010

[fp 93]

Vincent Candela

 France

1998

2002

[fp 94]

Fabio Cannavaro

 Italy

2006

1998, 2002, 2010

[fp 95]

Joan Capdevila

 Spain

2010

[fp 96]

Miguel Capuccini

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 97]

Carlos Alberto

 Brazil

1970

[fp 98]

Iker Casillas

 Spain

2010

2002, 2006, 2014

[fp 99]

Armando Castellazzi

 Italy

1934

[fp 100]

Héctor Castro

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 101]

Franco Causio

 Italy

1982

1974, 1978

[fp 102]

Giuseppe Cavanna

 Italy

1934

[fp 103]

Pedro Cea

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 104]

Carlo Ceresoli

 Italy

1938

[fp 105]

Lionel Charbonnier

 France

1998

[fp 106]

Bobby Charlton

 England

1966

1958, 1962, 1970

[fp 107]

Jack Charlton

 England

1966

1970

1990 IRL, 1994 IRL

[fp 108]

Bruno Chizzo

 Italy

1938

[fp 109]

Néstor Clausen

 Argentina

1986

[fp 110]

Clodoaldo

 Brazil

1970

[fp 111]

George Cohen

 England

1966

[fp 112]

Gino Colaussi

 Italy

1938

[fp 113]

Fulvio Collovati

 Italy

1982

1986

[fp 114]

Gianpiero Combi

 Italy

1934

[fp 115]

John Connelly

 England

1966

1962

[fp 116]

Bruno Conti

 Italy

1982

1986

[fp 117]

Coutinho

 Brazil

1962

[fp 118]

José Luis Cuciuffo

 Argentina

1986

[fp 119]

Bernhard Cullmann

 West Germany

1974

1978

[fp 120]

Dario

 Brazil

1970

[fp 121]

Daniele De Rossi

 Italy

2006

2010, 2014

[fp 122]

De Sordi

 Brazil

1958

[fp 123]

Alessandro Del Piero

 Italy

2006

1998, 2002

[fp 124]

Attilio Demaría

 Italy

1934

1930 ARG[n 6]

[fp 125]

Ousmane Dembélé

 France

2018

[fp 126]

Denílson

 Brazil

2002

1998

[fp 127]

Marcel Desailly

 France

1998

2002

[fp 128]

Didier Deschamps

 France

1998

2014 FRA, 2018 FRA

[fp 129]

Dida

 Brazil

1958

[fp 130]

Dida

 Brazil

2002

1998, 2006

[fp 131]

Dino Sani

 Brazil

1958

[fp 132]

Bernard Diomède

 France

1998

[fp 133]

Youri Djorkaeff

 France

1998

2002

[fp 134]

Aldo Donati

 Italy

1938

[fp 135]

Pablo Dorado

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 136]

Giuseppe Dossena

 Italy

1982

[fp 137]

Julian Draxler

 Germany

2014

2018

[fp 138]

Christophe Dugarry

 France

1998

2002

[fp 139]

Dunga

 Brazil

1994

1990, 1998

2010 BRA

[fp 140]

Erik Durm

 Germany

2014

[fp 141]

George Eastham

 England

1966

1962

[fp 142]

Horst Eckel

 West Germany

1954

1958

[fp 143]

Edílson

 Brazil

2002

[fp 144]

Edmílson

 Brazil

2002

[fp 145]

Edu

 Brazil

1970

1966, 1974

[fp 146]

Héctor Enrique

 Argentina

1986

[fp 147]

Herbert Erhardt

 West Germany

1954

1958, 1962

[fp 148]

Everaldo

 Brazil

1970

[fp 149]

Cesc Fàbregas

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014

[fp 150]

Nabil Fekir

 France

2018

[fp 151]

Félix

 Brazil

1970

[fp 152]

Lorenzo Fernández

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 153]

Attilio Ferraris

 Italy

1934

[fp 154]

Pietro Ferraris

 Italy

1938

[fp 155]

Ubaldo Fillol

 Argentina

1978

1974, 1982

[fp 156]

Heinz Flohe

 West Germany

1974

1978

[fp 157]

Ron Flowers

 England

1966

1962

[fp 158]

Alfredo Foni

 Italy

1938

1966 SUI

[fp 159]

Fontana

 Brazil

1970

[fp 160]

Américo Gallego

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 161]

Giovanni Galli

 Italy

1982

1986

[fp 162]

Luis Galván

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 163]

Rubén Galván

 Argentina

1978

[fp 164]

Schubert Gambetta

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 165]

Oscar Garré

 Argentina

1986

[fp 166]

Gennaro Gattuso

 Italy

2006

2002, 2010

[fp 167]

Mario Genta

 Italy

1938

[fp 168]

Claudio Gentile

 Italy

1982

1978

[fp 169]

Gérson

 Brazil

1970

1966

[fp 170]

Álvaro Gestido

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 171]

Alcides Ghiggia

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 172]

Alberto Gilardino

 Italy

2006

2010

[fp 173]

Gilberto Silva

 Brazil

2002

2006, 2010

[fp 174]

Gilmar Rinaldi

 Brazil

1994

[fp 175]

Matthias Ginter

 Germany

2014

2018

[fp 176]

Olivier Giroud

 France

2018

2014

[fp 177]

Ricardo Giusti

 Argentina

1986

1990

[fp 178]

Juan Carlos González

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 179]

Matías González

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 180]

Mario Götze

 Germany

2014

[fp 181]

Jürgen Grabowski

 West Germany

1974

1966, 1970

[fp 182]

Francesco Graziani

 Italy

1982

1978

[fp 183]

Jimmy Greaves

 England

1966

1962

[fp 184]

Antoine Griezmann

 France

2018

2014

[fp 185]

Kevin Großkreutz

 Germany

2014

[fp 186]

Fabio Grosso

 Italy

2006

[fp 187]

Enrique Guaita

 Italy

1934

[fp 188]

Anfilogino Guarisi

 Italy

1934

[fp 189]

Stéphane Guivarc'h

 France

1998

[fp 190]

Thomas Häßler

 West Germany

1990

1994, 1998

[fp 191]

Thierry Henry

 France

1998

2002, 2006, 2010

[fp 192]

Günter Hermann

 West Germany

1990

[fp 193]

Lucas Hernández

 France

2018

[fp 194]

Richard Herrmann

 West Germany

1954

[fp 195]

Dieter Herzog

 West Germany

1974

[fp 196]

Jupp Heynckes

 West Germany

1974

[fp 197]

Uli Hoeneß

 West Germany

1974

[fp 198]

Bernd Hölzenbein

 West Germany

1974

1978

[fp 199]

Horst-Dieter Höttges

 West Germany

1974

1966, 1970

[fp 200]

René Houseman

 Argentina

1978

1974

[fp 201]

Benedikt Höwedes

 Germany

2014

[fp 202]

Mats Hummels

 Germany

2014

2018

[fp 203]

Roger Hunt

 England

1966

1962

[fp 204]

Norman Hunter

 England

1966

1970

[fp 205]

Geoff Hurst

 England

1966

1970

[fp 206]

Vincenzo Iaquinta

 Italy

2006

2010

[fp 207]

Bodo Illgner

 West Germany

1990

1994

[fp 208]

Andrés Iniesta

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014, 2018

[fp 209]

Filippo Inzaghi

 Italy

2006

1998, 2002

[fp 210]

Santos Iriarte

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 211]

Luis Islas

 Argentina

1986

1994

[fp 212]

Jair

 Brazil

1962

[fp 213]

Jair Marinho

 Brazil

1962

[fp 214]

Jairzinho

 Brazil

1970

1966, 1974

[fp 215]

Joel

 Brazil

1958

[fp 216]

Joel Camargo

 Brazil

1970

[fp 217]

Jorginho

 Brazil

1994

1990

[fp 218]

Juninho Paulista

 Brazil

2002

[fp 219]

Júnior

 Brazil

2002

[fp 220]

Jurandir

 Brazil

1962

[fp 221]

Kaká

 Brazil

2002

2006, 2010

[fp 222]

N'Golo Kanté

 France

2018

[fp 223]

Jupp Kapellmann

 West Germany

1974

[fp 224]

Christian Karembeu

 France

1998

[fp 225]

Mario Kempes

 Argentina

1978

1974, 1982

[fp 226]

Sami Khedira

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 227]

Daniel Killer

 Argentina

1978

[fp 228]

Presnel Kimpembe

 France

2018

[fp 229]

Kléberson

 Brazil

2002

2010

[fp 230]

Wolfgang Kleff

 West Germany

1974

[fp 231]

Jürgen Klinsmann

 West Germany

1990

1994, 1998

2006 GER, 2014 USA

[fp 232]

Bernhard Klodt

 West Germany

1954

1958

[fp 233]

Miroslav Klose

 Germany

2014

2002, 2006, 2010

[fp 234]

Jürgen Kohler

 West Germany

1990

1994, 1998

[fp 235]

Werner Kohlmeyer

 West Germany

1954

[fp 236]

Andreas Köpke

 West Germany

1990

1994, 1998

[fp 237]

Christoph Kramer

 Germany

2014

[fp 238]

Helmut Kremers

 West Germany

1974

[fp 239]

Toni Kroos

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 240]

Heinz Kubsch

 West Germany

1954

[fp 241]

Heinz Kwiatkowski

 West Germany

1954

1958

[fp 242]

Ricardo La Volpe

 Argentina

1978

2006 MEX

[fp 243]

Fritz Laband

 West Germany

1954

[fp 244]

Philipp Lahm

 Germany

2014

2006, 2010

[fp 245]

Bernard Lama

 France

1998

[fp 246]

Omar Larrosa

 Argentina

1978

[fp 247]

Leão

 Brazil

1970

1974, 1978, 1986

[fp 248]

Frank Leboeuf

 France

1998

2002

[fp 249]

Thomas Lemar

 France

2018

[fp 250]

Leonardo

 Brazil

1994

1998

[fp 251]

Werner Liebrich

 West Germany

1954

[fp 252]

Pierre Littbarski

 West Germany

1990

1982, 1986

[fp 253]

Bixente Lizarazu

 France

1998

2002

[fp 254]

Fernando Llorente

 Spain

2010

[fp 255]

Hugo Lloris

 France

2018

2010, 2014

[fp 256]

Ugo Locatelli

 Italy

1938

[fp 257]

Lúcio

 Brazil

2002

2006, 2010

[fp 258]

Luizão

 Brazil

2002

[fp 259]

Leopoldo Luque

 Argentina

1978

[fp 260]

Karl Mai

 West Germany

1954

[fp 261]

Sepp Maier

 West Germany

1974

1966, 1970, 1978

[fp 262]

Steve Mandanda

 France

2018

2010

[fp 263]

Diego Maradona

 Argentina

1986

1982, 1990, 1994

2010 ARG

[fp 264]

Carlos Marchena

 Spain

2010

2006

[fp 265]

Márcio Santos

 Brazil

1994

[fp 266]

Marco Antônio

 Brazil

1970

1974

[fp 267]

Marcos

 Brazil

2002

[fp 268]

Gianpiero Marini

 Italy

1982

[fp 269]

Javi Martínez

 Spain

2010

2014

[fp 270]

William Martínez

 Uruguay

1950

1954, 1962

[fp 271]

Ernesto Mascheroni

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 272]

Roque Máspoli

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 273]

Daniele Massaro

 Italy

1982

1994

[fp 274]

Juan Mata

 Spain

2010

2014

[fp 275]

Marco Materazzi

 Italy

2006

2002

[fp 276]

Lothar Matthäus

 West Germany

1990

1982, 1986, 1994, 1998

[fp 277]

Blaise Matuidi

 France

2018

2014

[fp 278]

Mauro Silva

 Brazil

1994

[fp 279]

Mazinho

 Brazil

1994

1990

[fp 280]

Kylian Mbappé

 France

2018

[fp 281]

Paul Mebus

 West Germany

1954

[fp 282]

Ángel Melogno

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 283]

Benjamin Mendy

 France

2018

[fp 284]

Mengálvio

 Brazil

1962

[fp 285]

Per Mertesacker

 Germany

2014

2006, 2010

[fp 286]

Karl-Heinz Metzner

 West Germany

1954

[fp 287]

Óscar Míguez

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 288]

Frank Mill

 West Germany

1990

[fp 289]

Moacir

 Brazil

1958

[fp 290]

Andreas Möller

 West Germany

1990

1994, 1998

[fp 291]

Luis Monti

 Italy

1934

1930 ARG[n 6]

[fp 292]

Bobby Moore

 England

1966

1962, 1970

[fp 293]

Rubén Morán

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 294]

Max Morlock

 West Germany

1954

[fp 295]

Müller

 Brazil

1994

1986, 1990

[fp 296]

Gerd Müller

 West Germany

1974

1970

[fp 297]

Thomas Müller

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 298]

Shkodran Mustafi

 Germany

2014

[fp 299]

José Nasazzi

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 300]

Jesús Navas

 Spain

2010

[fp 301]

Alessandro Nesta

 Italy

2006

1998, 2002

[fp 302]

Günter Netzer

 West Germany

1974

[fp 303]

Manuel Neuer

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 304]

Norbert Nigbur

 West Germany

1974

[fp 305]

Steven Nzonzi

 France

2018

[fp 306]

Massimo Oddo

 Italy

2006

[fp 307]

Julio Olarticoechea

 Argentina

1986

1982, 1990

[fp 308]

Jorge Olguín

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 309]

Aldo Olivieri

 Italy

1938

[fp 310]

Renato Olmi

 Italy

1938

[fp 311]

Oreco

 Brazil

1958

[fp 312]

Gabriele Oriali

 Italy

1982

[fp 313]

Orlando

 Brazil

1958

1966

[fp 314]

Raimundo Orsi

 Italy

1934

[fp 315]

Oscar Ortiz

 Argentina

1978

[fp 316]

Washington Ortuño

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 317]

Wolfgang Overath

 West Germany

1974

1966, 1970

[fp 318]

Miguel Oviedo

 Argentina

1978

[fp 319]

Mesut Özil

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 320]

Rubén Pagnanini

 Argentina

1978

[fp 321]

Terry Paine

 England

1966

[fp 322]

Pedro Pasculli

 Argentina

1986

[fp 323]

Pietro Pasinati

 Italy

1938

[fp 324]

Paulo Cézar Caju

 Brazil

1970

1974

[fp 325]

Paulo Sérgio

 Brazil

1994

[fp 326]

Benjamin Pavard

 France

2018

[fp 327]

Aníbal Paz

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 328]

Pedro

 Spain

2010

2014

[fp 329]

Mario Perazzolo

 Italy

1938

[fp 330]

Julio Pérez

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 331]

Simone Perrotta

 Italy

2006

[fp 332]

Angelo Peruzzi

 Italy

2006

[fp 333]

Martin Peters

 England

1966

1970

[fp 334]

Emmanuel Petit

 France

1998

2002

[fp 335]

Pedro Petrone

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 336]

Alfred Pfaff

 West Germany

1954

[fp 337]

Hans Pflügler

 West Germany

1990

[fp 338]

Rodolfo Pini

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 339]

Silvio Piola

 Italy

1938

[fp 340]

Gerard Piqué

 Spain

2010

2014, 2018

[fp 341]

Robert Pirès

 France

1998

[fp 342]

Conduelo Píriz

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 343]

Andrea Pirlo

 Italy

2006

2010, 2014

[fp 344]

Mario Pizziolo

 Italy

1934

[fp 345]

Lukas Podolski

 Germany

2014

2006, 2010

[fp 346]

Paul Pogba

 France

2018

2014

[fp 347]

Josef Posipal

 West Germany

1954

[fp 348]

Nery Pumpido

 Argentina

1986

1982, 1990

[fp 349]

Carles Puyol

 Spain

2010

2002, 2006

[fp 350]

Helmut Rahn

 West Germany

1954

1958

[fp 351]

Raí

 Brazil

1994

[fp 352]

Adil Rami

 France

2018

[fp 353]

Sergio Ramos

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014, 2018

[fp 354]

Pietro Rava

 Italy

1938

[fp 355]

Emilio Recoba

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 356]

Pepe Reina

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014, 2018

[fp 357]

Stefan Reuter

 West Germany

1990

1998

[fp 358]

Ricardinho

 Brazil

2002

2006

[fp 359]

Ricardo Rocha

 Brazil

1994

1990

[fp 360]

Karl-Heinz Riedle

 West Germany

1990

1994

[fp 361]

Luis Rijo

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 362]

Carlos Riolfo

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 363]

Rivaldo

 Brazil

2002

1998

[fp 364]

Rivellino

 Brazil

1970

1974, 1978

[fp 365]

Roberto

 Brazil

1970

[fp 366]

Roberto Carlos

 Brazil

2002

1998, 2006

[fp 367]

Víctor Rodríguez Andrade

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 368]

Rogério Ceni

 Brazil

2002

2006

[fp 369]

Romário

 Brazil

1994

1990

[fp 370]

Carlos Romero

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 371]

Ronaldão

 Brazil

1994

[fp 372]

Ronaldinho

 Brazil

2002

2006

[fp 373]

Roque Júnior

 Brazil

2002

[fp 374]

Virginio Rosetta

 Italy

1934

[fp 375]

Paolo Rossi

 Italy

1982

1978, 1986

[fp 376]

Oscar Ruggeri

 Argentina

1986

1990, 1994

[fp 377]

Zoilo Saldombide

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 378]

Héctor Scarone

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 379]

Hans Schäfer

 West Germany

1954

1958, 1962

[fp 380]

Juan Alberto Schiaffino

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 381]

Angelo Schiavio

 Italy

1934

[fp 382]

André Schürrle

 Germany

2014

[fp 383]

Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck

 West Germany

1974

1978

[fp 384]

Bastian Schweinsteiger

 Germany

2014

2006, 2010

[fp 385]

Gaetano Scirea

 Italy

1982

1978, 1986

[fp 386]

Franco Selvaggi

 Italy

1982

[fp 387]

Pietro Serantoni

 Italy

1938

[fp 388]

Djibril Sidibé

 France

2018

[fp 389]

David Silva

 Spain

2010

2014, 2018

[fp 390]

Ron Springett

 England

1966

1962

[fp 391]

Paul Steiner

 West Germany

1990

[fp 392]

Nobby Stiles

 England

1966

1970

[fp 393]

Cláudio Taffarel

 Brazil

1994

1990, 1998

[fp 394]

Carlos Tapia

 Argentina

1986

[fp 395]

Alberto Tarantini

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 396]

Marco Tardelli

 Italy

1982

1978, 1986

[fp 397]

Domingo Tejera

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 398]

Eusebio Tejera

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 399]

Florian Thauvin

 France

2018

[fp 400]

Olaf Thon

 West Germany

1990

1986, 1998

[fp 401]

Lilian Thuram

 France

1998

2002, 2006

[fp 402]

Corentin Tolisso

 France

2018

[fp 403]

Luca Toni

 Italy

2006

[fp 404]

Fernando Torres

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014

[fp 405]

Tostão

 Brazil

1970

1966

[fp 406]

Francesco Totti

 Italy

2006

2002

[fp 407]

David Trezeguet

 France

1998

2002, 2006

[fp 408]

Marcelo Trobbiani

 Argentina

1986

[fp 409]

Toni Turek

 West Germany

1954

[fp 410]

Samuel Umtiti

 France

2018

[fp 411]

Santos Urdinarán

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 412]

Jorge Valdano

 Argentina

1986

1982

[fp 413]

Víctor Valdés

 Spain

2010

[fp 414]

José Daniel Valencia

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 415]

Vampeta

 Brazil

2002

[fp 416]

Raphaël Varane

 France

2018

2014

[fp 417]

Obdulio Varela

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 418]

Mario Varglien

 Italy

1934

[fp 419]

Ernesto Vidal

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 420]

Patrick Vieira

 France

1998

2002, 2006

[fp 421]

Pietro Vierchowod

 Italy

1982

1986, 1990

[fp 422]

Héctor Vilches

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 423]

David Villa

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014

[fp 424]

Ricardo Villa

 Argentina

1978

[fp 425]

Viola

 Brazil

1994

[fp 426]

Berti Vogts

 West Germany

1974

1970, 1978

1994 GER, 1998 GER

[fp 427]

Rudi Völler

 West Germany

1990

1986, 1994

2002 GER

[fp 428]

Fritz Walter

 West Germany

1954

1958

[fp 429]

Ottmar Walter

 West Germany

1954

[fp 430]

Roman Weidenfeller

 Germany

2014

[fp 431]

Wilson Piazza

 Brazil

1970

1974

[fp 432]

Ray Wilson

 England

1966

1962

[fp 433]

Herbert Wimmer

 West Germany

1974

[fp 434]

Xavi

 Spain

2010

2002, 2006, 2014

[fp 435]

Cristian Zaccardo

 Italy

2006

[fp 436]

Gianluca Zambrotta

 Italy

2006

2002, 2010

[fp 437]

Zé Maria

 Brazil

1970

1974

[fp 438]

Héctor Zelada

 Argentina

1986

[fp 439]

Zequinha

 Brazil

1962

[fp 440]

Zetti

 Brazil

1994

[fp 441]

Zinedine Zidane

 France

1998

2002, 2006

[fp 442]

Ron-Robert Zieler

 Germany

2014

[fp 443]

Zinho

 Brazil

1994

[fp 444]

Dino Zoff

 Italy

1982

1970, 1974, 1978

[fp 445]

text: By coach[edit]

text: 20 different coaches have won the World Cup, Italy's Vittorio Pozzo being the only one to win twice.

text: Four other coaches finished as winners once and runners-up once: West Germany's Helmut Schön (winner in 1974, runner-up in 1966) and Franz Beckenbauer (winner in 1990, runner-up in 1986), Argentina's Carlos Bilardo (winner in 1986, runner-up in 1990), and Brazil's Mário Zagallo (winner in 1970, runner-up in 1998).

text: Zagallo (twice), Beckenbauer and France's Didier Deschamps also won the title as players.

text: Every edition of the tournament has been won by a coach leading the team of his own country.

text:
Coaches who have won the World Cup

T

Coach

Country

Year(s) won

Other appearances

As coach

As player[n 5]

2

Vittorio Pozzo

 Italy

1934 ITA, 1938 ITA

Enzo Bearzot

 Italy

1982 ITA

1978 ITA, 1986 ITA

Franz Beckenbauer

 West Germany

1990 FRG

1986 FRG

1966, 1970, 1974

Carlos Bilardo

 Argentina

1986 ARG

1990 ARG

Vicente del Bosque

 Spain

2010 ESP

2014 ESP

Didier Deschamps

 France

2018 FRA

2014 FRA

1998

Vicente Feola

 Brazil

1958 BRA

1966 BRA

Sepp Herberger

 West Germany

1954 FRG

1938 GER, 1958 FRG, 1962 FRG

Aimé Jacquet

 France

1998 FRA

Marcello Lippi

 Italy

2006 ITA

2010 ITA

Juan López

 Uruguay

1950 URU

1954 URU

Joachim Löw

 Germany

2014 GER

2010 GER, 2018 GER

César Luis Menotti

 Argentina

1978 ARG

1982 ARG

Aymoré Moreira

 Brazil

1962 BRA

Carlos Alberto Parreira

 Brazil

1994 BRA

1982 KUW, 1990 UAE, 1998 KSA, 2006 BRA, 2010 RSA

Alf Ramsey

 England

1966 ENG

1970 ENG

1950

Helmut Schön

 West Germany

1974 FRG

1966 FRG, 1970 FRG, 1978 FRG

Luiz Felipe Scolari

 Brazil

2002 BRA

2006 POR, 2014 BRA

Alberto Suppici

 Uruguay

1930 URU

Mário Zagallo

 Brazil

1970 BRA

1974 BRA, 1998 BRA

1958, 1962

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Germany is considered the inheritor of the records of the former  West Germany team, which won the 1954, 1974 and 1990 titles.

Jump up ^ Players in bold appeared in the tournament's final match (or, in the case of 1950, in the decisive match of the final stage), while players in italics did not play in the tournament.

Jump up ^ Years in bold indicate that the player appeared in the final match, while years in italics indicate that the player did not play in the tournament.

Jump up ^ Years in italics indicate that the player did not play in the tournament.

^ Jump up to: a b A golden background indicates that the player won the tournament.

^ Jump up to: a b c Attilio Demaría and Luis Monti were in the title-winning Italian squad in 1934 and also in the Argentinian one in 1930, while José Altafini was in the title-winning Brazilian squad in 1958 and also in the Italian one in 1962. They are among the few players to have represented different nations in the World Cup.

Jump up ^ FIFA's website indicates that Banks also was part of the 1962 English squad, while another source states that he was not part of the squad, having been omitted from it after initially being meant to be a stay-at-home reserve.[1]


document_title: Poker probability

question_text: what are the odds of getting a royal flush in poker

root

text: Poker probability

text: History[edit]

text:
Probability and gambling have been an idea since long before the invention of poker. The development of probability theory in the late 1400s was attributed to gambling; when playing a game with high stakes, players wanted to know what the chance of winning would be. In 1494, Fra Luca Paccioli released his work Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni e proportionalita which was the first written text on probability. Motivated by Paccioli’s work, Girolamo Cardano (1501-1576) made further developments in probability theory. His work from 1550, titled Liber de Ludo Aleae, discussed the concepts of probability and how they were directly related to gambling. However, his work did not receive any immediate recognition since it was not published until after his death. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) also contributed to probability theory. His friend, Chevalier de Méré, was an avid gambler with the goal to become wealthy from it.  De Méré tried a new mathematical approach to a gambling game but did not get the desired results. Determined to know why his strategy was unsuccessful, he consulted with Pascal. Pascal’s work on this problem began an important correspondence between him and fellow mathematician Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665). Communicating through letters, the two continued to exchange their ideas and thoughts. These interactions led to the conception of basic probability theory. To this day, many gamblers still rely on the basic concepts of probability theory in order to make informed decisions while gambling.[1]
[2]

tag: p

text: Frequency of 5-card poker hands[edit]

text: The following chart enumerates the (absolute) frequency of each hand, given all combinations of 5 cards randomly drawn from a full deck of 52 without replacement. Wild cards are not considered. In this chart:

text:
Distinct hands is the number of different ways to draw the hand, not counting different suits.
Frequency is the number of ways to draw the hand, including the same card values in different suits.
The Probability of drawing a given hand is calculated by dividing the number of ways of drawing the hand (Frequency) by the total number of 5-card hands (the sample space;

(

52
5

)

=
2
,
598
,
960

{\displaystyle \,{\begin{matrix}{52 \choose 5}=2,598,960\end{matrix}}}

). For example, there are 4 different ways to draw a royal flush (one for each suit), so the probability is 4/2,598,960, or one in 649,740. One would then expect to draw this hand about once in every 649,740 draws, that's nearly 0.000154% of the time.
Cumulative probability refers to the probability of drawing a hand as good as or better than the specified one. For example, the probability of drawing three of a kind is approximately 2.11%, while the probability of drawing a hand at least as good as three of a kind is about 2.87%. The cumulative probability is determined by adding one hand's probability with the probabilities of all hands above it.
The Odds are defined as the ratio of the number of ways not to draw the hand, to the number of ways to draw it. For instance, with a royal flush, there are 4 ways to draw one, and 2,598,956 ways to draw something else (2,598,960 - 4), so the odds against drawing a royal flush are 2,598,956 : 4, or 649,739 : 1. The formula for establishing the odds can also be stated as (1/p) - 1 : 1, where p is the aforementioned probability.
The values given for Probability, Cumulative probability, and Odds are rounded off for simplicity; the Distinct hands and Frequency values are exact.

tag: ul

text:
The nCr function on most scientific calculators can be used to calculate hand frequencies; entering nCr with 52 and 5, for example, yields

(

52
5

)

=
2
,
598
,
960

{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{52 \choose 5}=2,598,960\end{matrix}}}

 as above.

text:
Hand
Distinct hands
Frequency
Probability
Cumulative probability
Odds
Mathematical expression of absolute frequency

Royal flush

1

4

0.000154%

0.000154%

649,739 : 1

(

4
1

)

{\displaystyle {4 \choose 1}}

Straight flush (excluding royal flush)

9

36

0.00139%

0.0015%

72,192 : 1

(

10
1

)

(

4
1

)

−

(

4
1

)

{\displaystyle {10 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}-{4 \choose 1}}

Four of a kind

156

624

0.0240%

0.0256%

4,164 : 1

(

13
1

)

(

12
1

)

(

4
1

)

{\displaystyle {13 \choose 1}{12 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}}

Full house

156

3,744

0.1441%

0.17%

693 : 1

(

13
1

)

(

4
3

)

(

12
1

)

(

4
2

)

{\displaystyle {13 \choose 1}{4 \choose 3}{12 \choose 1}{4 \choose 2}}

Flush (excluding royal flush and straight flush)

1,277

5,108

0.1965%

0.367%

508 : 1

(

13
5

)

(

4
1

)

−

(

10
1

)

(

4
1

)

{\displaystyle {13 \choose 5}{4 \choose 1}-{10 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}}

Straight (excluding royal flush and straight flush)

10

10,200

0.3925%

0.76%

254 : 1

(

10
1

)

(

4
1

)

5

−

(

10
1

)

(

4
1

)

{\displaystyle {10 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}^{5}-{10 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}}

Three of a kind

858

54,912

2.1128%

2.87%

46.3 : 1

(

13
1

)

(

4
3

)

(

12
2

)

(

4
1

)

2

{\displaystyle {13 \choose 1}{4 \choose 3}{12 \choose 2}{4 \choose 1}^{2}}

Two pair

858

123,552

4.7539%

7.62%

20.0 : 1

(

13
2

)

(

4
2

)

2

(

11
1

)

(

4
1

)

{\displaystyle {13 \choose 2}{4 \choose 2}^{2}{11 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}}

One pair

2,860

1,098,240

42.2569%

49.9%

1.37 : 1

(

13
1

)

(

4
2

)

(

12
3

)

(

4
1

)

3

{\displaystyle {13 \choose 1}{4 \choose 2}{12 \choose 3}{4 \choose 1}^{3}}

No pair / High card

1,277

1,302,540

50.1177%

100%

0.995 : 1

[

(

13
5

)

−
10

]

[

(

4
1

)

5

−
4

]

{\displaystyle \left[{13 \choose 5}-10\right]\left[{4 \choose 1}^{5}-4\right]}

Total

7,462

2,598,960

100%

---

0 : 1

(

52
5

)

{\displaystyle {52 \choose 5}}

tag: table

text: The royal flush is a case of the straight flush. It can be formed 4 ways (one for each suit), giving it a probability of 0.000154% and odds of 649,739 : 1.

text: When ace-low straights and ace-low straight flushes are not counted, the probabilities of each are reduced: straights and straight flushes each become 9/10 as common as they otherwise would be.  The 4 missed straight flushes become flushes and the 1,020 missed straights become no pair.

text: Note that since suits have no relative value in poker, two hands can be considered identical if one hand can be transformed into the other by swapping suits.  For example, the hand 3♣ 7♣ 8♣ Q♠ A♠ is identical to 3♦ 7♦ 8♦ Q♥ A♥ because replacing all of the clubs in the first hand with diamonds and all of the spades with hearts produces the second hand.  So eliminating identical hands that ignore relative suit values, there are only 134,459 distinct hands.

text: The number of distinct poker hands is even smaller.  For example, 3♣ 7♣ 8♣ Q♠ A♠ and 3♦ 7♣ 8♦ Q♥ A♥ are not identical hands when just ignoring suit assignments because one hand has three suits, while the other hand has only two—that difference could affect the relative value of each hand when there are more cards to come.  However, even though the hands are not identical from that perspective, they still form equivalent poker hands because each hand is an A-Q-8-7-3 high card hand.  There are 7,462 distinct poker hands.

text: Frequency of 7-card poker hands[edit]

text:
In some popular variations of poker such as Texas Hold 'Em, a player uses the best five-card poker hand out of seven cards.  The frequencies are calculated in a manner similar to that shown for 5-card hands, except additional complications arise due to the extra two cards in the 7-card poker hand.  The total number of distinct 7-card hands is

(

52
7

)

=
133
,
784
,
560

{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{52 \choose 7}=133,784,560\end{matrix}}}

.  It is notable that the probability of a no-pair hand is less than the probability of a one-pair or two-pair hand.

text: The Ace-high straight flush or royal flush is slightly more frequent (4324) than the lower straight flushes (4140 each) because the remaining two cards can have any value; a King-high straight flush, for example, cannot have the Ace of its suit in the hand (as that would make it ace-high instead).

text:
Hand
Frequency
Probability
Cumulative
Odds

Royal flush

4,324
0.0032%
0.0032%
30,939 : 1

Straight flush (excl. royal flush)

37,260
0.0279%
0.0311%
3,589.6 : 1

Four of a kind

224,848
0.168%
0.199%
594 : 1

Full house

3,473,184
2.60%
2.80%
37.5 : 1

Flush

4,047,644
3.03%
5.82%
32.1 : 1

Straight

6,180,020
4.62%
10.4%
20.6 : 1

Three of a kind

6,461,620
4.83%
15.3%
19.7 : 1

Two pair

31,433,400
23.5%
38.8%
3.26 : 1

One pair

58,627,800
43.8%
82.6%
1.28 : 1

No pair

23,294,460
17.4%
100%
4.74 : 1

Total

133,784,560
100%
100%
0 : 1

text: Since suits have no relative value in poker, two hands can be considered identical if one hand can be transformed into the other by swapping suits.  Eliminating identical hands that ignore relative suit values leaves 6,009,159 distinct 7-card hands.

text: The number of distinct 5-card poker hands that are possible from 7 cards is 4,824.  Perhaps surprisingly, this is fewer than the number of 5-card poker hands from 5 cards because some 5-card hands are impossible with 7 cards (e.g. 7-high).

text: Frequency of 5-card lowball poker hands[edit]

text:
Some variants of poker, called lowball, use a low hand to determine the winning hand.  In most variants of lowball, the ace is counted as the lowest card and straights and flushes don't count against a low hand, so the lowest hand is the five-high hand A-2-3-4-5, also called a wheel.  The probability is calculated based on

(

52
5

)

=
2
,
598
,
960

{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{52 \choose 5}=2,598,960\end{matrix}}}

, the total number of 5-card combinations.  (The frequencies given are exact; the probabilities and odds are approximate.)

text:
Hand
Distinct hands
Frequency
Probability
Cumulative
Odds

5-high
1
1,024
0.0394%
0.0394%
2,537.05 : 1

6-high
5
5,120
0.197%
0.236%
506.61 : 1

7-high
15
15,360
0.591%
0.827%
168.20 : 1

8-high
35
35,840
1.38%
2.21%
71.52 : 1

9-high
70
71,680
2.76%
4.96%
35.26 : 1

10-high
126
129,024
4.96%
9.93%
19.14 : 1

Jack-high
210
215,040
8.27%
18.2%
11.09 : 1

Queen-high
330
337,920
13.0%
31.2%
6.69 : 1

King-high
495
506,880
19.5%
50.7%
4.13 : 1

Total
1,287
1,317,888
50.7%
50.7%
0.97 : 1

text: As can be seen from the table, just over half the time a player gets a hand that has no pairs, three- or four-of-a-kinds. (50.7%)

text: If aces are not low, simply rotate the hand descriptions so that 6-high replaces 5-high for the best hand and ace-high replaces king-high as the worst hand.

text: Frequency of 7-card lowball poker hands[edit]

text:
In some variants of poker a player uses the best five-card low hand selected from seven cards.  In most variants of lowball, the ace is counted as the lowest card and straights and flushes don't count against a low hand, so the lowest hand is the five-high hand A-2-3-4-5, also called a wheel.  The probability is calculated based on

(

52
7

)

=
133
,
784
,
560

{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{52 \choose 7}=133,784,560\end{matrix}}}

, the total number of 7-card combinations.

text: The table does not extend to include five-card hands with at least one pair. Its "Total" represents 95.4% of the time that a player can select a 5-card low hand without any pair.

text:
Hand
Frequency
Probability
Cumulative
Odds

5-high
781,824
0.584%
0.584%
170.12 : 1

6-high
3,151,360
2.36%
2.94%
41.45 : 1

7-high
7,426,560
5.55%
8.49%
17.01 : 1

8-high
13,171,200
9.85%
18.3%
9.16 : 1

9-high
19,174,400
14.3%
32.7%
5.98 : 1

10-high
23,675,904
17.7%
50.4%
4.65 : 1

Jack-high
24,837,120
18.6%
68.9%
4.39 : 1

Queen-high
21,457,920
16.0%
85.0%
5.23 : 1

King-high
13,939,200
10.4%
95.4%
8.60 : 1

Total
127,615,488
95.4%
95.4%
0.05 : 1

text: Bluffing[edit]

text: Bluffing frequency can affect the probability of an opponent calling a bet or folding. A player can bluff at an § Optimal bluffing frequency to try to eliminate any advantage to their opponent.


document_title: The New Edition Story

question_text: who played young bobby brown in new edition

text: The New Edition Story

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Woody McClain as Bobby Brown

Tyler Marcel Williams as Young Bobby Brown

Algee Smith as Ralph Tresvant

Jahi Di'Allo Winston as Young Ralph Tresvant

Bryshere Y. Gray as Michael Bivins

Dante Hoagland as Young Michael Bivins

Elijah Kelley as Ricky Bell

Caleb McLaughlin as Young Ricky Bell

Keith Powers as Ronnie DeVoe

Myles Truitt as Young Ronnie DeVoe

Luke James as Johnny Gill
Wood Harris as Brooke Payne
Faizon Love as Maurice Starr
Tank as Jheryl Busby
Michael Rapaport as Gary Evans
Wallace Smith as Jeff Dyson
Duane Martin as Louis Silas Jr.
Yvette Nicole Brown as Shirley Bivins, Michael's mother
Lisa Nicole Carson as Mae Bell, Ricky's mother
La La Anthony as Flo Payne DeVoe, Ronnie's mother
Monica Calhoun as Patricia Tresvant, Ralph's mother
Sandi McCree as Carole Brown, Bobby's mother

text: Others[edit]

text:
Raven Bowens as Teasha Bivins, Michael's wife
Bre-Z as Peanut Bell, Ricky's sister
Bryan Terrell Clark as Terry Lewis
Josh David as Al B. Sure
Melvin Jackson Jr. as Kurtis Blow
Wesley Jonathan as Michael Jonzun
Ashley Wade as Whitney Houston - the girlfriend of Bobby, who later to be his wife and had a daughter.
Krystal M. Harris as Zena, Ralph's ex-wife
Cynthia McWilliams as Sherry Carter
DC Young Fly as Bobby Brown's barber
Cynthia Rodriguez as Amy Correa Bell, Ricky's wife
Rachel Currence as Shamari Fears, Ronnie's wife
Chelsea Diggs-Smith as Amber Tresvant, Ralph's wife
Noel Braham as Ray Parker, Jr.
Stephen Hill as himself

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Part One[edit]

text: Opening Sequence - Home Again Tour - New Mexico 1997

text: Narration by Brook Payne (Wood Harris), the group's first manager, sets the stage: all six members of New Edition are back on tour in 1997, almost twenty years after the group's formation, separations, and solo projects. The divisions are still present as, in addition to performing the group's hits, the three solo acts - Ralph Tresvant, Johnny Gill, and Bobby Brown - and the trio Bell Biv DeVoe (or BBD, for short, made up by Ricky Bell (singer), Michael Bivins, and Ronnie DeVoe) also have their own scheduled sets.

text: Tensions reach a boiling point at the New Mexico concert. As Brown - whose decade-long selfishness and severely erratic behavior resulted in his being suspended from the group a decade prior - starts yet another song well after his scheduled time is up, DeVoe goes on stage, thanking Brown for his performance. He then directs the DJ to begin playing the BBD set. After briefly walking off stage, an enraged Brown returns and gets into a confrontation with DeVoe, as the musical performance is replaced by a wild brawl among the various New Edition members and their entourages, punctuated by a gunshot.

text: Payne's narration states that ego, pride, and greed resulted in this blow up of what had once been a successful group and decides to rewind the scene nearly twenty years, back to the group's founding in Roxbury, Massachusetts.

text: The rise of New Edition - Roxbury, MA - 1978-1983

text: It's a normal day for the people of Orchard Park Housing Projects (also called "O.P."), in Roxbury, Massachusetts in 1978.

text: Despite his mother' refusal to grant her son permission, a young Ricky Bell (played as a youth by Caleb McLaughlin) sneaks out at night to meet his friend, Michael "Mike" Bivins (played as a youth by Dante Hoagland) to go to a local talent show, where their mutual friend, Bobby Brown (played as a youth by Tyler Marcel Williams) is scheduled to perform. Ricky and Mike are impressed by the sound of a vocal group called "The Untouchables", while Bobby's performance is a disappointment as he gets stage fright within the first few seconds of his song.

text: The next day, Bobby asks Ricky and Mike to join him on stage the next time he performs, thinking that will help him with his stage fright. Initially unsure, the pair agree as long as another kid from the neighborhood, Ralph Tresvant (played as a youth by Jahi D'Allo Winston), can join. The trio made an assumption of the fact he can be pulled away from a girl, whom he has unsuccessfully been trying to impress with his karate skills.

text: The quartet try to practice at Ricky's house but squabble a fair amount. Recognizing they need some guidance, Ricky's sister, Peanut (Bre-Z), suggests they meet with Brooke Payne (Wood Harris), a manager for several of Boston's rising musical acts. The boys sneak into the back alley of a club to convince Brooke to manage them, finally winning him over with an a capella version of The Jackson 5's "I Want You Back".

text: The next morning, the boys arrive on time to meet Payne. However, Payne doesn't sugarcoat them, warning them they will be doing some extra hard work on their path to becoming musical artists. Payne comes up with the group's name of New Edition, as if they were either a new version or new edition of the Jacksons. Weeks of strenuous training features time spent on choreography, physical and mental discipline, and singing, Payne prepares the quartet in for a big talent showcase at the Strand Theater, where the winning act will receive a recording contract from Maurice Starr (Faizon Love) under his independent record label.

text: In a format reminiscent of the Amateur Night of the Apollo Theater, New Edition dazzles the crowd. Unfortunately, the judges grant 1st prize to a hip-hop duo, "The Boston Rebels." The crowd booed the decision, chanting for New Edition so loudly that Maurice gives New Edition a studio recording session and a record deal as well. To strengthen the Jackson 5 connection, Maurice encourages making the group a quintet, with Brooke suggesting his nephew Ronnie DeVoe (played as a youth by Myles Truitt) as the fifth member. Ronnie's audition is good enough for the group to accept him, completing the initial five-member formation of New Edition.

text: Squabbling returns at the recording session, with Ricky and Bobby fighting over a pair of headphones, while Ralph was patiently waiting his turn. Instead, Maurice decides to let Ralph sing first. As a result, the performance is so impressive that Ralph is given the lead vocals for "Candy Girl," which would become New Edition's first hit. Prior to finalizing the group, Maurice offers Ralph a solo deal instead, but Ralph declines, preferring to remain part of New Edition. With their mothers' oversight, the members of New Edition sign their record contract, receiving upfront payments of $500 each and a Betamax machine. With "Candy Girl" a nationwide hit, New Edition now are rising young stars. The quintet begin taking photo shoots for the cover of their debut album (also named Candy Girl), while also getting ready for a nationwide tour.

text: First Album and Candy Girl Tour - 1983

text: With "Candy Girl" #1 on the Billboard charts (topping Michael Jackson), New Edition begins making TV and concert hall appearances, including headlining a show at the Roseland Theater in New York City with Madonna and Kurtis Blow. When the group has been on tour (with international dates added) for several weeks, the mothers of Ricky and Bobby, who are struggling financially and on food stamps, seem concerned that they have not yet received any checks their sons should have earned from the shows. Therefore, they decide to confront Brooke Payne, who says he is not in control of the group's finances, despite being its manager. After grumbling about firing Brooke in order to get a manager who could improve the financial situation, they agree to give him a little more time to see if things improve.

text: Transition of Power / Boys Gone Wild - 1983 to 1984

text: The tour finally ends, with the teenagers leaving the high life and returning home to the poverty of Roxbury, at least until their tour checks arrive. However, when the checks finally show up, each member received $1.87 for the entire tour. Brooke, who had never had a major deal with a music industry label before New Edition and may have made some mistakes due to that inexperience, tries to explain the intricacies of the deal: the label advanced the group money that it needed to record the album and to promote the tour, with the label recouping that advance from the money the boys would have earned from the various tour dates. An emotional Brooke, who didn't even get $1.87 for all of his work on the tour, insists that he cares about the boys and wouldn't have intentionally made a deal that was bad for the boys. Four of the mothers vote to fire Brooke as manager. On the other hand, the lone holdout was Flo DeVoe (La La Anthony), Brooke's sister, who threatened to pull Ronnie out of the group. Brooke, however, reminded her that the group was their only best chance at getting out of the projects.

text: The mothers replace Brooke as manager with Gary Evans (Michael Rapaport), who promises to replace their current deal with Maurice Starr with a better one due to his relationship with MCA Records. Jheryl Busby (Tank), an executive at MCA, privately expresses to Gary a lack of interest with New Edition, whom he views as "some ghetto kids."

text: Having tasted fame and experiencing typical teenage rebellion, the young men of New Edition are less easy to control. Both Gary and the two security guards, Jeff Dyson (Wallace Smith) and Khalil, unexpectedly walking in on some of the members having sex with female groupies. There is more tension and a lot of anxiety within the group as well. Ralph (Algee Smith)'s talent and constant professionalism result in him taking the lead vocals on most of the songs for the new album. Feeling slighted, the rest of the group focuses more on women and having fun, often without Ralph, to whom they mockingly refer as "the big star." This in turn makes Ralph feel betrayed by his friends and frustrated that he is carrying so much of the group's work.

text: Part Two[edit]

text: Roller coaster of troubles - 1984-1985

text: In an effort to patch things up, Ralph asks Gary if the others could have lead vocals in more songs and Gary agrees. It starts with Bobby (Woody McClain) having lead vocals on "Mr. Telephone Man" when New Edition was working with singer-songwriter and producer Ray Parker Jr.. During the recording, Bobby (perhaps letting his constant prominence go to his head) maliciously starts making fun of Mike (Bryshere Y. Gray) for being unable to correctly hold a note. Mike takes this and teasing by the other members personally. He decides to take a cab rather than get in the group's limo, slamming the door shut in frustration. The driver, hearing the slam, assumes that Mike is in the car with them. He backs up and accidentally runs over Mike's foot. When Bobby antagonizes Mike yet again, Mike spits in his face. This eventually triggers a fight that prompted the rest of the group to break up. Gary tells the group that their moms think Mike should be kicked out of the group due to fighting. However, the other guys (including Bobby) stick up for Mike. When Mike returns, Bobby goes up to him first and apologizes for his actions. This allows the group to move forward. While internally repaired, New Edition is clashing with their new choreographer. A frustrated Gary decides to bring in someone who can help keep the group focused: Brooke, who was back only as the choreographer, not the manager.

text: Echoing the concerns of MCA executive Jheryl (who, while satisfied financially, is still concerned about the "ghetto boys'" public persona), Gary presses New Edition to maintain a clean image and be (or at least appear to be) single, the latter of which is particularly important to their young, female fanbase. While rehearsing for the "Cool It Now" tour, Bobby gets arrested for speeding in someone else's car that doesn't belong to him and driving without a license. When Gary comes to the station to bail him out, Bobby reveals that his girlfriend, who was in the car with him, is pregnant. Meanwhile, Ralph's girlfriend back home is also pregnant, but he hasn't told anyone yet. It was later revealed that she would have a miscarriage, partially because Ralph wasn't there to support her during the pregnancy. While smoking weed backstage on tour, the group runs into Johnny Gill (Luke James). Johnny is a Washington, D.C. native, who is another young artist within the MCA family. At another stop on New Edition's tour, no one can locate Bobby, until Gary finds him in the car doing cocaine with and receiving fellatio from female groupies. When discussing the situation with his fellow New Edition members, Bobby insists that he has his personal life under control.

text: Out with the old, In with the new - 1985-1988

text: After the tour, the mothers meet with Gary, frustrated yet again at their sons receiving less money than expected. Gary brings up the group's various expenses and drug/alcohol habits as contributing to the smaller checks, despite New Edition's self-titled second album with MCA being certified platinum.

text: Viewing the act as "Bobby Brown with New Edition" instead of just "New Edition," Bobby's ego continues to inflate out of control. With his personal and professional life causing two things for New Edition: disturbance and disrespect, it comes to a head at a show in Oakland, California. While enjoying the whole spotlight to himself after singing lead vocals for "Mr. Telephone Man," Bobby became emotionally irate. Also (in his mind, at least), he was initially upset over being quickly ignored by the crowd, who cheers for New Edition as a whole. Meanwhile, Ronnie, Mike, Ricky, and Ralph initially felt annoyed over Bobby selfishly trying to hog the entire onstage spotlight to himself. As a result, they all quickly transitioned into their next song, "Cool It Now." This further enrages Bobby, who has an attitude with the audience (by whom he was ignored), dictating that he wouldn't perform with New Edition anymore. Since Bobby does not get his way in the group, he disrespectfully tosses his mike in the air before storming off the set. Fed up with Bobby's actions, Gary pressures Ronnie, Mike, Ricky, and Ralph into voting to kick Bobby out of the group as punishment. Despite their initial reluctance to kick him out, thinking about Bobby's arrest, severe drug usage, continual selfishness, and disrespect eventually prompts the four to unanimously vote Bobby out instead.

text: While driving with Jeff (one of the group's security guards that Gary had hired), Mike speculates on what (if any) future the group has without Bobby. Jeff makes a suggestion that Mike should consider getting in the business side of the industry, given how few broke executives there are compared to broke musicians, as well as giving him more control. Mike glances at the All For Love record, which he and the group (including Bobby) had recorded the year prior and notices "Fast Break Productions" on the record rather than MCA Records. Mike storms into Jheryl's office, interrupting a meeting to demand an explanation. The MCA executive explains to Mike that, rather than being signed to MCA Records, they were signed to Fast Break Productions, which was Gary's company, which in turn had a relationship with MCA Records. In other words, rather than just being a manager who could use his connections to get the group a deal with MCA (as Gary had indicated to the mothers and the members of the group), Gary had drafted a contract that gave him two things: ownership and control of New Edition. This ensured that he got his money before the group did, as well as allowing him to do things like negotiating a shoe deal without consulting the members of the group. Still stunned that their contract with Gary wasn't much better than their $1.87 contract with Maurice Starr four years ago, Mike can't really respond when Jheryl rhetorically asks him if he even read Gary's contract before signing it as opposed to just relying on Gary's explanation. Jheryl finally ends the meeting with a response, saying, "Welcome to the music business." This gives Mike the opportunity to see what it is like to be a music executive- with the group's approval- meets with an attorney to fire Gary as manager and to work by getting out of their contract in order to sign directly with MCA.

text: Back home with his mom, Bobby is doing cocaine while watching the remaining members of New Edition perform "Count Me Out" on Soul Train. His mom enters his room to tell him that he has a visitor: Jheryl. He feels Bobby has too much talent to waste his life to drugs and offers him a solo deal with MCA, where he eventually records his debut solo album. Having moved in together, Ralph's girlfriend encourages him to similarly go solo. Ralph insists that while he is happy with the group, he does start to record some solo tracks without telling the rest of the group beforehand. When Ralph plays some of the solo songs for Ricky, Mike, and Ronnie, they feel betrayed. They are not very supportive even when Ralph says he would still be part of the group and just do the solo stuff as a side project, which results in Ralph feeling isolated and frustrated. When Ronnie expresses concern about how he'd take care of his family without New Edition, Mike starts working on a plan, so that they aren't dependent on Ralph. Meanwhile, Ralph, looking forward to solo money rather than splitting with other members of New Edition, shares his feelings with Jheryl. He stresses the importance of two things: timing and positioning, which is why Ralph's solo album will come out later after New Edition records another album. This one with Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, who had just produced Janet Jackson's smash album, Control a year prior.

text: The group arrives in Minneapolis to begin recording Heart Break with Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. Ralph - who is known for always being on time and ready to go - travels separately and arrives late. After a chilly greeting with Ricky, Mike, and Ronnie, Ralph is baffled to see a fifth member of New Edition: Johnny Gill, who Mike and Jheryl thought would be a good fit for the group. Angered that he wasn't even consulted about the decision and upset over having to split money five ways again, Ralph storms off. Johnny, Jimmy Jam, and Terry Lewis are also rattled, as they assumed Ralph knew about Johnny.

text: Still sulking, Ralph can't help but be impressed by Johnny's voice (if not his cowboy boot fashion sense). After a recording session, the two have a private conversation (because the other three guys didn't bother to hang around for the session), with Ralph apologizing for his initial conduct. He was admitting that the situation was more about his relationship with the other guys than anything Johnny had done. Ralph and Johnny realize they have several things in common, including professionalism and being fed the same story by Jheryl about delaying a solo project until after recording a New Edition album. Now that Ralph and Johnny were cool, Ralph jokingly asked if wannabe executive Mike sold Johnny on being the next Bobby. Johnny honestly replied that Mike described it as being the next Ralph. Slightly jarred by the thought of being replaced, Ralph regains his normal focus and dedication, with the entire group contributing to a great performance of "Can You Stand The Rain" and work well together recording the rest of the album. While preparing for Heart Break's album cover photo shoot, the men discuss how they've grown personally and professionally in their years in the recording business. When the photographer encourages them to smile, the group insists they know what works best for them and opts for a more serious facial expression.

text: While working on a music video for If It Isn't Love (with Brooke Payne once again providing choreography) and preparing for another tour, MCA's A&R/business partner Louis Silas Jr. (Duane Martin) drops the bombshell that Bobby will be touring with them.

text: Part Three[edit]

text: A Fork in the Road - 1988-1990

text: New Edition continues their preparations for the upcoming tour by releasing their new single "If It Isn't Love." Meanwhile, at the Paramount Pictures studio, Bobby Brown (who has skyrocketed to super-stardom with his second album Don't Be Cruel) prepares for his "Every Little Step" music video. Brown's barber (DC Young Fly) is distracted by the girls that will appear in the video and accidentally cuts off a chunk of Bobby's hair. This left a slant in Bobby's hair that Bobby irately compares to "Gumby." Without time to fix it, Bobby is forced to debut what would become his signature look in the video instead.

text: Bobby and New Edition are generally able to work well together on the tour, which also features singer Al B. Sure! (Josh David). Despite this, Bobby bristles a bit when "his" supposed lead vocals on Jealous Girl and Mr. Telephone Man will be both sung by Johnny even after Bobby originally offered to sing them himself. After a Washington, D.C. performance, Mike agrees to listen to a group of young men from Philadelphia sing one of New Edition's songs for him outside the tour bus. Impressed, Mike gives them a business card and encourages the group that will become Boyz II Men to call him.

text: In 1989, a party to celebrate the success of the tour, revealing how the group split up again. Jheryl is leaving his job at MCA Records to take a major role at Motown and convinces Johnny to come with him and record his self-titled third album - the one Jheryl promised he would support if Johnny recorded Heart Break with New Edition - at Motown. Ralph's similarly promised solo album will be released by MCA but must be re-recorded because Ralph and the executives felt that it would sound too much like Bobby's Don't Be Cruel album. Ralph is annoyed, because his album was originally ready to be released before Heart Break. However, it was delayed in favor of the New Edition album. As for Ricky, Mike, and Ronnie, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis suggest the trio start their own group, which would become Bell Biv DeVoe, based on their last names. Finally, the arrogant and disrespectful Bobby, who made a scene by sticking his hands into both of the party's cakes, is angry despite his individual success and being surrounded by attractive women. He almost showed constant jealously looking out at his former group members.

text: In March 1990, all six members of New Edition reunite by making an appearance for Video Soul with Sherry Carter. There is clearly awkwardness and tension during the interview, with barbed comments flying all around, particularly between Ralph and Mike (still not yet over inviting Johnny to the group without consulting Ralph), as well as Bobby and everyone else. The show also airs each of the separate acts' music videos: BBD's "Poison", Ralph Tresvant's "Sensitivity", and Johnny Gill's "My, My, My." When the host asked the most anticipated question, "Would the group ever reunite for a new album?," Ralph suggested there was a possibility to record a reunion album in the coming future.

text: Are we "Home Again" or not? - 1996-1997

text: The reunion album is made six years later, in 1996, after the various independent acts somewhat fizzled. This left several in debt, or at least precarious, financial position, especially Ricky (Elijah Kelley). Several of the group members, now approaching their 30s, are also dealing with personal issues: Ralph is struggling with the passing of his mother, while Bobby is no longer the only member with drug and alcohol issues. Also, Ricky is secretly using cocaine, popping pills, and drinking heavily, hiding his problems from his wife as well as the rest of New Edition.

text: As the group prepares for a tour of Home Again, Brooke is amazed at their expenses - separate tour buses, large entourages, lots of luggage - despite their limited success as independent acts, as well as being less professional than when they were kids. While the group will perform New Edition songs, they will also perform the songs of their various respective acts. Unfortunately, this tour does not go well, with Bobby's penchant for missing various interviews and even performances annoying the rest of the group and interfering with scheduled performance times. At one stop, Bobby arrived after the rest of the group had finished performing but decided to close the show solo instead. Bobby claimed that he felt like singing, because the crowd was chanting for him.

text: The tour arrives in New Mexico, where the miniseries began, though with some additional details on what would lead to the massive brawl. Bobby - on time for a change - decided to sing an extra song, at least partially because Bell Biv DeVoe couldn't go on as Ronnie (Keith Powers) was late. Bobby assumes that he was the real star of the tour. Thus, when Ronnie charged onto the stage to cut off Bobby, Bobby was partially angry, claiming that he was covering for Ronnie by doing an extra song. Storming backstage angry, Bobby tries to blast Bell Biv DeVoe with water from a fire hose but can't get the emergency device to work. Instead, he and his bodyguard march onstage, which brings in the various entourages for a chaotic scene, finally culminating with a gun shot that scatters everyone.

text: In the chaos, Brooke stumbles away and has a heart attack before being found by one of the members of the Bell Biv DeVoe entourage. An ambulance arrives to take him to the hospital, but won't allow Ronnie (who is Brooke's nephew) in with him. Instead, both Ricky and Mike try to keep Ronnie calm while waiting for a car. Ralph and Johnny get filled in, but Ronnie nearly loses it when Bobby appears to ask what's going on. He angrily blames Bobby for starting the fracas that led to his uncle having a heart attack. Bobby, on the hand, counter-argued that he would never hurt Brooke and that it was Ronnie who provoked the situation. Ronnie angrily storms off for good this time, saying he's done with the tour. Also, he's fed up with Ralph and Johnny always coddling Bobby. Ralph leaves after getting into it with Mike, and Johnny was fed up wasting his time with the hostility. A panicked Ricky asks Mike what they are going to do with so many shows left, and Mike essentially says the tour and the group are done.

text: Souls falling apart / Finding myself - 1998-2004

text: In the years after the tour, the New Edition members largely stay out of contact and have their lives go in different directions.

text:
Johnny is largely OK music wise, forming a new group called LSG with Gerald Levert and Keith Sweat but not seeming interested in talking to a radio personality about New Edition and the destruction of the group during the Home Again album and tour during a radio interview.
Taking all the knowledge of the business side of the music industry that Jeff game, Mike becomes a full time music executive himself. He starts his own label Biv 10 Records. Mike is now finding himself on the other side of the table when dealing with artists and often using the same words ("Did you even read your contract?") that people like Jheryl had said to Mike when New Edition was just starting.
Ralph's short marriage to his longtime girlfriend Xeina ends in a grimey divorce, with her taking the cars, house, sole custody of the kids and half of their shared assets. Being the mild mannered guy that he is, Ralph eventually deciding not to fight too much to contest.
With the Home Again tour falling apart and the group not on any speaking terms whatsoever, Ronnie decides to pursue a whole endeavor by enrolling in some real estate classes to become a real estate agent. However, he feels somewhat embarrassed when a fan recognizes him, feeling like he is at a rock bottom.
The New Edition member really at rock bottom is Ricky, whose drug and alcohol use gets worse when he faces bankruptcy, aggravated by lawsuits from the tour's abrupt end and lack of any job or trade skills other than music. Ricky's wife, Amy, suggests asking the members of New Edition for help but he refused. Instead, he asks her if she knows someone with a truck to help them move out of their foreclosed house.
Bobby's life at this time, including his relationship with his then wife at the time, Whitney Houston, is not shown in the miniseries.

text: Ricky eventually has an overdose, but his wife finds him in time for help to arrive and save him. At rehab, Ricky admits that what he was chasing was the feeling of fame, fortune, and popularity that he had years prior, as well as trying to fight the fear that the feeling wouldn't come back. In 2004, Ronnie's wedding planning isn't going well, with his latest concern being wasting money for inedible flowers on the wedding cake. His fiancée, Shamari, gets him to admit that his real issue is not having reunited New Edition, either as a musical group or to be his groomsmen for his rapidly approaching wedding. Concerned that their egos and behavior will both prevent any of them from showing up, Ronnie is convinced to at least invite the other five members to his wedding so that he won't have regrets.

text: I am my Brother's Keeper / BET 25th Celebration - 2005

text: The day of the wedding, Ronnie is in his prep room, on his own, accepting that he's going to be at the altar without any groomsmen. He hears a knock on the door and "Police!", only for it to be Bobby in a dazzling all-white tuxedo. Although Bobby thanks Ronnie for the invitation to be a groomsman, he declines an offer for a drink, saying he has cooled on drugs and alcohol. The rest of New Edition arrives, including a sober Ricky, with Ralph and Mike at least able to be civil to each other. The final arrival is Brooke, back to normal, after his heart attack at the disastrous tour and ready to see his nephew Ronnie get married.

text: At the reception, Ralph and Mike have a longer conversation, with Mike apologizing for starting the group's break up by bringing in Johnny to replace Ralph. Ralph counters that the group faced bigger problems than that, citing that the problems, which the members were only ready to deal with now that they were older. Rather than just a temporary truce, Ralph and Mike seem to have rekindled their friendship, ready to move forward without dwelling on negative events from the past.

text: Brooke toasts Ronnie and his new wife and includes New Edition in his toast by reminiscing about raising Ronnie and the other members of the group, encouraging them to be thankful for their success as a musical group and as men. New Edition reunites to serenade Ronnie's wife with their first hit song "Candy Girl." A BET producer approaches Brooke with the idea of having a New Edition reunion at the channel's 25th anniversary special. Brooke advises him to move quickly, as he does't know the next time the group will be together like this. The producer, however, does move quickly enough, as the group agrees to reunite for the BET special.

text: At the special, New Edition begins to perform a medley of hit singles: "If It Isn't Love," "Can You Stand the Rain," "Candy Girl," and "Cool It Now" before introducing Bobby Brown to perform "Mr. Telephone Man" with them. After Bobby gives a solo performance of his solo classic hit single "My Prerogative," Bobby then invites the group along to perform a medley with him, with highlights of the miniseries airing as the group sings. They all take a bow and give props and credit to BET for giving their long standing partnership as a final sendoff.

text: Development[edit]

text: Production[edit]

text: In August 2015, it was announced that BET commissioned the television film that would air as a three night miniseries. Five of the group's members--Ricky Bell, Michael Bivins, Ronnie DeVoe, Johnny Gill and Ralph Tresvant, had signed on as co-producers, while Bobby Brown did not. In addition, the band's longtime manager Brooke Payne had also been tapped as a co-producer and the film was to be written by Abdul Williams who wrote the 2010 film Lottery Ticket. Jesse Collins of the network's Real Husbands of Hollywood would serve as executive producer.[2] Collins later reported that production would air in 2017.[3] In April 2016, it was confirmed that Brown had also signed on as co-producer.[4] It was also announced that ATL director Chris Robinson would direct the film.[5] In November 2016, it was announced that iconic producers Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis had been recruited to oversee the music production.[6]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting for the series began in Boston in January 2016.[7][8] In April 2016, the network announced that Empire star Bryshere Y. Gray would portray Michael Bivins. The rest of cast included actor and singer Elijah Kelley as Ricky, R&B singer Luke James as Johnny, Algee Smith as Ralph, Keith Powers as Ronnie, and Woody McClain as Bobby Brown.[9] In addition, Dante Hoagland, Caleb McLaughlin, Myles Truitt, Jahi Winston, and Tyler Marcel Williams would portray younger versions of Michael, Ricky, Ronnie, Ralph and Bobby respectively.[4] In May 2016, La La Anthony, Yvette Nicole Brown, Monica Calhoun, Lisa Nicole Carson and Sandi McCree would join the cast as the mothers of the group members: Flo DeVoe, Shirley Bivins, Patricia Tresvant, Mae Bell and Carole Brown.[10] Several others joined the cast later that month including Wood Harris as Brooke Payne, Michael Rapaport as Gary Evans, Wallace Smith as Jeff Dyson, Faizon Love as Maurice Starr, Duane Martin as Louil Silas, singer Tank as Jheryl Busby and actress/rapper Bre-Z as Peanut Bell.[11]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: The first trailer for the film was unveiled on June 26, 2016, at the 26th annual BET Awards.[12] In July 2016, BET released a photo of the cast recreating the group's iconic album cover for the 1996 release Home Again.[13] In September 2016, BET announced the official premiere date for the film which would air on January 24, 25 and 26, 2017.[14] The network also released an extended trailer which highlighted the legendary onstage brawl between Bobby Brown and Bell Biv DeVoe after Brown went solo.[15] The UrbanWorld Film Festival hosted an exclusive screening of several clips.[16]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The film's premiere was watched by 4.2 million viewers, making it BET's most watched premiere since the 2012 season premiere of the sitcom The Game, which drew 5.2 million.[17][18] The second and final episodes brought in 3.96 million and 4.23 million viewers respectively, making the miniseries the top rated cable program for three consecutive nights.[19][20]

text: Critical[edit]

text: The New Edition Story has garnered positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the series holds a score of 76 out of 100.[21] It currently has a 100% rating, with an average score of 7.2/10 on Rotten Tomatoes, along with the consensus being, "The New Edition Story colorfully showcases its subjects with honesty and clarity while offering an entertainingly paced overview that leaves room for plenty of the group's greatest hits".[22] The film received rave reviews for the child actors who portrayed younger versions of New Edition in the first part of the series. Sylvia Obell of Buzzfeed praised the casting as "absolute perfection" and rated it an A+. Obell compared the film to another iconic television miniseries -- "it is on its way to being the best black TV biopic since The Jacksons: An American Dream" which aired on ABC in 1992. The most talked about similarities is the uncanny "jawdropping" striking resemblance of the young Bobby Brown, portrayed by Tyler Marcel Williams, who nailed the looks, demeanor and Bobby's most iconic "body roll". Also another uncanny resemblance were of the vocals of the young Ralph Tresvant, portrayed by Jahi Di'Allo Winston. For viewers, hearing his first lead solo appearance in the film singing "Candy Girl" gave chills for nailing every note.[23] Trey Mangum of Blavity said that BET "outdid" themselves, saying "With the warm reception and open arms that the world received The New Edition Story with, it's clear that this story needed to be told, and this was the perfect time." Mangum complimented the "spot-on" casting of both the young and adult casts, as well as the fact both casts recorded their own vocals, a rarity for musical biopics.[24]

text: During an interview with Bell Biv DeVoe on the radio show, The Breakfast Club, co-host Angela Yee described the casting for the film as "fantastic." Michael Bivins praised Algee Smith's portrayal of Tresvant and said he was "real nice, sliding into the most difficult spot." Smith did an outstanding job portraying Tresvant, especially for his first major role, and displayed amazing vocals somewhat similar to Tresvant's himself. Bivins' own mother pushed for Gray during the casting process.[25] In another interview, Ricky Bell along with Bivins praised Elijah Kelley for his portrayal of Ricky in the film. Bell further praised young actor Caleb McLaughlin for his portrayal as well. Bell was amazed by McLaughlin's attention to detail.[26]


document_title: Rapid response team (medicine)

question_text: what is a rapid response in a hospital

question_tokens: what is a rapid response in a hospital

text: Rapid response team (medicine)

text:
Rapid response team

Pronunciation
Medical emergency team, high acuity response team

[edit on Wikidata]

text: A rapid response team (RRT), also known as a medical emergency team (MET) and high acuity response team (HART), is a team of health care providers that responds to hospitalized patients with early signs of deterioration on non-intensive care units to prevent respiratory or cardiac arrest. The health care providers are trained in early resuscitation interventions and advanced life support and may include a physician, nurse, or respiratory therapist. The RRT, medical emergency team (MET), critical care outreach team (CCOT), and rover team are all different forms of the outgoing component of the rapid response system. The team responds to calls placed by clinicians or families at the bedside who have detected deterioration.[1][2][3] Some teams may also provide care during transport between hospitals, acting as a critical care transport team.[4]

text: Effectiveness[edit]

text: Rapid response teams appear to decrease the rates of respiratory and cardiac arrest outside the intensive care unit.[5][6][7] They also appear to decrease the chance of death in hospital.[8] Overall effectiveness of RRTs is somewhat controversial due to the variability across studies.[5][9][10][11][12][13]


document_title: List of National Football League career receptions leaders

question_text: who has the most receptions in nfl history

text: The 1,000 Catch Club is a group of 14 National Football League players with at least 1,000 career receptions. The list consists of 12 wide receivers and 2 tight ends.[1]

text: Players with at least 1,000 receptions[edit]

text:
Key

^
Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame

*
Denotes player who is still active in the NFL

text: Through end of 2017 season.

text:
Rank
Player
Team(s)
Receptions

1
Jerry Rice^
San Francisco 49ers
Oakland Raiders
Seattle Seahawks

1,549

2
Tony Gonzalez
Kansas City Chiefs
Atlanta Falcons

1,325

3
Fitzgerald, LarryLarry Fitzgerald*
Arizona Cardinals
1,234

4
Witten, JasonJason Witten*
Dallas Cowboys
1,152

5
Marvin Harrison^
Indianapolis Colts
1,102

6
Cris Carter^

Minnesota Vikings
Miami Dolphins

1,101

7
Tim Brown^
Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders
Tampa Bay Buccaneers

1,094

8
Terrell Owens
San Francisco 49ers
Philadelphia Eagles
Dallas Cowboys
Buffalo Bills
Cincinnati Bengals

1,078

9
Anquan Boldin
Arizona Cardinals
Baltimore Ravens
San Francisco 49ers
Detroit Lions

1,076

10
Reggie Wayne
Indianapolis Colts
1,070

11
Andre Johnson
Houston Texans
Indianapolis Colts
Tennessee Titans

1,062

12
Steve Smith Sr.
Carolina Panthers
Baltimore Ravens

1,031

13
Isaac Bruce
Los Angeles/St. Louis Rams
San Francisco 49ers

1,024

14
Hines Ward
Pittsburgh Steelers
1,000


document_title: Beauceron

question_text: what breed of dog is bosco in marmaduke

question_tokens: what breed of dog is bosco in marmaduke

text: Beauceron

text: History[edit]

text: A French herding breed known for centuries in western Europe, the Beauceron is noted as one of the breeds used to create the Doberman Pinscher. The regional name is somewhat misleading: the breed was found throughout northern France, rather than just in the Beauce region. Although quite different in appearance, the Beauceron and the long-haired sheep dog, the Briard, stem from similar ancestral stock, sharing the trait of double dewclaws on the hind legs. Both were used to herd sheep and cattle. Like the Beauceron, the Briard is found throughout northern France, and despite implications from its name, also did not come exclusively from the Brie region.

text: In 1809, Abbé Rozier wrote an article on these French herding dogs, in which he described the differences in type and used the terms Berger de Brie and Berger de Beauce.

text: In 1893, the veterinarian Paul Megnin differentiated between the long-haired Berger de la Brie and the short-haired Berger de Beauce. He defined the standard of the breed, with the assistance of M. Emmanuel Ball. In 1922, the Club des Amis du Beauceron was formed under the guidance of Dr. Megnin.

text: In 2008, the Beauceron made its debut in the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.

text:
Wikinews has related news:
 Four new breeds in the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.

text: History as a working breed[edit]

text: A versatile breed, the Bas Rouge is used to both guard and herd sheep and cattle. It was once very useful against wolves, now long gone from northern France. The breed served in both world wars as messenger dog, supply transport dog, land mine detection dog, search dog, police dog and rescue dog.

text: Appearance[edit]

text: This breed stands 61 to 70 cm (24 to 27.5 inches) in height and weighs 30 to 45 kg (66 to 100 pounds). The Beauceron has a hard outer coat and a woolly undercoat that grows thick in cold weather, especially if the dog sleeps outdoors. Its standard colouring is black and tan (the latter colour referred to in French as rouge ecureuil, squirrel-red) or grey, black and tan called harlequin. Other colours, such as the once prevalent tawny, grey or grey/black, are now banned by the breed standard. The merle coats should have more black than gray with no white. In the black and tan dogs the tan markings appear in two dots above the eyes, on the sides of the muzzle, fading off to the cheeks, but do not reach the underside of the ears. Also on the throat, under the tail and on the legs and the chest. Tan markings on the chest should appear as two spots but a chest plate is acceptable.

text: Although most breeds may or may not have dewclaws (many owners of other breeds remove dewclaws, especially if the dog is used for field and hunting), an important feature of the Beauceron is the double dewclaw. In order to be shown, a beauceron must have double dewclaws that form well-separated "thumbs" with nails on each rear leg; anything less will result in disqualification from dog shows.[1][2][3]

text: Ear cropping is no longer allowed in Europe.

text: Temperament[edit]

text: The Beauceron is known in France as a guard dog, a helper around the farm (herding sheep or cattle), and/or a ring sport dog (primarily protection training). This athletic, healthy and long-lived breed has been bred to be intelligent, calm, gentle, and fearless.[4] Adults are typically suspicious of strangers and are excellent natural guard dogs. On the other hand, they typically take their cue from their handlers when it comes to greeting strangers, and are neither sharp nor shy. They do best when raised within the family but they can sleep outside, the better to act as guards (their weatherproof coats make them ideal kennel users even in the coldest winters). They are eager learners and can be trained to a high level. However, their physical and mental development is slow, relative to other similar breeds (e.g. German and other large shepherds): they are not mentally or physically mature until the age of about three years, so their training should not be rushed. Several five- or ten-minute play-training exercises per day in the early years can achieve better results than long or rigorous training sessions.

text: Activities[edit]

text: Beaucerons can compete in dog agility trials, obedience, showmanship, flyball, tracking, and herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Beaucerons exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.[5]

text: Popular culture[edit]

text:
There is a Beauceron named Bosco in the film Marmaduke.
A dog of the same breed is also in the film Hotel for Dogs. His name is Henry.
A pack of hunting Beaucerons appeared in the 1988 movie The Bear.
A Beauceron was also seen in the film The Wild Child.
Two Beauce Shepherds appear in the James Bond movie Moonraker.
There was a Beauceron used extensively in the search and rescue efforts in the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001.[6]
There was a Beauceron in a brief scene in the Martin Scorsese directed film Gangs of New York.
There was a Beacuron guard dog in the  Marc Caro and Jean-Pierre Jeunet film The City of Lost Children