document_title: Dr. Seuss

question_text: where did dr seuss wrote most of his books

question_tokens: where did dr seuss wrote most of his books

text: Dr. Seuss

text: Life and career

text: Early years

text: Geisel was born and raised in Springfield, Massachusetts, the son of Henrietta (née Seuss) and Theodor Robert Geisel.[5][6][7] His father managed the family brewery and was later appointed to supervise Springfield's public park system by Mayor John A. Denison[8] after the brewery closed because of Prohibition.[9] Mulberry Street in Springfield, made famous in Dr. Seuss' first children's book And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street, is less than a mile southwest of his boyhood home on Fairfield Street. Geisel was raised a Lutheran.[10] He enrolled at Springfield Central High School in 1917 and graduated in 1921. He took an art class as a freshman and later became manager of the school soccer team.[11]

text: Geisel attended Dartmouth College, graduating in 1925.[12] At Dartmouth, he joined the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity[5] and the humor magazine Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern, eventually rising to the rank of editor-in-chief.[5] While at Dartmouth, he was caught drinking gin with nine friends in his room.[13] At the time, the possession and consumption of alcohol was illegal under Prohibition laws, which remained in place between 1920 and 1933. As a result of this infraction, Dean Craven Laycock insisted that Geisel resign from all extracurricular activities, including the college humor magazine.[14] To continue work on the Jack-O-Lantern without the administration's knowledge, Geisel began signing his work with the pen name "Seuss". He was encouraged in his writing by professor of rhetoric W. Benfield Pressey, whom he described as his "big inspiration for writing" at Dartmouth.[15]

text: Upon graduating from Dartmouth, he entered Lincoln College, Oxford, intending to earn a PhD in English literature.[16] At Oxford, he met Helen Palmer, who encouraged him to give up becoming an English teacher in favor of pursuing drawing as a career.[16]

text: Early career

text: Geisel left Oxford without earning a degree and returned to the United States in February 1927,[17] where he immediately began submitting writings and drawings to magazines, book publishers, and advertising agencies.[18] Making use of his time in Europe, he pitched a series of cartoons called Eminent Europeans to Life magazine, but the magazine passed on it. His first nationally published cartoon appeared in the July 16, 1927, issue of The Saturday Evening Post.[19] This single $25 sale encouraged Geisel to move from Springfield to New York City.

text: Later that year, Geisel accepted a job as writer and illustrator at the humor magazine Judge, and he felt financially stable enough to marry Helen.[20] His first cartoon for Judge appeared on October 22, 1927, and the Geisels were married on November 29. Geisel's first work signed "Dr. Seuss" was published in Judge about six months after he started working there.[21]

text: In early 1928, one of Geisel's cartoons for Judge mentioned FLIT, a common bug spray at the time manufactured by Standard Oil of New Jersey.[22] According to Geisel, the wife of an advertising executive in charge of advertising FLIT saw Geisel's cartoon at a hairdresser's and urged her husband to sign him.[23] Geisel's first Flit ad appeared on May 31, 1928, and the campaign continued sporadically until 1941.[24] The campaign's catchphrase "Quick, Henry, the Flit!" became a part of popular culture. It spawned a song and was used as a punch line for comedians such as Fred Allen and Jack Benny. As Geisel gained notoriety for the FLIT campaign, his work was in demand and began to appear regularly in magazines such as Life, Liberty, and Vanity Fair.

text: Geisel supported himself and his wife through the Great Depression by drawing advertising for General Electric, NBC, Standard Oil, Narragansett Brewing Company, and many other companies. In 1935, he wrote and drew a short-lived comic strip called Hejji.[25]

text: The increased income allowed the Geisels to move to better quarters and to socialize in higher social circles.[26] They became friends with the wealthy family of banker Frank A. Vanderlip. They also traveled extensively: by 1936, Geisel and his wife had visited 30 countries together. They did not have children, neither kept regular office hours, and they had ample money.[27] Geisel also felt that the traveling helped his creativity.

text: In 1936, the couple were returning from an ocean voyage to Europe when the rhythm of the ship's engines inspired the poem that became his first book: And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street.[28] Based on Geisel's varied accounts, the book was rejected by between 20 and 43 publishers.[29][30] According to Geisel, he was walking home to burn the manuscript when a chance encounter with an old Dartmouth classmate led to its publication by Vanguard Press.[31] Geisel wrote four more books before the US entered World War II. This included The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins in 1938, as well as The King's Stilts and The Seven Lady Godivas in 1939, all of which were in prose, atypically for him. This was followed by Horton Hatches the Egg in 1940, in which Geisel returned to the use of poetry.

text: Essomarine

text: Geisel gained a significant public profile through a program for motor boat lubricants produced by Standard Oil under the brand name Essomarine.[32] He later recounted that Harry Bruno, Ted Cook, and Verne Carrier worked with him at the National Motor Boat Show on exhibits referred to as the Seuss Navy.[33]

text: In 1934, Geisel produced a 30-page booklet titled Secrets of the Deep which was available by mail after June. At the January boat show for 1935, visitors filled out order cards to receive Secrets. Geisel drew up a Certificate of Commission for visitors in 1936. A mock ship deck called SS Essomarine provided the scene where photos of "Admirals" were taken. That summer, Geisel released a second volume of Secrets. For the 1937 show, he sculpted Marine Muggs and designed a flag for the Seuss Navy.[citation needed]

text: The following year featured "Little Dramas of the Deep", a six-act play with ten characters. According to Geisel's sister, "He plans the whole show with scenery and action and then, standing in a realistic bridge, reels off a speech which combines advertising with humor." For 1939, exhibitors made available the Nuzzlepuss ashtray and illustrated tide-table calendars.

text: A Seuss Navy Luncheon was held on January 11, 1940, at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. At that year's boat show, Geisel provided the Navigamarama exhibit and the Sea Lawyers Gazette.

text: The final contribution to the Essomarine project was the mermaid Essie Neptune and her pet whale in 1941. The exhibit offered photos for a Happy Cruising passport.[34]

text: World War II-era work

text: As World War II began, Geisel turned to political cartoons, drawing over 400 in two years as editorial cartoonist for the left-leaning New York City daily newspaper, PM.[35] Geisel's political cartoons, later published in Dr. Seuss Goes to War, denounced Hitler and Mussolini and were highly critical of non-interventionists ("isolationists"), most notably Charles Lindbergh, who opposed US entry into the war.[36] One cartoon[37] depicted all Japanese Americans as latent traitors or fifth-columnists, while other cartoons simultaneously deplored the racism at home against Jews and blacks that harmed the war effort.[citation needed] His cartoons were strongly supportive of President Roosevelt's handling of the war, combining the usual exhortations to ration and contribute to the war effort with frequent attacks on Congress[38] (especially the Republican Party),[39] parts of the press (such as the New York Daily News, Chicago Tribune, and Washington Times-Herald),[40] and others for criticism of Roosevelt, criticism of aid to the Soviet Union,[41][42] investigation of suspected Communists,[43] and other offences that he depicted as leading to disunity and helping the Nazis, intentionally or inadvertently.

text: In 1942, Geisel turned his energies to direct support of the U.S. war effort. First, he worked drawing posters for the Treasury Department and the War Production Board. Then, in 1943, he joined the Army as a Captain and was commander of the Animation Department of the First Motion Picture Unit of the United States Army Air Forces, where he wrote films that included Your Job in Germany, a 1945 propaganda film about peace in Europe after World War II; Our Job in Japan; and the Private Snafu series of adult army training films. While in the Army, he was awarded the Legion of Merit.[44] Our Job in Japan became the basis for the commercially released film Design for Death (1947), a study of Japanese culture that won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.[45] Gerald McBoing-Boing (1950) was based on an original story by Seuss and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.[46]

text: Later years

text: After the war, Geisel and his wife moved to La Jolla, California, where he returned to writing children's books. He wrote many, including such favorites as If I Ran the Zoo (1950), Horton Hears a Who! (1955), If I Ran the Circus (1956), The Cat in the Hat (1957), How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1957), and Green Eggs and Ham (1960). He received numerous awards throughout his career, but he won neither the Caldecott Medal nor the Newbery Medal. Three of his titles from this period were, however, chosen as Caldecott runners-up (now referred to as Caldecott Honor books): McElligot's Pool (1947), Bartholomew and the Oobleck (1949), and If I Ran the Zoo (1950). Dr Seuss also wrote the musical and fantasy film The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T., which was released in 1953. The movie was a critical and financial failure, and Geisel never attempted another feature film. During the 1950s, he also published a number of illustrated short stories, mostly in Redbook Magazine. Some of these were later collected (in volumes such as The Sneetches and Other Stories) or reworked into independent books (If I Ran the Zoo). A number have never been reprinted since their original appearances.

text: In May 1954, Life magazine published a report on illiteracy among school children which concluded that children were not learning to read because their books were boring. William Ellsworth Spaulding was the director of the education division at Houghton Mifflin (he later became its chairman), and he compiled a list of 348 words that he felt were important for first-graders to recognize. He asked Geisel to cut the list to 250 words and to write a book using only those words.[47] Spaulding challenged Geisel to "bring back a book children can't put down".[48] Nine months later, Geisel completed The Cat in the Hat, using 236 of the words given to him. It retained the drawing style, verse rhythms, and all the imaginative power of Geisel's earlier works but, because of its simplified vocabulary, it could be read by beginning readers. The Cat in the Hat and subsequent books written for young children achieved significant international success and they remain very popular today. In 2009, Green Eggs and Ham sold 540,366 copies, The Cat in the Hat sold 452,258 copies, and One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish (1960) sold 409,068 copies—outselling the majority of newly published children's books.[49]

text: Geisel went on to write many other children's books, both in his new simplified-vocabulary manner (sold as Beginner Books) and in his older, more elaborate style.

text: In 1956, Dartmouth awarded Geisel with an honorary doctorate, finally justifying the "Dr." in his pen name.

text: On April 28, 1958, Geisel appeared on an episode of the panel game show To Tell the Truth.[50]

text: Geisel's wife Helen had a long struggle with illnesses, including cancer and emotional pain over Geisel's affair with Audrey Stone Dimond. On October 23, 1967, Helen committed suicide; Geisel married Dimond on June 21, 1968.[51] Though he devoted most of his life to writing children's books, Geisel had no children of his own, saying of children: "You have 'em; I'll entertain 'em."[51] Dimond added that Geisel "lived his whole life without children and he was very happy without children."[51]

text: Geisel received the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal from the professional children's librarians in 1980, recognizing his "substantial and lasting contributions to children's literature". At the time, it was awarded every five years.[52] He won a special Pulitzer Prize in 1984 citing his "contribution over nearly half a century to the education and enjoyment of America's children and their parents".[53]

text: Illness, death, and posthumous honors

text: Geisel died of oral cancer on September 24, 1991 at his home in La Jolla at the age of 87.[54][55] He was cremated and his ashes were scattered. On December 1, 1995, four years after his death, University of California, San Diego's University Library Building was renamed Geisel Library in honor of Geisel and Audrey for the generous contributions that they made to the library and their devotion to improving literacy.[56]

text: While Geisel was living in La Jolla, the United States Postal Service and others frequently confused him with fellow La Jolla resident Dr. Hans Suess. Their names have been linked together posthumously: the personal papers of Hans Suess are housed in the Geisel Library.[57]

text: In 2002, the Dr. Seuss National Memorial Sculpture Garden opened in his birthplace of Springfield, Massachusetts, featuring sculptures of Geisel and of many of his characters. On May 28, 2008, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver announced that Geisel would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. The induction ceremony took place December 15 and Geisel's widow Audrey accepted the honor in his place. On March 2, 2009, the Web search engine Google temporarily changed its logo to commemorate Geisel's birthday (a practice that it often follows for various holidays and events).[58]

text: In 2004, U.S. children's librarians established the annual Theodor Seuss Geisel Award to recognize "the most distinguished American book for beginning readers published in English in the United States during the preceding year". It should "demonstrate creativity and imagination to engage children in reading" from pre-kindergarten to second grade.[59]

text: At Geisel's alma mater of Dartmouth, more than 90 percent of incoming first-year students participate in pre-registration Dartmouth Outing Club trips into the New Hampshire wilderness. It is traditional for students returning from the trips to stay overnight at Dartmouth's Moosilauke Ravine Lodge, where they are served green eggs and ham for breakfast in honor of Dr. Seuss. On April 4, 2012, the Dartmouth Medical School was renamed the Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine in honor of their many years of generosity to the college.[60]

text: Dr. Seuss's honors include two Academy Awards, two Emmy Awards, a Peabody Award, the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal, and the Pulitzer Prize.

text: Dr. Seuss has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at the 6500 block of Hollywood Boulevard.[61]

text: Pen names and pronunciations

text: Geisel's most famous pen name is regularly pronounced /suːs/,[1] an anglicized pronunciation inconsistent with his German surname (the standard German pronunciation is [ˈzɔʏ̯s]). He himself noted that it rhymed with "voice" (his own pronunciation being /sɔɪs/). Alexander Laing, one of his collaborators on the Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern,[62] wrote of it:

text:
You're wrong as the deuce
And you shouldn't rejoice
If you're calling him Seuss.
He pronounces it Soice[63] (or Zoice)[64]

text: Geisel switched to the anglicized pronunciation because it "evoked a figure advantageous for an author of children's books to be associated with—Mother Goose"[48] and because most people used this pronunciation. He added the "Doctor (abbreviated Dr.)" to his pen name because his father had always wanted him to practice medicine.[65]

text: For books that Geisel wrote and others illustrated, he used the pen name "Theo LeSieg", starting with I Wish That I Had Duck Feet published in 1965. "LeSieg" is "Geisel" spelled backward.[66] Geisel also published one book under the name Rosetta Stone, 1975's Because a Little Bug Went Ka-Choo!!, a collaboration with Michael K. Frith. Frith and Geisel chose the name in honor of Geisel's second wife Audrey, whose maiden name was Stone.[67]

text: Political views

text: Geisel was a liberal Democrat and a supporter of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. His early political cartoons show a passionate opposition to fascism, and he urged action against it both before and after the United States entered World War II. His cartoons portrayed the fear of communism as overstated, finding greater threats in the House Un-American Activities Committee and those who threatened to cut the United States' "life line"[42] to Stalin and the USSR, whom he once depicted as a porter carrying "our war load".[41]

text: Geisel supported the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. His treatment of the Japanese and of Japanese Americans (between whom he often failed to differentiate) has struck many readers as a moral blind spot.[68] On the issue of the Japanese, he is quoted as saying:

text: But right now, when the Japs are planting their hatchets in our skulls, it seems like a hell of a time for us to smile and warble: "Brothers!" It is a rather flabby battle cry. If we want to win, we've got to kill Japs, whether it depresses John Haynes Holmes or not. We can get palsy-walsy afterward with those that are left.[69]

text: After the war, though, Geisel overcame his feelings of animosity, using his book Horton Hears a Who! (1954) as an allegory for the Hiroshima bombing and the American post-war occupation of Japan, as well as dedicating the book to a Japanese friend.[70]

text: In 1948, after living and working in Hollywood for years, Geisel moved to La Jolla, California, a predominantly Republican community.[71]

text: Geisel converted a copy of one of his famous children's books, Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now!, into a polemic shortly before the end of the 1972–1974 Watergate scandal, in which United States president Richard Nixon resigned, by replacing the name of the main character everywhere that it occurred.[72] "Richard M. Nixon, Will You Please Go Now!" was published in major newspapers through the column of his friend Art Buchwald.[72]

text: The line "a person's a person, no matter how small!!" from Horton Hears a Who! has been used widely as a slogan by the pro-life movement in the U.S., despite the objections of Geisel's widow. The line was first used in such a way in 1986; he demanded a retraction and received one.[73]

text: In his books

text: Geisel made a point of not beginning to write his stories with a moral in mind, stating that "kids can see a moral coming a mile off." He was not against writing about issues, however; he said that "there's an inherent moral in any story",[74] and he remarked that he was "subversive as hell."[75]

text: Many of Geisel's books express his views on a remarkable variety of social and political issues: The Lorax (1971), about environmentalism and anti-consumerism; "The Sneetches" (1961), about racial equality; The Butter Battle Book (1984), about the arms race; Yertle the Turtle (1958), about Adolf Hitler and anti-authoritarianism; How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1957), criticizing the materialism and consumerism of the Christmas season; and Horton Hears a Who! (1954), about anti-isolationism and internationalism.[48][70]

text: Poetic meters

text: Geisel wrote most of his books in anapestic tetrameter, a poetic meter employed by many poets of the English literary canon. This is often suggested as one of the reasons that Geisel's writing was so well received.[76][77]

text: Anapestic tetrameter consists of four rhythmic units called anapests, each composed of two weak syllables followed by one strong syllable (the beat); often, the first weak syllable is omitted, or an additional weak syllable is added at the end. An example of this meter can be found in Geisel's "Yertle the Turtle", from Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories:

text:
And today the Great Yertle, that Marvelous he
Is King of the Mud. That is all he can see.[78]

text: Some books by Geisel that are written mainly in anapestic tetrameter also contain many lines written in amphibrachic tetrameter, such as these from If I Ran the Circus:

text:
All ready to put up the tents for my circus.
I think I will call it the Circus McGurkus.

text:
And NOW comes an act of Enormous Enormance!
No former performer's performed this performance!

text: Geisel also wrote verse in trochaic tetrameter, an arrangement of a strong syllable followed by a weak syllable, with four units per line (for example, the title of One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish). Traditionally, English trochaic meter permits the final weak position in the line to be omitted, which allows both masculine and feminine rhymes.

text: Geisel generally maintained trochaic meter for only brief passages, and for longer stretches typically mixed it with iambic tetrameter, which consists of a weak syllable followed by a strong, and is generally considered easier to write. Thus, for example, the magicians in Bartholomew and the Oobleck make their first appearance chanting in trochees (thus resembling the witches of Shakespeare's Macbeth):

text: Shuffle, duffle, muzzle, muff

text: They then switch to iambs for the oobleck spell:

text:
Go make the Oobleck tumble down
On every street, in every town![79]

text: Artwork

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Geisel's early artwork often employed the shaded texture of pencil drawings or watercolors, but in his children's books of the postwar period, he generally made use of a starker medium—pen and ink—normally using just black, white, and one or two colors. His later books, such as The Lorax, used more colors.

text: Geisel's style was unique – his figures are often "rounded" and somewhat droopy. This is true, for instance, of the faces of The grinch and the Cat in the Hat. Almost all his buildings and machinery were devoid of straight lines when they were drawn, even when he was representing real objects. For example, If I Ran the Circus shows a droopy hoisting crane and a droopy steam calliope.

text: Geisel evidently enjoyed drawing architecturally elaborate objects. His endlessly varied but never rectilinear palaces, ramps, platforms, and free-standing stairways are among his most evocative creations. Geisel also drew complex imaginary machines, such as the Audio-Telly-O-Tally-O-Count, from Dr. Seuss's Sleep Book, or the "most peculiar machine" of Sylvester McMonkey McBean in The Sneetches. Geisel also liked drawing outlandish arrangements of feathers or fur: for example, the 500th hat of Bartholomew Cubbins, the tail of Gertrude McFuzz, and the pet for girls who like to brush and comb, in One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish.

text: Geisel's illustrations often convey motion vividly. He was fond of a sort of "voilà" gesture in which the hand flips outward and the fingers spread slightly backward with the thumb up. This motion is done by Ish in One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish when he creates fish (who perform the gesture with their fins), in the introduction of the various acts of If I Ran the Circus, and in the introduction of the "Little Cats" in The Cat in the Hat Comes Back. He was also fond of drawing hands with interlocked fingers, making it look as though his characters were twiddling their thumbs.

text: Geisel also follows the cartoon tradition of showing motion with lines, like in the sweeping lines that accompany Sneelock's final dive in If I Ran the Circus. Cartoon lines are also used to illustrate the action of the senses—sight, smell, and hearing—in The Big Brag, and lines even illustrate "thought", as in the moment when the Grinch conceives his awful plan to ruin Christmas.

text: Recurring images

text: Geisel's early work in advertising and editorial cartooning helped him to produce "sketches" of things that received more perfect realization later in his children's books. Often, the expressive use to which Geisel put an image later on was quite different from the original.[80] Here are some examples:

text:
An editorial cartoon from July 16, 1941[81] depicts a whale resting on the top of a mountain as a parody of American isolationists, especially Charles Lindbergh. This was later rendered (with no apparent political content) as the Wumbus of On Beyond Zebra (1955). Seussian whales (cheerful and balloon-shaped, with long eyelashes) also occur in McElligot's Pool, If I Ran the Circus, and other books.
Another editorial cartoon from 1941[82] shows a long cow with many legs and udders representing the conquered nations of Europe being milked by Adolf Hitler. This later became the Umbus of On Beyond Zebra.
The tower of turtles in a 1942 editorial cartoon[83] prefigures a similar tower in Yertle the Turtle. This theme also appeared in a Judge cartoon as one letter of a hieroglyphic message, and in Geisel's short-lived comic strip Hejji. Geisel once stated that Yertle the Turtle was Adolf Hitler.[84]
Little cats A, B, and C (as well as the rest of the alphabet) who spring from each other's hats appeared in a Ford Motor Company ⋅ ad.
The connected beards in Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are? appear frequently in Geisel's work, most notably in Hejji, which featured two goats joined at the beard, The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T., which featured two roller-skating guards joined at the beard, and a political cartoon in which Nazism and the America First movement are portrayed as "the men with the Siamese Beard".
Geisel's earliest elephants were for advertising and had somewhat wrinkly ears, much as real elephants do.[85] With And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street! (1937) and Horton Hatches the Egg (1940), the ears became more stylized, somewhat like angel wings and thus appropriate to the saintly Horton. During World War II, the elephant image appeared as an emblem for India in four editorial cartoons.[86] Horton and similar elephants appear frequently in the postwar children's books.
While drawing advertisements for FLIT, Geisel became adept at drawing insects with huge stingers,[87] shaped like a gentle S-curve and with a sharp end that included a rearward-pointing barb on its lower side. Their facial expressions depict gleeful malevolence. These insects were later rendered in an editorial cartoon as a swarm of Allied aircraft[88] (1942), and again as the Sneedle of On Beyond Zebra, and yet again as the Skritz in I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew.
There are many examples of creatures who arrange themselves in repeating patterns, such as the "Two and fro walkers, who march in five layers", and the Through-Horns Jumping Deer in If I Ran the Circus, and the arrangement of birds which the protagonist of Oh, the Places You'll Go! walks through, as the narrator admonishes him to "... always be dexterous and deft, and never mix up your right foot with your left."

tag: ul

text: Publications

text: Geisel wrote more than 60 books over the course of his long career. Most were published under his well-known pseudonym Dr. Seuss, though he also authored more than a dozen books as Theo LeSieg and one as Rosetta Stone. His books have topped many bestseller lists, sold over 600 million copies, and been translated into more than 20 languages.[3] In 2000, Publishers Weekly compiled a list of the best-selling children's books of all time; of the top 100 hardcover books, 16 were written by Geisel, including Green Eggs and Ham, at number 4, The Cat in the Hat, at number 9, and One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish, at number 13.[89] In the years after his death in 1991, two additional books were published based on his sketches and notes: Hooray for Diffendoofer Day! and Daisy-Head Mayzie. My Many Colored Days was originally written in 1973 but was posthumously published in 1996. In September 2011, seven stories originally published in magazines during the 1950s were released in a collection titled The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories.[90]

text: Geisel also wrote a pair of books for adults: The Seven Lady Godivas (1939; reprinted 1987), a retelling of the Lady Godiva legend that included nude depictions; and You're Only Old Once! (written in 1986 when Geisel was 82), which chronicles an old man's journey through a clinic. His last book was Oh, the Places You'll Go!, which published the year before his death and became a popular gift for graduating students.[91]

text: Adaptions

text: Theatrical Films

text:
Year
Film
Format
Director
Writer
Distributor
Length
Budget

1942
Horton Hatches the Egg
traditionally animated
Bob Clampett
Michael Maltese
Warner Bros. Pictures
10 min.

–

1950
Gerald McBoing-Boing
Robert Cannon

UPA
10 min.

–

2000
How the Grinch Stole Christmas
live-action
Ron Howard
Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman
Universal Pictures
104 min.
$123 million

2003
The Cat in the Hat
Bo Welch
Alec Berg, David Mandel, and Jeff Schaffer
Universal Pictures and DreamWorks Pictures
82 min.
$109 million

2008
Horton Hears a Who!
computer-animated
Jimmy Hayward and Steve Martino
Ken Daurio and Cinco Paul
20th Century Fox
86 min.
$85 million

2012
The Lorax
Chris Renaud and Kyle Balda
Universal Pictures
$70 million

2018
The Grinch
Peter Candeland and Yarrow Cheney
Michael LeSieur

–

–

TBA
The Cat in the Hat

–

–

Warner Bros. Pictures

–

–

text: TV specials

text:
Year
Film
Format
Director
Writer
Distributor
Length

1966
How the Grinch Stole Christmas!
traditionally animated
Chuck Jones
Dr. Seuss, Irv Spector, and Bob Ogle
MGM
25 min.

1970
Horton Hears a Who!
Dr. Seuss

1971
The Cat in the Hat
Hawley Pratt
CBS

1972
The Lorax

1973
Dr. Seuss on the Loose

1975
The Hoober-Bloob Highway

1977
Halloween Is Grinch Night

1980
Pontoffel Pock, Where Are You?

1982
The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat

1989
The Butter Battle Book
Ralph Bakshi

Turner

1995
Daisy-Head Mayzie

Turner

text: TV series

text:
Year
Film
Format
Director
Writer
Distributor
Length

1996-1998
The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss

Turner
TV series

2010-2012
The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!

TV series

text: Adaptations

text: For most of his career, Geisel was reluctant to have his characters marketed in contexts outside of his own books. However, he did permit the creation of several animated cartoons, an art form in which he had gained experience during World War II, and he gradually relaxed his policy as he aged.

text: The first adaptation of one of Geisel's works was a cartoon version of Horton Hatches the Egg, animated at Warner Bros. in 1942 and directed by Bob Clampett. It was presented as part of the Merrie Melodies series and included a number of gags not present in the original narrative, including a fish committing suicide and a Katharine Hepburn imitation by Mayzie.

text: As part of the Puppetoon theatrical cartoon series for Paramount Pictures, two of Geisel's works were adapted into stop-motion films by George Pal. The first, "The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins", was released in 1943[92] and nominated for an Academy Award for "Short Subject (Cartoon)" the following year.[93] The second, "And to Think I Saw It on Mulberry Street", with a title slightly altered from the book's, was released in 1944.[94]

text: In 1959, Geisel authorized Revell, the well-known plastic model-making company, to make a series of "animals" that snapped together rather than being glued together, and could be assembled, disassembled, and re-assembled "in thousands" of ways. The series was called the "Dr. Seuss Zoo" and included Gowdy the Dowdy Grackle, Norval the Bashful Blinket, Tingo the Noodle Topped Stroodle, and Roscoe the Many Footed Lion. The basic body parts were the same and all were interchangeable, and so it was possible for children to combine parts from various characters in essentially unlimited ways in creating their own animal characters (Revell encouraged this by selling Gowdy, Norval, and Tingo together in a "Gift Set" as well as individually). Revell also made a conventional glue-together "beginner's kit" of The Cat in the Hat.

text: In 1966, Geisel authorized eminent cartoon artist Chuck Jones – his friend and former colleague from the war – to make a cartoon version of How the Grinch Stole Christmas! Geisel was credited as a co-producer under his real name Ted Geisel, along with Jones. The cartoon was narrated by Boris Karloff, who also provided the voice of the Grinch. It was very faithful to the original book, and is considered a classic to this day by many. It is often broadcast as an annual Christmas television special. Jones directed an adaptation of Horton Hears a Who! in 1970 and produced an adaptation of The Cat in the Hat in 1971.

text: From 1972 to 1983, Geisel wrote six animated specials that were produced by DePatie-Freleng: The Lorax (1972); Dr. Seuss on the Loose (1973); The Hoober-Bloob Highway (1975); Halloween Is Grinch Night (1977); Pontoffel Pock, Where Are You? (1980); and The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat (1982). Several of the specials won multiple Emmy Awards.

text: A Soviet paint-on-glass-animated short film was made in 1986 called Welcome, an adaptation of Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose. The last adaptation of Geisel's work before he died was The Butter Battle Book, a television special based on the book of the same name, directed by adult animation legend Ralph Bakshi.

text: A television film titled In Search of Dr. Seuss was released in 1994, which adapted many of Seuss's stories. It uses both live-action versions and animated versions of the characters and stories featured; however, the animated portions were merely edited versions of previous animated television specials and, in some cases, re-dubbed as well.

text: After Geisel died of cancer at the age of 87 in 1991, his widow Audrey Geisel was placed in charge of all licensing matters. She approved a live-action feature-film version of How the Grinch Stole Christmas starring Jim Carrey, as well as a Seuss-themed Broadway musical called Seussical, and both premiered in 2000. The Grinch has had limited engagement runs on Broadway during the Christmas season, after premiering in 1998 (under the title How the Grinch Stole Christmas) at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego, where it has become a Christmas tradition. In 2003, another live-action film was released, this time an adaptation of The Cat in the Hat that featured Mike Myers as the title character. Audrey Geisel has spoken critically of the film, especially the casting of Myers as the Cat in the Hat, and stated that she would not allow any further live-action adaptations of Geisel's books.[95] However, a first animated CGI feature film adaptation of Horton Hears a Who! was approved, and was eventually released on March 14, 2008, to critical acclaim. A second CGI-animated feature film adaptation of The Lorax was released by Universal on March 2, 2012 (on what would have been Seuss's 108th birthday). A third CGI-animated feature film adaptation of The Grinch will be released by Universal on November 9, 2018.

text: Four television series have been adapted from Geisel's work. The first, Gerald McBoing-Boing, was an animated television adaptation of Geisel's 1951 cartoon of the same name and lasted three months between 1956 and 1957. The second, The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss, was a mix of live-action and puppetry by Jim Henson Television, the producers of The Muppets. It aired for one season on Nickelodeon in the United States, from 1996 to 1997. The third, Gerald McBoing-Boing, is a remake of the 1956 series.[96] Produced in Canada by Cookie Jar Entertainment (now DHX Media) and North America by Classic Media (now DreamWorks Classics), it ran from 2005 to 2007. The fourth, The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!, produced by Portfolio Entertainment Inc., began on August 7, 2010, in Canada and September 6, 2010, in the United States and is currently still showing.[when?]

text: Geisel's books and characters are also featured in Seuss Landing, one of many islands at the Islands of Adventure theme park in Orlando, Florida. In an attempt to match Geisel's visual style, there are reportedly "no straight lines" in Seuss Landing.[97]

text: The Hollywood Reporter has reported that Warner Animation Group and Dr. Seuss Enterprises have struck a deal to make new animated movies based on the stories of Dr. Seuss. Their first project will be a fully animated version of The Cat in the Hat.[98]


document_title: Australia at the Commonwealth Games

question_text: when have the commonwealth games been in australia

root

text: Australia at the Commonwealth Games

text: List of Games Host Nation Bids[edit]

text: Games Staged[edit]

text: Australia has hosted the Commonwealth Games on four occasions but have only won once via an international vote. That vote was for the host of the 2018 games, won by the Gold Coast.

tag: p

text: Sydney 1938 was simply awarded.

text: Perth 1962 was a contest between Adelaide and Perth which Adelaide originally won at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. Adelaide first won 13 votes to Perth's 3. Two years later that was overturned by the Australian Commonwealth Games Association prior to the 1958 British Empire Games in Cardiff, Wales. A New Vote awarded Perth with a 9 to 7 vote.

text: Brisbane 1982 was awarded after Lagos, Nigeria; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Birmingham, England all withdrew prior to the Bid vote that took place in Montreal, Quebec, Canada during the 1976 Summer Olympics.

text: Melbourne 2006 was awarded to the city after Wellington, New Zealand withdrew their bid prior to the Bid Lodgement Deadline.

text:
Year
Host City, State
Years Between

2018 Commonwealth Games
Gold Coast, Queensland
12

2006 Commonwealth Games
Melbourne, Victoria
24

1982 Commonwealth Games
Brisbane, Queensland
20

1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Perth, Western Australia
24

1938 British Empire Games
Sydney, New South Wales
-

text: Failed bid Results[edit]

text:
Year
Australian Candidate City
Winning City
Vote Tally

1974 Commonwealth Games
Melbourne
Christchurch
2-36

1998 Commonwealth Games
Adelaide
Kuala Lumpur
25-40

text: Medals[edit]

text: Overall Medal Tally[edit]

text: Positions are calculated by the number of gold medals earned, then the number of silvers is taken into consideration and then the number of bronze.

text: Figures from Commonwealth Games Foundation website.[2] Those represented in bold are the highest scoring medal tally for each individual medal.

text: The 2006 Games saw the highest overall medal tally, including the highest number of silver and bronze medals. The 1994 Games remains the Games with the highest number of gold medals won for Australia.

text:
Total

 Australia
936
768
713
2427

text: Games Summary[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Rank
Competitors
Officials
Flag Bearer Opening
Flag Bearer Closing

 1930 Hamilton
3
4
1
8
5
9
2
Bobby Pearce

 1934 London
8
4
2
14
3
17
2
Noel Ryan

 1938 Sydney
25
19
22
66
1
158
11
Edgar 'Dunc Gray

 1950 Auckland
34
27
19
80
1
148
20
Mervyn Wood

 1954 Vancouver
20
11
17
48
2
78
13
Dick Garrard

 1958 Cardiff
27
22
17
66
2
105
14
Ivan Lund

 1962 Perth
38
36
31
105
1
208
30
Tony Madigan

 1966 Kingston
23
28
22
73
2
101
23
David Dickson

 1970 Edinburgh
36
24
22
82
1
107
25
Pam Kilborn
Michael Wenden[3]

 1974 Christchurch
29
28
25
82
1
168
34
Michael Wenden

 1978 Edmonton
24
33
27
84
3
148
42
Remo Sansonetti and
Salvatore Sansonetti
Tracey Wickham[4]

 1982 Brisbane
39
39
29
107
1
208
54
Rick Mitchell
Lisa Curry

 1986 Edinburgh
40
46
35
121
3
235
69
Michael Turtur
Gael Martin[5]

 1990 Auckland
52
54
56
162
1
247
68
Lisa Curry-Kenny
Phillip Adams

 1994 Victoria
87
52
42
181
1
241
92
Ian Hale
Gary Neiwand

 1998 Kuala Lumpur
80
61
57
198
1
311
130
Kieren Perkins
Susan O'Neill

 2002 Manchester
82
62
63
207
1
355
131
Damian Brown
Ian Thorpe

 2006 Melbourne
84
69
68
221
1
425
168
Jane Saville
Leisel Jones

 2010 Delhi
74
56
49
179
1
368
179
Sharelle McMahon
Alicia Coutts

 2014 Glasgow
49
42
46
137
2
409
184
Anna Meares
Mark Knowles

 2018 Gold Coast
80
59
59
198
1

Mark Knowles
Kurt Fearnley

 2022 Birmingham
Future event

Total
936
768
713
2427
1[6]

[7][8]

text: Overall Medal Tally by Sport[edit]

text: Overall total of medals achieved for each individual Commonwealth Games sporting area from 1930-2006.

text:
Sport
 Gold
 Silver
 Bronze
Total

Archery
1
0
2
3

Athletics
159
136
111
406

Badminton
2
1
9
12

Basketball
2
0
0
2

Boxing
11
14
28
53

Cricket
0
1
0
1

Cycling
78
50
34
162

Diving
27
31
26
84

Fencing
3
15
11
29

Gymnastics
38
28
36
102

Hockey
5
0
1
6

Judo
2
3
9
14

Lawn Bowls
6
18
7
31

Netball
3
2
0
5

Rowing
16
10
8
34

Rugby 7's
0
1
1
2

Shooting
52
44
32
128

Squash
4
5
9
18

Swimming
241
167
150
558

Table Tennis
0
3
2
5

Tennis
3
3
2
8

Tenpin Bowling
5
1
1
7

Triathlon
0
1
1
2

Waterpolo
1
0
0
1

Weightlifting
53
46
40
139

Wrestling
14
22
15
51

text: Progressive Medal Tally[edit]

text:
Commonwealth Games Progressive Medal Tally

Year

 Gold
 Silver
 Bronze
Total

2018

932
778
709
2419

2014

852
716
650
2218

2010

803
673
604
2080

2006

729
618
555
1902

2002

645
549
487
1681

1998

564
488
424
1476

1994

485
427
367
1279

1990

398
375
325
1098

1986

346
321
269
936

1982

306
275
234
815

1978

267
236
205
708

1974

243
203
178
624

1970

214
175
153
542

1966

178
151
131
460

1962

155
123
109
387

1958

117
87
78
282

1954

90
65
61
216

1950

70
54
44
168

1938

36
27
25
88

1934

11
8
3
22

1930

3
4
1
8

text: Numbers of athletes and sports[edit]

text: This list shows the total number of athletes, male and female, and the total sports they were selected to compete in.

text:
Year
Athletes
Male
Female
Sports

2006
426
220
206
18

2002
371

1998
320

1994
250

1990
248

1986
235

1982
210

1978
148

1974

1970

1966

1962

1958

1954

1950

1938

1934

1930

text: Team & Individual Competitor Achievements[edit]

text: Notable Achievements[edit]

text: Represented at most Games[edit]

text:
Arthur Tunstall has represented Australia as an official at 8 Commonwealth Games (1962, 66, 70, 74, 78, 86, 90, 94).
Donald Stockins has represented Australia as an official at 8 Commonwealth Games (1974, 78, 82, 86, 90, 94, 98, 2002).
Shooter Bruce Quick has represented at 7 Commonwealth Games 1990, 1998, 2002,2006,2010,2014 and 2018
Shooter Phillip Adams has competed in 6 Commonwealth Games (1982, 86, 90, 94, 98, 2002).

text: Best Individual Medal Achievements[edit]

text: Most gold medals won[edit]

text:
Swimmer Susie O'Neill won 10 gold medals at three successive Games (1990, 94, 98).
Swimmer Ian Thorpe won 10 gold medals at two successive Games (1998, 2002).
Swimmer Leisel Jones won 10 gold medals at three successive Games (2002, 06, 10).

text: Most gold medals won at a single Games[edit]

text:
Swimmer Susie O'Neill won 6 gold medals at the 1998 Games.
Swimmer Ian Thorpe won 6 gold medals at the 2002 Games.

text: Most medals won by a competitor[edit]

text:
Shooter Phillip Adams has won 18 medals (7 gold, 9 silver, 2 bronze) at five Games (1982, 86, 90, 94, 2002).
Swimmer Susie O'Neill has won 15 medals (10 gold, 5 silver) at three Games (1990, 94, 98).
Shooter Bruce Quick has won 14 medals ( 1 Gold, 9 Silver and 4 Bronze) at 6 games ( 1990,1998,2002,2006,2010 and 2014).

text: Oldest gold medal winner[edit]

text: Dorothy Roche, was 61 years and 10 months old when she won a gold medal in the women's fours in Bowls at the 1990 Games.

text: Youngest gold medal winner[edit]

text: Jenny Turrall, was 13 years, 8 months old when she won a gold medal in the 400m freestyle at Christchurch, New Zealand in 1974.[9] Jenny Turrall also won Silver medals in the 200m Freestyle, 800m Freestyle and the 4x100 Freestyle Relay -women at the 1974 Christchurch Games.[10]

text: Winning Streaks[edit]

text: Australia has won gold in the following events for each consecutive Games since the beginning of each individual streak.

text:
Swimming, Men's 4 × 200 m (13 Games - 1954, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74, 78, 82, 86, 90, 94, 98, 2002)
Swimming, Men's 4 × 100 m (6 Games - 1982, 86, 90, 94, 98, 2002)
Swimming, Women's 4 × 100 m Medley (6 Games - 1990, 94, 98, 2002, 06, 10)
Men's Hockey (4 Games - 1998, 2002, 06, 10)

text: Australian Records Achieved at Commonwealth Games[edit]

text: Record Types listed follow this Key:

text:
WR: World Record
CR: Commonwealth Record
AR: Australian Record
GR: Games Record

text: Record Summary[edit]

text: This list shows a summary of known Australian records and totals for each year and overall. A world record also covers all other records (Commonwealth, Australian and Games) but is not included in each individual tally. This also goes for each other section overlapping. The hierarchy is defined by the record key.

text:
Year
WR
CR
AR
GR
Total

2006

2002
6

44
50

1998

20
20

1994

29
29

1990

7
7

1986

6
6

1982

2
2

1978

1
1

1974

1
1

1970

3
3

1966

14
14

1962

5
5

1958

0
0

1954

3
3

1950

2
2

1938

0
0

1934

2
2

1930

0
0

Total
6

139
145

text:
6 World Records were set during these Games.
44 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 2002 Games.

text:
Type
Sport
Discipline
Athlete/Team
Record
Margin

WR
Cycling
4,000 m Team Pursuit (Qualifying)
Team: Graeme Brown, Peter Dawson, Mark Renshaw, Luke Roberts
4:04.034

WR
Cycling
4,000 m Team Pursuit
Team: Graeme Brown, Peter Dawson, Mark Renshaw, Luke Roberts
3:59.583

WR
Swimming
50 m Freestyle Multi Disability (Heat)
James Austin
27.48

WR
Swimming
100 m Freestyle Multi Disability (Heat)
James Austin
1:00.21

WR
Swimming
100 m Freestyle Multi Disability (Final)
James Austin
1:00.27

WR
Swimming
400 m Freestyle
Ian Thorpe
3:40.08

GR
Athletics
Men's 20 km Walk
Nathan Deakes
1:25.35 (hours)

GR
Athletics
Women's 20 km Walk
Jane Saville
1:36.34 (hours)

GR
Athletics
Women's 4 × 400 m Relay
Australia
3:25.63 (mins)

GR
Athletics
Men's 50 km Walk
Nathan Deakes
3:52.40 (hours)

GR
Athletics
Women's Marathon
Kerryn McCann
2:30.05 (hours)

GR
Athletics
Women's Pole Vault
Tatiana Grigorieva
4.35 (meters)

GR
Athletics
Men's Shot Put
Justin Anlezark
20.91 (meters)

GR
Cycling
Men's 20 km Scratch Race
Graeme Brown
24:14.660 (mins)

GR
Cycling
Women's 25 km Points Race
Katherine Bates
37 (points)

GR
Cycling
Men's 4000 m Individual Pursuit
Bradley "Brad" McGee
4:16.358 (mins)

GR
Cycling
Women's 500 m Time Trial
Kerrie Meares
35.084 (seconds)

GR
Cycling
Men's Road Race (187.2 km)
Stuart O'Grady
4:43:17 (hours)

GR
Cycling
Men's Road Time Trial (46.8 km)
Cadel Evans
1:00:53.50 (hours)

GR
Cycling
Men's Team Sprint
Australia
44.506 (seconds)

GR
Shooting
Women's 25 m Standard Pistol (Ind)
Lalita Yauhleuskaya
686.8 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's 25 m Standard Pistol (Team)
Australia
1150 (points)

GR
Shooting
Men's 50 m Free Rifle-3 Position (Team)
Australia
2297 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's 50 m Rifle Prone (Ind)
Kim Frazer
588 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Skeet (Ind)
Lauryn Ogilvie
93 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Skeet (Team)
Australia
95 (points)

GR
Shooting
Men's Trap (Team)
Australia
187 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Trap (Team)
Australia
90 (points)

GR
Swimming
Men's 100 m Backstroke
Matt Welsh
0:54.72 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 100 m Butterfly
Geoff Huegill
0:52.36 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Women's 100 m Butterfly
Petria Thomas
0:58.57 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 100 m Freestyle
Ian Thorpe
48.73 (seconds)

GR
Swimming
Men's 100 m Multi Disability Freestyle
Ben Austin
(mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 200 m Butterfly
Justin Norris
1:56.95 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 200 m Freestyle
Ian Thorpe
1:44.71 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 400 m Freestyle
Ian Thorpe
3:40.08 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 400 m Individual Medley
Justin Norris
4:16.95 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
Australia
3:16.42 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
Australia
3:40.41 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
Australia
3:36.05 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
Australia
4:03.70 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay
Australia
7:11.69 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 50 m Backstroke
Matt Welsh
25.65 (seconds)

GR
Swimming
Women's 50 m Backstroke
Dyana Calub
28.98 (seconds)

GR
Swimming
Men's 50 m Butterfly
Geoff Huegill
23.57 (seconds)

GR
Swimming
Women's 50 m Butterfly
Petria Thomas
26.66 (seconds)

GR
Swimming
Men's 50 m Multi Disability Freestyle
Ben Austin
(seconds)

GR
Weightlifting
Women's 75 kg+ Snatch
Caroline Pileggi
100.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 77 kg Snatch
Damian Brown
147.5 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 94 kg Snatch
Alex Karapetyn
167.5 (kg)

text: 20 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1998 Games.

text:
Type
Sport
Discipline
Athlete/Team
Record
Margin

GR
Athletics
Women's 10 km Road Walk
Jane Saville
43:57 (mins)

GR
Cycling
Men's 184 km Road Race
Jay Sweet
4:31:56 (hours)

GR
Cycling
Women's 24 km Points Race
Alayna Burns
34 (points)

GR
Cycling
Women's Road Race (28 km)
Anna Wilson
37:34 (mins)

GR
Cycling
Men's Sprint
Darryn Hill
10.533 (seconds)

GR
Shooting
Women's Air Pistol (Ind)
Annemarie Forder
480.6 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Air Pistol (Team)
Australia
748 (points)

GR
Shooting
Men's Smallbore Rifle 3 Position (Ind)
Timothy Lowndes
1235.3 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Smallbore Sport Rifle 3 Position (Ind)
Susan McCready
667.3 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Smallbore Sport Rifle Prone (Team)
Australia
1174 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Sport Pistol (Team)
Australia
1140 (points)

GR
Swimming
Women's 200 m Butterfly
Susie O'Neill
2:06.60 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 200 m Individual Medley
Matthew Dunn
2:00.26 (mins)

GR
Tenpin Bowling
Women's Doubles
Australia
3678 (points)

GR
Tenpin Bowling
Mixed Doubles
Australia
3605 (points)

GR
Tenpin Bowling
Women's Singles
Cara Honeychurch
6406 (points)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 77 kg Clean and Jerk
Damian Brown
187.5 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 77 kg Combined
Damian Brown
327.5 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 94 kg Clean and Jerk
Kiril Kounev
205.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 94 kg Combined
Kiril Kounev
370.0 (kg)

text: 29 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1994 Games.

text:
Type
Sport
Discipline
Athlete/Team
Record
Margin

GR
Athletics
Men's Marathon Wheelchair
Paul Wiggins
1:37.33 (hours)

GR
Cycling
Men's 10 Mile
Stuart O'Grady
18:50.520 (mins)

GR
Cycling
Men's 100 km Team Time Trial
Australia
1:53:19.13 (hours)

GR
Cycling
Women's 25 km Team Time Trial
Australia
1:04:03.20 (mins)

GR
Cycling
Men's 4000 m Team Pursuit
Australia
4:10.485 (mins)

GR
Cycling
Men's 40 km Points Race
Brett Aitken
38 (points)

GR
Cycling
Women's Road Race
Kathryn "Kathy" Watt
2:48:04.73 (seconds)

GR
Shooting
Fullbore Rifle Queens Prize - Open (Pair)
Australia
593 (points)

GR
Shooting
Men's Running Target (Ind)
Bryan Wilson
657.9 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Smallbore Rifle Prone (Team)
Australia
1160 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Sport Pistol (Ind)
Christine Trefry
679.4 (points)

GR
Swimming
Women's 100 m Breaststroke
Samantha Riley
1:08.02 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Women's 100 m Freestyle S9
Melissa Carlton
1:09.61 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 1500 m Freestyle
Kieren Perkins
14:41.66 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Women's 200 m Breaststroke
Samantha Riley
2:25.53 (mins)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 108 kg + Clean and Jerk
Stefan Botev
200.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 108 kg + Combined
Stefan Botev
360.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 108 kg + Snatch
Steven Kettner
165.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 108 kg Clean and Jerk
Nicu Vlad
220.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 108 kg Combined
Nicu Vlad
405.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 108 kg Snatch
Nicu Vlad
185.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 64 kg Combined
Sevdalin Marinov
277.5 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 76 kg Clean and Jerk
Damian Brown
182.5 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 83 kg Clean and Jerk
Kiril Kounev
200.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 83 kg Combined
Kiril Kounev
352.5 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 83 kg Snatch
Kiril Kounev
152.5 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 91 kg Clean and Jerk
Harvey Goodman
200.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 91 kg Combined
Harvey Goodman
362.5 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 91 kg Snatch
Harvey Goodman
162.5 (kg)

text: 7 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1990 Games.

text:
Type
Sport
Discipline
Athlete/Team
Record
Margin

GR
Athletics
Men's Hammer Throw
Sean Carlin
75.66 (meters)

GR
Athletics
Women's Heptathlon
Jane Flemming
6695 (points)

GR
Cycling
Men's 50 km Points Race
Robert Burns
81 (points)

GR
Cycling
Women's Road Race (72 km)
Kathryn "Kathy" Watt
1:55:11.60 (hours)

GR
Shooting
Men's 50 m/Free Pistol (Team)
Australia
1106 (points)

GR
Swimming
Women's 400 m Individual Medley
Hayley Lewis
4:42.65 (mins)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 75 kg Clean and Jerk
Ronald Laycock
177.5 (kg)

text: 6 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1986 Games.

text:
Type
Sport
Discipline
Athlete/Team
Record
Margin

GR
Athletics
Men's 30 km Road Walk
Simon Francis Baker
2:07.47 (hours)

GR
Athletics
Women's Shot Put
Gael Martin (née Mulhall)
19.00 (meters)

GR
Rowing
Men's Eight Oared Shell
Australia
5:44.42 (mins)

GR
Rowing
Women's Eight Oared Shell
Australia
6:43.69 (mins)

GR
Rowing
Men's Lightweight Single Sculls
Peter Antonie
7:16.43 (mins)

GR
Rowing
Women's Lightweight Single Sculls
Adair Ferguson
7:45.49 (mins)

text: 2 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1978 Games.

text:
Type
Sport
Discipline
Athlete/Team
Record
Margin

GR
Cycling
Men's Road Race (117 miles)
Phillip Anderson
4:22:34.41 (hours)

GR
Swimming
Women's 800 m Freestyle
Tracey Wickham
8:24.62 (mins)

text: 1 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1974 Games.

text:
Type
Sport
Discipline
Athlete/Team
Record
Margin

GR
Cycling
Men's Road Race (114 miles)
Clyde Sefton
5:07:16.87 (hours)

text: 3 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1970 Games.

text:
Type
Sport
Discipline
Athlete/Team
Record
Margin

GR
Athletics
Men's 20 Mile Walk
Noel Freeman
2:33:33 (hours)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 110 kg + Combined
Raymond Rigby
500 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 52 kg Combined
George Vasiliades
290 (kg)

text: 14 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1966 Games.

text:
Type
Sport
Discipline
Athlete/Team
Record
Margin

GR
Athletics
Women's 100 Yard Dash
Dianne Burge
10.6 (seconds)

GR Athletics Men's 100 Yard Dash Michael Van Der Velde 10.1 (seconds)

GR
Athletics
Women's 440 Yard Run/Quarter Mile
Judith Pollock
53.0 (seconds)

GR
Athletics
Women's 4x110 Yard Relay
Australia
45.3 (seconds)

GR
Athletics
Men's 880 Yard Run/Half-Mile
Noel Clough
1:46.9 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 110 Yards Breaststroke
Ian O'Brien
1:08.2 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 110 Yards Freestyle
Michael Wenden
54.0 (seconds)

GR
Swimming
Men's 220 Yard Backstroke
Peter Reynolds
2:12.0 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 220 Yards Breaststroke
Ian O'Brien
2:29.3 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 440 Yards Freestyle
Robert Windle
4:15.0 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Women's 440 Yards Freestyle
Kathryn Wainwright
4:38.8 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 440 Yards Freestyle Relay
Australia
3:35.6 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 440 Yards Individual Medley
Peter Reynolds
4:50.8 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 880 Yards Freestyle Relay
Australia
7:59.5 (mins)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 82.5 kg Combined
George Vakakis
925.5 (pounds)

text: 5 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1962 Games.

text:
Type
Sport
Discipline
Athlete/Team
Record
Margin

GR
Athletics
Women's 880 Yard Run/Half-Mile
Dixie Willis
2:03.7 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 110 Yards Butterfly
Kevin Berry
0:59.5 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Women's 110 Yards Freestyle
Dawn Fraser
0:59.5 (seconds)

GR
Swimming
Men's 1650 Yards Freestyle
Murray Rose
17:18.1 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 220 Yards Butterfly
Kevin Berry
2:10.8 (mins)

text: 3 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1958 Games.

text:
Type
Sport
Discipline
Athlete/Team
Record
Margin

GR
Athletics
Women's 220 Yard Dash
Marlene Mathews-Willard
23.6 (seconds)

GR
Athletics
Women's 80 m H
Norma Thrower
10.7 (seconds)

GR
Rowing
Men's Singles Sculls
Stuart MacKenzie
7:20.1 (mins)

text: 2 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1950 Games.

text:
Type
Sport
Discipline
Athlete/Team
Record
Margin

GR
Athletics
Women's 440 yard relay
Australia
47.9 (seconds)

GR
Athletics
Women's 660 Yard Relay
Australia
1:13.4 (mins)

text: 2 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1934 Games.

text:
Type
Sport
Discipline
Athlete/Team
Record
Margin

GR
Swimming
Men's 1500 Yards Freestyle
Noel Ryan
18:25.4 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Women's 200 Yards Breaststroke
Clare Dennis
2:50.2 (mins)


document_title: List of Miss Universe titleholders

question_text: how many times did venezuela won miss universe

text: List of Miss Universe titleholders

text: Titleholders[edit]

text:
Year

Represented

Titleholder

Age[a]

Height

Hometown

Date

1952

 Finland

Armi Kuusela[1]

17

5 ft 6 in (168 cm)

Muhos

June 28, 1952

1953

 France

Christiane Martel[2]

21

5 ft 6 in (168 cm)

Créteil

July 17, 1953

1954

 United States

Miriam Stevenson[3]

21

5 ft 6 in (168 cm)

Winnsboro

July 24, 1954

1955

 Sweden

Hillevi Rombin[B][4][5]

21

5 ft 7 in (170 cm)

Alfta

July 22, 1955

1956

 United States

Carol Morris[6]

20

5 ft 7 in (170 cm)

Ottumwa

July 20, 1956

1957

 Peru

Gladys Zender[7]

18

5 ft 7 in (170 cm)

Lima

July 19, 1957

1958

 Colombia

Luz Marina Zuluaga[B][8]

19

5 ft 4 in (163 cm)

Pereira

July 26, 1958

1959

 Japan

Akiko Kojima[9]

22

5 ft 6 in (168 cm)

Tokyo

July 24, 1959

1960

 United States

Linda Bement[10]

18

5 ft 6 in (168 cm)

Salt Lake City

July 9, 1960

1961

 Germany

Marlene Schmidt[11]

24

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

Stuttgart

July 15, 1961

1962

 Argentina

Norma Nolan[12]

24

5 ft 5 in (165 cm)

Buenos Aires

July 14, 1962

1963

 Brazil

Iêda Maria Vargas[13]

18

5 ft 6 in (168 cm)

Porto Alegre

July 20, 1963

1964

 Greece

Corinna Tsopei[14]

20

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

Athens

August 1, 1964

1965

 Thailand

Apasra Hongsakula[15]

18

5 ft 4 in (163 cm)

Bangkok

July 24, 1965

1966

 Sweden

Margareta Arvidsson[16]

18

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

Gothenburg

July 16, 1966

1967

 United States

Sylvia Hitchcock[B][17]

21

5 ft 7 in (170 cm)

Miami

July 15, 1967

1968

 Brazil

Martha Vasconcellos[18]

20

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

Salvador

July 13, 1968

1969

 Philippines

Gloria Diaz[19]

18

5 ft 5 in (165 cm)

Aringay

July 19, 1969

1970

 Puerto Rico

Marisol Malaret[20]

20

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

San Juan

July 11, 1970

1971

 Lebanon

Georgina Rizk[21]

18

5 ft 7 in (170 cm)

Beirut

July 24, 1971

1972

 Australia

Kerry Anne Wells[22]

20

5 ft 11 in (180 cm)

Perth

July 29, 1972

1973

 Philippines

Margarita Moran[23]

19

5 ft 6 in (168 cm)

Manila

July 21, 1973

1974

 Spain

Amparo Muñoz[B][24]

20

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

Málaga

July 19, 1974

1975

 Finland

Anne Marie Pohtamo[25]

19

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

Helsinki

July 19, 1975

1976

 Israel

Rina Messinger[26]

20

5 ft 7 in (170 cm)

Kiryat Tiv'on

July 11, 1976

1977

 Trinidad and Tobago

Janelle Commissiong[27]

24

5 ft 5 in (165 cm)

Port of Spain

July 16, 1977

1978

 South Africa

Margaret Gardiner[28]

18

5 ft 10 in (178 cm)

Cape Town

July 24, 1978

1979

 Venezuela

Maritza Sayalero[29]

18

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

Caracas

July 20, 1979

1980

 United States

Shawn Weatherly[30]

20

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

Sumter

July 8, 1980

1981

 Venezuela

Irene Sáez[31]

19

5 ft 10 in (178 cm)

Caracas

July 20, 1981

1982

 Canada

Karen Dianne Baldwin[32]

18

5 ft 10 in (178 cm)

London

July 26, 1982

1983

 New Zealand

Lorraine Downes[33]

19

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

Auckland

July 11, 1983

1984

 Sweden

Yvonne Ryding[34]

21

5 ft 7 in (170 cm)

Eskilstuna

July 9, 1984

1985

 Puerto Rico

Deborah Carthy-Deu[35]

19

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

San Juan

July 15, 1985

1986

 Venezuela

Bárbara Palacios[36]

22

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

Caracas

July 21, 1986

1987

 Chile

Cecilia Bolocco[37]

22

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

Santiago

May 27, 1987

1988

 Thailand

Porntip Nakhirunkanok[38]

19

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

Bangkok

May 24, 1988

1989

 Netherlands

Angela Visser[39]

22

5 ft 9 in (175 cm)

Rotterdam

May 23, 1989

1990

 Norway

Mona Grudt[40]

19

5 ft 6 in (168 cm)

Trondheim

April 15, 1990

1991

 Mexico

Lupita Jones[41]

23

5 ft 7 in (170 cm)

Mexicali

May 17, 1991

1992

 Namibia

Michelle McLean[42]

19

6 ft 0 in (183 cm)

Windhoek

May 8, 1992

1993

 Puerto Rico

Dayanara Torres[43]

18

5 ft 7 in (170 cm)

Toa Alta

May 21, 1993

1994

 India

Sushmita Sen[44]

18

5 ft 9 in (175 cm)

New Delhi

May 21, 1994

1995

 United States

Chelsi Smith[45]

21

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

Deer Park

May 12, 1995

1996

 Venezuela

Alicia Machado[46]

19

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

Maracay

May 17, 1996

1997

 United States

Brook Lee[47]

26

5 ft 7 in (170 cm)

Pearl City

May 16, 1997

1998

 Trinidad and Tobago

Wendy Fitzwilliam[48]

25

6 ft 0 in (183 cm)

Diego Martin

May 12, 1998

1999

 Botswana

Mpule Kwelagobe

19

5 ft 9 in (175 cm)

Gaborone

May 26, 1999

2000

 India

Lara Dutta[49]

22

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

Mumbai

May 12, 2000

2001

 Puerto Rico

Denise Quiñones[50]

20

5 ft 10 in (178 cm)

Lares

May 11, 2001

2002

 Russia

Oxana Fedorova (Dethroned)

24

5 ft 10 in (178 cm)

Pskov

May 29, 2002

 Panama

Justine Pasek (Succeeded)[D][51]

23

5 ft 7 in (170 cm)

Panama City

September 24, 2002

2003

 Dominican Republic

Amelia Vega[52]

18

6 ft 2 in (188 cm)

Santiago de los Caballeros

June 3, 2003

2004

 Australia

Jennifer Hawkins[53]

20

5 ft 11 in (180 cm)

Newcastle

June 1, 2004

2005

 Canada

Natalie Glebova[54]

23

5 ft 11 in (180 cm)

Toronto

May 31, 2005

2006

 Puerto Rico

Zuleyka Rivera[55]

18

5 ft 9 in (175 cm)

Salinas

July 23, 2006

2007

 Japan

Riyo Mori[56]

20

5 ft 9 in (175 cm)

Shizuoka

May 28, 2007

2008

 Venezuela

Dayana Mendoza[57]

22

5 ft 10 in (178 cm)

Caracas

July 14, 2008

2009

Stefanía Fernández[58]

18

5 ft 10 in (178 cm)

Mérida

August 23, 2009

2010

 Mexico

Ximena Navarrete[59]

22

5 ft 9 in (175 cm)

Guadalajara

August 23, 2010

2011

 Angola

Leila Lopes[60]

25

5 ft 10 in (178 cm)

Benguela

September 12, 2011

2012

 United States

Olivia Culpo[61]

20

5 ft 7 in (170 cm)

Cranston

December 19, 2012

2013

 Venezuela

Gabriela Isler

25

5 ft 10 in (178 cm)

Valencia

November 9, 2013

2014

 Colombia

Paulina Vega

22

5 ft 9 in (175 cm)

Barranquilla

January 25, 2015

2015

 Philippines

Pia Wurtzbach

26

5 ft 7 in (170 cm)

Cagayan de Oro

December 20, 2015

2016

 France

Iris Mittenaere[62]

24

5 ft 8 in (173 cm)

Lille

January 30, 2017

2017

 South Africa

Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters

22

5 ft 6 in (168 cm)

Sedgefield

November 26, 2017

text: Gallery of winners[edit]

text:
Miss Universe 2016Iris Mittenaere France

Miss Universe 2015Pia Wurtzbach Philippines

Miss Universe 2014Paulina Vega Colombia

Miss Universe 2013Gabriela Isler Venezuela

Miss Universe 2012Olivia Culpo United States

Miss Universe 2011Leila Lopes Angola

Miss Universe 2010Ximena Navarrete Mexico

Miss Universe 2009Stefanía Fernández, Venezuela

Miss Universe 2008Dayana Mendoza, Venezuela

Miss Universe 2007Riyo Mori, Japan

Miss Universe 2006Zuleyka Rivera, Puerto Rico

Miss Universe 2005Natalie Glebova, Canada

Miss Universe 2004Jennifer Hawkins Australia

Miss Universe 2003Amelia Vega, Dominican Republic

Miss Universe 2002Justine Pasek, Panama

Miss Universe 2001Denise Quiñones, Puerto Rico

Miss Universe 2000Lara Dutta, India

Miss Universe 1999Mpule Kwelagobe, Botswana

Miss Universe 1997Brook Lee, United States

Miss Universe 1995Chelsi Smith, United States

Miss Universe 1994Sushmita Sen,India

Miss Universe 1993Dayanara Torres, Puerto Rico

Miss Universe 1991Lupita Jones, México

Miss Universe 1989Angela Visser, Netherlands

Miss Universe 1987Cecilia Bolocco, Chile

Miss Universe 1984Yvonne Ryding, Sweden

Miss Universe 1980Shawn Weatherly, United States

Miss Universe 1977Janelle Commissiong, Trinidad and Tobago

Miss Universe 1976Rina Mor, Israel

Miss Universe 1969Gloria Diaz, Philippines

Miss Universe 1967Sylvia Hitchcock, United States

Miss Universe 1956Carol Morris, United States

Miss Universe 1953Christiane Martel, France

Miss Universe 1952Armi Kuusela, Finland

text: Countries/Territory by winning the title[edit]

text:
Country/Territory

Titles

Year(s)

 United States

8

1954, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1980, 1995, 1997, 2012

 Venezuela

7

1979, 1981, 1986, 1996, 2008, 2009, 2013

 Puerto Rico

5

1970, 1985, 1993, 2001, 2006

 Philippines

3

1969, 1973, 2015

 Sweden

1955, 1966, 1984

 South Africa

2

1978, 2017

 France

1953, 2016

 Colombia

1958, 2014

 Mexico

1991, 2010

 Japan

1959, 2007

 Canada

1982, 2005

 Australia

1972, 2004

 India

1994, 2000

 Trinidad and Tobago

1977, 1998

 Thailand

1965, 1988

 Finland

1952, 1975

 Brazil

1963, 1968

 Angola

1

2011

 Dominican Republic

2003

 Panama

2002[B]

 Russia

2002[A]

 Botswana

1999

 Namibia

1992

 Norway

1990

 Netherlands

1989

 Chile

1987

 New Zealand

1983

 Israel

1976

 Spain

1974

 Lebanon

1971

 Greece

1964

 Argentina

1962

 Germany

1961

 Peru

1957

text:
Notes
A  Resigned
B  Took over title

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Ages at the time of Miss Universe

tag: ol


document_title: History of the St. Louis Browns

question_text: where did the st louis browns move to

question_tokens: where did the st louis browns move to

text: History of the St. Louis Browns

text: Before 1902[edit]

text: In the late 19th century, the team existed as the Milwaukee Brewers in the Western League.[1] For the 1900 season, the Western League was renamed to "American League", and in 1901, it was converted to a major league under the leadership of Ban Johnson.

text: Johnson had originally intended to move the Milwaukee Brewers to St. Louis. When he couldn't find a suitable owner, he was forced to operate the team in Milwaukee for a lame-duck season in 1901. In 1902, however, he found a suitable St. Louis-based owner in carriage maker Robert Lee Hedges, who moved the team to St. Louis and changed their name to the "Browns", in reference to the original name of the 1880s club that by 1900 was known as the Cardinals. Hedges built a new park on the site of the old Browns' former home, Sportsman's Park.

text: In their first St. Louis season, the Browns finished second. Although the Browns had only four winning seasons from 1902 to 1922, they were very popular at the gate during their first two decades in St. Louis, and trounced the Cardinals in attendance. Pitcher Barney Pelty was a workhorse for the Browns, a member of their starting rotation from 1904, when he pitched 31 complete games and 301 innings, through 1911.[2][3] In 1909, the Browns rebuilt Sportsman's Park as the third concrete-and-steel park in the majors.

text: During this time, the Browns were best known for their role in the race for the 1910 American League batting title. Ty Cobb took the last game of the season off, believing that his slight lead over Nap Lajoie, of the Cleveland Naps, would hold up unless Lajoie had a near-perfect day at the plate. Browns' manager Jack O'Connor had ordered rookie third baseman Red Corriden to play on the outfield grass. This all but conceded a hit for any ball Lajoie bunted. Lajoie bunted five straight times down the third base line and made it to first easily. On his last at-bat, Lajoie reached base on an error – officially giving him a hitless at-bat. O'Connor and coach Harry Howell tried to bribe the official scorer, a woman, to change the call to a hit – even offering to buy her a new wardrobe. Cobb won the batting title by just a few thousandths of a point over Lajoie (though it later emerged that one game may have been counted twice in the statistics). After news broke of the scandal, a writer for the St. Louis Post claimed: "All St. Louis is up in arms over the deplorable spectacle, conceived in stupidity and executed in jealousy." The resulting outcry triggered an investigation by American League president Ban Johnson. At his insistence, Hedges[2] fired O'Connor and Howell; both men were informally banned from baseball for life.

text: In 1916, Hedges sold the Browns to Philip DeCatesby Ball, who owned the St. Louis Terriers in the by-then-defunct Federal League. Ball's early tenure saw the club's first real sustained period of success on the field; they were a contender for most of the early 1920s. This was fueled by Ball's free spending to put a winner of the field; he reinvested all profits into the team.

text: However, Ball made a series of blunders that would ultimately doom the franchise. Shortly after buying the team, he fired general manager Branch Rickey, who was promptly hired by the Cardinals. Four years later, Ball allowed the Cardinals to move out of dilapidated Robison Field and share Sportsman's Park with the Browns. Rickey and Cardinals owner Sam Breadon used the proceeds from the Robison Field sale to build baseball's first modern farm system. This effort eventually produced several star players that brought the Cardinals more drawing power than the Browns.

text: The 1922 Browns excited their owner by almost beating the Yankees to a pennant. The club was boasting the best players in franchise history, including future Hall of Famer George Sisler and an outfield trio of Ken Williams, Baby Doll Jacobson, and Jack Tobin that batted .300 or better from 1919–23 and in 1925. In 1922, Williams became the first player in Major League history to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in a season, something that would not be done again in the Majors until 1956.

text: Ball confidently predicted that there would be a World Series in Sportsman's Park by 1926. In anticipation, he increased the capacity of his ballpark from 18,000 to 30,000. There was a World Series in Sportsman's Park in 1926 – but it was the Cardinals who took part, upsetting the Yankees. St. Louis had been considered a "Browns town" until then; after their 1926 series victory, however, the Cardinals dominated St. Louis baseball while still technically tenants of the Browns. Meanwhile, the Browns rapidly fell into the cellar. They only had two winning records from 1927 to 1943, including a 43-111 mark in 1939 that is still the worst in franchise history.

text: Ball died in 1933. His estate ran the team for three years until Rickey helped broker a sale to investment banker Donald Lee Barnes, whose son-in-law, Bill DeWitt, was the team's general manager. To help finance the purchase, Barnes sold 20,000 shares of stock to the public at $5 a share, an unusual practice for a sports franchise.

text: War era[edit]

text: By 1941, Barnes was convinced he could never make money in St. Louis. After interests in Los Angeles approached him about buying a stake in the team, he asked AL owners for permission to move there for the 1942 season. Los Angeles was already the third-largest city in the United States, and was larger than any major-league city except New York and Chicago. They got tentative approval from the league, which went as far as to draw up a schedule accounting for transcontinental train trips, though the Browns suggested that teams could travel by plane, a new concept at the time. The deal was slated to receive final approval at a league meeting on December 8. In a case of disastrous timing, the attack on Pearl Harbor took place on December 7. After league officials expressed concerns that travel restrictions would be too stringent for a prospective Los Angeles-based team to be viable, the Browns' proposal was unanimously rejected.[4][5]

text: During World War II, the Browns won their only American League pennant in St. Louis, in 1944. Some critics called it a fluke, as most major league stars voluntarily joined or were drafted into the military; however, many of the Browns' best players were classified 4-F: unfit for military service. They faced their local rivals, the incredibly successful Cardinals, in the 1944 World Series, the last World Series to date played entirely in one stadium. However, the Browns lost the series in six games. After the Series, Barnes sold the Browns to businessman Richard Muckerman.

text: In 1945, the Browns posted an 81–75 record and fell to third place, six games out, again with less than top-ranked talent. The 1945 season may be best remembered for the Browns' signing of utility outfielder Pete Gray, the only one-armed major league position player in history. The 1945 season proved to be the Browns' last hurrah; they would never have another winning season in St. Louis. In fact, 1944 and 1945 were two of only eight winning seasons they enjoyed in the 31 years after nearly winning the pennant in 1922. Part of the problem was that Muckerman cared more about improving Sportsman's Park than improving the on-field product. He sold the team to DeWitt in 1949, but DeWitt was unable to reverse the slide. At one point, DeWitt was forced to sell any good prospects to the Red Sox or Tigers in order to pay the bills.

text: Veeck era[edit]

text: In 1951, Bill Veeck, the colorful former owner of the Cleveland Indians, purchased the Browns from DeWitt. In St. Louis, he extended the promotions and wild antics that had made him famous and loved by many and loathed by many others. His most notorious stunt in St. Louis came on August 19, 1951, when he ordered Browns manager, Zack Taylor to send Eddie Gaedel, a 3-foot 7-inch, 65-pound midget, to bat as a pinch hitter. When Gaedel stepped to the plate he was wearing a Browns child's uniform with the number 1⁄8. With no strike zone to speak of, Gaedel walked on four straight pitches, as he was ordered not to swing at any pitch. The stunt infuriated American League President Will Harridge, who voided Gaedel's contract the next day. Veeck also promoted another publicity stunt in which the Browns handed out placards – reading take, swing, bunt, etc. – to fans and allowed them to make managerial decisions for a day. Manager Zack Taylor dutifully surveyed the fans' advice and relayed the sign accordingly.[6] The Browns won the game against the Philadelphia Athletics, whose venerable owner Connie Mack took part in the "Grandstand Managers" voting (against his own team).

text: After the 1951 season, Veeck made Ned Garver the highest-paid member of the Browns. Garver went on to win 20 games, while the team lost 100 games. He was the second pitcher in history to accomplish the feat.

text: Veeck also brought Satchel Paige back to major league baseball to pitch for the Browns. Veeck had previously signed the former Negro League great to a contract in Cleveland in 1948 at age 42, amid much criticism. At 45, Paige's re-appearance in a Browns uniform did nothing to win Veeck friends among baseball's owners. Nonetheless, Paige ended the season with a respectable 3–4 record and a 4.79 ERA.

text: Veeck believed that St. Louis was too small for two franchises and planned to drive the Cardinals out of town. He signed many of the Cardinals' most popular ex-players and, as a result, attracted many Cards fans to see the Browns. Notably, Veeck inked former Cardinals great Dizzy Dean to a broadcasting contract and tapped Rogers Hornsby as manager. He also re-acquired former Browns fan favorite Vern Stephens and signed former Cardinals pitcher Harry Brecheen, both of whom had starred in the all-St. Louis World Series in 1944.

text: Veeck also stripped Sportsman's Park of all Cardinals material and dressed it exclusively in Browns memorabilia, even moving his family to an apartment under the stands. The Browns never came close to fielding a winning team during this time; in Veeck's three years as owner, they never finished any closer than 31 games out of first, and even lost 100 games twice. Nonetheless, Veeck's showmanship and colorful promotions made attendance at Browns games more fun and unpredictable than the conservative Cardinals were willing to offer.

text: Veeck's all-out assault on the Cardinals came during a downturn in the Cardinals' fortunes after Rickey left them for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1942. Veeck appeared to have won the battle when Cardinals' owner Fred Saigh was convicted of massive tax evasion late in 1952 and forced to sell his team. For a time, it looked almost certain that the Cardinals were leaving town, as most of the credible bids came from non-St. Louis interests, particularly Houston, Texas, where the Cardinals operated a Class AAA farm team. However, just when it looked like the Cardinals were about to move to Texas, Saigh accepted a bid from St. Louis-based brewery Anheuser-Busch.

text: Brewery president Gussie Busch jumped into the bidding specifically to keep the Cardinals in St. Louis. Veeck quickly realized that he was finished in St. Louis. He knew that with Anheuser-Busch's corporate wealth behind them, the Cardinals now had more resources than he could ever hope to match. Unlike his fellow owners, he had no income apart from the Browns. Reluctantly, he ceded St. Louis to the Cardinals and decided to move the Browns. As a first step, he sold Sportsman's Park to the Cardinals. He probably would have had to sell the park in any event. The 44-year-old park had fallen into disrepair, and Veeck could not afford to bring it up to code even with the rent from the Cardinals.

text: Veeck attempted to move the Browns back to Milwaukee (where he had owned the Brewers of the American Association in the 1940s), but the move was blocked by the other American League owners, as well as Boston Braves owner Lou Perini, who ended up abruptly moving his National League franchise there in March 1953, only three weeks before opening day.

text: Undaunted, Veeck got in touch with Baltimore Mayor Tommy D'Alesandro and attorney Clarence Miles, who were leading an effort to bring the major leagues back to Baltimore after a half-century hiatus. However, he was rebuffed by the owners, still seething over the publicity stunts he pulled at the Browns home games (as well as proposals Veeck had made to pool revenues from broadcasting, a concept particularly abhorrent to the Yankees, whose broadcast income dwarfed most other franchises).

text: Although there was never official word that the 1953 season would be the Browns' last in St. Louis, there were enough unofficial signs that attendance dwindled to only 3,860 fans per game. Under the circumstances, the Browns made a wretched showing, finishing 54-100, 46 games out of first. This was partly because late in the season, the Browns were running so low on baseballs that they were forced to ration them during batting practice. When what would be the Browns' last game in St. Louis—a 2-1 loss to the White Sox—went into extra innings, the Browns had so few baseballs on hand that the umpires were forced to recycle the least damaged ones that had previously been used. Reportedly, the last ball used was gashed from seam to seam.[7]

text: After the season, Veeck cut a deal with Miles which would see the Browns move to Baltimore. Under the plan, Veeck would have remained as principal owner, but he would have sold half of his 80% stake to a group of Baltimore investors headed by Miles. Despite assurances from American League president Will Harridge that approval would be a formality, only four owners voted aye – two short of passage. Reportedly, this was due to Yankees co-owner Del Webb drumming up support for a surprise move of the Browns to Los Angeles (where Webb held extensive construction interests).

text: Although the Los Angeles proposal may have been only a bluff -- it was felt travel and schedule considerations would make a move of only one franchise, rather than two, to the West Coast insurmountable -- Veeck, Miles and D'Alesandro realized that the other AL owners were simply looking for a way to push Veeck out. Over the next 48 hours, Miles lined up enough support from his group of investors to buy out Veeck's entire stake for $2.5 million. Veeck had little choice but to agree. He was facing threats of having his franchise revoked, and he'd given up his only leverage by selling Sportsman's Park to the Cardinals. The other owners duly approved the sale.

text: While Baltimore brewer Jerold Hoffberger became the largest shareholder, it was Miles who was named president and chairman of the board. His first act was to request permission to move the team to Baltimore, which was swiftly approved.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Unlike other clubs that relocated in the 1950s, retaining their nickname and a sense of continuity with their past (such as the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers, New York/San Francisco Giants, Boston/Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves, and Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics), the St. Louis Browns were renamed the Baltimore Orioles upon their transfer, implicitly distancing themselves at least somewhat from their history. It was also unique for team moves in the 1950s in that the Browns/Orioles moved eastward instead of westward geographically. In December 1954, the Orioles further distanced themselves from their Browns past when General Manager, Paul Richards made a 17-player trade with the New York Yankees that included most former Browns of note still on the Baltimore roster.[8] It remains the biggest trade in baseball history.[8] Though the deal did little to improve the short-term competitiveness of the club, it helped establish a fresh identity for the Orioles franchise. To this day, the Orioles make almost no mention of their past as the Browns.

text: The Orioles finally cut the last ties to the Browns era in August 1979, when new owner Edward Bennett Williams bought back the shares Barnes had sold to the public in 1936, making the franchise privately held once again. Although the buyout price is not known, it is assumed that given the Orioles' prosperity over their then 25 years in Baltimore, the owners made a handsome return on their investment.

text: The Browns, along with the Washington Senators, were mostly associated with losing, as both franchises seemed to be the American League's perennial doormats. The Senators became the butt of a well-known vaudeville joke, "First in war, first in peace, and last in the American League" (a twist on the famous "Light Horse Harry" Lee eulogy for George Washington: "First in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen"). A spin-off joke was coined for the Browns: "First in shoes, first in booze, and last in the American League." (On October 2, 1944, cartoonist Amadee drew the St. Louis Weatherbird in a Browns uniform, standing on its head, with the legend "And first in the American League!") [9]

text: Many older fans in St. Louis remember the Browns fondly, and some have formed societies to keep the memory of the team alive; it is not uncommon to see sporting goods stores in the St. Louis area stock Browns shirts and hats.[citation needed] The former in-town rival Cardinals honor George Sisler with a statue outside Busch Stadium, and generally take up the responsibility for honoring the Browns.

text: Believed to be the oldest former major leaguer at the time, and the last living pitcher to have faced Babe Ruth, the Browns' Rollie Stiles, 100, died July 22, 2007, in St. Louis County.[10]

text: Coincidentally, another team named the Browns would relocate to Baltimore and abandon its previous identity four decades later: in 1996, professional football's Cleveland Browns relocated to Baltimore, taking on the identity of the Baltimore Ravens.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In the 1944 movie Going My Way, Bing Crosby wears a sweatshirt with "St. Louis Browns" across it, and takes the "boys" to see them play. Several months after the film was released, the Browns won the American League pennant, but lost the World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals.[11]

text: Skip Battin and Kim Fowley wrote a country rock song called "The St. Louis Browns". The song tells the story of the team and its move to Baltimore. It appears on Battin's 1972 solo album Skip, and as the B-side of his single "Central Park". It was also included in the compilation album Baseball's Greatest Hits: Let's Play II.[12][13][14]