document_title: Spirit Riding Free

question_text: when will spirit riding free season 6 come out

text: Spirit Riding Free

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set during the 19th century in the small frontier town of Miradero, a 12-year-old[2] girl named Lucky, who had recently relocated from the city, encounters a wild kiger mustang named Spirit. Offspring of Spirit and Rain from Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron, the horse is caught by wranglers and brought to be "broken" in Miradero. Lucky gradually bonds with the stallion, and frees him. Lucky also meets two other girls, Pru and Abigail, who both own horses, Chica Linda, a palomino, and Boomerang, a pinto horse, respectively. They embark on everyday adventures across the land.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Amber Frank as Lucky Prescott[2]
Bailey Gambertoglio as Abigail Stone[2]
Sydney Park as Pru Granger[2]
Jeff Bennett as Mesteneros
Darcy Rose Byrnes as Maricela[2]
Nolan North as Jim Prescott[2]
Andy Pessoa as Turo
Tiya Sircar as Miss Flores
Kari Wahlgren as Aunt Cora[2]
Jonathan Craig Williams as Al

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Six episodes of the first season premiered on May 5, 2017.[3] The series was renewed for a second season and it premiered on September 8, 2017.[6] The series was renewed for a third season and it premiered on November 17, 2017.[7] The series was renewed for a fourth season and it premiered on March 16, 2018.[8] A fifth season of the show was released on Netflix on May 11, 2018.[9]  A sixth season of the show was released on Netflix on August 17, 2018.[10][11]

text: Crew[edit]

text: The voice director for the first three episodes was Ginny McSwain; Katie McWane took over as voice director subsequent to that.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally released16May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)27September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)37November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)46March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)57May 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)66August 17, 2018 (2018-08-17)

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byStoryboarded byOriginal release date11"Lucky and the Unbreakable Spirit"Joshua TabackAury WallingtonStephanie ArnettMay 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
Newly arrived in the town of Miradero, city girl Lucky struggles to fit in at school but befriends a wild stallion after he is wrangled for taming.
22"Lucky and the Treacherous Trail"Joshua TabackAury WallingtonMarc Wasik & Kevin WottonMay 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
Headstrong Lucky persuades Pru to give her a crash course in horseback riding so she and Spirit can participate in the annual Saddle Club race.
33"Lucky and the Mysterious Map"Beth SlevenAury WallingtonJean Kang & Christina ManriqueMay 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
On her first camping trip, Lucky decides to decode her dad's old treasure map, then sneaks off with Abigail, Pru and Spirit to find the fortune.
44"Lucky and the Competition Conundrum"Joshua TabackKatherine NolfiMarc Wasik & Kevin WottonMay 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
Desperate to be Student of the Month, Lucky teams with Maricela to create a booth for a school fundraiser, pitting herself against Pru and Abigail.
55"Lucky and the Appaloosa Adventure"Beth SlevenRobert TaylorJean Kang & Christina ManriqueMay 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
As Lucky and saddle-maker Turo plot to help a horse neglected by his cruel owner, Lucky's dad works to fix a cracked dam before disaster strikes.
66"Lucky and the Not-So-Secret Surprise"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceNancy CohenKathryn Marusik & David Van TuyleMay 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
Determined to throw Pru the best surprise birthday party ever, Lucky enlists Abigail's help in planning the event, which quickly gets out of hand.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byStoryboarded byOriginal release date71"Lucky and the Cowboy Next Door"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceLaura SreebnyKathryn Marusik & David VanTuyleSeptember 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Eager to follow in her mother's footsteps, Lucky gets lessons in trick riding from dashing young performer, Javier.
82"Lucky and the Pie P.I."Beth SlevenRobert TaylorJean Kang & Christina ManriqueSeptember 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
When Abigail's prize cherry pie goes missing, Lucky draws inspiration from her favorite book sleuth and plays detectives with her pals.
93"Lucky and Her Super Amazing and Fun Cousin Julian"Beth SlevenNancy CohenJean Kang & Christina ManriqueSeptember 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky's visiting cousin, Julian, charms her friends with his exciting schemes, but Lucky believes he's up to no good.
104"Lucky and the Harvest Hunt"Joshua TabackLaura SreebnyMarc Wasik & Kevin WottonSeptember 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky and her pals search for a scarecrow.
115"Lucky and the Christmas Spirit"Joshua TabackKatherine NolfiMarc Wasik & Kevin WottonSeptember 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky and her friends send gifts to everyone in town during Christmas.
126"Lucky and the Deadly Blizzard"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceAury WallingtonKathryn Marusik & David VanTuyleSeptember 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky and Maricela work together to get medicine from a broken train during a flu outbreak when a blizzard is coming.
137"Lucky and the Price of Freedom"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceAury WallingtonChristian Lignan & Kathryn MarusikSeptember 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky pretends to be a man to enter a horse race to prove that women are good at riding horses. Though she wins, her identity is exposed and she is disqualified. The winner, Junipero's former owner, decides to get back at Lucky by capturing Spirit, a wild mustang, and shipping him to the auction house. Will Lucky ever see Spirit again?

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byStoryboarded byOriginal release date141"Lucky and the Long Way Home"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceNancy CohenGus Corrales, Liza Epps, Rianna Liu, Kathryn MarusikNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
While Lucky searches for Spirit, Spirit makes a difficult and distinctly unlucky journey home to Miradero.  After being chased and repeatedly injured, he is encountered by Mixtli, a kindly Native American teenager who tends his wounds and lets him continue on his journey.
152"Lucky and the New Governor"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceLauren BradleyKathryn MarusikNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
With Aunt Cora's help, the PALs spruce up their formal affair etiquette for the upcoming Governor's Ball, but they worry for the health of a pregnant mare in Spirit's herd in the wild.
163"Lucky and the Risky Rescue"Beth SlevenLaura SreebnyJean Kang, Christina "Kiki" ManriqueNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
Having purchased the PALs' fishing hole with proceeds from the sale of Spirit, Harlan Grayson shoos the PALs and orders them never to return to his land.  When Mixtli, the Tuckapaw teen who had helped tend Spirit's wounds, inadvertently trespasses and assaults Grayson, resulting in his jailing, the PALs must mount a rescue mission to spring Mixtli from the train to Pine Forks as Grayson and the Sheriff escort Mixtli back to his reservation.
174"Lucky and the Field Trip Fraud"Beth SlevenCandie Kelty LangdaleJean Kang, Christina "Kiki" ManriqueNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
Eager to interest her students in learning, schoolteacher Miss Flores organizes a fossil-dig field trip with her new beau, Jim Prescott.  Unhappy about her father dating her teacher and annoyed with her classmates' taunts of being the "teacher's pet", Lucky schemes to get herself in trouble with Miss Flores.  But when Lucky discovers that Miss Flores has planted the class's fossil finds, which are actually mere cow bones, Lucky and Miss Flores reach a detente.
185"Lucky and the Shaky Day"Beth SlevenKatherine NolfiJean Kang, Christina "Kiki" ManriqueNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
Feeling punished by her father, Lucky has unkind words for him as he leaves town on business, but when an earthquake and a series of aftershocks strike Miradero and destroy a vital railroad bridge, threatening her father's life, Lucky and her friends must find a way to save the train and avert disaster.
196"Lucky and the Golden Opportunity"Joshua TabackRobert TaylorMandy Clotworthy, Kevin WottonNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
The PALs think they've struck gold when they find a hole leading to an abandoned mine, and soon Cousin Julian is recruiting the children of Miradero as manual labor in a secret gold-mining operation.  But when the young children get stuck in the mining hole and the stored mining haul collapses the hayloft in Mr. Granger's barn, the "gold" is revealed to be worthless pyrite.
207"Lucky and the Lion"Joshua TabackAury WallingtonRianna Liu, Marc Wasik, Kevin WottonNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
The PALs attempt to give horseback-riding lessons to an inexperienced and uncomfortable Aunt Cora, but are banned from riding themselves when it is learned that a dangerous mountain lion is ranging near Miradero.  Aunt Cora introduces Lucky to the Prescott family quilt, but Lucky worries for Spirit, who is out in the wild with the mountain lion on the loose.  Sneaking away from home, Lucky finds that Spirit has sustained injury in an attack, and the mountain lion threatens them both, until Aunt Cora rides to the rescue, not on a horse, but on the donkey Señor Carrots.

text: Season 4 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byStoryboarded byOriginal release date211"Lucky and the Impatient Patient"Joshua TabackNancy Cohen & Robert TaylorMandy Clotworthy & Kevin WottonMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
Spirit is cooped up in Mr. Granger's barn as he heals from wounds sustained in a mountain lion attack, but Mr. Granger doesn't want Lucky cooped up with him for a week, and orders her out.  She wins herself a job serving ice cream in Mr. Winthrop's general store while Winthrop is out with a bad back.  Meanwhile, Maricela is troubled by her strained relationship with her family's cook, Turo cannot complete a class assignment owing to his fear of spiders, and Snips feels abandoned because of the indifference shown him by his donkey Señor Carrots.  Lucky quickly finds herself overwhelmed serving ice cream and doling out mixed-up advice to Maricela and Turo.  By the end of the week, Spirit has healed, and Lucky spends her wages on carrots to help reunite the bond between Snips and his donkey.
222"Lucky and the Train Tycoon"Joshua TabackRich BurnsMarc Wasik & Kevin WottonMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
Lucky's uptight railroad-baron grandfather arrives by train from the city to stay with the Prescotts in Miradero for Lucky's 13th birthday.  At first, her grandfather thinks Lucky too young and incapable for the freedoms her father gives her on the frontier.  But when Lucky and Spirit use quick thinking and teamwork to rescue Lucky's grandfather from sinking in salt flats, he realizes that Lucky has adapted well to frontier life—so much so that she may never again be suited to city life, college, and suitable marriage.  Worried for her future, Lucky's grandfather orders she move back to the city, but Lucky's father takes a stand—Lucky will remain in Miradero.  Lucky's grandfather leaves, but not before reproaching Aunt Cora.  Feeling she has failed her duty to educate Lucky in refined comportment, Aunt Cora announces her intention to move out of the Prescott household and leave Miradero.
233"Lucky and the Role Reversal"Beth SlevenKatherine NolfiJean Kang & Christina "Kiki" ManriqueMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
Lucky and her father struggle to cope with home life without Aunt Cora, who has moved to the inn.  They even build a housework machine to do some of the chores.  Lucky wins the lead role in the school play, but without the help she needs at home, she fails to learn her lines and the production winds up a farcical catastrophe.
244"Lucky and the Patchwork Plan"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceLaura SreebnyLiza Epps & Kathryn MarusikMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
With help from Pru and Abigail, Lucky schemes to thwart Aunt Cora's plans to leave Miradero.  At the last minute, even after Aunt Cora's train has departed town, Lucky persuades Aunt Cora to remain in Miradero, albeit not as a member of the Prescott household.
255"Lucky And Her New Family Part 1"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceAury WallingtonLiza Epps & Kathryn MarusikMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
El Circo Dos Grillos, the travelling circus to which Lucky's mother belonged, comes to Miradero, and Lucky begins to learn the amazing story of how her mother fled a forced marriage in Mexico to be taken in by the circus and its proprietors, Fito and Estrella.  Meanwhile, the return of Jim's old circus friends and of the topic of Lucky's mother to the fore makes Miss Flores feels more distant than ever from Lucky and her father, and she contemplates leaving Miradero to take a summer position as a private tutor in the distant town of Lasso Flats.
266"Lucky And Her New Family Part 2"Beth SlevenAury WallingtonJean Kang & Christina "Kiki" ManriqueMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
In between the two Miradero performances by El Circo Dos Grillos, its star trick rider injures her ankle while heroically putting out a fire caused by Snips and Señor Carrots that threatened to consume the circus wagons.  Lucky offers to fill in and thus to step into the role once held by her own mother.  After perfecting her stunts with Spirit, including a jump through a ring of fire, Lucky's performance is a triumph, but she is devastated to learn that it was not witnessed by her father, who missed the show while proposing to the schoolteacher Miss Flores with fireworks and a romantic boat ride.  Learning of the proposal, Lucky and Spirit run away from home to join the circus.

text: Season 5 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byStoryboarded byOriginal release date271"Lucky and La Voltereta Feroz"Joshua TabackLaura SreebnyMarc Wasik & Kevin WottonMay 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)
Lucky runs away from home to join El Circo Dos Grillos, and is soon joined by Abigail and Pru.  Lucky tries to prove her worth as a working member of the circus, but her efforts to perfect a dangerous horseback backflip stunt (la voltereta feroz) are set back when her riding boots are doused too wet to perform in.
282"Lucky and the No-Good Outlaw Butch LePray"Joshua TabackRobert TaylorMarc Wasik & Kevin WottonMay 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)
While traveling, El Circo Dos Grillos comes across Jane, a meek bespectacled victim of the frontier bandit Butch LePray.  Ringmaster Fito tells Lucky, Pru, and Abigail of the legendary outlaw, whose face no one has even seen and lived to tell about it, and whom some say "is not even a man, just a shadow".  Lucky has recurring nightmares that Butch gets the jump on her, so Lucky and her friends devise a warning signal—cans tied together—to alert them if Butch should happen to lurk while the circus is camped, but the only fiends they catch are Fito and Jane, who travels with the circus and becomes Lucky's confidant.  During a performance of the circus, Lucky spots bandits making off with the circus's till, but when she confronts them, Jane betrays her and reveals that she is Butch LePray, and she will kidnap Lucky for ransom. Lucky uses her circus skills to escape her bindings, then unhitches Butch's escape buggy, which careens into a ravine.  Surviving the crash, Butch vows revenge on Lucky.
293"Lucky and the Big Goodbye"Beth SlevenKatherine NolfiJean Kang & Kimberly Jo MillsMay 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)
El Circo Dos Grillos travels to a prosperous frontier town where Lucky, Abigail, Pru, and Solana put up posters announcing their performances.  Fito and Estrella explain to Lucky that after this performance, the circus will traverse the mountains, and will not return to the region for a year, but Lucky is adamant that the circus is her new home and that she will be going with them.  Meanwhile, the town's council is opposed to any circus performance, and the mayor orders Fito to depart without performing.  The PALs hatch a plan to perform a secret farewell show for the town's children in the town's square.  The show goes off without a hitch, and at least one parent changes his mind about the circus.  The next morning, Abigail and Pru persuade Lucky to return to Miradero with them.  After the long ride home, Lucky faces her father, and, when Miss Flores emerges from the house, Lucky embraces her sincerely.
304"Lucky and the Two-Wheeled Terror"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceRich BurnsLiza Epps & Kathryn MarusikMay 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)
Expecting a welcome back to Miradero by the town's children, Lucky, Pru, and Abigail are dismayed to find their homecoming overshadowed by Maricela's new bicycle and her new closeness to Turo, who didn't even notice them being gone for weeks.  Only Snips is jealous of their having joined the circus, and stops talking to them, except through his donkey Señor Carrots.  Meanwhile, though Lucky is discomfited to learn that her father has given her schoolteacher a riding horse named Tambourine as an engagement present, she offers to help Miss Flores learn to ride.  Making use of her new transport, Maricela tries accompanying the PALs around the frontier, but disparages their hangout spots one by one, then irks them further by stealing their idea for a meteor-watching picnic atop Punta Libre.  When Maricela's bicycle sends her over a ledge on the way to the picnic, the PALs' rescue attempt leaves them all stranded together, until Miss Flores and Tambourine chance upon them with a rope ladder.  As Lucky comes to terms with all the changes in her life, Lucky, Abigail, Pru, and Maricela spot four shooting stars, one for each of them.
315"Lucky and the Rough Ride"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceLaura SreebnyLiza Epps & Kathryn MarusikMay 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)
After a classroom tutorial in first aid courtesy of Pru's mother, Fannie Granger, who is a veterinarian, the PALs join three other vaqueros—one of them being Lucky's love interest, Javier—on Mr. Granger's mustang drive across the frontier from Miradero to Rancho Conejo.  Lucky and Javier are separated from the group when they pursue an errant mare and her foal off the trail, and Javier badly injures his leg after a rattlesnake spooks the horses.  Lucky makes several attempts at using her new first aid skills, even suturing up the cut with saddle thread after Javier passes out from blood loss.  Meanwhile, Abigail and Pru handle a stampede all on their own.  When Javier comes to, he praises Lucky as a "real vaquera" now, and they hold hands.
326"Lucky and the Ghostly Gotcha!"Joshua TabackAury WallingtonMarc Wasik & Kevin WottonMay 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)
Dismayed at being too old to trick-or-treat, the PALs concoct an elaborate scheme to prank Abigail's little brother Snips with some ghostly home-brewed special effects in the nearby ghost town of Miner's Grove.  But just when the plot is concluded, the PALs get a scare of their own.
337"Lucky and the Doomed Delivery"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceKatherine NolfiMarc Wasik & Kevin WottonMay 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)
The PALs are going on their first overnight camping trip by themselves. Lucky learns that the wedding invitation Kate sent to the orphanage where the latter grew up has been returned, undeliverable. Lucky suggests the PALs travel to the orphanage to deliver the invitation only to find it abandoned and overrun by wolves.  Although Lucky does not succeed in delivering the invitation to the nuns, she finds an envelope bearing the initials "K.F." in a file cabinet in an office.  The PALs escape the wolves and return home to present Miss Flores with the envelope, which contains a photograph of a couple, perhaps Miss Flores's parents, and a necklace locket.

text: Season 6 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byStoryboarded byOriginal release date341"Lucky and the Doubtful Drought"Beth SlevenRich BurnsJean Kang & Kimberly Jo MillsAugust 17, 2018 (2018-08-17)
352"Lucky and the Arabian Nightmares"Beth SlevenRobert TaylorKathryn Marusik & Kimberly Jo MillsAugust 17, 2018 (2018-08-17)
363"Lucky and the Fearless Fillies"Joshua TabackLauren BradleyRichard Gaines & Rick LacyAugust 17, 2018 (2018-08-17)
374"Lucky and the Resolutionary Fever"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceLaura SreebnyMarc Wasik & Kevin WottonAugust 17, 2018 (2018-08-17)
385"Lucky and the Cousin Caper"Beth SlevenRich BurnsJean Kang & Kimberly Jo MillsAugust 17, 2018 (2018-08-17)
396"Lucky and the Wayward Wedding"Joshua TabackAury WallingtonRichard Gaines & Rick LacyAugust 17, 2018 (2018-08-17)

text: Home media[edit]

text: A DVD collection of all the episodes from seasons 1–4, titled Spirit Riding Free: Season 1–4 was released on DVD on June 5, 2018 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment.[12] The series is also scheduled for DVD releases in the UK, France, Italy, and Germany.


document_title: List of most common surnames in Asia

question_text: what is the most common surname in the philippines

root

text: List of most common surnames in Asia

text: Armenia[edit]

text:
Rank

Name

Romanization

Meaning

1

Հովհաննիսյան

Hovhannisyan

Son of Hovhannes (John)

2

Հարությունյան

Harutyunyan

Son of Harutyun ("resurrection")

3

Սարգսյան

Sargsyan

Son of Sargis

4

Խաչատրյան

Khachatryan

Son of Khachatur ("given by cross")

5

Գրիգորյան

Grigoryan

Son of Grigor (Gregory)

tag: table

text: Azerbaijan[edit]

text:
Rank[1]

Name

Romanization

Meaning

1

Məmmədov

Mammadov

"Son of Mammad"

2

Əliyev

Aliyev

"Son of Ali"

3

Həsənov

Hasanov

"Son of Hasan"

4

Hüseynov

Huseynov

"Son of Hussein"

5

Quliyev

Guliyev

"Son of Qulu"

6

Hacıyev

Hajiev

"Son of Haji"

7

Rəsulov

Rasulov

"Son of Rasoul"

8

Süleymanov

Suleymanov

"Son of Suleyman"

9

Musayev

Musayev

"Son of Musa"

10

Abbasov

Abbasov

"Son of Abbas"

11

Babayev

Babayev

"Son of Baba"

12

Vəliyev

Valiyev

"Son of Vali"

13

Orucov

Orujov

"fasting"[citation needed]

14

İsmayılov

Ismayilov

"Son of Ismayil"

15

Ibrahimov

Ibrahimov

"Son of Ibrahim"

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: [citation needed]

tag: p

text:
Name (Bangla alphabet)

Bangla Romanization

আহমেদ

Ahmed

আলী

Ali

আক্তার

Aktar / Akter

বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় (ব্যানার্জী)

Bondyopadhyay (Banerjee)

বনিক

Bonik / Banik

ব্যাপারী

Byapari / Bapary

বড়ুয়া

Boruya / Barua

বিশ্বাস

Bishwas

ভৌমিক

Bhoumik / Bhowmik

বসু

Bosu

চাকমা

Chakma

চক্রবর্তী

Chokroborti / Chakraborty

চট্টপাধ্যায় (চ্যাটার্জী)

Chottopadhyay (Chatterjee)

চৌধুরী

Choudhuri / Chowdhury

দাস

Das

দেবনাথ

Debnath

দেওয়ান

Dewan

দে

De / Dey

দত্ত

Dotto / Datta / Dutta

গাজী

Gazi

হক

Hok / Haque

হাসান

Hasan

হোসেন

Hosen / Hossain / Hussain

ইসলাম

Islam

Name (Bangla alphabet)

Bangla Romanization

কাজী

Kazi

খান

Khan

মাহমুদ

Mahmud

মজুমদার

Mojumdar / Majumder

মারমা

Marma

মিঞা

Mina / Miah

মির্জা

Mirza

মিত্র

Mitro / Mitra

মোল্লা

Molla / Mollah

মোহাম্মদ

Mohammod / Mohammud / Muhammad

মুখোপাধ্যায় (মুখার্জী)

Mukhopadhyay (Mukherjee)

মুন্সী

Munsi / Munshi

পাটোয়ারী

Patoyari / Patwary

পাল

Pal / Paul

রহমান

Rohoman / Rohman / Rahman

রায়

Ray / Roy

সাহা

Saha

সরকার

Sorkar / Sarker / Sarkar

সেন

Sen

শেখ

Shekh / Sheikh

ঠাকুর

Thakur

ত্রিপুরা

Tripura

উদ্দীন

Uddin

ওয়াজেদ

Wazed

text: Cambodia[edit]

text: Cambodian names are borrowed from Chinese, Sanskrit, Vietnamese words.

text: China[edit]

text: According to a comprehensive survey of residential permits released by the Chinese Ministry of Public Security on April 24, 2007,[2][3][4] the top three surnames in China have a combined population larger than Indonesia,[5][improper synthesis?] the world's fourth-most-populous country. The top 10 surnames each have a population greater than 20 million; the top 22 have populations of more than 10 million. The top 100 surnames cover 84.77% of China's population.

text: The press release from the Ministry of Public Security only provided detailed numbers for the top three surnames. Information about the others from 2006 comes from a multi-year study by Yuan Yida of the Chinese Academy of Sciences's Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, which purportedly used a sample size of 296 million spread across 1,110 counties and cities.[6]

text:
Rank

Name

Romanization

Total Number(2007)

Frequency(2007)

Estimated Number(2006)

Simp.

Trad.

1

王
Wáng [a]/Wong
92,881,000
7.25%
92,550,000

2

李
Lǐ [b]/Lee
92,074,000
7.19%
91,020,000

3
张
張
Zhāng [c]/Cheung
87,502,000
6.83%
86,690,000

4
刘
劉
Liú [d]/Lau
>20,000,000
—
65,280,000

5
陈
陳
Chén /Chan
—
—
56,640,000

6
杨
楊
Yáng [e] /Yeung
—
—
41,680,000

7
黄
黃
Huáng/Wong
—
—
29,410,000

8
赵
趙
Zhào/Chiu
—
—
26,180,000

9
吴
吳
Wú [f]/Ng
—
—
25,020,000

10

周
Zhōu/Chow
—
—
24,330,000

11

徐
Xú [g] /Tsui
>10,000,000
—
18,550,000

12
孙
孫
Sūn/Suen
—
—
17,940,000

13
马
馬
Mǎ/Ma
—
—
16,890,000

14

朱
Zhū/Chu
—
—
16,460,000

15

胡
Hú/Woo
—
—
14,970,000

16

郭
Guō/Kwok
—
—
14,260,000

17

何
Hé/Ho
—
—
13,340,000

18

高
Gāo/Ko
—
—
12,900,000

19

林
Lín/Lam
—
—
12,500,000

20
罗
羅
Luó/Law
—
—
12,400,000

text: Georgia[edit]

text:
Rank

Name

Romanization

Total Number[7](2010)

1

ბერიძე

Beridze

24,962

2

მამედოვი

MammadovMamedovi

23,675

3

კაპანაძე

Kapanadze

17,202

4

გელაშვილი

Gelashvili

16,350

5

ალიევი

AliyevAlievi

15,742

6

მაისურაძე

Maisuradze

14,824

7

გიორგაძე

Giorgadze

12,954

8

ლომიძე

Lomidze

11,796

9

წიკლაური

Tsiklauri

11,571

10

ბოლქვაძე

Bolkvadze

10,916

11

კვარაცხელია

Kvaratskhelia

10,447

12

ნოზაძე

Nozadze

10,183

13

ხუციშვილი

Khutsishvili

10,075

14

შენგელია

Shengelia

9,928

15

აბულაძე

Abuladze

9,663

16

მიქელაძე

Mikeladze

9,220

17

ტაბატაძე

Tabatadze

8,654

18

მჭედლიშვილი

Mchedlishvili

8,446

19

ბაირამოვი

BairamovBairamovi

8,373

20

გოგოლაძე

Gogoladze

8,362

text: India[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2017)

text: Indian surnames usually derive from occupational titles or caste distinctions and tend to vary among the wide variety of ethnic groups and cultural regions of India. For example, many common family names in the Dravidian states are rare, or nonexistent, in eastern or northern India, and vice versa. Indian family names also originate from the language spoken in the state or community and depend on the religious affiliation of the family. Hindu family names usually come from Pali, Sanskrit, or Tamil and may contain the name or title of a family deity, whereas Muslim last names are usually derived from Arabic, Persian or Turkish. Family names may also indicate lower or upper caste origin of the family as many surnames are exclusive only to certain social groups.

text:
Rank

Name

Total Number(2014)

1

Singh [h]

36,058,956

2

Kumar [i]

31,014,317

3

Das

10,485,481

4

Kaur

10,382,053

5

Mandal

8,451,262

6

Ram

7,412,410

7

Yadav

7,061,034

8

Kumari

6,280,211

9

Ali

5,796,792

10

Lal

5,751,667

11

Bibi

5,669,410

12

Khatun

5,510,718

13

Bai

5,401,652

14

Sharma

4,887,182

15

Shah

4,887,182

16

Khan

4,442,333

17

Patel

3,957,109

18

Patil

3,776,738

19

Rajput

3,771,896

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: Most Indonesians do not use family last name. There is only a small number of ethnic groups which maintain family names.

text: Israel[edit]

text:
Rank[8]

Name

Romanization

Meaning

Frequency

1

כהן

Cohen

"priest"

1.93%

2

לוי

LeviLevy

"Levite"

1.12%

3

מזרחי

MizrachiMizrahi

"easterner"

0.33%

4

פרץ

Peretz

from Perezfrom Pérez

0.32%

5

ביטון

Biton

from Chaim"life"

0.30%

6

דהן

Dahan

"oil merchant"

0.23%

7

אברהם

Avraham

from Abrahamfrom Abramowicz & al.

0.22%

8

פרידמן

Friedman

from Solomon[9]

0.21%

9

מלכה

MalkaMalcah

from Málaga"queen"

0.19%

10

אזולאי

Azoulay

"of a priestly dynasty""blue eyed"

0.19%

11

כץ

Katz

"priest of righteousness"[10]"priest of Zadok"[11]

0.19%

12

יוסף

Yosef

from Joseph

0.18%

13

דוד

David

from Davidfrom Davidson & al.

0.17%

14

עמר

AmarOmer

"farmer""sheaf"

0.17%

15

אוחיון

OhayonOchion

"son of Chaim"

0.16%

Rank

Name

Romanization

Meaning

Frequency

16

חדד

HadadChadad

"smith"

0.16%

17

גבאי

Gabai

synagogue warden; sexton

0.16%

18

בן דוד

Ben-David

"son of David"

0.14%

19

אדרי

AdreiEdry/EdriAdary

from Draa valley in Morocco

0.14%

20

לוין

Levin

"Levite"

0.14%

21

טל

Tal

"dew"

0.13%

22

קליין

Klein

"small"

0.13%

23

חן

ChenKhen

"loveliness""grace"

0.13%

24

שפירא

Shapira

"Speyerer"

0.13%

25

חזן

ChazanHazan

"cantor"

0.13%

26

משה

Moshe

from Moses

0.13%

27

אשכנזי

Ashkenazi

"German"

0.12%

28

אוחנה

Ohana

"Son of Hannah"

0.12%

29

סגל

SegalSegel

"assistant to the Levites" (S'gan Levi)

0.12%

30

גולן

Golan

0.12%

text: Japan[edit]

text: Officially, there are 291,129 different Japanese surnames,[12] as determined by their kanji, although many of these are spelled and romanized similarly. The top 10 surnames cover approximately 10% of the population, while the top 100 cover slightly more than 33%.[13]

text: This ranking is a result of "The National Same Family Name Investigation" by Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company.[13] This investigation included approximately 6,118,000 customers of Meiji Yasuda's insurance and annuities, as of August 2008.

text:
Rank

Name

Romanization

Estimated Number(2008)

Occupation Rate(%)

1

佐藤

Satō

1,990,000

1.57

2

鈴木

Suzuki

1,900,000

1.50

3

高橋

Takahashi

1,470,000

1.16

4

田中

Tanaka

1,340,000

1.06

5

渡辺

Watanabe

1,200,000

0.95

6

伊藤

Itō

1,150,000

0.91

7

中村

Nakamura

1,080,000

0.85

8

小林

Kobayashi

1,060,000

0.84

9

山本

Yamamoto

1,020,000

0.81

10

加藤

Katō

920,000

0.73

11

吉田

Yoshida

850,000

—

12

山田

Yamada

820,000

—

13

佐々木

Sasaki

710,000

—

14

山口

Yamaguchi

640,000

—

15

松本

Matsumoto

630,000

—

16

井上

Inoue

600,000

—

17

木村

Kimura

580,000

—

18

清水

Shimizu

560,000

—

19

林

Hayashi

550,000

—

20

斉藤

Saitō

530,000

—

21

斎藤

Saitō

520,000

—

22

山崎

YamazakiYamasaki

490,000

—

23

中島

NakajimaNakashima

480,000

—

24

森

Mori

470,000

—

25

阿部

Abe

470,000

—

26

池田

Ikeda

450,000

—

27

橋本

Hashimoto

450,000

—

28

石川

Ishikawa

440,000

—

29

山下

Yamashita

410,000

—

30

小川

Ogawa

410,000

—

31

石井

Ishii

400,000

—

32

長谷川

Hasegawa

390,000

—

33

後藤

Gotō

390,000

—

34

岡田

Okada

380,000

—

35

近藤

Kondō

370,000

—

36

前田

Maeda

370,000

—

37

藤田

Fujita

370,000

—

38

遠藤

Endō

360,000

—

39

青木

Aoki

350,000

—

40

坂本

Sakamoto

350,000

—

41

村上

Murakami

340,000

—

42

太田

Ōta

320,000

—

43

金子

Kaneko

310,000

—

44

藤井

Fujii

310,000

—

45

福田

Fukuda

300,000

—

46

西村

Nishimura

300,000

—

47

三浦

Miura

300,000

—

48

竹内

Takeuchi

290,000

—

49

中川

Nakagawa

290,000

—

50

岡本

Okamoto

290,000

—

51

松田

Matsuda

290,000

—

52

原田

Harada

290,000

—

53

中野

Nakano

290,000

—

Rank

Name

Romanization

Estimated Number(2008)

54

小野

Ono

280,000

55

田村

Tamura

280,000

56

藤原

FujiwaraFujihara

270,000

57

中山

Nakayama

270,000

58

石田

Ishida

270,000

59

小島

Kojima

260,000

60

和田

Wada

260,000

61

森田

Morita

250,000

62

内田

Uchida

250,000

63

柴田

Shibata

250,000

64

酒井

Sakai

240,000

65

原

Hara

240,000

66

高木

TakagiTakaki

240,000

67

横山

Yokoyama

240,000

68

安藤

Andō

240,000

69

宮崎

MiyazakiMiyasaki

240,000

70

上田

UedaUeta

240,000

71

島田

Shimada

230,000

72

工藤

Kudō

230,000

73

大野

Ōno

220,000

74

宮本

Miyamoto

220,000

75

杉山

Sugiyama

220,000

76

今井

Imai

220,000

77

丸山

Maruyama

210,000

78

増田

Masuda

210,000

79

高田

TakadaTakata

210,000

80

村田

Murata

210,000

81

平野

Hirano

210,000

82

大塚

Ōtsuka

210,000

83

菅原

SugawaraSugahara

210,000

84

武田

TakedaTaketa

200,000

85

新井

Arai

200,000

86

小山

KoyamaOyama

200,000

87

野口

Noguchi

200,000

88

桜井

Sakurai

200,000

89

千葉

Chiba

200,000

90

岩崎

Iwasaki

200,000

91

佐野

Sano

200,000

92

谷口

Taniguchi

200,000

93

上野

Ueno

200,000

94

松井

Matsui

190,000

95

河野

KōnoKawano

190,000

96

市川

Ichikawa

190,000

97

渡部

WatanabeWatabe

190,000

98

野村

Nomura

180,000

99

菊地

Kikuchi

180,000

100

木下

Kinoshita

180,000

text: Korea[edit]

text:
Rank[14](2000)

Hangul

Hanja

Romanizations

1

김

金

Kim, Gim, Ghim

2

리 / 이

李

Lee, Yi

3

박

朴

Park, Pak, Bak

4

최

崔

Choi, Choe, Choy, Joy

5

정

鄭

Jeong, Chung, Cheong, Jung, Young

6

강

姜

Kang, Gang, Ghang

7

조

趙

Cho, Jo, Joe

8

윤

尹

Yoon, Yun, Youn

9

장

張

Jang, Chang

10

림 / 임

林

Lim, Rim, Im, Rhim

11

한

韓

Han

12

오

吳

O, Oh

13

신

申

Shin, Sin

14

서

徐

Seo, Suh, Seoh

15

권

權

Kwon, Gwon, Kuen

16

황

黃

Hwang, Huang

17

안

安

Ahn, An

18

송

宋

Song

19

류 / 유

柳

Yoo, Yu, Ryu, Ryoo

20

홍

洪

Hong

21

전

全

Jeon, Jun, Chun, Cheon

22

고

高

Ko, Koh, Go, Goh

23

문

文

Mun, Moon, Mon, Munn

24

손

孫

Son, Sohn, Sonn

25

량 / 양

梁

Yang, Ryang

Rank(2000)

Hangul

Hanja

Romanizations

26

배

裵

Bae, Bai, Pai, Pae

27

백

白

Baek, Paik, Pak, Bak, Bhak, Phak

28

조

曺

Jo, Cho

29

허

許

Hur, Heo, Her, Hui

30

남

南

Nam, Nan, Nham

31

심

沈

Sim, Shim, Shen

32

류 / 유

劉

Yu, Yoo, Liu, Lau, Yau

33

로 / 노

盧

No, Noh, Roh

34

하

河

Ha, Hah

35

전

田

Jeon, Jun

36

정

丁

Jeong, Jung

37

곽

郭

Gwak, Kwak, Koak

38

성

成

Seong, Sung, Shong, Shung

39

차

車

Cha

40

유

兪

Yu, Yoo

41

구

具

Gu, Koo, Goo

42

우

禹

U, Woo

43

주

朱

Ju, Joo, Chu, Zhu, Zuu, Juu, Choo

44

임

任

Im, Yim

45

라 / 나

羅

Na, Ra, La

46

신

辛

Sin, Shin

47

민

閔

Min

48

진

陳

Jin, Jean, Chen, Jen

49

지

池

Ji, Jee

50

엄

嚴

Eom, Uhm, Um

text: Nepal[edit]

text: Surnames in Nepal are divided into three origins; Indo-Aryan languages, Tibeto-Burman languages and indigenous origins. Indo-Aryan surnames dominates over other language origin surnames.

text:
Rank
(2014)

Name

Character in Devanagari/native script

IAST

Meaning

Incidence(2014)

Frequency
(2014)

Ethnic Group

1

Shrestha

Śrēṣṭha

Excellent[15]

2,195,182

1:12

Newar

2

Thapa

थापा

Thāpā

Warrior[16]

803,119

1:33

Chhetri, Magar

3

Adhikari

अधिकारी

Adhikārī

Officer[17]

569,179

1:47

Bahun, Chhetri

4

Maharjan

564,392

1:47

Newar

5

Gurung

500,309

1:53

Gurung

6

Karki

कार्की

Kārkī

Revenue Officer[18]

413,836

1:64

Chhetri

7

Ghimire

घिमिरे

Residents of Ghamirau village[citation needed]

354,077

1:75

Bahun, Chhetri

8

Rai

Rāī

King[citation needed]

347,746

1:76

Kirant Rai

9

Lama

བླ་མ

Lāmā

High Priest[19]

338,017

1:78

Tamang, Sherpa

10

Acharya

आचार्य

Ācārya

Teacher[20]

333,076

1:80

Bahun

11

Shakya

Śākya

One who is capable[21]

326,127

1:81

Newar

12

Khadka

खड्का

Sword bearer[citation needed]

322,421

1:82

Chhetri

13

Bhattarai

भट्टराई

Bhaṭṭarāī

306,980

1:86

Bahun, Chhetri

14

Bhandari

भण्डारी

Bhaṇḍārī

Treasurer[22]

303,428

1:87

Chhetri, Bahun

15

Subedi

सुवेदी

Bahun,Chhetri

text: Philippines[edit]

text: The majority of Filipinos use Spanish surnames that were given to them by their Spanish rulers (See Catálogo alfabético de apellidos).[citation needed] Chinese surnames, especially Hokkien surnames, either monosyllabic (e.g. Tan, Lim) or multisyllabic (e.g. Dizon), are also prevalent.[citation needed] Many Filipinos also bear surnames from Philippine languages, usually Tagalog, Kapampangan, Ilocano, and Cebuano.

text: The list below is from 2016 data by the Philippine Statistics Authority based on a sample of recorded births. [23]

text:
Rank
(2016)

Name

Instances
(2016)

1

Dela Cruz

2

Garcia

3

Reyes

4

Mendoza

5

Ramos

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: Many low country Sinhalese have Portuguese surnames as a result of Portuguese colonial rule in that areas  during the 16th and 17th centuries. Of Sinhalese own surnames, they have Sanskrit origination. Tamils and Sri Lankan Moors have distinctive surnames for their own ethnicity.

text:
Rank
(2014)

Name

Total Number
(2014)

Language of origin and meaning

1

Perera

862,080

Portuguese

2

Fernando

520,965

Portuguese

3

de Silva

299,772

Portuguese

4

Bandara

227,388

Sinhalese

5

Kumara

201,695

Sinhalese

6

Dissanayake

172,612

Sinhalese

7

Mohamed

154,874

Arabic, of Sri Lankan Moor

8

Gamage

149,527

Sinhalese

9

Liyanage

143,854

Sinhalese

10

Jayasinghe

142,224

Sinhalese

11

Ranasinghe

139,680

Sinhalese

12

Herath

123,182

Sinhalese

13

Weerasinghe

122,008

Sinhalese

14

Peiris

115,944

Portuguese

15

Rathnayake

102,902

Sinhalese

16

Wickramasinghe

96,968

Sinhalese

17

Wijesinghe

94,816

Sinhalese

18

Hettiarachchi

87,512

Sinhalese

19

Nanayakkara

78,057

Sinhalese

20

Ahamed

74,601

Arabic, of Sri Lankan Moor

21

Rajapaksha

71,144

Sinhalese

22

Mendis

70,623

Portuguese

23

Pathirana

70,297

Sinhalese

24

Ekanayake

69,840

Sinhalese

25

Gunasekara

69,384

Sinhalese

26

Dias

67,623

Portuguese

27

Sampath

67,232

Sinhalese

28

Amarasinghe

64,949

Sinhalese

29

Ratnayake

59,863

Sinhalese

30

Chathuranga

58,754

Sinhalese

31

Senanayake

55,037

Sinhalese

32

Samarasinghe

54,320

Sinhalese

33

Lakmal

53,733

Sinhalese

34

Munasinghe

52,755

Sinhalese

35

Rodrigo

51,777

Portuguese

36

Seneviratne

51,581

Sinhalese

37

Rathnayaka

49,886

Sinhalese

38

Edirisinghe

48,516

Sinhalese

39

Jayawardena

48,386

Sinhalese

40

Fonseka

47,995

Portuguese

41

Sanjeewa

47,147

Sinhalese

42

Gunawardana

46,625

Sinhalese

43

Gunawardena

45,386

Sinhalese

44

Karunaratne

44,930

Sinhalese

45

Jayaweera

43,495

Sinhalese

46

Jayasekara

43,365

Sinhalese

47

Ranaweera

42,387

Sinhalese

48

Jayawardana

40,822

Sinhalese

49

Jayasuriya

40,561

Sinhalese

50

Madusanka

40,300

Sinhalese

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: According to a comprehensive survey of residential permits released by the Taiwanese Ministry of the Interior's Department of Population in 2016, Taiwan has only 1,503 surnames.[24] The top ten surnames in Taiwan accounted for 52.77% of the general population, and the top 100 accounted for 96.56%.

text:
Rank

Character

Romanizations

%of totalpop.

2016

Mainland(2007)

Mandarin

Cantonese

Minnan

Other

Trad.

Simp.

Pinyin

Wade

Jyutping

HK

Other

POJ

Other

1

5

陳
陈

Chén

Ch'en2

Can4

Chan

Chun

Tân

Ting

11.14%

2

19

林

Lín

Lin2

Lam4

Lam

Lum

Lîm

Lim, Liem

8.31%

3

7

黃
黄

Huáng

Huang2

Wong4

Wong

WangVang

Ng

Eng, UngWee, OeiOoi, UyBong

6.05%

4

3

張
张

Zhāng

Chang1

Zoeng1

Cheung

Chong5Cheong4

Tiu

Teo, TeohTio, ThioTiew

Tiong

5.27%

5

2

李

Lǐ

Li3

Lei5

LeeLi

LeLei4

Lí

LeeLieDee

5.13%

6

1

王

Wáng

Wang2

Wong4

Wong

Vong

Ông

Heng

4.11%

7

9

吳
吴

Wú

Wu2

Ng4

Ng

Ung4, Eng

Gô•Ngô•

Goh, Gouw

Woo

4.04%

8

4

劉
刘

Liú

Liu2

Lau4

Lau

Lao4Lou

Lâu

LowLao, Lauw

3.16%

9

40

蔡

Cài

Ts'ai4

Coi3

Choi

ChoyTsoiToy

Chhoà

Chua, ChoaTjoa

TsayChai

2.91%

10

6

楊
杨

Yáng

Yang2

Joeng4

Yeung

YeongIeong4

Iû

EawYeo, YeohYongJoe, Yo

Young

2.66%

text: Thailand[edit]

text: There are no common Thai surnames. Surnames were largely introduced to Thai culture only by the 1913 Surname Act.[25] The law does not allow one to create any surname that is duplicated with any existing surnames.[26] Under Thai law, only one family can create any given surname: any two people of the same surname must be related, and it is very rare for two people to share the same full name. In one sample of 45,665 names, 81% of family names were unique.[27]

text: Turkey[edit]

text:
Rank[28]
Name
Meaning

1
Yılmaz
intrepid/dauntless

2
Kaya
rock

3
Demir
iron

4
Şahin
falcon/hawk

5
Çelik
steel

6
Yıldız
star

7
Yıldırım
thunderbolt

8
Öztürk
pure Turk

9
Aydın
cultured/enlightened

10
Özdemir
pure iron

11
Arslan
lion

12
Doğan
falcon

13
Kılıç
sword

14
Aslan
lion

15
Çetin
stiff/tough

16
Kara
black

17
Koç
ram

18
Kurt
wolf

19
Özkan
pure blood

20
Şimşek
lightning

text: Vietnam[edit]

text:
Rank[29]

Name

%of totalpop.

Vietnamese

Chữ Hán

1

Nguyễn

阮

38%

2

Trần

陳

11%

3

Lê

黎

9.5%

4

Phạm

范

7.1%

5

Huỳnh/Hoàng

黃

5.1%

6

Phan

潘

4.5%

7

Vũ/Võ

武

3.9%

8

Đặng

鄧

2.1%

9

Bùi

裴

2%

10

Đỗ

杜

1.4%

11

Hồ

胡

1.3%

12

Ngô

吳

1.3%

13

Dương

楊

1%

14

Lý

李

0.5%


document_title: Father of the Year (film)

question_text: who plays meredith on father of the year

text: Father of the Year (film)

text: Cast[edit]

text:
David Spade as Wayne, Ben's dimwitted unemployed father
Nat Faxon as Mardy, Larry's scientist father
Joey Bragg as Ben, Wayne's son who is a recent college graduate and Larry's best friend
Matt Shively as Larry, Mardy's son and Ben's best friend
Bridgit Mendler as Meredith, Ben's love interest
Camille Clark as Caryssa, the hot townie
Jackie Sandler as Krystal, Mardy's wife, Larry's stepmother, and Aiden's mother
Mary Gillis as Ruth, Larry's neighbor
Jared Sandler as Nathan, Ben's and Larry's friend
Bill Kottkamp as PJ, Ben's and Larry's friend
Kevin Nealon as Peter Francis, CEO of ISG Energy
Peyton Russ as Aiden, Krystal's son, Mardy's stepson, and Larry's stepbrother
Moses Storm as Trey, Larry's drug dealer
Dean Winters as Geoff, a neighbor who runs in the "wife carrying race"
Ashley Spillers as Olivia, Mardy's lab assistant

text: Production[edit]

text: In July 2017, it was announced that David Spade, Nat Faxon, Bridgit Mendler, Joey Bragg, Matt Shively, and Jackie Sandler would star in Who Do You Think Would Win? for Netflix.[1] The film was eventually re-titled Graduates[2] and then later Father of the Year.[3]

text: Principal photography took place in Boston and Hudson, MA  in June 2017.[1]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on July 20, 2018.[4] It had previously been scheduled for June 29, 2018.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes gives Father of The Year an approval rating of 0%,[5] the third time a film from Happy Madison Productions has received 0%, after The Ridiculous 6 and Bucky Larson: Born to Be a Star.[6][7]


document_title: Colonial India

question_text: when did india become a direct colony of britain

text: Colonial India

text: Portuguese[edit]

text: Long after the decline of the Roman Empire's sea-borne trade with India, the Portuguese were the next Europeans to sail there for the purpose of trade, first arriving by ship in May 1498. The closing of the traditional trade routes in western Asia by the Ottoman Empire, and rivalry with the Italian states, sent Portugal in search of an alternate sea route to India. The first successful voyage to India was by Vasco da Gama in 1498, when after sailing around the Cape of Good Hope he arrived in Calicut, now in Kerala. Having arrived there, he obtained from Saamoothiri Rajah permission to trade in the city. The navigator was received with traditional hospitality, but an interview with the Saamoothiri (Zamorin) failed to produce any definitive results. Vasco da Gama requested permission to leave a factor behind in charge of the merchandise he could not sell; his request was refused, and the king insisted that Gama should pay customs duty like any other trader, which strained their relations.

text: Though Portugal presence in India initially started in 1498, its colonial rule ranges from 1505 to 1961.[4] The Portuguese Empire established the first European trading centre at Kollam, Kerala. In 1505 King Manuel I of Portugal appointed Dom Francisco de Almeida as the first Portuguese viceroy in India, followed in 1509 by Dom Afonso de Albuquerque. In 1510 Albuquerque conquered the city of Goa, which had been controlled by Muslims. He inaugurated the policy of marrying Portuguese soldiers and sailors with local Indian girls, the consequence of which was a great miscegenation in Goa and other Portuguese territories in Asia.[5] Another feature of the Portuguese presence in India was their will to evangelise and promote Catholicism. In this, the Jesuits played a fundamental role, and to this day the Jesuit missionary Saint Francis Xavier is revered among the Catholics of India.

text: The Portuguese established a chain of outposts along India's west coast and on the island of Ceylon in the early 16th century. They built the St. Angelo Fort at Kannur to guard their possessions in North Malabar.[6][7][full citation needed] Goa was their prized possession and the seat of Portugal's viceroy. Portugal's northern province included settlements at Daman, Diu, Chaul, Baçaim, Salsette, and Mumbai. The rest of the northern province, with the exception of Daman and Diu, was lost to the Maratha Empire in the early 18th century.

text: In 1661 Portugal was at war with Spain and needed assistance from England. This led to the marriage of Princess Catherine of Portugal to Charles II of England, who imposed a dowry that included the insular and less inhabited areas of southern Bombay while the Portuguese managed to retain all the mainland territory north of Bandra up to Thana and Bassein. This was the beginning of the English presence in India.

text: Dutch[edit]

text: The Dutch East India Company established trading posts on different parts along the Indian coast. For some while, they controlled the Malabar southwest coast (Pallipuram, Cochin, Cochin de Baixo/Santa Cruz, Quilon (Coylan), Cannanore, Kundapura, Kayamkulam, Ponnani) and the Coromandel southeastern coast (Golkonda, Bhimunipatnam, Kakinada, Palikol, Pulicat, Parangippettai, Negapatnam) and Surat (1616–1795). They conquered Ceylon from the Portuguese. The Dutch also established trading stations in Travancore and coastal Tamil Nadu as well as at Rajshahi in present-day Bangladesh, Pipely, Hugli-Chinsura, and Murshidabad in present-day West Bengal, Balasore (Baleshwar or Bellasoor) in Odisha, and Ava, Arakan, and Syriam in present-day Myanmar (Burma). Ceylon was lost at the Congress of Vienna in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, where the Dutch having fallen subject to France, saw their colonies raided by Britain. The Dutch later became less involved in India, as they had the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) as their prized possession.

text: English and British India[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Rivalry with the Netherlands[edit]

text: At the end of the 16th century, England and the United Netherlands began to challenge Portugal's monopoly of trade with Asia, forming private joint-stock companies to finance the voyages: the English (later British) East India Company, and the Dutch East India Company, which were chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively. These companies were intended to carry on the lucrative spice trade, and they focused their efforts on the areas of production, the Indonesian archipelago and especially the "Spice Islands", and on India as an important market for the trade. The close proximity of London and Amsterdam across the North Sea, and the intense rivalry between England and the Netherlands, inevitably led to conflict between the two companies, with the Dutch gaining the upper hand in the Moluccas (previously a Portuguese stronghold) after the withdrawal of the English in 1622, but with the English enjoying more success in India, at Surat, after the establishment of a factory in 1613.

text: The Netherlands' more advanced financial system[8] and the three Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th century left the Dutch as the dominant naval and trading power in Asia. Hostilities ceased after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, when the Dutch prince William of Orange ascended the English throne, bringing peace between the Netherlands and England. A deal between the two nations left the more valuable spice trade of the Indonesian archipelago to the Netherlands and the textiles industry of India to England, but textiles overtook spices in terms of profitability, so that by 1720, in terms of sales, the English company had overtaken the Dutch.[8] The English East India Company shifted its focus from Surat—a hub of the spice trade network—to Fort St. George.

text: East India Company[edit]

text: In 1757 Mir Jafar, the commander in chief of the army of the Nawab of Bengal, along with Jagat Seth, Maharaja Krishna Nath, Umi Chand and some others, secretly connived with the British, asking support to overthrow the Nawab in return for trade grants. The British forces, whose sole duty until then was guarding Company property, were numerically inferior to the Bengali armed forces. At the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757, fought between the British under the command of Robert Clive and the Nawab, Mir Jafar's forces betrayed the Nawab and helped defeat him. Jafar was installed on the throne as a British subservient ruler.[9] The battle transformed British perspective as they realised their strength and potential to conquer smaller Indian kingdoms and marked the beginning of the imperial or colonial era in South Asia.

text: British policy in Asia during the 19th century was chiefly concerned with expanding and protecting its hold on India, viewed as its most important colony and the key to the rest of Asia.[10] The East India Company drove the expansion of the British Empire in Asia. The company's army had first joined forces with the Royal Navy during the Seven Years' War, and the two continued to cooperate in arenas outside India: the eviction of Napoleon from Egypt (1799), the capture of Java from the Netherlands (1811), the acquisition of Singapore (1819) and Malacca (1824), and the defeat of Burma (1826).[11]

text: From its base in India, the company had also been engaged in an increasingly profitable opium export trade to China since the 1730s. This trade, unlawful in China since it was outlawed by the Qing dynasty in 1729, helped reverse the trade imbalances resulting from the British imports of tea, which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China. In 1839, the confiscation by the Chinese authorities at Canton of 20,000 chests of opium led Britain to attack China in the First Opium War, and the seizure by Britain of the island of Hong Kong, at that time a minor settlement.[12]

text: The British had direct or indirect control over all of present-day India before the middle of the 19th century. In 1857, a local rebellion by an army of sepoys escalated into the Rebellion of 1857, which took six months to suppress with heavy loss of life on both sides, although the loss of British lives is in the range of a few thousand, the loss on the Indian side was in the hundreds of thousands.[13] The trigger for the Rebellion has been a subject of controversy. The resistance, although short-lived, was triggered by British East India Company attempts to expand its control of India. According to Olson, several reasons may have triggered the Rebellion. For example, Olson concludes that the East India Company's attempt to annexe and expand its direct control of India, by arbitrary laws such as Doctrine of Lapse, combined with employment discrimination against Indians, contributed to the 1857 Rebellion.[14] The East India Company officers lived like princes, the company finances were in shambles, and the company's effectiveness in India was examined by the British crown after 1858. As a result, the East India Company lost its powers of government and British India formally came under direct British rule, with an appointed Governor-General of India. The East India Company was dissolved the following year in 1858. A few years later, Queen Victoria took the title of Empress of India.[15]

text: India suffered a series of serious crop failures in the late 19th century, leading to widespread famines in which at least 10 million people died. Responding to earlier famines as threats to the stability of colonial rule, the East India Company had already begun to concern itself with famine prevention during the early colonial period.[16] This greatly expanded during the Raj, in which commissions were set up after each famine to investigate the causes and implement new policies, which took until the early 1900s to have an effect.[17]

text: The slow but momentous reform movement developed gradually into the Indian Independence Movement. During the years of World War I, the hitherto bourgeois "home-rule" movement was transformed into a popular mass movement by Mahatma Gandhi, a pacifist. Apart from Gandhi, other revolutionaries such as Bagha Jatin, Khudiram Bose, Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekar Azad, Surya Sen, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Pradyumn Ananth Pendyala were not against use of violence to oppose the British rule. The independence movement attained its objective with the independence of Pakistan and India on 14 and 15 August 1947 respectively.

text: Conservative elements in England consider the independence of India to be the moment that the British Empire ceased to be a world power, following Curzon's dictum that, "[w]hile we hold on to India, we are a first-rate power. If we lose India, we will decline to a third-rate power."

text: French[edit]

text: Following the Portuguese, English, and Dutch, the French also established trading bases in India. Their first establishment was in Pondicherry on the Coromandel Coast in southeastern India in 1674. Subsequent French settlements were Chandernagore in Bengal, northeastern India in 1688, Yanam in Andhra Pradesh in 1723, Mahe in 1725, and Karaikal in 1739. The French were constantly in conflict with the Dutch and later on mainly with the British in India. At the height of French power in the mid-18th century, the French occupied large areas of southern India and the area lying in today's northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Between 1744 and 1761, the British and the French repeatedly attacked and conquered each other's forts and towns in southeastern India and in Bengal in the northeast. After some initial French successes, the British decisively defeated the French in Bengal in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and in the southeast in 1761 in the Battle of Wandiwash, after which the British East India Company was the supreme military and political power in southern India as well as in Bengal. In the following decades it gradually increased the size of the territories under its control. The enclaves of Pondichéry, Karaikal, Yanam, Mahé and Chandernagore were returned to France in 1816 and were integrated with the Republic of India in 1954.

text: Dano-Norwegian[edit]

text: Denmark–Norway held colonial possessions in India for more than 200 years, but the Danish presence in India was of little significance to the major European powers as they presented neither a military nor a mercantile threat.[18] Denmark–Norway established trading outposts in Tranquebar, Tamil Nadu (1620), Serampore, West Bengal (1755), Calicut, Kerala (1752) and the Nicobar Islands (1750s). At one time, the main Danish and Swedish East Asia companies together imported more tea to Europe than the British did. Their outposts lost economic and strategic importance, and Tranquebar, the last Dano-Norwegian outpost, was sold to the British in October 16, 1868.

text: Other external powers[edit]

text: The Spanish were briefly given territorial rights to India by Pope Alexander VI on 25 September 1493 by the bull Dudum siquidem before these rights were removed by the Treaty of Tordesillas less than one year later. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands were briefly occupied by the Japanese Empire during World War II.[19][20][21]

text: Wars[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The wars that took place involving the British East India Company or British India during the Colonial era:

text:
Anglo-Mysore Wars
First Anglo-Maratha War
Second Anglo-Maratha War
Third Anglo-Maratha War
First Anglo-Sikh War
Second Anglo-Sikh War
Gurkha War
Burmese Wars
First Opium War
India's First War of Independence
Second Opium War
First Anglo-Afghan War
Second Anglo-Afghan War
Third Anglo-Afghan War
World War I, see List of Indian divisions in World War I, Bombardment of Madras
World War II.


document_title: Body water

question_text: how many percentage of water in human body

text: Body water

text: Location[edit]

text: By weight, the average human adult male is approximately 60% water and the average adult female is approximately 50%. There can be considerable variation in body water percentage based on a number of factors like age, health, weight, and sex. In a large study of adults of all ages and both sexes, the adult human body averaged ~65% water. However, this varied substantially by age, sex, and adiposity (amount of fat in body composition). The figure for water fraction by weight in this sample was found to be 58 ±8% water for males and 48 ±6% for females.[1] The body water constitutes as much as 73% of the body weight of a newborn infant, whereas some obese people are as little as 45% water by weight.[2] This is due to how fat tissue does not retain water as well as lean tissue. These statistical averages will vary with factors such as type of population, age of people sampled, number of people sampled, and methodology. So there is not, and cannot be, a figure that is exactly the same for all people, for this or any other physiological measure.

text: Most of animal body water is contained in various body fluids. These include intracellular fluid; extracellular fluid; plasma; interstitial fluid; and transcellular fluid.[3] Water is also contained inside organs, in gastrointestinal, cerebrospinal, peritoneal, and ocular fluids. Adipose tissue contains about 10% of water, while muscle tissue contains about 75%.[4][5]

text: In Netter's Atlas of Human Physiology, body water is broken down into the following compartments:[3]

text:
Intracellular fluid (2/3 of body water) is fluid contained within cells. In a 72-kg body containing 40 litres of fluid, about 25 litres is intracellular,[6] which amounts to 62.5%. Jackson's texts states 70% of body fluid is intracellular.[7]
Extracellular fluid (1/3 of body water) is fluid contained in areas outside of cells. For a 40-litre body, about 15 litres is extracellular,[6] which amounts to 37.5%.

Plasma (1/5 of extracellular fluid). Of this 15 litres of extracellular fluid, plasma volume averages 3 litres,[6] or 20%.
Interstitial fluid (4/5 of extracellular fluid)
Transcellular fluid (a.k.a. "third space," normally ignored in calculations) contained inside organs, such as the gastrointestinal, cerebrospinal, peritoneal, and ocular fluids.

text: Measurement[edit]

text: Dilution and equilibration[edit]

text: Total body water can be determined using Flowing afterglow mass spectrometry measurement of deuterium abundance in breath samples from individuals. A known dose of deuterated water (Heavy water, D2O) is ingested and allowed to equilibrate within the body water. The FA-MS instrument then measures the deuterium-to-hydrogen (D:H) ratio in the exhaled breath water vapour. The total body water is then accurately measured from the increase in breath deuterium content in relation to the volume of D2O ingested.

text: Different substances can be used to measure different fluid compartments:[8]

text:
total body water: tritiated water or heavy water.
extracellular fluid: inulin
blood plasma: Evans blue

text: Intracellular fluid may then be estimated by subtracting extracellular fluid from total body water.

text: Bioelectrical impedance analysis[edit]

text: Another method of determining total body water percentage (TBW%) is via Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). In the traditional BIA method, a person lies on a cot and spot electrodes are placed on the hands and bare feet. Electrolyte gel is applied first, and then a weak current of frequency 50kHz is introduced. This AC waveform allows the creation of a current inside the body via the very capacitive skin without causing a DC flow or burns, and limited in the ~20mA range current for safety.[9]

text: BIA has emerged as a promising technique because of its simplicity, low cost, high reproducibility and noninvasiveness. BIA prediction equations can be either generalized or population-specific, allowing this method to be potentially very accurate. Selecting the appropriate equation is important to determining the quality of the results.

text: For clinical purposes, scientists are developing a multi-frequency BIA method that may further improve the method's ability to predict a person's hydration level. New segmental BIA equipment that uses more electrodes may lead to more precise measurements of specific parts of the body.

text: Calculation[edit]

text: In humans, total body water can be estimated based on the premorbid (or ideal) body weight and correction factor.

text:
T
B
W
=
w
e
i
g
h
t
∗
C

{\displaystyle TBW=weight*C}

.

text: C is a coefficient for the expected percentage of weight made up of free water. For adult, non-elderly males, C = 0.6. For adult elderly males, malnourished males, or females, C = 0.5. For adult elderly or malnourished females C = 0.45. A total body water deficit (TBWD) can then be approximated by the following formula:

text: Where [Na]t = target sodium concentration (usually 140 mEq/L), and [Na]m = measured sodium concentration.

text: The resultant value is the approximate volume of free water required to correct a hypernatremic state. In practice, the value rarely approximates the actual amount of free water required to correct a deficit due to insensible losses, urinary output, and differences in water distribution among patients. [10]

text: Functions[edit]

text: Water in the animal body performs a number of functions: as a solvent for transportation of nutrients; as a medium for excretion; a means for heat control; as a lubricant for joints; and for shock absorption.[4]

text: Changes[edit]

text: The usual way of adding water to a body is by drinking. Water also enters the body with foods, especially those rich in water, such as plants, raw meat, and fish.

text: The amount of this water that is retained in animals is affected by several factors. Water amounts vary with the age of the animal. The older the vertebrate animal, the higher its relative bone mass and the lower its body water content.

text: In diseased states, where body water is affected, the fluid compartment or compartments that have changed can give clues to the nature of the problem, or problems. Body water is regulated by hormones, including anti-diuretic hormone, aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide.

text: Loss of water[edit]

text: Volume contraction is a decrease in body fluid volume, with or without a concomitant loss of osmolytes. The loss of the body water component of body fluid is specifically termed dehydration.[11]

text: Sodium loss approximately correlates with fluid loss from extracellular fluid, since sodium has a much higher concentration in extracelluliar fluid (ECF) than intracellular fluid (ICF). In contrast, K+ has a much higher concentration in ICF than ECF, and therefore its loss rather correlates with fluid loss from ICF, since K+ loss from ECF causes the K+ in ICF to diffuse out of the cells, dragging water with it by osmosis.[citation needed]


document_title: Batman Begins

question_text: who does liam neeson play in batman begins

text: Batman Begins

text: Plot[edit]

text: As a child, Bruce Wayne falls down into a dry well and is attacked by a swarm of bats, subsequently developing a phobia of the creatures. While watching an opera with his parents, Thomas and Martha, Bruce becomes frightened by performers masquerading as bats and asks to leave. Outside, mugger Joe Chill murders Bruce's parents in front of him. Orphaned, Bruce is raised by the family butler, Alfred Pennyworth.

text: Fourteen years later, Chill is freed in exchange for testifying against Gotham City mafia boss Carmine Falcone. Bruce intends to murder Chill, but one of Falcone's assassins does so first. Bruce's childhood friend, Assistant District Attorney Rachel Dawes, berates him for attempting to undermine the justice system, saying that his father would be ashamed. Bruce confronts Falcone, who tells him that real power comes from being feared. Bruce decides to travel the world and learn how to confront injustice. While serving a prison sentence for theft in Bhutan, he meets Henri Ducard, who trains him as a member of the League of Shadows, led by Ra's al Ghul. After completing his training and purging his fears, Bruce learns that the League intends to destroy Gotham, believing it to be corrupt, decadent, hypocritical and beyond saving. Bruce rejects the League's cause and burns down their temple during his escape. Ra's is killed by falling debris, while Bruce saves the unconscious Ducard.

text: Bruce returns to Gotham intent on fighting crime. Inspired by his childhood fear, he takes up the vigilante identity of "Batman" and sets up a base in the caves beneath Wayne Manor. He takes an interest in his family's company, Wayne Enterprises, now run by the unscrupulous William Earle. Company archivist Lucius Fox allows Bruce access to prototype defense technologies, including a protective bodysuit and a heavily armored car, the Tumbler. Bruce poses as a shallow playboy to allay suspicion.

text: Batman intercepts a drug shipment, provides Rachel with evidence against Falcone, and enlists Sergeant James Gordon, one of the few honest cops left in Gotham, to arrest him. In the prison, Falcone meets Dr. Jonathan Crane, a corrupt psychologist whom he has helped smuggle drugs into Gotham, and threatens to reveal his complicity if he does not declare him mentally unfit for trial. Crane puts on a scarecrow mask and sprays Falcone with a fear-inducing hallucinogen that drives him insane (which causes Falcone to constantly mouth the word "Scarecrow"), and has him transferred to Arkham Asylum. While investigating "the Scarecrow", Batman is exposed to the hallucinogen and left incapacitated. He is saved by Alfred and given an antidote developed by Fox. When Rachel accuses Crane of corruption, Crane reveals that he has been pouring his fear-inducing drug into Gotham's water supply. He drugs Rachel with it, but Batman saves her and subdues Crane, who claims to work for Ra's al Ghul. Batman evades the police to get Rachel to safety, administers the antidote, and gives her a vial of it for Gordon and another for mass production. Ducard reappears at Bruce's birthday party and reveals himself to be the true Ra's al Ghul. Having stolen a powerful microwave emitter from Wayne Enterprises, he plans to vaporize Gotham's water supply, rendering Crane's drug airborne and causing mass hysteria that will destroy the city. He sets Wayne Manor aflame and leaves Bruce to die, but Alfred rescues him.

text: Ra's loads the microwave emitter onto Gotham's monorail system, intending to release the drug as the train travels toward the city's central water source. Batman rescues Rachel from a drugged mob and indirectly reveals his identity to her. He pursues Ra's onto the monorail and fights him just as Gordon uses the Tumbler's cannons to destroy a section of the track. Batman refuses to kill Ra's, but also chooses not to save him, gliding from the train and leaving Ra's aboard as it crashes and explodes, killing him.

text: Bruce gains Rachel's respect but loses her love, as she decides she cannot be with him while he is Batman. Bruce buys a controlling stake in the now publicly traded Wayne Enterprises, fires Earle, and replaces him with Fox. Gordon is promoted to Lieutenant of the Gotham City Police Department, shows Batman the Bat-Signal, and mentions a criminal who leaves Joker playing cards at crime scenes. Batman promises to investigate, and disappears into the night.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Christian Bale as Bruce Wayne / Batman:

text: Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth:

text: Liam Neeson as Henri Ducard / Ra's al Ghul:

text: Katie Holmes as Rachel Dawes:

text: Emma Lockhart as Young Rachel Dawes.

text: Gary Oldman as James Gordon:

text: Cillian Murphy as Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow:

text: Tom Wilkinson as Carmine Falcone:

text: Rutger Hauer as William Earle:

text: Ken Watanabe as decoy Ra's al Ghul:

text: Actor Jay Buozzi plays a brief role as the next decoy of Ra's.

text: Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox:[12]

text: Other cast members include Mark Boone Junior as Arnold Flass, Gordon's corrupt partner; Linus Roache as Thomas Wayne, Bruce's late father; Larry Holden as district attorney Carl Finch; Colin McFarlane as Gillian B. Loeb, the police commissioner; Christine Adams as Jessica, William Earle's secretary; Vincent Wong as an old Asian prisoner; Sara Stewart as Martha Wayne, Bruce's late mother; Richard Brake as Joe Chill, the Waynes' killer; Gerard Murphy as the corrupt High Court Judge Faden; Charles Edwards as a Wayne Enterprises executive; Tim Booth as Victor Zsasz; Rade Šerbedžija as a homeless man, who is the last person to meet Bruce when he leaves Gotham, and the first civilian to see Batman, Risteárd Cooper and Andrew Pleavin as uniformed policemen, and Shane Rimmer and Jeremy Theobald (the star and co-producer of Nolan's 1998 film Following) as Gotham Water Board technicians. Jack Gleeson, who had previously co-starred with Bale in 2002's Reign of Fire and later found fame for his role as Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO series Game of Thrones, appears as a young admirer of Batman who is later saved by him from Ra's al Ghul's men; Gleeson was cast at Bale's recommendation. Actors John Foo, Joey Ansah, Spencer Wilding, Dave Legeno, Khan Bonfils, Rodney Ryan and Dean Alexandrou portray members of the League of Shadows.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In January 2003, Warner Bros. hired Memento director Christopher Nolan to direct an untitled Batman film,[30] and David S. Goyer signed on to write the script two months later.[31] Nolan stated his intention to reinvent the film franchise of Batman by "doing the origins story of the character, which is a story that's never been told before". Nolan said that humanity and realism would be the basis of the origin film, and that "the world of Batman is that of grounded reality. [It] will be a recognizable, contemporary reality against which an extraordinary heroic figure arises." Goyer said that the goal of the film was to get the audience to care for both Batman and Bruce Wayne.[32] Nolan felt the previous films were exercises in style rather than drama, and described his inspiration as being Richard Donner's 1978 film Superman, in its focus on depicting the character's growth.[5] Also similar to Superman, Nolan wanted an all-star supporting cast for Batman Begins to lend a more epic feel and credibility to the story.[12]

text: Nolan's personal "jumping off point" of inspiration was "The Man Who Falls", a short story by Denny O'Neil and Dick Giordano about Bruce's travels throughout the world. The early scene in Batman Begins of young Bruce Wayne falling into a well was adapted from "The Man Who Falls".[33] Batman: The Long Halloween, written by Jeph Loeb and drawn by Tim Sale, influenced Goyer in writing the screenplay, with the villain Carmine Falcone as one of many elements which were drawn from Halloween's "sober, serious approach".[33] The writers considered having Harvey Dent in the film, but replaced him with the new character Rachel Dawes when they realized they "couldn't do him justice".[34] The character was later portrayed by Aaron Eckhart in the 2008 sequel The Dark Knight. The sequel to Halloween, Batman: Dark Victory, also served as a minor influence.[35] Goyer used the vacancy of Bruce Wayne's multi-year absence presented in Batman: Year One to help set up some of the film's events in the transpiring years.[36] In addition, the film's Sergeant James Gordon was based on his comic book incarnation as seen in Year One. The writers of Batman Begins also used Frank Miller's Year One plot device, which was about a corrupt police force that led to Gordon and Gotham City's need for Batman.[33]

text: A common idea in the comics is that Bruce saw a Zorro film with his parents before they were murdered. Nolan explained that by ignoring that idea – which he stated is not found in Batman's first appearances – it emphasized the importance of bats to Bruce and that becoming a superhero is a wholly original idea on his part. It is for this reason Nolan believes other DC characters do not exist in the universe of his film; otherwise, Wayne's reasons for taking up costumed vigilantism would have been very different.[37]

text: Filming[edit]

text: As with all his films, Nolan refused a second unit; he did this in order to keep his vision consistent.[10] Filming began in March 2004 in the Vatnajökull glacier in Iceland (standing in for Bhutan).[10] The crew built a village and the front doors to Ra's' temple,[38] as well as a road to access the remote area.[10] The weather was problematic, with 75 miles per hour (121 km/h) winds,[10] rain, and a lack of snow. A shot that cinematographer Wally Pfister had planned to take using a crane had to be completed with a handheld camera.[38]

text: In seeking inspiration from Superman and other blockbuster films of the late 1970s and early 1980s, Nolan based most of the production in England, specifically Shepperton Studios.[39] A Batcave set was built there and measured 250 feet (76 m) long, 120 feet (37 m) wide, and 40 feet (12 m) high. Production designer Nathan Crowley installed twelve pumps to create a waterfall with 12,000 imperial gallons (55,000 l; 14,000 US gal), and built rocks using molds of real caves.[40] In January 2004, an airship hangar at Cardington, Bedfordshire was rented by Warner Bros. during April 2004[41] and, converted into a 900 feet (270 m) sound stage, was where the slum-district of "the Narrows" and the feet of the monorails were filmed.[40]

text: Mentmore Towers was chosen from twenty different locations for Wayne Manor, as Nolan and Crowley liked its white floors, which gave the impression of the manor as a memorial to Wayne's parents.[42] The building chosen to represent Arkham Asylum was the National Institute for Medical Research building in Mill Hill, northwest London, England.[43] The St Pancras railway station and the Abbey Mills Pumping Stations were used for Arkham's interiors.[40] University College London was used for courtrooms.[40] Some scenes, including the Tumbler pursuit,[10] were filmed in Chicago at locations such as Lower Wacker Drive and 35 East Wacker.[44] Authorities agreed to raise Franklin Street Bridge for a scene where access to the Narrows is closed.[10]

text: Despite the film's darkness, Nolan wanted to make the film appeal to a wide age range. "Not the youngest kids obviously, I think what we've done is probably a bit intense for them but I certainly didn't want to exclude the sort of ten to 12-year olds, because as a kid I would have loved to have seen a movie like this." Because of this, nothing gory or bloody was filmed.[24]

text: Design[edit]

text: Nolan used the 1982 cult science fiction film Blade Runner as a source of inspiration for Batman Begins. He screened Blade Runner to Pfister and two others to show the attitude and style that he wanted to draw from the film. Nolan described the film's world as "an interesting lesson on the technique of exploring and describing a credible universe that doesn't appear to have any boundaries", a lesson that he applied to the production of Batman Begins.[45]

text: Nolan worked with production designer Nathan Crowley to create the look of Gotham City. Crowley built a model of the city that filled Nolan's garage.[42] Crowley and Nolan designed it as a large, modern metropolitan area that would reflect the various periods of architecture that the city had gone through. Elements were drawn from New York City, Chicago, and Tokyo; the latter for its elevated freeways and monorails. The Narrows was based on the slummish nature of the (now demolished) walled city of Kowloon in Hong Kong.[46]

text: Tumbler[edit]

text: Crowley started the process of designing the Tumbler for the film by model bashing. Crowley used the nose cone of a P-38 Lightning model to serve as the chassis for the Tumbler's turbine engine. Six models of the Tumbler were built to 1:12 scale in the course of four months. Following the scale model creation, a crew of over 30 people, including Crowley and engineers Chris Culvert and Annie Smith, carved a full-size replica of the Tumbler out of a large block of Styrofoam in two months.[47]

text: The styrofoam model was used to create a steel "test frame", which had to stand up to several standards: have a speed of over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h), go from 0 to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) in 5 seconds, possess a steering system to make sharp turns at city corners, and withstand a self-propelled launch of up to 30 feet (9.1 m). On the first jump test, the Tumbler's front end collapsed and had to be completely rebuilt. The basic configuration of the newly designed Tumbler included a 5.7-liter Chevy V8 engine, a truck axle for the rear axle, front tires by Hoosier (which are actually dirt racing tires used on the right rear of open wheel sprint cars), 4 rear 44/18.5-16.5 Interco Super Swamper TSL tires (44" tall, 18.5" wide, mounted on a 16.5" wheel) and the suspension system of Baja racing trucks. The design and development process took nine months and cost several million dollars.[47]

text: With the design process complete, four street-ready race cars were constructed, with each vehicle possessing 65 panels and costing $250,000 to build. Two of the four cars were specialized versions. One version was the flap version, which had hydraulics and flaps to detail the close-up shots where the vehicle propelled itself through the air. The other version was the jet version, in which an actual jet engine was mounted onto the vehicle, fueled by six propane tanks. The visibility inside the vehicle was poor, so monitors were connected to cameras on the vehicle body. The professional drivers for the Tumblers practiced driving the vehicles for six months before they drove on the streets of Chicago for the film's scenes.[47]

text: The interior of the Tumbler was an immobile studio set and not actually the interior of a street-capable Tumbler. The cockpit was oversized to fit cameras for scenes filmed in the Tumbler interior. In addition, another version of the Tumbler was a miniature model that was 1:6 scale of the actual Tumbler. This miniature model had an electric motor and was used to show the Tumbler flying across ravines and between buildings. However, the actual Tumbler was used for the waterfall sequence.[47]

text: Batsuit[edit]

text: The filmmakers intended to create a very mobile Batsuit that would allow the wearer to move easily to fight and crouch. Previous film incarnations of the Batsuit had been stiff and especially restrictive of full head movement. Costume designer Lindy Hemming and her crew worked on the Batsuit at an FX workshop codenamed "Cape Town", a secured compound located at Shepperton Studios in London. The Batsuit's basic design was a neoprene undersuit, which was shaped by attaching molded cream latex sections. Christian Bale was molded and sculpted prior to his physical training so the team could work on a full body cast. To avoid imperfections picked up by sculpting with clay, plastiline was used to smooth the surface. In addition, the team brewed different mixtures of foam to find the mixture that would be the most flexible, light, durable, and black. The latter presented a problem, since the process to make the foam black reduced the foam's durability.[10]

text: For the cape, director Christopher Nolan wanted to have a "flowing cloak... that blows and flows as in so many great graphic novels". Hemming's team created the cape out of their own version of parachute nylon that had electrostatic flocking, a process shared with the team by the British Ministry of Defence. The process was used by the London police force to minimize night vision detection. The cape was topped by a cowl, which was designed by Nolan, Hemming, and costume effects supervisor Graham Churchyard. The cowl was created to be thin enough to allow motion but thick enough to avoid wrinkling when Bale turned his head in the Batsuit. Churchyard explained the cowl had been designed to show "a man who has angst", so his character would be revealed through the mask.[10]

text: Fight choreography[edit]

text: Batman Begins' fight choreographers, Justo Dieguez and Andy Norman, trained actors and stunt performers using the Keysi Fighting Method, which itself gained fame after it was used in the film and its sequel, The Dark Knight; however, the method was modified in The Dark Knight Rises due to Batman's age and physical condition and in order to match Bane's fighting style. The method is a self-defense system whose training is based on the study and cultivation of natural instincts.[48]

text: Special effects[edit]

text: For Batman Begins, Nolan preferred traditional stuntwork over computer-generated imagery.[5] Scale models were used to represent the Narrows and Ra's al Ghul's temple.[38][42] There were, however, several establishing shots that were CG composite images, such as Gotham's skyline, exterior shots of Wayne Tower, and some of the exterior monorail shots.[42] The climactic monorail sequence mixed live action footage, model work, and CGI.[49] The bats depicted in the film were entirely digital (except in shots containing only one or two bats), as it was decided that directing large numbers of real bats on-set would be problematic; dead bats were scanned to create digital models. Locations and sets were recreated digitally so that the flying bats would not appear superfluous once incorporated into the finished film.[49]

text: Music[edit]

text: The score for Batman Begins was composed by Hans Zimmer and James Newton Howard. Nolan originally invited Zimmer to compose the music, and Zimmer asked Nolan if he could invite Howard to compose as well, as they had always planned a collaboration.[50] The two composers collaborated on separate themes for the "split personality" of Bruce Wayne and his alter ego, Batman. Zimmer and Howard began composing in Los Angeles and moved to London where they stayed for twelve weeks to complete most of their writing.[51] Zimmer and Howard sought inspiration for shaping the score by visiting the Batman Begins sets.[52]

text: Zimmer wanted to avoid writing music that had been done in earlier Batman films, so the score became an amalgamation of orchestra and electronic music. The film's ninety-piece orchestra[50] was developed from members of various London orchestras, and Zimmer chose to use more than the normal number of cellos. Zimmer enlisted a boy soprano to help reflect the music in some of the film's scenes where tragic memories of Bruce Wayne's parents are involved. "He's singing a fairly pretty tune and then he gets stuck, it's like froze, arrested development," said Zimmer. He also attempted to add a human dimension to Batman, whose behavior would typically be seen as "psychotic", through the music. Both composers collaborated to create 2 hours and 20 minutes worth of music for the film,[52] with Zimmer composing the action sequences and Howard focusing on the dramatic scenes.[50]

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 84% based on 272 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Brooding and dark, but also exciting and smart, Batman Begins is a film that understands the essence of one of the definitive superheroes."[53] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating reviews, the film received an average score of 70 out of 100, based on 41 critics, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".[54] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[55]

text: James Berardinelli applauded Nolan and Goyer's work in creating more understanding into "who [Batman] is and what motivates him", something Berardinelli felt Tim Burton's film had lacked; at the same time, Berardinelli felt the romantic aspect between Bale and Holmes did not work because the actors lacked the chemistry Christopher Reeve and Margot Kidder (Superman), or Tobey Maguire and Kirsten Dunst (Spider-Man) shared in their respective roles.[56] According to Total Film, Nolan manages to create such strong characters and story that the third-act action sequences cannot compare to "the frisson of two people talking", and Katie Holmes and Christian Bale's romantic subplot has a spark "refreshingly free of Peter Parker/Mary Jane-style whining".[57]

text: Los Angeles Times' Kenneth Turan, who felt the film began slowly, stated that the "story, psychology and reality, not special effects", assisted the darkness behind Batman's arsenal; he noted that Neeson and Holmes, unlike Bale's ability to "feel his role in his bones", do not appear to fit their respective characters in "being both comic-book archetypes and real people".[58] The New Yorker's David Denby did not share Berardinelli and Turan's opinion. He was unimpressed with the film, when comparing it to the two Tim Burton films, and that Christian Bale's presence was hindered by the "dull earnestness of the screenplay", the final climax was "cheesy and unexciting", and that Nolan had resorted to imitating the "fakery" used by other filmmakers when filming action sequences.[59]

text: Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune believed Nolan and Goyer managed to "comfortably mix the tormented drama and revenge motifs with light hearted gags and comic book allusions," and that Nolan takes the series out of the "slam-bang Hollywood jokefests" the franchise had drifted into.[60] Comic book scribe and editor Dennis O'Neil stated that he "felt the filmmakers really understood the character they were translating", citing this film as the best of the live-action Batman films.[61] In contrast, J.R. Jones, from the Chicago Reader, criticized the script, and Nolan and David Goyer for not living up to the "hype about exploring Batman's damaged psyche".[62] Roger Ebert, who gave mixed reviews to the previous films, and claimed in his review for Batman Returns that he did not believe noir worked in superhero films, wrote this was "the Batman movie I've been waiting for; more correctly, this is the movie I did not realize I was waiting for". Giving it four out of four stars, he commended the realistic portrayals of the Batman arsenal – the Batsuit, Batcave, Tumbler, and the Batsignal – as well as the focus on "the story and character" with less stress on "high-tech action".[63]

text: Like Berardinelli, USA Today's Mike Clark thought Bale performed the role of Batman as well as he did Patrick Bateman in American Psycho, but that the relationship between Bruce Wayne and Rachel Dawes was "frustratingly underdeveloped".[64] Kyle Smith thought Bale exhibited "both the menace and the wit he showed in his brilliant turn in American Psycho", and that the film works so well because of the realism, stating, "Batman starts stripping away each layer of Gotham crime only to discover a sicker and more monstrous evil beneath, his rancid city simultaneously invokes early '90s New York, when criminals frolicked to the tune of five murders a day; Serpico New York, when cops were for sale; and today, when psychos seek to kill us all at once rather than one by one."[65] In contrast, Salon.com's Stephanie Zacharek felt Nolan did not deliver the emotional depth expected of "one of the most soulful and tortured superheroes of all"; she thought Bale, unlike Michael Keaton whom she compared him to, failed to connect with the audience underneath the mask, but that Gary Oldman succeeded in "emotional complexity" where the rest of the movie failed.[66]

text: Film director Tim Burton—who had directed the 1989 Batman film—felt Nolan "captured the real spirit that these kind of movies are supposed to have nowadays. When I did Batman twenty years ago, in 1988 or something, it was a different time in comic book movies. You couldn't go into that dark side of comics yet. The last couple of years that has become acceptable and Nolan certainly got more to the root of what the Batman comics are about."[67]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Comic book writer and author Danny Fingeroth argues that a strong theme in the film is Bruce's search for a father figure, saying "[Alfred] is the good father that Bruce comes to depend on. Bruce's real father died before they could establish an adult relationship, and Liam Neeson's Ducard is stern and demanding, didactic and challenging, but not a father figure with any sympathy. If Bruce is anyone's son, he is Alfred's. [Morgan] Freeman's Lucius is cool and imperturbable, another steady anchor in Bruce's life."[68] Blogger Mark Fisher states that Bruce's search for justice requires him to learn from a proper father figure, with Thomas Wayne and Ra's al Ghul being the two counterpoints. Alfred provides a maternal figure of unconditional love, despite the overall lack of focus on a mother figure in Bruce's life.[69]

text: Fingeroth also argues that a major theme in the film is fear, which supports the story of Bruce Wayne becoming a hero. Director Christopher Nolan stated that the idea behind the film was "a person who would confront his innermost fear and then attempt to become it". Fingeroth referred to this film's depiction as "the man with fear—but who rises above it". The theme of fear is further personified by the Scarecrow.[68] The film depicts how fear can affect all creatures regardless of might. Allusions to fear are seen throughout, from Bruce's conquering of his demons, to becoming Batman, to the Scarecrow and his deadly fear toxin. The macabre, distorted images presented in the Scarecrow's toxin-induced hallucinations also express the idea of terror to an extreme.[70]

text: Critic Brian Orndorf considered Batman Begins "fierce" and "demonstrative in brood", giving the film an abundance of gravitas and energy. It strays away from the lighter fare of Joel Schumacher's 1997 Batman film, Batman & Robin, which contained camp one-liners throughout. The theme of fear is intensified with the help of the musical score by Zimmer and Howard, which also "eschews traditional heroic themes".[70] Also contrary to previous Batman films, a psychological investigation of Bruce Wayne's split personality in the bat suit is only lightly touched upon. Orndorf noted that Bruce is a "character constantly striving to do the right thing, not worn down by incessant reexamination".[70]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Result

2006

Academy Awards

Best Achievement in Cinematography – Wally Pfister

Nominated

2006

Art Directors Guild Awards

Best Production Design for a Fantasy or Period Film – Nathan Crowley

Nominated

2006

BAFTA Awards

Best Production Design – Nathan Crowley

Nominated

2006

BAFTA Awards

Best Sound

Nominated

2006

BAFTA Awards

Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects

Nominated

2006

Costume Designers Guild Awards

Best Costume Design for a Fantasy Film – Lindy Hemming

Nominated

2006

Saturn Awards

Best Fantasy Film

Won

2006

Saturn Awards

Best Director – Christopher Nolan

Nominated

2006

Saturn Awards

Best Screenplay – Christopher Nolan & David S. Goyer

Won

2006

Saturn Awards

Best Actor – Christian Bale

Won

2006

Saturn Awards

Best Supporting Actor – Liam Neeson

Nominated

2006

Saturn Awards

Best Supporting Actress – Katie Holmes

Nominated

2006

Saturn Awards

Best Costume – Lindy Hemming

Nominated

2006

Saturn Awards

Best Score – Hans Zimmer & James Newton Howard

Nominated

2006

Saturn Awards

Best Visual Effects

Nominated

2006

Golden Raspberry Awards

Worst Supporting Actress – Katie Holmes

Nominated

text: Box office[edit]

text: Batman Begins opened on June 17, 2005 in the United States and Canada in 3,858 theaters,[3] including 55 IMAX theaters. The film ranked at the top in its opening weekend, accumulating $48 million, which was seen as "strong but unimpressive by today's instantaneous blockbuster standards".[55] The film's five-day gross was $72.9 million, beating Batman Forever (1995) as the franchise high. Batman Begins also broke the five-day opening record in the 55 IMAX theaters, grossing $3.16 million. Polled moviegoers rated the film with an A, and according to the studio's surveys, Batman Begins was considered the best of all the Batman films. The audience's demographic was 57 percent male and 54 percent people over the age of 25.[55]

text: The film held its top spot for another weekend, accumulating $28 million in a 43 percent drop from its first weekend.[71] Batman Begins went on to gross $205 million in North America and had a worldwide total of $373 million.[3] It is the fourth-highest grossing Batman film, as of August 2012, behind Tim Burton's Batman, which grossed $411 million worldwide and also being surpassed by its sequels The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises, both of which have grossed over $1 billion.[72] Batman Begins averaged $12,634 per theater in its opening weekend.[3] It was released in more theaters, but sold fewer tickets than the other previous Batman movies, with the exception of Batman & Robin.[72] Batman Begins was the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2005 in the US.[73]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The DVD of Batman Begins was released on October 18, 2005, in both single-disc and two-disc deluxe editions and also released on VHS and UMD Video formats.[74] In addition to the film, the deluxe edition contained featurettes and other bonus materials. The edition contained a small paperback booklet, the first Batman story, featured in Detective Comics No. 27, as well as Batman: The Man Who Falls and an excerpt from Batman: The Long Halloween.[75] Batman Begins achieved first place in national sales and rental charts in October 2005, becoming the top-selling DVD of the fourth quarter of 2005. The DVD grossed $11.36 million in rental revenue.[76] The DVD held its position at the top of the sales chart for a second week, but fell to second place behind Bewitched on video rental charts.[77] The film had brought in $167 million in DVD sales by August 2006.[78]

text: Batman Begins was released on HD DVD on October 10, 2006.[79] A Limited Edition Giftset of the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 8, 2008, to coincide with The Dark Knight which hit theaters July 18, 2008.[80] Due to the successful box office performance of The Dark Knight, the Batman Begins DVD has since seen an increase in both sales and rentals.[81] Batman Begins was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on December 19 2017.[82]

text: Impact[edit]

text: Shawn Adler of MTV stated Batman Begins heralded a trend of darker genre films, that either retold back-stories or rebooted them altogether. Examples he cited were Casino Royale, as well as the in-development RoboCop, Red Sonja, and Grayskull.[83] Filmmakers, screenwriters and producers who have mentioned Batman Begins or The Dark Knight to describe their projects include:

text:
Jon Favreau (Iron Man)[84]
Edward Norton (The Incredible Hulk)[85]
McG (Terminator Salvation)[86]
Alan Taylor (Terminator Genisys)[87]
Damon Lindelof (Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness)[88][89]
Robert Downey, Jr. (Sherlock Holmes)[90]
Lorenzo di Bonaventura (G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra)[91]
Hugh Jackman (X-Men Origins: Wolverine)[92]
Matthew Vaughn (X-Men: First Class)[93]
Rupert Wyatt (Rise of the Planet of the Apes)[94]
Kevin Tancharoen (Mortal Kombat)[95]
Sam Mendes (Skyfall)[96]
Alex Kurtzman (Van Helsing)[97]
Gareth Edwards (Godzilla)[98]
Mark Wahlberg (The Roman)[99]
Marc Webb (The Amazing Spider-Man)[100]
Marcus Dunstan and Patrick Melton (God of War)[101]
Bryan Cranston (Power Rangers)[102]
Adam Wingard (Death Note)[103]