document_title: Death on the Nile

question_text: who did it in death on the nile

question_tokens: who did it in death on the nile

text: Death on the Nile

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: While dining out in London, Hercule Poirot encounters Simon Doyle and his fiance Jacqueline de Bellefort. Jacqueline brings Simon to meet her best friend, the wealthy heiress Linnet Ridgeway, in hopes of getting him a job. instead, Simon breaks off his engagement with her to marry Linnet. While on their honeymoon in Egypt, the Doyles encounter Poirot who witnesses a chance meeting between the married couple and Jacqueline. Jacqueline has been stalking and antagonizing them since their wedding. Poirot informs the Doyles that there is no legal recourse to get rid of her, and tries to reason with Jacqueline in private, urging her to not pursue them further and not to "open [her] heart to evil". Jacqueline refuses stating that Linnet stole her fiance with her dazzling wealth.

text: Attempting to give her the slip, the Doyles falsely claim they are extending their stay in Cairo, but secretly book passage on the Karnak, a Nile River cruise ship that Poirot is also travelling on. They discover to their rage that Jacqueline had managed to come aboard the ship. Also on the cruise are: Linnet's French maid, Louise Bourget, as well as her American trustee, Andrew Pennington; romance novelist Salome Otterbourne and her daughter, Rosalie Otterbourne; Tim Allerton and his mother, Mrs. Allerton; American socialite Marie Van Schuyler, her younger cousin, Cornelia Robson, and her nurse, Miss Bowers; a young outspoken Communist, Mr. Ferguson; Italian archaeologist Guido Richetti; a quiet young solicitor, Jim Fanthorp; and a Central European physician, Dr. Bessner. Joining the cruise on its return trip is Poirot's friend, Colonel Race, who suspects one of the passengers of the murders of several people, but does not know which one it is.

text: One night Jacqueline, after getting drunk, shoots Simon in the leg. In the morning Poirot, who slept deeply through the night's events, learns that Linnet has been found dead, shot in the head while sleeping in her starboard-side cabin. Examining the scene, Poirot notes that the bullet wound has scorching around it, that Linnet's pearl necklace is missing, and that there are two bottles of nail polish, each of the same red color, despite one of them being labeled pale pink. Although there is a "J" written in Linnet's blood on the wall behind her bed, Poirot notes that she died instantly. Dr. Bessner confirms that after Jacqueline had shot Simon and dropped the pistol she broke down into remorseful hysterics and was looked after by Miss Bowers until morning. He also confirms that Simon was incapacitated by the leg wound and could not move, even if he had wanted to. Both Race and Poirot theorize that one of the other passengers must have murdered Linnet, having stolen the discarded pistol after everyone left the lounge, and planted clues to implicate Jacqueline. They note that someone had already attempted to kill Linnet while they were touring temple ruins the previous day, with a boulder pushed off a cliff. Jacqueline was suspected at first but she was later found to have been on the boat at the time of the incident.

text: During the murder investigation, some passengers describe hearing a faint "pop" on the night of the murder, while some recall hearing a splash shortly after midnight. Miss Van Schuyler claims that she saw Rosalie throw something overboard, and that someone had stolen her velvet stole. Jacqueline's pistol is recovered from the Nile, wrapped in the missing stole. During his interview with Linnet's maid at Simon's bedside, Louise states that she saw nothing on the night of the murder but would have "if" she had left her cabin. He also learns that the maid's predecessor was set to marry an engineer on the boat, until Linnet revealed that he was married already, for which he vowed vengeance against her. Jacqueline comes to apologise to Simon, Poirot noting that she is still very much in love with Simon despite having shot him in the leg.

text: Race announces that a search will be made of the cabins for the missing pearls. Miss Bowers returns the pearls, confiding that Miss Van Schuyler is a kleptomaniac and had taken them from Linnet's cabin. Poirot examines the necklace and finds it to be a fake, the real pearls having been stolen sometime earlier. Later, he confronts Rosalie about her mother being a secret alcoholic and that Rosalie was seen throwing overboard her mother's hidden cache of spirits. Although she admits to this, she firmly denies she saw anyone leaving Linnet's cabin. The maid Louise is found stabbed to death in her cabin, clutching a piece of a banknote. Poirot and Race deduce this was part of a blackmail payment so the maid must have seen something on the night of the murder. Mrs. Otterbourne enters Simon's cabin, declaring she knows who killed Linnet and Louise. Simon yells at her to tell him who it is, but before she can finish her story, she is killed by a shot fired from the deck outside. The shooter disappears, Poirot and Race only find the discarded gun, which Poirot recognizes from Pennington's luggage.

text: Poirot clears up the lesser mysteries of the case: Pennington had illegally speculated with Linnet's holdings, and had planned to replace the stolen funds before she came of age. Her marriage forced him to take desperate measures and to attempt to dupe her into signing legal documents to exculpate him. When this failed, he attempted to kill her with the boulder at the temple ruins. Fanthorp was on the cruise merely to investigate him on behalf of Linnet's British solicitors, who were suspicious of Pennington's intentions. Tim Allerton stole the pearls from Linnet but did not kill her. Allerton agrees to return the pearls and to reform his ways, asking Rosalie's hand in marriage. Richetti is found to be a foreign agent and the man Race was seeking. Finally, Poirot reveals that Linnet's murder was committed together by Jacqueline and Simon, who had planned it months in advance.

text: Jacqueline deliberately missed Simon, who faked the bullet wound by using a bottle of nail polish containing red ink. Simon asked that Dr. Bessner be called to help him, and that Jacqueline be looked after during the night, thereby giving her an alibi. Once the lounge was empty, Simon rushed to Linnet's cabin with the discarded gun, shot her in the head, and used her blood to write the "J" on the wall. Rushing back, he then shot himself in the leg, using Van Schuyler's stole to silence the gun, so that Bessner would find a real wound and confirm he couldn't move. After reloading the gun with two bullets in order to make it appear that only one shot had been fired, he wrapped it in the stole and tossed both into the river. Their plan nearly fell apart when Louise hinted to him that she knew he was the murderer as she had witnessed him leaving her mistress's cabin. When Simon was alone with Jacqueline, he informed her of the blackmail. Later, under the pretense of bringing Louise her money, Jacqueline stabbed her to death with one of Bessner's scalpels. However, Salome Otterbourne spotted her leaving Louise's cabin, and deduced that Jacqueline was the murderer; when Simon yelled at Salome later, he was actually communicating to Jacqueline, in the next cabin, that she had been seen and was about to be exposed. This prompted her to steal Pennington's gun and kill Salome before she could reveal what she saw.

text: Poirot reveals that he knew the crime was premeditated because he suspected he had been drugged on the night of the murder. His suspicions were further raised by the hole in the stole; a third shot must have been fired that night, as Linnet's wound showed signs of scorching, therefore, the stole must have been used to silence the third shot. He finally suspected the pair were involved in the murder due to the choice of words Louise used: she spoke hypothetically ("if I had left my cabin...") which meant that the murderer was present in the room; apart from Poirot and Race, only Bessner and Simon were present. Her words must have been aimed at Simon, who was always surrounded by the doctor or the nurse, preventing Louise from being able to speak to him alone.

text: Confronted, Jacqueline and Simon confess to the crime, revealing that they loved each other and that Simon married Linnet, whom he never really loved, in order to get her money. After a suitable period of mourning, he and Jacqueline would reunite and marry. While Linnet's murder had been Simon's idea, Jacqueline had planned the details, since Simon, whose former employers had caught him stealing from them and subsequently fired him, was incapable of masterminding such a scheme. Jacqueline admits that Linnet did genuinely try to steal Simon away from her, and that she did not regret planning her murder, despite being glad she was not the one to kill her. As the ship arrives at its final destination and the passengers disembark, Jacqueline kills Simon and herself with a second pistol, which she had hidden in Rosalie's handbag during Race's search of the ship. Poirot confesses that he knew of its existence, and wanted to give the murderers a chance to take a more humane way out. Tim becomes engaged to Rosalie and Cornelia accepts a proposal of marriage from Dr. Bessner, much to the stupefaction of Mr Ferguson, who had been courting her in an uncouth way throughout the trip. Ferguson was actually a member of nobility travelling under an alias and became interested in communism whilst studying at Oxford.

text: Literary significance and reception[edit]

text: The Times Literary Supplement's short review of 20 November 1937 by Caldwell Harpur concluded, "Hercule Poirot, as usual, digs out a truth so unforeseen that it would be unfair for a reviewer to hint at it".[5]

text: In The New York Times Book Review for 6 February 1938, Isaac Anderson concluded after summarising the set-up of the plot that, "You have the right to expect great things of such a combination [of Agatha Christie and Hercule Poirot] and you will not be disappointed.".[6]

text: In The Observer's issue of 14 November 1937, "Torquemada" (Edward Powys Mathers) started off by saying, "First this week comes Agatha Christie. She scored, I contend, two outers in her last three shots; but she is back on the very centre of the bull with Death on the Nile." He summarised the set-up of the plot and then continued, "Terrible things happen and, without the formality of breaking off her narrative to issue a challenge, the author allows Poirot to summarise his clues in one compressed paragraph sixty pages from the end. It is after that, until the retired but by no means retiring little Belgian chooses to tell us the truth, that we are very angry with ourselves indeed. When he does so, anger is swallowed up in admiration. The appearance of corpse after corse [sic] in the feast of death is entirely logical, and the main alibi, unshakeable except for Poirot, is of the first brilliance. It is no less likely than the run of such things in fiction, and is built not with many preliminary falsifications but almost in a single carefully premeditated flash of movement." He concluded, "Though less than secondary, the descriptive work is adequate and hits, as it were, the Nile on the head."[7]

text: The Scotsman of 11 November 1937 said, "An Agatha Christie story, and especially one with Hercule Poirot applying his 'little grey cells,' is always an event. It is a matter of opinion whether this author has a superior in giving an unexpected twist to concluding chapters, but it is arguable that she has none. In Death on the Nile, however, the solution of the mystery does not come with all that sudden shock of surprise to which Agatha Christie 'fans' are accustomed. At least it should not, providing that one carefully reads a certain chapter and is willing to pursue to their ultimate implications certain hints dropped by Poirot. Whether or not the reader will succeed in naming the murderer, by which is meant discovering how the crime was committed, and not just guessing at one of the least likely persons, is another matter. In any case, here is a problem eminently worth trying to solve." The review finished by saying that, "the author has again constructed the neatest of plots, wrapped it round with distracting circumstances, and presented it to what should be an appreciative public."[8]

text: E.R. Punshon of The Guardian in his review of 10 December 1937 began by saying, "To decide whether a writer of fiction possesses the true novelist's gift it is often a good plan to consider whether the minor characters in his or her book, those to whose creation the author has probably given little thought, stand out in the narrative in their own right as living personalities. This test is one Mrs. Christie always passes successfully, and never more so than in her new book." He went on to summarise the more outlandish traits of some of the characters and then said, "each and all of these, as well their more normal fellow-passengers, are firmly and clearly sketched, even if they are all a little too much types rather than characters and so miss that full rotundity of life a Dickens or a Thackeray can give." He finished by saying that, "M. Poirot's little grey cells had indeed been obliged to work at full pressure to unravel a mystery which includes one of those carefully worked out alibis that seem alike to fascinate Mrs. Christie and to provide her with the best opportunities for displaying her own skill. A fault-finding critic may, however, wonder whether M. Poirot is not growing just a little too fond of keeping to himself such important facts as the bullet-hole in the table. If he is to enjoy all, a reader should also know all."[9]

text: Mary Dell in the Daily Mirror of 11 November 1937 said, "Agatha Christie is just grand. Usually if you get a good plot there is something wrong with the writing or the characters. But with her – you have everything that makes a first-class book."[10]

text: Robert Barnard: "One of the top ten, in spite of an overcomplex solution. The familiar marital triangle, set on a Nile steamer. Comparatively little local colour, but some good grotesques among the passengers – of which the film took advantage. Spies and agitators are beginning to invade the pure Christie detective story at this period, as the slide towards war begins."[11]

text: References to other works[edit]

text:
In Chapter 12, Miss Van Schuyler mentions to Poirot a common acquaintance, Mr Rufus Van Aldin, who is known from The Mystery of the Blue Train.
In Part II, Chapter 21 of the novel, Poirot mentions having found a scarlet kimono in his luggage. This refers to the plot in Murder on the Orient Express.
When Poirot meets Race, Christie writes: "Hercule Poirot had come across Colonel Race a year previously in London. They had been fellow-guests at a very strange dinner party—a dinner party that had ended in death for that strange man, their host." It is a reference to the novel Cards on the Table.
About to reveal the identity of the murderer, Poirot credits the experience recounted in Murder in Mesopotamia with developing his methods in detection. He muses: "Once I went professionally to an archaeological expedition—and I learnt something there. In the course of an excavation, when something comes up out of the ground, everything is cleared away very carefully all around it. You take away the loose earth, and you scrape here and there with a knife until finally your object is there, all alone, ready to be drawn and photographed with no extraneous matter confusing it. This is what I have been seeking to do—clear away the extraneous matter so that we can see the truth..."

text: Film, TV and theatrical adaptations[edit]

text: Murder on the Nile[edit]

text: Agatha Christie adapted the novel into a stage play which opened at the Dundee Repertory Theatre on 17 January 1944[12] under the title of Hidden Horizon and opened in the West End on 19 March 1946 under the title Murder on the Nile and on Broadway on 19 September 1946 under the same title.

text: Kraft Television Theatre[edit]

text: A live television version of the novel under the name of Murder on the Nile was presented on 12 July 1950 in the US in a one-hour play as part of the series Kraft Television Theatre. The stars were Guy Spaull and Patricia Wheel.

text: Death on the Nile (1978 film)[edit]

text: The novel was adapted into a highly successful feature film, released in 1978 and starring Peter Ustinov for the first of his six appearances as Poirot. Others in the all-star cast included Bette Davis (Mrs. Van Schuyler), Mia Farrow (Jacqueline de Bellefort), Maggie Smith (Miss Bowers), Lois Chiles (Linnet Doyle), Simon MacCorkindale (Simon Doyle), Jon Finch (Mr. Ferguson), Olivia Hussey (Rosalie Otterbourne), Angela Lansbury (Mrs. Otterbourne), Jane Birkin (Louise), George Kennedy (Mr. Pennington), Jack Warden (Dr. Bessner) and David Niven (Colonel Race). Slight plot changes were made to the screenplay, deleting several characters, including Cornelia Robson, Signor Richetti, Joanna Southwood, the Allertons and Mr. Fanthorp. Tim Allerton is replaced as Rosalie's love interest by Ferguson.

text: BBC Radio 4 adaptation[edit]

text: The novel was adapted as a five-part serial for BBC Radio 4 in 1997. John Moffatt reprised his role of Poirot. The serial was broadcast weekly from Thursday, 2 January to Thursday, 30 January at 10.00am to 10.30pm. All five episodes were recorded on Friday, 12 July 1996 at Broadcasting House. It was adapted by Michael Bakewell and directed by Enyd Williams.

text: Agatha Christie's Poirot[edit]

text: An adaptation for the ITV television series, Agatha Christie's Poirot, was made for the show's ninth series. It starred David Suchet as Poirot, and guest stars included Emily Blunt as Linnet, J. J. Feild as Simon Doyle, Emma Griffiths Malin as Jacqueline, James Fox as Colonel Race, Frances de la Tour as Madame Otterbourne, Zoe Telford as Rosalie Otterbourne and David Soul as Andrew Pennington. The episode was filmed in Egypt, with many of the scenes filmed on the PS Sudan.

text: This version remained largely faithful to the novel, with some minor changes:

text:
The characters of Miss Bowers, Jim Fanthorp and Guido Richetti are omitted from the adaptation.
Due to the omission of Richetti, Race's reason for boarding the boat was changed. In the adaptation, he meets with Poirot after having been on a diplomatic mission, and decides to journey back with him, rather than travel on a government vessel.
Poirot does not encounter Jacqueline and Simon in London, but in Cairo while on holiday in Egypt, when the former taunts and torments the latter and his wife Linnet.
Tim and Rosalie do not fall happily in love with each other at the end of the adaptation. Instead he gently refuses her advances, on the ambiguous implication that he is either gay, or in a relationship with his mother, which is implied to be a questionable fact by the adaptation.
Louise's body is found in her wardrobe during the search of the ship, and not under her bed.
The adaptation changes various elements of the scene regarding the first attempt on Linnet's life by Pennington. In the revised scene, the incident takes place at an old temple, in which a piece of the roof falls and nearly misses Linnet and Simon. Poirot confronts Pennington about this, knowing he was not in the temple but on the roof at the time, to which he reveals that he had knocked it off by accident, not in desperation or with intent to kill. Jacqueline is not on the boat when this happens, nor on the temple's roof, but near Linnet and Simon, taunting them with knowledge about an Egyptian goddess with the features of a cow.

text: References to real life events appear to set this episode in late 1932, though the SS Normandie only entered service in 1935, but there is some confusion here: Ferguson refers to "a lunatic about to take power in Germany", suggesting a pre-1933 setting, but a later shot of Pennington's luggage label shows the date of his sailing on the Normandie as "January 1936".

text: Computer game[edit]

text: Death on the Nile was turned into a "hidden object" PC game, Agatha Christie: Death on the Nile, in 2007 by Flood Light Games, and published as a joint venture between Oberon Games and Big Fish Games.[13] The player takes the role of Hercule Poirot as he searches various cabins of the Karnak for clues, and then questions suspects based on information he finds.

text: Graphic novel[edit]

text: Death on the Nile was released by HarperCollins as a graphic novel adaptation on 16 July 2007, adapted by François Rivière and Solidor (Jean-François Miniac) (ISBN 0-00-725058-4). This was translated from the edition first published in France by Emmanuel Proust éditions in 2003 under the title of Mort sur le Nil.

text: Publication history[edit]

text:
1937, Collins Crime Club (London), 1 November 1937, Hardback, 288 pp
1938, Dodd Mead and Company (New York), 1938, Hardback, 326 pp
1944, Avon Books, Paperback, 262 pp (Avon number 46)
1949, Pan Books, Paperback, 255 pp (Pan number 87)
1953, Penguin Books, Paperback, (Penguin number 927), 249 pp
1960, Fontana Books (Imprint of HarperCollins), Paperback, 253 pp
1963, Bantam Books, Paperback, 214 pp
1969, Greenway edition of collected works (William Collins), Hardcover, 318 pp
1970, Greenway edition of collected works (Dodd Mead), Hardcover, 318 pp
1971, Ulverscroft Large-print Edition, Hardcover, 466 pp ISBN 0-85456-671-6
1978, William Collins (Film tie-in), Hardback, 320 pp
2006, Poirot Facsimile Edition (Facsimile of 1937 UK First Edition), HarperCollins, 4 September 2006, Hardback, ISBN 0-00-723447-3

text: The book was first serialised in the US in The Saturday Evening Post in eight instalments from 15 May (Volume 209, Number 46) to 3 July 1937 (Volume 210, Number 1) with illustrations by Henry Raleigh.


document_title: Wawa (company)

question_text: why is there no wawa in new york

question_tokens: why is there no wawa in new york

root

text: Wawa (company)

text: History[edit]

text: The Wawa business began in 1803 as an iron foundry.[5] In 1890, George Wood, a businessperson from New Jersey,[8] moved to Delaware County, Pennsylvania; it was here that he began the Wawa Dairy Farm.[8] Wood imported cows from the British Crown dependency island of Guernsey, and bought 1,000 acres (400 ha) of land in the Chester Heights area;[8] the corporate headquarters would later be renamed Wawa. Since pasteurization was not yet available, many children faced sickness from consuming raw milk. Wood arranged for doctors to certify his milk was sanitary and safe for consumption, which convinced many consumers to buy the product.[8] The strategy worked, and allowed the Wawa dairy to grow. Demand for dairy products grew rapidly during the 1920s, and so did the company. Wawa began using the slogan, "Buy Health by the Bottle," and served customers in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, delivering milk to customers' homes.

tag: p

text: In the 1960s, however, consumers began buying milk in stores instead of using home delivery. Wawa started to open its own stores to adjust to these market changes.[5][8] On April 16, 1964, Grahame Wood opened the first Wawa Food Market at 1212 MacDade Boulevard in Folsom, Pennsylvania,[9] which remained in operation until June 17, 2016 when it closed in favor of a new "super Wawa" down the street. A parade was held from the original location to the new store on opening day.[7][10][11]

text: The Wawa Food Market stores were also part of a then-new trend in retailing, the convenience store. Open both earlier and later than traditional supermarkets, they carried other foods and beverages besides milk, as well as other items from the Wawa dairy.

text: In 1977, Wawa began sharing ownership of the company with its associates through profit-sharing plans. In 1992, Wawa formalized its associate ownership with its Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP), with stock being awarded to associates annually based on the prior year's service. Because the company is privately held, Wawa secures an independent assessment of its stock value at regular intervals to ensure that the ESOP is fairly maintained. Today, the ESOP accounts for more than 40% of Wawa stock.

text: As of 1989[update], Wawa Inc. and the Wood family together controlled about 725 acres of land, containing the corporate headquarters, the Wawa dairy farm, and J.T. Farms, within two municipalities in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The properties are located in Chester Heights and Middletown Township. Wawa Inc. owns 50 acres of land around "Red Roof," the corporate headquarters, 150 acres of land around the Wawa dairy, and the 225-acre J.T. Farms. The Wood family also owns 300 acres of estate property. Its extensive land holdings have led to criticism by some, including one journalist who called them "the closest thing to a feudal barony this side of duPont."[8]

text: Company[edit]

text: Name and logo[edit]

text: The chain's name comes from the site of the company's first milk plant and corporate headquarters in the Wawa, Pennsylvania area. The name of the town Wawa is in turn derived from the Ojibwe word for the Canada goose (taken from The Song of Hiawatha).[citation needed] An image of a goose in flight serves as the Wawa corporate logo. It is said that the goose was chosen because the company employs the principles of teamwork, group consensus, and encouragement.

text: Leadership[edit]

text: The current CEO of Wawa is Chris Gheysens, who succeeded Howard Stoeckel in January 2013.[3][12] Eleuthère (Thère) du Pont has served as both the CFO and president, but is no longer associated with the company. Richard D. (Dick) Wood, Jr. is chairman of the board of directors. As of July 2009[update], many Wood family members were still active within the company. Although Wawa is a family-run business, Wawa associates own roughly 50% of the company, more than 40% of which is owned through the company's ESOP.

text: Holdings and locations[edit]

text: In 2015, Wawa ranked 34th on the Forbes magazine list of the largest private companies, with total revenues of $9.68 billion.[13] As of 2016[update], Wawa employs over 22,000 people[5][13] in 720+ stores (450+ offering gasoline).[14] As of 2008[update], Wawa's New Jersey stores were concentrated mostly in South Jersey.[15]

text: As of 1989[update] Wawa Inc. and the Wood family together control about 725 acres (293 ha) of land, containing the corporate headquarters, the Wawa dairy farm, and J.T. Farms, within two municipalities in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The properties are located in Chester Heights and Middletown Township. Wawa Inc. owns 50 acres (20 ha) of land around "Red Roof," the corporate headquarters, 150 acres (61 ha) of land around the Wawa dairy, and the 225-acre (91 ha) J.T. Farms. The Wood family owns 300 acres (120 ha) of estate property. Cynthia Mayer of the Philadelphia Inquirer said that, as a result of the land holdings, the Wood family was "the closest thing to a feudal barony this side of du Pont."[8]

text: Beginning in the 1940s, the dairy facility began selling excess parcels of land. In 1964, it sold about 40 acres to the Franklin Mint. Several years prior to 1989, the dairy sold 25 acres of land to a retirement complex, Granite Farms Estates. The process of selling excess land continued sporadically.

text: Wawa Inc. owns the 225-acre J.T. Farms, a separate farm property. As of 1989[update] Wawa Inc. leases it to Bill Faul, who maintained a herd of 100 Holstein cattle and paid $1,500 (currently $2778.12) per month. Wawa continued to own the farm due to symbolic reasons. It also kept heifers along Route 1 in a strip of land adjacent to the plant which did not produce milk; Fritz Schroeder, then-vice president of Wawa Inc., said in 1989, "[w]e like them for the ambiance."[16]

text: Wawa, for the most part, covers parts of Pennsylvania not already served by fast-growing rival stores Sheetz and Kroger-owned Turkey Hill. Wawa is often compared to Sheetz due to their similar business models and Pennsylvania roots.[17]

text: Corporate headquarters[edit]

text: The company's corporate headquarters is located in the Wawa area, along Baltimore Pike[18][19] in Chester Heights.[20][21] The headquarters is in proximity to Middletown Township.[22] As of 2011[update] about 300 employees work in the headquarters. The Borough of Chester Heights receives a majority of its local services tax from employees of Wawa.[20]

text: Programs and promotions[edit]

text: Wawa was among the first convenience stores to implement self-serve computer touch-screen menus for food orders, in an attempt to improve order accuracy.[citation needed]

text: Wawa provides surcharge-free ATMs, the result of a partnership with PNC Bank that began in 1985. Wawa implemented the program in stores in 1996. In 2010, Wawa surpassed 1 billion transactions under the PNC brand.[23]

text: In the late 1980s and through the 1990s, Wawa engaged in a scholarship sponsorship program that involved Irish students (mainly from UCC in Cork, Ireland) running some stores on the Pennsylvania Main Line, allowing the students to study for their MBAs from Saint Joseph's University in Philadelphia.[24]

text: In 1994, Wawa opened a store in Center City, Philadelphia which sold food only.[25]

text: In 1994, Wawa debuted the "Super Wawa", larger stores with public restrooms and more parking. Gasoline pumps were added in 1996.[26][9] On October 21, 2010, Wawa began testing the sale of diesel fuel at 12 of its New Jersey locations due to an increasing number of cars using this fuel.[27]

text: In 2003, Wawa and McLane Co. reached a 30-year agreement to construct a distribution center in Carney's Point, NJ to handle the majority of Wawa's distribution.[28][29] The center began operation in May 2004.[29]

text: In 2005, Wawa partnered with JPMorgan Chase to offer a Visa credit card branded with the Wawa name. It ceased issuing new cards in December 2007, and the program was canceled in November 2010.[30] Wawa would later partner with Citi to restart the Wawa credit card program.[31]

text: Wawa moved into social media to connect with its customers, and in 2006, its "I Love Wawa" MySpace page had over 5,000 members. By summer 2013, its Facebook page had reached nearly 1.1 million likes.[32]

text: On June 30, 2010, 20 Wawa locations in Pennsylvania started a trial of selling Pennsylvania Lottery tickets from automated kiosks. On December 6, 2010, it announced that all 210 Pennsylvania Wawa locations would sell lottery tickets from kiosks by spring 2011.[33][34]

text: On April 16, 2014, to celebrate its 50th anniversary, Wawa gave away free coffee and launched a nonprofit foundation to donate $50 million to health and hunger initiatives.[35]

text: Products[edit]

text: Wawa offers products found at most convenience chain marts such as chips, drinks, and soda. Wawa also sells its own branded iced tea, soda, orange juice, and milk.

text: Key products include its variety of coffee, latte, and cappuccino flavors and sizes, and made-to-order hoagies. Wawa also offers a brand of hot breakfast products, most famous of which is the "Sizzli", and also a full deli with touch-screen ordering of sandwiches, hot sides, drinks, and deli meats. Wawa sells alcohol in Florida and Virginia.[36]

text: For a short time between 1994 and 1996, Wawa sold Pizza Hut Personal Pan Pizzas and Taco Bell burritos.[25]

text: Store locations[edit]

text: Wawa operates stores in Delaware, Florida, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Wawa's territory once stretched into New York and Connecticut, but in the late 1990s, the decision was made to abandon the franchised stores in New York metropolitan area and New England, as it was too competitive. The abandoned stores were re-branded when they were sold to Krauszer's (in Connecticut) and a variety of other convenience retailers, but most are still recognizable as they retain their distinctive "Wawa" design. The company continued to operate numerous stores in Central Jersey and South Jersey, and re-entered North Jersey in 2010, when Wawa opened a new store in Parsippany.[37] Wawa opened its 100th Super Wawa in New Jersey on October 12, 2012 in Woodbridge.[38] Wawa moved farther into North Jersey opening in Kearny on January 11, 2013 and Lodi on October 4, 2013. The company plans to open five Wawas a year in North Jersey for the next 10 to 12 years.[39]

text: On July 18, 2012, Wawa entered the Florida market when it opened its first location in Orlando.[40] It had expanded to more than seventy locations by the end of 2015, with plans for 120 more by 2022.[41]

text: As of May 2018[update], Wawa has over 800 locations across Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Florida.[42]

text: In some Jersey Shore towns, Wawa designs its stores to match the aesthetic, and changes operating procedures to adapt to shore culture. In Cape May City, Wawa has a Victorian-themed store. In Wildwood, there is a 1950s-themed store.[43]

text: Wawa opened its newest and largest location in the Farragut Square area of Washington, D.C. on December 14, 2017.[44]

text:
An older Wawa in Sewell, New Jersey

A retro-styled Wawa in Wildwood, New Jersey

A Wawa in Orlando, Florida on opening day

tag: ul


document_title: MediaTek

question_text: mediatek mtk 6737 quad core processor arm9 gpu

text: MediaTek

text: Corporate History[edit]

text: MediaTek was originally a unit of United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC) tasked with designing chipsets for home entertainment products.[8] On May 28, 1997, the unit was spun off and incorporated. MediaTek Inc. was listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TSEC) under the "2454" code on July 23, 2001.[11]

text: The company started out designing chipsets for optical drives and subsequently expanded into chip solutions for DVD players, digital TVs, mobile phones, smartphones and tablets.[8][10][12] In general MediaTek has had a strong record of gaining market share and displacing competitors after entering new markets.[10][13][14]

text: The company launched a division to design solutions for mobile devices in 2004. Seven years later, it was taking orders for more than 500 million mobile system-on-chip units per annum, which included solutions for both feature phones and smart devices.[8] By providing extensive system engineering assistance the company allowed many smaller companies and new entrants to enter a mobile phone market that had previously been dominated by large, often vertically integrated corporations that had long been broadly entrenched in the telecommunications industry. The mobile chip market quickly became the main growth driver for the company.[8][10][13][14]

text: At Mobile World Congress 2014, MediaTek unveiled its new brand “Everyday Genius”, dubbing the term “Super-mid market”, with the vision and aiming to make smartphones more accessible affordable to the wider market.[15]

text: As of November 2014, over 1500 mobile models accounting for 700 million units were shipped globally in 2014, using MediaTek chips, and the company posted revenues of US$5.3 billion in the first half of 2014, nearly as much as the whole of 2013.[16] The revenue growth was however partly due to revenue recognition from the acquisition of MStar which became effective at the beginning of 2014.[17]

text: Acquisitions[edit]

text: InProComm[edit]

text: In 2005, MediaTek acquired Inprocomm, a wireless semiconductor design firm producing 802.11a, b and a/g chips.[18]

text: Analog Devices cellular chip operations[edit]

text: In 2007, MediaTek acquired the cellular chip operations of Analog Devices for US$350 million.[19]

text: Ralink[edit]

text: On May 5, 2011, MediaTek acquired Ralink Technology Corporation,[20] gaining products and expertise for Wi-Fi technology for mobile and non-mobile applications, as well as for wired DSL and Ethernet connectivity.

text: Coresonic[edit]

text: On April 11, 2012, MediaTek acquired Coresonic, a global producer of digital signal processing solutions based in Linköping, Sweden. Coresonic is now a wholly owned subsidiary of MediaTek in Europe.[21]

text: MStar[edit]

text: On June 22, 2012, MediaTek announced that it would acquire rival Taiwanese chipset designer MStar Semiconductor Inc., which held a strong market share position in digital television chips. The initial phase of the deal saw MediaTek taking a 48 percent stake, with an option to purchase the remaining stake at a later date.[22]

text: The merger between MediaTek and MStar was delayed by antitrust concerns of China and South Korea and finally finalized on February 1, 2014.[23]

text: Financial performance[edit]

text:
Yearly net sales and operating income in million NT$[24]

2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016

Net sales
52,942
74,779
68,016
77,311
71,988
53,842
99,263
136,056
213,063[a]
213,255
275,512

Income from operations
23,816
31,427
17,090
21,447
17,267
4,840
12,403
25,244
47,241
25,908
23,076

tag: table

text: Jump up ^ Includes sales contribution from MStar acquisition

tag: ol

text: MediaTek's financial results have been subject to variation as the financial success of different product lines fluctuated. MediaTek's relatively strong sales in 2009/2010 was based on its strong market position for feature phone chipsets. Smartphone and tablet solutions contributed to MediaTek's sales and income increase in 2013,[25] while revenue recognition from the acquisition of MStar Semiconductor, which became effective in February 2014, as well as a continuing strong position for smartphone and tablet solutions, are the main reasons for the sales growth seen in 2014.[26]

text: MediaTek's stock has been trading on the Taiwan Stock Exchange under the symbol TWSE: 2454. In its early days, the stock peaked at NT$783 (the all-time high) in April 2002, and later saw a peak of NT$656 in March 2007. The lowest price in the period starting from 2001 was reached in January 2005, with a stock price of NT$171. In more recent times, the stock peaked at NT$590 in January 2010, and saw a low point in August 2011 at NT$221. The stock price saw its highest level since 2010 at NT$545 on July 3, 2014.[27][28] The stock price then declined to a low near NT$400 in October 2014 before recovering to a price of NT$488 as of January 8, 2015, representing a market capitalization of approximately NT$770 billion (US$25 billion), based on 1,571 million shares outstanding.[29][30]

text: Innovations[edit]

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text: Heterogeneous multi-processing[edit]

text: With the announcement and sampling of its MT8135 system-on-chip (SoC) for tablets in July, 2013, MediaTek became the world’s first company to demonstrate ARM big.LITTLE chipsets with heterogeneous multi-processing capabilities.[31][32] By concurrently allocating tasks to individual CPU cores, the MT8135 could in theory offer significant power saving advantages over competing mobile device solutions.[31] A variant of the MT8135 was used by Amazon in new Kindle Fire HD tablet models in the second half of 2014.[33]

text: MediaTek announced the high-end MT6595 platform for smartphones in February 2014. The MT6595 is an octa-core SoC in a big.LITTLE configuration with LTE network connectivity powered by four Cortex-A17 cores and four Cortex-A7 cores with heterogeneous multi-processing capabilities.[34][35] This chip became commercially available in devices in the second half of 2014.[36] In July 2014, MediaTek announced a new product targeting the high-end, with a feature set largely similar to the MT6595, but instead of a heterogeneous multi-processing architecture, the MT6795 features eight symmetrical 64-bit Cortex-A53 cores in a true octa-core configuration.[37]

text: "True Octa-core" trademark[edit]

text: In July 2013, MediaTek became the first system-on-chip (SoC) supplier to announce the development of an octa-core mobile device SoC capable of processing tasks with eight CPU cores concurrently, a solution the company refers to as "True Octa-Core".[38] On November 20, 2013, in a press event held in Beijing MediaTek officially announced the MT6592 SoC. It's a 'true octa core' chip with eight ARM Cortex-A7 application processor clocked up to 1.7–2.0 GHz and Mali-450 MP4 GPU clocked at 700 MHz. There is no on-board LTE modem but it includes NFC radio. It also supports UltraHD or 4K video playback.

text: MediaTek has subsequently introduced additional products using a "true octa-core" CPU configuration using Cortex-A53 cores, with support for ARM's 64-bit ARMv8-A architecture, including the MT6752 clocked at 1.7 GHz and the high-end MT6795 clocked up to 2.2 GHz. Devices using the MT6795 were expected to be commercially available by the end of 2014.[37]

text: Multimode inductive and resonance wireless charging[edit]

text: On January 7, 2014, MediaTek announced its development of multimode receiver technology that is compatible with inductive and resonant charging – two of the common wireless charging technologies – the first in the wireless charger industry in enabling multimode charging.[39]

text: On February 24, 2014, MediaTek announced its MT3188, its first multimode wireless charging product, certified by the Power Matters Alliance and Wireless Power Consortium.[40]

text: Five-in-one combo wireless connectivity SoC[edit]

text: On February 25, 2014, MediaTek announced the industry first five-in-one combo wireless SoC MT6630 that supports a range of connectivity standards such as 802.11a/b/g/n/ac, advanced Wi-Fi Direct and Miracast support, Bluetooth 4.1, ANT+, tri-band GPS and FM transceiver.[41][42]

text: UltraHD TV platform for Android TV[edit]

text: At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2015, MediaTek announced its collaboration with Google on the world’s first Ultra HD TV platform solution for Android TV, the MT5595, a new digital television SoC.[43] It has been adopted by Sony for new LCD TV models.[44]

text: System in package for wrist-worn wearables[edit]

text: At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2016, MediaTek announced its new System in package tailored for wristware, including Bluetooth low energy, GPS and support for 320×320 MIPI displays.[45] In comparison to similar designs, the PCB area is 41 percent smaller.[46]

text: Product categories[edit]

text: MediaTek delivers solutions across the mobile communications, home entertainment and connectivity fields. Applications for MediaTek chips include smartphones and feature phones, tablets, digital televisions such as LCD TVs, DVD and Blu-ray players, optical drives used in PCs, Wi-Fi routers and other devices featuring wireless connectivity (GPS, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and NFC), ADSL equipment, and smart home appliances.[47][48] Its chipsets are divided into the following product categories:[47]

text:
Mobile chipsets
Optical disc drive
Consumer DVD and Blu-ray
Digital TV
Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
NFC
GPS
xDSL

text: Markets[edit]

text: MediaTek's revenue product mix in 2014, consisted of approximately 50–55% smartphone chip solutions, 25–30% digital home solutions (which includes DTV chips), 5–10% tablet chip solutions, 5–10% feature phone chip solutions and 5–10% Wi-Fi solutions.[49]

text: According to information provided in MediaTek's Q1 2014 financial results conference call, in terms of product mix, MediaTek's smartphone chipset shipments consisted of 5-10% single-core, 45-55% dual-core, 30-35% quad-core and 5-10% octa-core. Most octa-cores were sold in China, while the export market (chips sold directly to manufacturers in countries such as India) was dominated by dual-core. In terms of baseband technology (smartphones only), WCDMA was 50-55%, TD 25-30% and EDGE 10-15%.[50] According to MediaTek's Q3 2014 conference call, dual-core shipments for entry-level devices continued to be important in the second half of 2014 with an increase in export shipments as MediaTek's competitiveness China was affected by the transition to 4G.[26]

text: MediaTek started shipping SoC solutions with integrated 4G LTE baseband in volume in the second half of 2014, which was later than Qualcomm, which had been shipping SoCs with integrated 4G for some time,[51] which was likely to impact MediaTek as Chinese telecom providers such as China Mobile and carriers in other countries push and subsidize LTE technology.[52] Although MediaTek's MT6290 stand-alone 4G baseband combined with its MT6582 or MT6592 SoCs is less profitable for MediaTek than a single-chip 4G solution would be, as of mid-2014 they have been adopted in some models by large manufacturers.[53][54] However, the first generation of new affordable 4G smartphone models from large MediaTek clients such as Alcatel One Touch and ZTE use Qualcomm's Snapdragon 400 and 410 platforms with integrated 4G baseband.[55][56] MediaTek has indicated that chips with 4G were expected to make up 20% of shipments in Q4 2014, with a significant increase expected for 2015,[57] which will also see improvements to its product mix as new 4G chips allow it to target higher market segments.[26]

text: Product list[edit]

text: Smartphone processors[edit]

text:
Model Number
CPU (ISA)
fab
CPU
CPU cache
GPU
Memory technology
Wireless radio technologies
Released

MT6205
ARM7 (ARMv5)

GSM

MT6216

No GPU

GSM/GPRS Class 12 MODEM

MT6217

No GPU

GSM/GPRS Class 12 MODEM

MT6218B

Up to 52 MHz
16 KB Instruction-Cache, 16 KB Data-Cache
No GPU
8-bit or 16-bit up to 64 MB
GSM/GPRS Class 12 MODEM
2003

MT6219

Up to 52 MHz
16 KB Instruction-Cache, 16 KB Data-Cache
No GPU
8-bit or 16-bit up to 64 MB
GSM/GPRS Class 12 MODEM
2003

MT6223

Up to 52 MHz
16 KB Instruction-Cache, 16 KB Data-Cache
No GPU
8-bit or 16-bit up to 64 MB
GSM/GPRS Class 12 MODEM
2003

MT6225

No GPU

GSM/GPRS Class 12 MODEM

MT6226

Up to 52 MHz
16 KB Instruction-Cache, 16 KB Data-Cache
No GPU
8-bit or 16-bit up to 64 MB
GSM/GPRS Class 12 MODEM
2003

MT6227

Up to 52 MHz
16 KB Instruction-Cache, 16 KB Data-Cache
No GPU
8-bit or 16-bit up to 64 MB
GSM/GPRS Class 12 MODEM
2003

MT6228

Up to 52 MHz
16 KB Instruction-Cache, 16 KB Data-Cache
No GPU
8-bit or 16-bit up to 64 MB
GSM/GPRS Class 12 MODEM
2003

MT6229

Up to 52 MHz
16 KB Instruction-Cache, 16 KB Data-Cache
No GPU
8-bit or 16-bit up to 64 MB
GSM/GPRS Class 12 MODEM
2003

MT6230

Up to 52 MHz
16 KB Instruction-Cache, 16 KB Data-Cache
No GPU
8-bit or 16-bit up to 64 MB
GSM/GPRS Class 12 MODEM
2003

MT6235
ARM9 (ARMv5)

Up to 208 MHz

No GPU
8-bit or 16-bit up to 128 MB
GSM/GPRS/EDGE, Bluetooth
2007

MT6236

Up to 208 MHz

No GPU
8-bit or 16-bit up to 128 MB
GSM/GPRS/EDGE, Bluetooth
2007

text: List of devices using Mediatek SoCs#ARMv5

text:
Model Number
CPU (ISA)
fab
CPU
CPU cache
GPU
Memory technology
Wireless radio technologies
Released

MT6516
ARM9 (ARMv5)
65 nm
416 MHz

No GPU

Not 3G compatible
2009

MT6513
ARM11 (ARMv6)
65 nm
650 MHz

PowerVR SGX531 @ 281 MHz[58]

Not 3G compatible (MT6573 without 3G)

MT6573
650 MHz

PowerVR SGX531 @ 281 MHz[58]

3G, HSPA
2010

MT6575M
Cortex-A9 (ARMv7)
1.0 GHz
256 KB L2
PowerVR SGX531 @ 281 MHz[58]

3G, HSPA
2012

MT6515
40 nm
1.0 GHz

PowerVR SGX531 Ultra @ 522 MHz[58]

Not 3G compatible (MT6575 without 3G)
2012

MT6517
1.0 GHz dual-core

PowerVR SGX531 Ultra @ 522 MHz[58]

Not 3G compatible (MT6577 without 3G)
2012

MT6517T
1.2 GHz dual-core

PowerVR SGX531 Ultra @ 525 MHz[58]

Not 3G compatible (MT6577T without 3G)

MT6575
1.0 GHz
512 KB L2
PowerVR SGX531 Ultra @ 522 MHz[58]

3G, HSPA
2011

MT6577
1.0 GHz dual-core

PowerVR SGX531 Ultra @ 522 MHz[58]

3G, HSPA, HSPA+
2012

MT6577T
1.2 GHz dual-core

PowerVR SGX531 Ultra @ 522 MHz[58]

3G, HSPA, HSPA+

text: 2013 and later (ARMv7)[edit]

text: Dual-core[edit]

text: List of devices using Mediatek SoCs#ARMv7 Dual Core

text:
Model number
CPU ISA
fab
CPU
CPU cache
GPU
Memory technology
Wireless radio technologies
Released

MT6572M
ARMv7
28 nm
1.0 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A7
32 KB L1, 256 KB L2
Mali-400 MP1 @ 400 MHz[58]

GSM/EDGE (2G), Multi-mode Rel. 8 HSPA+/TD-SCDMA (3G), Wi-Fi, FM, Bluetooth, GPS
2014

MT6572
1.4 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A7
32 KB L1, 256 KB L2
Mali-400 MP1 @ 500 MHz[58]
LPDDR2 266 MHz
Multi-mode Rel. 8 HSPA+/TD-SCDMA, Wi-Fi, FM, Bluetooth, GPS[59]
June 2013

MT6571
1.3 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A7

Mali-400 MP1

GSM/EDGE (2G), Wi-Fi, FM, Bluetooth, GPS
Q3 2014

text: Quad-core[edit]

text: List of devices using Mediatek SoCs#ARMv7 Quad Core

text:
Model number
CPU ISA
fab
CPU
CPU cache
GPU
Memory technology
Wireless radio technologies
Released

MT6580[60]
ARMv7
28 nm
Up to 1.3 GHz Quad-core ARM Cortex-A7
32 KB L1, 512 KB L2
Mali-400 MP1 @ 500 MHz[58]
32-bit single-channel 533 MHz LPDDR2/LPDDR3 (4.3 GB/s)
R8 HSPA+/TD-SCDMA, Wi-Fi, FM, Bluetooth, GPS
2015

MT6582M
Mali-400 MP2 @ 400 MHz[58]
R8 HSPA+/TD-SCDMA, Wi-Fi, FM, Bluetooth, GPS
Q1 2014

MT6582
Mali-400 MP2 @ 500 MHz[58]
R8 HSPA+/TD-SCDMA, Wi-Fi, FM, Bluetooth, GPS
Q3 2013

MT6589M
Up to 1.2 GHz Quad-core ARM Cortex-A7
32 KB L1, 1 MB L2
PowerVR SGX544MP @ 156 MHz[58][61]
LPDDR2/LPDDR3
3G, HSPA+, TD-SCDMA
July 2013

MT6589[a]
Up to 1.2 GHz Quad-core ARM Cortex-A7
PowerVR SGX544MP @ 286 MHz[58][61]
32-bit single-channel 533 MHz LPDDR2 (4.3 GB/s)
3G, HSPA+, TD-SCDMA
March 2013

MT6589T
Up to 1.5 GHz Quad-core ARM Cortex-A7
PowerVR SGX544MP @ 357 MHz[58][61]
LPDDR1/LPDDR2
3G, HSPA+, TD-SCDMA
July 2013

MT6588
28 nm HPM
Up to 1.7 GHz Quad-core ARM Cortex-A7
Mali-450 MP4 @ 600 MHz[58]
LPDDR2 533 MHz, LPDDR3 666 MHz
R8 HSPA+/TD-SCDMA, Wi-Fi, FM, Bluetooth, GPS
Q4 2013

text: Jump up ^ previously known as MT6588

text: Hexa-core, octa-core and deca-core[edit]

text: List of devices using Mediatek SoCs#ARMv7 Hexa Core

text:
Model number
CPU ISA
fab
CPU
CPU cache
GPU
Memory technology
Wireless radio technologies
Released

MT6591
ARMv7
28 nm HPM
1.5 GHz hexa-core ARM Cortex-A7

Mali-450 MP4 @ 600 MHz[58]
32-bit single-channel LPDDR2, LPDDR3
GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA
Q1 2014

MT6592M[62]
1.4 GHz octa-core ARM Cortex-A7
32 KB L1, 1 MB L2
Mali-450 MP4 @ 600 MHz[58]
32-bit single-channel LPDDR2 533 MHz (4.3 GB/s), LPDDR3 666 MHz (5.3 GB/s)[63]
R8 HSPA+/TD-SCDMA, Wi-Fi, FM, Bluetooth, GPS[a]
2014

MT6592[64]
1.7–2 GHz octa-core ARM Cortex-A7
32 KB L1, 1 MB L2
Mali-450 MP4 @ 700 MHz[58]
Q4 2013

MT6595M[65]
2.0 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A17 and 1.5 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 (ARM big.LITTLE with GTS)
32 KB L1, 2 MB L2
PowerVR 6200 (2 clusters) @ 450 MHz
32-bit dual-channel 933 MHz LPDDR3 (14.9 GB/sec)
WCDMA, TD-SCDMA, GSM, FDD/TDD-LTE, CMCC 3G, CMCC 4G and TD-LTE[66]
Q1 2014

MT6595
2.2 GHz quad-core Cortex-A17 and 1.7 GHz quad-core Cortex-A7 (ARM big.LITTLE with GTS)
32 KB L1, 2 MB L2
PowerVR 6200 (2 clusters) @ 600 MHz[58]
WCDMA, TD-SCDMA, GSM, FDD/TDD-LTE, CMCC 3G, CMCC 4G and TD-LTE
Q1 2014

text: Jump up ^ Although MediaTek advertises the MT6592 platform as supporting LTE (4G), the modem inside the MT6592 chip itself does not support LTE.

text: Quad-core[edit]

text: List of devices using Mediatek SoCs#ARMv8 Quad Core

text:
Model number
CPU ISA
fab
CPU
GPU
Memory technology
Wireless radio technologies
Released

MT6735P / MT6735M[67][68]
ARMv8-A (64-bit)
28 nm (HPM ?)
1.0 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T720 MP2 @ 400(P)/500(M) MHz[69]
32-bit single-channel 533 MHz LPDDR3 (6.4 GB/sec)
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, EVDO, LTE Cat 4
Q2 2015

MT6737[67][68]
28 nm (HPM ?)
1.1-1.3 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T720 MP2 @ 550 MHz[69]
32-bit single-channel 640 MHz LPDDR2/3 up to 3GB
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, EVDO, LTE Cat 4 VoLTE
Q2 2016

MT6735[67][68]
28 nm HPM
1.3 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T720 MP2 @ 600 MHz[69]
32-bit single-channel 640 MHz LPDDR3 (6.4 GB/sec)
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, EVDO, LTE Cat 4
Q2 2015

MT6737T[67][68]
28 nm
1.5 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T720 MP2 @ 600 MHz[69]
32-bit single-channel 733 MHz LPDDR2/3 up to 3GB
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, EVDO, LTE Cat 4 VoLTE
Q2 2016

MT6738[67][68]
28 nm HPM
1.5 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T860 MP2 @ 350 MHz[69]
32-bit single-channel 666 MHz LPDDR3 up to 4GB
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, EVDO, LTE Cat 4
2016

MT6732M[70]
28 nm HPM
1.3 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T760 MP2 @ 500? MHz[58]
32-bit single-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3 (6.4 GB/sec)
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, LTE Cat 4
Q3 2014

MT6732[67]
28 nm HPM
1.5 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T760 MP2 @ 500 MHz[58]
32-bit single-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3 (6.4 GB/sec)
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, LTE Cat 4
Q3 2014

MT6738T[67][68]
28 nm (HPM ?)
1.5 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T860 MP2 @ 520 MHz[69]
32-bit single-channel 666 MHz LPDDR3 up to 4GB
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, EVDO, LTE Cat 4
2016

text: Octa- and deca-core[edit]

text: List of devices using Mediatek SoCs#ARMv8 Octa Core

text:
Model number
CPU ISA
fab
CPU
GPU
Memory technology
Wireless radio technologies
Released

MT6750
ARMv8-A (64-bit)
28 nm HPM
1.0 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 and 1.5 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53[71]
Mali-T860 MP2 @ 520 MHz[72]
32-bit single-channel 666 MHz LPDDR3 up to 4GB
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, CDMA2000 1x/EVDO Rev. A, Cat 6 FDD and TD-LTE w/ 20+20 CA, VoLTE
Q2 2016

MT6753[73]
28 nm LPM
1.3 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 and 1.5 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T720 MP3 @ 700 MHz[69]
32-bit single-channel 666 MHz LPDDR3 up to 3GB
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, CDMA2000 1x/EVDO Rev. A, Cat 4 FDD and TD-LTE
Q3 2015

MT6750T
28 nm HPM
1.0 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 and 1.5 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53[71]
Mali-T860 MP2 @ 650 MHz[72]
32-bit single-channel 833 MHz LPDDR3 up to 4GB
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, CDMA2000 1x/EVDO Rev. A, Cat 6 FDD and TD-LTE w/ 20+20 CA, VoLTE
Q2 2016

MT6752M
28 nm HPM
1.5 GHz octa-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T760 MP2 @ 700 MHz[58]
32-bit single-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3 (6.4 GB/sec)
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, LTE Cat 4
Q3 2014

MT6752[74]
28 nm HPM
1.7 GHz octa-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T760 MP2 @ 700 MHz[58]
32-bit single-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3 (6.4 GB/sec)
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, LTE Cat 4
Q3 2014

Helio P10; MT6755[75]
28 nm HPC+
2 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 and 1.2 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T860 MP2 @ 700 MHz[72]
32-bit single-channel 933 MHz LPDDR3 (7.4 GB/sec) up to 4GB
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, CDMA2000 1x/EVDO Rev. A, Cat 6 FDD and TD-LTE w/ 20+20 CA
Q4 2015

Helio P15; MT6755T
28 nm HPC+
2.2 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 and 1.2 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T860 MP2 @ 700 MHz[72]
32-bit single-channel 933 MHz LPDDR3 (7.4 GB/sec) up to 4GB
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, CDMA2000 1x/EVDO Rev. A, Cat 6 FDD and TD-LTE w/ 20+20 CA
Q3 2016

Helio X10; MT6795[37]
28 nm HPM
Up to 2.0 GHz octa-core ARM Cortex-A53
PowerVR G6200 @ 700 MHz[58]
32-bit dual-channel 933 MHz LPDDR3 (14.9 GB/sec)
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, LTE Cat 4
Q4 2014

Helio P20; MT6757[76]
16 nm FFC
2.3 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 and 1.6 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T880 MP2 @ 900 MHz[72]
16-bit dual-channel 1600 MHz LPDDR4x (12.8 GB/sec)
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, CDMA2000 1x/EVDO Rev. A, Cat 6 FDD and TD-LTE w/ 20+20 CA
Q3 2016

Helio P25; MT6757CD
16 nm FFC
2.6 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 and 1.6 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T880 MP2 @ 1 GHz[58]
16-bit dual-channel 1600 MHz LPDDR4x (12.8 GB/sec)
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, CDMA2000 1x/EVDO Rev. A, Cat 6 FDD and TD-LTE w/ 20+20 CA
Q2 2017

Helio X20; MT6797
20 nm HPM
Up to 2.1 GHz Dual-core ARM Cortex-A72, 1.85 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53, 1.4 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T880 MP4 @ 780 MHz[58][77]
32-bit dual-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, CDMA2000 1x/EVDO Rev. A, Cat 6 FDD and TD-LTE w/ 20+20 CA
Q4 2015

Helio X23; MT6797D
20 nm HPM
Up to 2.3 GHz Dual-core ARM Cortex-A72, 1,85 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53, 1.4 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T880 MP4 @ 800 MHz[58]
32-bit dual-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, CDMA2000 1x/EVDO Rev. A, Cat 6 FDD and TD-LTE w/ 20+20 CA
Q1 2017

Helio X25; MT6797T
20 nm HPM
Up to 2.5 GHz Dual-core ARM Cortex-A72, 2 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53, 1.55 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T880 MP4 @ 800 MHz[58][78]
32-bit dual-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, CDMA2000 1x/EVDO Rev. A, Cat 6 FDD and TD-LTE w/ 20+20 CA
Q4 2015

Helio X27; MT6797X
20 nm HPM
Up to 2.6 GHz Dual-core ARM Cortex-A72, 2 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53, 1.6 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
Mali-T880 MP4 @ 800 MHz[58][78]
32-bit dual-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, CDMA2000 1x/EVDO Rev. A, Cat 6 FDD and TD-LTE w/ 20+20 CA
Q1 2017

Helio X30; MT6799[79]
10 nm FF+
Up to 2.5 GHz Dual-core ARM Cortex-A73, 2.2 GHz Quad-core ARM Cortex-A53, 1.9 GHz Quad-core ARM Cortex-A35
PowerVR GT7400 Plus @ 800 MHz[58]
16-bit quad-channel 1866 MHz LPDDR4X
GSM, UMTS, GPRS, HSPA+, HSUPA, TD-SCDMA, CDMA2000 1x/EVDO Rev. A, Cat 10 FDD and TD-LTE w/ 3 CA
Q1 2017

text: Modem processors[edit]

text:
Model number
fab
Wireless radio technologies
Compatible with
Released

MT6280[80]

DC-HSPA+, W-CDMA, TD-SCDMA, EDGE and GSM/GPRS
MT2523

MT6290[81]
28 nm
LTE R9 (4G), DC-HSPA+, W-CDMA, TD-SCDMA, EDGE and GSM/GPRS
MT6592, MT6582
Q1 2014

text: Standalone application and tablet processors[edit]

text: List of devices using Mediatek tablet processors

text:
Model Number
CPU ISA
fab
CPU
CPU cache
GPU
Memory technology
Wireless radio technologies
Released

MT8317
ARMv7
(32 bit)
40 nm
1.0 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A9

PowerVR SGX531 Ultra @ 522 MHz[58]

3Q 2013

MT8317T
1.2 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A9

PowerVR SGX531 Ultra @ 522 MHz[58]

3Q 2013

MT8377
1.2 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A9
1 MB L2
PowerVR SGX531 Ultra @ 522 MHz[58]

3G, HSPA, HSPA+
3Q 2013

MT8312[82]
28 nm HPM
1.3 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A7
256 KB L2
Mali-400 @ 500 MHz[58]

Multi-mode Rel. 8 HSPA+/TD-SCDMA, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS
1H 2014

MT8321
1.3 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7

Mali-400

UMTS / HSPA+ R8 / TD-SCDMA / EDGE, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, FM, GPS
2014

MT8382[83]
1.3 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7[84]
256 KB L2
Mali-400 MP2 @ 500 MHz[58]

Multi-mode Rel. 8 HSPA+/TD-SCDMA, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS
1H 2014

MT8117
1.2 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A7

PowerVR SGX544 @ 156 MHz[58]

1H 2014

MT8121[85]
1.3 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7

PowerVR SGX544 @ 156 MHz[58]

Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS
2H 2013

MT8125[86]
1.2 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7
1 MB L2
PowerVR SGX544 @ 256 MHz
32-bit LPDDR2/DDR3L

1H 2013

MT8389
1.2 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7
1 MB L2
PowerVR SGX544 @ 286 MHz[58]
32-bit LPDDR2/DDR3L
3G
1H 2013

MT8389T
1.5 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7
1 MB L2
PowerVR SGX544 @ 357 MHz[58]
32-bit LPDDR2/DDR3L
3G
1H 2013

MT8135[87]
1.7 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A15 and
1.2 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A7[87]

PowerVR G6200 (2 clusters) @ 450 MHz[58]

2013

MT8135V[87][88]
1.5 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A15 and
1.2 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A7[87]

PowerVR G6200 (2 clusters) @ 450 MHz[58]
32-bit DDR3L[88]

Q3 2014

MT8127[89][90]
1.3 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7
512 KB L2
Mali-450 MP4 @ 600 MHz[58]
32-bit 666 MHz DDR3 (5.3 GB/s)[90]
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, FM, GPS
2014

MT8151
1.7 GHz octa-core ARM Cortex-A7

Mali-450 MP4

Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS

MT8392[91]
2.0 GHz octa-core ARM Cortex-A7
32 KB L1
1 MB L2
Mali-450 MP4 @ 700 MHz[58]

3G
1H 2014

MT8735[92]
ARMv8
(64 bit)
1.3 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53

Mali-T720 MP2
LPDDR3
LTE Cat 4 (4G), 3G, 2G, Dual-band Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, FM, GPS/Glonass/BeiDou
Q2 2015

MT8732[93]
1.5 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
512 KB L2
Mali-T760 MP2 @ 500 MHz[58]
Up to 800 MHz LPDDR3 (6.4 GB/s)
LTE Cat 4 (4G), 3G, 2G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, FM, GPS/Glonass/BeiDou
Q4 2014

MT8752[94]
1.7 GHz octa-core ARM Cortex-A53

Mali-T760 MP2 @ 700 MHz[58]

LTE Cat 4 (4G), 3G, 2G etc.
Q4 2014

MT8161
1.3 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53

Mali-T720 MP2
800 MHz DDR3/L

MT8163[95] (V/B)
1.3 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53

Mali-T720 MP2 @ 520 MHz[58]
800 MHz DDR3/L
Dual-band Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, FM, GPS
Q2 2015

MT8163[95] (V/A)
1.5 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53

Mali-T720 MP2 @ 600 MHz[58]
800 MHz DDR3/L
Dual-band Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, FM, GPS
Q2 2015

MT8165
1.5 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53

Mali-T760 MP2
800 MHz DDR3/L

Q4 2014

MT8173[96]
Up to 2 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A72 and
dual-core ARM Cortex-A53

PowerVR GX6250 (2 clusters) @ 700 MHz[97]

Q1 2015

MT8176[98]
Up to 2 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A72 and
1.6 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53

PowerVR GX6250 (2 clusters) @ 600 MHz[58]
dual channel 32-bit LPDDR3 DRAM (933 MHz)
a/b/g/n/ac WiFi, Bluetooth, FM, GPS
Q1 2016

text: Wearable device SoCs[edit]

text: At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2015, MediaTek announced the MT2601 for wearable devices based on Google’s Android Wear software. According to MediaTek, with its small size it allows fewer components and lower current consumption when compared with other chipsets in the market. The chip includes a dual-core ARM Cortex-A7 CPU, an ARM Mali-400 MP GPU, and allows display resolutions up to qHD (960x540). It can be combined with the MT6630 chip for wireless connectivity.[99]

text:
Model number
CPU ISA
fab
CPU
CPU cache
GPU
Memory technology
Wireless radio technologies
Released

MT2502A / MT2502C / MT2502D[100]
ARMv5[101]
28 nm
260 MHz single-core ARM7EJ-S

GSM/EDGE (2G), Bluetooth
September 8, 2014

MT2601[102]
ARMv7
1.2 GHz ARM dual-core Cortex-A7
256 KB L2

LPDDR2/3 up to 512 MB
3G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and GPS
January 2015

MT6572
1.4 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A7
32 KB L1, 256 KB L2
Mali-400 MP1 @ 500 MHz[58]
LPDDR2 266 MHz
2G modem, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
June 2013

text: Wireless connectivity SoC[edit]

text: MT6630 (2014) is a five-in-one combo wireless SoC integrating dual-band 802.11a/b/g/n/ac, advanced Wi-Fi Direct and Miracast support, Bluetooth 4.1, ANT+, tri-band GPS and FM transceiver. It is intended to be paired with chips like the MT6595 octa-core smartphone processor which features an integrated 4G modem but no built-in Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/GPS/FM functionality. It could also be used in tablets in conjunction with a stand-alone application processor.[42]

text: GNSS modules[edit]

text: Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) modules.

text:
MT6628 (GPS) WLAN 802.11b/g/n, WIFI Direct, Bluetooth 4.0 LE, GPS/QZSS, FM
MT6620 (GPS)
MT3339 (2011) (GPS, QZSS, SBAS)[103]
MT3337 (GPS)
MT3336 (GPS)
MT3333/MT3332 (2013) GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO/BEIDOU/QZSS, is the world’s first five-in-one multi-GNSS that supports the Beidou navigation satellite system.[104]
MT3329 (GPS)
MT3328 (GPS)
MT3318 (GPS)

text: IEEE 802.11[edit]

text: As a result of the merger with Ralink, MediaTek has added wireless network interface controllers for IEEE 802.11-standards, and SoCs with MIPS CPUs to its product portfolio.

text:
RT3883 includes a MIPS 74KEc CPU and a IEEE 802.11n-conformant WNIC.
RT6856 includes a MIPS 34KEc CPU and a IEEE 802.11ac-conformant WNIC.

text: Digital television SoCs[edit]

text: At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2015, MediaTek announced the MT5595, a new digital television SoC with support for Google's Android TV platform.[43] It has been adopted by Sony for new LCD TV models.[44]

text:
Model Number
CPU
GPU
Video decoder
Video encoder
Integrated connectivity
Segment
Released

MT5366[105]

MPEG1/2/4, H.264, VC-1, RMVB, AVS

TCON/OD, Ethernet MAC
60 Hz cost-efficient TV

MT5389[106]

MPEG1/2/4, H.264, VC-1, RMVB, AVS, VP8

TCON, 3 x HDMI 1.4
Basic 60 Hz 3D TV

MT5395[107]

MPEG1/2/4, H.264, VC-1, RMVB, AVS
720p H.264
TCON/OD, Ethernet PHY, HDMI 1.4
Full-HD 120 Hz, 3D LCD TV with ME/MC

MT5396[108]

MPEG1/2/4, H.264, VC-1, RMVB, AVS, VP8
TCON/OD, Ethernet PHY
Full-HD 120 Hz, 3D LCD TV with ME/MC (Smart TV)

MT5398[109]
Dual-core ARM Cortex-A9
Yes
MPEG-1/2/4, H.264, VC-1, RMVB, AVS, VP8
TCON, HDMI 1.4
Smart 3D TV

MT5505[110]
Dual-core Cortex-A9
ARM Mali-4xx MP2
MPEG-1/2/4, H.264, VC-1, RMVB, AVS, VP8
TCON, HDMI 1.4
Smart 3D TV

MT5580[111]
Cortex-A9

TCON, Ethernet PHY + MAC, HDMI 1.4
Connected 3D TV

MT5595[43]
Dual-core ARM Cortex-A17 + dual-core ARM Cortex-A7
ARM Mali-T6xx?[112]
4K HEVC/VP9 @ 60 fps

Android TV, UltraHD
Q1 2015


document_title: History of cricket

question_text: when was the first international game of cricket played

text: History of cricket

text: Early cricket[edit]

text:
Part of a series on

Cricket

Forms of cricket[hide]

Test cricket
One Day International
Twenty20 International
First-class cricket
Limited overs cricket
List A cricket
Twenty20
100-ball cricket
Club cricket

History of cricket[hide]

History of cricket to 1725
History of cricket (1726–1763)

v
t
e

text: Origin[edit]

text: There is consensus of expert opinion that cricket was probably created during Saxon or Norman times by children living in the Weald, an area of dense woodlands and clearings in south-east England that lies across Kent and Sussex.[1] The first definite reference is dated Monday, 17 January 1597 ("Old Style" Julian date, the year equating to 1598 in the modern calendar).

text: There have been several speculations about the game's origins including some that it was created in France or Flanders. The earliest of these speculative references is dated Thursday, 10 March 1300 and concerns the future King Edward II playing at "creag and other games" in both Westminster and Newenden. It has been suggested that "creag" was an Olde English word for cricket but expert opinion is that it was an early spelling of "craic", meaning "fun and games in general".[2]

text: It is generally believed that cricket survived as a children's game for many generations before it was increasingly taken up by adults around the beginning of the 17th century. Possibly cricket was derived from bowls, assuming bowls is the older sport, by the intervention of a batsman trying to stop the ball from reaching its target by hitting it away. Playing on sheep-grazed land or in clearings, the original implements may have been a matted lump of sheep’s wool (or even a stone or a small lump of wood) as the ball; a stick or a crook or another farm tool as the bat; and a stool or a tree stump or a gate (e.g., a wicket gate) as the wicket.[3]

text: First definite reference[edit]

text: A 1597 (Old Style - 1598 New Style) court case in England concerning an ownership dispute over a plot of common land in Guildford, Surrey mentions the game of creckett. A 59-year-old coroner, John Derrick, testified that he and his school friends had played creckett on the site fifty years earlier when they attended the Free School. Derrick's account proves beyond reasonable doubt that the game was being played in Surrey circa 1550, and is the earliest universally accepted reference to the game.[4][5]

text: The first reference to cricket being played as an adult sport was in 1611, when two men in Sussex were prosecuted for playing cricket on Sunday instead of going to church.[6] In the same year, a dictionary defined cricket as a boys' game and this suggests that adult participation was a recent development.[4]

text: Derivation of the name of "cricket"[edit]

text: A number of words are thought to be possible sources for the term "cricket". In the earliest definite reference, it was spelled creckett. The name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch krick(-e), meaning a stick; or the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff, or the French word criquet meaning a wooden post.[3] The Middle Dutch word krickstoel means a long low stool used for kneeling in church; this resembled the long low wicket with two stumps used in early cricket.[7] According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of the University of Bonn, "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for hockey, met de (krik ket)sen (i.e., "with the stick chase").[8]

text: It is more likely that the terminology of cricket was based on words in use in south-east England at the time and, given trade connections with the County of Flanders, especially in the 15th century when it belonged to the Duchy of Burgundy, many Middle Dutch[9] words found their way into southern English dialects.[10]

text: Early 17th century[edit]

text: A number of references occur up to the English Civil War and these indicate that cricket had become an adult game contested by parish teams, but there is no evidence of county strength teams at this time. Equally, there is little evidence of the rampant gambling that characterised the game throughout the 18th century. It is generally believed, therefore, that village cricket had developed by the middle of the 17th century but that county cricket had not and that investment in the game had not begun.[11]

text: The Commonwealth[edit]

text: After the Civil War ended in 1648, the new Puritan government clamped down on "unlawful assemblies", in particular the more raucous sports such as football. Their laws also demanded a stricter observance of the Sabbath than there had been previously. As the Sabbath was the only free time available to the lower classes, cricket's popularity may have waned during the Commonwealth. However, it did flourish in public fee-paying schools such as Winchester and St Paul's. There is no actual evidence that Oliver Cromwell's regime banned cricket specifically and there are references to it during the interregnum that suggest it was acceptable to the authorities provided that it did not cause any "breach of the Sabbath".[11] It is believed that the nobility in general adopted cricket at this time through involvement in village games.[4]

text: Gambling and press coverage[edit]

text: Cricket certainly thrived after the Restoration in 1660 and is believed to have first attracted gamblers making large bets at this time. In 1664, the "Cavalier" Parliament passed the Gaming Act 1664 which limited stakes to £100, although that was still a fortune at the time,[11] equivalent to about £14 thousand in present-day terms [12]. Cricket had certainly become a significant gambling sport by the end of the 17th century. There is a newspaper report of a "great match" played in Sussex in 1697 which was 11-a-side and played for high stakes of 50 guineas a side.[6]

text: With freedom of the press having been granted in 1696, cricket for the first time could be reported in the newspapers. But it was a long time before the newspaper industry adapted sufficiently to provide frequent, let alone comprehensive, coverage of the game. During the first half of the 18th century, press reports tended to focus on the betting rather than on the play.[11]

text: 18th century cricket[edit]

text: Patronage and players[edit]

text: Gambling introduced the first patrons because some of the gamblers decided to strengthen their bets by forming their own teams and it is believed the first "county teams" were formed in the aftermath of the Restoration in 1660, especially as members of the nobility were employing "local experts" from village cricket as the earliest professionals.[4] The first known game in which the teams use county names is in 1709 but there can be little doubt that these sort of fixtures were being arranged long before that. The match in 1697 was probably Sussex versus another county.

text: The most notable of the early patrons were a group of aristocrats and businessmen who were active from about 1725, which is the time that press coverage became more regular, perhaps as a result of the patrons' influence. These men included the 2nd Duke of Richmond, Sir William Gage, Alan Brodrick and Edwin Stead. For the first time, the press mentions individual players like Thomas Waymark.

text: Cricket moves out of England[edit]

text: Cricket was introduced to North America via the English colonies in the 17th century,[10] probably before it had even reached the north of England. In the 18th century it arrived in other parts of the globe. It was introduced to the West Indies by colonists[10] and to India by British East India Company mariners in the first half of the century. It arrived in Australia almost as soon as colonisation began in 1788. New Zealand and South Africa followed in the early years of the 19th century.[4]

text: Cricket never caught on in Canada, despite efforts by an imperial-minded elite to promote the game as a way of identifying with the British Empire. Canada, unlike Australia and the West Indies, witnessed a continual decline in the popularity of the game during 1860–1960. Linked to upper class British-Canadian elites, the game never became popular with the general public. In the summer season it had to compete with baseball. During the First World War, Canadian units stationed in Britain played baseball, not cricket.[13][14]

text: Development of the Laws[edit]

text: The basic rules of cricket such as bat and ball, the wicket, pitch dimensions, overs, how out, etc. have existed since time immemorial. In 1728, the Duke of Richmond and Alan Brodick drew up Articles of Agreement to determine the code of practice in a particular game and this became a common feature, especially around payment of stake money and distributing the winnings given the importance of gambling.[6]

text: In 1744, the Laws of Cricket were codified for the first time and then amended in 1774, when innovations such as lbw, middle stump and maximum bat width were added. These laws stated that the principals shall choose from amongst the gentlemen present two umpires who shall absolutely decide all disputes. The codes were drawn up by the so-called "Star and Garter Club" whose members ultimately founded MCC at Lord's in 1787. MCC immediately became the custodian of the Laws and has made periodic revisions and recodifications subsequently.[15]

text: Continued growth in England[edit]

text: The game continued to spread throughout England and, in 1751, Yorkshire is first mentioned as a venue.[16] The original form of bowling (i.e., rolling the ball along the ground as in bowls) was superseded sometime after 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the ball and study variations in line, length and pace.[11] Scorecards began to be kept on a regular basis from 1772 and since then an increasingly clear picture has emerged of the sport's development.[17]

text: The first famous clubs were London and Dartford in the early 18th century. London played its matches on the Artillery Ground, which still exists. Others followed, particularly Slindon in Sussex which was backed by the Duke of Richmond and featured the star player Richard Newland. There were other prominent clubs at Maidenhead, Hornchurch, Maidstone, Sevenoaks, Bromley, Addington, Hadlow and Chertsey.

text: But far and away the most famous of the early clubs was Hambledon in Hampshire. It started as a parish organisation that first achieved prominence in 1756. The club itself was founded in the 1760s and was well patronised to the extent that it was the focal point of the game for about thirty years until the formation of MCC and the opening of Lord's Cricket Ground in 1787. Hambledon produced several outstanding players including the master batsman John Small and the first great fast bowler Thomas Brett. Their most notable opponent was the Chertsey and Surrey bowler Edward "Lumpy" Stevens, who is believed to have been the main proponent of the flighted delivery.

text: It was in answer to the flighted, or pitched, delivery that the straight bat was introduced. The old "hockey stick" style of bat was only really effective against the ball being trundled or skimmed along the ground.

text: Cricket and crisis[edit]

text: Cricket faced its first real crisis during the 18th century when major matches virtually ceased during the Seven Years' War. This was largely due to shortage of players and lack of investment. But the game survived and the "Hambledon Era" proper began in the mid-1760s.

text: Cricket faced another major crisis at the beginning of the 19th century when a cessation of major matches occurred during the culminating period of the Napoleonic Wars. Again, the causes were shortage of players and lack of investment.[18] But, as in the 1760s, the game survived and a slow recovery began in 1815.

text: On 17 June 1815, on the eve of the Battle of Waterloo British soldiers played a cricket match in the Bois de la Cambre park in Brussels. Ever since the park area where that match took place has been called La Pelouse des Anglais (the Englishmen's lawn).

text: MCC was itself the centre of controversy in the Regency period, largely on account of the enmity between Lord Frederick Beauclerk and George Osbaldeston. In 1817, their intrigues and jealousies exploded into a match-fixing scandal with the top player William Lambert being banned from playing at Lord's Cricket Ground for life. Gambling scandals in cricket have been going on since the 17th century.

text: In the 1820s, cricket faced a major crisis of its own making as the campaign to allow roundarm bowling gathered pace.

text: 19th century cricket[edit]

text: The game also underwent a fundamental change of organisation with the formation for the first time of county clubs. All the modern county clubs, starting with Sussex in 1839, were founded during the 19th century. No sooner had the first county clubs established themselves than they faced what amounted to "player action" as William Clarke created the travelling All-England Eleven in 1846. Though a commercial venture, this team did much to popularise the game in districts which had never previously been visited by high-class cricketers. Other similar teams were created and this vogue lasted for about thirty years. But the counties and MCC prevailed.

text: The growth of cricket in the mid and late 19th century was assisted by the development of the railway network. For the first time, teams from a long distance apart could play one other without a prohibitively time-consuming journey. Spectators could travel longer distances to matches, increasing the size of crowds. Army units around the Empire had time on their hands, and encouraged the locals so they could have some entertaining competition. Most of the Empire embraced cricket, with the exception of Canada.[19]

text: In 1864, another bowling revolution resulted in the legalisation of overarm and in the same year Wisden Cricketers' Almanack was first published. W. G. Grace began his long and influential career at this time, his feats doing much to increase cricket's popularity. He introduced technical innovations which revolutionised the game, particularly in batting.

text: International cricket begins[edit]

text: The first ever international cricket game was between the USA and Canada in 1844. The match was played at the grounds of the St George's Cricket Club in New York.[20]

text: In 1859, a team of leading English professionals set off to North America on the first-ever overseas tour and, in 1862, the first English team toured Australia. Between May and October 1868, a team of Australian Aborigines toured England in what was the first Australian cricket team to travel overseas.[21]

text: In 1877, an England touring team in Australia played two matches against full Australian XIs that are now regarded as the inaugural Test matches. The following year, the Australians toured England for the first time and the success of this tour ensured a popular demand for similar ventures in future. No Tests were played in 1878 but more soon followed and, at The Oval in 1882, the Australian victory in a tense finish gave rise to The Ashes.

text: South Africa became the third Test nation in 1889.

text: National championships[edit]

text: A significant development in domestic cricket occurred in 1890 when the official County Championship was constituted in England. This organisational initiative has been repeated in other countries. Australia established the Sheffield Shield in 1892–93. Other national competitions to be established were the Currie Cup in South Africa, the Plunkett Shield in New Zealand and the Ranji Trophy in India.

text: The period from 1890 to the outbreak of the First World War has become one of nostalgia, ostensibly because the teams played cricket according to "the spirit of the game", but more realistically because it was a peacetime period that was shattered by the First World War. The era has been called The Golden Age of cricket and it featured numerous great names such as Grace, Wilfred Rhodes, C. B. Fry, Ranjitsinhji and Victor Trumper.

text: Balls per over[edit]

text: Cricket started with four balls per over. In 1889 the immemorial four ball over was replaced by a five ball over and then this was changed to the current six balls an over in 1900. Subsequently, some countries experimented with eight balls an over. In 1922, the number of balls per over was changed from six to eight in Australia only. In 1924 the eight ball over was extended to New Zealand and in 1937 to South Africa. In England, the eight ball over was adopted experimentally for the 1939 season; the intention was to continue the experiment in 1940, but first-class cricket was suspended for the Second World War and when it resumed, English cricket reverted to the six ball over. The 1947 Laws of Cricket allowed six or eight balls depending on the conditions of play. Since the 1979/80 Australian and New Zealand seasons, the six ball over has been used worldwide and the most recent version of the Laws in 2000 only permits six ball overs.

text: 20th century cricket[edit]

text: Growth of Test cricket[edit]

text: When the Imperial Cricket Conference (as it was originally called) was founded in 1909, only England, Australia and South Africa were members. West Indies (1928), New Zealand (1930) and India (1932) became Test nations before the Second World War and Pakistan (1952) soon afterwards. The international game grew with several ICC Affiliate Members being appointed and, in the last quarter of the 20th century, three of those became full members: Sri Lanka (1982), Zimbabwe (1992) and Bangladesh (2000). They were followed in the early 21st century by Ireland and Afghanistan (both 2018).

text: Test cricket remained the sport's highest level of standard throughout the 20th century but it had its problems, notably in the infamous "Bodyline Series" of 1932–33 when Douglas Jardine's England used so-called "leg theory" to try and neutralise the run-scoring brilliance of Australia's Don Bradman.

text: Suspension of South Africa (1970–91)[edit]

text: The greatest crisis to hit international cricket was brought about by apartheid, the South African policy of racial segregation. The situation began to crystallise after 1961 when South Africa left the Commonwealth of Nations and so, under the rules of the day, its cricket board had to leave the International Cricket Conference (ICC). Cricket's opposition to apartheid intensified in 1968 with the cancellation of England's tour to South Africa by the South African authorities, due to the inclusion of "coloured" cricketer Basil D'Oliveira in the England team. In 1970, the ICC members voted to suspend South Africa indefinitely from international cricket competition.

text: Starved of top-level competition for its best players, the South African Cricket Board began funding so-called "rebel tours", offering large sums of money for international players to form teams and tour South Africa. The ICC's response was to blacklist any rebel players who agreed to tour South Africa, banning them from officially sanctioned international cricket. As players were poorly remunerated during the 1970s, several accepted the offer to tour South Africa, particularly players getting towards the end of their careers for which a blacklisting would have little effect.

text: The rebel tours continued into the 1980s but then progress was made in South African politics and it became clear that apartheid was ending. South Africa, now a "Rainbow Nation" under Nelson Mandela, was welcomed back into international sport in 1991.

text: World Series Cricket[edit]

text: The money problems of top cricketers were also the root cause of another cricketing crisis that arose in 1977 when the Australian media magnate Kerry Packer fell out with the Australian Cricket Board over TV rights. Taking advantage of the low remuneration paid to players, Packer retaliated by signing several of the best players in the world to a privately run cricket league outside the structure of international cricket. World Series Cricket hired some of the banned South African players and allowed them to show off their skills in an international arena against other world-class players. The schism lasted only until 1979 and the "rebel" players were allowed back into established international cricket, though many found that their national teams had moved on without them. Long-term results of World Series Cricket have included the introduction of significantly higher player salaries and innovations such as coloured kit and night games.

text: Limited-overs cricket[edit]

text: In the 1960s, English county teams began playing a version of cricket with games of only one innings each and a maximum number of overs per innings. Starting in 1963 as a knockout competition only, limited-overs cricket grew in popularity and, in 1969, a national league was created which consequently caused a reduction in the number of matches in the County Championship.

text: Although many "traditional" cricket fans objected to the shorter form of the game, limited-overs cricket did have the advantage of delivering a result to spectators within a single day; it did improve cricket's appeal to younger or busier people; and it did prove commercially successful.

text: The first limited-overs international match took place at Melbourne Cricket Ground in 1971 as a time-filler after a Test match had been abandoned because of heavy rain on the opening days. It was tried simply as an experiment and to give the players some exercise, but turned out to be immensely popular. limited-overs internationals (LOIs or ODIs—one-day internationals) have since grown to become a massively popular form of the game, especially for busy people who want to be able to see a whole match. The International Cricket Council reacted to this development by organising the first Cricket World Cup in England in 1975, with all the Test-playing nations taking part.

text: Analytic and graphic technology[edit]

text: Limited-overs cricket increased television ratings for cricket coverage. Innovative techniques introduced in coverage of limited-over matches were soon adopted for Test coverage. The innovations included presentation of in-depth statistics and graphical analysis, placing miniature cameras in the stumps, multiple usage of cameras to provide shots from several locations around the ground, high-speed photography and computer graphics technology enabling television viewers to study the course of a delivery and help them understand an umpire's decision.

text: In 1992, the use of a third umpire to adjudicate run-out appeals with television replays was introduced in the Test series between South Africa and India. The third umpire's duties have subsequently expanded to include decisions on other aspects of play such as stumpings, catches and boundaries. From 2011, the third umpire was being called upon to moderate review of umpires' decisions, including LBW, with the aid of virtual-reality tracking technologies (e.g., Hawk-Eye and Hot Spot), though such measures still could not free some disputed decisions from heated controversy.[22]

text: 21st century cricket[edit]

text: In June 2001, the ICC introduced a "Test Championship Table" and, in October 2002, a "One-day International Championship Table". As indicated by ICC rankings,[23] the various cricket formats have continued to be a major competitive sport in most former British Empire countries, notably the Indian subcontinent, and new participants including the Netherlands. In 2017, the number of countries with full ICC membership was increased to twelve by the addition of Afghanistan and Ireland.

text: The ICC expanded its development programme, aiming to produce more national teams capable of competing at the various formats. Development efforts are focused on African and Asian nations, and on the United States. In 2004, the ICC Intercontinental Cup brought first-class cricket to 12 nations, mostly for the first time. Cricket's newest innovation is Twenty20, essentially an evening entertainment. It has so far enjoyed enormous popularity and has attracted large attendances at matches as well as good TV audience ratings. The inaugural ICC Twenty20 World Cup tournament was held in 2007. The formation of Twenty20 leagues in India – the unofficial Indian Cricket League, which started in 2007, and the official Indian Premier League, starting in 2008 – raised much speculation in the cricketing press about their effect on the future of cricket.[24][25][26][27]

text: Historical sources[edit]

text: "First-class cricket" was not officially defined until May 1894 and became effective from the start of the 1895 English cricket season.[28] Cricket of a recognised first-class standard (i.e., in important matches) had, however, been recorded in England for two centuries before then, and in other countries from the middle of the 19th century. There is no official term for cricket of this high standard before 1895 and many loose terms were used for convenience including "first-class" itself and other adjectives like "major", "great" and "important", the latter being coined by the ACS for its A Guide to Important Cricket Matches Played in the British Isles 1709–1863 (1981).[28] It is generally agreed by the main historical sources that the earliest known example of what was contemporarily called a "great match" was the one played for fifty guineas in June 1697 between two eleven-a-side teams at an unspecified location in Sussex.[6] It is entirely feasible, and is indeed believed by some historians, that major matches were played for many years before 1697.[29][30] In 1695, the English Parliament decided against a renewal of the 1662 Licensing Act and so cleared the way for a free press on the Act's expiry in 1696.[31] The main reason for matches before 1697 being unknown is that, while the Licensing Act was in force, it effectively imposed censorship upon the press and sport was not deemed to be a suitable subject for newspaper coverage. After the restrictions were removed, sport was gradually introduced into the newspapers but it would be decades before coverage became anything substantial, let alone comprehensive.[31]

text: From 1895, there is no question about first-class status because of the official definition.[28] The concept became global from 1947 when it was re-defined by the ICC, although there has been hardly any controversy about match status outside Great Britain before 1947.[32] Status of limited overs matches, which began in 1963, is governed by the official List A categorisation and there are similarly no issues about major Twenty 20 matches. Although the experts are in general agreement about match status, there have been exceptions although these account for a tiny percentage of the total number of matches recorded. Apart from one tour of India and Ceylon by a privately organised team in the winter of 1930–31, all the "disputed" matches took place in England before 1895: see Variations in published cricket statistics for further information.

text: The list below is by no means exhaustive, but the works included are widely held in cricketing circles to be significant and substantial sources of information about the development of the sport from the end of the 17th century to the commencement of officially defined first-class cricket in 1895. These are widely used to determine the status of individual matches, teams, venues and players. In a more general sense, all of the sources listed in Bibliography of cricket, though again this is not an exhaustive list, are reliable but it should be noted that autobiographies and other works with a narrow scope are not necessarily suitable, certainly not if used in isolation, to determine match status.

text: Books and other printed works[edit]

text:
ACS (1982). A Guide to First-Class Cricket Matches Played in the British Isles. Nottingham: ACS.
ACS (1981). A Guide to Important Cricket Matches Played in the British Isles 1709 – 1863. Nottingham: ACS.
Altham, H. S. (1962). A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914). George Allen & Unwin.
Arlott, John (1984). Arlott on Cricket. Collins. ISBN 0-563-16115-9.
Ashley-Cooper, F. S. (1900). At the Sign of the Wicket: Cricket 1742–1751. Cricket magazine.
Ashley-Cooper, F. S. (1924). Hambledon Cricket Chronicle 1772–1796. Jenkins.
Ashley-Cooper, F. S. (1929). Kent Cricket Matches 1719–1880. Gibbs & Sons.
Barclays (1986). Swanton, E. W., ed. Barclays World of Cricket. Willow Books. ISBN 0-00-218193-2.
Birley, Derek (1999). A Social History of English Cricket. Aurum. ISBN 1-85410-710-0.
Bowen, Rowland (1970). Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development. Eyre & Spottiswoode.
Buckley, G. B. (1935). Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket. Cotterell.
Buckley, G. B. (1937). Fresh Light on pre-Victorian Cricket. Cotterell.
Guha, Ramachandra (2001). A Corner of a Foreign Field – An Indian History of a British Sport. Picador.
Harte, Chris (1993). A History of Australian Cricket. Andre Deutsch. ISBN 0 233 98825 4.
Haygarth, Arthur (1862). Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744–1826). Lillywhite. ISBN 1-900592-23-1.  (also volumes 2 to 14, covering the 1827 to 1878 seasons)
James, C. L. R. (1963). Beyond A Boundary. Hutchinson. ISBN 0822313839.
Lillywhite, Fred (1949). The Guide to Cricketers (annual). Lillywhite.  (annual review – seasons 1849 to 1866)
Lillywhite, James (1872). James Lillywhite's Cricketers' Annual (Red Lilly). Lillywhite.  (annual review – seasons 1871 to 1899)
Lillywhite, John (1865). John Lillywhite's Cricketer's Companion (Green Lilly). Lillywhite.  (annual review – seasons 1864 to 1884)
Major, John (2007). More Than A Game. HarperCollins.
Maun, Ian (2009). From Commons to Lord's, Volume One: 1700 to 1750. Roger Heavens. ISBN 978 1 900592 52 9.
Maun, Ian (2011). From Commons to Lord's, Volume Two: 1751 to 1770. Martin Wilson. ISBN 978 0 9569066 0 1.
McCann, Tim (2004). Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century. Sussex Record Society.
Mote, Ashley (1997). The Glory Days of Cricket. Robson.
Nyren, John (1998). Mote, Ashley, ed. The Cricketers of my Time. Robson.
Pycroft, James (1854). The Cricket Field (2nd edition). Longman.
Rae, Simon (1998). W. G. Grace: A Life. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-17855-1.
Underdown, David (2000). Start of Play. Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9330-8.
Waghorn, H. T. (1899). Cricket Scores, Notes, etc. (1730–1773). Blackwood.
Waghorn, H. T. (1906). The Dawn of Cricket. Electric Press.
Webber, Roy (1960). The Phoenix History of Cricket. Phoenix.
Webber, Roy (1951). The Playfair Book of Cricket Records. Playfair Books.
Wilson, Martin (2005). An Index to Waghorn. Bodyline.
Wynne-Thomas, Peter (1997). From the Weald to the World. Stationery Office Books.

text: Examples of substantial season-specific sources[edit]

text:
Wisden. Pardon, Charles, ed. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 27th edition (1890 ed.). London: John Wisden & Co. Ltd.
Wisden. Pardon, Sydney, ed. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 32nd edition (1895 ed.). London: John Wisden & Co. Ltd.
Wisden. Preston, Hubert, ed. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 85th edition (1948 ed.). London: John Wisden & Co. Ltd.
Playfair. West, Peter, ed. Playfair Cricket Annual, 1st edition (1948 ed.). London: Playfair Books.

text: Examples of substantial subject-specific sources[edit]

text:
Hodgson, Derek (1989). The Official History of Yorkshire County Cricket Club. The Crowood Press. ISBN 1852232749.
Kilburn, J. M. (1970). A History of Yorkshire Cricket. Stanley Paul. ISBN 0091011108.

text: Selected online sources[edit]

text:
"The official laws of cricket". Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
"ESPNcricinfo home page". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
"Wisden Almanack online". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
"CricketArchive home page". CricketArchive. Retrieved 10 January 2016. (Subscription required (help)).
Bateman, Anthony (2003). "More Mighty Than The Bat, The Pen" (PDF). British Society of Sports History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
Bowen, Rowland (1965). "Wisden 1965 : Cricket in the 17th and 18th centuries". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
Terry, David (2008). "The Seventeenth Century Game of Cricket: A Reconstruction of the Game" (PDF). SportsLibrary. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2016.