document_title: Kelp forest

question_text: where is the kelp forest located in california

text: Kelp forest

text: Kelp[edit]

text: The term kelp refers to marine algae belonging to the order Laminariales (phylum: Heterokontophyta). Though not considered a taxonomically diverse order, kelps are highly diverse structurally and functionally.[6] The most widely recognized species are the giant kelps (Macrocystis spp.), although numerous other genera such as Laminaria, Ecklonia, Lessonia, Alaria, and Eisenia are described.

text: A wide range of sea life uses kelp forests for protection or food, including fish, particularly rockfish, and many invertebrates, such as amphipods, shrimp, marine snails, bristle worms, and brittle stars. Many marine mammals and birds are also found, including seals, sea lions, whales, sea otters, gulls, terns, snowy egrets, great blue herons, and cormorants, as well as some shore birds.[10]

text: Frequently considered an ecosystem engineer, kelp provides a physical substrate and habitat for kelp forest communities.[11] In algae (kingdom Protista), the body of an individual organism is known as a thallus rather than as a plant (kingdom Plantae). The morphological structure of a kelp thallus is defined by three basic structural units:[8]

text:
The holdfast is a root-like mass that anchors the thallus to the sea floor, though unlike true roots it is not responsible for absorbing and delivering nutrients to the rest of the thallus.
The stipe is analogous to a plant stalk, extending vertically from the holdfast and providing a support framework for other morphological features.
The fronds are leaf- or blade-like attachments extending from the stipe, sometimes along its full length, and are the sites of nutrient uptake and photosynthetic activity.

text: In addition, many kelp species have pneumatocysts, or gas-filled bladders, usually located at the base of fronds near the stipe. These structures provide the necessary buoyancy for kelp to maintain an upright position in the water column.

text: The environmental factors necessary for kelp to survive include hard substrate (usually rock or sand), high nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus), and light (minimum annual irradiance dose > 50 E m−2[12]). Especially productive kelp forests tend to be associated with areas of significant oceanographic upwelling, a process that delivers cool, nutrient-rich water from depth to the ocean’s mixed surface layer.[12] Water flow and turbulence facilitate nutrient assimilation across kelp fronds throughout the water column.[13] Water clarity affects the depth to which sufficient light can be transmitted. In ideal conditions, giant kelp (Macrocystis spp.) can grow as much as 30-60 cm vertically per day. Some species, such as Nereocystis, are annuals, while others such as Eisenia are perennials, living for more than 20 years.[14] In perennial kelp forests, maximum growth rates occur during upwelling months (typically spring and summer) and die-backs correspond to reduced nutrient availability, shorter photoperiods, and increased storm frequency.[8]

text: Kelps are primarily associated with temperate and arctic waters worldwide. Of the more dominant genera, Laminaria is mainly associated with both sides of the Atlantic Ocean and the coasts of China and Japan; Ecklonia is found in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa; and Macrocystis occurs throughout the northeastern and southeastern Pacific Ocean, Southern Ocean archipelagos, and in patches around Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.[8] The region with the greatest diversity of kelps (>20 species) is the northeastern Pacific, from north of San Francisco, California, to the Aleutian Islands, Alaska.

text: Although kelp forests are unknown in tropical surface waters, a few species of Laminaria have been known to occur exclusively in tropical deep waters.[15][16] This general absence of kelp from the tropics is believed to be mostly due to insufficient nutrient levels associated with warm, oligotrophic waters.[8] One recent study spatially overlaid the requisite physical parameters for kelp with mean oceanographic conditions has produced a model predicting the existence of subsurface kelps throughout the tropics worldwide to depths of 200 m. For a hotspot in the Galapagos Islands, the local model was improved with fine-scale data and tested; the research team found thriving kelp forests in all eight of their sampled sites, all of which had been predicted by the model, thus validated their approach. This suggests that their global model might actually be fairly accurate, and if so, kelp forests would be prolific in tropical subsurface waters worldwide.[3] The importance of this contribution has been rapidly acknowledged within the scientific community and has prompted an entirely new trajectory of kelp forest research, particularly emphasizing the potential for a spatial refuge from climate change also the explanations to evolutionary patterns of kelps worldwide.[17]

text: Ecosystem architecture[edit]

text: The architecture of a kelp forest ecosystem is based on its physical structure, which influences the associated species that define its community structure. Structurally, the ecosystem includes three guilds of kelp and two guilds occupied by other algae:[8]

text:
Canopy kelps include the largest species and often constitute floating canopies that extend to the ocean surface (e.g., Macrocystis and Alaria).
Stipitate kelps generally extend a few meters above the sea floor and can grow in dense aggregations (e.g., Eisenia and Ecklonia).
Prostrate kelps lie near and along the sea floor (e.g., Laminaria).
The benthic assemblage is composed of other algal species (e.g., filamentous and foliose functional groups, articulated corallines) and sessile organisms along the ocean bottom.
Encrusting coralline algae directly and often extensively cover geologic substrate.

text: Multiple kelp species often co-exist within a forest; the term understory canopy refers to the stipitate and prostrate kelps. For example, a Macrocystis canopy may extend many meters above the seafloor towards the ocean surface, while an understory of the kelps Eisenia and Pterygophora reaches upward only a few meters. Beneath these kelps, a benthic assemblage of foliose red algae may occur. The dense vertical infrastructure with overlying canopy forms a system of microenvironments similar to those observed in a terrestrial forest, with a sunny canopy region, a partially shaded middle, and darkened seafloor.[8] Each guild has associated organisms, which vary in their levels of dependence on the habitat, and the assemblage of these organisms can vary with kelp morphologies.[18][19][20] For example, in California, Macrocystis pyrifera forests, the nudibranch Melibe leonina, and skeleton shrimp Caprella californica are closely associated with surface canopies; the kelp perch Brachyistius frenatus, rockfish Sebastes spp., and many other fishes are found within the stipitate understory; brittle stars and turban snails Tegula spp. are closely associated with the kelp holdfast, while various herbivores, such as sea urchins and abalone, live under the prostrate canopy; many seastars, hydroids, and benthic fishes live among the benthic assemblages; solitary corals, various gastropods, and echinoderms live over the encrusting coralline algae.[18] In addition, pelagic fishes and marine mammals are loosely associated with kelp forests, usually interacting near the edges as they visit to feed on resident organisms.

text: Trophic ecology[edit]

text: Classic studies in kelp forest ecology have largely focused on trophic interactions (the relationships between organisms and their food webs), particularly the understanding and top-down trophic processes. Bottom-up processes are generally driven by the abiotic conditions required for primary producers to grow, such as availability of light and nutrients, and the subsequent transfer of energy to consumers at higher trophic levels. For example, the occurrence of kelp is frequently correlated with oceanographic upwelling zones, which provide unusually high concentrations of nutrients to the local environment.[21][22] This allows kelp to grow and subsequently support herbivores, which in turn support consumers at higher trophic levels.[23] By contrast, in top-down processes, predators limit the biomass of species at lower trophic levels through consumption. In the absence of predation, these lower-level species flourish because resources that support their energetic requirements are not limiting. In a well-studied example from Alaskan kelp forests,[24] sea otters (Enhydra lutris) control populations of herbivorous sea urchins through predation. When sea otters are removed from the ecosystem (for example, by human exploitation), urchin populations are released from predatory control and grow dramatically. This leads to increased herbivore pressure on local kelp stands. Deterioration of the kelp itself results in the loss of physical ecosystem structure and subsequently, the loss of other species associated with this habitat. In Alaskan kelp forest ecosystems, sea otters are the keystone species that mediates this trophic cascade. In Southern California, kelp forests persist without sea otters and the control of herbivorous urchins is instead mediated by a suite of predators including lobsters and large fishes, such as the California sheephead. The effect of removing one predatory species in this system differs from Alaska because redundancy exists in the trophic levels and other predatory species can continue to regulate urchins.[19] However, the removal of multiple predators can effectively release urchins from predator pressure and allow the system to follow trajectories towards kelp forest degradation.[25] Similar examples exist in Nova Scotia,[26] South Africa,[27] Australia[28] and Chile.[29] The relative importance of top-down versus bottom-up control in kelp forest ecosystems and the strengths of trophic interactions continue to be the subject of considerable scientific investigation.[30][31][32]

text: The transition from macroalgal (i.e. kelp forest) to denuded landscapes dominated by sea urchins (or ‘urchin barrens’) is a widespread phenomenon,[6][33][34][35] often resulting from trophic cascades like those described above; the two phases are regarded as alternative stable states of the ecosystem.[36][37] The recovery of kelp forests from barren states has been documented following dramatic perturbations, such as urchin disease or large shifts in thermal conditions.[25][38][39] Recovery from intermediate states of deterioration is less predictable and depends on a combination of abiotic factors and biotic interactions in each case.

text: Though urchins are usually the dominant herbivores, others with significant interaction strengths include seastars, isopods, kelp crabs, and herbivorous fishes.[8][30] In many cases, these organisms feed on kelp that has been dislodged from substrate and drifts near the ocean floor rather than expend energy searching for intact thalli on which to feed. When sufficient drift kelp is available, herbivorous grazers do not exert pressure on attached plants; when drift subsidies are unavailable, grazers directly impact the physical structure of the ecosystem.[40][41] Many studies in Southern California have demonstrated that the availability of drift kelp specifically influences the foraging behavior of sea urchins.[42][43] Drift kelp and kelp-derived particulate matter have also been important in subsidizing adjacent habitats, such as sandy beaches and the rocky intertidal.[44][45][46]

text: Patch dynamics[edit]

text: Another major area of kelp forest research has been directed at understanding the spatial-temporal patterns of kelp patches. Not only do such dynamics affect the physical landscape, but they also affect species that associate with kelp for refuge or foraging activities.[18][23] Large-scale environmental disturbances have offered important insights concerning mechanisms and ecosystem resilience. Examples of environmental disturbances include:

text:
Acute and chronic pollution events have been shown to impact southern California kelp forests, though the intensity of the impact seems to depend on both the nature of the contaminants and duration of exposure.[47][48][49][50][51] Pollution can include sediment deposition and eutrophication from sewage, industrial byproducts and contaminants like PCBs and heavy metals (for example, copper, zinc), runoff of organophosphates from agricultural areas, anti-fouling chemicals used in harbors and marinas (for example, TBT and creosote) and land-based pathogens like fecal coliform bacteria.
Catastrophic storms can remove surface kelp canopies through wave activity, but usually leave understory kelps intact; they can also remove urchins when little spatial refuge is available.[36][41] Interspersed canopy clearings create a seascape mosaic where sunlight penetrates deeper into the kelp forest and species that are normally light-limited in the understory can flourish. Similarly, substrate cleared of kelp holdfasts can provide space for other sessile species to establish themselves and occupy the seafloor, sometimes directly competing with juvenile kelp and even inhibiting their settlement.[52]

text: El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events involve the depression of oceanographic thermoclines, severe reductions of nutrient input, and changes in storm patterns.[36][53] Stress due to warm water and nutrient depletion can increase the susceptibility of kelp to storm damage and herbivorous grazing, sometimes even prompting phase shifts to urchin-dominated landscapes.[39][42][54] In general, oceanographic conditions (that is, water temperature, currents) influence the recruitment success of kelp and its competitors, which clearly affect subsequent species interactions and kelp forest dynamics.[36][55]

text: Overfishing higher trophic levels that naturally regulate herbivore populations is also recognized as an important stressor in kelp forests.[7][32][56] As described in the previous section, the drivers and outcomes of trophic cascades are important for understanding spatial-temporal patterns of kelp forests.[24][25][30]

text: In addition to ecological monitoring of kelp forests before, during, and after such disturbances, scientists try to tease apart the intricacies of kelp forest dynamics using experimental manipulations. By working on smaller spatial-temporal scales, they can control for the presence or absence of specific biotic and abiotic factors to discover the operative mechanisms. For example, in southern Australia, manipulations of kelp canopy types demonstrated that the relative amount of Ecklonia radiata in a canopy could be used to predict understory species assemblages; consequently, the proportion of E. radiata can be used as an indicator of other species occurring in the environment.[57]

text: Human use[edit]

text: Kelp forests have been important to human existence for thousands of years.[58] Indeed, many now theorise that the first colonisation of the Americas was due to fishing communities following the Pacific kelp forests during the last ice age. One theory contends that the kelp forests that would have stretched from northeast Asia to the American Pacific coast would have provided many benefits to ancient boaters. The kelp forests would have provided many sustenance opportunities, as well as acting as a type of buffer from rough water. Besides these benefits, researchers believe that the kelp forests might have helped early boaters navigate, acting as a type of "kelp highway". Theorists also suggest that the kelp forests would have helped these ancient colonists by providing a stable way of life and preventing them from having to adapt to new ecosystems and develop new survival methods even as they traveled thousands of miles.[59] Modern economies are based on fisheries of kelp-associated species such as lobster and rockfish. Humans can also harvest kelp directly to feed aquaculture species such as abalone and to extract the compound alginic acid, which is used in products like toothpaste and antacids.[60][61] Kelp forests are valued for recreational activities such as SCUBA diving and kayaking; the industries that support these sports represent one benefit related to the ecosystem and the enjoyment derived from these activities represents another. All of these are examples of ecosystem services provided specifically by kelp forests.

text: Threats and management[edit]

text: Given the complexity of kelp forests – their variable structure, geography, and interactions – they pose a considerable challenge to environmental managers. Extrapolating even well-studied trends to the future is difficult because interactions within the ecosystem will change under variable conditions, not all relationships in the ecosystem are understood, and the nonlinear thresholds to transitions are not yet recognized.[62] With respect to kelp forests, major issues of concern include marine pollution and water quality, kelp harvesting and fisheries, invasive species, and climate change.[6] The most pressing threat to kelp forest preservation may be the overfishing of coastal ecosystems, which by removing higher trophic levels facilitates their shift to depauperate urchin barrens.[7] The maintenance of biodiversity is recognized as a way of generally stabilizing ecosystems and their services through mechanisms such as functional compensation and reduced susceptibility to foreign species invasions.[63][64][65][66]

text: In many places, managers have opted to regulate the harvest of kelp[22][67] and/or the taking of kelp forest species by fisheries.[6][56] While these may be effective in one sense, they do not necessarily protect the entirety of the ecosystem. Marine protected areas (MPAs) offer a unique solution that encompasses not only target species for harvesting, but also the interactions surrounding them and the local environment as a whole.[68][69] Direct benefits of MPAs to fisheries (for example, spillover effects) have been well documented around the world.[7][70][71][72] Indirect benefits have also been shown for several cases among species such as abalone and fishes in Central California.[73][74] Most importantly, MPAs can be effective at protecting existing kelp forest ecosystems and may also allow for the regeneration of those that have been affected.[36][75][76]


document_title: List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs

question_text: what is the closest star to earth after the sun

root

text: List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs

text: List[edit]

text: Stars visible to the unaided eye have their magnitude shown in light blue below. Brown dwarfs are shown with their designations in brown. White dwarfs are shown with their designation in beige. The classes of the stars and brown dwarfs are shown in the color of their spectral types (these colors are derived from conventional names for the spectral types and do not represent the star's observed color). Many brown dwarfs are not listed by visual magnitude but are listed by near-IR J band magnitude. Some of the parallax and distance results are preliminary measurements.[2]

tag: p

text:
#
Distance[3]
Light-years (±err)
Designation
Stellar class
Apparent magnitude (mV or mJ)
Absolute magnitude (MV or MJ)
Epoch J2000.0
Parallax[2][note 1]
mas (±err)
Discovery date[note 2]
Notes and additional
references

System
Star
Star #
Right ascension[2]
Declination[2]

0
Solar System
Sun

G2V[2]
−26.74[2]
4.85[2]
—
—
—
—
has eight known planets

1
4.2421(16)
Alpha Centauri
(Rigil Kentaurus)
Proxima Centauri (V645 Centauri)
1
M5.5Ve
11.09[2]
15.53[2]
14h 29m 43.0s
−62° 40′ 46″
768.87(029)[4][5]
1915
has one known planet

4.3650(68)
α Centauri A (HD 128620)
2
G2V[2]
0.01[2]
4.38[2]
14h 39m 36.5s
−60° 50′ 02″
747.23(117)[4][6]

α Centauri B (HD 128621)
2
K1V[2]
1.34[2]
5.71[2]
14h 39m 35.1s
−60° 50′ 14″
1689
has two suspected planets (b & c)[7]

2
5.9630(109)
Barnard's Star (BD+04°3561a)
4
M4.0Ve
9.53[2]
13.22[2]
17h 57m 48.5s
+04° 41′ 36″
546.98(1 00)[4][5]
1916
largest known proper motion[8]

3
6.59(7)
Luhman 16
(WISE 1049−5319)
Luhman 16A
5
L8±1[9]
10.7 J
14.2 J
10h 49m 15.57s
−53° 19′ 06″
495 (5)[9]
2013
has one suspected planet[10]

Luhman 16B
5
T1±2[9]

4
7.2(6)[11]
WISE 0855−0714
7
Y

08h 55m 10.83s
−07° 14′ 42.5″

2014
sub-brown dwarf

5
7.7825(390)
Wolf 359 (CN Leonis)
8
M6.0V[2]
13.44[2]
16.55[2]
10h 56m 29.2s
+07° 00′ 53″
419.10(210)[4]
1919

6
8.2905(148)
Lalande 21185 (BD+36°2147)
9
M2.0V[2]
7.47[2]
10.44[2]
11h 03m 20.2s
+35° 58′ 12″
393.42(070)[4][5]
1801
has one suspected planet[12]

7
8.5828(289)
Sirius
(α Canis Majoris)
Sirius A
10
A1V[2]
−1.46[2]
1.42[2]
06h 45m 08.9s
−16° 42′ 58″
380.02(128)[4][5]

brightest star in the night sky

Sirius B
10
DA2[2]
8.44[2]
11.34[2]
1844

8
8.7280(631)
Luyten 726-8
Luyten 726-8 A (BL Ceti)
12
M5.5Ve
12.54[2]
15.40[2]
01h 39m 01.3s
−17° 57′ 01″
373.70(270)[4]
1949

Luyten 726-8 B (UV Ceti)
12
M6.0Ve
12.99[2]
15.85[2]

9
9.6813(512)
Ross 154 (V1216 Sagittarii)
14
M3.5Ve
10.43[2]
13.07[2]
18h 49m 49.4s
−23° 50′ 10″
336.90(178)[4][5]
1925

10
10.322(36)
Ross 248 (HH Andromedae)
15
M5.5Ve
12.29[2]
14.79[2]
23h 41m 54.7s
+44° 10′ 30″
316.00(110)[4]
1925

11
10.522(27)
Epsilon Eridani (BD−09°697)
16
K2V[2]
3.73[2]
6.19[2]
03h 32m 55.8s
−09° 27′ 30″
309.99(079)[4][5]
150
at least one planet[13]

12
10.742(31)
Lacaille 9352 (CD−36°15693)
17
M0.5V
7.34[2]
9.75[2]
23h 05m 52.0s
−35° 51′ 11″
303.64(087)[4][5]
1753

13
10.919(49)
Ross 128 (FI Virginis)
18
M4.0Vn
11.13[2]
13.51[2]
11h 47m 44.4s
+00° 48′ 16″
298.72(135)[4][5]
1925

14
11.089[14]
WISE 1506+7027
19
T6
14.3 J
16.6 J
15h 06m 49.9s
+70° 27′ 36″
310(042)[14]
2011

15
11.266(171)
EZ Aquarii
(Gliese 866, Luyten 789-6)
EZ Aquarii A
20
M5.0Ve
13.33[2]
15.64[2]
22h 38m 33.4s
−15° 17′ 57″
289.50(440)[4]
1937

EZ Aquarii B
20
M?
13.27[2]
15.58[2]
-

EZ Aquarii C
20
M?
14.03[2]
16.34[2]
1995

16
11.402(32)
Procyon
(α Canis Minoris)
Procyon A
23
F5V–IV[2]
0.38[2]
2.66[2]
07h 39m 18.1s
+05° 13′ 30″
286.05(081)[4][5]

Procyon B
23
DQZ[2]
10.70[2]
12.98[2]
1844

17
11.403(22)
61 Cygni
61 Cygni A (BD+38°4343)
25
K5.0V[2]
5.21[2]
7.49[2]
21h 06m 53.9s
+38° 44′ 58″
286.04(056)[4][5]
1725
first star (other than the Sun) to have its distance measured[15]

61 Cygni B (BD+38°4344)
25
K7.0V[2]
6.03[2]
8.31[2]
21h 06m 55.3s
+38° 44′ 31″
-

18
11.525(69)
Struve 2398
(Gliese 725, BD+59°1915)
Struve 2398 A (HD 173739)
27
M3.0V[2]
8.90[2]
11.16[2]
18h 42m 46.7s
+59° 37′ 49″
283.00(169)[4][5]
1835

Struve 2398 B (HD 173740)
27
M3.5V[2]
9.69[2]
11.95[2]
18h 42m 46.9s
+59° 37′ 37″
1835

19
11.624(39)
Groombridge 34
(Gliese 15)
Groombridge 34 A (GX Andromedae)
29
M1.5V[2]
8.08[2]
10.32[2]
0h 18m 22.9s
+44° 01′ 23″
280.59(095)[4][5]
1813
has one planet[16]

Groombridge 34 B (GQ Andromedae)
29
M3.5V[2]
11.06[2]
13.30[2]
-

20
11.824(30)
Epsilon Indi
(CPD−57°10015)
Epsilon Indi A
31
K5Ve[2]
4.69[2]
6.89[2]
22h 03m 21.7s
−56° 47′ 10″
275.84(069)[4][5]
1597
one suspected planet[17]

Epsilon Indi Ba
31
T1.0V
12.3 J[18]

22h 04m 10.5s
−56° 46′ 58″
2003

Epsilon Indi Bb
31
T6.0V
13.2 J[18]

2003

21
11.826(129)
DX Cancri (G 51-15)
34
M6.5Ve
14.78[2]
16.98[2]
08h 29m 49.5s
+26° 46′ 37″
275.80(300)[4]
1972

22
11.887(33)
Tau Ceti (BD−16°295)
35
G8Vp[2]
3.49[2]
5.68[2]
01h 44m 04.1s
−15° 56′ 15″
274.39(076)[4][5]
150
possibly five planets

23
11.991(57)
GJ 1061 (LHS 1565)
36
M5.5V[2]
13.09[2]
15.26[2]
03h 35m 59.7s
−44° 30′ 45″
272.01(130)[note 3]
1995
[19][20]

24
12.068[14]
WISE 0350−5658
37
Y1
22.8 J[21]

03h 50m 00.32s
−56° 58′ 30.2″
291(050)[14]
2011

25
12.132(133)
YZ Ceti (LHS 138)
38
M4.5V[2]
12.02[2]
14.17[2]
01h 12m 30.6s
−16° 59′ 56″
268.84(295)[4][5]
1961
has three known planets[22]

26
12.366(59)
Luyten's Star (BD+05°1668)
39
M3.5Vn
9.86[2]
11.97[2]
07h 27m 24.5s
+05° 13′ 33″
263.76(125)[4][5]
1935
has two known planets[23]

27
12.514(129)
Teegarden's star (SO025300.5+165258)
40
M6.5V
15.14[2]
17.22[2]
02h 53m 00.9s
+16° 52′ 53″
260.63(269)[note 3]
2003
possible planetary system[20][24]

28
12.571(54)
SCR 1845-6357
SCR 1845-6357 A
41
M8.5V[2]
17.39
19.41
18h 45m 05.3s
−63° 57′ 48″
259.45(111)[note 3]
2004
[20]

SCR 1845-6357 B
41
T6[25]
13.3 J[18]

18h 45m 02.6s
−63° 57′ 52″
2006

29
12.777(43)
Kapteyn's Star (CD−45°1841)
43
M1.5V[2]
8.84[2]
10.87[2]
05h 11m 40.6s
−45° 01′ 06″
255.27(086)[4][5]
1898
has two known planets[26]

30
12.870(57)
Lacaille 8760 (AX Microscopii)
44
M0.0V[2]
6.67[2]
8.69[2]
21h 17m 15.3s
−38° 52′ 03″
253.43(112)[4][5]
1753

31
13.0+6.0
−3.1
WISE 0535−7500
45
≥Y1
>21.1 J[14]

05h 35m 16.8s
−75° 00′ 24.9″
250[14]
2012

32
13.149(74)
Kruger 60
(BD+56°2783)
Kruger 60 A
46
M3.0V[2]
9.79[2]
11.76[2]
22h 27m 59.5s
+57° 41′ 45″
248.06(139)[4][6]
1880

Kruger 60 B (DO Cephei)
46
M4.0V[2]
11.41[2]
13.38[2]
1890?

33
13.167(82)
DEN 1048-3956
48
M8.5V[2]
17.39[2]
19.37[2]
10h 48m 14.7s
−39° 56′ 06″
247.71(155)[note 3]
2001
[27][28]

34
13.259
UGPS 0722-05
49
T9[2]
16.52 J[29]

07h 22m 27.3s
–05° 40′ 30″
246
2010
[30]

35
13.349(110)
Ross 614
(V577 Monocerotis, Gliese 234)
Ross 614A (LHS 1849)
50
M4.5V[2]
11.15[2]
13.09[2]
06h 29m 23.4s
−02° 48′ 50″
244.34(201)[4][6]
1927

Ross 614B (LHS 1850)
50
M5.5V
14.23[2]
16.17[2]
1936

36
13.820(98)
Wolf 1061 (Gliese 628, BD−12°4523)
52
M3.0V[2]
10.07[2]
11.93[2]
16h 30m 18.1s
−12° 39′ 45″
236.01(167)[4][5]
1919
potentially three planets, second out in habitable zone[31]

37
14.066(109)
Van Maanen's star (Gliese 35, LHS 7)
53
DZ7[2]
12.38[2]
14.21[2]
00h 49m 09.9s
+05° 23′ 19″
231.88(179)[4][5]
1896

38
14.231(66)
Gliese 1 (CD−37°15492)
54
M1.5 V [2]
8.55[2]
10.35[2]
00h 05m 24.4s
−37° 21′ 27″
229.20(107)[4][5]
1884

39
14.312(289)
Wolf 424
(FL Virginis, LHS 333, Gliese 473)
Wolf 424 A
55
M5.5Ve
13.18[2]
14.97[2]
12h 33m 17.2s
+09° 01′ 15″
227.90(460)[4]

Wolf 424 B
55
M7Ve
13.17[2]
14.96[2]

40
14.4
2MASS J154043.42-510135.7
57
M7V
15.26
17.04
15h 40m 43.42s
−51° 01′ 35.7″
228(024)
2014
[32]

41
14.509(187)
L 1159-16 (TZ Arietis, Gliese 83.1)
58
M4.5V[2]
12.27[2]
14.03[2]
02h 00m 13.2s
+13° 03′ 08″
224.80(290)[4]

42
14.793(55)
Gliese 687 (LHS 450, BD+68°946)
59
M3.0V[2]
9.17[2]
10.89[2]
17h 36m 25.9s
+68° 20′ 21″
220.49(082)[4][5]

has one known planet[33]

43
14.805(242)
LHS 292 (LP 731-58)
60
M6.5V[2]
15.60[2]
17.32[2]
10h 48m 12.6s
−11° 20′ 14″
220.30(360)[4]

44
14.809(107)
Gliese 674 (LHS 449)
61
M3.0V[2]
9.38[2]
11.09[2]
17h 28m 39.9s
−46° 53′ 43″
220.25(159)[4][5]

has one known planet[34]

45
14.812(67)
G 208-44
G 208-45
(GJ 1245)
G 208-44 A (V1581 Cyg)
62
M5.5V[2]
13.46[2]
15.17[2]
19h 53m 54.2s
+44° 24′ 55″
220.20(100)[4]

G 208-45
62
M6.0V[2]
14.01[2]
15.72[2]
19h 53m 55.2s
+44° 24′ 56″

G 208-44 B
62
M5.5
16.75[2]
18.46[2]
19h 53m 54.2s
+44° 24′ 55″

46
15.060(140)
LP 145-141 (WD 1142-645, Gliese 440)
65
DQ6[2]
11.50[2]
13.18[2]
11h 45m 42.9s
−64° 50′ 29″
216.57(201)[4][5]

47
15.313(259)
GJ 1002
66
M5.5V[2]
13.76[2]
15.40[2]
00h 06m 43.8s
−07° 32′ 22″
213.00(360)[4]

48
15.342(141)
Gliese 876 (Ross 780)
67
M3.5V[2]
10.17[2]
11.81[2]
22h 53m 16.7s
−14° 15′ 49″
212.59(196)[4][5]

has four known planets[35]

49
15.610(204)
LHS 288 (Luyten 143-23)
68
M5.5V[2]
13.90[2]
15.51[2]
10h 44m 21.2s
−61° 12′ 36″
208.95(273)[note 3]

[20]

50
15.832(83)
Gliese 412
Gliese 412 A
69
M1.0V[2]
8.77[2]
10.34[2]
11h 05m 28.6s
+43° 31′ 36″
206.02(108)[4][5]

Gliese 412 B (WX Ursae Majoris)
69
M5.5V[2]
14.48[2]
16.05[2]
11h 05m 30.4s
+43° 31′ 18″

51
15.848(52)
Groombridge 1618 (Gliese 380)
71
K7.0V[2]
6.59[2]
8.16[2]
10h 11m 22.1s
+49° 27′ 15″
205.81(067)[4][5]

52
15.942(218)
AD Leonis
72
M3.0V[2]
9.32[2]
10.87[2]
10h 19m 36.4s
+19° 52′ 10″
204.60(280)[4]

53
16.067[21]
DENIS J081730.0-615520
73
T6
13.6

08h 17m 30.1s
−61° 55′ 16″
203 [21]
2010

54
16.085(105)
Gliese 832
74
M1.5 V[2]
8.66[2]
10.20[2]
21h 33m 34.0s
−49° 00′ 32″
202.78(132)[4][5]

has two known planets[36][37]

55
16.197(313)
DEN 0255-4700
75
L7.5V[2]
22.92[2]
24.44[2]
02h 55m 03.7s
−47° 00′ 52″
201.37(389)[note 3]
1999?
[28]

56
16.265(765)
GJ 1005
GJ 1005 A
76
M4V[38]
11.48[38]

00h 15m 28.11s
−16° 08′ 01.6″
200.53(941)[38]

GJ 1005 B
76
 ?
 ?
 ?

#
Distance[3]
Light-years (±err)
System
Star
Star #
Stellar class
Apparent magnitude (mV or mJ)
Absolute magnitude (MV or MJ)
Right ascension[2]
Declination[2]
Parallax[2][note 1]
mas (±err)
Discovery date
Additional
references

Designation
Epoch J2000.0

tag: table

text: Maps of nearby stars[edit]

text: Future and past[edit]

text: Backwards extrapolation of the motion of Gamma Microscopii has shown that approximately 3.8 million years ago, it was only around 6 light-years from the Sun. Because it is a yellow giant, it would then have had an apparent magnitude of −3, brighter than Sirius currently is.

text: It is estimated that Scholz's star and its companion brown dwarf passed about 52,000 astronomical units (0.25 parsecs; 0.82 light-years) from the Sun about 70,000 years ago.[39]

text: Ross 248, currently at a distance of 10.3 light-years, has a radial velocity of −81 km/s. In about 31,000 years it may be the closest star to the Sun for several millennia, with a minimum distance of 0.927 parsecs (3.02 light-years) in 36,000 years.[40] Gliese 445, currently at a distance of 17.6 light-years, has a radial velocity of −119 km/s. In about 40,000 years it will be the closest star for a period of several thousand years. Gliese 710 is currently about 63.8 light-years (19.6 parsecs) from Earth, but its proper motion, distance, and radial velocity[41] indicate that it will approach within a very small distance—perhaps under one light year—from the Sun within 1.4 million years, based on past and current Hipparcos data.[42] At closest approach it will be a first-magnitude star about as bright as Antares. The proper motion of Gliese 710 is very small for its distance, meaning it is traveling nearly directly in our line of sight.

text: In a time interval of ±10 million years from the present, Gliese 710 is the star whose combination of mass and close approach distance will cause the greatest gravitational perturbation of the Solar System.

text: HIP 85605's spectral type and trajectory are not fully understood. More-accurate astrometry is required to determine the distance to the star, and thus if it will pass close to the Sun. It was estimated in 2014 that HIP 85605 could approach to about 0.13 to 0.65 light-years (0.04 to 0.2 pc) from the Sun within 240,000 to 470,000 years.

text: Known Hipparcos stars that have passed or will pass within 5.1 light-years of the Sun within ±2 million years:[42]

text:
Star name
HIP#
Minimum distance in light-years (parsecs)
Approach date in kiloyears
Current distance in light-years (parsecs)
Stellar classification
Mass in M☉
Current apparent magnitude
Constellation
Right ascension
Declination

Gliese 710
89825
0.14–0.27 ly (0.043–0.083 pc)
1340 !1320-1390
062.3 !62.3 (19.1)
K7V
0.4–0.6
09.6 !9.6
Serpens
18h 19m 50.843s
−01° 56′ 18.98″

Scholz's star and companion brown dwarf

0.59–1.17 ly (0.18–0.36 pc)
0.1 !–70
020 !20 (6)
M9+T5
0.15
18.3 !18.3
Monoceros
07h 20m 03.20s
−08° 46′ 51.2″

HIP 85605
85605[43]
0.13–0.65 ly (0.04–0.2 pc) (?)
0355 !240–470
022.2 !22.2 (6.8)?
K or M
0.4 !unknown
11.03 !11.03[44]
Hercules
17h 29m 36.24527s
24° 39′ 14.1204″

Gamma Microscopii[43]
103738
0.35–1.34 ly (0.11–0.41 pc)
0.0001 !−3800
229 !7002229000000000000♠229±4 (7001700000000000000♠70±1)
G6III
2.5
04.68 !4.68
Microscopium
21h 01m 17.46047s
−32° 15′ 27.9574″

Proxima Centauri
70890
2.90 (0.890)
0027.4 !27.4
004.24 !4.24 (1.29)
M5Ve
0.15
11.05 !11.05
Centaurus
14h 29m 42.949s
−62° 40′ 46.14″

Alpha Centauri A
71683
2.97 (0.910)
0028.4 !28.4
004.36 !4.36 (1.338)
G2V
1.100[45]
-00.01 !−0.01
Centaurus
14h 39m 36.495s
−60° 50′ 02.31″

Alpha Centauri B
71681
2.97 (0.910)
0028.4 !28.4
004.36 !4.36 (1.338)
K1V
0.907[45]
01.33 !1.33
Centaurus
14h 39m 35.080s
−60° 50′ 13.76″

AC+79 3888
57544
3.45 (1.059)
0046.0 !46.0
017.6 !17.6 (5.39)
M4
0.15?
10.8 !10.8
Camelopardalis
11h 47m 41.377s
+78° 41′ 28.18″

Barnard's Star
87937
3.74 (1.148)
0009.8 !9.8
005.98 !5.98 (1.834)
sdM4
0.144
09.54 !9.54
Ophiuchus
17h 57m 48.498s
+04° 41′ 36.25″

Zeta Leporis
27288
4.16 (1.275)
0.001 !−861
070.2 !70.2 (21.5)
A2Vann
2.0
03.55 !3.55
Lepus
05h 46m 57.341s
−14° 49′ 19.02″

Lalande 21185
54035
4.65 (1.426)
0020.5 !20.5
008.32 !8.32 (2.55)
M2V
0.39
07.52 !7.52
Ursa Major
11h 03m 20.194s
+35° 58′ 11.55″

Gliese 208
26335
5.01 (1.537)
0.01 !−500
037.1 !37.1 (11.38)
K7
0.47
08.9 !8.9
Orion
05h 36m 30.991s
+11° 19′ 40.32″

text: The distance to HIP 85605 was probably underestimated by a factor of ten due to it being an optical double that is particularly problematic in the Hipparcos data reduction.


document_title: Pan Am Flight 759

question_text: where did the plane crash in kenner la

question_tokens: where did the plane crash in kenner la

text: Pan Am Flight 759

text: Accident[edit]

text: The aircraft involved, a 14-year-old Boeing 727-235, registration N4737, construction number 19457/518, was delivered to National Airlines on January 31, 1968. The aircraft was powered by three Pratt & Whitney JT8D-7B turbofan engines,[2] and was renamed from 37 Susan/Erica to Clipper Defiance after National was merged with Pan Am.

text: The weather forecast issued at 0740 on July 9 by New Orleans National Meteorological Center contained thunderstorms, possible severe turbulence, icing, and wind shear. The weather chart at 1800 local time identified a high pressure system located 60 nm off the Louisiana coast. No fronts or low pressure areas were within 100 nm of the airport. The forecast between 1200 and 2200 indicated “scattered clouds, variable to broken clouds at 3,000 ft, thunderstorms, and moderate rain showers." According to the NWS (National Weather Service), there were no severe weather warnings for the time and area of the accident. [1]:1.7

text: Flight 759 began its takeoff from Runway 10 at the New Orleans International Airport (now Louis Armstrong New Orleans International), in Kenner, Louisiana at 16:07:57 central daylight time, bound for Las Vegas, Nevada. At the time of Flight 759's takeoff, there were thunderstorms over the east of the airport and east-northeast of the departure end of runway 10. The winds were reported to be "gusty and swirling."[1]:2.2.2 Flight 759 lifted off the runway, climbed to an altitude of between 95 and 150 feet (29 and 46 m), and then began to descend. About 2,376 feet (724 m) from the end of runway, the aircraft struck a line of trees at an altitude of about 50 feet (15 m). The aircraft continued descending for another 2,234 feet (681 m), hitting trees and houses. At 16:09:01, the aircraft crashed into the residential area of Kenner, about 4,610 feet (1405 m) from the end of the runway.

text: The aircraft was destroyed by the impact, explosion, and subsequent ground fire.[3] A total of 153 people were killed (all 145 passengers and crew on board and 8 on the ground).[1]:1.1 Another 4 people on the ground sustained injuries. In one of the destroyed houses, a baby was discovered in a crib covered with debris that protected her from the flames.[4] The child's mother and 4-year-old sister were killed.[5] In total, six houses were destroyed; five houses were damaged substantially.[6]

text: Investigation[edit]

text: The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the probable cause of the accident was the aircraft's encounter with microburst-induced wind shear during the liftoff, which imposed a downdraft and a decreasing headwind, the effects of which the pilot would have had difficulty recognizing and reacting to in time for the aircraft's descent to be stopped before its impact with trees.[7] Contributing to the accident was the limited capability of then-current wind shear detection technology.[1] The investigation noted the failure of the US Government to "put out proper weather information that day and to maintain wind shear detection devices at the airport."[8] The New York Times reported that:

text: "According to witnesses, a wind shear alert was mentioned on New Orleans Airport radio frequencies on July 9, before Flight 759 took off. But the flight crew had been briefed with a recorded weather advisory that was two hours old, though airport routine is for hourly recordings of weather information. There were no procedures at the airport for advising flight crews that updated weather announcements were available."[9]

text: As a result, millions of dollars were paid out as compensation to various families affected by the crash.[10][11] Flight 759, along with Delta Air Lines Flight 191 which crashed due to similar circumstances three years later, led to the development of the Airborne wind shear detection and alert system and the Federal Aviation Administration mandate to install windshear detection systems at airports and on board aircraft in the U.S. by 1993.[12][13]

text: Victims[edit]

text: Nationalities of the passengers and crew[edit]

text:
Nationality
Passengers
Crew
Total

 United States
85
7
92

 Australia
2
-
2

 Brazil
7
-
7

 Costa Rica
4
-
4

 France
4
-
4

 Hong Kong
4
-
4

 Jamaica
1
-
1

 Mexico
3
-
3

 Panama
1
-
1

 Puerto Rico
3
-
3

  Switzerland
4
-
4

 Uruguay
11
-
11

 Venezuela
1
-
1

 West Germany
5
-
5

 Yugoslavia
2
-
2

Total
137
7
144[a]

text: A memorial to the accident is located at Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church in Kenner, Louisiana.

text: At the time of accident, the aircraft was carrying 137 passengers and one non-revenue passenger in the cockpit jumpseat, along with a crew of seven. The Captain was Kenneth McCullers. He was described by others as an "above average" pilot, who was "comfortable" to fly with because of his excellent judgement and ability to exercise command. The First Officer was described by other captains as a conscientious pilot with excellent knowledge of aircraft systems and company flight procedures and techniques. All three flight crew, including the captain, the first officer and the second officer, were reported having no sleep or health problems, and had passed all proficiency checks without issues.[1]:1.5

text: Media[edit]

text: Royd Anderson wrote and produced a documentary on the crash in 2012.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Figure does not include one additional non-revenued passenger occupying the cockpit's jumpseat. The nationality of this passenger is unknown.[14][1]:1

tag: ol


document_title: Liturgical colours

question_text: what colour does the church use during the season of christmas

text: Liturgical colours

text: Roman Catholic Church[edit]

text: Current rubrics[edit]

text: In the Roman Rite, as reformed by Pope Paul VI, the following colours are used.[1]

text:
Color
Obligatory usage
Optional usage (in lieu of prescribed obligatory colour)

Green

Sundays and Ferias in Ordinary Time

Violet

Sundays and Ferias of Advent
Sundays and Ferias in Lent
Liturgies on Holy Saturday (except for the Easter Vigil)
Sacrament of Reconciliation
Sacrament of the Sick

All Souls' Day
Requiem Masses and offices for the dead

Rose

Gaudete Sunday (Third Sunday of Advent)
Laetare Sunday (Fourth Sunday in Lent)

White

Christmastide (from [Vigil] of Christmas to the Baptism of the Lord)
Holy Thursday
Easter season (from the Easter Vigil up to the Vigil of Pentecost)
Solemnity of the Most Holy Trinity
Feasts of Our Lord other than those of His Passion
Marian feast days[2]
Feasts of the Angels
Feasts of non-martyred saints or confessors
Feast of St. John
Feast of the Chair of Saint Peter
Feast of the Conversion of Paul the Apostle
The Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Feast of All Saints
Sacrament of Baptism
Sacrament of Matrimony
Sacrament of Holy Orders

Requiem Masses and offices for the dead where the Conference of Bishops has permitted it.[3]
Votive Masses and other Masses where Green is normally used.

Red

Palm Sunday
Good Friday
Pentecost
Feasts of the Passion of the Lord
Feasts of Martyrs, Apostles, and Evangelists
Sacrament of Confirmation

Red Masses and other votive Masses of the Holy Spirit.
Papal funeral (Red is the colour of mourning for popes according to an ancient Byzantine custom)

Black

All Souls' Day
Requiem Masses

text: On more solemn days, i.e. festive, more precious, sacred vestments may be used, even if not of the colour of the day. Such vestments may, for instance, be made from cloth of gold or cloth of silver. Moreover, the Conference of Bishops may determine and propose to the Apostolic See adaptations suited to the needs and culture of peoples.[4]

text: Ritual Masses are celebrated in their proper colour, in white, or in a festive colour. Masses for Various Needs, on the other hand, are celebrated in the colour proper to the day or the season or in violet if they bear a penitential character. Votive Masses are celebrated in the colour suited to the Mass itself or even in the colour proper to the day or the season.[5]

text: Regional and situational exceptions[edit]

text: Some particular variations:

text:
Blue, a colour associated with the Virgin Mary, is permitted for the feast of the Immaculate Conception in Spain and in some dioceses in Portugal, Mexico, and South America. In the Philippines, it is authorised for all feasts of the Virgin Mary, a practice followed in some other places without official warrant. There have also been uses of blue in place of violet for the season of Advent despite the fact that this practice is prohibited under liturgical law.[6]
  White or   cloth of gold was traditionally used for the Novena from 16 to 24 December according to a Spanish custom abolished in that country in the 1950s, but still widely observed in the Philippines[citation needed]. White is also used for East Asian Masses for the dead, as white is the traditional colour of mourning in many of the region's cultures. Furthermore, if not enough vestments of the proper colour are available (particularly in concelebrations), white may be used for all concelebrants.
  Violet or   black are often permitted on national holidays honoring military dead. For example in Canada, they are used on Remembrance Day.
  Gold or   silver may be worn on more solemn occasions in the Dioceses of the United States.[7]

tag: ul

text: Pre-1969 rubrics[edit]

text: The Roman Missal, as revised by Pope John XXIII in 1962, was authorised for use as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite by Pope Benedict XVI by the 2007 motu proprio entitled Summorum Pontificum. Pope John XXIII's revision of the Missal incorporated changes that he had made with his motu proprio Rubricarum instructum of 29 July 1960.[8] The following are the differences between its rules for liturgical colours and the later rules:

text:
Colour
1920–1955 usage
1955–1960 Usage
1960-1969 Usage

Violet

Ember days
Rogation days
Vigil of St. Andrew
Vigil of St. Thomas
Vigil of Christmas
Holy Innocents (when this falls on a weekday)
Purification (Blessing of Candles and Procession)
Vigil of St. Matthias (in leap years only)
Septuagesima, Sexagesima, and Quinquagesima
Palm Sunday (Blessing of Palms, Procession, Mass)
Holy Saturday (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of Pentecost (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Vigil of St. James
Vigil of the Assumption
Vigil of Sts. Simon and Jude
Vigil of All Saints
All Souls (during the Forty Hours' Devotion only)
Sacrament of Baptism (Introductory rites and Exorcism)

Ember days
Rogation days
Vigil of Christmas
Holy Innocents (when this falls on a weekday)
Purification (Blessing of Candles and Procession)
Septuagesima, Sexagesima, and Quinquagesima
Palm Sunday (Mass only)
Good Friday (Distribution of Holy Communion only)
Easter Vigil (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of Pentecost (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Vigil of the Assumption
All Souls (during the Forty Hours' Devotion only)
Sacrament of Baptism (Introductory rites and Exorcism)

Ember days
Rogation days
Vigil of Christmas
Septuagesima, Sexagesima, and Quinquagesima
Palm Sunday (Mass only)
Good Friday (Distribution of Holy Communion only)
Easter Vigil (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of Pentecost (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Vigil of Sts. Peter and Paul
Vigil of St. Lawrence
Vigil of the Assumption
All Souls (during the Forty Hours' Devotion only)
Sacrament of Baptism (Introductory rites and Exorcism)

Rose

Gaudete Sunday
Laetare Sunday

Gaudete Sunday
Laetare Sunday

Gaudete Sunday
Laetare Sunday

White

Octave of the Immaculate Conception
Octave of St. John
Vigil of the Epiphany
Octave of the Epiphany
Octave of the Solemnity of St. Joseph
Vigil of the Ascension
Octave of the Ascension
Octave of Corpus Christi
Octave of the Sacred Heart
Octave of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Octave of the Assumption
Octave of All Saints
Sacrament of Confirmation

Vigil of the Ascension
Sacrament of Confirmation

Vigil of the Ascension
Sacrament of Confirmation

Red

Octave of St. Stephen
Octave of the Holy Innocents
Octave of Pentecost
Octave of Sts. Peter and Paul

Palm Sunday (blessing of palms only)
Octave of Pentecost

Palm Sunday (blessing of palms only)
Octave of Pentecost

Black

Good Friday
All Souls (except during the Forty Hours' Devotion)
Requiem Masses

Good Friday (main liturgy)
All Souls (except during the Forty Hours' Devotion)
Requiem Masses

Good Friday (main liturgy)
All Souls (except during the Forty Hours' Devotion)
Requiem Masses

text: Pope Pius X raised the rank of Sundays of ordinary time, so that on those that fell within octaves green was used instead of the colour of the octave, as had previously been the rule.[9]

text: The rules on liturgical colours before the time of Pope Pius X were essentially those indicated in the edition of the Roman Missal that Pope Pius V promulgated in 1570, except for the addition of feasts not included in his Missal. The scheme of colours in his Missal reflected usage that had become fixed in Rome by the twelfth century.

text: Byzantine Rite[edit]

text: The Byzantine Rite, which is used by all the member churches of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite, does not have a universal system of colours, with the service-books of the Byzantine tradition only specifying "light" or "dark" vestments in the service books. In the Greek tradition, maroon or burgundy are common for solemn feast days, and a wide variety of colours are used at other times, the most common of which are gold and white.

text: Slavic-use churches and others influenced by Western traditions have adopted a cycle of liturgical colours.  The particulars may change from place to place, but generally:

text:
Colour
Common usage
Other usage

Gold

When no other colour is specified

Light blue

Feasts of the Theotokos
Feasts of the Holy Archangels

Churches dedicated to the Theotokos may use light blue for the default, instead of gold.
In some places, blue is also used for Holy Theophany.
In many places, blue is used for the Dormition Fast (except from the Transfiguration to its afterfeast (August 6–13), when either gold or white is used).

Purple or wine-red

Saturdays and Sundays during Great Lent

In many places, purple or dark red are only worn on the weekdays of the Great Fast, while bright colors (gold, gold/white) are used on Saturdays and Sundays.

Red

Holy Thursday
Feast of the Cross
Beheading of St. John the Baptist
Feasts of Martyrs
Nativity Fast
Apostles' Fast

Pascha (Mount Athos and Jerusalem)
Nativity (Mount Athos and Jerusalem)
Feasts of the Holy Theotokos (Mount Athos)
In some places, red is used for the Dormition Fast (except from the Transfiguration to its afterfeast (August 6–13), when either gold or white is used).

Green

Palm Sunday
Pentecost
Feasts of Venerable (Monastic) Saints

Feast of the Cross in some places (such as Jerusalem)

Black

Weekdays during Great Lent
Weekdays during Holy Week (except Holy Thursday)

Black is far more prevalent in the Slavic traditions than the Greek tradition, especially in the United States.

White

Pascha
Nativity
Theophany
Other Great Feasts of the Lord

Funerals (Throughout the year, even during Holy Week.)

text: The colours would be changed before Vespers on the eve of the day being commemorated.  During Great Feasts, the colour is changed before the vespers service that begins the first day of a forefeast, and remains until the apodosis (final day of the afterfeast).

text: Under Western influence, black is often used in the Slavic churches for funerals, weekdays of Great Lent, and Holy Week as a sign of penance and mourning, but in the second half of the 20th century, the ancient white became more common, as a sign of the hope of the Resurrection.

text: Russian liturgical colours[edit]

text: According to the Russian Orthodox Church's Nastol'naya Kniga Sviashchenno-sluzhitelia,[10] up to eight different liturgical colours may be used throughout the year.  Exact usage of these colours varies, but the following are the most common uses.

text:
Colour
Common usage
Uncommon or other usage

Gold

Feasts of the Lord Jesus Christ
Feasts of Prophets
Feasts of Apostles
Feasts of Holy Hierarchs
When no other colour is specified

Light blue

Feasts of the Theotokos
Presentation of the Lord
Annunciation
Feasts of Bodiless Powers
Feasts of Virgins

Fifth Friday in Lent
Dormition Fast until Elevation of the Cross, or even Advent (Carpatho-Russians)

Purple or wine-red

Cross of Our Lord
Great and Holy Thursday
Weekends of Lent

Weekdays of Lent

Red

Feasts of Martyrs
Feast of Saints Peter and Paul
Advent
Feasts of Angels
Elevation of the Cross

Pascha (Mount Athos and Jerusalem)
Nativity (Mount Athos and Jerusalem)

Green

Palm Sunday
Pentecost
Holy Spirit Day
Feasts of Monastic Saints
Feasts of Ascetics
Feasts of Fools for Christ
Feasts of Prophets
Feasts of Angels

Pentecost until Saints Peter and Paul (Carpatho-Russians)

Black

Weekdays of Lent

Weekday funerals, memorials, and liturgies (Carpatho-Russians)

White

Epiphany
Transfiguration
Paschal season
Funerals

Theophany
Christmas Day

Orange or tawny

Saints Peter and Paul fast
Feast of Saints Peter and Paul until Transfiguration

text: Coptic Rite[edit]

text: The Coptic tradition, followed by the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Coptic Catholic Church, only uses white vestments, with gold and silver being considered variations of white. The only exception is during Passion Week when black is used. Nonetheless, trimmings of red, gold or blue may be found on some vestments.

text: Ethiopian Rite[edit]

text: The liturgical tradition of Ethiopia, followed by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the Ethiopian Catholic Church, embraces a wide variety of liturgical colours. In Eritrea, similar traditions are followed.

text: Anglicanism[edit]

text: Most Anglican churches use the colours appointed in the Roman Rite, usually in its post-1969 form, with the exception of Sarum Blue replacing violet for Advent, but some use the earlier form, with, for instance, black in place of red on Good Friday. Some churches use black at Masses for the dead, but more commonly white or purple is used. For historical reasons much of the worldwide Anglican Communion takes a noticeable lead from the practice of the Church of England. Since the 1980 Alternative Service Book, liturgical colours have been recommended for seasons, with more detailed advice offered as part of the Common Worship series of liturgies, including colours for all Sundays and festivals printed in the 'core volume' next to collects.

text: The Church's published Lectionary now makes detailed suggestions for liturgical colour throughout the year, which corresponds almost exactly with the above table of Roman Rite (post-1969 usage) usage with five minor exceptions, and one more significant one:

text:
there is no reference in Anglican usage to Masses of deceased popes and cardinals;
no liturgical colour at all is suggested for Holy Saturday (the words "hangings removed" are printed);
the recommendation of red for confirmation rites is extended also to ordination rites;
Lenten Array (unbleached linen) continues to be listed as an alternative option to purple during Lent;
the option exists for using red instead of green during the "Kingdom Season", the four last Sundays of the liturgical year, culminating in Christ the King, as is common is some Lutheran traditions (see below);
finally, and more significantly, the Church of England provision suggests white throughout the Sundays after Epiphany as a distinct "Epiphany season", with ordinary time commencing the day after Candlemas.

text: The Church of England suggested colour scheme also indicates where gold vestments should be used in those churches that possess gold and white as distinct colours. The use of rose-pink vestments, as in the Roman Rite table above, was mentioned as an option in early editions of Common Worship,[11] and is a listed option in the annual published lectionary; however, later Common Worship publications have begun to refer to this practice as "traditional" reflecting its resurgence.[12]

text: Sarum Rite[edit]

text: The Sarum Rite was a medieval liturgical rite used in England before the Reformation which had a distinct set of liturgical colours. After the Anglo-Catholic Revival of the 19th Century, certain Church of England churches began adopting Sarum liturgical colours as an attempt to produce something that was an English expression of Catholicism rather than a Roman expression. One of the chief advocates behind this was the Reverend Percy Dearmer. The exact colours used by the mediaeval Sarum rite are a matter of dispute, but colours adopted by contemporary churches claiming to use the Sarum scheme include in particular deep blue for Advent, which may be popularly referred to as "Sarum blue", and unbleached linen for Lent. The Sarum rite has never received official approval in the Church of England or in The Episcopal Church, but has influenced a number of cathedrals and parish churches.

text: Protestants[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Some Protestant churches, historically especially Methodists, and today many mainline Protestants, use a colour scheme similar to those used by Anglicans and Catholics, although the practice is not universally followed. Many Protestant churches do not use liturgical colours at all. The United Methodist Church, prior to the early-1990s, used red solely for Pentecost, even including the Sundays after Pentecost Sunday, with the use of green being reserved for the season of Kingdomtide, which usually lasted from late August/early September until Christ the King (the last Sunday in Kingdomtide). Since the publication of the 1992 Book of Worship, the UMC has followed the ELCA practice of wearing red only for Pentecost and Reformation Sundays and green for the rest of the Pentecost season.

text: The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), uses the same colour scheme as that of the Anglicans and their Scandinavian Lutheran counterparts, but with the use of gold only for the Easter Vigil and Easter Sunday services, with Holy Week using scarlet in place of crimson.

text: Both the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS), along with the United Methodist Church use a similar system, but with purple being the primary colour for both Advent and Lent (with blue being the alternate colour for Advent only), and the use of gold in place of white for both Christmas and Easter (in similar practice to the Catholic Church).  In the WELS, the use of red is also done during the Period of End Times, a period of the Church regarding the teachings of the Book of Revelation, culminating in the creation of the New Jerusalem (corresponding to Christ the King in the ELCA). In all three churches, including the ELCA, red is also worn on the last Sunday of October, in celebration of the Reformation on October 31, when Martin Luther nailed the 95 Theses onto the door of Wittenberg Castle Church.

text: The Presbyterian Church (USA) has sanctioned the use of liturgical colours and promoted their use in the 1993 Book of Common Worship (although their use was also promoted in the church's annual Planning Calendars beginning in the 1980s). Advent and Lent are periods of preparation and repentance and are represented by the colour purple. The feasts of Christmas Day and Christmastide, Epiphany Sunday, Baptism of the Lord Sunday, Transfiguration Sunday, Easter Season, Trinity Sunday, and Christ the King Sunday are represented by white. Green is the colour for periods of Ordinary Time. Red is for Pentecost Sunday, but may also be used for ordinations, church anniversaries, and memorial services for ordained clergy. Red or purple are appropriate for Palm Sunday. During Holy Week, the church may use purple or remain bare (although a few churches will use black for Good Friday).

text: Similarly, the United Church of Christ includes indications of which liturgical colour to use for each Sunday in its annual calendar. The general Western pattern is followed, with either purple or blue recommended for Advent.[13]


document_title: France at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when did france beat brazil in world cup

text: France at the FIFA World Cup

text: FIFA World Cup record[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup finals record

Qualifications record

Year

Round

Position

GP

W

D*

L

GF

GA

Squad

GP

W

D

L

GF

GA

 1930
Group stage
7th
3
1
0
2
4
3
Squad

—

 1934
Round of 16
9th
1
0
0
1
2
3
Squad

1
1
0
0
6
1
1934

 1938
Quarter-finals
6th
2
1
0
1
4
4
Squad

Qualified as hosts
1938

 1950
Originally did not qualify, then invited, later withdrew

3
0
2
1
4
5
1950

 1954
Group stage
11th
2
1
0
1
3
3
Squad

4
4
0
0
20
4
1954

 1958
Third place
3rd
6
4
0
2
23
15
Squad

4
3
1
0
19
4
1958

 1962
Did not qualify

5
3
0
2
10
4
1962

 1966
Group stage
13th
3
0
1
2
2
5
Squad

6
5
0
1
9
2
1966

 1970
Did not qualify

4
2
0
2
6
4
1970

 1974

4
1
1
2
3
5
1974

 1978
Group stage
12th
3
1
0
2
5
5
Squad

4
2
1
1
7
4
1978

 1982
Fourth place
4th
7
3
2
2
16
12
Squad

8
5
0
3
20
8
1982

 1986
Third place
3rd
7
4
2
1
12
6
Squad

8
5
1
2
15
4
1986

 1990
Did not qualify

8
3
3
2
10
7
1990

 1994

10
6
1
3
17
10
1994

 1998
Champions
1st
7
6
1
0
15
2
Squad

Qualified as hosts
1998

  2002
Group stage
28th
3
0
1
2
0
3
Squad

Qualified as defending champions
2002

 2006
Runners-up
2nd
7
4
3
0
9
3
Squad

10
5
5
0
14
2
2006

 2010
Group stage
29th
3
0
1
2
1
4
Squad

12
7
4
1
20
10
2010

 2014
Quarter-finals
7th
5
3
1
1
10
3
Squad

10
6
2
2
18
8
2014

 2018
Champions
1st
7
6
1
0
14
6
Squad

10
7
2
1
18
6
2018

 2022
To be determined

To be determined
2022

Total
15/21
2 Titles
65
33
13*
19
120
77
N/A
111
65
23
23
216
88
Total

text:
showFrance's World Cup record

First Match

 France 4–1 Mexico  (15 July 1930; Montevideo, Uruguay)

Biggest Win

 France 7–3 Paraguay  (8 June 1958; Norrköping, Sweden)

Biggest Defeat

 France 2-5 Brazil  (24 June 1958; Solna, Sweden)

Best Result

Champions in 1998 and 2018

Worst Result

Group stage in 1934, 1954, 1966, 1978, 2002 and 2010

text: By match[edit]

text:
Year as

Round

Against

Score

Scorers

 1930
Group 1
 Mexico
4–1
Laurent, Langiller, Maschinot (2)

Group 1
 Argentina
0–1

Group 1
 Chile
0–1

 1934
Round 1
 Austria
2–3 (a.e.t.)
Nicolas, Verriest

 1938
Round 1
 Belgium
3–1
Veinante, Nicolas (2)

Quarter-Final
 Italy
1–3
Heisserer

 1954
Group 1
 Yugoslavia
0–1

Group 1
 Mexico
3–2
Vincent, Cardenas, Kopa

 1958
Group 2
 Paraguay
7–3
Fontaine (3), Piantoni, Wisnieski, Kopa, Vincent

Group 2
 Yugoslavia
2–3
Fontaine (2)

Group 2
 Scotland
2–1
Kopa, Fontaine

Quarter-Final
 Northern Ireland
4–0
Wisnieski, Fontaine (2), Piantoni

Semi-Final
 Brazil
2–5
Fontaine, Piantoni

Third Place Match
 West Germany
6–3
Fontaine (4), Kopa, Douis

 1966
Group 1
 Mexico
1–1
Hausser

Group 1
 Uruguay
1–2
De Bourgoing

Group 1
 England
0–2

 1978
Group 1
 Italy
1–2
Lacombe

Group 1
 Argentina
1–2
Platini

Group 1
 Hungary
3–1
Lopez, Berdoll, Rocheteau

 1982
Group 4
 England
1–3
Soler

Group 4
 Kuwait
4–1
Genghini, Platini, Six, Bossis

Group 4
 Czechoslovakia
1–1
Six

Group D Round 2
 Austria
1–0
Genghini

Group D Round 2
 Northern Ireland
4–1
Giresse (2), Rocheteau (2)

Semi-Final
 West Germany
3–3 (a.e.t.), 4–5 (p.)
Platini, Tresor, Giresse

Third Place Match
 Poland
2–3
Girard, Couriol

 1986
Group C
 Canada
1–0
Papin

Group C
 Soviet Union
1–1
Fernández

Group C
 Hungary
3–0
Stopyra, Tigana, Rocheteau

Round of 16
 Italy
2–0
Platini, Stopyra

Quarter-Final
 Brazil
1–1 (a.e.t.), 4–3 (p.)
Platini

Semi-Final
 West Germany
0–2

Third Place Match
 Belgium
4–2 (a.e.t.)
Ferreri, Papin, Genghini, Amoros

 1998
Group C
 South Africa
3–0
Dugarry, Issa (o.g.), Henry

Group C
 Saudi Arabia
4–0
Henry (2), Trezeguet, Lizarazu

Group C
 Denmark
2–1
Djorkaeff, Petit

Round of 16
 Paraguay
1–0 (a.e.t.)
Blanc

Quarter-Final
 Italy
0–0 (a.e.t.), 4–3 (p.)

Semi-Final
 Croatia
2–1
Thuram (2)

Final
 Brazil
3–0
Zidane (2), Petit

 2002
Group A
 Senegal
0–1

Group A
 Uruguay
0–0

Group A
 Denmark
0–2

 2006
Group G
  Switzerland
0–0

Group G
 South Korea
1–1
Henry

Group G
 Togo
2–0
Vieira, Henry

Round of 16
 Spain
3–1
Ribéry, Vieira, Zidane

Quarter-Final
 Brazil
1–0
Henry

Semi-Final
 Portugal
1–0
Zidane

Final
 Italy
1–1 (a.e.t.), 3–5 (p.)
Zidane

 2010
Group A
 Uruguay
0–0

Group A
 Mexico
0–2

Group A
 South Africa
1–2
Malouda

 2014
Group E
 Honduras
3–0
Benzema (2), Valladares (o.g.)

Group E
  Switzerland
5–2
Giroud, Matuidi, Valbuena, Benzema, Sissoko

Group E
 Ecuador
0–0

Round of 16
 Nigeria
2–0
Pogba, Yobo (o.g.)

Quarter-Final
 Germany
0–1

 2018
Group C
 Australia
2–1
Griezmann, Behich (o.g.)

Group C
 Peru
1–0
Mbappé

Group C
 Denmark
0–0

Round of 16
 Argentina
4–3
Griezmann, Pavard, Mbappé (2)

Quarter-Final
 Uruguay
2–0
Varane, Griezmann

Semi-Final
 Belgium
1–0
Umtiti

Final
 Croatia
4–2
Mandžukić (o.g.), Griezmann, Pogba, Mbappé

text: France at the 1998 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Head coach: Aimé Jacquet

text:
No.

Pos.

Player

Date of birth (age)

Caps

Club

1

1GK

Bernard Lama

 (1963-04-07)7 April 1963 (aged 35)

37

 Paris Saint Germain

2

2DF

Vincent Candela

 (1973-10-24)24 October 1973 (aged 24)

10

 Roma

3

2DF

Bixente Lizarazu

 (1969-12-09)9 December 1969 (aged 28)

32

 Bayern Munich

4

3MF

Patrick Vieira

 (1976-06-23)23 June 1976 (aged 21)

7

 Arsenal

5

2DF

Laurent Blanc

 (1965-11-19)19 November 1965 (aged 32)

68

 Marseille

6

4FW

Youri Djorkaeff

 (1968-03-09)9 March 1968 (aged 30)

37

 Internazionale

7

3MF

Didier Deschamps (c)

 (1968-10-15)15 October 1968 (aged 29)

69

 Juventus

8

2DF

Marcel Desailly

 (1968-09-07)7 September 1968 (aged 29)

41

 Milan

9

4FW

Stéphane Guivarc'h

 (1970-09-06)6 September 1970 (aged 27)

6

 Auxerre

10

3MF

Zinedine Zidane

 (1972-06-23)23 June 1972 (aged 25)

33

 Juventus

11

3MF

Robert Pirès

 (1973-10-29)29 October 1973 (aged 24)

13

 Metz

12

4FW

Thierry Henry

 (1977-08-17)17 August 1977 (aged 20)

3

 Monaco

13

3MF

Bernard Diomède

 (1974-01-23)23 January 1974 (aged 24)

6

 Auxerre

14

3MF

Alain Boghossian

 (1970-10-27)27 October 1970 (aged 27)

6

 Sampdoria

15

2DF

Lilian Thuram

 (1972-01-01)1 January 1972 (aged 26)

32

 Parma

16

1GK

Fabien Barthez

 (1971-06-28)28 June 1971 (aged 26)

12

 Monaco

17

3MF

Emmanuel Petit

 (1970-09-22)22 September 1970 (aged 27)

17

 Arsenal

18

2DF

Frank Lebœuf

 (1968-01-22)22 January 1968 (aged 30)

13

 Chelsea

19

3MF

Christian Karembeu

 (1970-12-03)3 December 1970 (aged 27)

31

 Real Madrid

20

4FW

David Trezeguet

 (1977-10-15)15 October 1977 (aged 20)

4

 Monaco

21

4FW

Christophe Dugarry

 (1972-03-24)24 March 1972 (aged 26)

23

 Marseille

22

1GK

Lionel Charbonnier

 (1966-10-25)25 October 1966 (aged 31)

1

 Auxerre

text: France vs South Africa[edit]

text:
France

3–0

 South Africa

Dugarry  36'Issa  77' (o.g.)Henry  90+2'

Report

text:
GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
8
Marcel Desailly

CB
5
Laurent Blanc

LB
3
Bixente Lizarazu

CM
7
Didier Deschamps (c)
 53'

CM
17
Emmanuel Petit
 28'
 73'

RW
6
Youri Djorkaeff

 84'

AM
10
Zinedine Zidane
 75'

LW
12
Thierry Henry

CF
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h

 26'

Substitutions:

FW
21
Christophe Dugarry

 26'

MF
14
Alain Boghossian

 73'

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 84'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

GK
1
Hans Vonk

DF
3
David Nyathi

DF
4
Willem Jackson
 39'

DF
5
Mark Fish

DF
19
Lucas Radebe (c)

DF
21
Pierre Issa

MF
7
Quinton Fortune

MF
10
John Moshoeu

FW
6
Phil Masinga

FW
12
Brendan Augustine

 56'

FW
17
Benni McCarthy

 89'

Substitutions:

MF
11
Helman Mkhalele

 56'

FW
9
Shaun Bartlett

 89'

Manager:

Philippe Troussier

text:
Assistant referees:
Arnaldo Pinto (Brazil)
Merere Gonzales (Trinidad and Tobago)
Fourth official:
Mario Sánchez Yanten (Chile)

text: France vs Saudi Arabia[edit]

text:
France

4–0

 Saudi Arabia

Henry  37', 78'Trezeguet  68'Lizarazu  85'

Report

text:
GK
16
Fabien Barthez

DF
3
Bixente Lizarazu
 50'

DF
5
Laurent Blanc
 36'

DF
8
Marcel Desailly

DF
15
Lilian Thuram

MF
7
Didier Deschamps (c)

MF
10
Zinedine Zidane
 71'

MF
13
Bernard Diomède

 58'

MF
14
Alain Boghossian

FW
12
Thierry Henry

 79'

FW
21
Christophe Dugarry

 30'

Substitutions:

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 30'

MF
6
Youri Djorkaeff

 58'

MF
11
Robert Pirès

 79'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

GK
1
Mohamed Al-Deayea

DF
2
Mohammed Al-Jahani
 7'
 76'

DF
3
Mohammed Al-Khilaiwi
 19'

DF
4
Abdullah Zubromawi

DF
13
Hussein Sulaimani

MF
6
Fuad Amin (c)

MF
7
Ibrahim Al-Shahrani

MF
16
Khamis Al-Owairan

MF
20
Hamzah Saleh

FW
9
Sami Al-Jaber
 82'

FW
10
Saeed Al-Owairan

 33'

Substitutions:

MF
12
Ibrahim Al-Harbi

 33'
 65'

MF
14
Khalid Al-Muwallid

 65'

DF
17
Ahmed Dokhi

 76'

Manager:

Carlos Alberto Parreira

text:
Assistant referees:
Reynaldo Salinas (Honduras)
Luis Torres Zúñiga (Costa Rica)
Fourth official:
Alberto Tejada Noriega (Peru)

text: France vs Denmark[edit]

text:
France

2–1

 Denmark

Djorkaeff  12' (pen.)Petit  56'

Report

M. Laudrup  42' (pen.)

text:
GK
16
Fabien Barthez

DF
2
Vincent Candela

DF
8
Marcel Desailly (c)

DF
18
Franck Leboeuf

MF
4
Patrick Vieira
 62'

MF
6
Youri Djorkaeff

MF
11
Robert Pirès

 71'

MF
13
Bernard Diomède
 53'

MF
17
Emmanuel Petit

 64'

MF
19
Christian Karembeu

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 85'

Substitutions:

MF
14
Alain Boghossian

 64'

FW
12
Thierry Henry

 71'

FW
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h

 85'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

GK
1
Peter Schmeichel

DF
2
Michael Schjønberg

DF
3
Marc Rieper

DF
4
Jes Høgh

DF
5
Jan Heintze

DF
6
Thomas Helveg

DF
13
Jacob Laursen

 46'

MF
7
Allan Nielsen

MF
10
Michael Laudrup (c)

MF
21
Martin Jørgensen

 54'

FW
11
Brian Laudrup

 75'

Substitutions:

DF
12
Søren Colding
 65'
 46'

FW
19
Ebbe Sand

 54'

MF
15
Stig Tøfting
 78'
 75'

Manager:

Bo Johansson

text:
Assistant referees:
Nimal Wickeramatunge (Sri Lanka)
Emanuel Zammit (Malta)
Fourth official:
Vítor Melo Pereira (Portugal)

text: Round of 16 France vs Paraguay[edit]

text:
France

1–0 (a.e.t.)

 Paraguay

Blanc  113'

Report

text:
GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
5
Laurent Blanc

CB
8
Marcel Desailly

LB
3
Bixente Lizarazu

CM
7
Didier Deschamps (c)

CM
17
Emmanuel Petit

 69'

RW
13
Bernard Diomède

 76'

LW
6
Youri Djorkaeff

CF
20
David Trezeguet

CF
12
Thierry Henry

 64'

Substitutes:

MF
11
Robert Pirès

 64'

MF
14
Alain Boghossian

 69'

FW
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h

 76'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

GK
1
José Luis Chilavert (c)
 19'

RB
2
Francisco Arce
 84'

CB
4
Carlos Gamarra

CB
5
Celso Ayala

LB
11
Pedro Sarabia

CM
10
Roberto Acuña

CM
16
Julio César Enciso
 32'

CM
13
Carlos Humberto Paredes

 74'

AM
21
Jorge Luis Campos

 55'

AM
15
Miguel Ángel Benítez
 23'

CF
9
José Cardozo

 91'

Substitutes:

MF
7
Julio César Yegros

 55'

DF
20
Denis Caniza

 74'

MF
8
Aristides Rojas

 91'

Manager:

Paulo César Carpegiani

text:
Assistant referees:
Nimal Wickeramatunge (Sri Lanka)
Lencie Fred (Vanuatu)
Fourth official:
Esse Baharmast (United States)

text: Quarter-Final Italy vs France[edit]

text:
Italy

0–0 (a.e.t.)

 France

Report

Penalties

R. Baggio Albertini Costacurta Vieri Di Biagio

3 – 4

 Zidane Lizarazu Trezeguet Henry Blanc

text:
GK
12
Gianluca Pagliuca

RB
2
Giuseppe Bergomi
 28'

CB
4
Fabio Cannavaro

CB
5
Alessandro Costacurta
 113'

LB
3
Paolo Maldini (c)

CM
11
Dino Baggio

 52'

CM
14
Luigi Di Biagio

RW
17
Francesco Moriero

LW
7
Gianluca Pessotto

 90'

SS
10
Alessandro Del Piero
 26'
 67'

CF
21
Christian Vieri

Substitutes:

MF
9
Demetrio Albertini

 52'

FW
18
Roberto Baggio

 67'

MF
15
Angelo Di Livio

 90'

Manager:

Cesare Maldini

GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
5
Laurent Blanc

CB
8
Marcel Desailly

LB
3
Bixente Lizarazu

DM
7
Didier Deschamps (c)
 62'

RM
19
Christian Karembeu

 65'

LM
17
Emanuel Petit

AM
10
Zinedine Zidane

SS
6
Youri Djorkaeff

CF
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h
 53'
 65'

Substitutes:

FW
12
Thierry Henry

 65'

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 65'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

text:
Assistant referees:
 Mark Warren (England)
 Nicolae Grigorescu (Romania)
Fourth official:
Said Belqola (Morocco)

text: Semi-Final France vs Croatia[edit]

text:
France

2–1

 Croatia

Thuram  47', 69'

Report

Šuker  46'

text:
GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
5
Laurent Blanc
 76'

CB
8
Marcel Desailly

LB
3
Bixente Lizarazu

DM
7
Didier Deschamps (c)

RM
19
Christian Karembeu

 31'

LM
17
Emmanuel Petit

AM
10
Zinedine Zidane

SS
6
Youri Djorkaeff

 77'

CF
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h

 68'

Substitutes:

FW
12
Thierry Henry

 31'

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 68'

DF
18
Frank Leboeuf

 77'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

GK
1
Dražen Ladić

RB
20
Dario Šimić
 88'

CB
6
Slaven Bilić

CB
4
Igor Štimac

LB
17
Robert Jarni

DM
14
Zvonimir Soldo

RM
7
Aljoša Asanović
 45'

LM
13
Mario Stanić
 75'
 89'

AM
10
Zvonimir Boban (c)

 66'

SS
19
Goran Vlaović

CF
9
Davor Šuker

Substitutes:

FW
11
Silvio Marić

 66'

MF
8
Robert Prosinečki

 89'

Manager:

Miroslav Blažević

text:
Assistant referees:
 Fernando Tresaco Gracia (Spain)
 Jorge Díaz Gálvez (Chile)
Fourth official:
Epifanio González Chávez (Paraguay)

text: Final[edit]

text: The 1998 final was held on 12 July at the Stade de France, Saint-Denis. France defeated holders Brazil 3–0, with two goals from Zinedine Zidane and a stoppage time strike from Emmanuel Petit. The win gave France their first World Cup title, becoming the sixth national team after Uruguay, Italy, England, West Germany and Argentina to win the tournament on their home soil. They also inflicted the heaviest defeat on Brazil since 1930.[7]

text:
The pre-match build up was dominated by the omission of Brazilian striker Ronaldo from the starting lineup only to be reinstated 45 minutes before kick-off.[8] He managed to create the first open chance for Brazil in the 22nd minute, dribbling past defender Thuram before sending a cross out on the left side that goalkeeper Fabien Barthez struggled to hold onto. France however took the lead in the 27th minute after Brazilian defender Roberto Carlos conceded a corner which Zidane scored with a header from the right.[9]
Three minutes before half-time, Zidane scored his second goal of the match, similarly another header from a corner, this time from the left side. The tournament hosts went down to ten men in the 68th minute as Marcel Desailly was sent off for a second bookable offence. Brazil reacted to this by making an attacking substitution and although they applied pressure France sealed the win with a third goal: substitute Patrick Vieira set up his club teammate Petit in a counterattack to shoot low past goalkeeper Cláudio Taffarel.[10]

text: French president Jacques Chirac was in attendance to congratulate and commiserate the winners and runners-up respectively after the match.[11] Several days after the victory, winning manager Aimé Jacquet announced his resignation from the French team with immediate effect.[12][13][14]

text:
Brazil

0–3

 France

Report

Zidane  27', 45+1'Petit  90+3'

text:
Brazil

France

text:
GK
1
Claudio Taffarel

RB
2
Cafu

CB
3
Aldair

CB
4
Júnior Baiano
 33'

LB
6
Roberto Carlos

CM
5
César Sampaio

 73'

CM
8
Dunga (c)

AM
10
Rivaldo

AM
18
Leonardo

 46'

CF
20
Bebeto

CF
9
Ronaldo

Substitutes:

MF
19
Denílson

 46'

FW
21
Edmundo

 73'

Manager:

Mário Zagallo

GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
8
Marcel Desailly
 48', 68'

CB
18
Frank Leboeuf

LB
3
Bixente Lizarazu

DM
7
Didier Deschamps (c)
 39'

CM
17
Emmanuel Petit

CM
19
Christian Karembeu
 56'
 57'

AM
10
Zinedine Zidane

AM
6
Youri Djorkaeff

 74'

CF
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h

 66'

Substitutes:

MF
14
Alain Boghossian

 57'

FW
21
Christophe Dugarry

 66'

MF
4
Patrick Vieira

 74'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

text:
Man of the match
 Zinedine Zidane (France)
Officials
Linesmen:
Mark Warren (England)
Achmat Salie (South Africa)
Fourth official: Rahman Al Zaid (Saudi Arabia)

Match rules
90 minutes
30 minutes of extra-time if necessary
Penalty shoot-out if scores still level
Three substitutions permitted

text: Record players[edit]

text: Goalkeeper Fabien Barthez also shares the FIFA World Cup record for most matches without conceding a goal, which he achieved ten times. The only other player to have reached that number is England's Peter Shilton.

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1

Fabien Barthez
17
1998, 2002 and 2006

Thierry Henry
17
1998, 2002, 2006 and 2010

3
Lilian Thuram
16
1998, 2002 and 2006

4
Maxime Bossis
15
1978, 1982 and 1986

5

Michel Platini
14
1978, 1982 and 1986

Hugo Lloris
14
2010, 2014 and 2018

7

Manuel Amoros
12
1982 and 1986

Alain Giresse
12
1982 and 1986

Jean Tigana
12
1982 and 1986

David Trezeguet
12
1998, 2002 and 2006

Patrick Vieira
12
1998, 2002 and 2006

Zinedine Zidane
12
1998, 2002 and 2006

Olivier Giroud
12
2014 and 2018

Antoine Griezmann
12
2014 and 2018

Raphaël Varane
12
2014 and 2018

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text: Just Fontaine scored all his 13 World Cup goals in 1958, where France reached third place. This makes him record holder for most goals scored in a single FIFA World Cup. At the time, it also made him the most successful World Cup scorer of all time until the record was broken by West Germany's Gerd Müller in the World Cup final of 1974.

text:
No.

Name

Goals

World Cups

1
Just Fontaine
13
1958

2
Thierry Henry
6
1998 (3) and 2006 (3)

3

Michel Platini
5
1978 (1), 1982 (2) and 1986 (2)

Zinedine Zidane
5
1998 (2) and 2006 (3)

5

Raymond Kopa
4
1958

Dominique Rocheteau
4
1978 (1), 1982 (2) and 1986 (1)

Antoine Griezmann
4
2018

Kylian Mbappé
4
2018

9

Jean Nicolas
3
1934 (1) and 1938 (2)

Roger Piantoni
3
1958

Alain Giresse
3
1982

Karim Benzema
3
2014


document_title: NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament bids by school

question_text: which team has the most ncaa tournament appearances

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This is a list of NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament bids by school and is updated through 2018.[1] There are currently 68 bids possible each year (32 automatic qualifiers, 36 at-large). Schools not currently in Division I are in italics (e.g. CCNY) and some appear under prior names (e.g. UTEP went by Texas Western in 1966). Vacated appearances are excluded from the Bids table and noted below it.

text: Bids[edit]

text: As the tournament field started with only 8 teams in 1939 (all "Elite 8" by default), it was not until 1975 that all teams needed to win to advance to an alliteratively-named round (e.g. Elite 8, Sweet 16), hence some gaps may appear in the table for bids prior to 1951.

text:
1939–1950: 8 teams
1951–1952: 16 teams
1953–1974: varied from 22 to 25 teams
1975–present: 32 or more teams

text: Please, note list is ordered by Bids then School when updating.

text:
Bids by school
Most recent
Sweet 16
Elite 8
Final 4
Finals
Champions

#
School
Bid
Win
Last
#
Last
#
Last
#
Last
#
Last
#

57
Kentucky[2]
2018
2018
2018
43
2017
37
2015
17
2014
12
2012
8

49
North Carolina
2018
2018
2017
33
2017
28
2017
20
2017
11
2017
6

47
Kansas
2018
2018
2018
31
2018
24
2018
15
2012
9
2008
3

47
UCLA[3]
2018
2017
2017
33
2008
21
2008
17
2006
12
1995
11

42
Duke
2018
2018
2018
30
2018
21
2015
16
2015
11
2015
5

39
Indiana
2016
2016
2016
22
2002
11
2002
8
2002
6
1987
5

38
Louisville[4]
2017
2017
2009
24
2009
11
2005
8
1986
2
1986
2

37
Villanova[5]
2018
2018
2018
17
2018
13
2018
5
2018
3
2018
3

36
Notre Dame
2017
2017
2016
17
2016
7
1978
1

35
Syracuse[6][7]
2018
2018
2018
23
2016
10
2016
6
2003
3
2003
1

34
Texas
2018
2014
2008
10
2008
7
2003
3

33
Arizona[8]
2018
2017
2017
19
2015
11
2001
4
2001
2
1997
1

32
Arkansas
2018
2017
1996
11
1995
10
1995
6
1995
2
1994
1

32
Cincinnati
2018
2018
2012
13
1996
8
1992
6
1963
3
1962
2

32
Connecticut[9]
2016
2016
2014
17
2014
11
2014
5
2014
4
2014
4

32
Marquette[10]
2017
2013
2013
16
2013
7
2003
3
1977
2
1977
1

32
Michigan State
2018
2018
2015
19
2015
13
2015
9
2009
3
2000
2

32
Temple
2016
2013
2001
7
2001
8
1958
2

31
Oklahoma
2018
2016
2016
10
2016
9
2016
5
1988
2

30
Georgetown
2015
2015
2007
11
2007
9
2007
5
1985
4
1984
1

30
Illinois
2013
2013
2005
11
2005
9
2005
5
2005
1

30
Kansas State
2018
2018
2018
17
2018
13
1964
4
1951
1

29
BYU
2015
2012
2011
7
1981
3

29
Purdue[11]
2018
2018
2018
11
2000
4
1980
2
1969
1

29
Utah
2016
2016
2015
16
1998
6
1998
4
1998
2
1944
1

29
West Virginia
2018
2018
2018
11
2010
3
2010
2
1959
1

28
Ohio State[12]
2018
2018
2013
14
2012
14
2012
10
2007
5
1960
1

28
Oklahoma State
2017
2009
2005
11
2004
11
2004
6
1949
3
1946
2

28
St. John's[13]
2015
2000
1999
9
1999
6
1985
2
1952
1

28
Xavier
2018
2018
2017
8
2017
3

26
Maryland[14]
2017
2016
2016
14
2002
4
2002
2
2002
1
2002
1

26
Missouri[15]
2018
2010
2009
6
2009
4

26
Pittsburgh
2016
2014
2009
7
2009
3
1941
1

25
Iowa
2016
2016
1999
8
1987
4
1980
3
1956
1

25
North Carolina State[16]
2018
2015
2015
11
1986
6
1983
3
1983
2
1983
2

25
Princeton
2017
1998
1967
6
1965
1
1965
1

24
Michigan[17]
2018
2018
2018
14
2018
13
2018
6
2018
4
1989
1

24
Pennsylvania
2018
1994
1979
5
1979
3
1979
1

23
Wake Forest
2017
2010
2004
9
1996
6
1962
1

23
Wisconsin
2017
2017
2017
10
2015
6
2015
4
2015
2
1941
1

22
Virginia
2018
2017
2016
9
2016
6
1984
2

22
Western Kentucky[18]
2013
2012
2008
6
1940
1

21
Creighton
2018
2014
1974
3
1941
1

21
Gonzaga
2018
2018
2018
9
2017
3
2017
1
2017
1

21
LSU
2015
2009
2006
9
2006
6
2006
4

21
New Mexico State[19]
2018
1993
1992
4
1970
1
1970
1

21
Tennessee
2018
2018
2014
7
2010
1

20
Alabama[20]
2018
2018
2004
7
2004
1

20
Houston
2018
2018
1984
10
1984
5
1984
5
1984
2

20
Memphis[21]
2014
2014
2009
6
2007
4
1973
1
1973
1

20
Providence
2018
2016
1997
5
1997
4
1987
2

20
Saint Joseph's[22]
2016
2016
2004
6
2004
2

20
UNLV
2013
2008
2007
10
1991
5
1991
4
1990
1
1990
1

20
Utah State
2011
2001
1970
3
1970
2

19
Florida[23]
2018
2018
2017
10
2017
9
2014
5
2007
3
2007
2

19
Iowa State
2017
2017
2016
5
2000
2
1944
1

18
Boston College
2009
2007
2006
9
1994
3

18
California[24]
2016
2013
1997
4
1960
3
1960
3
1960
2
1959
1

18
Dayton
2017
2015
2014
7
2014
3
1967
1
1967
1

18
DePaul[25]
2004
2004
1984
8
1979
3
1979
2

17
Miami (OH)
2007
1999
1999
4

17
Southern California[26]
2017
2017
2007
4
2001
3
1954
2

17
Stanford
2014
2014
2014
5
2001
3
1998
2
1942
1
1942
1

17
UTEP
2010
1992
1992
4
1966
1
1966
1
1966
1
1966
1

16
Butler
2018
2018
2017
6
2011
2
2011
2
2011
2

16
Florida State
2018
2018
2018
5
2018
3
1972
1
1972
1

16
Georgia Tech
2010
2010
2004
7
2004
4
2004
2
2004
1

16
Murray State
2018
2012

16
Oregon
2017
2017
2017
6
2017
7
2017
2
1939
1
1939
1

16
San Francisco
1998
1979
1979
12
1974
7
1957
3
1956
2
1956
2

16
Tulsa
2016
2003
2000
4
2000
1

16
VCU
2017
2016
2011
1
2011
1
2011
1

16
Washington
2011
2011
2010
7
1953
3
1953
1

16
Weber State
2016
1999
1972
2

15
New Mexico
2014
2012
1974
2

15
Texas Tech[27]
2018
2018
2018
4
2018
1

15
UAB
2015
2015
2004
3
1982
1

15
Vanderbilt
2017
2012
2007
6
1965
1

15
Wichita State
2018
2017
2015
6
2013
4
2013
2

15
Wyoming
2015
2002
1987
4
1952
5
1943
1
1943
1
1943
1

14
Arizona State
2018
2009
1975
4
1975
3

14
Colorado
2016
2012
1969
5
1963
6
1955
2

14
Davidson
2018
2008
2008
4
2008
3

14
Oregon State[28]
2016
1975
1975
5
1975
5
1963
2

14
Texas A&M
2018
2018
2018
5

13
Holy Cross
2016
2016
1953
1
1953
4
1948
2
1947
1
1947
1

13
Ohio
2012
2012
2012
3
1964
1

13
Pepperdine
2002
2000
1976
2

12
Iona[29]
2018

12
La Salle
2013
2013
2013
3
1955
2
1955
2
1955
2
1954
1

12
Old Dominion
2011
2010

12
San Diego State
2018
2015
2014
2

12
Seton Hall
2018
2018
2000
4
1991
2
1989
1
1989
1

12
SMU
2017
1988
1967
6
1967
2
1956
1

11
Baylor
2017
2017
2017
4
2012
4
1950
2
1948
1

11
Charlotte
2005
2001
1977
1
1977
1
1977
1

11
Chattanooga
2016
1997
1997
1

11
Clemson[30]
2018
2018
2018
3
1980
1

11
George Washington
2014
2006
1993
1

11
Idaho State
1987
1977
1977
5
1977
1

11
Montana
2018
2006
1975
1

11
Navy
1998
1986
1986
3
1986
2

11
Oklahoma City
1973
1973
1965
5
1957
3

11
Santa Clara
1996
1996
1970
7
1969
5
1952
1

11
Seattle
1969
1964
1964
5
1958
1
1958
1
1958
1

10
Colorado State
2013
2013
1969
2
1969
1

10
East Tennessee State
2017
1992
1968
1

10
Georgia[31]
2015
2002
1996
2
1983
1
1983
1

10
Miami (FL)
2018
2016
2016
3

10
Mississippi State
2009
2008
1996
3
1996
1
1996
1

10
North Carolina A&T
2013
2013

10
Rhode Island
2018
2018
1998
2
1998
1

10
Southern Illinois
2007
2007
2007
3

10
Virginia Tech
2018
2007
1967
1
1967
1

10
Winthrop
2017
2007

9
Auburn
2018
2018
2003
4
1986
1

9
Middle Tennessee
2017
2017

9
Minnesota[32]
2017
2013
1990
3
1990
1

9
Pacific
2013
2005
1971
3
1967
1

9
Penn State
2011
2001
2001
4
1954
2
1954
1

9
Richmond
2011
2011
2011
2

9
Saint Louis
2014
2014
1957
2
1952
1

9
Saint Mary's
2017
2017
2010
2
1959
1

9
South Carolina
2017
2017
2017
4
2017
1
2017
1

9
Southern
2016
1993

9
Valparaiso
2015
1998
1998
1

8
Bradley
2006
2006
2006
3
1955
3
1954
2
1954
2

8
Bucknell
2018
2006

8
Eastern Kentucky
2014

8
Manhattan
2015
2004
1958
1

8
Massachusetts[33]
2014
1995
1995
2
1995
1

8
Mississippi
2015
2015
2001
1

8
Morehead State
2011
2011
1961
2

8
Nevada
2018
2018
2018
2

8
Northeastern
2015
1984

8
Northern Iowa
2016
2016
2010
1

8
Robert Morris
2015
2015

8
South Alabama
2008
1989

8
TCU
2018
1987
1968
4
1968
1

8
Texas Southern
2018
2018

7
Ball State
2000
1990
1990
1

7
Belmont
2015

7
Boise State
2015

7
Boston University
2011
1959
1959
1
1959
1

7
Dartmouth
1959
1958
1958
2
1958
5
1944
2
1944
2

7
LIU Brooklyn
2018

7
Louisiana-Monroe
1996

7
Nebraska
2014

7
St. Bonaventure
2018
2018
1970
3
1970
1
1970
1

6
Alcorn State
2002
1984

6
Austin Peay[34]
2016
1987

6
Detroit
2012
1999
1977
1

6
Furman
1980
1974
1974
1

6
George Mason
2011
2011
2006
1
2006
1
2006
1

6
Hampton
2016
2015

6
Illinois State
1998
1998

6
Kent State
2017
2002
2002
1
2002
1

6
Lamar
2012
1983
1980
1

6
Long Beach State[35]
2012
1970
1970
1

6
Louisiana-Lafayette[36]
2014
1992

6
Loyola-Chicago
2018
2018
2018
4
2018
2
2018
2
1963
1
1963
1

6
Missouri State
1999
1999
1999
1

6
NYU
1963
1963
1963
3
1960
4
1960
2
1945
1

6
Rutgers
1991
1983
1979
2
1976
1
1976
1

6
Siena
2010
2009

6
UNC Wilmington
2017
2002

6
Vermont
2017
2012

6
Washington State
2008
2008
2008
1
1941
1
1941
1
1941
1

5
Albany
2015
2014

5
Charleston
2018
1997

5
Cornell
2010
2010
2010
2

5
Delaware
2014

5
Duquesne
1977
1969
1969
2
1952
2
1940
1

5
Evansville
1999
1989

5
Fairleigh Dickinson
2016

5
Fresno State[37]
2016
2001
1982
1

5
Green Bay
2016
1994

5
Harvard
2015
2014

1946
1

5
Hawaiʻi
2016
2016

5
Jacksonville
1986
1970
1970
1
1970
1
1970
1
1970
1

5
James Madison
2013
2013

5
Lehigh
2012
2012

5
Little Rock
2016
2016

5
Louisiana Tech
1991
1989
1985
1

5
Marshall[38]
2018
2018

5
Mississippi Valley State
2012

5
Mount Saint Mary's
2017
2017

5
New Orleans
2017
1987

5
Oral Roberts
2008
1974
1974
1
1974
1

5
South Carolina State
2003

5
South Dakota State
2018

5
Stephen F. Austin
2018
2016

5
UC Santa Barbara
2011
1990

4
Air Force
2006

4
Akron
2013

4
Alabama State
2011

4
Bowling Green
1968
1963
1963
1

4
Canisius
1996
1957
1957
3
1956
2

4
Central Florida
2005

4
Central Michigan
2003
2003
1975
1

4
Coastal Carolina
2015

4
Coppin State
2008
1997

4
Drake
2008
1971
1971
3
1971
3
1969
1

4
Drexel
1996
1996

4
Eastern Michigan
1998
1996
1991
1

4
Fordham
1992
1971
1971
1

4
Georgia State
2018
2015

4
Hofstra
2001

4
Idaho
1990
1982
1982
1

4
Indiana State
2011
2001
1979
1
1979
1
1979
1
1979
1

4
Lafayette
2015
1957
1957
1

4
Loyola Marymount[39]
1990
1990
1990
2
1990
1

4
Milwaukee
2014
2006
2005
1

4
Monmouth
2006
2006

4
Rice
1970
1954
1954
1
1942
2

4
San Diego
2008
2008

4
Toledo
1980
1979
1979
1

4
UNC Asheville
2016
2011

4
UTSA
2011
2011

4
Western Michigan
2014
1998
1976
1

4
Wofford
2015

4
Yale
2016
2016

1949
1

3
American
2014

3
Buffalo
2018
2018

3
Cal State Fullerton
2018
1978
1978
1
1978
1

3
Central Connecticut State
2007

3
Columbia
1968
1968
1968
2
1948
1

3
Fairfield
1997

3
Florida A&M
2007
2004

3
Florida Gulf Coast
2017
2016
2013
1

3
Georgia Southern
1992

3
Jackson State
2007

3
Liberty
2013

3
Loyola (LA)
1958

3
Mercer
2014
2014

3
Montana State
1996

1951
1

3
Niagara
2007
2007
1970
1

3
North Carolina Central
2018

3
North Dakota State
2015
2014

3
North Texas
2010

3
Northern Illinois
1996

3
Northwestern State
2013
2006

3
Oakland
2011
2005

3
Radford
2018
2018

3
Rider
1994

3
Saint Peter's
2011

3
San José State
1996

1951
1

3
South Florida
2012
2012

3
Southern Miss
2012

3
Tulane
1995
1995

3
UIC
2004

3
UNC Greensboro
2018

3
VMI
1977
1977
1977
2
1976
1

3
Wright State
2018

2
Appalachian State
2000

2
Brown
1986

1939
1

2
Cal State Northridge
2009

2
CCNY
1950
1950

1950
2
1950
1
1950
1
1950
1

2
Cleveland State
2009
2009
1986
1

2
Colgate
1996

2
East Carolina
1993

2
Eastern Illinois
2001

2
Eastern Washington
2015

2
Hardin-Simmons
1957

2
Howard
1992

2
Loyola (MD)
2012

2
Marist
1987

2
McNeese State
2002

2
Morgan State
2010

2
Nicholls State
1998

2
Northern Arizona
2000

2
Portland
1996

2
Portland State
2009

2
Sam Houston State
2010

2
Samford
2000

2
Tennessee State
1994

2
Tennessee Tech
1963

2
Texas State
1997

2
Towson
1991

2
Troy
2017

2
UMBC
2018
2018

1
Alabama A&M
2005

1
Arkansas State
1999

1
Binghamton
2009

1
Cal Poly
2014
2014

1
Cal State Bakersfield
2016

1
Cal State LA
1974

1
Campbell
1992

1
Catholic
1944

1944
1

1
Charleston Southern
1997

1
Delaware State
2005

1
Florida Atlantic
2002

1
Florida International
1995

1
Houston Baptist
1984

1
IUPUI
2003

1
Jacksonville State
2017

1
Lebanon Valley
1953
1953
1953
1

1
Lipscomb
2018

1
Norfolk State
2012
2012

1
North Dakota
2017

1
North Florida
2015

1
Northern Colorado
2011

1
Northern Kentucky
2017

1
Northwestern
2017
2017

1
Prairie View A&M
1998

1
Saint Francis (PA)
1991

1
Southeast Missouri State
2000

1
Southeastern Louisiana
2005

1
Southern Utah
2001

1
Springfield
1940

1940
1

1
Stony Brook
2016

1
Texas A&M-Corpus Christi
2007

1
Texas-Arlington
2008

1
Trinity
1969

1
Tufts
1945

1945
1

1
UC Davis
2017
2017

1
UC Irvine
2015

1
Wagner
2003

1
Wayne State (MI)
1956
1956
1956
1

1
West Texas A&M
1955

1
Western Carolina
1996

1
Williams
1955

#
School
Bid
Win
Last
#
Last
#
Last
#
Last
#
Last
#

Bids by school
Most recent
Sweet 16
Elite 8
Final 4
Finals
Champions


document_title: Scatter plot

question_text: what type of relationship is represented by the scatter plot

text: Scatter plot

text: Overview[edit]

text: A scatter plot can be used either when one continuous variable that is under the control of the experimenter and the other depends on it or when both continuous variables are independent. If a parameter exists that is systematically incremented and/or decremented by the other, it is called the control parameter or independent variable and is customarily plotted along the horizontal axis. The measured or dependent variable is customarily plotted along the vertical axis. If no dependent variable exists, either type of variable can be plotted on either axis and a scatter plot will illustrate only the degree of correlation (not causation) between two variables.

text: A scatter plot can suggest various kinds of correlations between variables with a certain confidence interval. For example, weight and height, weight would be on y axis and height would be on the x axis. Correlations may be positive (rising), negative (falling), or null (uncorrelated). If the pattern of dots slopes from lower left to upper right, it indicates a positive correlation between the variables being studied. If the pattern of dots slopes from upper left to lower right, it indicates a negative correlation. A line of best fit (alternatively called 'trendline') can be drawn in order to study the relationship between the variables. An equation for the correlation between the variables can be determined by established best-fit procedures. For a linear correlation, the best-fit procedure is known as linear regression and is guaranteed to generate a correct solution in a finite time. No universal best-fit procedure is guaranteed to generate a correct solution for arbitrary relationships. A scatter plot is also very useful when we wish to see how two comparable data sets agre to show nonlinear relationships between variables. The ability to do this can be enhanced by adding a smooth line such as LOESS.[5] Furthermore, if the data are represented by a mixture model of simple relationships, these relationships will be visually evident as superimposed patterns.

text: The scatter diagram is one of the seven basic tools of quality control.[6]

text: Scatter charts can be built in the form of bubble, marker, or/and line charts.[7]

text: Example[edit]

text: For example, to display a link between a person's lung capacity, and how long that person could hold his/her breath, a researcher would choose a group of people to study, then measure each one's lung capacity (first variable) and how long that person could hold his/her breath (second variable). The researcher would then plot the data in a scatter plot, assigning "lung capacity" to the horizontal axis, and "time holding breath" to the vertical axis.

text: A person with a lung capacity of 400 cl who held his/her breath for 21.7 seconds would be represented by a single dot on the scatter plot at the point (400, 21.7) in the Cartesian coordinates. The scatter plot of all the people in the study would enable the researcher to obtain a visual comparison of the two variables in the data set, and will help to determine what kind of relationship there might be between the two variables.

text: Scatterplot matrices[edit]

text: For a set of data variables (dimensions) X1, X2, ... , Xk, the scatter plot matrix shows all the pairwise scatter plots of the variables on a single view with multiple scatterplots in a matrix format. For k variables, the scatterplot matrix will contain k rows and k columns. A plot located on the intersection of i-th row and j-th column is a plot of variables Xi versus Xj.[8] This means that each row and column is one dimension, and each cell plots a scatterplot of two dimensions.

text: A generalized scatterplot matrix[9] offers a range of displays of paired combinations of categorical and quantitative variables. A mosaic plot, fluctuation diagram, or faceted bar chart may be used to display two categorical variables. Other plots are used for one categorical and one quantitative variables.