document_title: Minnesota Twins

question_text: what does the c stand for on the minnesota twins cap

text: Minnesota Twins

text: Team history[edit]

text: Washington Nationals/Senators: 1901–1960[edit]

text: The Washington Senators spent the first decade of their existence finishing near the bottom of the American League standings. Their fortunes began to improve with the arrival of 19-year-old pitcher, Walter Johnson, in 1907. Johnson blossomed in 1911 with 25 victories, although the Senators still finished the season in seventh place.[21] In 1912, the Senators improved dramatically, as their pitching staff led the league in team earned run average and in strikeouts. Johnson won 33 games while teammate Bob Groom added another 24 wins to help the Senators finish the season in second place.[22] The Senators continued to perform respectably in 1913 with Johnson posting a career-high 35 victories, as the team once again finished in second place.[23] The Senators then fell into another period of decline for the next decade. After a string of mediocre seasons, a rejuvenated Johnson rebounded in 1924 to win 23 games with the help of his catcher, Muddy Ruel, as the Senators won the American League pennant for the first time in the history of the franchise.[24]

text: The Senators faced John McGraw's heavily favored New York Giants in the 1924 World Series.[25] The two teams traded wins back and forth until the series reached the seventh and deciding game. The Senators trailed the Giants 3 to 1 in the eighth inning of Game 7, when Bucky Harris hit a routine ground ball to third which hit a pebble and took a bad hop over Giants third baseman Freddie Lindstrom. Two runners scored on the play, tying the score at three.[26] An aging Walter Johnson then came in to pitch the ninth inning, and held the Giants scoreless into extra innings. In the bottom of the twelfth inning with Ruel at bat, he hit a high, foul ball directly over home plate.[27] The Giants' catcher, Hank Gowdy, dropped his protective mask to field the ball but, failing to toss the mask aside, stumbled over it and dropped the ball, thus giving Ruel another chance to bat.[27] On the next pitch, Ruel hit a double and proceeded to score the winning run when Earl McNeely hit a ground ball that took another bad hop over Lindstrom's head.[26][27] This would mark the only World Series triumph for the franchise during their 60-year tenure in Washington.

text: The following season they repeated as American League champions but ultimately lost the 1925 World Series to the Pittsburgh Pirates. After Walter Johnson's retirement in 1927, he was hired as manager of the Senators. After enduring a few losing seasons, the team returned to contention in 1930. In 1933, Senators owner Clark Griffith returned to the formula that worked for him nine years prior: 26-year-old shortstop Joe Cronin became player-manager. The Senators posted a 99–53 record and cruised to the pennant seven games ahead of the New York Yankees, but in the 1933 World Series the Giants exacted their revenge winning in five games. Following the loss, the Senators sank all the way to seventh place in 1934 and attendance began to fall. Despite the return of Harris as manager from 1935–42 and again from 1950–54, Washington was mostly a losing ball club for the next 25 years contending for the pennant only during World War II. Washington came to be known as "first in war, first in peace, and last in the American League",[28] with their hard luck being crucial to the plot of the musical and film Damn Yankees. Cecil Travis, Buddy Myer (1935 A.L. batting champion), Roy Sievers, Mickey Vernon (batting champion in 1946 and 1953), and Eddie Yost were notable Senators players whose careers were spent in obscurity due to the team's lack of success.[29][30] In 1954, the Senators signed future Hall of Fame member Harmon Killebrew. By 1959 he was the Senators’ regular third baseman and led the league with 42 home runs earning him a starting spot on the American League All-Star team.

text: After Griffith's death in 1955, his nephew and adopted son Calvin took over the team presidency. Calvin sold Griffith Stadium to the city of Washington and leased it back leading to speculation that the team was planning to move as the Boston Braves, St. Louis Browns and Philadelphia Athletics had all done in the early 1950s. By 1957, after an early flirtation with San Francisco (where the New York Giants would eventually move after that season ended), Griffith began courting Minneapolis–St. Paul, a prolonged process that resulted in his rejecting the Twin Cities' first offer[31] before agreeing to relocate. The American League opposed the move at first, but in 1960 a deal was reached: The Senators would move and would be replaced with an expansion Senators team for 1961. Thus, the old Washington Senators became the Minnesota Twins.

text: Team nickname[edit]

text: The Washington franchise was known as both "Senators" and "Nationals" at various times, and sometimes at the same time. In 1905, the team changed its official name to the "Washington Nationals."[32] The name "Nationals" appeared on uniforms for only two seasons, and was then replaced with the "W" logo for the next 52 years. The media often shortened the nickname to "Nats." Many fans and newspapers (especially out-of-town papers) persisted in using the "Senators" nickname, because of potential confusion caused by an American League team using the "Nationals" name. Over time, "Nationals" faded as a nickname, and "Senators" became dominant. Baseball guides listed the club's nickname as "Nationals or Senators", acknowledging the dual-nickname situation.

text: The team name was officially changed to Washington Senators around the time of Clark Griffith's death. It was not until 1959 that the word "Senators" first appeared on team shirts. "Nats" continued to be used by space-saving headline writers, even for the 1961 expansion team, which was never officially known as "Nationals."

text: The current "Nationals" and "Nats" names were revived in 2005, when the Montreal Expos relocated to Washington to become the Nationals.

text: Minnesota Twins: 1961 to present[edit]

text: The name "Twins" was derived from the popular name of the region, the Twin Cities. The NBA's Minneapolis Lakers had relocated to Los Angeles in 1960 due to poor attendance which was believed to have been caused in part by the reluctance of fans in St. Paul to support the team.[33] Griffith was determined not to alienate fans in either city by naming the team after one city or the other, so his desire was to name the team the "Twin Cities Twins",[33] however MLB objected. Griffith therefore named the team the Minnesota Twins. However, the team was allowed to keep its original "TC" (for Twin Cities) insignia for its caps. The team's logo shows two men, one in a Minneapolis Millers uniform and one in a St. Paul Saints uniform, shaking hands across the Mississippi River within an outline of the state of Minnesota. The "TC" remained on the Twins' caps until 1987, when they adopted new uniforms. By this time, the team felt it was established enough to put an "M" on its cap without having St. Paul fans think it stood for Minneapolis. The "TC" logo was moved to a sleeve on the jerseys, and occasionally appeared as an alternate cap design.[34] Both the "TC" and "Minnie & Paul" logos remain the team's primary insignia. As of 2010, the "TC" logo has been reinstated on the cap as their logo.[35]

text: The Twins were eagerly greeted in Minnesota when they arrived in 1961. They brought a nucleus of talented players: Harmon Killebrew, Bob Allison, Camilo Pascual, Zoilo Versalles, Jim Kaat, Earl Battey, and Lenny Green. Tony Oliva, who would go on to win American League batting championships in 1964, 1965 and 1971, made his major league debut in 1962. That year, the Twins won 91 games, the most by the franchise since 1933. Behind Mudcat Grant's 21 victories, Versalles' A.L. MVP season and Oliva's batting title, the Twins won 102 games and the American League Pennant in 1965, but they were defeated in the World Series by the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games (behind the Series MVP, Sandy Koufax, who compiled a 2–1 record, including winning the seventh game).[36]

text: Heading into the final weekend of the 1967 season, when Rod Carew was named the A.L. Rookie of the Year, the Twins, Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox, and Detroit Tigers all had a shot at clinching the American League championship. The Twins and the Red Sox started the weekend tied for 1st place and played against each other in Boston for the final three games of the season. The Red Sox won two out of the three games, seizing their first pennant since 1946 with a 92–70 record. The Twins and Tigers both finished one game back, with 91–71 records, while the White Sox finished three games back, at 89–73. In 1969, the new manager of the Twins, Billy Martin, pushed aggressive base running all-around, and Carew set the all-time Major League record by stealing home seven times in addition to winning the first of seven A.L. batting championships.[37] With Killebrew slugging 49 homers and winning the AL MVP Award, these 1969 Twins won the very first American League Western Division Championship, but they lost three straight games to the Baltimore Orioles, winners of 109 games, in the first American League Championship Series. The Orioles would go on to be upset by the New York Mets in the World Series. Martin was fired after the season, in part due to an August 1969 fight in Detroit with 20-game winner Dave Boswell and outfielder Bob Allison, in an alley outside the Lindell A.C. bar. Bill Rigney led the Twins to a repeat division title in 1970, behind the star pitching of Jim Perry (24-12), the A.L. Cy Young Award winner, while the Orioles again won the Eastern Division Championship behind the star pitching of Jim Palmer. Once again, the Orioles won the A.L. Championship Series in a three-game sweep,[38] and this time they would win the World Series.

text: After winning the division again in 1970, the team entered an eight-year dry spell, finishing around the .500 mark. Killebrew departed after 1974. Owner Calvin Griffith faced financial difficulty with the start of free agency, costing the Twins the services of Lyman Bostock and Larry Hisle, who left as free agents after the 1977 season, and Carew, who was traded after the 1978 season.[39] In 1975, Carew won his fourth consecutive AL batting title,[40] having already joined Ty Cobb as the only players to lead the major leagues in batting average for three consecutive seasons. In 1977, Carew batted .388, which was the highest in baseball since Boston's Ted Williams hit .406 in 1941; he won the 1977 AL MVP Award. He won another batting title in 1978, hitting .333.[40]

text: In 1982, the Twins moved into the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, which they shared with the Minnesota Vikings. After a 16-54 start, the Twins were on the verge on becoming the worst team in MLB history. They turned the season around somewhat, but still lost 102 games which is the second-worst record in Twins history (beaten only by the 2016 team, who lost 103 games), despite the .301 average, 23 homers and 92 RBI from rookie Kent Hrbek.[41] In 1984, Griffith sold the Twins to multi-billionaire banker/financier Carl Pohlad. The Metrodome hosted the 1985 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. After several losing seasons, the 1987 team, led by Hrbek, Gary Gaetti, Frank Viola (A.L. Cy Young winner in 1988), Bert Blyleven, Jeff Reardon, Tom Brunansky, Dan Gladden, and rising star Kirby Puckett, returned to the World Series after defeating the favored Detroit Tigers in the ALCS, 4 games to 1. Tom Kelly managed the Twins to World Series victories over the St. Louis Cardinals in 1987[42][43] and the Atlanta Braves in 1991.[44] The 1988 Twins were the first team in American League history to draw more than 3 million fans.[45] On July 17, 1990, the Twins became the only team in major league history to pull off two triple plays in the same game. Twins' pitcher and Minnesota native Jack Morris was the star of the series in 1991, going 2–0 in his three starts with a 1.17 ERA.[46] 1991 also marked the first time that any team that finished in last place in their division would advance to the World Series the following season; both the Twins and the Braves did this in 1991.[47] Contributors to the 1991 Twins' improvement from 74 wins to 95 included Chuck Knoblauch, the A.L. Rookie of the Year; Scott Erickson, 20-game winner; new closer Rick Aguilera and new designated hitter Chili Davis.

text: The World Series in 1991 is regarded by many as one of the classics of all time. In this Series, four games were won during the teams' final at-bat, and three of these were in extra innings. The Atlanta Braves won all three of their games in Atlanta, and the Twins won all four of their games in Minnesota. The sixth game was a legendary one for Puckett, who tripled in a run, made a sensational leaping catch against the wall, and finally in the 11th inning hit the game-winning home run. The seventh game was tied 0–0 after the regulation nine innings, and marked only the second time that the seventh game of the World Series had ever gone into extra innings. The Twins won on a walk-off RBI single by Gene Larkin in the bottom of the 10th inning, after Morris had pitched ten shutout innings against the Braves.[48] The seventh game of the 1991 World Series is widely regarded as one of the greatest games in the history of professional baseball.[49][50][51]

text: After a winning season in 1992 but falling short of Oakland in the division, the Twins fell into a years-long stretch of mediocrity, posting a losing record each season for the next eight: 71–91 in 1993, 50–63 in 1994, 56–88 in 1995, 78–84 in 1996, 68–94 in 1997, 70–92 in 1998, 63–97 in 1999 and 69–93 in 2000. From 1994 to 1997, a long sequence of retirements and injuries hurt the team badly, and Tom Kelly spent the remainder of his managerial career attempting to rebuild the Twins. In 1997, owner Carl Pohlad almost sold the Twins to North Carolina businessman Don Beaver, who would have moved the team to the Piedmont Triad area.[52][53]

text: Puckett after the 1995 season was forced to retire at age 35 due to loss of vision in one eye from a central retinal vein occlusion.[54] The 1989 A.L. batting champion, he retired as the Twins' all-time leader in career hits, runs, doubles, and total bases. At the time of his retirement, his .318 career batting average was the highest by any right-handed American League batter since Joe DiMaggio. Puckett was the fourth baseball player during the 20th century to record 1,000 hits in his first five full calendar years in Major League Baseball, and was the second to record 2,000 hits during his first 10 full calendar years. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2001, his first year of eligibility.

text: The Twins dominated the Central Division in the first decade of the new century, winning the division in six of those ten years ('02, '03, '04, '06, '09 and '10), and nearly winning it in '08 as well. From 2001 to 2006, the Twins compiled the longest streak of consecutive winning seasons since moving to Minnesota.

text: Threatened with closure by league contraction,[55] the 2002 team battled back to reach the American League Championship Series before being eliminated 4–1 by that year's World Series champion Anaheim Angels. The Twins have not won a playoff series since the 2002 series against the Athletics, this despite the team winning several division championships in the decade.

text: In 2006, the Twins won the division on the last day of the regular season (the only day all season they held sole possession of first place) but lost to the Oakland Athletics in the ALDS. Ozzie Guillén coined a nickname for this squad, calling the Twins "little piranhas".[56] The Twins players embraced the label, and in response, the Twins Front office started a "Piranha Night", with piranha finger puppets given out to the first 10,000 fans. Scoreboard operators sometimes played an animated sequence of piranhas munching under that caption in situations where the Twins were scoring runs playing "small ball", and the stadium vendors sold T-shirts and hats advertising "The Little Piranhas".

text: The Twins also had the AL MVP in Justin Morneau,[57] the AL batting champion in Joe Mauer,[56] and the AL Cy Young Award winner in Johan Santana.[58]

text: In 2008, the Twins finished the regular season tied with the White Sox on top of the AL Central, forcing a one-game playoff in Chicago to determine the division champion.[59] The Twins lost that game and missed the playoffs. The game location was determined by rule of a coin flip that was conducted in mid-September. This rule was changed for the start of the 2009 season, making the site for any tiebreaker game to be determined by the winner of the regular season head-to-head record between the teams involved.[60]

text: After a year where the Twins played .500 baseball for most of the season, the team won 17 of their last 21 games to tie the Detroit Tigers for the lead in the Central Division.[61] The Twins were able to use the play-in game rule to their advantage when they won the AL Central at the end of the regular season by way of a 6–5 tiebreaker game that concluded with a 12th-inning walk-off hit by Alexi Casilla to right field, that scored Carlos Gómez.[62] However, they failed to advance to the American League Championship Series as they lost the American League Divisional Series in three straight games to the eventual World Series champion New York Yankees.[63] That year, Joe Mauer became only the second catcher in 33 years to win the AL MVP award.[64] Iván Rodríguez won for the Texas Rangers in 1999, previous to that, the last catcher to win an AL MVP was the New York Yankees Thurman Munson in 1976.[65]

text: In their inaugural season played at Target Field, the Twins finished the regular season with a record of 94-68, clinching the AL Central Division title for the 6th time in 9 years under manager Ron Gardenhire. New regular players included rookie Danny Valencia at third base, designated hitter Jim Thome,[66] closer Matt Capps,[67] infielder J. J. Hardy,[68] and infielder Orlando Hudson.[69] In relief pitching roles were late additions Brian Fuentes and Randy Flores. On July 7, the team suffered a major blow when Justin Morneau sustained a concussion, which knocked him out for the rest of the season. In the divisional series, the Twins lost to the Yankees in a three-game sweep for the second consecutive year.[70] Following the season, Ron Gardenhire received AL Manager of the Year honors after finishing as a runner up in several prior years.[71]

text: After repeating as AL Central champions in 2010, the Twins entered 2011 with no players on the disabled list, and the team seemed poised for another strong season. During the off-season, the team signed Japanese shortstop Tsuyoshi Nishioka to fill a hole in the middle infield, re-signed Jim Thome, who was in pursuit of career home run number 600, and also re-signed Carl Pavano. However, the season was largely derailed by an extensive list of injuries. Nishioka's broken leg in a collision at second base[72] led the way and was followed by DL stints from Kevin Slowey, Joe Mauer, Jason Repko, Thome, Delmon Young (two stints on the DL), José Mijares, Glen Perkins, Joe Nathan, Francisco Liriano, Jason Kubel, Denard Span (two stints), Justin Morneau, Scott Baker, and Alexi Casilla. The team's low point was arguably on May 1 when the team started 7 players who were batting below .235 in a game against Kansas City.[73] From that day forward, the Twins made a strong push to get as close as five games back of the division lead by the All-Star break. However, the team struggled down the stretch and fell back out of contention. The team failed to reach the playoffs for the first time since 2008 and experienced their first losing season in four years. Despite an AL-worst 63-99 record, the team drew over 3 million fans for the second consecutive year.[74]

text: Michael Cuddyer served as the Twins representative at the All-Star game, his first appearance.[75] Bert Blyleven's number was retired during the season and he was also inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame during the month of July.[76] On August 10, Nathan recorded his 255th save, passing Rick Aguilera for first place on the franchise's all-time saves list.[77] On August 15, Thome hit 599th and 600th home run at Comerica Park to become the eighth player in Major League history to hit 600 home runs, joining Babe Ruth, Willie Mays, Hank Aaron, Barry Bonds, Sammy Sosa, Ken Griffey, Jr., and Alex Rodriguez.[78]

text: The team started the 2012 season with a league worst 10-24 record.[79] In late May and early June, the team embarked on a hot streak, winning ten out of thirteen games.[80][81] By mid July, the team found themselves only 10 games out of the division lead.[82] On July 16, the Twins defeated the Baltimore Orioles 19-7, the most runs scored in the short history of Target Field.[83][84] By the end of August, the Twins were more than 20 games below .500, and last in the American League.[85] On August 29, it was announced that the Twins would host the 2014 All-Star Game.[86] In 2013, the Twins finished in 4th place in the AL Central, with a record of 66-96.[87] In 2014, the team finished with a 70-92 record, last in the division and accumulated the second fewest wins in the American League.[88] As a result, Ron Gardenhire was fired on September 29, 2014.[89] On November 3, 2014 Paul Molitor was announced by the team as the 13th manager in Twins history.

text: In 2015, the team had a winning season (83-79), following four consecutive seasons of 90 or more losses.

text: In 2016, the Minnesota Twins finished last in the AL Central, with a 59-103 record. Brian Dozier set his career high in home runs with 43, which was tied for second in baseball, and leading all 2nd basemen. Tyler Duffey led all Twins starters with 9 wins throughout the season, while fellow reliever Brandon Kintzler led the team with 17 saves. Rising stars Miguel Sano, Max Kepler, and Byron Buxton combined to have 263 total hits, 52 home runs, 167 RBIs, and a batting average of .232 throughout the season. The Twins signed star Korean slugger Byung Ho Park to a 4-year/$12 million contract, where he hit a .191 batting average, with 12 home runs, and 24 RBIs before being sent down to Rochester for the remainder of the season.[90]

text: Threatened contraction or relocation of the team[edit]

text: The quirks of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, including the turf floor and the white roof, gave the Twins a significant home-field advantage that played into their winning the World Series in both 1987 and 1991, at least in the opinion of their opponents, as the Twins went 12–1 in postseason home games during those two seasons.[91] These were the first two World Series in professional baseball history in which a team won the championship by winning all four home games.[92] (The feat has since been repeated once, by the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2001.) Nevertheless, the Twins argued that the Metrodome was obsolete and that the lack of a dedicated baseball-only ballpark limited team revenue and made it difficult to sustain a top-notch, competitive team (the Twins had been sharing tenancy in stadiums with the NFL's Minnesota Vikings since 1961). The team was rumored to contemplate moving to such places as New Jersey, Las Vegas, Portland, Oregon, the Greensboro/Winston-Salem, North Carolina, area, and elsewhere in search of a more financially competitive market. In 2002, the team was nearly disbanded when Major League Baseball selected the Twins and the Montreal Expos (now the Washington Nationals franchise) for elimination due to their financial weakness relative to other franchises in the league. The impetus for league contraction diminished after a court decision forced the Twins to play out their lease on the Metrodome. However, Twins owner Carl Pohlad continued his efforts to relocate, pursuing litigation against the Metropolitan Stadium Commission and obtaining a state court ruling that his team was not obligated to play in the Metrodome after the 2006 season. This cleared the way for the Twins to either be relocated or disbanded prior to the 2007 season if a new deal was not reached.

text: Target Field[edit]

text: In response to the threatened loss of the Twins, the Minnesota private and public sector negotiated and approved a financing package for a replacement stadium— a baseball-only outdoor, natural turf ballpark in the Warehouse District of downtown Minneapolis— owned by a new entity known as the Minnesota Ballpark Authority.[93] Target Field was constructed at a cost of $544.4 million (including site acquisition and infrastructure), utilizing the proceeds of a $392 million public bond offering based on a 0.15% sales tax in Hennepin County and private financing of $185 million provided by the Pohlad family.[94][95] As part of the deal, the Twins also signed a 30-year lease of the new stadium, effectively guaranteeing the continuation of the team in Minnesota for a long time to come. Construction of the new field began in 2007, and was completed in December 2009, in time for the 2010 season. Commissioner Bud Selig, who earlier had threatened to disband the team, observed that without the new stadium the Twins could not have committed to sign their star player, catcher Joe Mauer, to an 8-year, $184 million contract extension. The first regular season game in Target Field was played against the Boston Red Sox on April 12, 2010, with Mauer driving in two runs and going 3-for-5 to help the Twins defeat the Red Sox, 5–2.[96]

text: On May 18, 2011, Target Field was named "The Best Place To Shop" by Street and Smith's SportsBusiness Journal at the magazine's 2011 Sports Business Awards Ceremony in New York City.[97] It was also named "The Best Sports Stadium in North America" by ESPN The Magazine in a ranking that included over 120 different stadiums, ballparks and arenas from around North America.[98]

text: In July 2014, Target Field hosted the 85th Major League Baseball All-Star Game and the Home Run Derby.

text: Current roster[edit]

text:
Minnesota Twins roster

v
t
e

Active roster
Inactive roster
Coaches/Other

Pitchers
Starting rotation

17 José Berríos
44 Kyle Gibson
31 Lance Lynn
12 Jake Odorizzi
77 Fernando Romero

Bullpen

19 Matt Belisle
32 Zach Duke
39 Trevor Hildenberger
68 Matt Magill
57 Ryan Pressly
43 Addison Reed
55 Taylor Rogers

Closer

56 Fernando Rodney

Catchers

23 Mitch Garver
46 Bobby Wilson

Infielders

16 Ehire Adrianza
 2 Brian Dozier
 5 Eduardo Escobar
 7 Joe Mauer
99 Logan Morrison
45 Taylor Motter

Outfielders

36 Robbie Grossman
26 Max Kepler
24 Ryan LaMarre
20 Eddie Rosario

Pitchers

67 Alan Busenitz
27 John Curtiss
21 Tyler Duffey
59 Stephen Gonsalves
76 Félix Jorge
52 Zack Littell
65 Trevor May
49 Adalberto Mejía
58 Gabriel Moya
50 Aaron Slegers
71 Lewis Thorpe

Infielders

22 Miguel Sanó

Outfielders

25 Byron Buxton
60 Jake Cave
 8 Zack Granite

Manager

 4 Paul Molitor

Coaches

41 Garvin Alston (pitching)
75 Nate Dammann (bullpen catcher)
13 Gene Glynn (third base)
18 Eddie Guardado (bullpen)
63 Rudy Hernandez (assistant hitting)
30 Jeff Pickler (major league coach)
76 Ben Richardson (bullpen catcher)
33 James Rowson (hitting)
37 Jeff Smith (first base)
 9 Derek Shelton (bench)

60-day disabled list

15 Jason Castro
35 Michael Pineda
54 Ervin Santana

Restricted list

11 Jorge Polanco

25 active, 15 inactive
 7- or 10-day disabled list
 Suspended list
# Personal leave
Roster and coaches updated June 15, 2018
Transactions • Depth chart
→ All MLB rosters

text: Minnesota Twins all-time roster: A complete list of players who played in at least one game for the Twins franchise.

text: Minor league affiliates[edit]

text:
Level
Team
League
Location

AAA
Rochester Red Wings
International League
Rochester, New York

AA
Chattanooga Lookouts
Southern League
Chattanooga, Tennessee

Advanced A
Fort Myers Miracle
Florida State League
Fort Myers, Florida

A
Cedar Rapids Kernels
Midwest League
Cedar Rapids, Iowa

Rookie
Elizabethton Twins
Appalachian League
Elizabethton, Tennessee

GCL Twins
Gulf Coast League
Fort Myers, Florida

DSL Twins
Dominican Summer League
Dominican Republic

text: Achievements[edit]

text: Baseball Hall of Famers[edit]

text:
Minnesota Twins Hall of Famers

Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Washington Senators

Stan Coveleski
Joe Cronin
Ed Delahanty

Rick Ferrell
Lefty Gomez
Goose Goslin

Clark Griffith
Bucky Harris
Whitey Herzog
Walter Johnson

Heinie Manush
Sam Rice
Al Simmons

George Sisler
Tris Speaker
Early Wynn

Minnesota Twins

Bert Blyleven

Rod Carew
Steve Carlton

Harmon Killebrew
Paul Molitor

Jack Morris
Kirby Puckett

Jim Thome
Dave Winfield

Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Twins or Senators cap insignia.

text: Molitor and Winfield, St. Paul natives and University of Minnesota graduates,[99] came to the team late in their careers and were warmly received as "hometown heroes", but were elected to the Hall on the basis of their tenures with other teams. Both swatted their 3,000th hit with the Twins.[100][101]

text: Cronin, Goslin, Griffith, Harris, Johnson, Killebrew and Wynn are listed on the Washington Hall of Stars display at Nationals Park (previously they were listed at Robert F. Kennedy Stadium). So are Ossie Bluege, George Case, Joe Judge, George Selkirk, Roy Sievers, Cecil Travis, Mickey Vernon and Eddie Yost.[102]

text: Ford C. Frick Award recipients[edit]

text:
Minnesota Twins Ford C. Frick Award recipients

Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Herb Carneal

Russ Hodges

Arch McDonald

Chuck Thompson

Bob Wolff

Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Twins or Senators.

text: Team captains[edit]

text: 3 Harmon Killebrew 1961–74

text: Twins Hall of Fame[edit]

text:
Key

Year
Year inducted

Bold
Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame

Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a Twin

Bold
Recipient of the Hall of Fame's Ford C. Frick Award

text:
Minnesota Twins Hall of Fame

Year
No.
Name
Position(s)
Tenure

2000
3
Harmon Killebrew
1B
1961–74

29
Rod Carew
2B
1967–78

6
Tony Oliva
RF/DH
1962–76

14
Kent Hrbek
1B
1981–94

34
Kirby Puckett
CF
1984–95

—
Calvin Griffith
President and Owner
1961–83

2001
—
Herb Carneal
Radio Broadcaster
1962–2007

36
Jim Kaat
P
1961–73

2002
28
Bert Blyleven
P
1970–76
1985–88

10
Tom Kelly
Manager
1986–2001

2003
4
Bob Allison
OF
1961–70

—
Bob Casey
Public Address Announcer
1961–2004

2004
10
Earl Battey
C
1961–67

2005
16
Frank Viola
P
1982–89

—
Carl Pohlad
Owner
1984–2009

2006
2
Zoilo Versalles
SS
1961–67

2007
8
Gary Gaetti
3B
1981–90

—
Jim Rantz
Director of Minor Leagues
1986–2012

2008
38
Rick Aguilera
P
1989–95
1996–99

2009[103]
22, 23, 59
Brad Radke
P
1995–2006

—
George Brophy
Front office executive
1961–85

2010[104]
7
Greg Gagne
SS
1983–92

2011[105]
31
Jim Perry
P
1963–72

2012[106]
17
Camilo Pascual
P
1961–66

2013[107]
18
Eddie Guardado
P
1993–2003, 2008

—
Tom Mee
Media Relations Director
1961-91

2016
—
John Gordon
Radio Broadcaster
1987-2011

48
Torii Hunter
CF/RF
1997–2007, 2015

2017
5
Michael Cuddyer
RF
2001–11

—
Andy MacPhail
General Manager
1985–94

2018
57
Johan Santana
P
2000–2007

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text: The Metrodome's upper deck in center and right fields was partly covered by a curtain containing banners of various titles won, and retired numbers. There was no acknowledgment of the Twins' prior championships in Washington and several Senator Hall of Famers, such as Walter Johnson, played in the days prior to numbers being used on uniforms. However Killebrew played seven seasons as a Senator, including two full seasons as a regular prior to the move to Minnesota in 1961.

text: Prior to the addition of the banners, the Twins acknowledged their retired numbers on the Metrodome's outfield fence. Harmon Killebrew's #3 was the first to be displayed, as it was the only one the team had retired when they moved in. It was joined by Rod Carew's #29 in 1987, Tony Oliva's #6 in 1991, Kent Hrbek's #14 in 1995, and Kirby Puckett's #34 in 1997 before the Twins began hanging the banners to reduce capacity. The championships, meanwhile were marked on the "Baggie" in right field.

text:
Harmon
Killebrew
LF-1B-3B
Retired
May 4, 1975

Tony
Oliva
RF-DH-Coach
Retired July 14, 1991

Tom
Kelly
Manager
Retired September 8, 2012

Kent
Hrbek
1B
Retired August 13, 1995

Bert
Blyleven
P
Retired July 16, 2011

Rod
Carew
1B-2B
Retired July 19, 1987

Kirby
Puckett
CF
Retired May 25, 1997

Jackie
Robinson
All MLB
Honored April 15, 1997

text: In the Metrodome, the numbers ran in that order from left to right. In Target Field, they run from right to left, presumably to allow space for additional numbers in the future. The retired numbers also serve as entry points at Target Field, The center field gate is Gate No. 3, honoring Killebrew, the left field gate is Gate No. 6, honoring Oliva, the home plate gate is Gate No. 14, for Hrbek, the right field gate serves as Gate No. 29, in tribute to Carew, and the plaza gate is known as Gate No. 34, honoring Puckett.

text: The numbers that have been retired hang within Target Field in front of the tower that serves as the Twins' executive offices in left field foul territory. The championships banners have been replaced by small pennants that fly on masts at the back of the left field upper deck. Those pennants, along with the flags flying in the plaza behind right field, serve as a visual cue for the players, suggesting the wind direction and speed.

text: Jackie Robinson's number, 42, was retired by Major League Baseball on April 15, 1997 and formally honored by the Twins on May 23, 1997.[108] Robinson's number was positioned to the left of the Twins numbers in both venues.

text:
Player
Jersey
Position
Date retired

Harmon Killebrew
3
LF-1B-3B: 1954–60 (WAS)
LF-1B-3B: 1961–74 (MIN)
May 4, 1975

Rod Carew
29
1B-2B: 1967–78 (MIN)
July 19, 1987

Tony Oliva
6
RF-DH: 1962–76 (MIN)
Coach: 1976–78 (MIN)
Coach: 1985–91 (MIN)
July 14, 1991

Kent Hrbek
14
1B: 1981–94 (MIN)
August 13, 1995

Jackie Robinson
42
Retired by MLB
April 15, 1997

Kirby Puckett
34
CF: 1984–95 (MIN)
May 25, 1997

Bert Blyleven
28
P: 1970–76 (MIN)
P: 1985–88 (MIN)
July 16, 2011

Tom Kelly
10
Manager: 1986–2001 (MIN)
September 8, 2012

text: Awards[edit]

text: Team records[edit]

text: Team seasons[edit]

text:
Year
Regular Season
Postseason
Result

Wins
Losses
Win %
Finish
Attendance
Attendance per Game
Record
Win %

2001
85
77
.525
2nd – AL Central
1,782,929
22,011
0–0
.000

2002
94
67
.584
1st – AL Central
1,924,473
23,906
4–6
.400
Won ALDS vs Oakland Athletics, 3–2
Lost ALCS to Anaheim Angels, 1–4

2003
90
72
.556
1st – AL Central
1,946,011
24,025
1–3
.250
Lost ALDS to New York Yankees, 1–3

2004
92
70
.568
1st – AL Central
1,911,490
23,599
1–3
.250
Lost ALDS to New York Yankees, 1–3

2005
83
79
.512
3rd – AL Central
2,034,243
25,114
0–0
.000

2006
96
66
.593
1st – AL Central
2,285,018
28,210
0–3
.000
Lost ALDS to Oakland Athletics, 0–3

2007
79
83
.488
3rd – AL Central
2,296,347
28,349
0–0
.000

2008
88
75
.540
2nd – AL Central
2,302,611
28,427
0–0
.000

2009
87
76
.534
1st – AL Central
2,416,237
29,466
0–3
.000
Lost ALDS to New York Yankees, 0–3

2010
94
68
.580
1st – AL Central
3,223,640
39,798
0–3
.000
Lost ALDS to New York Yankees, 0–3

2011
63
99
.389
5th – AL Central
3,168,107
39,112
0–0
.000

2012
66
96
.407
5th – AL Central
2,776,354
34,275
0–0
.000

2013
66
96
.407
4th – AL Central
2,477,644
30,588
0–0
.000

2014
70
92
.432
5th – AL Central
2,250,606
27,785
0–0
.000

2015
83
79
.521
2nd – AL Central
2,220,054
27,408
0–0
.000

2016
59
103
.364
5th – AL Central
1,963,912
24,246
0–0
.000

2017
85
77
.525
2nd – AL Central
2,051,279
25,324
0–1
.000
Lost AL Wild Card Game (Yankees)

2018
15
17
.469
2nd – AL Central
285,531
20,395
0–0
.000

Total as Twins
4501
4592
.495
 –
 –
 –
25–39
.391
2 World Series Championships

text: Radio and television[edit]

text: In 2007, the Twins took the rights to the broadcasts in-house and created the Twins Radio Network (TRN). With that new network in place the Twins secured a new Metro Affiliate flagship radio station in KSTP (AM 1500). It replaced WCCO (AM 830), which held broadcast rights for the Twins since the team moved to Minneapolis in 1961. For 2013, the Twins moved to FM radio on KTWN-FM 96.3 K-Twin, which is owned by the Pohlad family. The original radio voices of the Twins in 1961 were Ray Scott, Halsey Hall and Bob Wolff. After the first season, Herb Carneal replaced Wolff. Twins TV and radio broadcasts were originally sponsored by the Hamm's Brewing Company. In 2009, Treasure Island Resort & Casino became the first ever naming rights partner for the Twins Radio Network, making the commercial name of TRN the Treasure Island Baseball Network.[111] In 2017, it was announced that WCCO would become the flagship station the Twins again starting in 2018, thus returning the team back to its original station after 11 years.[112]

text: Cory Provus is the current radio play by play announcer,[113] taking over in 2012 for longtime Twins voice John Gordon who retired following the 2011 season.[114] Former Twins OF Dan Gladden serves as color commentator.[115]

text: TRN broadcasts are originated from the studios at Minnesota News Network and Minnesota Farm Networks. Kris Atteberry hosts the pre-game show, the "Lineup Card" and the "Post-game Download" from those studios except when filling in for Provus or Gladden when they are on vacation.

text: On April 1, 2007, Herb Carneal, the radio voice of the Twins for all but one year of their existence, died at his home in Minnetonka, Minnesota after a long battle with a list of illnesses. Carneal is in the broadcasters wing of the Baseball Hall of Fame.[116]

text: The television rights are held by Fox Sports North[117] with Dick Bremer as the play-by-play announcer and former Twin, 2011 National Baseball Hall of Fame inductee,[118] Bert Blyleven as color analyst. They are sometimes joined by Roy Smalley and Jack Morris.[119]

text: Bob Casey was the Twins first public-address announcer starting in 1961 and continuing until his death in 2005. He was well known for his unique delivery and his signature announcements of "No smoking in the Metrodome, either go outside or quit!" (or "go back to Boston", etc.), "Batting 3rd, the center-fielder, No. 34, Kirby Puckett!!!" and asking fans not to 'throw anything or anybody' onto the field.[120]

text: Community activities[edit]

text: Minnesota Twins Community Fund – Play Ball! Minnesota[121]

text: Team and franchise traditions[edit]

text: Fans wave a Homer Hanky to rally the team during play-offs and other crucial games. The Homer Hanky was created by Terrie Robbins of the Star Tribune newspaper in the Twin Cities in 1987. It was her idea to originally give away 60,000 inaugural Homer Hankies. That year, over 2.3 million Homer Hankies were distributed.[122]

text: The party atmosphere of the Twins clubhouse after a win is well-known,[123] the team's players unwinding with loud rock music (usually the choice of the winning pitcher) and video games.[123]

text: The club has several hazing rituals, such as requiring the most junior relief pitcher on the team to carry water and snacks to the bullpen in a brightly colored small child's backpack (Barbie in 2005, SpongeBob SquarePants in 2006, Hello Kitty in 2007, Disney Princess and Tinkerbell in 2009, Chewbacca and Darth Vader in 2010),[123] and many of its players, both past and present, are notorious pranksters.[123] For example, Bert Blyleven earned the nickname "The Frying Dutchman" for his ability to pull the "hotfoot" – which entails crawling under the bench in the dugout and lighting a teammate's shoelaces on fire.[124][125]


document_title: Melissa Horton

question_text: who plays melissa horton on days of our lives

root

text: Melissa Horton

text:
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tag: table

text:
Melissa Horton

Lisa Trusel as Melissa Horton

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Joseph Trent Everett (1971)
Matthew Bowman (1971)
Kim Durso (1975–76)
Debbie Lytton (1977–83)
Lisa Trusel (1983–88, 1994–2010)
Camilla Scott (1990–91)

Duration

1971
1975–80
1982–88
1990–91
1994
1996
2002
2010

First appearance
October 18, 1971

Last appearance
June 28, 2010

Created by
William J. Bell

Introduced by
Betty Corday

Classification
Former, regular

Profile

Other names

Melissa Phillips
Melissa Anderson

Residence
Nashville, Tennessee

[show]Family

Family
Horton (adoptive)

Parents
Jim Phillips
Linda Anderson

Adoptive parents
Mickey Horton
Maggie Horton

Siblings
Janice Barnes (foster)
Sarah Horton (adoptive)
Daniel Jonas (adoptive)
Summer Townsend (adoptive)

Spouse
Pete Jannings (1985–87)

Children
Nathan Horton

Grandparents
Tom Horton (adoptive)
Alice Horton (adoptive)
Elmer Simmons (adoptive)
Dorothy Simmons (adoptive)

Aunts and uncles
Tom Horton, Jr. (adoptive)
Bill Horton (adoptive)
Marie Horton (adoptive)
Addie Horton (adoptive)

Nieces and nephews
Melanie Jonas (adoptive)
Parker Jonas (adoptive)
Holly Jonas (adoptive)

First cousins
Sandy Horton (adoptive)
Hope Williams (adoptive)
Julie Williams (adoptive)
Steve Olson (adoptive)
Mike Horton (adoptive)
Jennifer Horton (adoptive)
Lucas Roberts (adoptive)
Jessica Blake (adoptive)

text: Melissa Horton is a fictional character from the NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives. She was played by child actors Joseph Trent Everett from October 18 to November 29, 1971, Matthew Bowman from December 16 to 29, 1971, and Kim Durso from April 15, 1975, to June 25, 1976. A teenaged Melissa was portrayed by Debbie Lytton from May 31, 1977, to April 17, 1980, and March 16, 1982, to November 29, 1982. Lisa Trusel played an adult Melissa from May 12, 1983, to November 8, 1988, with returns from June 28 to July 4, 1994, November 1 to 15, 1996, May 30 to June 3, 2002; January 14 to 19, 2010, and June 18 to 28, 2010. Camilla Scott played the role from February 14, 1990, to June 13, 1991. Trusel's run as Melissa earned her various nominations and a Daytime Emmy award nomination.

tag: p

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Born to Jim and Linda Phillips, Linda claimed that Mickey Horton was Melissa's father, but when Mickey's wife Laura revealed to her in private that Mickey was sterile (a fact that Mickey did not even know about as Laura had been keeping it from him so that he wouldn't discover that he was not the father of Laura's son Mike), Linda reluctantly admitted that Jim was Melissa's father.

text: Melissa later took the name Anderson following Linda's marriage to Bob Anderson. Melissa became a teenager (as a result of SORAS), running away from her private school, unable to deal with her trouble-making mother, Linda who wanted her back in order to get her hands on Anderson manufacturing. Melissa ends up in Mickey and Maggie's home, having begun several years before to consider Mickey and Maggie surrogate parents. When Linda discovers her there, she tries to have her removed physically, and Mickey and Maggie decide to fight for custody of her. At the hearing, Linda does not show up, and the judge grants custody to the Hortons. Melissa and her cousin Hope Williams became good friends and Melissa also became good friends with Hope's boyfriend Bo Brady. In 1984, Melissa became involved with gang member Pete Jennings. That relationship had its series of ups and downs, and when Linda returned to town, she tried to sabotage the romance by pretending to have slept with him. She tried to make Melissa think that she was going crazy so she could get her hands on Melissa's Anderson manufacturing stock. Her scheme failed, and Linda decided to leave town, making a last attempt to make amends before departing, which Melissa begrudgingly accepted. Melissa and Pete married in 1986 but later divorced when Melissa, an aspiring dancer, fell for her mentor Lars Englund. Melissa's relationship with Lars eventually fell apart after Melissa was injured. The injury also put an end to Melissa's promising dancing career.

text: Melissa eventually fell in love with Jack Deveraux but was heartbroken when he married Kayla Brady instead. Melissa was eventually accused of being behind Kayla's poisoning but was cleared. In 1988, Melissa was one of the few people who stood by Jack after Jack committed marital rape against Kayla. To the horror of her family and friends, Melissa made plans to marry Jack after his divorce from Kayla came through. Shortly before their wedding, Melissa saw Jack with another woman and discovered that Jack was only using her to make himself look good. She called off the wedding and denounced Jack to the rest of Salem before leaving town.

text: Melissa returned two years later in 1990 and immediately realized that her cousin Jennifer Horton had fallen in love with Jack, who by this time was genuinely trying to become a better person and make amends for his evil behavior. Melissa tried to discourage her cousin from getting involved with her former fiance and encouraged Jennifer's boyfriend Emilio to propose. However, Melissa and Emilio eventually realized that they were attracted to one another and got together while Jack and Jennifer were away on the Cruise of Deception. Melissa and Emilio were free to be together after Jack and Jennifer returned and revealed that they had become a couple on the cruise. Unfortunately, the relationship was short-lived as Melissa accidentally believed to have killed Emilio in a struggle. Melissa eventually left Salem with her adoptive sister Sarah Horton in 1991. The two settled in Nashville. In subsequent visits to Salem, it has been revealed that Melissa has married again and had a child but the name of her husband remains unknown to the audience. In June 2009, Melissa's son, going by the name of Nathan Horton, arrived in Salem as a first year medical intern at Salem University Hospital eager to follow in the footsteps of his great-grandfather, Tom.

text: On January 14, 2010 Melissa returned for Mickey's funeral. At the memorial, she spoke about the opportunities Mickey and Maggie have given her. She was also able to reunite with her son Nathan and the rest of the Horton family.

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Days of Our Lives

Current
characters

Vivian Alamain
Brady Black
John Black
Caroline Brady
Carrie Brady Reed
Ciara Brady
Claire Brady
Eric Brady
Hope Brady
Kayla Brady
Roman Brady
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Abe Carver
Tripp Dalton
Abigail Deveraux
JJ Deveraux
Andre DiMera
Anna DiMera
Chad DiMera
Stefan DiMera
Marlena Evans
Eli Grant
Valerie Grant
Gabi Hernandez
Rafe Hernandez
Jennifer Horton
Lucas Horton
Maggie Horton
Will Horton
Adrienne Johnson
Steve Johnson
Parker Jonas
Justin Kiriakis
Sonny Kiriakis
Victor Kiriakis
Chloe Lane
Paul Narita
Lani Price
Kate Roberts
Doug Williams
Julie Olson Williams

Notable past
characters

Alice Horton
Tom Horton
Lawrence Alamain
Susan Banks
Belle Black
Bo Brady
Cassie Brady
Chelsea Brady
Frankie Brady
Kimberly Brady
Max Brady
Sami Brady
Shawn Brady
Dr. Lexie Carver
Theo Carver
Liz Chandler
Xander Cook
Don Craig
Neil Curtis
Cameron Davis
Jack Deveraux
Daphne DiMera
EJ DiMera
Kristen DiMera
Johnny DiMera
Santo DiMera
Stefano DiMera
Sydney DiMera
Tony DiMera
Drew Donovan
Eve Donovan
Shane Donovan
Theresa Donovan
Nick Fallon
Megan Hathaway
Benjy Hawk
Arianna Hernandez
Eduardo Hernandez
Addie Horton
Allie Horton
Bill Horton
Jeremy Horton
Laura Horton
Marie Horton
Melissa Horton
Mickey Horton
Nathan Horton
Sarah Horton
Tommy Horton
Robin Jacobs
Madison James
Aiden Jennings
Chase Jennings
Joey Johnson
Stephanie Johnson
Daniel Jonas
Melanie Jonas
Calliope Jones
Deimos Kiriakis
Philip Kiriakis
Paige Larson
Bonnie Lockhart
Mimi Lockhart
Patrick Lockhart
Carly Manning
Alex Marshall
Serena Mason
Colin Murphy
Tori Narita
Celeste Perrault
Austin Reed
Billie Reed
Curtis Reed
Jordan Ridgeway
Ben Rogers
Jan Spears
Isabella Toscano
Ava Vitali
Gina Von Amberg
Brandon Walker
Nicole Walker
Taylor Walker
Nancy Wesley
Clyde Weston

Related information

Cast members
Producers and writers
Awards and nominations
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Doug and Julie
Bo and Hope
Sami and EJ
John and Marlena
Jack and Jennifer
Steve and Kayla
Shawn and Belle
Lucas and Sami
Will and Sonny
Shane and Kimberly
Salem
Cruise of Deception

Fictional families

DiMera family
Horton family
Brady family
Kiriakis family
Johnson family
Roberts family

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Days of Our Lives characters

[show]
Present and future characters

Vivian Alamain
Brady Black
John Black
Tate Black
Ciara Brady
Claire Brady
Eric Brady
Hope Brady
Kayla Brady
Roman Brady
Abe Carver
Tripp Dalton
Abigail Deveraux
JJ Deveraux
Chad DiMera
Stefan DiMera
Thomas DiMera
Eve Donovan
Marlena Evans
Eli Grant
Valerie Grant
Gabi Hernandez
Rafe Hernandez
Arianna Horton
Jennifer Horton
Lucas Horton
Maggie Horton
Will Horton
Adrienne Johnson
Steve Johnson
Justin Kiriakis
Sonny Kiriakis
Victor Kiriakis
Chloe Lane
Paul Narita
Lani Price
Kate Roberts
Doug Williams
Julie Olson Williams

[show]
Past characters

Tom Horton
Alice Horton
Hattie Adams
Lawrence Alamain
Susan Banks
Bart Beiderbecke
Belle Black
Peter Blake
Eugene Bradford
Bo Brady
Caroline Brady
Carrie Brady
Cassie Brady
Chelsea Brady
Frankie Brady
Kimberly Brady
Max Brady
Rex Brady
Sami Brady
Shawn Brady
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Lexie Carver
Theo Carver
Liz Chandler
Xander Cook
Don Craig
Neil Curtis
Cameron Davis
Anjelica Deveraux
Jack Deveraux
André DiMera
Anna DiMera
Daphne DiMera
EJ DiMera
Johnny DiMera
Kristen DiMera
Santo DiMera
Stefano DiMera
Sydney DiMera
Tony DiMera
Drew Donovan
Shane Donovan
Theresa Donovan
Lee DuMonde
Renée DuMonde
Nick Fallon
Megan Hathaway
Benjy Hawk
Arianna Hernandez
Dario Hernandez
Eduardo Hernandez
Addie Horton
Allie Horton
Bill Horton
Jeremy Horton
Laura Horton
Marie Horton
Melissa Horton
Mickey Horton
Nathan Horton
Sarah Horton
Tommy Horton
Robin Jacobs
Madison James
Aiden Jennings
Chase Jennings
Joey Johnson
Stephanie Johnson
Daniel Jonas
Melanie Jonas
Parker Jonas
Calliope Jones Bradford
Alexander Kiriakis
Deimos Kiriakis
Philip Kiriakis
Maxine Landis
Paige Larson
Bonnie Lockhart
Mimi Lockhart
Patrick Lockhart
Carly Manning
Alex Marshall
Serena Mason
Mia McCormick
Jade Michaels
Anne Milbauer
Colin Murphy
Tori Narita
Celeste Perrault
Austin Reed
Billie Reed
Curtis Reed
Jordan Ridgeway
Wilhelm Rolf
Jan Spears
Isabella Toscano
Ava Vitali
Gina Von Amberg
Brandon Walker
Fay Walker
Nicole Walker
Taylor Walker
Nancy Wesley
Ben Weston
Clyde Weston

[show]
Character lists

1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Cast members
Previous cast members
Producers and writers
Doug and Julie
Bo and Hope
Sami and EJ
John and Marlena
Jack and Jennifer
Steve and Kayla
Shawn and Belle
Lucas and Sami
Shane and Kimberly
Will and Sonny
Salem
Cruise of Deception
Horton family
Brady family
DiMera family
Kiriakis family
Johnson family
Roberts family

text: Days of Our Lives characters

tag: ul

text: Articles lacking sources from March 2010All articles lacking sourcesArticles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2010All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fictionWikipedia articles with incorrect tensesArticles with multiple maintenance issues


document_title: Alison DiLaurentis

question_text: when does ally appear in pretty little liars

text: Alison DiLaurentis

text: Character in print[edit]

text: Pretty Little Liars is a series of books which revolves around the lives of four teenagers in Rosewood, Pennsylvania whom each struggle with different physical and psychological issues, as well as living in danger because of a dangerous stalker who emerges after the four's best friend and leader Alison DiLaurentis vanishes and is found dead.

text: Story lines[edit]

text: The twin sisters Alison and Courtney Day-DiLaurentis were born on June 6, 1990,[citation needed] the fruits of a secret sexual relationship between Jessica DiLaurentis and Peter Hastings. They were identical, but completely opposite in personality. Both were popular in her hometown, but Alison was known for her wickedness, unlike Courtney, who was admired for having a kind behavior. Disgusted by that fact, Alison began to make her parents—Jessica and Kenneth, the adoptive father—think that Courtney was psychologically damaged. Alison forced Courtney to each impersonate the other, which led to a physical fight between the two. When their parents tried to find a solution to the situation, Alison threw all the blame on Courtney, saying she was making up fake stories. Eventually Courtney was diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic. The family then moved to Rosewood to avoid attention and shortened their surname from Day-DiLaurentis to just DiLaurentis.[4]

text: However, Alison did not enjoy the full high school experience. During a visitation to the family, Courtney tricked her parents by dressing up like Alison and Alison was taken to the mental institute instead. That way, Courtney took the popular life of Alison, whereas Alison was hospitalized; from then on a sense of hatred grew within Alison. Two years after Courtney took the reins, Alison returned to the DiLaurentis house for a visit. During a night when Courtney (posing as Alison) and her new friends—Spencer Hastings, Hanna Marin, Aria Montgomery and Emily Fields—were asleep, Alison reached them and she and Courtney got into a fight in the woods surrounding the DiLaurentis residence. The fight resulted in Courtney's death. Alison and her helper and boyfriend, Nick Maxwell, buried Courtney's body later on.[4]

text: When Alison was about to get her life back, Courtney's friends warned Mrs. DiLaurentis that "Alison" was missing. Jessica then assumed that Courtney (Alison, actually) did something against her sister's life and sent her back to psychological hospital. Meanwhile, masons filled the hole where Courtney's body was buried to build a gazebo. Hours later, "Alison" was reported missing.[5] Three years later, Courtney's friends began to be pursued by someone named "A" who knew her greatest secrets and threatened them constantly. Months later, Mona Vanderwaal, a classmate of the girls and Alison, was revealed to be "A".[6] Soon after, Alison took the reins of the game and began to chase the girls, seeking revenge for having everything she always wanted.

text: Alison made small appearances during the period hiding behind the "A" mask. The DiLaurentis revealed the secret about the twins after a man named Billy Ford was arrested for murdering Alison, saying that they kept the sisters hidden for so long to avoid turmoil in town. Alison, posing as Courtney, someone unknown to the four girls, invited them to spend a weekend at the family home in the Poconos. There, they got together and the girls started thinking about introducing "Courtney" to the group. However, they were trapped inside a room and Alison soon revealed the whole truth about the death of the real Courtney, and about her desire for revenge. Alison then set the building on fire, but the girls managed to escape.[4] When trying to escape the fire, Alison herself got several burns on her body and managed to escape with the help of Nick.[7]

text: Alison then used the following weeks to recover from the fire whilst observing her victims.[8] Nick stayed with her during her healing process, and Alison eventually discarded and incriminated him for everything she had committed, such as the homicides of Ian Thomas and Jenna Cavanaugh. In order to finally get her revenge, Alison wrote an entire diary with untrue stories of the girls torturing her while they were keeping her hostage. The piece was then found by the Rosewood P.D. and the girls were incriminated by the alleged death of Alison DiLaurentis.[9] However, Emily faked her own death, and, while Alison and everyone else thought she was dead, she managed to reach to Alison's lair—which was receiving help from Mrs. DiLaurentis—with police officers. The girls were eventually released from all charges, and Alison was definitely hospitalized.[10]

text: Character on screen[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Actress Sasha Pieterse was cast as Alison DiLaurentis in December 2009.[11][12] Alison was the queen bee of her school and the most popular girl before her disappearance. Although she cared for her friends, she enjoyed to use their strongest secrets against them to that they could, according to her, stay together. Charming and manipulative,and highly intelligent Ali was skilled at finding ways to get back at everyone, and many people hated her.[13] After the reveal of Alison's fate in the ending of season 4, Pieterse confirmed that DiLaurentis' personality had drastically changed; she has to "figure out who she is. She's been hiding for so long, and she's a victim now."[2] "Alison's a totally different person, so to see the way they treat her is going to be very interesting and to see the way that she gets affected by it is also going to be very interesting," Pieterse said.[14]

text: Story lines[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Alison DiLaurentis is introduced as a very popular girl from the suburb of Rosewood, Pennsylvania, and the leader of a clique composed by her, Spencer Hastings, Aria Montgomery, Emily Fields and Hanna Marin. The first minutes of the pilot episode show the five friends reunited in the barn-turned-loft of the Hastings family during a night of summer vacation. In the midst of night, Hanna, Emily and Aria wake up to see Spencer arriving back to the barn after leaving to somewhere. Spencer naively announces that she has heard a scream of Alison, seemingly shaken due to something. Shortly after, Alison is pronounced as a missing person. One year later, the friends reunite and start to receive threatening text messages from someone unknown using the alias of "A."[15] During the entire first season, Alison appears in flashbacks. In these flashbacks, Alison is shown as a ruthless, despicable, two-sided teenager who uses the others' secret against themselves.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: After Ian Thomas is pushed down by "A" from the top of a bell tower and his body goes missing, the girls are forced to keep their friendship a secret and to maintain therapy sessions with Dr. Anne Sullivan to discuss about Alison's absence in their lives, a fact that their parents believe to be the reason why the girls are behaving strangely.[16] Days after, through Spencer's sister Melissa Hastings, the girls find Thomas' dead body, accompanied by a suicide letter in which he admits that he killed Alison.[17] Following, the girls continue to be threatened by "A." Garrett Reynolds is arrested for Alison's murder after Jenna Marshall hands the Rosewood Police Department a missing page of Alison's autopsy.[18] The second season ends when Mona Vanderwaal—a Rosewood High student and one of Alison's victims of bullying when she was alive—is revealed as "A."[19]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: The third season is set five months after the previous one. One night, Spencer, Hanna, Emily and Aria get together in Spencer's living room to drink and enjoy a life without a stalker. Emily, however, is still mourning over the death of her ex-girlfriend Maya St. Germain, who died in the same night of Mona's reveal. After drinking more than expected, the girls wake up in the midst of night to discover that Emily has disappeared. They later find her in the cemetery, standing on Alison's graveyard, with Alison's body gone. With Emily drugged and they involved in a crime, the girls then promise to keep the secret. They dispose of all evidence connecting them to the happening, including all of Emily's clothes. A new person using the "A" identity soon restarts the stalking game.[20] The new stalker threatens them with what happened previously. Mostly of the season's episodes revolve around the question of where Alison's remains are.[21][22] The girls later on befriend new resident CeCe Drake, a woman physically and psychologically similar to Alison. Drake reveals to them that she and Alison were best friends when Alison was alive, years prior.[23] Throughout the following episodes Drake gets intimate with the girls, who are suspicious of her Alison-like behavior. Later on, Alison is shown in more flashbacks of the night she disappeared, with some revealing that Alison met with CeCe, Aria's father, Jenna Marshall and Garrett Reynolds that night. In sequence, the girls discover, in Alison's biology notebook, a conversation between her and a friend in which Alison talks about a "beach hottie."[24] The girls investigate while a figure using a red coat starts to appear periodically to them, and they begin to believe that it is Alison. In the meantime, Mona and Spencer's boyfriend Toby Cavanaugh are revealed as helpers (and double agents) of the new "A." With the help of the two, the girls plot a trap to catch "A," but the stalker uses their own setting against them, and, during a fire, the girls are saved by Red Coat. Hanna wakes up and sees Red Coat staring at her, and the person is revealed to be Alison. Afterwards, Mona and Spencer claim that they also saw Alison. On the way back to Rosewood, Mona reveals that Red Coat would sometimes wear a mask that looked like Alison's face, meaning that Red Coat could have just looked like Alison.[25]

text: Season 4[edit]

text: After the girls find Alison's diary, they try to understand her. Throughout the season, Alison is shown in several flashbacks concerning her behavior, mostly based on histories written on her diary.[26][27][28][29][30][31] The girls later meet Carla Grunwald, who tells them that she helped Alison step out of the grave that she was buried; Grunwald then drove her to a hospital, but Alison ran away.[32] With this confirmation, the girls start a quest to find Alison, following the steps of two persons using the Red Coat costume, one of them being revealed to be CeCe. Fortunately, after a Halloween party, the girls follow a Red Coat, who is revealed to be Alison. She tells the girls that she needs their help, but she vanishes shortly after.[33] Alison later appears to Emily and starts requesting things to her.[34][35] The season ends when Alison sits down with her friends to explain everything that had happened to her two years earlier.[36]

text: Season 5[edit]

text: Season 6[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)

text: Following the events of "A Is for Answers", Autumne Montague of TVOvermind lauded Pieterse's character for her self-awareness in having admitted not being a good friend, calling the moment "refreshing from a girl who in flashbacks seemed simply self-absorbed."[37]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Ceremony

Category

Outcome

Citation(s)

2011

ShoWest Awards

Breakthrough Performer of the Year

Nominated

[citation needed]

2014

Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV: Breakout Actress

Won

[38][39]

2015

MTV Fandom Awards

Ship of the Year (shared with Shay Mitchell)

Nominated

[40]

2015

Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV: Scene Stealer

Nominated

[41][42]

2016

Won

[43]

2017

Choice TV Actress: Drama

Nominated

[44][45][46]

Choice TV: Ship (shared with Shay Mitchell)

Nominated


document_title: Federation

question_text: india is a fedration of how many states

question_tokens: india is a fedration of how many states

text: Federation

text: Federations and other forms of state[edit]

text: Federations[edit]

text: The component states are in some sense sovereign, insofar as certain powers are reserved to them that may not be exercised by the central government. However, a federation is more than a mere loose alliance of independent states. The component states of a federation usually possess no powers in relation to foreign policy and so enjoy no independent status under international law. However, German Länder have that power,[3] which is beginning to be exercised on a European level.

text: Some federations are called asymmetric because some states have more autonomy than others. An example of such a federation is Malaysia, in which Sarawak and Sabah agreed to form the federation on different terms and conditions from the states of Peninsular Malaysia.

text: A federation often emerges from an initial agreement between a number of separate states. The purpose can be the will to solve mutual problems and to provide for mutual defense or to create a nation-state for an ethnicity spread over several states. The former was the case with the United States and Switzerland. However, as the histories of countries and nations vary, the federalist system of a state can be quite different from these models. Australia, for instance, is unique in that it came into existence as a nation by the democratic vote of the citizens of each state, who voted "yes" in referendums to adopt the Australian Constitution. Brazil, on the other hand, has experienced both the federal and the unitary state during its history. Some present day states of the Brazilian federation retain borders set during the Portuguese colonization (before the very existence of the Brazilian state), whereas the latest state, Tocantins, was created by the 1988 Constitution for chiefly administrative reasons.

text: Seven of the top eight largest countries by area are governed as federations.

text: Unitary states[edit]

text: A unitary state is sometimes one with only a single, centralised, national tier of government. However, unitary states often also include one or more self-governing regions. The difference between a federation and this kind of unitary state is that in a unitary state the autonomous status of self-governing regions exists by the sufferance of the central government, and may be unilaterally revoked. While it is common for a federation to be brought into being by agreement between a number of formally independent states, in a unitary state self-governing regions are often created through a process of devolution, where a formerly centralised state agrees to grant autonomy to a region that was previously entirely subordinate. Thus federations are often established voluntarily from 'below' whereas devolution grants self-government from 'above'.

text: It is often part of the philosophy of a unitary state that, regardless of the actual status of any of its parts, its entire territory constitutes a single sovereign entity or nation-state,[citation needed] and that by virtue of this the central government exercises sovereignty over the whole territory as of right. In a federation, on the other hand, sovereignty is often regarded as residing notionally in the component states, or as being shared between these states and the central government.[citation needed]

text: Confederation[edit]

text: A confederation, in modern political terms, is usually limited to a permanent union of sovereign states for common action in relation to other states.[4] The closest entity in the world to a confederation at this time is the European Union. While the word "confederation" was officially used when the present Canadian federal system was established in 1867, the term refers only to the process and not the resulting state since Canadian provinces are not sovereign and do not claim to be. In the case of Switzerland, while the country is still officially called the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica, Confédération suisse) this is also now a misnomer since the Swiss cantons lost their sovereign status in 1848.[5]

text: In Belgium, however, the opposite movement is under way.[6] Belgium was founded as a centralised state, after the French model, but has gradually been reformed into a federal state by consecutive constitutional reforms since the 1970s. Moreover, although nominally called a federal state, the country's structure already has a number of confederational traits (ex. competences are exclusive for either the federal or the state level, the treaty-making power of the Federating units almost without any possible veto of the Federal Government). At present, there is a growing movement to transform the existing federal state into a looser confederation with two or three constitutive states and/or two special regions.[7]

text: A confederation is most likely to feature three differences when contrasted with a federation: (1) No real direct powers: many confederal decisions are externalised by member-state legislation; (2) Decisions on day-to-day-matters are not taken by simple majority but by special majorities or even by consensus or unanimity (veto for every member); (3) Changes of the constitution, usually a treaty, require unanimity.

text: Over time these terms acquired distinct connotations leading to the present difference in definition. An example of this is the United States under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles established a national government under what today would be defined as a federal system (albeit with a comparatively weaker federal government). However, Canadians, designed with a stronger central government than the U.S. in the wake of the Civil War of the latter, use the term "Confederation" to refer to the formation or joining, not the structure, of Canada. Legal reforms, court rulings, and political compromises have somewhat decentralised Canada in practice since its formation in 1867.

text: Empire[edit]

text: An empire is a multi-ethnic state, multinational state, or a group of nations with a central government established usually through coercion (on the model of the Roman Empire). An empire often includes self-governing regions, but these will possess autonomy only at the sufferance of the central government. On the other hand, a political entity that is an empire in name, may in practice consist of multiple autonomous kingdoms organised together in a federation, with a high king designated as an emperor. One contemporary example of this was the German Empire (1871-1918).

text: Comparison with other systems of autonomy[edit]

text: Federacy[edit]

text: A federacy[8] is essentially an extreme case of an asymmetric federation, either due to large differences in the level of autonomy, or the rigidity of the constitutional arrangements. The term federacy is more often used for the relation between the sovereign state and its autonomous areas.

text: Devolution[edit]

text: A federation differs from a devolved state, such as Indonesia, the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Spain, because, in a devolved state, the central government can revoke the independence of the subunits (Scottish Parliament, Welsh National Assembly, Northern Ireland Assembly in the case of the UK) without changing the constitution.

text: Associated states[edit]

text: A federation also differs from an associated state, such as the Federated States of Micronesia (in free association with the United States) and Cook Islands and Niue (which form part of the Realm of New Zealand). There are two kinds of associated states: in case of Micronesia, association is concluded by treaty between two sovereign states; in case of Cook Islands and Niue, association is concluded by domestic legal arrangements.

text: Crown dependencies[edit]

text: The relation between the Crown dependencies of the Isle of Man and the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey in the Channel Islands and the United Kingdom is very similar to a federate relation: the Islands enjoy independence from the United Kingdom, which, via The Crown, takes care of their foreign relations and defence – although the UK Parliament does have overall power to legislate for the dependencies. However, the islands are neither an incorporated part of the United Kingdom, nor are they considered to be independent or associated states. The Isle of Man does not have a monarch, per se; rather, the British Monarch is, ex officio, Lord of Mann (irrespective of the incumbent's sex).

text: Overseas territories[edit]

text: Overseas territories, such as the British overseas territories, are vested with varying degrees of power; some enjoy considerable independence from the sovereign state, which only takes care of their foreign relations and defence. However, they are neither considered to be part of it, nor recognised as sovereign or associated states.

text: De facto federations[edit]

text: The distinction between a federation and a unitary state is often quite ambiguous. A unitary state may closely resemble a federation in structure and, while a central government may possess the theoretical right to revoke the autonomy of a self-governing region, it may be politically difficult for it to do so in practice. The self-governing regions of some unitary states also often enjoy greater autonomy than those of some federations. For these reasons, it is sometimes argued[by whom?] that some modern unitary states are de facto federations.

text: De facto federations, or quasi-federations, are often termed "regional states".

text: Spain[edit]

text: Spain is suggested as one possible de facto federation[by whom?] as it grants more self-government to its autonomous communities[9][10] than are retained by the constituent entities of most federations.[citation needed] For the Spanish parliament to revoke the autonomy of regions such as Galicia, Catalonia or the Basque Country would be a political near-impossibility, though nothing bars it legally. Additionally, some regions such as Navarre or the Basque Country have full control over taxation and spending, transferring a small payment to the central government for the common services (military, foreign relations, macroeconomic policy). For example, scholar Enrique Guillén López discusses the "federal nature of Spain's government (a trend that almost no one denies)."[11] Each autonomous community is governed by a Statute of Autonomy (Estatuto de Autonomía) under the Spanish Constitution of 1978.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: Although South Africa bears some elements of a federal system, such as the allocation of certain powers to provinces, it is nevertheless constitutionally and functionally a unitary state.[12]

text: European Union[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Parts of this article (those related to the three pillars) need to be updated. Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2011)

text: The European Union (EU) is a type of political union or confederation (the assemblage of societies or an association of two or more states into one state).[13] Robert Schuman, the initiator of the European Community system, wrote that a supranational Community like the Europe's founding European Coal and Steel Community lay midway between an association of States where they retained complete independence and a federation leading to a fusion of States in a super-state.[14] The European Founding Fathers made a Europe Declaration at the time of the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 18 April 1951 saying that Europe should be organized on a supranational foundation. They envisaged a structure quite different from a federation called the European Political Community.[citation needed]

text: The EU is a three-pillar structure of the original supranational European Economic Community and the nuclear non-proliferation treaty, Euratom, plus two largely intergovernmental pillars dealing with External Affairs and Justice and Home Affairs. The EU is therefore not a de jure federation, although some[who?] academic observers conclude that after 50 years of institutional evolution since the Treaties of Rome it is becoming one.[15] The European Union possesses attributes of a federal state. However, its central government is far weaker than that of most federations and the individual members are sovereign states under international law, so it is usually characterized as an unprecedented form of supra-national union. The EU has responsibility for important areas such as trade, monetary union, agriculture, fisheries. Nonetheless, EU member states retain the right to act independently in matters of foreign policy and defense, and also enjoy a near monopoly over other major policy areas such as criminal justice and taxation. Since the Treaty of Lisbon, Member States' right to leave the Union is codified, and the Union operates with more qualified majority voting (rather than unanimity) in many areas.[citation needed]

text: By the signature of this Treaty, the participating Parties give proof of their determination to create the first supranational institution and that thus they are laying the true foundation of an organized Europe. This Europe remains open to all nations. We profoundly hope that other nations will join us in our common endeavour.

text: Europe has charted its own brand of constitutional federalism.

text: Those uncomfortable using the "F" word in the EU context should feel free to refer to it as a quasi-federal or federal-like system. Nevertheless, for the purposes of the analysis here, the EU has the necessary attributes of a federal system. It is striking that while many scholars of the EU continue to resist analyzing it as a federation, most contemporary students of federalism view the EU as a federal system. (See for instance, Bednar, Filippov et al., McKay, Kelemen, Defigueido and Weingast)

text: A more nuanced view has been given by the German Constitutional Court.[17] Here the EU is defined as 'an association of sovereign national states (Staatenverbund)'.[18] With this view, the European Union resembles more of a confederation.

text: People's Republic of China[edit]

text: Constitutionally, the power vested in the special administrative regions of the People's Republic is granted from the Central People's Government, through decision by the National People's Congress. However, there have been certain largely informal grants of power to the provinces, to handle economic affairs and implement national policies, resulting in a system some have termed federalism "with Chinese characteristics".[19]

text: Internal controversy and conflict[edit]

text: Certain forms of political and constitutional dispute are common to federations. One issue is that the exact division of power and responsibility between federal and regional governments is often a source of controversy. Often, as is the case with the United States, such conflicts are resolved through the judicial system, which delimits the powers of federal and local governments. The relationship between federal and local courts varies from nation to nation and can be a controversial and complex issue in itself.

text: Another common issue in federal systems is the conflict between regional and national interests, or between the interests and aspirations of different ethnic groups. In some federations the entire jurisdiction is relatively homogeneous and each constituent state resembles a miniature version of the whole; this is known as 'congruent federalism'. On the other hand, incongruent federalism exists where different states or regions possess distinct ethnic groups.

text: The ability of a federal government to create national institutions that can mediate differences that arise because of linguistic, ethnic, religious, or other regional differences is an important challenge. The inability to meet this challenge may lead to the secession of parts of a federation or to civil war, as occurred in the United States (southern states interpreted slavery under the tenth amendment as a state right, while northern states were against slavery, with a catalysis occurring in the then–Kansas Territory) and Switzerland. In the case of Malaysia, Singapore was expelled from the federation because of rising racial tension. In some cases, internal conflict may lead a federation to collapse entirely, as occurred in Nigeria, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, the Gran Colombia, the United Provinces of Central America, and the West Indies Federation.

text: Federal governments[edit]

text: The federal government is the common or national government of a federation. A federal government may have distinct powers at various levels authorized or delegated to it by its member states. The structure of federal governments vary. Based on a broad definition of a basic federalism, there are two or more levels of government that exist within an established territory and govern through common institutions with overlapping or shared powers as prescribed by a constitution.

text: Federal government is the government at the level of the sovereign state. Usual responsibilities of this level of government are maintaining national security and exercising international diplomacy, including the right to sign binding treaties. Basically, a modern federal government, within the limits defined by its constitution, has the power to make laws for the whole country, unlike local governments. As originally written, the United States Constitution was created to limit the federal government from exerting power over the states by enumerating only specific powers. It was further limited by the addition of the Tenth Amendment contained in the Bill of Rights and the Eleventh Amendment. However, later amendments, particularly the Fourteenth Amendment, gave the federal government considerable authority over states.

text: Federal government within this structure are the government ministries and departments and agencies to which the ministers of government are assigned.

text: For a detailed list of federated units, see Federated state § List of constituents by federation. There are 27 federations as of October 2013.[20][21]

text: Contemporary[edit]

text:
Current federations

Year est.
Federation
Federating units
Major federating units
Minor federating units[t 1]
Type
[t 2]

1853
 Argentine Republic
Provinces of Argentina
23 provinces
1 autonomous city
R

1901
 Commonwealth of Australia
States and territories of Australia
6 states
3 federal territories (of which 2 are self-governing) and 7 external territories
M

1920
 Republic of Austria
States of Austria
9 Länder or Bundesländer

R

1970
 Kingdom of Belgium
Divisions of Belgium
3 communities, 3 regions

M

1995
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2 entities, one of which is itself a federation of 10 cantons
1 District [t 3]
R

1889
 Federative Republic of Brazil
States of Brazil
Municipalities of Brazil [22]

27 federative units (of which one is a federal district and the others are states)[t 4]
5,570 municipalities.[23]
R

1867
 Canada
Provinces and territories of Canada
10 provinces
3 territories
M

1975
 Union of the Comoros
Autonomous Islands of the Comoros
3 islands

R

1995
 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Regions of Ethiopia
9 regions
2 chartered cities
R

1949
 Federal Republic of Germany
States of Germany
16 Länder or Bundesländer

R

1950
 Republic of India
States and union territories of India
29 states
7 Union Territories, including a National Capital Territory
R

2005
 Republic of Iraq
Governorates of Iraq
18 provinces

R

1963
 Malaysia
States of Malaysia
13 states
3 federal territories
M

1821
 United Mexican States
States of Mexico
32 federal entities, which are 31 states and its capital Mexico City

R

1979
 Federated States of Micronesia
Administrative divisions of Micronesia
4 states

R

2015
   Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
Provinces of Nepal
7 provinces

R

1963
 Federal Republic of Nigeria
States of Nigeria
36 states
1 federal capital territory
R

1956
 Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Provinces and territories of Pakistan
4 provinces
2 autonomous territories and 1 federal capital territory
R

1918
1991
 Russian Federation
Federal subjects of Russia
46 oblasts, 22 republics, 9 krais, 4 autonomous okrugs, 3 federal-level cities, 1 autonomous oblast[24][25]

R

1983
 Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis
The islands St. Kitts and Nevis
2 islands

M

2012
 Federal Republic of Somalia
Federal Member States of Somalia
18 regions[26]

R

2011
 Republic of South Sudan
States of South Sudan
32 states

R

1956
 Republic of the Sudan
States of Sudan
17 states

R

1848
  Swiss Confederation
Cantons of Switzerland
26 cantons[t 5]

R

1971
 United Arab Emirates
Emirates of the UAE
7 emirates

M

1776[t 6]
 United States of America
Political divisions of the United States
50 states
1 federal district; 16 territories[t 7]
R

1863
 Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
States of Venezuela
23 states
1 federal district, 1 federal dependency
R

text:
Jump up ^ That is, first-level subdivisions possessing less autonomy than the major federating units.
Jump up ^ R = Federal republic; M = Federal monarchy.
Jump up ^ Brčko District is de jure part of both entities, and de facto administered separately from either.
Jump up ^ 20 provinces during the Empire of Brazil 1822–89
Jump up ^ Three pairs of cantons have less power at federal level than the other 20 cantons, but the same degree of internal autonomy.
Jump up ^ The United States Constitution, which replaced the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was drafted in 1787 and was ratified in 1788. The first Congress and President did not take office until March 1789.
Jump up ^ Of the 5 territories that are permanently inhabited, all are unincorporated, two are commonwealths and a third is formally unorganized. Of the other 11, one is incorporated and all are unorganized; together they form the United States Minor Outlying Islands. The term insular area includes both territories and places with a Compact of Free Association.

tag: ol

text: Long form titles[edit]

text:
Federal Republic of: Germany, Somalia, Nigeria.
Federation: Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Malaysia (informal)
Republic: Argentina, Austria, India (also called Indian Union), Iraq, Sudan, South Sudan.
Others:

Bolivarian Republic (Venezuela)
Confederation (Switzerland)
Commonwealth (Australia)
Dominion (Canada before 1982)
Federal Democratic Republic (Ethiopia, Nepal)
Federated States (Micronesia)
Federative Republic (Brazil)
Islamic Republic (Pakistan)
Kingdom (Belgium)
Union (Comoros)
United Emirates (United Arab Emirates)
United States (United States, Mexico)

None:

Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1998)
Canada (since 1982)
Malaysia

text: Defunct[edit]

text:
State of Haiti (1806–1811)
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815–1825)
Confederate States of America (1861–1865)
Confederate Ireland (1642–1652)
Argentine Confederation (1831–1861)
Federal State of Austria (1934–1938)
Federal Republic of Cameroon (1961–1972)
United Provinces of Central America (1823 – circa 1838)
United States of Colombia (1863–1886)
Democratic Republic of the Congo (1964–1967)
Czechoslovakia (1969–1992)
Republic of Kenya (1963–1964)
Federated Dutch Republic (1581–1795)
Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea (1952–1962)
French Equatorial Africa (1910–1934)
French Indochina (1887–1954)
French West Africa (1904–1958)
The Holy Roman Empire (800–1806)[27]
North German Confederation (1867–1871)
German Empire (1871–1918)
Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
East Germany (1949–1952)
Inca Empire (1197–1572)
United States of Indonesia (1949–1950)
United Kingdom of Libya (1951–1963)
Federated Malay States (1896–1946)
Federation of Malaya (1948–1963)[28]
Malayan Union (1946–1948)
Mali Federation (1959–1960)
Mengjiang (1937–1945, since 1941 autonomous region of the Reorganized National Government of China)
New Granada (1858–1863)
Republic of Korea (1960–1961)
Republic of China (1912–1949)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953–1963)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[29] (1922–1991)
Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922–1936)
Federal Republic of Spain (1873–1874)
South Africa (1961–1994)
Uganda (1962–1967)
West Indies Federation (1958–1962)
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia[30] (1943–1992)
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003)

text: Some of the proclaimed Arab federations were confederations de facto.


document_title: Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)

question_text: where did the name big brother come from

text: Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)

text: Purported origins[edit]

text: In the essay section of his novel 1985, Anthony Burgess states that Orwell got the idea for the name of Big Brother from advertising billboards for educational correspondence courses from a company called Bennett's, current during World War II. The original posters showed J. M. Bennett himself: a kindly-looking old man offering guidance and support to would-be students with the phrase "Let me be your father" attached. According to Burgess, after Bennett's death, his son took over the company, and the posters were replaced with pictures of the son (who looked imposing and stern in contrast to his father's kindly demeanor) with the text "Let me be your big brother."

text: Additional speculation from Douglas Kellner of UCLA argued that Big Brother represents Joseph Stalin.[1][2] Another theory is that the inspiration for Big Brother was Brendan Bracken, the Minister of Information until 1945. Orwell worked under Bracken on the BBC's Indian Service. Bracken was customarily referred to by MOI employees by his initials, B.B., the same initials as the character Big Brother. Orwell also resented the wartime censorship and need to manipulate information which he felt came from the highest levels of the MOI and from Bracken's office in particular.

text: Appearance inside the novel[edit]

text: Existence[edit]

text: In the novel, it is never made clear whether Big Brother is or had been a real person, or is a fictional personification of the Party, similar to Britannia and Uncle Sam. Big Brother is described as appearing on posters and telescreens as a handsome man in his mid-40s.

text: In Party propaganda, Big Brother is presented as one of the founders of the Party, along with Goldstein. At one point, Winston Smith, the protagonist of Orwell's novel, tries "to remember in what year he had first heard mention of Big Brother. He thought it must have been at some time in the sixties, but it was impossible to be certain. In the Party histories, of course, Big Brother figured as the leader and guardian of the Revolution since its very earliest days. His exploits had been gradually pushed backwards in time until already they extended into the fabulous world of the forties and the thirties, when the capitalists in their strange cylindrical hats still rode through the streets of London . . ."

text: In the book The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism, read by Winston Smith and purportedly written by Goldstein, Big Brother is referred to as infallible and all-powerful. No-one has ever seen him and there is a reasonable certainty that he will never die. He is simply "the guise in which the Party chooses to exhibit itself to the world", since the emotions of love, fear and reverence are more easily focused on an individual (if only a face on the hoardings and a voice on the telescreens), than an organisation. When Winston Smith is later arrested, O'Brien repeats that Big Brother will never die. When Smith asks if Big Brother exists, O'Brien describes him as "the embodiment of the Party" and says that he will exist as long as the Party exists. When Winston asks "Does Big Brother exist the same way I do?" (meaning is Big Brother an actual human being), O'Brien replies "You do not exist" (meaning that Smith is now an unperson; an example of doublethink).

text: Cult of personality[edit]

text: A spontaneous ritual of devotion to Big Brother ("BB") is illustrated at the end of the "Two Minutes Hate":

text: At this moment the entire group of people broke into a deep, slow, rhythmic chant of 'B-B! . . . B-B! . . . B-B!'—over and over again, very slowly, with a long pause between the first 'B' and the second—a heavy murmurous sound, somehow curiously savage, in the background of which one seemed to hear the stamps of naked feet and the throbbing of tom-toms. For perhaps as much as thirty seconds they kept it up. It was a refrain that was often heard in moments of overwhelming emotion. Partly it was a sort of hymn to the wisdom and majesty of Big Brother, but still more it was an act of self-hypnosis, a deliberate drowning of consciousness by means of rhythmic noise.[3]

text: Though Oceania's Ministry of Truth, Ministry of Plenty, and Ministry of Peace each have names with meanings deliberately opposite to their real purpose, the Ministry of Love is perhaps the most straightforward: "rehabilitated thought criminals" leave the Ministry as loyal subjects who have been brainwashed into adoring (loving) Big Brother, hence its name.

text: Legacy[edit]

text:
Part of a series on

Global surveillance

Disclosures

Origins
Pre-2013
2013–present
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Systems

XKeyscore
PRISM
ECHELON
Carnivore
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People

Michael S. Rogers
Keith Alexander
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Duncan Campbell
Edward Snowden
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Places

The Doughnut
Fort Meade
Menwith Hill
Pine Gap
Southern Cross Cable
Utah Data Center
Bad Aibling Station
Dagger Complex

Laws

Five Eyes

UKUSA Agreement
Lustre

U.S.

USA Freedom Act
FISA amendments

EU

Data Retention Directive
Data Protection Directive

Proposed changes

U.S.

FISA Improvements Act
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Concepts

Mass surveillance
Culture of fear
Secure communication
SIGINT
Call detail record
Surveillance issues in smart cities

Related topics

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Nothing to hide argument

 Mass surveillance portal

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text: Since the publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four the phrase "Big Brother" has come into common use to describe any prying or overly-controlling authority figure, and attempts by government to increase surveillance.

text: Big Brother and other Orwellian imagery are often referenced in the type of joke known as the Russian reversal.

text: The magazine Book ranked Big Brother No. 59 on its 100 Best Characters in Fiction Since 1900[4] list. Wizard magazine rated him the 75th greatest villain of all time.[5]

text: The worldwide reality television show Big Brother is based on the novel's concept of people being under constant surveillance. In 2000, after the U.S. version of the CBS program "Big Brother" premiered, the Estate of George Orwell sued CBS and its production company "Orwell Productions, Inc." in federal court in Chicago for copyright and trademark infringement. The case was Estate of Orwell v. CBS, 00-c-5034 (ND Ill). On the eve of trial, the case settled worldwide to the parties' "mutual satisfaction"; the amount that CBS paid to the Orwell Estate was not disclosed. CBS had not asked the Estate for permission. Under current laws the novel will remain under copyright protection until 2020 in the European Union and until 2044 in the United States.

text: The iconic image of Big Brother (played by David Graham) played a key role in Apple's 1984 television commercial introducing the Macintosh.[6][7] The Orwell Estate viewed the Apple commercial as a copyright infringement, and sent a cease-and-desist letter to Apple and its advertising agency. The commercial was never televised again,[8] though the date mentioned in the ad (January 24) was but two days later, making it unlikely that it would have been re-aired. Subsequent (now posthumous) ads featuring Steve Jobs (for a variety of products including audio books) have mimicked the format and appearance of that original ad campaign, with the appearance of Steve Jobs nearly identical to that of Big Brother.[9][10] In 2008, the Simpsons animated television series spoofed the Apple Big Brother commercial in an episode entitled "Mypods and Boomsticks."[11]

text: The December 2002 issue of Gear magazine featured a story about technologies and trends that could violate personal privacy moving society closer to a "Big Brother" state and utilised a recreation of the movie poster[12] from the film version of 1984 created by Dallmeierart.com.[13]

text: Computer company Microsoft patented in 2011 a product distribution system with a camera or capture device that monitors the viewers that consume the product, allowing the provider to take "remedial action" if the actual viewers do not match the distribution license.[14] The system has been compared with 1984's telescreen surveillance system.[15]

text: A series of laws intended to implement the EU Data Retention Directive in Romania were nicknamed "the Big Brother laws" by Romanian media and civil society, as they would have led to blanket storage of citizens' telecommunications data for 6 months.[16] All of these laws were struck down as unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Romania, and the Directive itself was ultimately invalidated by the Court of Justice of the European Union.