document_title: To Tell the Truth

question_text: who hosted the first to tell the truth

question_tokens: who hosted the first to tell the truth

text: To Tell the Truth

text: Basic rules[edit]

text: Although there have been some variations in the rules over the years (including the addition of a secondary game in some versions), certain basic aspects have remained consistent throughout all versions of To Tell the Truth. Three challengers are introduced, all claiming to be the central character. The announcer typically asks the challengers, who stand side by side, "What is your name, please?" Each challenger then states, "My name is [central character's name]." The celebrity panelists then read along as the host reads aloud a signed affidavit about the central character.

text: The panelists are each given a period of time to question the challengers. Questions are directed to the challengers by number (Number One, Number Two and Number Three), with the central character sworn to give truthful answers, and the impostors permitted to lie and pretend to be the central character.

text: After questioning is complete, each member of the panel votes on which of the challengers they believe to be the central character, either by writing the number on a card or holding up a card with the number of their choice, without consulting the other panelists. Any panelist who knows one of the challengers or has another unfair advantage is required to recuse or disqualify himself or herself which, for scoring purposes, is counted as a "wrong vote."

text: Once the votes are in, the host asks, "Will the real [person's name] please stand up?" The central character then stands, often after some brief playful feinting and false starts among all three challengers. Occasionally, the central character would be asked to do something else related to their story instead of standing up. The two impostors then reveal their real names and their actual occupations. Prize money is awarded and divided among all three of the challengers, based on the number of "wrong" votes the impostors draw.

text: History[edit]

text: 1956–1968, CBS[edit]

text:
To Tell the Truth was to have premiered on Tuesday, December 18, 1956, on CBS in prime time as Nothing But The Truth, but the program title was changed to To Tell the Truth the day before the show's debut. (There was one pilot episode titled "Nothing But The Truth", and the pilot / planned title, and the eventual title, both derive from the standard English court oath "to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.")
The series was recorded in New York City; initially at CBS-TV Studio 52, moving to Studio 50 late in its run. The existence of an audience ticket for a taping indicates that the show originated in color at the CBS Broadcast Center in late 1966.[3]

text: Bud Collyer was the show's host (Mike Wallace hosted the pilot); recurring panelists by the 1960s included Tom Poston, Peggy Cass, Orson Bean, and Kitty Carlisle. (Cass and Carlisle stayed on as panelists for most subsequent editions.) Earlier regular panelists had included Johnny Carson, Polly Bergen, Jayne Meadows, Don Ameche, Hy Gardner, Dick Van Dyke, Faye Emerson, Hildy Parks, John Cameron Swayze, Betty White, and Ralph Bellamy. Bern Bennett, Collyer's announcer on Beat the Clock, was the inaugural announcer of To Tell the Truth in the 1950s. Upon Bennett's transfer to CBS's Los Angeles studios, Johnny Olson, who in time became the best-known of all Goodson–Todman Productions announcers, joined the show in 1960 and remained through the end of its CBS runs.

text: On the pilot and the prime-time run, three games were played per episode. For the pilot, a wrong vote from each of the four member panel and one wrong vote derived from the majority vote of the audience (a total of five votes) paid $300, the total prize money divided among the three challengers. The studio audience also voted with the majority vote counting equally with that of one of a celebrity panelist, thus the maximum of five incorrect votes resulted in $1,500 divided among the challengers. If there was a tie for the highest vote from the audience, and for each panelist who was disqualified, a wrong vote was counted. There was no consolation prize for no wrong votes.

text: For the prime-time run there was no audience vote, thus each wrong vote from the four member panel paid $250 divided among the three challengers, for a possible $1,000 for a complete stump of four wrong answers (raised to $1,250 in 1967 as a premium only awarded for four wrong votes). A consolation prize of $150 was awarded and divided among the three challengers if there were no wrong votes. For each panelist who was disqualified, a wrong vote was counted. A design element in the set for this series was a platform directly above and behind the emcee's desk. The contestants stood on this platform during their introduction allowing the camera to pan directly down to the host. They then traveled down a curved staircase to the main stage level to play the game.

text: On Monday, June 18, 1962, a daytime five-day-per-week edition was introduced, running at 3 p.m. Eastern, and 2 p.m. Central. The daytime show, also hosted by Collyer, featured a separate panel for its first three years, with actress Phyllis Newman as the only regular. The evening panel took over the afternoon show in 1965; in early 1968, Bert Convy replaced Poston in the first chair.

text: The daytime show was reduced to two games to accommodate a five-minute news break towards the half-hour mark. On the CBS daytime run, each wrong vote paid the three challengers $100 for a possible total of $400 divided among the three challengers for a "complete stump" of all four wrong votes. If all the votes were correct, the challengers split a consolation prize of $75. During the show's final year and a half, for only the daytime version, the studio audience also voted, with the majority vote counting equally with that of one of the celebrity panelists, thus a maximum $500 divided among the challengers could be awarded for the maximum five incorrect votes. If there was a tie for the highest vote from the audience, and for each panelist who was disqualified, a wrong vote was counted.

text: One CBS daytime episode featuring Dorothy Kilgallen, best known as a regular panelist on What's My Line?, was broadcast on the East Coast on Monday, November 8, 1965, as news of her sudden death was circulated by wire services. The breaking news story prompted CBS newscaster Douglas Edwards to announce her death immediately after To Tell the Truth ended. She had videotaped the program six days earlier, according to the New York Herald Tribune. The newspaper added that Kilgallen and Arlene Francis both pretended to be Joan Crawford while sitting next to the real Crawford in a celebrity segment that the daytime series featured regularly starting in 1965. The episode was one of the large majority of To Tell the Truth daytime episodes that were destroyed because of the common practice of wiping videotape prior to the invention of the videocassette. This was a different half-hour telecast from the 1962 prime-time episode on which Kilgallen can be seen and heard as one of the panelists. GSN repeated that episode decades later.

text: The prime-time show ended on May 22, 1967, with the daytime show ending on September 6, 1968.[4] The show was replaced by the expansions of Search for Tomorrow and Guiding Light to 30 minutes, in a scheduling shuffle with The Edge of Night, The Secret Storm, and Art Linkletter's House Party.

text: Metropole Orchestra leader Dolf van der Linden composed the show's first theme, "Peter Pan," used from 1956 to 1961. From 1961 to 1967, the show switched to a Bob Cobert-penned theme with a beat similar to "Peter Pan", and then to a Score Productions tune during its final CBS daytime season.

text: Most episodes of the original nighttime run of the series were preserved on black and white kinescope, along with a few color videotape episodes.[5] Only a handful of shows remain from the CBS daytime series' first three years because of a then-common practice of wiping videotapes and reusing them due to tight storage space and even tighter budgets. Many daytime episodes (including some in color) from 1966 to 1968 exist, including the color finale.

text: Reruns of the black and white kinescopes were running on the Buzzr channel as of late April 2016.[6]

text: 1969–1978, syndication[edit]

text: To Tell the Truth returned only a year later, in autumn of 1969, in first-run syndication. During the early years of its run, the syndicated Truth became a highly rated component of stations's early-evening schedules after the Federal Communications Commission imposed the Prime Time Access Rule in 1971,[7] opening up at least a half hour (a full hour, usually, on Eastern Time Zone stations) to fill with non-network fare between either the local or network evening newscast and the start of the network's prime-time schedule for the evening.[7] Other stations found success running the program in place of a daytime network game or soap opera, or in the afternoon "fringe" time period between the end of network daytime programming at 4:30/3:30 Central and the evening newscasts. This edition of the show was again based at the New York CBS-TV Studio 50 until 1971, when it moved to NBC Studio 6-A in Rockefeller Center.

text: Each wrong vote in this version was worth $50 to the challengers; "complete stumps" of the entire panel won the challengers a total of $500. There were two "games" (actually rounds) per episode, and there was often a live demonstration or video to illustrate the central character's story after many of the games.

text: The show was first released to local stations on September 8, 1969. A total of 1,715 episodes of this version were produced, with the series ending on September 7, 1978. Some markets that added the series after its 1969 release opted to carry the show for another season or two in order to catch up on the episodes that had not aired in their viewing area.

text: To host the revival series, Goodson and Todman made a call to original host Bud Collyer.[8] But they had mis-timed their request, as Collyer had been suffering from a series of health issues that caused his death shortly thereafter, and he told the producers, "I'm just not up to it." [8] (Ironically, Clayton died the very same day the new Truth was being distributed to stations.) The next call they made was to Garry Moore, the former host of I've Got a Secret. Although he had retired from television a few years earlier following the cancellation of his eponymous TV show, Moore decided the time was right to return and he accepted the offer to host the new series.[9] Regular panelists included Orson Bean during the first year, Peggy Cass, Kitty Carlisle and Bill Cullen, who was also the designated substitute host whenever necessary. Many regulars from the original run appeared, including Tom Poston and Bert Convy.

text: In late 1976, during the eighth season, Moore was diagnosed with throat cancer[9] and left for the remainder of the season to deal with his illness. As he had done numerous times before, Bill Cullen became his replacement. As Cullen's time as host continued on, Mark Goodson noted how Cullen's serving as host, rather than as a panelist, hurt the chemistry he had shared with Cass and Carlisle.[citation needed] A decision was made to have Cullen return to being a permanent panelist and give semi-regular panelist Joe Garagiola the hosting position. Garagiola stated that he was "pinch-hitting" for Moore, who returned to the series for a farewell performance on the ninth-season premiere in 1977. Moore explained why he had left the program, then after presiding over one last game announced his final retirement from television and handed the host position to Garagiola permanently. To Tell the Truth ended production at the end of the season.

text: Johnny Olson stayed with To Tell the Truth when it moved to syndication. He left in 1972, when he moved to Los Angeles to announce the Goodson-Todman revivals of The Price Is Right and I've Got a Secret. NBC staff announcer Bill Wendell replaced Olson from 1972–77, with Alan Kalter taking over during the final season. Don Pardo, also an NBC staff announcer, served as backup announcer to Wendell and Kalter.

text: To Tell the Truth used three distinctive sets throughout its nine-year syndicated run. The first, designed by Theodore Cooper and dubbed by some as the "psychedelic" set, was used for the first two seasons and the first four weeks of the third; with one man on the door.[10] The second set was a toned-down set, with two additional men added on the door, and it was used from the fifth week of the third season through the first 30 weeks of the fourth. The third--and longest-lived--set, which Cooper also designed, was a blue-hued, gold-accented, block-motif set. This set was used for the remainder of the run.[11] The show was the only edition of Truth to feature a theme song with lyrics. The theme was written and composed by Score Productions chief Robert A. Israel and Truth producer Paul Alter, along with veteran theme composer Charles Fox. The bulk of this version is intact. However, the current status of the first season is unknown, and is presumed to be lost to wiping. GSN has never rerun the first season of the show, and had always begun with the second season. One episode from the first season exists in the UCLA Television and Film Archive.

text: 1980–1981, syndication[edit]

text: On September 8, 1980, a new To Tell the Truth series premiered in syndication. The new series was recorded at the same studio at NBC's Rockefeller Center complex that the previous series had, and Canadian TV personality Robin Ward served as the host, with Alan Kalter returning as announcer. A new theme and set were commissioned for this edition of Truth. Even though previous regulars Bill Cullen, Peggy Cass, and Kitty Carlisle made frequent appearances, there was no regular panel for this edition. The new Truth aired for one season in syndication, but it never recaptured the popularity of the original, and aired its final episode on September 11, 1981.

text: Two games were played, and each wrong vote paid the challengers $100; $500 was paid if the entire panel had been fooled. No consolation prize was given if the entire panel correctly identified the subject.

text: After the second game, a new game called "One on One" was played with the four impostors from earlier. One fact had been purposely withheld from the panel about one of the impostors and it was up to the panelists to determine correctly to which of the impostors it applied. One at a time, each panelist would be given twenty seconds to question the impostor sitting directly across from them and would then say whether he/she believed the fact applied to that impostor. Wrong votes still paid $100 with $500 paid if the panel did not correctly determine to whom the fact pertained.

text: The 1980 edition of To Tell the Truth was a rarity in that it was still based in New York while nearly all television game show production had moved to California. Both To Tell the Truth and The $50,000 Pyramid (which debuted at the midpoint of the 1980–81 season and taped at ABC's Studio 15) were the last two broadcast (non-cable) television game shows to emanate from New York until Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? came to television for the first time in 1999 and taped at the ABC Television Center in Lincoln Square. Millionaire continued to tape in New York until 2013. New York tapings for game shows were then used in 2016 for two ABC primetime game show revivals, Match Game and The $100,000 Pyramid.

text: 1990–1991, NBC[edit]

text: To Tell the Truth returned again, and returned to a major broadcast network, for a run that lasted just nine months from September 3, 1990 to May 31, 1991. After spending many years originating from New York, the show originated for the first time from California at NBC's Burbank studio complex. The show's theme music was an orchestral remix of the 1969–78 theme (minus the lyrics), and the show utilized the block-letter logo from 1973–78. All episodes of this series exist and have aired on GSN in reruns.

text: The show's two pilot episodes were hosted by actor Richard Kline with Charlie O'Donnell as announcer, and one of these was accidentally aired on September 3, 1990 in the Eastern Time Zone markets. When the show first made it to air, A Current Affair reporter Gordon Elliott hosted it, with Burton Richardson announcing and O'Donnell serving as his substitute. After eight weeks, a dispute with Elliott's former employers in Australia forced him off American television altogether temporarily, and he was replaced with then-frequent panelist Lynn Swann. Swann, in turn, left due to his own conflicts, as he was a reporter for ABC Sports at the time, and Alex Trebek was brought in to be the permanent host. Trebek missed two episodes due to his wife going into labor during a taping and Mark Goodson filled in for him. When Trebek took the position on To Tell the Truth, he was already hosting Classic Concentration on NBC and Jeopardy! in syndication. This made him only the second host, after Jim Perry, to host three nationally televised game shows simultaneously and the first to do it entirely in the United States; Perry hosted a pair of Canadian-based game shows, Definition and Headline Hunters, while hosting Card Sharks in the United States from 1978 to 1981.

text: The celebrity panelists for To Tell the Truth during this period included several of the '70s panel stalwarts, including Kitty Carlisle, who appeared on a majority of the shows, taking the fourth and most upstage seat. The first seat, furthest downstage, saw Ron Masak and Orson Bean alternate on the panel for 34 of the 39 weeks the series was on air. The chair next to that was occupied by rotating guests, although voice actress Dana Hill appeared in the seat most often. The third chair most often featured David Niven, Jr. as a panelist, although Masak and Bean would also sit there if both were to appear on the same program. Polly Bergen and Peggy Cass, who began appearing on the original series, would appear from time to time, and other frequent panelists included Vicki Lawrence, Cindy Adams, and Betty White. The panelists were introduced in twos, with the male panelists escorting the female panelists down the staircase, followed by the host. For one week, Monty Hall (who would later replace Bob Hilton as a permanent guest host on the 1990 version of Let's Make a Deal), sat in the first seat.

text: Two games were played with two sets of impostors. Any incorrect votes up to two paid $1,000. If three of the panelists had voted incorrectly, the players split $1,500. On the pilot, each incorrect vote earned $500. If the panel was fooled entirely, the players split $3,000.[citation needed]

text: After the second game, a new version of the "One on One" game from the 1980 series was played. A seventh civilian player was brought out with two stories, and a member of the studio audience was given an opportunity to win money by trying to figure out which of the two stories were true. Each panelist was given the opportunity to ask the contestant one question for each story, and after both stories had been presented the audience member chose which one he/she thought was the truth. After the choice was made, the contestant revealed the right answer and if the audience member came up with it, he/she won $500. If the contestant stumped the audience member, that player won $1,000.

text: Occasionally, celebrities whose faces were not well known would attempt to stump the audience during this part of the game. For example, Hank Ketcham, the creator of Dennis the Menace and a challenger on the original To Tell the Truth in May 1962, tried during one episode to convince an audience member that he was really the songwriter to "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" (Johnny Marks had actually done this), but was unsuccessful in doing so.

text: 2000–2002, syndication[edit]

text: The show then had a two-year run in syndication, starting in 2000, with John O'Hurley hosting, and Burton Richardson returning as the announcer. The series was again produced at NBC Studios in Burbank, California. Gary Stockdale supplied the music for this edition. In most markets, it was paired up with Family Feud, which was then hosted by Louie Anderson; O'Hurley would eventually host Feud from 2006 to 2010.

text: Actor Meshach Taylor was the only regular to appear on every episode of this edition, while Paula Poundstone was a regular during the first season. Following Poundstone's departure, several actors sat in Poundstone's former chair, including Kim Coles, Jackée Harry, Mother Love, Liz Torres, and Hattie Winston. The show's website touted Coles and Brooke Burns as regulars for season two, though neither panelist was featured in every show that year. Kitty Carlisle appeared as a panelist for one episode of the series, making her the only panelist to have appeared on all incarnations of this show to that point. It was Carlisle's final appearance in the franchise; she died in 2007.

text: This edition of To Tell the Truth brought back the audience vote that the original series had last used. Their vote was revealed after the panel had cast their votes, just before O'Hurley asked for the subject to identify themself. Each incorrect vote paid $1,000, with a maximum of $5,000 available if the challengers managed to completely fool both the panel and the audience. (A tie in the audience vote or panel disqualification counted as a wrong vote, as they had in previous versions.) In the first several weeks of shows, a game that resulted in five incorrect votes was worth $10,000 for the challengers.

text: According to Steve Beverly's tvgameshows.net, this edition of Truth never received a rating higher than 1.8. It was cancelled on January 28, 2002, only 96 episodes into its second season. However, repeats continued to air through March 15, 2002. All episodes of this series exist and have aired on GSN in reruns.

text: 2016–present, ABC[edit]

text: ABC ordered six episodes of the show, hosted by Anthony Anderson, which taped in July 2015 and began airing on ABC on June 14, 2016.[12] Anderson is the second African-American host of the franchise; the first was Lynn Swann in the short-lived NBC daytime version from 1990. The first season featured three regular panelists: Betty White, NeNe Leakes and Jalen Rose.[13] White would then gain the distinction of appearing on all three broadcast network versions of the show.[not in citation given] Guest panelists included Tracee Ellis Ross, Iliza Shlesinger, Mike Tyson, Brooks Wheelan, Yvette Nicole Brown, and Daymond John.[14] The 2016 version also included a house band, Cheche and His Band of Liars, as well as Doris Day Bowman, Anderson's mother, as the "scorekeeper."[13]

text: The 2016 version of the show departed from prior versions in a number of ways: Episodes lasted 60 minutes rather than 30 minutes. Contestants did not always claim to have the same name; some introduced themselves solely by claiming the central character's story. The questioning period was not split distinctly among the panelists, and Anderson and Bowman occasionally participated in the questioning. Once in each episode, the two impostors from a round participated in "Before You Go," a second round in which one was the central character and the other was again an impostor.[citation needed] Many episodes ended with a stunt performed by one of the central characters.[13] The panelists received one point for correctly identifying central characters, except in the final round, for which two points were awarded. While no mention was made of financial compensation for the impostors or the central characters, the losing panelist {in the event of a tie, Bowman chooses the loser) was subjected to "Tweet a Lie," in which the host would post a tweet to that panelist's Twitter account that was not permitted to be deleted for the next 24 hours. Starting with the September 11, 2017 episode, the number of points was multiplied by ten and doubled in the final round, and the losing panelist was the subject of a "Fake News" story read by Anderson. Also starting with this episode, Anderson took over announcing duties and the set was given some updates.

text: On August 4, 2016, ABC announced it had renewed the show for a second season.[15] The second season debuted January 1, 2017. The house band was eliminated, and of the season one regular panelists, only Rose had returned for one appearance to date; Bowman still appeared on each episode.[16] The second season resumed, with new episodes, beginning June 21, 2017.

text: ABC mentioned that the show would air on Sundays beginning in the fall. It was then decided that Spring 2018 would be the start of a third season of the show.[17] The celebrity panelists include Octavia Spencer, Gabby Douglas, and Dermot Mulroney.

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: A board game was released by Lowell in 1957.

text: During the run of the 2000 version, a single-player on-line game was offered by the short-lived website Uproar.com, and promoted by John O'Hurley at the end of each episode.

text: A video slot machine game, based on the 1969 version, was released to American casinos nationwide by Bally Gaming Systems in 2002.

text: International versions[edit]

text:
Country
Name
Host(s)
TV station
Premiere
Finale

 Australia
Tell the Truth
George Foster
Nine Network
1959
1965

Mike Williamson

Earle Bailey
Network Ten
1971
1972

 Canada (in English)
To Tell the Truth
Don Cameron
CTV
1962
1964

 Germany
Sag die Wahrheit
("Tell the Truth")
Guido Baumann
Hans Sachs
Wolf Mittler
Hans Stotz
Bernd Stephan
Gerd Rubenbauer
Michael Antwerpes
ARD
1959
1971

Bayerischer Rundfunk
1986
1995

SWR
2003
present

 Greece

Betty Livanou
YENED
1972

 Italy
La verità
("The Truth")
Marco Balestri
Canale 5
1990
1991

Rete 4
1991
1995

 Netherlands
Wie van de Drie
("Which of the Three")
Nand Baert
Pim Jacobs
Emmik Herman
Flip van der Shale
Fred Oster
Caroline Christensen
Rob van Hilst
Jos Kuijer
Joop Braakhekke
Ron Brandsteder
AVRO
1963
1985

RTL4
1991
1991

AVRO
1994
1997

Omroep MAX
2010
present

 Norway
På ære og samvittighet
(of Honor)
Kari Borg Mannsåker
Gunnar Haarberg
NRK
1958
1962

1970
1970

1986
1986

 Thailand
สาบานว่าพูดจริง ("Sworn Truth")
To Tell the Truth
Sunya Kunakon
ONE
2016
present

 Turkey
Üç Yalancı (Three Liars)
Cenk Koray
Olcay Poyraz
Üstün Savcı
Göktay Alpman
TRT
1970s
1970s

Channel 1

 Ukraine
Самозванці
Samozvantsi
("Imposters")
Anton Lirnyk
ICTV
2011
2012

 United Kingdom
Tell the Truth
McDonald Hobley
ITV
September 17, 1957
September 6, 1961

David Jacobs

Shaw Taylor

Graeme Garden
Channel 4
April 17, 1983
November 22, 1985

Fred Dinenage
ITV
April 11, 1989
October 26, 1990

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/69-OCR/1969-03-17-BC-OCR-Page-0041.pdf#search=%22firestone%20truth%22
Jump up ^ http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/80-OCR/1980-03-31-BC-OCR-Page-0033.pdf#search=%22to%20tell%20the%20truth%22
Jump up ^ "Image #9 - The David Schwartz Collection". Retrieved 21 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Book Search:Watching TV: Four Decades of American Television". Google Books.
Jump up ^ "The G-T Big 4: To Tell the Truth (CBS Nighttime)" Retrieved 3 July 2007
Jump up ^ "Monty Hall makes 'Deal' for classic games". USA TODAY. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Prime Time Access Rule" Retrieved 24 September 2007
^ Jump up to: a b Soap Opera Digest: January 1977
^ Jump up to: a b "Garry Moore, 78, the Cheery Host Of Long-Running TV Series, Dies". New York Times. 1993-11-29. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
Jump up ^ "To Tell The Truth episode guide (1971–72)". Archived from the original on February 24, 2006. Retrieved 2017-06-19. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "The result of the sliding doors are similar to the sliding doors on The Price is Right. To Tell The Truth episode guide (1972–73)". Archived from the original on February 24, 2006. Retrieved 2017-06-19. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - ABC Announces Its 2016 Summer Primetime Schedule". thefutoncritic.com. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kissell, Rick (July 1, 2015). "ABC to Revive ‘To Tell the Truth’ as Comedic Game/Variety Show". Variety. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Shows A–Z – to tell the truth on abc". The Futon Critic. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 4, 2016). "ABC Renews All Four Game Shows". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Davis, Alex (November 17, 2016). "Match Game and To Tell the Truth to Return In January". Buzzerblog.com. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ABC's 2017-2018 Fall TV Lineup: Everything You Need to Know". TVGuide.com. 2017-05-12. Retrieved 2017-06-02.


document_title: Trypsin

question_text: where is trypsin found in the digestive system

root

text: Trypsin

text: Function[edit]

text: In the duodenum, trypsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, breaking down proteins into smaller peptides.  The peptide products are then further hydrolyzed into amino acids via other proteases, rendering them available for absorption into the blood stream.  Tryptic digestion is a necessary step in protein absorption, as proteins are generally too large to be absorbed through the lining of the small intestine.[6]

tag: p

text: Trypsin is produced as the inactive zymogen trypsinogen in the pancreas. When the pancreas is stimulated by cholecystokinin, it is then secreted into the first part of the small intestine (the duodenum) via the pancreatic duct. Once in the small intestine, the enzyme enteropeptidase activates trypsinogen into trypsin by proteolytic cleavage.  Autocatalysis does not happen with trypsin, as  trypsinogen is a poor substrate, therefore enzymatic damage to the pancreas is avoided.[6]

text: Mechanism[edit]

text: The enzymatic mechanism is similar to that of other serine proteases.  These enzymes contain a catalytic triad consisting of histidine-57, aspartate-102, and serine-195.[7] This catalytic triad was formerly called a charge relay system, implying the abstraction of protons from serine to histidine and from histidine to aspartate, but owing to evidence provided by NMR that the resultant alkoxide form of serine would have a much stronger pull on the proton than does the imidazole ring of histidine, current thinking holds instead that serine and histidine each have effectively equal share of the proton, forming short low-barrier hydrogen bonds therewith.[8] By these means, the nucleophilicity of the active site serine is increased, facilitating its attack on the amide carbon during proteolysis. The enzymatic reaction that trypsin catalyzes is thermodynamically favorable, but requires significant activation energy (it is "kinetically unfavorable"). In addition, trypsin contains an "oxyanion hole" formed by the backbone amide hydrogen atoms of Gly-193 and Ser-195, which through hydrogen bonding stabilize the negative charge which accumulates on the amide oxygen after nucleophilic attack on the planar amide carbon by the serine oxygen causes that carbon to assume a tetrahedral geometry. Such stabilisation of this tetrahedral intermediate helps to reduce the energy barrier of its formation and is concomitant with a lowering of the free energy of the transition state. Preferential binding of the transition state is a key feature of enzyme chemistry.

text: The aspartate residue (Asp 189) located in the catalytic pocket (S1) of trypsin is responsible for attracting and stabilizing positively charged lysine and/or arginine, and is, thus, responsible for the specificity of the enzyme. This means that trypsin predominantly cleaves proteins at the carboxyl side (or "C-terminal side") of the amino acids lysine and arginine except when either is bound to a C-terminal proline,[9] although large-scale mass spectrometry data suggest cleavage occurs even with proline.[10]   Trypsin is considered an endopeptidase, i.e., the cleavage occurs within the polypeptide chain rather than at the terminal amino acids located at the ends of polypeptides.

text: Properties[edit]

text: Human trypsin has an optimal operating temperature of about 37°C.[11] In contrast, the Atlantic cod has several types of trypsins for the poikilotherm fish to survive at different body temperatures. Cod trypsins include trypsin I with an activity range of 4 to 65°C (40 to 150°F) and maximal activity at 55°C (130°F), as well as trypsin Y with a range of 2 to 30°C (36 to 86°F) and a maximal activity at 21°C (70°F).[12]

text: As a protein, trypsin has various molecular weights depending on the source.  For example, a molecular weight of 23.3 kDa is reported for trypsin from bovine and porcine sources.

text: The activity of trypsin is not affected by the enzyme inhibitor tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone, TPCK, which deactivates chymotrypsin. This is important because, in some applications, like mass spectrometry, the specificity of cleavage is important.

text: Trypsin should be stored at very cold temperatures (between −20 and −80°C) to prevent autolysis, which may also be impeded by storage of trypsin at pH 3 or by using trypsin modified by reductive methylation. When the pH is adjusted back to pH 8, activity returns.

text: Isozymes[edit]

text: These human genes encode proteins with trypsin enzymatic activity:

text:
protease, serine, 1 (trypsin 1)IdentifiersSymbol
PRSS1Alt. symbols
TRY1Entrez
5644HUGO
9475OMIM
276000RefSeq
NM_002769UniProt
P07477Other dataEC number
3.4.21.4Locus
Chr. 7 q32-qter

protease, serine, 2 (trypsin 2)IdentifiersSymbol
PRSS2Alt. symbols
TRYP2Entrez
5645HUGO
9483OMIM
601564RefSeq
NM_002770UniProt
P07478Other dataEC number
3.4.21.4Locus
Chr. 7 q35

protease, serine, 3 (mesotrypsin)IdentifiersSymbol
PRSS3Alt. symbols
PRSS4Entrez
5646HUGO
9486OMIM
613578RefSeq
NM_002771UniProt
P35030Other dataEC number
3.4.21.4Locus
Chr. 9 p13

tag: table

text: Other isoforms of trypsin may also be found in other organisms.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Activation of trypsin from proteolytic cleavage of trypsinogen in the pancreas can lead to a series of events that cause pancreatic self-digestion, resulting in pancreatitis.  One consequence of the autosomal recessive disease cystic fibrosis is a deficiency in transport of trypsin and other digestive enzymes from the pancreas.  This leads to the disorder termed meconium ileus, which involves intestinal obstruction (ileus) due to overly thick meconium, which is normally broken down by trypsin and other proteases, then passed in feces.[13]

text: Applications[edit]

text: Trypsin is available in high quantity in pancreases, and can be purified rather easily. Hence, it has been used widely in various biotechnological processes.

text: In a tissue culture lab, trypsin is used to resuspend cells adherent to the cell culture dish wall during the process of harvesting cells.[14]   Some cell types adhere to the sides and bottom of a dish when cultivated in vitro. Trypsin is used to cleave proteins holding the cultured cells to the dish, so that the cells can be removed from the plates.

text: Trypsin can also be used to dissociate dissected cells (for example, prior to cell fixing and sorting).

text: Trypsin can be used to break down casein in breast milk. If trypsin is added to a solution of milk powder, the breakdown of casein causes the milk to become translucent. The rate of reaction can be measured by using the amount of time needed for the milk to turn translucent.

text: Trypsin is commonly used in biological research during proteomics experiments to digest proteins into peptides for mass spectrometry analysis, e.g. in-gel digestion. Trypsin is particularly suited for this, since it has a very well defined specificity, as it hydrolyzes only the peptide bonds in which the carbonyl group is contributed either by an arginine or lysine residue.

text: Trypsin can also be used to dissolve blood clots in its microbial form and treat inflammation in its pancreatic form.

text: In food[edit]

text: Commercial protease preparations usually consist of a mixture of various protease enzymes that often includes trypsin. These preparations are widely used in food processing:[15]

text:
as a baking enzyme to improve the workability of dough
in the extraction of seasonings and flavorings from vegetable or animal proteins and in the manufacture of sauces
to control aroma formation in cheese and milk products
to improve the texture of fish products
to tenderize meat
during cold stabilization of beer
in the production of hypoallergenic food where proteases break down specific allergenic proteins into nonallergenic peptides, for example, proteases are used to produce hypoallergenic baby food from cow’s milk, thereby diminishing the risk of babies developing milk allergies.

tag: ul

text: Trypsin inhibitor[edit]

text: To prevent the action of active trypsin in the pancreas, which can be highly damaging, inhibitors such as BPTI and SPINK1 in the pancreas and α1-antitrypsin in the serum are present as part of the defense against its inappropriate activation. Any trypsin prematurely formed from the inactive trypsinogen is then bound by the inhibitor.  The protein-protein interaction between trypsin and its inhibitors is one of the tightest bound, and trypsin is bound by some of its pancreatic inhibitors nearly irreversibly.[16]  In contrast with nearly all known protein assemblies, some complexes of trypsin bound by its inhibitors do not readily dissociate after treatment with 8M urea.[17]


document_title: 30 Rock

question_text: why is it called tgs on 30 rock

question_tokens: why is it called tgs on 30 rock

text: 30 Rock

text: Development and production[edit]

text: Conception[edit]

text: In 2002, Fey was the head writer and a performer on the television show Saturday Night Live (SNL). She pitched the show that became 30 Rock to NBC, originally as a sitcom about cable news.[22] NBC Entertainment president Kevin Reilly felt that "Fey was using the news setting as a fig leaf for her own experience and [he] encouraged her to write what she knew."[23] The show was subsequently reworked to revolve around an SNL-style sketch show. After being presented to Reilly once more, the show was set to air during the 2005–2006 television season. Just before the deal went through, however, the show was nearly brushed aside by Anthony Lewis and Jack Melcher, two NBC executives who fought the idea, fearing that Fey's removal from SNL would result in a severe cut to the show's ratings.[citation needed]

text: Eventually, Lewis gave in just a month before his retirement, and Melcher backed down. In May 2003, Fey signed a contract with NBC to remain in her SNL head-writer position until at least the 2004–2005 television season and to develop a primetime project to be produced by Broadway Video and NBC Universal.[24] Filming was postponed due to Tina Fey's first pregnancy.[25]

text: During the 2004–2005 pilot season, a pilot was announced named Untitled Tina Fey Project. The 30 Rock pilot focused on the boss of a variety show who must manage her relationships with the show's volatile star and its charismatic executive producer. The storyline evolved into one that dealt with a head writer of a variety show who dealt with both of the stars, as well as the show's new network executive.[26] 30 Rock was officially given the green light to air May 15, 2006, along with a 13-episode order.[27]

text: The series underwent further changes during the months leading up to and following its debut. A May 2006 press release mentioned that sketches from The Girlie Show would be made available in their entirety on NBC's broadband website, DotComedy.com. The idea was to air the fictitious TGS with Tracy Jordan online.[28] This aspect of the series was abandoned prior to its debut.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Inside scenes for 30 Rock were mostly filmed at Silvercup Studios in Long Island City, Queens, NYC (Studio 8H in 30 Rock in Manhattan for two live episodes).[4] In the episodes "Cleveland" and "Hiatus", Battery Park City, Manhattan, and Douglaston, Queens, doubled for Cleveland, Ohio and Needmore, Pennsylvania, respectively.[29] In the episode "Gavin Volure", stock footage of the Arkansas Governor's Mansion was used for exterior shots of the home of Steve Martin's character.[30]

text: The title sequence is made up of photos and video of 30 Rockefeller Plaza and features the series regulars. The sequence ends with a time lapse of the building and then a title card reading "30 Rock". The sequence has remained mostly the same throughout the series, although changes have been made to the images of most of the actors.

text: Music[edit]

text: The series features a "jaunty" jazz score.[31] Most of the incidental music melody is played by either clarinet, bass clarinet, saxophone, or strings, often as wildly varying renditions of the usual central theme. The music is composed by Fey's husband, Jeff Richmond, who is also a producer for 30 Rock. Richmond wrote the theme music, which was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music.[32] Seven short, original songs have been featured in episodes, five of which were performed by Jane Krakowski,[33][34][35][36][37] another performed by Tina Fey and Jason Sudeikis,[38] and another performed by Tracy Morgan.[39]

text: The show has also covered three existing songs,[40][41][42] including the song "Midnight Train to Georgia" by Gladys Knight and the Pips. The song had its lyrics altered to accommodate the character Kenneth being "misinformed about the time [of the 11:45 train]".[42] The song "Oh My" performed by The Gray Kid is heard throughout the episode "The Source Awards", which was mixed with a piano arrangement composed by Richmond.[43] "Kidney Now!", a rendition of the popular song, "We Are the World", is performed by various artists in the season-three finale. Other popular songs have been featured (with blessings by the singers), such as "I Will Remember You" or "Bitch".

text: The 30 Rock Original Television Soundtrack was released by the Relativity Music Group on November 16, 2010.[44]

text: Internet content[edit]

text: On April 2, 2008, NBC announced 30 Rock 360, an online extension of the 30 Rock series. The extension featured Jack Donaghy's Online Business Courses (or Jack U). Users were also able to read Jack's blogs and upload their own business advice in video form. Users were able to submit sketches for TGS with Tracy Jordan and act out skits from TGS. The feature reopened Ask Tina, an interactive question and answer platform in which users could ask Fey questions. Fey answered the questions in video form.[45] Ask Tina was a fixture on NBC.com's 30 Rock section throughout the first season.[46]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: The plot of 30 Rock revolves around the cast and crew of the fictional sketch comedy series TGS with Tracy Jordan (originally called The Girlie Show), which is filmed in Studio 6H inside 30 Rockefeller Plaza.[33] The series features an ensemble cast.[2] The seven roles that receive star billing during the opening credits are:

text:
Tina Fey as Liz Lemon is the protagonist of the series, a "sexually frightened know-it-all" and head writer of TGS with Tracy Jordan.
Tracy Morgan as Tracy Jordan is the loose-cannon, crazy, unpredictable, star of TGS.
Jane Krakowski as Jenna Maroney, original star of "The Girlie Show", is co-star of TGS and Liz's constantly attention-seeking and clueless best friend.
Jack McBrayer as Kenneth Parcell is a cheerful, obedient Southern-born NBC page who "lives for television".
Scott Adsit as Pete Hornberger is the "sane", quick-witted producer of TGS, who often reveals embarrassing details about his family life.
Judah Friedlander as Frank Rossitano is a trucker hat-wearing, manchildish, sarcastic writer at TGS. His hat bears a different phrase in every episode.
Alec Baldwin as Jack Donaghy is the decisive, controlling, suave, and occasionally senseless network executive who constantly interferes with the goings-on at TGS.

text: Beginning with season two, three characters, who were credited as guest stars during season one, received star billing after the opening credits, in addition to the principal cast:[2]

text:
Katrina Bowden as Cerie is Liz's attractive, laid-back assistant, who usually wears revealing outfits to work, much to the delight of the writers' room.
Keith Powell as James "Toofer" Spurlock is the proud, black, Harvard University-alumnus writer, who often butts heads with Tracy and Frank.
Lonny Ross as Josh Girard is a young and immature TGS writer and co-star, known for his impressions. Ross was written out in season four.

text: Beginning with season three, three characters who were credited as guest stars in the first two seasons, received star billing after the opening credits in addition to Bowden, Powell, Ross, and the principal cast. They are credited only in the episodes in which they appear:

text:
Kevin Brown as Dot Com is an erudite member of Tracy's entourage who is also a Wesleyan University-trained stage actor.
Grizz Chapman as Grizz is a member of Tracy's entourage.
Maulik Pancholy as Jonathan is Jack's loyal and overprotective personal assistant, who at times appears to be possibly in love with Jack. Pancholy left the show after season five and returned for season seven.

text: Beginning with season four, one character who was credited as a guest star in the first three seasons, received star billing after the opening credits in addition to Bowden, Powell, Brown, Chapman, and Pancholy.

text: John Lutz as J. D. Lutz is a lazy, overweight TGS writer who is often insulted or made fun of by the rest of the staff.

text: Additional characters[edit]

text:
Dean Winters as Dennis Duffy is the irresponsible ex-boyfriend of Liz, who had guest appearances throughout the series.
James Marsden as Criss Chros is Liz Lemon's boyfriend, later husband, who ran a hot dog stand in his first episodes of the series.
Cheyenne Jackson as Danny Baker is a TGS cast member added in the fourth season.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Tina Fey worked with Jen McNamara and Adam Bernstein for the casting of the series.[47] Fey's first act as casting director was to cast herself as the lead character, Liz Lemon, who is said to be much like Fey herself when she first became head writer on SNL.[48] The next actor to be cast was Tracy Morgan as Tracy Jordan,[49] who was then a former castmate of Fey's in SNL. Morgan was asked by Fey to play the role, and he believed it was "right up [his] alley and it was tailor made for [him]".[50] Fey said that the character of Kenneth Parcell was written with Jack McBrayer in mind. McBrayer is an old friend of Fey's (they worked together at Second City in Chicago), and she "really wanted him for that part and was very happy when no one objected".[47]

text: Rachel Dratch, Fey's longtime comedy partner and fellow SNL alumna, was originally cast to portray Jenna. Dratch played the role in the show's original pilot, but in August 2006, Jane Krakowski was announced as Dratch's replacement, with Dratch remaining involved in the show playing various characters.[51] Fey explained the change by noting that Dratch was "better-suited to playing a variety of eccentric side characters",[52] which was suitable when the show intended to feature actual sketches from TGS with Tracy Jordan. However, this aspect of the show was scrapped,[28] thus they required more of a straight-ahead acting part for the role of Jenna.

text: Although Fey went on to say, "Rachel and I were both very excited about this new direction",[52] Dratch said that she was not happy with the media's depiction of the change as a demotion;[53] however, she was also skeptical about the reasons she was given for the change, and was not happy with the reduction in the number of episodes in which she would appear.[53] Following the first season, Dratch only appeared in a handful of episodes.

text: Shortly following the casting of McBrayer and Dratch, Alec Baldwin was cast as Jack Donaghy, the "totally uncensored" vice president of East Coast Television and Microwave Oven Programming.[54] Fey said that the character of Jack Donaghy was written with Baldwin in mind, and she was "very pleasantly surprised when he agreed to do it".[47] Judah Friedlander was cast as Frank Rossitano, a staff writer of The Girlie Show. Friedlander had never met Fey before auditioning for a role in 30 Rock. His character was based on at least two writers with whom Fey used to work at SNL, but he has said that he "certainly brought some of [his] own things to it, as well".[55] Finally, Scott Adsit was cast as Pete Hornberger, a longtime friend of Liz's and producer of The Girlie Show. Adsit, an old friend of Fey's, also had his character written based on him.[47]

text: Following SNL's ongoing tradition,[56] 30 Rock had several real-life politician cameos, examples being Al Gore (twice), Nancy Pelosi (series finale)[57] and Condoleezza Rice (as Jack Donaghy's former love interest).[58]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
21
October 11, 2006
April 26, 2007

2
15
October 4, 2007
May 8, 2008

3
22
October 30, 2008
May 14, 2009

4
22
October 15, 2009
May 20, 2010

5
23
September 23, 2010
May 5, 2011

6
22
January 12, 2012
May 17, 2012

7
13
October 4, 2012
January 31, 2013

text: Season one[edit]

text: Season one began airing in the United States on October 11, 2006,[6] and featured 21 episodes.[59] The season finale aired on April 26, 2007.[60] Jack Donaghy, the "Head of East Coast Television and Microwave Oven Programming" at General Electric (GE), is transferred to work at the NBC headquarters, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, and retool the late-night sketch-comedy series The Girlie Show. The show's cast and crew are outraged by this, especially head writer Liz Lemon and main actress Jenna Maroney. Jack proceeds to wreak havoc on The Girlie Show, forcing Liz to hire off-the-wall movie star Tracy Jordan. He again irritates the cast and crew of The Girlie Show when he changes the name to TGS with Tracy Jordan (or just TGS).

text: As the season progresses, the episodes become less about TGS and more about how the characters deal with juggling their lives and their jobs —specifically the protagonist, Liz Lemon, but other characters are also explored. Episodes also become less self-contained and various story arcs develop in the second half of the season. For example, the first major story arc centers on Liz's relationship with Dennis Duffy (Dean Winters), "The Beeper King". Other story arcs include: Jenna promoting her movie The Rural Juror; Tracy going on the run from the Black Crusaders; Jack's engagement, which was eventually called off, to a Christie's auctioneer named Phoebe (Emily Mortimer); and another relationship of Liz's with Floyd (Jason Sudeikis).

text: Guest stars include Nathan Lane, Isabella Rossellini, Will Arnett, Wayne Brady, Elaine Stritch, Whoopi Goldberg, Conan O'Brien, LL Cool J, and Ghostface Killah.

text: Season two[edit]

text: Season two began airing in the United States on October 4, 2007,[61] and featured 15 episodes.[62] The second season was originally intended to consist of 22 episodes, but the order was cut to 15 due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike.[63][64] The season finale aired on May 8, 2008.[65] After Liz broke up with Floyd in the summer, she is looking for ways to rebound. When Jerry Seinfeld confronts Jack about a new marketing campaign which featured clips of Seinfeld's sitcom, Seinfeld, in all NBC shows, he has a chance encounter with Liz that gives her some much-needed advice. During the TGS summer hiatus, Jenna becomes overweight due to performing in the Broadway show Mystic Pizza: The Musical (based on the real 1988 film Mystic Pizza). Tracy has encountered some marital problems with his wife Angie Jordan (Sherri Shepherd) and they become separated, but later reunite.

text: During the season, Jack develops a relationship with a Democratic congresswoman named Celeste "C. C." Cunningham (Edie Falco). They later break up. An arc that was established in the first season, but becomes more apparent in the second, regards Jack running for the GE chairmanship against his nemesis Devon Banks (Will Arnett). The season ends with Liz planning to adopt a child after believing she was pregnant with Dennis' baby. Kenneth also travels to Beijing to be a page at the 2008 Summer Olympics and Tracy invents a pornographic video game. Jack ends the season working at a new government job in Washington, DC, but plans to get fired by proposing a "gay bomb".

text: Season three[edit]

text: 30 Rock returned with a third season as part of NBC's 2008 fall schedule, airing immediately after The Office. The show experienced a large ratings and popularity spike this season after Tina Fey's highly praised performance as Sarah Palin on SNL. This is also the season where the show made Primetime Emmy Award history, being nominated for 22 awards. The season consisted of 22 episodes.[66][67][68] Oprah Winfrey guest-starred in the second episode, playing herself (actually a drug-induced hallucination of Liz's), as well as Jennifer Aniston playing Liz's ex-roommate. Salma Hayek[69] also appeared for a multiple-episode arc, portraying Jack's new girlfriend, Elisa. Other guest stars this season included John Lithgow, Kerry Butler, Megan Mullally, Peter Dinklage, and Steve Martin.[70] Jon Hamm played Liz's love interest and neighbor for several episodes.[71] Alan Alda appeared in the season's final two episodes as Milton Greene, Jack's biological father. The season finale featured multiple musical guests, including Talib Kweli, Michael McDonald, Norah Jones, Steve Earle, Moby, Clay Aiken, the Beastie Boys, Adam Levine, Mary J. Blige, Elvis Costello, Sheryl Crow, Rhett Miller, Cyndi Lauper, Sara Bareilles, Wyclef Jean, and Rachael Yamagata, performing "Kidney Now!", an organ-donation drive spoof of We Are The World and "Just Stand Up!".

text: Season four[edit]

text: The fourth season of 30 Rock premiered on October 15, 2009. Like the previous season, it also consisted of 22 episodes. A recurring story arc early in the season revolved around Jack's request that Liz cast a new actor for TGS, and Liz's subsequent search for the perfect comedian, much to the dismay of Jenna and Tracy, who fear losing their spotlight. The latter half of the season focused on complementary story arcs: Jack's inability to choose between his two girlfriends, Liz's inability to find a boyfriend to live up to her expectations, and Jenna's relationship with a Jenna Maroney impersonator. The season has also featured such guest stars as Julianne Moore, Jon Bon Jovi, Cheyenne Jackson, Sherri Shepherd, Will Forte, Elizabeth Banks, Michael Sheen, Matt Damon, and James Franco.

text: Season five[edit]

text: 30 Rock premiered its fifth season on September 23, 2010, in the Thursday 8:30 pm time slot.[72]

text: An episode of 30 Rock's fifth season was filmed and broadcast live, twice, on the evening of October 14, 2010. The two separate recordings resulted in a live telecast of the episode to American viewers on both the West and East Coasts, to ensure both would view a live performance. Filmed in front of a live audience, the episode aired at 8:30 pm EDT and PDT on NBC. A ratings success, the episode was also met with positive reviews.[73][74][75]

text: 30 Rock moved to the 10/9c from January 20, 2011.[76]

text: Season five focuses on Liz Lemon's continuing relationship with Carol Burnett (Matt Damon), Jack's start into fatherhood with fiancée Avery (Elizabeth Banks), struggling with the merger of NBCUniversal with Kabletown, Tracy's foray into getting an EGOT, and Kenneth's attempt to get back to NBC. Aside from featuring the return of Rachel Dratch in "Live Show", other guest stars include Matt Damon, Elizabeth Banks, Susan Sarandon (as Frank's former teacher- who was in prison due to their relationship while he was a student- and present girlfriend), Paul Giamatti (as one of the TGS editors), Sherri Shepherd, Queen Latifah, Rob Reiner, John Amos, Jon Hamm (reprising his role as Drew, Liz Lemon's former love interest who despite being a doctor, she dumped for being too dumb), Julia Louis-Dreyfus (playing the reimagined version of Liz Lemon and also as herself playing this character in "Live Show"), Bill Hader, Chris Parnell, Kelsey Grammer (playing himself), Buck Henry, David Gregory, John Slattery, Daniel Sunjata, Will Forte, Kelly Coffield Park, Elaine Stritch, Dr. Condoleezza Rice, Alan Alda, Cheyenne Jackson, Robert De Niro (playing himself), Dean Winters, Ken Howard, Vanessa Minnillo, Brian Williams (playing himself), Richard Belzer, Ice-T, John Cho, Chloë Grace Moretz (as Kaylie Hooper – the granddaughter of Kabletown CEO Hank Hooper and Jack's sworn enemy as heir to the Kabletown throne), Terrance Mann (as oceanographer Robert Ballard), Cristin Milioti (as Abby Flynn in "TGS Hates Women"), Eion Bailey, Adriane Lenox, Michael Keaton, Margaret Cho (as Avery's kidnapper, North Korean dictator Kim Jong-il), and Tom Hanks (as himself in "100: Part 1" and "100: Part 2").

text: Season six[edit]

text: On November 15, 2010, NBC announced 30 Rock had been renewed for a sixth season, set to air at the beginning of 2012, due to Tina Fey's pregnancy.[77] The season began airing January 12, 2012, in its new 8 pm timeslot leading into Parks and Recreation, The Office, and Up All Night.[78]

text: Season six finds Liz emotionally maturing while in a new relationship; Jack continues to attempt to recover his wife from North Korea and find his identity at Kabletown, Kenneth moves up (and later down) the corporate ladder, and Jenna reaches a new level of fame due to being a judge on a reality show, and considers settling down with boyfriend Paul.

text: Many LGBT groups called for Tracy Morgan's resignation or dismissal from the show due to anti-gay comments he made between the end of season five and the filming for season six.[79] Morgan issued an apology and continued with his starring role.[80] 30 Rock had previously received an award from GLAAD, commending the show on its portrayal of LGBT themes and characters.[81] The scandal inspired the second episode of the season, in which Tracy Jordan goes on an offensive rant during a standup set, forcing the show to apologize on his behalf after he mistakenly apologizes to Glad, the plastic bag company, instead of GLAAD.

text: Season seven[edit]

text: 30 Rock returned for a final, abbreviated season consisting of 13 episodes,[82] which began airing on October 4, 2012.[83] Alec Baldwin reportedly approached NBC and offered to cut his pay for 30 Rock to be renewed for a full seventh and eighth seasons, stating on Twitter: "I offered NBC to cut my pay 20% in order to have a full 7th and 8th seasons of 30 Rock. I realize times have changed."[84]

text: Season seven continues to develop the relationship between Liz and Criss (James Marsden), as the pair tries for children and considers getting married. Meanwhile, Jack attempts to improve his future prospects at the company, first by trying to "tank" NBC and convince Kabletown CEO Hank Hooper (Ken Howard) to sell it, and later by plotting to discredit Hooper's granddaughter and future CEO, Kaylee Hooper (Chloë Grace Moretz). Ultimately, however, he begins to wonder if he is truly happy. Elsewhere, Tracy has found success with his new movie studio, which produces comedy films mostly starring African American actors, in similar fashion to Tyler Perry; Jenna prepares to marry her longterm boyfriend Paul (Will Forte), and Kenneth has started a relationship with Hazel (Kristen Schaal), unaware that she is using him to get her moment on TGS.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical[edit]

text: The first season of 30 Rock was reviewed favorably by critics.[85] Metacritic gave the pilot episode a Metascore—a weighted average based on the impressions of a select thirty-one critical reviews—of 67 out of 100.[86] Robert Abele of LA Weekly declared that the show was a "weirdly appropriate and hilarious symbol of our times".[87] The Wall Street Journal's Dorothy Rabinowitz wrote that the "standard caution is relevant—debut episodes tend to be highly polished. All the more reason to enjoy the hilarious scenes and fine ensemble cast here".[88] Some less favorable reviews were received from Brian Lowry of Variety. Lowry said, "Despite her success with Mean Girls, [Tina] Fey mostly hits too-familiar notes in the pilot. Moreover, she's a limited protagonist, which is problematic."[89] Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune criticized "30 Rock for being less than the sum of its parts, and, as an entry in the single-camera comedy sweepstakes, it fails to show either the inspired inventiveness of Arrested Development or provide the surprisingly perceptive character studies of The Office".[90]

text: At the end of 2006, LA Weekly listed 30 Rock as one of the best "Series of the Year".[91] The show also appeared on similar year end "best of" 2006 lists published by The New York Times,[92] The A.V. Club,[93] The Boston Globe,[94] the Chicago Sun-Times,[94] Entertainment Weekly,[94] the Los Angeles Times,[94] the Miami Herald,[94] People Weekly,[94] and TV Guide.[94] The Associated Press wrote that NBC's "Thursday night comedy block—made up of My Name Is Earl, The Office, Scrubs, and 30 Rock—is consistently the best night of prime time viewing for any network."[95] In 2007, it appeared on The Boston Globe's "best of" list[96] as well as the "best of" lists of the Chicago Sun-Times,[96] the Chicago Tribune,[96] Entertainment Weekly,[96] the Los Angeles Times,[96] Newark Star-Ledger,[96] The New York Times,[96] Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,[96] The San Francisco Chronicle,[96] The San Jose Mercury News,[96] TV Guide and USA Today.[96] 30 Rock was named the best series of 2007 by Entertainment Weekly.[96]

text: At the end of 2009, Newsweek magazine ranked 30 Rock as the best comedy on TV in the past decade,[97] and at the end of 2010, Metacritic reported that the show ranked 12th place in their list of collected Television Critic Top Ten Lists.[98] At the end of 2012, a poll undertaken by 60 Minutes and Vanity Fair named 30 Rock the seventh greatest sitcom of all time.[99] In 2013, the Writers Guild of America named 30 Rock as one of the best-written television series of all time, ranking it at 21st place.[17]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Capping its critically successful first season, 30 Rock won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series and Elaine Stritch was awarded Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in September 2007 for her work as a guest actress in the season one finale episode, "Hiatus".[100] Tina Fey and Alec Baldwin were nominated in the Outstanding Lead Actress and Outstanding Lead Actor in a comedy series categories, respectively.[101] "Jack-Tor" and "Tracy Does Conan" were both nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series.[101] 30 Rock received four Creative Arts Emmy Awards.[101] Alec Baldwin received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy in 2007.[102] Baldwin also received the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series in 2007.[103] The show also received various other guild award nominations during its first season[104][105] and the Peabody Award.[106]

text: In 2008, Tina Fey and Alec Baldwin both won Screen Actors Guild Awards.[107] The series took home the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Series in 2008.[108] It also received the Danny Thomas Producer of the Year Award in Episodic Series – Comedy from the Producers Guild of America in 2008.[109] 30 Rock received 17 Primetime Emmy Award nominations for its second season, meaning it was the second-most nominated series of the year.[110] These 17 nominations broke the record for the most nominations for a comedy series, meaning that 30 Rock was the most-nominated comedy series for any individual Primetime Emmy Award year. The previous holder of this record was The Larry Sanders Show in 1996 with 16 nominations.[111] 30 Rock also won the Television Critics Association Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy.[112]

text: Also in 2008, 30 Rock completed a sweep of the major awards at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards. The show won Outstanding Comedy Series, Alec Baldwin was recognized as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, and Tina Fey was given the award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series. This marked the eighth time in the history of the Primetime Emmy Awards that a show won best series plus best lead actor and actress.[113] Tina Fey also won the award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for the second-season finale episode, "Cooter".

text: At the 66th Golden Globe Awards, 30 Rock won the award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy, Alec Baldwin won Best Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy, and Tina Fey won Best Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy.[114]

text: At the 67th Annual Peabody Awards, 30 Rock received the Peabody Award for the show's 2007 episodes.[115] Upon announcing the award, the Peabody Board commended the show for being "not only a great workplace comedy in the tradition of The Mary Tyler Moore Show, complete with fresh, indelible secondary characters, but also a sly, gleeful satire of corporate media, especially the network that airs it".[116]

text: In 2009, 30 Rock received a record-breaking 22 Primetime Emmy Award nominations and won five of them, including Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (Baldwin), and Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for "Reunion".[9]

text: In 2010, 30 Rock received 15 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including the series' fourth consecutive nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (Baldwin), and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series (Fey).[117]

text: In 2011, 30 Rock received 9 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including its fifth consecutive nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series.

text: In 2012, 30 Rock received 13 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including its sixth consecutive nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series.

text: On July 18, 2013, 30 Rock's seventh and final season received 13 Primetime Emmy Award nominations (the most of any comedy series and the most of any final season of a comedy series), including Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for Fey, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for Baldwin, Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for Krakowski, directing, two nominations for writing, and its seventh consecutive nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series, bringing the series' total number of nominations to 103. The series' casting directors won their third prize for Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series, while Tina Fey and Tracey Wigfield won for their writing for the series finale, "Last Lunch".

text: At the 19th Screen Actors Guild Awards, both Fey and Baldwin won for their performances in the Female and Male comedy categories, respectively, while the cast received their final nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series.

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Below, "Rank" refers to how well 30 Rock rated compared to other television series which aired during primetime hours of the corresponding television season; for example, in its first year, 101 television series were rated higher. The television season tends to begin in September of any given year and end during May of the following year. "Viewers" refers to the average number of viewers for all original episodes (broadcast in the series' "Regular Timeslot") of 30 Rock aired during the television season. Although the viewer average may be higher for some seasons than others, the rank will not necessarily be higher. This is due to the number of programs aired during primetime. In some seasons, more regular programs may be aired during primetime than in others.

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Premiered
Ended
TV Season
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

Date
Premiere
Viewers
(in millions)
Date
Finale
Viewers
(in millions)

1
Wednesday 8:00 pm (October 11 – November 1, 2006)
Thursday 9:30 pm (November 16, 2006 – March 8, 2007)
Thursday 9:00 pm (April 5–26, 2007)
October 11, 2006
8.1[118]
April 26, 2007
4.7
2006–2007
#102[119]
5.8[119]

2
Thursday 8:30 pm (October 4, 2007 – April 17, 2008)
Thursday 9:00 pm (December 15, 2007)
Thursday 8:30 pm (April 24 – May 8, 2008)
October 4, 2007
7.3[120]
May 8, 2008
5.6[121]
2007–2008
#111[122]
6.5[122]

3
Thursday 9:30 pm (October 30, 2008 – May 14, 2009)
October 30, 2008
8.7[123]
May 14, 2009
5.7[124]
2008–2009
#69[125]
7.5[125]

4
Thursday 9:30 pm (October 15, 2009 – May 20, 2010)
Thursday 9:00 pm (January 14, 2010)
Thursday 8:30 pm (April 22, 2010)
October 15, 2009
6.4[126]
May 20, 2010
5.5[127]
2009–2010
#86[128]
5.9[128]

5
Thursday 8:30 pm (September 23 – December 9, 2010)
Thursday 10:00 pm (January 20 – May 5, 2011)
Thursday 10:30 pm (April 28, 2011)
September 23, 2010
5.9[129]
May 5, 2011
4.2[130]
2010–2011
#106[131]
5.3[131]

6
Thursday 8:00 pm (January 12 – March 8, 2012)
Thursday 9:00 pm (January 26, 2012)
Thursday 8:30 pm (March 15 – May 17, 2012)
January 12, 2012
4.5[132]
May 17, 2012
2.8[133]
2011–2012
#130[134]
4.6[134]

7
Thursday 8:00 pm (October 4, 2012 – January 31, 2013)
Wednesday 8:00 pm (October 31, 2012)
October 4, 2012
3.5[135]
January 31, 2013
4.9[136]
2012–2013
#99[137]
4.6[137]

text: The pilot episode generated 8.13 million viewers,[138] the series' highest ratings until that of its third-season premiere which garnered 8.5 million viewers. In its original timeslot of Wednesday at 8:00 pm EST, the show averaged 6.23 million viewers.[139] 30 Rock aired on Wednesdays for its first four episodes. The season's lowest ratings were achieved by "Jack the Writer" and "Hard Ball" which both achieved 4.61 million viewers.[140][141] The season-two premiere, "SeinfeldVision," was viewed by 7.33 million viewers, the highest rating since the pilot.[142] 30 Rock entered a hiatus due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike on January 10, 2008.[63] The episode that aired on that date was viewed by 5.98 million viewers.[143] The second-season finale, "Cooter", which aired on May 8, 2008, was viewed by 5.6 million viewers.[65]

text: On December 29, 2006, Nielsen Media Research (NMR) reported the results of having, for the first time, monitored viewers who use a digital video recorder to record shows for later viewing. NMR reported that 30 Rock adds nearly 7.5% to its total audience every week as a result of viewers who use a DVR to record the show and then watch it within a week of its initial airing.[144] A March 2007 report from MAGNA Global, based on NMR data about viewership ranked by among adults 25–54, shows that as of the time of the report 30 Rock's viewers have a median income of $65,000, high enough to place the show tied at 11th in affluence with several other shows. This is during a period where for the season 30 Rock is tied at number 85 in the 18–49 demographic.[145] During its second season, 30 Rock ranked in fourth place, against all primetime programming, for television series which are watched by viewers with income above $100,000.[146] Following Fey's popular impressions of Alaskan governor Sarah Palin on Saturday Night Live, the third-season premiere was seen by 8.5 million viewers, making it the highest-viewed episode in the series.[147] The premiere earned a 4.1 preliminary adults 18–49 rating, an increase of 21% from the second-season premiere.[148]

text: Similarities to other media[edit]

text: Two shows debuting on 2006–07 NBC lineup, 30 Rock and Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, revolved around the off-camera happenings on a Saturday Night Live-analogue sketch comedy series. Similarities between the two led to speculation that only one of them would be picked up. Baldwin said, "I'd be stunned if NBC picked up both shows. And ours has the tougher task, as a comedy, because if it's not funny, that's it."[149] Kevin Reilly, then president of NBC Entertainment, was supportive of Fey, describing the situation as a "high-class problem":

text: I just can't imagine the audience would look at both shows, choose one and cancel the other out. In some ways, why is it any different than when there have been three or four cop shows on any schedule, or Scrubs and ER, which are tonally very different?[150]

text: Evidence of the overlapping subject matter between the shows, as well as the conflict between them, arose when Aaron Sorkin, the creator of Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, asked Lorne Michaels to allow him to observe Saturday Night Live for a week, a request Michaels denied.[149] Despite this, Sorkin sent Fey flowers after NBC announced it would pick up both series, and wished her luck with 30 Rock.[151] Fey said, "it's just bad luck for me that in my first attempt at prime time I'm going up against the most powerful writer on television. I was joking that this would be the best pilot ever aired on Trio. And then Trio got canceled."[149] Fey wound up "beating" Sorkin when Studio 60 was canceled after one season and 30 Rock was renewed for a second. Though 30 Rock's first-season ratings proved lackluster and were lower than those of Studio 60,[119] Studio 60 was more expensive to produce.[152]

text: One early promo for 30 Rock portrayed Alec Baldwin mistakenly thinking he would meet Sorkin,[153] and when asked on her "Ask Tina" space what she thought of the criticism that 30 Rock received, Fey jokingly replied that people who did not like it were probably confusing it with Studio 60.[154] However, none of 30 Rock's producers have given Studio 60 any serious criticism, positive or negative. In a November 1, 2006 interview, Fey said she had seen the first two episodes of Studio 60. When asked what her impressions were, she jokingly replied, "I can't do impressions of Bradley Whitford and Matthew Perry."[155]

text: At least five 30 Rock episodes have briefly parodied Studio 60:

text:
"Jack the Writer" contains a self-referring walk and talk sequence, such sequences being commonly used on Studio 60 and Aaron Sorkin's previous shows.[156]
"Jack-Tor": Liz tries to quote global education statistics, only to mess up and realize that she does not know what she is talking about.[157]
"Jack Meets Dennis": Liz says the upcoming show will be "worse than that time we did that Gilbert and Sullivan parody". The second episode of Studio 60, "The Cold Open", included a parody of the "Major-General's Song" on the show-within-the-show.
"The Fabian Strategy": In the ending sequence, Kenneth watches the credits for TGS, which include Ricky and Ronnie as writers, the two ex-head writers on Studio 60.
"Plan B": Aaron Sorkin appears as himself as Liz is attempting to get a new job at NBC's The Sing-Off. Sorkin explains to Liz that he, too, is having trouble finding work writing for television, despite having written such works as The West Wing, A Few Good Men, and The Social Network. Liz adds Studio 60 to that list, but Sorkin tells her to "shut up",

text: Some critics have compared 30 Rock to The Mary Tyler Moore Show, with parallels drawn between the relationship of Liz and Jack and that of Mary Richards and Lou Grant.[158][159] It has also been compared to That Girl.[160][161] Like That Girl and Mary Tyler Moore, 30 Rock is a sitcom centering on an unmarried, brunette career woman living in a big city where she works in the television industry. That Girl was parodied in the opening segment of 30 Rock's pilot.

text: Syndication[edit]

text: It was announced in 2009 that off-network syndication rights for 30 Rock had been acquired by Comedy Central and WGN America for a combined value in the range of $800,000 an episode.[162][163] In Canada, CityTV airs it at 7 pm in syndication and Omni 1 airs it at 10 pm in syndication.

text: Internet and DVD[edit]

text: Episode downloads and online streaming[edit]

text: Weekly installments of 30 Rock are available to download for a per-episode fee, to U.S. residents only, via Amazon Video, Apple's iTunes Store, Google Play, and the now-defunct "NBC Direct" service. In addition to paid downloads, all seven seasons can be streamed on Netflix in the US with a paid subscription.[164] Both NBC.com and Hulu.com stream episodes for free, but only the five most current installments are available for viewing, and Hulu has ceased streaming previous seasons.[165][166][167] As of October 1, 2017 Netflix will no longer stream episodes of 30 Rock and Hulu will become the exclusive home of all seven seasons under a new agreement with NBCUniversal Television and New Media Distribution.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
Season
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Discs
Extras

One
September 4, 2007
March 17, 2008
April 30, 2008
3
Episode commentaries, outtakes and deleted scenes (region 1 only).[168]

Two
October 7, 2008
May 25, 2009
January 8, 2009
2
Episode commentaries, outtakes, deleted scenes, the table read for the episode "Cooter", 30 Rock Live at the UCB Theatre, a behind-the-scenes look at an episode of Saturday Night Live which was hosted by Tina Fey, and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Presents: An Evening With 30 Rock.[62]

Three
September 22, 2009
April 5, 2010
November 11, 2009
3
Episode commentaries, outtakes, deleted scenes, the table read for the episode "Kidney Now!", behind-the-scenes with the Muppets, 1-900-OKFACE, The Making of "He Needs a Kidney", photo gallery

Four
September 21, 2010
February 14, 2011
November 3, 2010
3
Episode commentaries, deleted scenes, behind-the-scenes, extended episodes, Ace of Cakes episode, "Tennis Night in America" music video, photo gallery.[169]

Five
November 29, 2011
March 12, 2012
November 3, 2011
3
Episode commentaries, deleted scenes, behind-the-scenes of "30 Rock Live"

Six
September 11, 2012
April 15, 2013
November 7, 2012
3
Episode commentaries, deleted scenes, behind-the-scenes of "Live from Studio 6H"

Seven
May 7, 2013
May 5, 2014
November 28, 2013
2
Episode commentaries, deleted scenes, animated webisodes, series finale retrospective

Complete
Collection
January 12, 2014
May 5, 2014
November 28, 2013
20
All features from individual release


document_title: Distal radioulnar articulation

question_text: what type of joint is formed between the radius and ulna

text: Distal radioulnar articulation

text: Ligaments[edit]

text: The articular surfaces are connected together by the following ligaments:

text:
Palmar radioulnar ligament
Dorsal radioulnar ligament
Articular disk (triangular fibrocartilage)

text: Function[edit]

text: The function of the radioulnar joint is to lift and maneuver weight load from the distal radioulnar joint to be distributed across the forearm’s radius and ulna as a load-bearing joint.[1] Supination of the radioulnar joint can move from 0 degrees neutral to approximately 80-90 degrees where Pronation of the Radioulnar Joint can move from 0 degrees neutral to approximately 70-90 degrees.[2] Supination (palms facing up) vs. pronation (palms facing down). Muscles that contribute to function are all supinator (Biceps Brachii, Brachioradialis, and Supinator) and pronator muscles (Brachioradialis, Pronator Quadratus, and Pronator Teres).

text: Injuries[edit]

text: Injuries to the distal radioulnar articulation often result from falls onto an outstretched hand. Injury can occur with concurrent fracture of the distal radius, the ulna, or can be isolated. A classification system has been proposed by Estaminet and colleagues.[3]

text: Estaminet Classification[edit]

text: Estaminet classified injuries of the distal radioulnar articulation into four categories with two subclasses: purely ligamentous (subclass A) and those with associated boney injury (subclass B).

text:
Estaminet I - Attenuation on MRI only
Estaminet II - Volar distal radioulnar ligament is involved. Unstable in supination. Fixation should be in pronation.
Estaminet III - Dorsal distal radioulnar ligament is involved. Unstable in pronation. Fixation should be in supination.
Estaminet IV - Both ligaments are involved. Unstable in both supination and pronation. Fixation is in neutral.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Distal ends of radius and ulna along with the bones of the wrist and hand

Transverse section across distal ends of radius and ulna.


document_title: Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)

question_text: who's the actress that plays kevin costner's daughter on yellowstone

question_tokens: who 's the actress that plays kevin costner 's daughter on yellowstone

text: Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Yellowstone follows "the Dutton family, led by John Dutton, who controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States, under constant attack by those it borders — land developers, an Indian reservation, and America’s first National Park. It is an intense study of a violent world far from media scrutiny — where land grabs make developers billions, and politicians are bought and sold by the world’s largest oil and lumber corporations. Where drinking water poisoned by fracking wells and unsolved murders are not news: they are a consequence of living in the new frontier. It is the best and worst of America seen through the eyes of a family that represents both."[1]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Kevin Costner as John Dutton, the 6th generation patriarch of the Dutton family which controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States. He is confronted with challenge of defending his land from those who would seek to take it from him while also overcoming the recent death of his son and a recent diagnosis of colon cancer. Josh Lucas portrays a young John Dutton in a recurring role.
Luke Grimes as Kayce Dutton, a former US Navy SEAL and one of John and Evelyn's sons. He lives on the local Indian reservation with his wife and son. Rhys Alterman portrays a young Kayce in a recurring role.
Kelly Reilly as Beth Dutton, a financier and the daughter of John and Evelyn. She is educated, highly intelligent, and a master manipulator. She is also, however, very unstable and suffers from a substance abuse problem. Kylie Rogers portrays a young Beth in a recurring role.
Wes Bentley as Jamie Dutton, an attorney, aspiring politician, and one of John and Evelyn's sons. Although completely loyal to his father and family, he is constantly frustrated at the current state of his family. He also has an intense love/hate relationship with his sister Beth. Dalton Baker portrays a young Jamie in a recurring role.
Cole Hauser as Rip Wheeler, the ranch foreman at Yellowstone and John's right-hand man and enforcer. Rip has worked on the ranch for many years and is fiercely loyal to John. He has an on-again, off-again relationship with Beth. Kyle Red Silverstein portrays a young Rip Wheeler in a guest appearance in the episode "The Unraveling: Pt. 1".
Kelsey Asbille as Monica Dutton, Kayce's Native American wife with whom he lives on the local reservation. She is a teacher at the school on the local Indian reservation.
Brecken Merrill as Tate Dutton, the son of Kayce and Monica and John's only grandchild.
Jefferson White as Jimmy Hurdstrom, a ranch hand at Yellowstone.
Danny Huston as Dan Jenkins, a land developer with aspirations of building on parts of Yellowstone.
Gil Birmingham as Chief Thomas Rainwater, the chief of the nearby Indian reservation.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Moses Brings Plenty as Rainwater's driver
Ian Bohen as Ryan, a cowboy wrangler
Denim Richards as Colby, a cowboy wrangler
Forrie J. Smith as Lloyd
Wendy Moniz as Governor Lynelle Perry, the Governor of Montana.
Atticus Todd as Ben Waters
Timothy Carhart as A.G. Stewart
Rudy Ramos as Felix Long
Tokala Black Elk as Sam Stands Alone
Michaela Conlin as Sarah Nguyen
Ryan Bingham as Walker
Luke Peckinpah as Fred Meyers
Walter C. Taylor III as Emmett Walsh
Fredric Lehne as Carl Reynolds
Savonna Spracklin as Alice Wahl
Robert Mirabal as Principle Littlefield
Heather Hemmens as Melody Prescott
Katherine Cunningham as Christina
John Aylward as Father Bob
Morningstar Angeline as Samantha Long
Bill Tangradi as Alan Keene
Michael Nouri as Bob Schwartz
Gretchen Mol as Evelyn Dutton, the late wife of John Dutton, mother to Jaime, Beth, Kayce, and stepmother to John’s eldest son, Lee.
Barret Swatek as Victoria Jenkins, the wife of Dan Jenkins.
Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Dave Annable as Lee Dutton ("Daybreak")
Jill Hennessy as Senator Huntington ("Daybreak"), an ally of Chief Rainwater.
Jeremiah Bitsui as Robert Long ("Daybreak")
Geno Segers as Danny Trudeau ("No Good Horses")
Taylor Sheridan as Travis Wheatley ("Coming Home")
Tinsel Korey as Emily Sessions ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Mike Faiola as Dr. Fielding ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Brian Unger as Dr. Stafford ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell ("The Unravelling: Pt. 1")
Tanaya Beatty as Avery ("The Unravelling: Pt. 2")
James Pickens Jr. as Old Cowboy ("The Unravelling: Pt. 2")

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)1"Daybreak"Taylor SheridanStory by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor SheridanJune 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)2.83[2]
2"Kill the Messenger"Taylor SheridanStory by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor SheridanJune 27, 2018 (2018-06-27)2.07[3]
3"No Good Horses"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanJuly 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)2.17[4]
4"The Long Black Train"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanJuly 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)1.89[5]
5"Coming Home"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanJuly 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)1.95[6]
6"The Remembering"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)2.10[7]
7"A Monster Is Among Us"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 8, 2018 (2018-08-08)2.08[8]
8"The Unravelling, Pt. 1"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 15, 2018 (2018-08-15)2.13[9]
9"The Unravelling, Pt. 2"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 22, 2018 (2018-08-22)2.37[10]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2013, Taylor Sheridan began work on the series, having recently grown tired of acting and begun writing screenplays. Having lived in the rural parts of states such as Texas and Wyoming, Sheridan purposely set the series in Montana and went about writing the first scripts in Livingston.[11]

text: On May 3, 2017, it was announced that the Paramount Network had greenlit its first scripted series, Yellowstone. Paramount issued a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes. The series was set to be written, directed, and executive-produced by Sheridan. Other executive producers were to include John Linson, Art Linson, Harvey Weinstein, and David Glasser. Production companies involved with the series were set to consist of Linson Entertainment and The Weinstein Company.[1]

text: On October 12, 2017, it was announced that following reports of sexual abuse allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein, his name would be removed from the series' credits as would The Weinstein Company as well.[12] On January 15, 2018, Kevin Kay, president of Paramount Network, clarified during the annual Television Critics Association's winter press tour that Yellowstone will not have The Weinstein Company's credits or logo on them, even though that company was involved in production. Furthermore, he stated that their intent is to replace Weinstein Television with the company’s new name in the show's credits when available.[13] That same day, it was also announced that the series would premiere on June 20, 2018.[14]

text: On July 24, 2018, it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season that was expected to premiere in 2019.[15]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On May 15, 2017, it was announced that Kevin Costner had been cast in the series lead role of John Dutton.[16] In June 2017, it was reported that Luke Grimes, Cole Hauser, Wes Bentley, and Kelly Reilly had joined the cast as series regulars.[17][18] On July 13, 2017, it was announced that Kelsey Asbille had been cast in a main role.[19] In August 2017, it was reported that Dave Annable, Gil Birmingham, and Jefferson White had been added to the main cast while Wendy Moniz, Gretchen Mol, Jill Hennessy, Patrick St. Esprit, Ian Bohen, Denim Richards, and Golden Brooks were joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[20][21][22][23] In November 2017, it was announced that Michaela Conlin and Josh Lucas had been added to the cast in recurring roles.[24][25] On December 19, 2017, it was reported that Heather Hemmens was joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[26] On June 13, 2018, it was announced that Barret Swatek had been cast in a recurring role.[27]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for the series began in August 2017 at the Chief Joseph Ranch in Darby, Montana, which stands in as the home of John Dutton. Filming also took place that month near Park City, Utah. The production used all three soundstages at the Utah Film Studio in Park City, which is a total of 45,000 square feet. The building also houses offices, editing, a huge wardrobe department and construction shops. By November 2017, the series had filmed in more than twenty locations in Utah, including the Salt Flats and Spanish Fork. Additionally, filming also took place at various locations in Montana. Production was reportedly set to last until December 2017.[28][29]

text: Music[edit]

text: The series' score was composed by Brian Tyler who worked with musicians from the London Philharmonia Orchestra and viola, cello, and violin soloists. On August 17, 2018, the soundtrack for the first season was released by Sony Music.[30]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On February 28, 2018, a teaser trailer for the series was released.[31] On April 26, 2018, the first full trailer was released.[32]

text: Premiere[edit]

text: On June 25, 2018, the series held a screening at Seriesfest, an annual international television festival, at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Denver, Colorado.[33][34]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The series has been met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a 51% approval rating, with an average rating of 5.86 out of 10 based on 35 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Yellowstone proves too melodramatic to be taken seriously, diminishing the effects of the talented cast and beautiful backdrops."[35] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 53 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[36]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The two-hour series premiere of Yellowstone averaged 2.8 million viewers in live + same day and became the most-watched original scripted series telecast ever on Paramount Network (or its predecessor Spike). The premiere audience grows to nearly 4 million when the two encore airings of the premiere are factored in. The premiere audience more than doubled that of Paramount Network’s first scripted drama series, Waco and more than tripled the debut viewership of Paramount Network's new comedy series, American Woman.[37] It was later reported that the premiere's Live+3 Nielsen ratings revealed that 4.8 million viewers ultimately watched the premiere after delayed viewing was factored in.[38] By the series' third episode, it was reported that the show had become the second most watched television series on ad-supported cable to air in 2018, only behind AMC's The Walking Dead.[39]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Daybreak"

June 20, 2018
0.4
2.83[2]
0.5
2.48
0.9
5.31[40]

2

"Kill the Messenger"

June 27, 2018
0.3
2.07[3]
0.4
2.22
0.7
4.29[41][a]

3

"No Good Horses"

July 11, 2018
0.4
2.17[4]
0.5
3.05
0.9
5.22[42]

4

"The Long Black Train"

July 18, 2018
0.3
1.89[5]
0.5
2.75
0.8
4.64[43]

5

"Coming Home"

July 25, 2018
0.3
1.95[6]
0.6
3.03
0.9
4.98[44]

6

"The Remembering"

August 1, 2018
0.4
2.10[7]
0.4
2.20
0.8
4.31[45][a]

7

"A Monster Is Among Us"

August 8, 2018
0.4
2.08[8]
0.4
2.35
0.8
4.43[46][a]

8

"The Unravelling, Pt. 1"

August 15, 2018
0.4
2.13[9]
0.4
2.14
0.8
4.27[47][a]

9

"The Unravelling, Pt. 2"

August 22, 2018
0.4
2.37[10]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.

tag: ol