document_title: The Crown (TV series)

question_text: who plays elizabeth's grandmother in the crown

question_tokens: who plays elizabeth 's grandmother in the crown

text: The Crown (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The Crown traces the life of Queen Elizabeth II from her wedding in 1947 to the present day.[5] The first season, which sees Claire Foy portraying the Queen in the early part of her reign, depicts events up to 1955, with Winston Churchill resigning as Prime Minister and the Queen's sister Princess Margaret deciding not to marry Peter Townsend.[6] The second season covers from the Suez Crisis in 1956 through the retirement of the Queen's third Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, in 1963 following the Profumo affair political scandal and the birth of Prince Edward in 1964.[7][8][9]

text: The third season will see Olivia Colman portraying the Queen,[10] and will cover the two terms of Harold Wilson as the Queen's Prime Minister, starting in 1964 with his first, until 1976 at the end of his second.[11] It will also include Princess Margaret's five-year affair with baronet and gardening expert Roddy Llewellyn,[7] and see the introduction of Camilla Parker Bowles and Diana Spencer. Spencer will be more of a focus in the fourth season, which also sees Margaret Thatcher's premiership.[11]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Claire Foy as Princess Elizabeth and later Queen Elizabeth II.[5]
Matt Smith as Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and later Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Elizabeth's husband[5]
Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret, Elizabeth's younger sister.[5]
Eileen Atkins as Queen Mary, Elizabeth's grandmother[12] (season 1)
Jeremy Northam as Anthony Eden, Churchill's Foreign Secretary, who succeeds him as Prime Minister[13]
Victoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth, George VI's wife and Elizabeth's mother, known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter's reign[5]
Ben Miles as Group Captain Peter Townsend, George VI's equerry, who hopes to marry Princess Margaret[14]
Greg Wise as Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Philip's ambitious uncle and great-grandson of Queen Victoria
Jared Harris as King George VI, Elizabeth's father, known to his family as Bertie[5]
John Lithgow as Winston Churchill, the Queen's first Prime Minister[5]
Alex Jennings as Edward, Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, who had abdicated in favour of his younger brother Bertie to marry Wallis Simpson; known to his family as David[15]
Lia Williams as Wallis, Duchess of Windsor, Edward's American wife[15]
Anton Lesser as Harold Macmillan, who follows Anthony Eden as Prime Minister[16] (season 2)
Matthew Goode as Antony Armstrong-Jones, known as Tony, a society photographer who marries Princess Margaret[7] (season 2)

text: Featured[edit]

text: The below actors are credited in the opening titles of single episodes in which they play a significant role.

text:
Stephen Dillane as Graham Sutherland, a noted artist who paints a portrait of the aging Churchill (season 1)
Gemma Whelan as Patricia Campbell, a secretary whom Altrincham works with and types up his editorial (season 2)
John Heffernan as Lord Altrincham, a writer who penned a scathing criticism of the Queen (season 2)
Paul Sparks as Billy Graham, a prominent American minister with whom Elizabeth consults (season 2)[15]
Michael C. Hall as John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States who visits the Queen (season 2)
Jodi Balfour as Jacqueline Kennedy, the First Lady of the United States (season 2)
Burghart Klaussner as Dr. Kurt Hahn, the founder of Gordonstoun, where Philip and Charles went to school (season 2)
Finn Elliot as school-aged Prince Philip (season 2)[15]
Julian Baring as school-aged Prince Charles (season 2)[15]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Billy Jenkins as young Prince Charles
Clive Francis as Lord Salisbury
Pip Torrens as Tommy Lascelles
Harry Hadden-Paton as Martin Charteris
Daniel Ings as Mike Parker
Lizzy McInnerny as Margaret "Bobo" MacDonald
Michael Bertenshaw as the Master of the Household
Patrick Ryecart as the Duke of Norfolk
Will Keen as Michael Adeane
James Laurenson as Doctor Weir
Mark Tandy as Cecil Beaton
Michael Culkin as Rab Butler
George Asprey as Walter Monckton
James Hillier as Equerry
Anna Madeley as Clarissa Eden
Nick Hendrix (season 1) and Tom Durant-Pritchard (season 2) as Billy Wallace
Josh Taylor as Johnny Dalkeith
David Shields (season 1) and Pip Carter (season 2) as Colin Tennant[17]
Julius D'Silva as Baron Nahum
Jo Herbert as Mary Charteris
Richard Clifford as Norman Hartnell
Joseph Kloska as Porchey
Amir Boutrous as Gamal Abdel Nasser
Abigail Parmenter as Judy Montagu

text: Season one[edit]

text:
Harriet Walter as Clementine Churchill[13]
Nicholas Rowe as Jock Colville[12]
Simon Chandler as Clement Attlee
Kate Phillips as Venetia Scott
Ronald Pickup as the Archbishop of Canterbury
Nigel Cooke as Harry Crookshank
Patrick Drury as the Lord Chamberlain
John Woodvine as the Archbishop of York
Rosalind Knight as Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark
Andy Sanderson as Prince Henry[12]
Verity Russell as young Princess Elizabeth
Beau Gadsdon as young Princess Margaret
Jo Stone-Fewings as Collins
Tony Guilfoyle as the Bishop of Durham
Paul Thornley as Bill Mattheson

text: Season two[edit]

text:
Chloe Pirrie as Eileen Parker
Nicholas Burns as Anthony Nutting
Lucy Russell as Lady Mountbatten
Richard Elfyn as Selwyn Lloyd
Adrian Lukis as Vice-Admiral Sir Conolly Abel Smith
Sophie Leigh Stone as Princess Alice of Battenberg
Guy Williams as Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
Leonie Benesch as Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark
Simon Paisley Day as Meryn Lewis
Sylvestra Le Touzel as Dorothy Macmillan
Catherine Bailey as Elizabeth Cavendish
Paul Clayton as Bob Boothby
Yolanda Kettle as Camilla Fry
Ed Cooper Clarke as Jeremy Fry
Ryan Sampson as Dudley Moore
Tim Steed as John Profumo
Lyla Barrett-Rye as young Princess Anne
Robert Irons as Freddie Bishop
Patrick Warner as Peter Cook
Oliver Maltman as Jim Orr
David Annen as Alec Douglas-Home

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
1
"Wolferton Splash"
Stephen Daldry
Peter Morgan
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)

In November 1947, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark renounces his royal titles in order to marry Princess Elizabeth, King George VI's elder daughter and heiress presumptive. The newlyweds move to Malta, where Philip returns to the Royal Navy and Elizabeth gives birth to her son Charles and her daughter Anne. In 1951, the couple returns to London when King George undergoes surgery for lung cancer. After being told that he has months to live, the King counsels Philip on how to further assist Elizabeth when she becomes the new sovereign. Meanwhile, former Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his wife Clementine return to Downing Street following six years of a Labour Party government.

2
2
"Hyde Park Corner"
Stephen Daldry
Peter Morgan
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)

In 1952, with King George still in ill health, Elizabeth and Philip tour the Commonwealth in his place. While the couple is on safari in Kenya, the King is found dead in his bed. His wife Queen Elizabeth, younger daughter Margaret, and widowed mother Queen Mary mourn as news of George's sudden passing spreads via radio to the rest of the world. Philip breaks the news to Elizabeth, who returns to the United Kingdom as Queen and reunites with her family in their grief.

3
3
"Windsor"
Philip Martin
Peter Morgan
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)

In February 1952, as the Royal Family prepares for King George's funeral, Elizabeth's uncle Edward, Duke of Windsor, who has been living in Paris with Wallis Simpson since his abdication in 1936, arrives in the United Kingdom, causing the Queen Mother and Queen Mary to reopen old wounds surrounding his choice of wife. Elizabeth meets with Churchill to discuss Philip's requests that his family keep the name Mountbatten and live at Clarence House rather than move into Buckingham Palace. The Prime Minister displays a reluctance to bend to either request, but Elizabeth later drops them after receiving counsel from Edward. Churchill later informs Elizabeth the date for her coronation has been set for the following year, which she recognizes as an attempt to secure his position against his own party, who are eager for Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden to replace him.

4
4
"Act of God"
Julian Jarrold
Peter Morgan
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)

In December 1952, as a great smog affects London and kills thousands, Elizabeth's advisors pressure her to ask Churchill, who referred to the event as an "act of God," to step down. While initially reluctant to do so, the Queen summons him for a private audience after he comes under fire from the Opposition and refuses to discuss the smog at a Cabinet meeting. Before the meeting, Churchill's eyes are finally opened to the smog's effects when his beloved secretary, Venetia Scott, is killed by a double-decker bus. He makes an impassioned speech outside the hospital where Venetia's body is being held, promising a longer-term approach to preventing future smog. His speech prompts Elizabeth to change her mind when the smog clears moments before their audience takes place. Philip begins flying lessons from Royal Air Force Group Captain Peter Townsend, who is having a clandestine relationship with Margaret.

5
5
"Smoke and Mirrors"
Philip Martin
Peter Morgan
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)

Following Queen Mary's death in March 1953, the visiting Duke of Windsor clashes with Elizabeth's Private Secretary Tommy Lascelles after being asked not to attend Elizabeth's coronation and learning that Wallis will not be receiving an invitation. Elizabeth places Philip in charge of coronation preparations only to regret her decision when he upsets her with a request that he forego kneeling to pay homage when she is being crowned and antagonizes the committee with his insistence that the event should be televised. On June 2, Elizabeth is crowned at Westminster Abbey while Edward and Wallis view the coronation from their villa in Paris and spitefully mock the new Queen.

6
6
"Gelignite"
Julian Jarrold
Peter Morgan
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)

When Margaret and Townsend ask for Elizabeth's permission to marry, the Queen promises to give her support while Lascelles and the Queen Mother advise against it. As a local newspaper publishes an article about the relationship, Elizabeth changes her mind after learning that the Royal Marriages Act of 1772 prohibits Margaret from marrying without permission until she turns twenty-five. Elizabeth and Philip take Townsend, who is set to be posted to Brussels, with them on a trip to Northern Ireland, but his popularity causes Lascelles to recommend that he be posted to Brussels sooner than promised, causing a lasting rift between the two sisters.

7
7
"Scientia Potentia Est"
Benjamin Caron
Peter Morgan
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)

In August 1953, Churchill urges an international summit with American President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet Union testing their first thermonuclear weapon. At the last minute, Churchill falls victim to a stroke which inhibits his ability to govern, prompting conservative Lord Salisbury to try and keep his ailment secret. Meanwhile, Elizabeth contemplates whether to replace the retiring Lascelles with senior deputy Michael Adeane or with her preferred choice Martin Charteris. She later engages a private tutor to improve her knowledge of science and related subjects, which helps her gain enough courage to dress down Churchill and Salisbury for lying to her.

8
8
"Pride & Joy"
Philip Martin
Peter Morgan
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)

With Elizabeth and Philip on a stressful tour of the Commonwealth, Margaret takes on more royal engagements while the Queen Mother goes to Scotland to reflect on her new position and buys a castle. Philip, meanwhile, grows frustrated over Elizabeth using him as a prop and the couple have a heated argument that is recorded by photographers. While Elizabeth convinces the photographers to hand over the recording, she and Phillip remain unable to resolve the argument and realize they must pretend to have a stable relationship for the public's sake. Churchill visits Margaret and, after explaining that the general public does not want someone with passion or personality, tells her she will no longer be taking on royal engagements.

9
9
"Assassins"
Benjamin Caron
Peter Morgan
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)

Philip begins spending more time out of the house while Elizabeth begins spending more time with her horse racing manager and friend Lord "Porchey" Porchester. The tension escalates after Elizabeth has a direct line put in for Porchey to call Buckingham Palace and culminates in a heated confrontation. Elizabeth later tells Philip that, to the disappointment of many, he is the only man she has ever loved. He, in turn, silently mouths an apology after she makes a moving speech at Churchill's eightieth birthday dinner. Meanwhile, Graham Sutherland paints a portrait of Churchill as a birthday gift from Parliament. The Prime Minister, however, hates its accuracy and, after a heated confrontation with Sutherland, admits his pain at what aging has done to him. The portrait is later destroyed on secret instructions from Clementine.

10
10
"Gloriana"
Philip Martin
Peter Morgan
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)

In 1956, Elizabeth finds herself torn when the public approves and officials from both Parliament and the Church of England disapprove of Margaret's relationship with Townsend. As Elizabeth tries to persuade Margaret against the relationship, the Queen Mother starts complaining about Philip's domineering attitude towards Charles. At the suggestion of both Lascelles and the Queen Mother, Elizabeth asks Philip to open the Summer Olympics in Melbourne so he can adjust to life in her shadow. A five-month royal tour onboard the newly commissioned HMY Britannia is later added to Philip's itinerary, to which Elizabeth responds by suggesting that he be thankful everyone is helping him find a public role. Meanwhile, Eden replaces Churchill as Prime Minister and becomes trapped in a escalating dispute with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser over rights to the Suez Canal.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

11
1
"Misadventure"
Philip Martin
Peter Morgan
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)

In February 1957, Elizabeth and Philip discuss the state of their marriage while onboard the Britannia in Lisbon, ultimately recognising that divorce is not an option. Five months earlier, as Philip prepares to embark on his royal tour, Elizabeth becomes convinced he is having an affair after finding a photograph of Russian ballerina Galina Ulanova in his briefcase. Chancellor of the Exchequer Harold Macmillan challenges Prime Minister Anthony Eden's solution to Egypt nationalising the Suez Canal, but later agrees that the best course of action is military intervention. Philip's uncle Louis Mountbatten overhears the plan and warns Elizabeth, who confronts Eden after hearing reports that Israel has invaded the Sinai Peninsula. Eden explains that the invasion was part of a secret plan spearheaded by Israel, France, and the United Kingdom to reclaim the canal and overthrow Egyptian President Nasser without support from Parliament or the United Nations. Elizabeth gives her support and allows British forces to begin launching air raids on Egypt before going to see Ulanova perform.

12
2
"A Company of Men"
Philip Martin
Peter Morgan
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)

In December 1956, Eden withdraws British forces from Egypt following international political pressure before going on a vacation to Jamaica on the grounds of ill health. Philip, meanwhile, continues his royal tour, with his adventures punctuated by a newspaper interview that ends when the reporter presses him for information about his family's past and a shipwrecked fisherman briefly joining the tour after being rescued. On Christmas, Philip gives a speech on the radio, prompting Elizabeth to let him know his family is waiting for him while giving the Royal Christmas Message. Meanwhile, Eileen Parker, the wife of Philip's private secretary Michael, initiates divorce proceedings after finding proof that her husband has been engaging in an affair. Elizabeth's assistant private secretary Martin Charteris warns Adeane about Eileen, noting that her filing for divorce could cause the press to question the state of Elizabeth and Philip's marriage.

13
3
"Lisbon"
Philip Martin
Peter Morgan
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)

Eden returns from Jamaica only to find himself forced out of Downing Street by his cabinet and the Conservative Party, who blame him for the repercussions of the Suez Crisis. As Macmillan settles into the role of Prime Minister, Adeane enlists a retired Lascelles to make Eileen change her mind about the divorce proceedings. When his plan fails and Elizabeth, Philip, and Parker learn about the decision, Elizabeth attempts to convince her to hold off the announcement only to be rebuffed. The story later goes public, prompting Philip to force Parker to resign. Elizabeth arranges for Philip's return before meeting the Britannia in Lisbon, where Philip tells her that he resents that his son outranks him and he needs respect from the "mustaches". On February 22, 1957, Philip is given the title of Prince and styled "His Royal Highness the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh".

14
4
"Beryl"
Benjamin Caron
Amy Jenkins and Peter Morgan
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)

Shortly before her birthday, Margaret accepts a marriage proposal from her friend Billy Wallace only to break off the engagement when she finds him drunk and recovering from a duel on the night of the announcement, which was set to take place during a gala celebrating Elizabeth and Philip's tenth wedding anniversary. Sometime later, she meets photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones at a dinner party and becomes infatuated with him. He later invites her to his studio for a sitting. Bored with her traditional birthday picture, she gives one of the photographs, which suggest she is nude, to the newspapers. The following day, the picture is published, shocking Elizabeth and the rest of the Royal Family. Macmillan's wife Dorothy decides to end her longtime affair, only for Macmillan to overhear her talking to her lover on the telephone.

15
5
"Marionettes"
Philippa Lowthorpe
Peter Morgan
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)

Lord Altrincham, a minor peer and magazine editor, sparks a constitutional crisis after writing an article that contains personal criticism of Elizabeth. The piece was written after Altrincham had listened to a radio broadcast of a particularly tone-deaf speech of hers, written by her aides and members of the court, to the workers of a car factory. While both the local newspapers and the general public are initially against him, they side with him after he appears on ITV and states that the monarchy needs to adapt to the current post-war and post-Suez British society. Macmillan reminds Elizabeth about the trend of nations abolishing monarchies, prompting her to meet with Altrincham in secret. She later implements two of his suggestions, specifically that the 1957 Royal Christmas Message be televised and that the Debutante Ball be opened to select citizens. Six months later, the Queen Mother expresses her embarrassment over the monarchy slowly losing its authority while hosting a garden party with middle-class citizens in attendance.

16
6
"Vergangenheit"
Philippa Lowthorpe
Peter Morgan
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)

In 1945 Germany, a German officer leads American soldiers to a box containing top-secret diplomatic papers. Sometime later, after discovering that the translated files contain information about "Windsor", Winston Churchill informs King George about the situation and is tasked with ensuring that the files are never published. In 1958, shortly before meeting with American evangelist Billy Graham, Elizabeth receives a letter from Edward asking for permission to re-enter the United Kingdom and try to find employment. She grants the request and he immediately starts convincing former sycophants to support his return. When a group of historians previously tasked with publishing German war files unearths the papers, which have been reorganised into a series of volumes entitled the Marburg Files, Macmillan brings the issue to Elizabeth. He and the Queen Mother proceed to explain that one volume, which the United States wants to be published, concerns Edward's clandestine relationship with Nazi High Command. After a confrontation with Edward does not go as planned, Elizabeth asks Lascelles for advice only to learn the extent of the relationship. Elizabeth then seeks spiritual counsel from Reverend Graham before exiling Edward for betraying his country and allowing the volume to be published.

17
7
"Matrimonium"
Benjamin Caron
Peter Morgan
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)

After learning that Peter Townsend is engaged to a much younger woman, Margaret retaliates by pressing Armstrong-Jones into proposing marriage. Because Elizabeth is pregnant, royal protocol prevents her from announcing the engagement. Adeane and Lascelles inform Elizabeth that Armstrong-Jones is currently engaged in sexual relationships with several other women, as well as with his best male friend and his wife, who is pregnant with what might be Armstrong-Jones's child. On February 19, 1960, Elizabeth gives birth to her son Andrew. She decides against telling Margaret about Armstrong-Jones's sexual activity. Three months later, on May 6, 1960, Margaret and Armstrong-Jones are married at Westminster Abbey.

18
8
"Dear Mrs. Kennedy"
Stephen Daldry
Peter Morgan
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)

In June 1961, Elizabeth invites newly-inaugurated American President John F. Kennedy and his wife Jackie to Buckingham Palace for dinner. The Queen finds common ground with the First Lady only to become annoyed the following day after learning that Jackie insulted both her and Buckingham Palace at a party. Feeling challenged, she travels to Ghana to meet with President Kwame Nkrumah, whose relationship with the Soviet Union is worrying Macmillan. Elizabeth successfully convinces him to cut all ties with the Soviet Union and realign Ghana's interests with the United Kingdom in exchange for agreeing to dance the foxtrot with her. Shortly afterward, Jackie makes an unexpected visit to the United Kingdom and sits down with Elizabeth at Windsor Castle, where she apologizes for insulting her behind her back and explains that she was under the influence of "substances" at the time. Elizabeth later confides in Philip, asking him if she should have responded in a more personal way. Two years later, after watching the news coverage of President Kennedy's assassination, Elizabeth arranges for a week of mourning to take place throughout the United Kingdom before writing a personal letter of sympathy to Jackie.

19
9
"Paterfamilias"
Stephen Daldry
Tom Edge and Peter Morgan
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)

In May 1962, Charles attends Gordonstoun School in Scotland on Philip's insistence. Elizabeth and Louis, both of whom are against the idea, recommend Eton College only for Philip to use his deal with Elizabeth to force her to agree with him. As he personally escorts Charles to Scotland, Philip recalls his time at the school, in which he was punished for fighting a fellow student by being forced to construct the school's front gate during the winter break, and the death of his favourite sister Cecile and her family in a plane crash, for which his father Andrew blamed him. Charles, meanwhile, starts having difficulties in keeping up with Gordonstoun's rigorous curriculum and, when he disappears during the Gordonstoun challenge, is found crying by his security detail. While flying back to England, Philip admonishes Charles for being "bloody weak".

20
10
"Mystery Man"
Benjamin Caron
Peter Morgan
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)

In April 1963, the government erupts into chaos after an affair between Secretary of State for War John Profumo and model Christine Keeler becomes public knowledge. When the media begins to speculate about a "mystery man" seen in a photograph of a party hosted by London osteopath Stephen Ward, who is charged with a series of immorality offences, Margaret and Tony notice similarities between Philip and the mystery man. Sometime later, Ward commits suicide and the police find a hand-drawn portrait of Philip among his belongings. An embarrassed Macmillan resigns and is succeeded by Alec Douglas-Home, whose appointment sparks controversy due to his relationship with the Royal Family. Elizabeth later asks Philip if he is the mystery man, and confronts him with the photograph of Ulanova. Philip admits to knowing Ward in a minor capacity, having visited his clinic the previous year after injuring his neck, but denies attending any of Ward's weekend parties before reaffirming his love and support for Elizabeth. On March 10, 1964, Elizabeth gives birth to Prince Edward, her fourth child.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Peter Morgan, who wrote the 2006 film The Queen and the 2013 stage play The Audience, is the main scriptwriter for The Crown.[18] The directors of the television series who were also involved in the stage production are Stephen Daldry, Philip Martin, Julian Jarrold, and Benjamin Caron.[19] The first 10-part season was the most expensive drama produced by Netflix and Left Bank Pictures to date, costing at least £100 million.[20][21][22][23] A second season was commissioned,[24][25] with the series intended to span 60 episodes over six seasons.[5] By October 2017, "early production" had begun on an anticipated third and fourth season,[10] and by the following January, Netflix confirmed the series had been renewed for a third and fourth season.[11]

text: Casting[edit]

text: By November 2014, Claire Foy had entered negotiations to portray Queen Elizabeth II in the series.[26] The following May, Vanessa Kirby was in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret.[27] In June 2015, John Lithgow was cast as Winston Churchill, and Matt Smith was cast as Prince Phillip; Foy was confirmed to be portraying Queen Elizabeth II.[28] Also starring in the first season include Victoria Hamilton, Jared Harris, and Eileen Atkins.[29]

text: The series producers will recast some roles with older actors every two seasons, as the series timeline moves forward and the characters age.[30] In October 2017, Olivia Colman was cast as Queen Elizabeth II for the third and fourth seasons.[10] By January 2018, Helena Bonham Carter and Paul Bettany were in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret and Prince Philip, respectively, for the third and fourth seasons.[31][9]

text: Filming[edit]

text: An estimated 25% of the first season was filmed at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, with the remainder filmed on location, with the season filmed over 152 days. Sets for private quarters, the interior of a private jet, the cabinet room, and the exterior of 10 Downing Street were built at Elstree Studios,[25][32] while Lancaster House, Wrotham Park and Wilton House were used for scenes to double as Buckingham Palace. Ely Cathedral stood in for Westminster Abbey, while filming in South Africa doubled as Kenya.[25] Additional filming locations in the United Kingdom included Eltham Palace, the Royal Naval College,[33] Goldsmiths' Hall, Shoreham Airport, New Slains Castle,[34] Balmoral Castle, Cruden Bay, Lyceum Theatre, Loseley Park, Hatfield House,[32] The Historic Dockyard Chatham,[35] Southwark Cathedral, Ardverikie House, Englefield House, and Glenfeshie Estate.[36] Filming on the second season began in early October 2016.[30]

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The show has been interpreted as perpetuating the idea that the Queen and Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill forced Princess Margaret to give up her plan of marrying Group Captain Peter Townsend. Evidence is clear that efforts were under way to prevent any further delay of the marriage. In contradiction to the TV dramatization this plan would have allowed Princess Margaret to keep her royal title and her civil list allowance, stay in the country and even continue with her public duties. In the dramatization, the Queen is seen telling her sister that if she marries Townsend she will no longer be a member of the family because of the Royal Marriages Act 1772.[37]

text: The re-enactment of the King's surgery, originally performed by Sir Clement Price Thomas, to remove a lung tumour, was researched and planned by Pankaj Chandak, specialist registrar in transplant surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London. Mr Chandak and his surgical team then became part of the real scene.[38] The production team donated the surgical model of King George VI to the Gordon Museum of Pathology to be used as teaching aid.[39]

text: Peggy Noonan of The Wall Street Journal was critical of the historical accuracy of the series.[40]

text: Release[edit]

text: The series' first two episodes were released theatrically in the United Kingdom on November 1, 2016.[41] The first season was released worldwide in its entirety on November 4, 2016.[42][43] The second season was released on December 8, 2017.[44]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 90% approval rating based on 51 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Powerful performances and lavish cinematography make The Crown a top-notch production worthy of its grand subject."[45] On Metacritic, the series holds a score of 81 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[46]

text: The Guardian's TV critic Lucy Mangan praised the series and wrote that "Netflix can rest assured that its £100m gamble has paid off. This first series, about good old British phlegm from first to last, is the service's crowning achievement so far."[47] Writing for The Daily Telegraph, Ben Lawrence said, "The Crown is a PR triumph for the Windsors, a compassionate piece of work that humanises them in a way that has never been seen before. It is a portrait of an extraordinary family, an intelligent comment on the effects of the constitution on their personal lives and a fascinating account of postwar Britain all rolled into one."[48] Chief television critic Jaci Stephen of The Mail on Sunday lauded the series and said, "Faultless is the only word for The Crown with its exquisite writing and magnificent acting."[49] Writing for The Boston Globe, Matthew Gilbert lauded the series saying, "The show, created and written by Peter Morgan of The Queen and Frost/Nixon is thoroughly engaging, gorgeously shot, beautifully acted, rich in the historical events of postwar England, and designed with a sharp eye to psychological nuance."[50] Vicki Hyman of The Star-Ledger said, "A sumptuous, stately but never dull look inside the life of Queen Elizabeth (Claire Foy)."[51] The A.V. Club's Gwen Ihnat said, "The Crown easily rises far above, adding a cinematic quality to a complex and intricate time for an intimate family. The performers and creators are seemingly up for the task."[52]

text: The Wall Street Journal critic Dorothy Rabinowitz said, "We're clearly meant to see the duke [of Windsor] as a wastrel with heart. It doesn't quite come off—Mr. Jennings is far too convincing as an empty-hearted scoundrel—but it's a minor flaw in this superbly sustained work."[53] Television critic Robert Lloyd writing for Los Angeles Times said, "As television it's excellent—beautifully mounted, movingly played and only mildly melodramatic."[54] Hank Stuever of The Washington Post also reviewed the series positively: "Pieces of The Crown are more brilliant on their own than they are as a series, taken in as shorter, intently focused films like The Queen and another Morgan achievement, the play and film versions of Frost/Nixon."[55] Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said, "This is a thoughtful series that lingers over death rather than using it for shock value; one that finds its story lines in small power struggles rather than gruesome palace coups.".[56] The Hollywood Reporter's Daniel Fienberg reviewed the series positively and said, "The first chapter of Peter Morgan's chronicle of the rule of Queen Elizabeth II remains gripping across the entirety of the 10 episodes made available to critics, finding both emotional heft in Elizabeth's youthful ascension and unexpected suspense in matters of courtly protocol and etiquette."[57] Other publications such as USA Today,[58] Indiewire,[59] The Atlantic,[60] CNN[61] and Variety[62] all reviewed the series positively.

text: Some were more critical towards the show. In a less enthusiastic review for Time magazine, Daniel D'Addario wrote, "The show will be compared to Downton Abbey, but that late soap opera was able to invent ahistorical or at least unexpected notes, [Claire] Foy struggles mightily, but she's given little: Avoiding her children, her husband, and her subjects in favor of meetings at which she either acquiesces to her advisors or puts off acquiescing until fifteen minutes later, The Crown's Elizabeth is more than unknowable. She's a bore".[63] Vulture's Matt Zoller Seitz quipped, "The Crown never entirely figures out how to make the political and domestic drama genuinely dramatic, much less bestow complexity on characters outside England's innermost circle."[64] Verne Gay of Newsday said, "Sumptuously produced but glacially told, The Crown is the TV equivalent of a long drive through the English countryside. The scenery keeps changing, but remains the same."[65] Slate magazine's Willa Paskin, expressed "It will scratch your period drama itch—and leave you itchy for action."[66] Writing for The Mail on Sunday, Hugo Vickers, an English biographer of the Royal Family, was of the opinion that "while [The Crown] certainly holds the attention, it is marred by a series of sensationalist errors and some quite remarkable lapses into vulgarity."[67]

text: The Royal family[edit]

text: Adam Helliker from the Daily Express reported in May 2017 that Queen Elizabeth II and her third son Prince Edward and his wife Sophie had watched the first season together. Other royal family members who were fans of the first season included the queen's granddaughters Princess Eugenie, Zara Tindall and her husband Mike Tindall. While the Queen was reported to have enjoyed the series, she found some depictions of events to be over-dramatised.[68]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2016
American Film Institute Awards
Top 10 TV Programs of the Year
The Crown
Won
[69]

Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Drama Series
Nominated
[70]

Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
John Lithgow
Won

Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series
Jared Harris
Nominated

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
Best Main Title – TV Show/Digital Streaming Series
Hans Zimmer
Nominated
[71]

2017
Golden Globe Awards
Best Television Series – Drama
The Crown
Won
[72]

Best Actress – Television Series Drama
Claire Foy
Won

Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
John Lithgow
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
The Crown
Nominated
[73]

Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series
John Lithgow
Won

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series
Claire Foy
Won

Art Directors Guild Awards
One-Hour Period or Fantasy Single-Camera Television Series
Martin Childs
Nominated
[74]

American Cinema Editors Awards
Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television
Yan Miles (for "Assassins")
Nominated
[75]

Satellite Awards
Best Television Series – Drama
The Crown
Won
[76]

Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Jared Harris
Nominated

Costume Designers Guild Awards
Outstanding Period Television Series
Michele Clapton
Won
[77]

Dorian Awards
TV Drama of the Year
The Crown
Nominated

TV Performance of the Year – Actress
Claire Foy
Nominated

Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
Best Online First/Streaming
The Crown
Won
[78]
[79]

Best Actor
Matt Smith
Nominated

Best Actress
Claire Foy
Nominated

Best Writer
Peter Morgan
Nominated

Irish Film and Television Awards
Best Editing
Úna Ní Dhonghaíle
Nominated
[80]

Location Managers Guild Awards
Outstanding Locations in Period Television
Pat Karam, Robert Bentley
Won
[81]

BAFTA Television Craft Awards
Best Costume Design
Michele Clapton
Won
[82]
[83]

Best Director: Fiction
Stephen Daldry
Nominated

Best Photography and Lightning: Fiction
Adriano Goldman
Nominated

Best Production Design
Martin Childs
Nominated

Best Special, Visual and Graphic Effects
Úna Ní Dhonghaíle, Molinare
Won

Best Title and Graphic Identity
Patrick Clair, Raoul Marks
Nominated

Best Writer: Drama
Peter Morgan
Nominated

BAFTA Television Awards
Best Drama Series
The Crown
Nominated
[84]

Best Actress
Claire Foy
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
John Lithgow
Nominated

Jared Harris
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Vanessa Kirby
Nominated

Glamour Awards
Best UK TV Actress
Won
[85]

TCA Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Drama
The Crown
Nominated
[86]

Outstanding New Program
Nominated

Individual Achievement in Drama
Claire Foy
Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Drama Series
The Crown
Nominated
[87]

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series
Claire Foy
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
John Lithgow
Won

Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series
Stephen Daldry
Nominated

Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series
Peter Morgan
Nominated

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series
Nina Gold, Robert Sterne
Nominated

Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (One Hour)
Adriano Goldman
Nominated

Outstanding Costumes for a Period/Fantasy Series, Limited Series, or Movie

Nominees[show]

Michele Clapton, Alex Fordham, Emma O'Loughlin and Kate O'Farrell

Won

Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single-Camera Series
Ivana Primorac, Amy Riley
Nominated

Outstanding Main Title Design

Nominees[show]

Patrick Clair, Raoul Marks, Javier Leon Carrillo and Jeff Han

Nominated

Outstanding Music Composition for a Series
Rupert Gregson-Williams
Nominated

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program (One Hour or More)

Nominees[show]

Martin Childs, Mark Raggett and Celia Bobak

Won

Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role

Nominees[show]

Ben Turner, Tom Debenham, Standish Millennas, Kim Phelan, Oliver Cubbage, Lionel Heath, Charlie Bennet, Stephen Smith and Carmine Agnone

Nominated

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
Original Score – TV Show/Limited Series
Rupert Gregson-Williams
Nominated
[88]

American Film Institute Awards
Top 10 TV Programs of the Year
The Crown
Won
[89]

2018
Golden Globe Awards
Best Television Series – Drama
The Crown
Nominated
[90]

Best Actress – Television Series Drama
Claire Foy
Nominated

Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Drama Series
The Crown
Nominated
[91]

Best Actress in a Drama Series
Claire Foy
Nominated

Producers Guild of America Awards
Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama
The Crown
Nominated
[92]

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
The Crown
Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series
Claire Foy
Won

Cinema Audio Society Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series – One Hour

Nominees[show]

Chris Ashworth, Lee Walpole, Stuart Hilliker, Martin Jensen, Rory de Carteret, Philip Clements (for "Misadventure")

Pending
[93]

Art Directors Guild Awards
One-Hour Period or Fantasy Single-Camera Television Series

Nominees[show]

Martin Childs (for "A Company of Men", "Beryl", "Dear Mrs. Kennedy")

Nominated
[94]

ASC Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television
Adriano Goldman (for "Smoke and Mirrors")
Pending
[95]

Costume Designers Guild Awards
Excellence in Period Television Series
Jane Petrie
Pending
[96]


document_title: Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang

question_text: who plays the dad in nanny mcphee 2

question_tokens: who plays the dad in nanny mcphee 2

root

text: Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang

text: Plot[edit]

text: On a farm during World War II, while her husband is away at war, Isabel Green is driven to her wits end by her hectic life. Between trying to keep the family farm up and running and her job in the village shop, run by the slightly mad Mrs. Docherty, she also has three boisterous children to look after, Norman, Megsie, and Vincent. When her children's two wealthy cousins, Cyril and Celia, also then come to live with them, Isabel requires childcare help.

tag: p

text: When the magical Nanny McPhee arrives, the children at first do not listen and carry on fighting, which she soon puts a stop to. Meanwhile, Isabel's brother-in-law, Phil, has gambled away his half of the farm, and is being chased by two hired-assassin women under casino owner Mrs. Biggles. He desperately attempts to make Isabel sell her half of the farm, using mean and spiteful schemes to leave her no choice. Isabel takes the children on a picnic during which an ARP Warden, Mr. Docherty, warns them about bombs and how he imagines a pilot might accidentally release his bomb. At the end of the picnic, Uncle Phil delivers a telegram saying Isabel's husband has been killed in action. Isabel and everyone else believes the telegram, but Norman says that he can "feel it in his bones" that his father is not dead. He tells this to Cyril, who at first says it is just because he is upset, but then agrees Norman might be right, so the two boys ask Nanny McPhee to take them to the War Office in London, where Cyril and Celia's father works.

text: There, Nanny McPhee and the boys ask Cyril's father Lord Gray, who is very important in the War Office, what has happened to Mr. Green. At first Lord Gray sneers at Norman's disbelief at his father's death, but after Cyril blurts out that he knows that his parents are getting a divorce, Lord Gray checks what has happened. While he is gone, Cyril tells Norman that he and Celia have been sent away because their parents will be splitting up, and Norman asks where Cyril and Celia will live. When Cyril replies "with Mum, I suppose, not that it makes much difference, she only ever really sees us when she wants to show us off", Norman tells Cyril that he and Celia are welcome to live on the farm with the Greens. Lord Gray returns and tells Norman that his father is not dead, but missing in action, and that there is no record of a telegram being sent to his mother. After the boys leave, Norman deduces that Uncle Phil forged the telegram.

text: While the boys were at the War Office, Megsie, Celia and Vincent were trying to stop Isabel from signing the papers and selling the farm. Just as Isabel is about to sign the papers, a German pilot accidentally drops a huge bomb; it shakes everything but does not explode and is left sticking out of the barley field. When Nanny McPhee returns with Norman and Cyril, Norman accuses Phil of forgery, which he admits to, and Isabel handcuffs him to the stove. The children go out to watch Mr. Docherty dismantle the bomb, but he falls from the ladder. Megsie takes over, and succeeds with the help of the other children and Nanny McPhee's jackdaw, Mr. Edelweiss. After Nanny McPhee helps to harvest the barley with a little magic, saving Phil from Mrs. Biggles' hitwomen in the process, it is revealed that old Mrs. Docherty is in fact baby Agatha from the first film and that Nanny McPhee has been staying with her. As Nanny McPhee walks away from the now happy family, the children and Isabel chase after her, only to see Mr. Green, in army uniform and with an injured arm, making his way to them. He runs to his family and they embrace.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Emma Thompson as Nanny McPhee, the magical nanny who changes the lives of the Green and Gray children.
Maggie Gyllenhaal as Isabel Green (née Carrington) the frazzled mother of Norman, Megsie, and Vincent.
Rhys Ifans as Phil Green - Norman, Megsie, and Vincent's uncle who tries to sell the farm because he gambled it away at a casino.
Asa Butterfield as Norman Michael Green, the eldest of the Green children.
Lil Woods as Megsie Charlotte Green, the middle and only girl of the Green children.
Oscar Steer as Vincent David Green, the youngest of the Green children.
Eros Vlahos as Cyril Sean Gray - the spoiled cousin of Norman, Megsie, and Vincent. He becomes kinder throughout the film and makes friends with Norman.
Rosie Taylor-Ritson as Celia Rosa Gray - the other spoiled cousin of Norman, Megsie, and Vincent. She also becomes kinder throughout the film and makes friends with Megsie.
Maggie Smith as Agatha Rose Doherty (née Brown), the owner of the shop at which Mrs. Green works. She is baby Aggie from the first film grown up.
Ewan McGregor as Rory Green, Isabel's husband, Phil's brother and the father of the Greens, away fighting in World War II.
Ralph Fiennes as Lord Gray - Cyril and Celia's father, who is very high up in the War Office.
Sam Kelly as Mr. Algernon Doherty - Mrs. Doherty's husband, who is an ARP (Air Raid Precautions) Warden.
Sinead Matthews as Miss Topsey - a henchwoman of Mrs. Biggles, the woman who owns the casino at which Phil gambled the farm away.
Katy Brand as Miss Turvey, the colleague of Miss Topsey.
Bill Bailey as Farmer MacReadie, the farmer who buys the piglets from the Greens.
Nonso Anozie as Sergeant Ralph Jeffreys - the guard at the War Office, and a former charge of Nanny McPhee.
Daniel Mays as Blenkinsop - Cyril and Celia's chauffeur.
Ed Stoppard as Lieutenant Addis, a coworker of Lord Gray.
Toby Sedgwick as an enemy plane pilot.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The village in the film is Hambleden in Buckinghamshire, the farm set and scenes were filmed in Hascombe, near Godalming in Surrey and the War Office scenes, both interior and exterior, were filmed at the University of London, and the motorbike scenes on various London roads. Senate House.[citation needed][5] Dunsfold Aerodrome, the location of Top Gear, name Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang as being filmed there [6]

text: Relation to Nurse Matilda[edit]

text: The film is one of a wave of adaptations of the book trilogy by children's author Christianna Brand, Nurse Matilda. The books are not directly connected to the film, but most scenes in the film are adapted from the books. Emma Thompson started to write the script based on Brand's books in the spring of 2007.[citation needed]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Best Things In Life Are Free - Performed by Bing Crosby
Pick Yourself Up - Performed by Harry Roy and His Band

text: Release[edit]

text: Theatrical[edit]

text: Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang was theatrically released on August 20, 2010 by Universal Pictures (April 2, 2010 in the UK).

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the UK on 19 June 2010. Nanny McPhee Returns, as the film was renamed for the North American market, was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 14 December 2010.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Critical response for the film was positive. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 76% based on 115 reviews, with the site's consensus stating: "Emma Thompson's second labor of love with the Nanny McPhee character actually improves on the first, delivering charming family fare with an excellent cast."[7] News of the World gave it 4/5 stars, stating the film was "smart, witty and beautifully crafted – exactly what you want from a family film" and excited about the next film said "Roll on Nanny McThree".[8] The Independent gave a very favourable review, stating "the film is an ingenious entertainment machine fuelled by a profound understanding of what children enjoy, whether it's cowpats, talking welly boots or piglets doing synchronised swimming. Thompson has written a properly funny script, which is performed superbly by Ifans, Maggie Smith, Bill Bailey, Ralph Fiennes and some estimable child actors."[9] Eros Vlahos was nominated for Best Leading Young Actor at the Young Artist Awards 2011 against Noah Ringer for The Last Airbender, Zachary Gordon for Diary of a Wimpy Kid and Jaden Smith (winner) for The Karate Kid.

text: Box office[edit]

text: In the UK, the film opened at number one, with £2,586,760[10] outperforming fellow new release The Blind Side, grossing a total of £16,211,057. In the United States and Canada, it debuted in seventh position with a $8.4 million.[3] Gross exceeded $27 million.[11]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

IFMCA Award
Best Original Score for a Comedy Film and Film Composer of the Year
James Newton Howard for The Last Airbender, Love & Other Drugs, Salt, and The Tourist
Nominated

tag: table

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

Silver Medal
Introductions and Lead-in titles
Paul Donnellon (Director)
David Z. Obadiah (Producer)
Andrew White (Designer)
Noel Donnellon (Producer)
VooDooDog
Won

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor
Eros Vlahos
Nominated

text: Nanny McPhee's five lessons[edit]

text: In the course of the story, Nanny McPhee teaches the children five lessons: (1) to stop fighting; (2) to share nicely; (3) to help each other; (4) to be brave; and (5) to have faith.[12]


document_title: Two steps forward one step back

question_text: who said one step forward two steps back

text: Two steps forward one step back

text: Look up one step forward, two steps back in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: "Two steps forward one step back..." is a catchphrase reflecting on an anecdote about a frog trying to climb out of a water well; for every two steps the frog climbs, it falls back by one step, making its progress arduous.

text: The phrase is sometimes cynically rearranged to "One step forward, two steps back..." to reflect a situation where, seemingly for every attempt to make progress in a task, an actual retrograde performance is achieved. The phrase One Step Forward, Two Steps Back was used as a title of a 1904 revolutionary pamphlet by Vladimir Lenin.

text: Instead of quoting this phrase ("Two steps forward one step back...") sometimes it is summed up with the briefer exclamation of "Frog in a well".[1] This tale should not be confused with another tale with a different meaning, but also sometimes titled Frog in a well, which refers to having seemingly small aspirations in comparison with compatriots.[2][3][4]


document_title: Christmas card

question_text: who designed and sent the first christmas card

text: Christmas card

text: History[edit]

text: The first recorded Christmas cards were sent by Michael Maier to James I of England and his son Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales in 1611.[1] It was discovered in 1979 by Adam McLean in the Scottish Record Office .[2] They incorporated Rosicrucian imagery, with the words of the greeting – "A greeting on the birthday of the Sacred King, to the most worshipful and energetic lord and most eminent James, King of Great Britain and Ireland, and Defender of the true faith, with a gesture of joyful celebration of the Birthday of the Lord, in most joyand fortune, we enter into the new auspicious year 1612" – being laid out to form a rose.

text: The next cards were commissioned by Sir Henry Cole and illustrated by John Callcott Horsley in London on 1st May 1843.[3][4][5] The central picture showed three generations of a family raising a toast to the card's recipient: on either side were scenes of charity, with food and clothing being given to the poor.[6] Allegedly the image of the family drinking wine together proved controversial, but the idea was shrewd: Cole had helped introduce the Penny Post three years earlier. Two batches totaling 2,050 cards were printed and sold that year for a shilling each.[7]

text: Early British cards rarely showed winter or religious themes, instead favoring flowers, fairies and other fanciful designs that reminded the recipient of the approach of spring. Humorous and sentimental images of children and animals were popular, as were increasingly elaborate shapes, decorations and materials. At Christmas 1873, the lithograph firm Prang and Mayer began creating greeting cards for the popular market in Britain The firm began selling the Christmas card in America in 1874, thus becoming the first printer to offer cards in America. Its owner, Louis Prang, is sometimes called the "father of the American Christmas card."[8] By the 1880s, Prang was producing over five million cards a year by using the chromolithography process of printmaking.[3] However, the popularity of his cards led to cheap imitations that eventually drove him from the market. The advent of the postcard spelled the end for elaborate Victorian-style cards, but by the 1920s, cards with envelopes had returned. The extensive Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection from the Manchester Metropolitan University gathers 32,000 Victorian and Edwardian greeting cards, printed by the major publishers of the day,[9] including Britain’s first commercially produced Christmas card.[10]

text: The production of Christmas cards was, throughout the 20th century, a profitable business for many stationery manufacturers, with the design of cards continually evolving with changing tastes and printing techniques. The now widely recognized brand Hallmark Cards was established in 1913 by Joyce Hall with the help of brother Rollie Hall to market their self-produced Christmas cards.[11] The Hall brothers capitalized on a growing desire for more personalized greeting cards, and reached critical success when the outbreak of World War I increased demand for cards to send to soldiers.[11] The World Wars brought cards with patriotic themes. Idiosyncratic "studio cards" with cartoon illustrations and sometimes risque humor caught on in the 1950s. Nostalgic, sentimental, and religious images have continued in popularity, and, in the 21st century, reproductions of Victorian and Edwardian cards are easy to obtain. Modern Christmas cards can be bought individually but are also sold in packs of the same or varied designs. In recent decades changes in technology may be responsible for the decline of the Christmas card. The estimated number of cards received by American households dropped from 29 in 1987 to 20 in 2004.[12] Email and telephones allow for more frequent contact and are easier for generations raised without handwritten letters - especially given the availability of websites offering free email Christmas cards. Despite the decline, 1.9 billion cards were sent in the U.S. in 2005 alone.[13] Some card manufacturers now provide E-cards. In the UK, Christmas cards account for almost half of the volume of greeting card sales, with over 668.9 million Christmas cards sold in the 2008 festive period.[14] In mostly non-religious countries (e.g. Czech Republic), the cards are rather called New Year Cards, however they are sent before Christmas and the emphasis (design, texts) is mostly given to the New Year, omitting religious symbols.

text: Official Christmas cards[edit]

text: "Official" Christmas cards began with Queen Victoria in the 1840s. The British royal family's cards are generally portraits reflecting significant personal events of the year.

text: Despite the governing practice of the separation of church and state within American politics, there is a long-standing custom for the President and First Lady to send White House Christmas Cards each holiday season.[15] The practice originated with President Calvin Coolidge, who was the first president to issue a written statement of peaceful tidings during the holidays in 1927.[15][16] President Herbert Hoover was the first to give Christmas notes to the White House staff, and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the first president to utilize the card format (rather than the previously used notes or a written statement) that most closely resembles the Christmas cards of today.[15]

text: In 1953, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first official White House card. The cards usually depict White House scenes as rendered by prominent American artists. The number of recipients has snowballed over the decades, from just 2,000 in 1961 to 1.4 million in 2005.[17]

text: Commercial Christmas cards[edit]

text: Many businesses, from small local businesses to multi-national enterprises send Christmas cards to the people on their customer lists, as a way to develop general goodwill, retain brand awareness and reinforce social networks. These cards are almost always discrete and secular in design, and do not attempt to sell a product, limiting themselves to mentioning the name of the business. The practice harkens back to trade cards of the 18th century, an ancestor of the modern Christmas card.

text: Charity Christmas cards[edit]

text: Many organizations produce special Christmas cards as a fundraising tool. The most famous of these enterprises is probably the UNICEF Christmas card program,[18] launched in 1949, which selects artwork from internationally known artists for card reproduction. The UK-based Charities Advisory Trust gives out an annual "Scrooge Award" to the cards that return the smallest percentage to the charities they claim to support[19] although it is not universally well received by the Christmas card producers.[20]

text: Christmas stamps and stickers[edit]

text: Many countries produce official Christmas stamps, which may be brightly colored and depict some aspect of Christmas tradition or a Nativity scene. Small decorative stickers are also made to seal the back of envelopes, typically showing a trinket or some symbol of Christmas.

text: In 2004, the German post office gave away 20 million free scented stickers, to make Christmas cards smell of a fir Christmas tree, cinnamon, gingerbread, a honey-wax candle, a baked apple and an orange.

text: Collectors items[edit]

text: From the beginning, Christmas cards have been avidly collected. Queen Mary amassed a large collection that is now housed in the British Museum.[21] The University College London's Slade School of Fine Art houses a collection of handmade Christmas Cards from alumni such as Paula Rego and Richard Hamilton and are displayed at events over the Christmas season, when members of the public can make their own Christmas cards in the Strang Print Room.[22] Specimens from the "golden age" of printing (1840s–1890s) are especially prized and bring in large sums at auctions. In December 2005, one of Horsley's original cards sold for nearly £9,000. Collectors may focus on particular images like Santa Claus, poets, or printing techniques. The Christmas card that holds the world record as the most expensive ever sold was a card produced in 1843 by J. C. Horsley and commissioned by civil servant Sir Henry Cole. The card, one of the world's first, was sold in 2001 by UK auctioneers Henry Aldridge to an anonymous bidder for a record breaking £22,250.[23]

text:
Santa Claus and his reindeer

Silk cord and tassels, c. 1860

Victorian, c. 1870

Christmas Card, 1880

Victorian, 1885

Postcard, c. 1901

Christmas card, 1904

Christmas postcard 1907

Christmas card, 1912

American card, c. 1920

Frances Brundage Christmas card, 1910

text: Home-made cards[edit]

text: Since the 19th century, many families and individuals have chosen to make their own Christmas cards, either in response to monetary necessity, as an artistic endeavour, or in order to avoid the commercialism associated with Christmas cards. With a higher preference of handmade gifts during the 19th century over purchased or commercial items, homemade cards carried high sentimental value as gifts alone. Many families make the creation of Christmas cards a family endeavour and part of the seasonal festivity, along with stirring the Christmas cake and decorating the tree. Over the years such cards have been produced in every type of paint and crayon, in collage and in simple printing techniques such as potato-cuts. A revival of interest in paper crafts, particularly scrapbooking, has raised the status of the homemade card and made available an array of tools for stamping, punching and cutting.

text: Advances in digital photography and printing have provided the technology for many people to design and print their own cards, using their original graphic designs or photos, or those available with many computer programs or online as clip art, as well as a great range of typefaces. Such homemade cards include personal touches such as family photos and holidays snapshots. Crowdsourcing, another trend enabled by the Internet, has allowed thousands of independent and hobbyist graphic designers to produce and distribute holiday cards around the world.

text: The Christmas card list[edit]

text: Many people send cards to both close friends and distant acquaintances, potentially making the sending of cards a multi-hour chore in addressing dozens or even hundreds of envelopes. The greeting in the card can be personalized but brief, or may include a summary of the year's news. The extreme of this is the Christmas letter (below). Because cards are usually exchanged year after year, the phrase "to be off someone's Christmas card list" is used to indicate a falling out between friends or public figures.

text: Christmas letters[edit]

text: Some people take the annual mass mailing of cards as an opportunity to update those they know with the year's events, and include the so-called "Christmas letter" reporting on the family's doings, sometimes running to multiple printed pages. In the UK these are known as round-robin letters.[24] While a practical notion, Christmas letters meet with a mixed reception; recipients may take it as boring minutiae, bragging, or a combination of the two, whereas other people appreciate Christmas letters as more personal than mass-produced cards with a generic missive and an opportunity to "catch up" with the lives of family and friends who are rarely seen or communicated with. Since the letter will be received by both close and distant relatives, there is also the potential for the family members to object to how they are presented to others; an entire episode of Everybody Loves Raymond was built around conflict over the content of just such a letter.

text: Environmental impact and recycling[edit]

text: During the first 70 years of the 19th century it was common for Christmas and other greeting cards to be recycled by women's service organizations who collected them and removed the pictures, to be pasted into scrap books for the entertainment of children in hospitals, orphanages, kindergartens and missions. With children's picture books becoming cheaper and more readily available, this form of scrap-booking has almost disappeared.

text: Recent concern over the environmental impact of printing, mailing and delivering cards has fueled an increase in e-cards.[25][26]

text: The U.K. conservation charity Woodland Trust runs an annual campaign to collect and recycle Christmas cards to raise awareness of recycling and collect donations from corporate sponsors and supporters. All recycled cards help raise money to plant more trees. In the 12 years that the Woodland Trust Christmas Card Recycling Scheme has been running, more than 600 million cards have been recycled. This has enabled the Woodland Trust to plant more than 141,000 trees, save over 12,000 tonnes of paper from landfill and stop over 16,000 tonnes of CO2 from going into the atmosphere – the equivalent to taking more than 5,000 cars off the road for a year.[27] The scheme has had celebrity supporters including Jo Brand, Dermot O' Leary and Sean Bean and is the longest running scheme of its type in the country.[28]

text: International Christmas greetings[edit]

text: The traditional English greeting of "Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year" as it appears in other languages:[29]

text:
Albanian: Gëzuar Krishtlindjet dhe Vitin e Ri
Basque: Gabon Zoriontsuak eta urte berri on
Breton: Nedeleg laouen na bloavezh mat
Bulgarian: Весела Коледа и Честита Нова Година
Catalan: Bon Nadal i Feliç Any Nou
Chinese Simplified (China, except Hong Kong): 圣诞快乐，新年进步
Chinese Traditional (Hong Kong & Taiwan): 聖誔快樂，新年進步
Cornish: Nadelik Lowen, Bledhen Nowyth Da.
Croatian - Hrvatski: Čestit Božić i sretna Nova godina
Czech: Veselé vánoce a šťastný nový rok.[30] But mostly used is secular 'P.F.' standing for French 'Pour féliciter' (literally 'For happiness in the year...').
Danish: Glædelig jul og godt nytår! or simply God jul
Dutch: Prettige kerstdagen en een gelukkig nieuwjaar
Estonian: Häid jõule ja head uut aastat
Esperanto: Gajan kristnaskon kaj feliĉan novan jaron
Filipino: Maligayang Pasko at Manigong Bagong Taon
Finnish: Hyvää joulua ja onnellista uutta vuotta
French: Joyeux Noël et Bonne Année
Galician: Bo Nadal e Feliz Aninovo
Georgian: გილოცავთ შობა-ახალ წელს
German: Fröhliche Weihnachten und ein glückliches/gutes Neues Jahr
Greek: Καλά Χριστούγεννα και ευτυχισμένος ο Καινούριος Χρόνος
Hungarian: Kellemes karácsonyi ünnepeket és boldog új évet or simply B. ú. é. k.
Icelandic: Gleðileg jól og farsælt nýtt ár
Indonesian: Selamat Hari Natal dan Tahun Baru
Irish: Nollaig Shona Duit
Italian: Buon Natale e Felice Anno Nuovo
Kashubian: Wiesołëch Gòdów i szczestlewégò Nowégò Rokù
Korean : 메리 크리스마스
Japanese: メリー・クリスマス
Latvian: Priecīgus Ziemassvētkus un laimīgu Jauno gadu
Lithuanian: Linksmų šventų Kalėdų ir laimingų Naujųjų metų
Macedonian: Среќна Нова Година и честит Божиќ
Malay: Selamat Hari Krismas dan Tahun Baru
Maltese: Il-Milied Hieni u s-Sena t-Tajba
Mongolian: Зул сар болон Шинэ жилийн баярын мэнд хүргье
Norwegian: God jul og godt nyttår
Persian: کریسمس و سال نو مبارک
Polish: Wesołych Świąt i Szczęśliwego Nowego Roku
Portuguese: Feliz Natal e um Feliz Ano Novo
Romanian: Crăciun Fericit și La mulți ani
Russian: С Новым годом и Рождеством Христовым!
Sinhala: Suba naththalak wewa, suba aluth aurudhak wewa
Slovak: Veselé Vianoce a Štastný Nový rok
Slovenian: Vesel Božič in Srečno Novo Leto
Spanish: Feliz Navidad y próspero Año Nuevo
Swedish: God Jul och Gott Nytt År
Vietnamese: Chúc mừng Giáng Sinh và chúc mừng năm mơi (acute accent over ơ in "mơi")
Ukrainian: Веселих свят! (Happy Holidays!) / З Новим роком і Різдвом Христовим!
Urdu:آپکو بڑا دن اور نیا سال مبارک ہو
Welsh: Nadolig Llawen a Blwyddyn Newydd Dda

text:
Christmas postcards

American card, c. 1940

War-related, c. 1943

Rust Craft, c. 1950

Snow in the Netherlands

Christmas card

Christmas card Frances Brundage

Merry Christmas card

Christmas tree market

Christmas card with embroidery

Christmas Card

Santa Claus clothes


document_title: List of Halloween Baking Championship episodes

question_text: who won the halloween baking championship in 2017

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

Originally aired

First aired

Last aired

1

4

October 5, 2015 (2015-10-05)

October 26, 2015 (2015-10-26)

2

5

October 3, 2016 (2016-10-03)

October 31, 2016 (2016-10-31)

3

6

September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)

October 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)

4

6

September 24, 2018 (2018-09-24)

October 29, 2018 (2018-10-29)

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text: Seven bakers and chefs competed in a four-episode baking tournament. One person got eliminated every week until the final episode where one person was eliminated early on and the final three compete for the grand prize of $25,000. Judges for this season are Carla Hall, Ron Ben-Israel, and Sherry Yard.[1]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
1st - Rudy Martinez,[2] Home Bakery Owner from Queens, New York
2nd - Scott Breazeale, Executive Chef from Plymouth, Michigan
3rd - Jason Hisley, Bakery Owner and chef from Baltimore, Maryland
4th - Ashlee Prisbrey,[3] Baker from Salt Lake City, Utah
5th - Audrey Alfaro, Home Baker from Spokane, Washington
6th - Erin Cooper, Baker from Owings Mills, Maryland
7th - Jennifer Petty, Home Bakery Owner from West Covina, California

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Ep. #

Title

Original Air Date

1

"Trick or Treats"

October 5, 2015 (2015-10-05)

Preliminary Heat: Make a dozen trick-or-treat candy cupcakes in 75 minutes. The contestants had to blindly grab a bag of candy from a "bubbling cauldron" and incorporate them into their cupcakes.
Winner: Jason Hisley (His advantage going into the "Main Heat" was being able to switch his  card with another contestant, or switch two contestant's cards. He chose to switch his cowboy card with Audrey's pirate card.)
Main Heat: The contestants had to blindly pick a card that depicted a classic Halloween costume. They were tasked to create a dessert in 90 minutes that represented that costume.
Winner: Audrey Alfaro
Eliminated: Jennifer Petty

Judges' Costumes:
Sherry Yard (Good Witch)
Ron Ben-Israel (Pirate)
Carla Hall (Bad Witch)

2

"Monster Mashups"

October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)

Preliminary Heat: Mashup two pre-made grocery food items into a dozen tasty treats in 45 minutes. The contestants had to pick from grocery items like cookie dough in a tube and frozen pie crusts.
Winner: Erin Cooper (Her advantage was getting ten minutes of sous chef help from judge Sherry Yard.)
Main Heat: The contestants each picked two hollow apples from a prop tree; a red apple had a specific flavor and a green apple had a spooky theme. They were tasked to combine flavor and theme into a cohesive dessert, in 90 minutes.
Winner: Jason Hisley
Eliminated: Erin Cooper

Judges' Costumes:
Sherry Yard (Empress Josephine)
Ron Ben-Israel (1940s gangster)
Carla Hall (1920s flapper)

3

"Field of Screams"

October 19, 2015 (2015-10-19)

Preliminary Heat: Inspired by autumn hayrides and farms, the contestants have 75 minutes to make creepy doughnuts.
Winner: Rudy Martinez (His advantage is revealed partway into the second round; picking and assigning extra ingredients to himself and his competitors.)
Main Heat: The contestants must create a graveyard themed pumpkin dessert. Halfway into the competition, Rudy's advantage is brought up. He gets first pick of a basket of mandatory extra ingredients. He takes candied ginger for himself then assigns dried cherries to Scott, cream cheese to Jason, walnuts to Ashlee, and raisins to Audrey.
Winner: Rudy Martinez
Eliminated: Audrey Alfaro

Judges' Costumes:
Sherry Yard (Cleopatra)
Ron Ben-Israel (Maharaja)
Carla Hall (flamenco dancer)

4

"Haunted House Party"

October 26, 2015 (2015-10-26)

Preliminary Heat: Make a dessert that looks like a creature associated with haunted houses in 2 hours. Each contestant fishes a key from an urn and are assigned the character written on the key. (Ashlee got "mummy", Scott got "zombie", Rudy got "vampire", and Jason got "skeleton"). In this episode, the weakest dish is eliminated from the first round. Ashlee is eliminated.
Winner: Jason Hisley (There is no advantage given in this episode)
Main Heat: The final three contestants have 5 hours to create a haunted house cake.
Winner of $25,000: Rudy Martinez
Eliminated: Scott Breazeale and Jason Hisley

Judges' Costumes:
Sherry Yard (Marie Antoinette)
Ron Ben-Israel (Carnival dancer)
Carla Hall (mermaid)
Special Guest: Duff Goldman (werewolf)

text: Results[edit]

text:
Contestant
1
2
3
4

Rudy

IN
LOW
WIN‡
WINNER

Scott

IN
IN
HIGH
OUT

Jason

HIGH‡
WIN
LOW
OUT‡

Ashlee

IN
HIGH
LOW
OUT1

Audrey

WIN
IN
OUT

Erin

LOW
OUT‡

Jennifer

OUT

text: ^Note 1 : Ashlee was eliminated after the finale Preheat.

text: Season 2 (2016)[edit]

text: Seven bakers competed in a five-episode baking tournament. In this season they incorporated midround twists (usually an ingredient the contestants had to add to their confection). The winner got $25,000. Judges for this season are Carla Hall, Sandra Lee,[4] and Damiano Carrara.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
1st - Michelle Antonishek,[5] Executive Pastry Chef from Cotulla, Texas
2nd - Tamara Brown, Home Baker from Baldwin Park, California
3rd - Veronica von Borstel, Cake Designer from San Diego, California
4th - John Schopp,[6] Pastry Instructor from Roanoke, Virginia
5th - Amy Strickland, Bakery Owner from Lake City, Florida1
6th - Damien Bagley, Pastry Instructor from Las Vegas, Nevada
7th - Brad Rudd, Bakery Manager from Encino, California

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Ep. #

Title

Original Air Date

1

"Monsters, Monsters, Monsters"

October 3, 2016 (2016-10-03)

Preliminary Heat: Make a dozen bite-sized treats that look like monsters in 60 minutes.
Winner: Michelle Antonishek (Her advantage was exclusive use of creepy molds and tools for the second round challenge)
Main Heat: The contestants had to make an edible zombie treat in 2 hours. They had to incorporate raspberries into their dessert. Mid-round twist is to incorporate sugar work.
Winner: Amy Strickland
Eliminated: Brad Rudd

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (Uncle Sam)
Damiano Carrara (firefighter)
Sandra Lee (monarch butterfly)

2

"Cravings from the Grave"

October 10, 2016 (2016-10-10)

Preliminary Heat: Use ready-made pie crust to make fast mummy treats in 30 minutes.
Winner: John Schopp (His advantage was being able to switch his tombstone with another contestant or switch two contestant's tombstones. He chose to switch Amy's "witch hat" with Michelle's "cauldron".)
Main Heat: The contestants each picked a little tombstone that had a theme written on the back. They had 2 hours to make a candy stuffed cake inspired by their respective Halloween themes. John got 'eyeball', Damien got 'crystal ball', Amy got 'witch hat', Michelle got 'cauldron', Tamara got 'skull', and Veronica got 'pumpkin'. After the switch, Amy got 'cauldron' and Michelle got 'witch hat'. Mid-round twist is to add lime curd representing slime.
Winner: Tamara Brown
Eliminated: Damien Bagley

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (zombie bride)
Damiano Carrara (1950s greaser)
Sandra Lee (Victorian vampire)

3

"Haunted Circus"

October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)

Preliminary Heat: Bake a half dozen creepy clown cake pops in 45 minutes.
Winner: Michelle Antonishek (Her advantage is first choice of two characteristics/themes in the second round.)
Main Heat: The contestants each picked one stuffed spider and one stuffed alligator; all wearing tags with different characteristics and different creatures. They had 2 hours to combine both tag descriptions into an edible freak show creature. Michelle picked "fire-breathing" as her characteristic and "snake" as her creature. Tamara paired up "two-headed" "turtle". John paired up "sword-swallowing" "mermaid". And Veronica paired up "werewolf" "strongman". Mid-round twist is to add roasted peanuts.
Winner: Tamara Brown
Eliminated: No eliminations this episode because Amy Strickland left the competition.

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (Little Bo Peep)
Damiano Carrara (gondolier)
Sandra Lee ("winter")

4

"Spirits Rising"

October 24, 2016 (2016-10-24)

Preliminary Heat: Make a dessert that looks like a monster's tomb in 60 minutes. Mid-round twist is to incorporate funeral flowers into the design.
Winner: Michelle Antonishek (Her advantage is access to Mexican ingredients for the main challenge)
Main Heat: The contestants have 90 minutes to make a confection honoring "Dia de los Muertos" (Day of the Dead). Mid-round twist is to incorporate habanero peppers into their desserts.
Winner: Michelle Antonishek
Eliminated: John Schopp

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (warrior princess)
Damiano Carrara (glam metal rocker)
Sandra Lee (snow queen)

5

"Ginger Dead House"

October 31, 2016

Preliminary Heat: Make creepy, decorated cookies to hang on a decorative "haunted" cookie tree in 2 hours.
Winner: Tamara Brown (Her advantage is able to pick and assign themes in the second round)
Main Heat: The final three contestants have 6 hours to create a haunted gingerbread house specific to a structural theme. For winning the pre-heat, Tamara picked "Gothic Castle" and assigned "Cabin in the Woods" to Veronica and "Asylum" to Michelle. Mid-round twist is to add a ginger and chocolate treat to compliment their house.
Winner of $25,000: Michelle Antonishek
Eliminated: Tamara Brown and Veronica von Borstel

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (Bollywood star)
Damiano Carrara (gladiator)
Sandra Lee (Cher)
Special Guest: Duff Goldman (tree creature)

text: Results[edit]

text:
Contestant
1
2
31
4
5

Michelle

IN‡
IN
HIGH‡
WIN‡
WINNER

Tamara

LOW
WIN
WIN
LOW
OUT‡

Veronica

IN
IN
LOW
HIGH
OUT

John

IN
LOW‡
LOW
OUT

Amy

WIN
HIGH
WDR

Damien

HIGH
OUT

Brad

OUT

text: ^Note 1 : No one was eliminated at the end of Week 3.

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text: Eight bakers competed in a six-episode baking tournament. One person got eliminated every week until the final three compete for $25,000. Judges for this season are Carla Hall, Zac Young, and Lorraine Pascale.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
1st - Jasmin Bell, Pastry Instructor from Seattle, Washington
2nd - Jonathan Elias, Pastry Chef from Troy, Michigan
3rd - Jessica Scott, Executive Pastry Chef from San Diego, California
4th - Ray Vizcaino, Cake Decorator from San Diego, California
5th - Tyler Davis, Pastry Chef from St. Louis, Missouri
6th - Dina Melendez, Pastry Chef from Brooklyn, New York
7th - Cliff Butler, Pastry Chef from Austin, Texas
8th - Andrea Kratville, Home Baker from Sonora, California

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Ep. #

Title

Original Air Date

1

"Filled With Surprises"

September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)

Preliminary Heat: Make one dozen cookies stuffed with candy in 90 minutes. Each contestant blindly picked a spooky theme written on a scarecrow's stick finger and incorporate it into their cookies.
Winner: Ray Vizcaino (His advantage was first pick of pre-determined flavors of "slime" for the next round. He chose raspberry.)
Main Heat: The contestants had to make a dessert filled with gooey "slime" in 2 hours. Mid-round twist is to create a little edible slime creature that lives in the dessert.
Winner: Jasmin Bell
Eliminated: Andrea Kratville

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (ghost bride)
Zac Young (knight)
Lorraine Pascale (witch)

2

"Bewitching Treats"

October 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)

Preliminary Heat: Bake 10 witch's fingers and toes in 1 hour and make a dipping sauce for the baked appendages.
Winner: Jessica Scott (Her advantage was exclusive use of special witch stencils and pre-made fondant for the next round.)
Main Heat: The contestants had to make witchy desserts in 90 minutes. Mid-round twist is to make an edible broom to accompany the witch confection.
Winner: Tyler Davis
Eliminated: Cliff Butler

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (Southern belle)
Zac Young (vampire)
Lorraine Pascale (Southern belle)

3

"It's All In Your Head"

October 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)

Preliminary Heat: The remaining six are paired into teams of two and must make two halves of an edible brain that fit together semleassly, all in 90 minutes. They pick prop brains from a table and matching numbers determines who's paired up with whom. (Teams are: Jasmin & Ray, Dina & Jessica, and Tyler & Jonathan).
Winners: Jasmin Bell & Ray Vizcaino (Their advantage is not having to do the mid-round twist in the second round.)
Main Heat: : In total darkness, the contestants must get to the table and grab a container with a common phobia inside. They have 90 minutes to make a dessert inspired by the fear they chose (Jessica got "rats", Tyler got "spiders", Jasmin got "clowns", Jonathan got "snakes", Dina got "ghosts", and Ray got "insects"). Mid-round twist is to add "Halloween worms" (cooked spaghetti) to their dessert.
Winner: Jonathan Elias
Eliminated: Dina Melendez

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (clown)
Zac Young (matador)
Lorraine Pascale (ringmaster)

4

"Sweet Screams"

October 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)

Preliminary Heat: Make a creepy, Halloween cream puff. Each contestant picked a dead rose that had a theme tagged to it, and had to use it as inspiration for their "scream" puffs. (Jasmin got "zombie", Jonathan got "bat", Tyler got "vampire", Ray got "mummy", and Jessica got "eyeball".)
Winner: Jasmin Bell (Her advantage is a 10 minute head start.)
Main Heat: The contestants have 80 minutes to make a dessert based on a scary mask on a display. (Jasmin grabbed a werewolf mask, Jonathan got a devil mask, Jessica got a raven mask, Ray got a snake mask, and Tyler got a Day of the Dead mask). Mid-round twist is to pick a wrapped up, unpopular Halloween treat (apples, popcorn balls, or raisins) and incorporate one into their dessert.
Winner: Jessica Scott
Eliminated: Tyler Davis

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (Day of the Dead lady)
Zac Young (Grim Reaper)
Lorraine Pascale (mummy)

5

"The Candyman Cometh"

October 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)

Preliminary Heat: Make a dessert that tastes like a candy bar in 90 minutes. Each contestant grabbed a jar filed with chocolate candies to use as inspiration. (Jonathan got chocolate coconut bars, Jasmin got chocolate peanut nougat bars, Ray got chocolate caramel cookie bars, and Jessica got peanut butter cups.)
Winners: Jasmin Bell (Her advantage was going last in choosing odd chocolate pairings during the second round, and possibly stealing an ingredient duo from a fellow baker.)
Main Heat: The contestants had to incorporate odd chocolate pairings into "death by chocolate" desserts in 90 minutes. The chocolate pairings were revealed by choosing between four portraits. Since Jasmin won the pre-heat, she got to see the ingredients her three competitors unveiled and could take one of their choices or risk what was behind the label of the final portrait. She opted not to take anyone's chocolate combination. (Jessica got chocolate and Gouda cheese, Ray got chocolate and jalapeño, Jonathan got chocolate and beer, and Jasmin got chocolate and fresh turmeric). Mid-round twist is to make an edible tombstone.
Winner: Jasmin Bell
Eliminated: Ray Vizcaino

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (Medusa)
Zac Young (Napoleon)
Lorraine Pascale (London Mod girl)

6

"Extreme Halloween"

October 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)

Preliminary Heat: Make two dozen batches of three different Halloween treats and create a glowing edible centerpiece for a dessert bar, all in 3 hours.
Winner: Jasmin Bell (Her advantage is exclusive use of a cake flavor in the final round.)
Main Heat: The final three contestants have 5 hours to create light-up jack o' lantern cakes. For winning the pre-heat, Jasmin got to choose the cake flavor she'll use for her light up cake, and the other contestants weren't allowed to use that flavor; she chose chocolate.
Winner of $25,000: Jasmin Bell
Eliminated: Jessica Scott and Jonathan Elias

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (Nefertiti)
Zac Young (king)
Lorraine Pascale (golden goddess)

text: Results[edit]

text:
Contestant
1
2
3
4
5
6

Jasmin

WIN1
IN
LOW‡
HIGH‡
WIN‡
WINNER‡

Jonathan

LOW
HIGH
WIN
IN
HIGH
OUT

Jessica

IN
IN‡
IN
WIN
LOW
OUT

Ray

IN‡
LOW
HIGH‡
LOW
OUT

Tyler

IN
WIN
IN
OUT

Dina

IN
IN
OUT

Cliff

IN
OUT

Andrea

OUT

text: ^Note 1 : There were no top honors announced the first episode, just the winner and the bottom two.

text: Season 4 (2018)[edit]

text: Eight bakers, professional and home cooks, competed in a six episode tournament. The winner got $25,000 and a spot in Food Network Magazine. The same judges as last year return: Carla Hall, Zac Young, and Lorraine Pascale.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
1st - Lyndsy McDonald, Executive Pastry Chef from Sarasota, Florida
2nd - Michelle Honeman, Home Baker from Beaverton, Oregon
3rd - Jamal Lake, Bakery Owner from West Palm Beach, Florida
4th - Steven Vargas Jr., Pastry Cook from Houston, Texas
5th - Brenda Villacorta, Pastry Chef from New York, New York
6th - Cicely Austin, University Executive Pastry Chef from Anderson, South Carolina
7th - Andrew Fuller, Home Bakery Owner from Des Moines, Iowa
8th - Brian Fishman, Bakery Owner from Long Island, New York

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Ep. #

Title

Original Air Date

1

"Hidden Halloween Horrors"

September 24, 2018 (2018-09-24)

Preliminary Heat: Make a spider web dessert in 2 hours, and choose a creature to trap inside the web confection. Andrew got 'snake'. Jamal got 'scorpion'. Michelle got 'frog', Brian got 'centipede'. Brenda got 'cockroach'. Steven got 'raven'. Lyndsy got 'dragonfly'. Cicely got 'bat'.
Winner: Steven Vargas Jr. (His advantage was pre-tempered chocolate going into the main heat.)
Main Heat: The bakers had 2 hours to create a dessert with a shell over it, so when it melts it reveals something creepy inside. The "something creepy" was determined by choosing blocks of ice that had something hidden inside. Lyndsy got 'bug eggs'. Brenda got 'tombstone'. Andrew got 'worms'.  Cicely got 'brains'. Brian got 'skull'. Jamal got 'fingers'. Michelle got 'heart'. Steven  got 'eyeball'. Mid-round twist is to add cayenne pepper to their dessert.
Winner: Lyndsy McDonald
Eliminated: Brian Fishman

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (neon hippie)
Zac Young (garden gnome)
Lorraine Pascale (zombie priestess)

2

"Fall Forward Desserts"

October 1, 2018 (2018-10-01)

Preliminary Heat: Make yam desserts that evoke scary movie cliches, as picked from tagged yams. They had 90 minutes but weren't allowed to make pies. Andrew grabbed "bloody knife", Michelle grabbed "claw hand", Jamal grabbed "scarred face", Cicely grabbed "masked man", Steven grabbed "creepy doll", Lyndsy grabbed "chainsaw", Brenda grabbed "hockey mask".
Winner: Jamal Lake (His advantage was first choice of cake flavor in the second round.)
Main Heat: The bakers must create a pumpkin patch out of mini bundt cakes, in 90 minutes. Jamal's advantage was getting to choose a cake flavor that no other baker could use and he chose vanilla. Brenda's flavor was pumpkin. Lyndsy's flavor was spice cake. Steven's flavor was maple. Cicely's flavor was chocolate. Michelle's flavor was apple. And Andrew's flavor was ginger. Mid-round twist is to add an edible scarecrow.
Winner: Lyndsy McDonald
Eliminated: Andrew Fuller

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (Robyn Hood)
Zac Young (Mozart's ghost)
Lorraine Pascale (woodland fairy)

3

"Monster Mania"

October 8, 2018 (2018-10-08)

Preliminary Heat: Working together, the bakers had 90 minutes to make different pâte à choux body parts that form one large, edible monster. Steven had to make the tail. Michelle had to make the horned head. Lyndsy had to make the arms. Jamal had to make the wings. Brenda had to make the scaly torso. Cicely had to make the legs.
Winner: Jamal Lake (His advantage was first choice of dessert and theme in the next round.)
Main Heat: The bakers had 90 minutes to combine a type of dessert and a theme into a large, "monster-sized" confection. Jamal chose first: 'whoopie pie' and 'grave digger'. Brenda got 'cupcake' and 'demon'. Cecily got 'roll cake' and 'alien'. Michelle got 'cream puff' and 'freakshow'. Steven got 'pie' and 'jack-o-lantern'. Lyndsy got 'doughnut' and 'mad scientist'. Mid-round twist is to add sesame seeds into their desserts.
Winner: Jamal Lake
Eliminated: Cicely Austin

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (vintage ghost)
Zac Young (life guard)
Lorraine Pascale (viking warrior)

4

"Hallowedding"

October 15, 2018 (2018-10-15)

Preliminary Heat: Make a dozen petit fours for a Halloween wedding shower in 90 minutes. Each baker grabbed a wine glass with a monster-bride theme. Steven got 'werewolf'. Jamal got 'vampire'. Lyndsy got 'skeleton'. Michelle got 'witch'. Brenda got 'zombie'.
Winner: Jamal Lake (His advantage was 10 minutes of help from Zac Young.)
Main Heat: The bakers had 2 hours to make a wedding cake for different monster pairings. Michelle got the 'skeleton & robot' couple. Lyndsy got the 'witch & goblin'. Jamal got the 'zombie & ghost'. Brenda got the 'vampite & troll'. Steven got the 'werewolf & mummy'. Mid-round twist is to add a special, flowery gift bag ingredient. Michelle had to add rosemary. Lyndsy had to add orange blossom water. Steven had to add elderflower. Jamal had to add lavender. Brenda had to add rose water.
Winner: Steven Vargas Jr
Eliminated: Brenda Villacorta

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (spirit animal)
Zac Young (cupcake)
Lorraine Pascale (ghost queen)

5

"Circus of Dread"

October 22, 2018 (2018-10-22)

Preliminary Heat: Make a dessert in 90 minutes with a theme and flavor picked blindly from tarot cards. Jamal had 'The Fool' and 'blood orange'. Lyndsy had 'The Hermit' and 'fig'. Steven had 'Death' and 'passion fruit'. Michelle had 'The Magician' and 'clove'.
Winner: Michelle Honeman (Her advantage was assigning specially themed clowns to everyone in the second round.)
Main Heat: The bakers have 2 hours to bake a creepy clown dessert. Michelle chose "Fiery Freddy" (the torch juggler). She gave "Clumsy Carl" (who slips on banana peels) to Lyndsy. "Helium Hank" (the balloon animal maker) to Steven. And "One Wheeled Willie" (the unicycle rider) to Jamal. Mid-round twist is to deep fry one of four food items and add it to their dessert. Lyndsy had to fry peanut nougat bars. Michelle had to fry cheese curds. Jamal had to fry sandwich cookies. and Steven had to fry bacon.
Winner: Lyndsy McDonald
Eliminated: Steven Vargas Jr.

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (gumball machine)
Zac Young (ice skater)
Lorraine Pascale (Queen of Hearts)

6

"Cranium Epicurean"

October 29, 2018 (2018-10-29)

Preliminary Heat: Make skull desserts in two hours.
Winner: Michelle Honeman (Her advantage was assigning the nightmare themes in the final round.)
Main Heat: The final three contestants had 5 hours to make cakes inspired by common nightmare scenarios. Michelle chose "being visited by the dead". She assigned "falling" to Lyndsy, and "getting chased" to Jamal. They also had to include a smoke element via dry ice.
Winner of $25,000: Lyndsy McDonald
Eliminated: Jamal Lake and Michelle Honeman

Judges' Costumes:
Carla Hall (80s pop star)
Zac Young (unicorn)
Lorraine Pascale (dreamy genie)

text: Results[edit]

text:
Contestant
1
21
3
4
5
6

Lyndsy

WIN
WIN
IN
HIGH
WIN
WINNER

Michelle

HIGH
IN
IN
HIGH
LOW‡
OUT

Jamal

IN
LOW‡
WIN
LOW‡
IN
OUT

Steven

IN‡
IN
LOW
WIN
OUT

Brenda

IN
IN
IN
OUT

Cicely

IN
IN
OUT

Andrew

LOW
OUT

Brian

OUT

text: ^Note 1 : There were no "best dishes" announced the second and third episodes, just the winner and the bottom two.


document_title: Calcutta High Court

question_text: who designed the oldest high court of india

text: Calcutta High Court

text: History[edit]

text: The Calcutta High Court is one of the three High Courts in India established at the Presidency Towns by Letters patent granted by Her Majesty Queen Victoria, bearing date 26 June 1862, and is the oldest High Court in India. It was established as the High Court of Judicature at Fort William on 1 July 1862 under the High Courts Act, 1861, which was preceded by the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William.

text: Despite the name of the city having officially changed from Calcutta to Kolkata in 2001, the Court, as an institution retained the old name. The bill to rename it as Kolkata High Court was approved by the Cabinet on 5 July 2016 along with the renaming of its two other counterparts in Chennai and Mumbai.[4] However, the High Court still retains the old name.

text: Principal seat and benches[edit]

text: The seat of the Calcutta High Court is at Kolkata, capital of West Bengal. As per the Calcutta High Court (Extension of Jurisdiction) Act, 1953, the Calcutta High Court's jurisdiction was extended to cover Chandernagore (now called Chandannagar) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as of 2 May 1950.  The Calcutta High Court extended its Circuit Bench in Port Blair, the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and in Jalpaiguri, the divisional headquarters of the North Bengal region of West Bengal.

text: Chief Justice[edit]

text: The current Chief Justice is Jyotirmay Bhattacharya.[5]

text: Sir Barnes Peacock was the first Chief Justice of the High Court. He assumed the charge when the court was founded on 1 July 1862. Justice Romesh Chandra Mitra was the first Indian officiating Chief Justice and Justice Phani Bhushan Chakravartti was the first Indian permanent Chief Justice of the court. The longest serving Chief Justice was Justice Sankar Prasad Mitra.

text: On 20 September 1871, the acting Chief Justice, Sir John Paxton Norman, was murdered on the steps of the courthouse by Wahabi Muslims named Abdullah.[6][7]

text: List of Chief Justices[edit]

text: For Chief Justices of the previous Supreme Court of Bengal see Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William.

text:
Chief Justice

Term

Sir Barnes Peacock

1862–1870

Sir Richard Couch

1870–1875

Sir Richard Garth

1875–1886

Sir William Comer Petheram

1886–1896

Sir Francis William Maclean

1896–1909

Sir Lawrence Hugh Jenkins

1909–1915

Sir Lancelot Sanderson

1915–1926

Sir George Claus Rankin

1926–1934

Sir Harold Derbyshire

1934–1946

Sir Arthur Trevor Harries

1946–1952

Phani Bhusan Chakravartti

1952–1958

Kulada Charan Das Gupta

1958–1959

Surajit Chandra Lahiri

1959–1961

Himansu Kumar Bose

1961–1966

Deep Narayan Sinha

1966–1970

Prasanta Bihari Mukherjee

1970–1972

Sankar Prasad Mitra

1972–1979

Amarendra Nath Sen

1979–1981

Sambhu Chandra Ghose

1981–1983

Samarendra Chandra Deb

January 1983 – February 1983

Satish Chandra

1983–1986

Anil Kumar Sen

September 1986 – October 1986

Chittatosh Mookerjee

1 November 1986 – 1 November 1987

Debi Singh Tewatia

1 November 1987 – 1988

Prabodh Dinkarrao Desai

1988–1991

Nagendra Prasad Singh

4 February 1992 – 14 June 1992

Anandamoy Bhattacharjee

1992–1994

Krishna Chandra Agarwal

1994–1996

V. N. Khare

2 February 1996 – 20 March 1997

Prabha Shankar Mishra

1997–1998

Ashok Kumar Mathur

22 December 1999 – 6 June 2004

V. S. Sirpurkar

20 March 2005 – 11 January 2007

Surinder Singh Nijjar

8 March 2007 – 16 November 2009

Mohit Shantilal Shah

2009–2010

Jainarayan Patel

2010–2012

Arun Kumar Mishra

2012–2014

Manjula Chellur

2014–2016

Girish Chandra Gupta

21 September 2016–30 November 2016

Nishita Nirmal Mhatre (acting)

1 December 2016–20 September 2017

Rakesh Tiwari (acting)

20 September 2017– 24 October 2017

Jyotirmay Bhattacharya

25 October 2017 – present

text: Building[edit]

text:
The neo-Gothic High Court building was constructed in 1872, ten years after the establishment of the court itself.
The design, by then government architect Walter Granville, was loosely modelled on the 13th-century Cloth Hall at Ypres, Belgium.[8]
In 1977 another building named High Court Centenary Building or annexed building was inaugurated to reduce the pressure.[9]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Centenary Building

Inside the Calcutta High Court


document_title: List of most-followed Instagram accounts

question_text: who is first most followed user on instagram

text: Top accounts

text: All-time

text: The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Instagram.[1]

text:
Rank

Chg

Account name

Owner

Followers(millions)

Profession

Country

1

@instagram

Instagram

260

Social media platform

 USA

2

@cristiano

Cristiano Ronaldo

144

Footballer

 POR

3

@selenagomez

Selena Gomez

144

Musician and actress

 USA

4

@arianagrande

Ariana Grande

132

Musician

 USA

5

@kimkardashian

Kim Kardashian

120

Reality TV personality

 USA

6

@beyonce

Beyoncé

119

Musician

 USA

7

@therock

Dwayne Johnson

119

Actor and professional wrestler

 USA

8

@kyliejenner

Kylie Jenner

117

Reality TV personality

 USA

9

@taylorswift

Taylor Swift

112

Musician

 USA

10

@neymarjr

Neymar

104

Footballer

 BRA

11

@justinbieber

Justin Bieber

102

Musician

 CAN

12

@leomessi

Lionel Messi

100

Footballer

 ARG

13

@kendalljenner

Kendall Jenner

97

Model

 USA

14

@nickiminaj

Nicki Minaj

94

Musician

 TRI

15

@natgeo

National Geographic

93

Magazine

 USA

16

@nike

Nike

81

Sportswear multinational

 USA

17

@jlo

Jennifer Lopez

81

Musician and actress

 USA

18

@khloekardashian

Khloé Kardashian

81

Reality TV personality

 USA

19

@mileycyrus

Miley Cyrus

75

Musician and actress

 USA

20

@katyperry

Katy Perry

73

Musician

 USA

21

@ddlovato

Demi Lovato

70

Musician

 USA

22

@kourtneykardash

Kourtney Kardashian

68

Reality TV personality

 USA

23

@badgalriri

Rihanna

65

Musician

 BAR

24

@realmadrid

Real Madrid C.F.

64

Football club

 ESP

25

@kevinhart4real

Kevin Hart

64

Comedian and actor

 USA

26

@victoriassecret

Victoria's Secret

61

Lingerie brand

 USA

27

@fcbarcelona

FC Barcelona

61

Football club

 ESP

28

@theellenshow

Ellen Degeneres

59

Comedian

 USA

29

@shakira

Shakira

54

Musician

 COL

30

@zendaya

Zendaya

53

Actress and musician

 USA

31

@justintimberlake

Justin Timberlake

52

Musician and actor

 USA

32

@davidbeckham

David Beckham

51

Footballer

 GBR

33

@vindiesel

Vin Diesel

51

Actor

 USA

34

@champagnepapi

Drake

49

Musician

 CAN

35

@emmawatson

Emma Watson

48

Actress

 GBR

36

@9gag

9GAG

47

Social media platform

 HKG

37

@chrisbrownofficial

Chris Brown

47

Musician

 USA

38

@kingjames

LeBron James

44

Basketball player

 USA

39

@gigihadid

Gigi Hadid

44

Model

 USA

40

@caradelevingne

Cara Delevingne

41

Actress and model

 GBR

41

@jamesrodriguez10

James Rodriguez

40

Footballer

 COL

42

@ronaldinho

Ronaldinho

38

Footballer

 BRA

43

@shawnmendes

Shawn Mendes

37

Musician

 CAN

44

@garethbale11

Gareth Bale

37

Footballer

 GBR

45

@nikefootball

Nike Football

36

Sportswear

 USA

46

@nasa

NASA

36

Space agency

 USA

47

@zacefron

Zac Efron

36

Actor

 USA

48

@maluma

Maluma

36

Musician

 COL

49

@iamzlatanibrahimovic

Zlatan Ibrahimovic

35

Footballer

 SWE

50

@iamcardib

Cardi B

34

Musician

 USA

As of  October 30, 2018[update]

text: By country

text: The following table lists the top 15 most followed accounts on Instagram by country of origin.[1]

text:
Rank

Chg

Country

Account name

Owner

Followers(millions)

Profession

1

 United States

@instagram

Instagram

260

Social media platform

2

 Portugal

@cristiano

Cristiano Ronaldo

144

Footballer

3

 Brazil

@neymarjr

Neymar

104

Footballer

4

 Canada

@justinbieber

Justin Bieber

102

Musician

5

 Argentina

@leomessi

Lionel Messi

100

Footballer

6

 Trinidad and Tobago

@nickiminaj

Nicki Minaj

94

Musician

7

 Barbados

@badgalriri

Rihanna

65

Musician

8

 Spain

@realmadrid

Real Madrid C.F.

64

Football club

9

 Colombia

@shakira

Shakira

54

Musician

10

 United Kingdom

@davidbeckham

David Beckham

51

Footballer

11

 Hong Kong

@9gag

9GAG

47

Social media platform

12

 Sweden

@iamzlatanibrahimovic

Zlatan Ibrahimović

35

Footballer

13

 France

@chanelofficial

Chanel

30

Clothing retailer

14

 Uruguay

@luissuarez9

Luis Suárez

30

Footballer

15

 Germany

@adidasoriginals

Adidas Originals

29

Clothing line

As of  October 29, 2018[update]