document_title: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)

question_text: who wants to be a millionaire 2018 most won

text: History[edit]

text: Creation[edit]

text: The creation of the game show was led by David Briggs, assisted by Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight, who had helped him before with creating a number of promotional games for Chris Tarrant's morning show on Capital FM radio. The basic premise for the show was a twist on the conventional game-show genre of the time, with a focus towards the setup used in radio quizzes, in that the programme would have one contestant taking on the game and answering questions, but with the ability to pull out at any time, to have certain points in the quiz where, once passed, they could have a set prize given to them if they should give a wrong answer, and be provided with special forms of assistance during their game. During the design phase, the show was given the working title of "Cash Mountain", before Briggs decided upon using the name of the song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society, as the show's finalised title.[2] After presenting their idea to ITV, the broadcaster gave the green-light for production to begin on a series.

text: The set designed for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? was conceived by British production designer Andy Walmsley, who focused the design towards making contestants feel uncomfortable, creating an atmosphere of tension similar to movie thriller.[3] The design was in stark contrast to the design of sets made for more typical game shows, which are designed to make contestants feel more at ease.[2] Walmsley's design feature a central stage made primarily with Plexiglas, with a huge dish underneath covered in mirror paper,[3][2] onto which two slightly-modified, 3 foot (0.91 m)-high Pietranera Arco All chairs were chosen for use by both the contestant and the host, each having an LG computer monitor directly facing each that would be used to display questions and other pertinent information. The rest of the set featured seating spaced out around the main stage in a circle, with breaks in them to allow movement of people on and off the set. The lighting rig used for the set was designed so as to allow only the lights to switch from illuminating the entire set, to focusing on the host and contestant on the main stage when a game was underway, but to include special lighting effects when the contestant reached higher cash prize amounts. His overall conception would eventually prove to be a success, becoming one of the most reproduced scenic designs in television history.[3]

text: The music provided for the show was composed by father-and-son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan. The Strachans' composition for the game show helped with Briggs' tense game design, by providing the necessary drama and tension. Unlike other game show musical scores, the music provided for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? was designed to be played throughout the entire episode of the show. The Strachans main theme for the game show was inspired from the "Mars" movement of Gustav Holst's The Planets. For the main game of the show, the pair designed the music to feature three variations, with the second and third compositions focused on emphasising the increased tension of the game - as a contestant made progress to higher cash amounts, the pitch of the music was increased by a semitone for each subsequent question.[4] On Game Show Network's Gameshow Hall of Fame special, the narrator described the Strachan tracks as "mimicking the sound of a beating heart", and stated that as the contestant works their way up the money ladder, the music is "perfectly in tune with their ever-increasing pulse".[2]

text: Original series[edit]

text: With the show created, ITV assigned Chris Tarrant as its host, and set its premiere to 4 September 1998. The programme was assigned a timeslot of one hour, to provide room for three commercial breaks, with episodes produced by production company Celador. Originally, the show was broadcast on successive evening for around ten days, before the network modified its broadcast schedule to air it within a primetime slot on Saturday evenings, with occasional broadcasts on Tuesday evenings. Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? proved a ratings hit, pulling in average viewing figures of up to 19 million during its broadcast in 1999, though such figures often occurred when the programme was allocated to a half-hour timeslot; by 2003, the viewing figures declined to an average of around 8 million viewers.[5] Over the course of his time presenting the game show, Tarrant developed a number of notable catchphrases, including "Is that your final answer?", and "But we don't want to give you that", with the latter often used to emphasise his wish to see contestants continue on and win more money.

text: Since its launch, several individuals made claims over the origins of the format or elements of it, with each accusing Celador of breaching their copyrights. In three cases, the matters could not be proven by the claimants - in 2002, Mike Bull, a Southampton-based journalist, was given an out-of-court settlement when he claimed the authorship of lifelines was his work, though with a confidentiality clause attached; in 2003, Syndey resident John J. Leonard made claims in that the show's format was based on one he had made of a similar nature, but without the concept of lifelines;[6][7] in 2004, Alan Melville was given an out-of-court settlement after he claimed that the opening phrase "Who wants to be a millionaire?" had been taken from document he sent to Granada Television, concerning his idea for a game show based on the lottery.

text: One of most significant claims Celador received against them was from John Bachini. In 2002, he started legal proceedings against the production company, ITV, and five individuals who had claimed they had created Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, stating that the idea from the show was taken from several elements he had created - a board game format he conceived in 1981; a two-page TV format, known as Millionaire, made in 1990; and the telephone mechanics for a TV concept he created in 1990, BT Lottery. In his claim, Bachini stated that he submitted documents for his TV concepts to Paul Smith, from a sister company of Celador's, in March 1995 and again in January 1996, and to Claudia Rosencrantz of ITV, also in January 1996, accusing both of using roughly 90% of the format for Millionaire in the pilot for the game show, including the use of twenty questions, lifelines and safety nets, although the lifelines were conceived under different names - Bachini claimed that he never coined the phrase "phone-a-friend" that Briggs designed in his format. In response to this claim, Celdaor made a counter-claim that the franchise originated from the basic format idea conceived by Briggs. The defendants in the claim took Bachini to a summary hearing, but lost their right to have his claim dismissed. Although Bachini won the right to go to trial, he was unable to after the hearing due to serious illness. Celador eventually settled the matter with him out-of-court.[8]

text: In March 2006, Celador began procedures to sell the format of the show and all UK episodes, as part of their first step towards the sale of their formats divisions. The purchase of both assets was made by Dutch company 2waytraffic,[9] which were then passed on to Sony Pictures Entertainment in 2008 when it acquired 2waytraffic.[10] As the original series progress, variations of the format were created, and screened as special episodes, including celebrity editions, games featuring couples as contestants, and episodes themed around special events such as Mother's Day.

text: From April 2011, only celebrity contestants appeared on the show, in special live editions that coincided with holidays, events and other notable moments, such as the end of a school term. However, in 2012, three special episodes, entitled "The People Play", were broadcast for three consecutive nights between 9 and 11 July. They featured standard contestants, with viewers at home allowed to play along.[11] The special was used three more times in 2013, once on 7 May, and twice more on 21 May, before the special's format was discontinued.

text: On 22 October 2013, Tarrant announced that after fifteen years of hosting the programme, he would be leaving Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, which consequently led ITV to axe the programme once his contract was finished; no more specials would be filmed after this announcement, leaving only those made before it to be aired as the final episodes.[12][13] After a few more celebrity editions of the game show, Tarrant hosted his final episode, a clip show entitled "Chris' Final Answer", aired on 11 February 2014.[14]

text: Revival[edit]

text: In 2018, ITV revived the show for a new series, as part of its 20th anniversary commemorations of the programme. On 23 February, the broadcast put out a casting call for contestants who would appear on the game show.[15] On 9 March, Jeremy Clarkson was confirmed as the new host of the show.[16] On 13 April, the trailer for the revival premiered on ITV and confirmed that the show would return in May for a week long run,[17] with it later confirmed on 25 April, that the show would begin airing from 5 May and finish 11 May. The revival received mostly positive reviews from critics and fans.

text: Top prize winners[edit]

text: Over the course of the programme's broadcast history, it has had to date five winners who managed to successfully receive its top prize of £1 million. They include:

text:
Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel,[18] a cash-strapped garden designer at the time. On 20 November 2000, she became the first contestant to win the top prize, and is to date the only woman to have received it in the British original. Following her success, Keppel later went onto become part of team of quiz experts for the BBC game show, Eggheads.
David Edwards, a former physics teacher of Cheadle High School and Denstone College in Staffordshire. On 21 April 2001, he became the first man to win the top prize. Following his success, Edwards went on to compete in both series of Are You an Egghead?, in 2008 and 2009 respectively, but failed to win either series and secure a place as a panellist on Eggheads.
Robert Kempe Brydges,[19] an Oxford-educated banker from Holland Park, London.[20] On 29 September 2001, he became the third person to win the show's top prize.[21][22][23][24]
Pat Gibson, a multiple world champion Irish quiz player. On 24 April 2004, he became the fourth person to win the top prize, and is the only person in the show's history to reach the final question with two lifelines still intact.
Ingram Wilcox, a British quiz enthusiast. On 23 September 2006, he became the fifth person to win the top prize, and is to date, the most recent person to answer the show's final question.

text: Format[edit]

text: Auditioning[edit]

text: Members of the public wishing to apply for the game show are provided with four options to choose form - calling/texting a premium-rate number; submitting an application via the show's ITV website, using a system of £1 "credits"; taking part in a casting audition, held at various locations around the UK. Once an application is made, production staff select an episode's contestants through a combination of random selection, and a potential contestant's ability to answer a set of test questions based on general knowledge.[citation needed]

text: Game Rules[edit]

text: Once a contestant has auditioned for a part on the programme and filming takes place, they undertake a preliminary round entitled "Fastest Finger First" - the group of contestants seeking a chance to take on the main game of the show, must answer a single question correctly, but do so faster than their opponents. Initially, the round required contestants to provide the correct answer to a question, but from the second series onwards, they are tasked with putting four answers in the correct order stated within the question (i.e. earliest to latest). The contestant who answers a question correctly and in the fastest time, moves on towards playing the main game; in the event that no-one answers the question correctly, a new question is given, while if two or more contestants give the correct answer in the same amount of time, they undergo a tiebreaker question to determine who takes on the main game. This round is primarily used to determine the new contestant for the main game, and can often be used more than once in an episode.

text: After completing the preliminary round, the contestant now begins taking on the main game, tackling a series of increasingly difficult question, which offering increasingly high sums of money, up to the top prize of £1 million. The questions they undertake are randomly chosen from list of generated questions based on general knowledge, with each consisting of four answers to choose from. While undertaking questions, the contestant is allowed to use a set of lifelines to provide them assistance with a question at any time, and two safety nets - if a contestant gets a question wrong, but had reached a designated cash value during their game, they left with that amount as their prize. Unlike other game shows, if a contestant is unsure about a question they are facing, they are allowed to leave the game at that point with the cash amount they had managed to win by that stage. While the initial questions are generally easy, the subsequent ones after it require the contestant to confirm that their answer/decision is final by the host, at which point it is locked in and cannot be reversed. As a rule, the host is not shown the correct answer, until a contestant has given their answer. If an episode is reaching the end of its allotted, an audio cue is triggered to highlight this; contestants still playing the main game are left to wait until filming for the next episode begins to continue, though this is not the case for special editions of the show, such as celebrity episodes.

text: Over the course of the show's history on British television, the format of the programme was altered in a number of aspects, mainly towards the setup of questions and the payout structure used in the game show, along with minor tweaks and changes in other aspects:

text: Between 1998 and 2007, the format focused on contestants answering 15 questions, with two safety nets placed at £1,000 and £32,000 respectively, and the use of three standard lifelines. The payout structure during these years was focused as follows:

text: Between 2007 and 2014, the number of questions was reduced to 12. This alteration led to the second safety net being assigned to a new cash value, £50,000, and the payout structure being changed as a result:

text: For the revived series in 2018, the format returned to that used between 1998–2007, including the payout structure, but with one noticeable difference. Apart from the use of a brand new, fourth lifeline, the series included a new rule in which upon reaching £1,000, the contestant would be asked before each subsequent question if they would like to set the cash prize for that question as their second safety net, with it offered up to £500,000.

text: Lifelines[edit]

text: During a contestant's game, they may make use of a set of lifelines to provide assistance on a question. Throughout the course of the show's history, these lifelines involve the following:

text:
50/50: Two random incorrect answers are eliminated, leaving the correct answer and one incorrect answer, thus granting the contestant a 50/50 chance of answering a question correctly.
Phone a Friend: The contestant calls one of their friends, and has 30 seconds to read the question and the possible answers to them. The friend uses the leftover time to offer an answer. Since 2018, a member of the production team accompanies the friend to prevent cheating.
Ask the Audience: Audience members use keypads to vote on what they believe to be the correct answer to the question. The percentage of the audience choosing each specific option is displayed to the contestant, after this vote.
Switch (2002–03, 2010–14): The computer replaces one question with another of the same monetary value. Any lifelines already used on the original question are not reinstated. From 2010 to 2014, this lifeline was earned after the contestant answered seven questions correctly.
Ask the Host (2018-): The contestant asks the host to help provide an answer on a question. No time limit is associated with the lifeline, while, in addition to standard rules, the host has no contact with outside sources to help them.[26]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Start date
End date
Episodes

1
4 September 1998
25 December 1998
11

2
1 January 1999
13 January 1999
13

3
5 March 1999
16 March 1999
12

4
3 September 1999
14 September 1999
13

5
5 November 1999
26 December 1999
18

6
16 January 2000
22 January 2000
7

7
26 March 2000
1 May 2000
13

8
7 September 2000
6 January 2001
55

9
8 January 2001
26 April 2001
45

10
4 September 2001
29 December 2001
43

11
5 January 2002
9 April 2002
55

12
31 August 2002
28 December 2002
19

13
4 January 2003
31 May 2003
21

14
30 August 2003
27 December 2003
21

15
3 January 2004
5 June 2004
23

16
18 September 2004
25 December 2004
16

17
1 January 2005
11 June 2005
24

18
17 September 2005
31 December 2005
11

19
7 January 2006
8 July 2006
27

20
9 September 2006
6 January 2007
13

21
10 March 2007
28 July 2007
17

22
18 August 2007
30 October 2007
11

23
1 January 2008
3 June 2008
19

24
16 August 2008
31 January 2009
18

25
13 June 2009
20 December 2009
20

26
13 April 2010
8 June 2010
8

27
3 August 2010
23 December 2010
11

28
2 April 2011
19 December 2011
6

29
3 January 2012
20 December 2012
11

30
1 January 2013
11 February 2014
11

31
5 May 2018
11 May 2018
7

text: Text game (2004–2007)[edit]

text: On 23 October 2004 the show included a new feature called the "Walkaway Text Game". The competition was offered to viewers at home to play the text game where they had to answer the question, if a contestant decided to walk home with the cash prize they have got, by choosing the letters 'A, B, C or D' within 30 seconds to a specific mobile number. The viewer who answered the question won £1,000 by having their entries selected randomly.

text: On 9 September 2006, there were some changes. The competition stayed the same but this time, they played it before some commercial breaks.  A question to which the contestant had given their final answer, but the correct answer had not yet been revealed, was offered as a competition to viewers. Entry was via SMS text message at a cost of £1 per entry, and the competition ran through the commercial break, after which the answer was revealed and the game continued. One viewer who answered the question correctly won £1,000. The text game ended on 28 July 2007.[27][28]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Incorrect answer to question accepted[edit]

text: In March 1999, the Daily Mirror published a report that accused the show of allowing a contestant, Tony Kennedy, to win a question by giving an incorrect answer. During Kennedy's game, when he had reached the £64,000 question, he was asked "Theoretically, what is the minimum number of strokes with which a tennis player can win a set?", and given four possible answers - twelve, twenty four, thirty six, and forty eight. Kennedy calculated that a player would need four shots to win a game, with six games in a set, giving an answer of twenty four, but the newspaper reported that this was incorrect, stating that a tennis player could win a game without playing a shot - if their opponent double-faulted on every serve, and the player aced each of their own serves, it would allow them to win with just 12 strokes. Based on their findings, the production staff acknowledged the mistake and apologised for it, but allowed Kennedy to keep the prize money he won by the end of his game.[29]

text: Schedule rigging allegation[edit]

text: When Judith Keppel's victory as the first UK jackpot winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? was announced by ITV on the day of that the corresponding episode was to be broadcast, several allegations were made that Celador had rigged the show to spoil the BBC's expected high ratings for the finale of One Foot in the Grave.[30] Richard Wilson, the lead star on the sitcom, was quoted in particular for saying that the broadcaster had "planned" the win, adding "it seems a bit unfair to take the audience away from Victor's last moments on earth."[31] David Renwick, writer of the sitcom, voiced annoyance that the episode would draw away interest from the sitcom's finale, believing that a leaked press release on ITV's announcement had been "naked opportunism", and it "would have been more honorable to let the show go out in the normal way", pointing out that it "killed off any element of tension or surprise in their own programme", but that "television is all about ratings".[30] Richard Webber's account, in his 2006 book, cites "unnamed BBC sources" as those who "questioned the authenticity of Keppel's victory".[30] The allegations in turn led to eleven viewers making complaints against the quiz show, of a similar nature, to the Independent Television Commission (ITC).[32]

text: In response, ITV expressed distress to the allegations, claiming that it "undermined viewers' faith in the programme." Leslie Hill, the chairman of ITV, wrote to Sir Christopher Bland, the chairman of the Board of Governors of the BBC, to complain about the issue. The corporation apologised, saying that any suggestion of 'rigging' "did not represent the official view of the BBC",[33] while the ITC's investigation cleared the programme of any wrongdoing.[32][34][35]

text: Ambiguous question[edit]

text: On 11 February 2006, celebrity couple Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen and his wife Jackie took on the game show to raise money for their chosen charity - The Shooting Star Children's Hospice. Having reached the final question of the quiz, they were asked "Translated from the Latin, what is the motto of the United States?", to which the Bowens answered with "In God, We Trust", only to learn that the question's correct answer was "One Out of Many" - the English translation for the Latin E pluribus unum.[36] However, Celador later admitted that the question had been ambiguous and not fair to the pair - although E pluribus unum is considered the de-facto motto of the United States, it was never legally declared as such; In God, We Trust is the official motto of the country since 1956, although it is not translated from any form of Latin. Following this revelation, the production company invited the Bowens back to tackle a new question, with their original winnings reinstated; the couple chose not to risk the new question, and left with £500,000 for their charity.[36]

text: Ingram cheating scandal[edit]

text: In September 2001, British Army Major Charles Ingram became a contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, joined by his wife Diana, and a close friend and college lecturer, Tecwen Whittock. After the first day of filming, the group devised a scheme that would allow Ingram to win the £1 million cash prize when he returned for the second day of recording, on 10 September - for each question he faced, the correct answer would be signalled to Ingram by a cough made by Whittock;[37] Ingram would differentiate the way he received this to avoid making the scheme too obvious, such as reading aloud all four answers, or dismissing an answer and then choosing it again later.[37] Although the scheme proved successful, by the time he had reached the final questions, production staff off-stage had become suspicious over the amount of background noise being made by Whittock's coughing,[38] while noting that Ingram seemed to show no specialist knowledge of any subjects he faced with each question.

text: After the second day of recording ended, the production staff ordered an immediate investigation on the grounds that cheating had occurred, suspending the broadcast of both episodes that had been filmed. Ingram was subsequently informed that he was being investigated for cheating and would not receive his winnings. While reviewing the recording, production staff began to see a pattern between Whittock's coughing, and Ingram's unusual behaviour when he answered questions;[39][40] at one point, they noticed Ingram gave an answer when Diana had coughed after he read it aloud. By this point, Celador was convinced that cheating had occurred, and the matter was handed over to police. Both the Ingrams and Whittock were charged with "procuring the execution of a valuable security by deception", and taken to Southwark Crown Court in 2003.

text: During the four-week long trial, the Prosecution provided evidence towards the charges, which included a recording of Ingram's second day on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, pager telephone records for a previous scheme the group intended to use,[41] before deeming it too complicated - a system of four pagers intended to be hidden on Ingram's body, in which a pager's vibrations signalled the correct answer - and testimony from one of the production staff and a "Fastest Finger" contestant attending the recording, Larry Whitehurst.[38][42] Although the Defence provided evidence claiming Whittock's coughing was a result of dust allergies and a hay fever he was suffering from, and Whittock himself testified against the accusations,[38][43] the Prosecution refuted these claims with their evidence, including footage that showed Whittock stopped coughing when he became a contestant after Ingram.[41] On 7 April 2003, the group were found guilty, with all three given suspended prison sentences and fines, with the Ingrams later ordered to pay legal costs within two months of the trial's conclusion.[38] On 24 July 2003, the British Army ordered Charles Ingram to resign his commission as a Major, in the wake of the trial.[44]

text: In the aftermath of the trial, the scandal became the subject of a documentary entitled Millionaire: A Major Fraud, presented by Martin Bashir and broadcast on 21 April 2003, with a follow-up two weeks later entitled Millionaire: The Final Answer.[45] The documentary featured excerpts from the recording that had been enhanced for the Ingrams' trial, footage of the actions made by Ingram's wife in the audience, and interviews with production staff and some of the contestants who had been present during the recording. None of the defendants in the case took part, with Ingram later describing Major Fraud and a subsequent programme of the matter, shown on ITV2, as "one of the greatest TV editing con tricks in history". Chess grandmaster James Plaskett later wrote an essay arguing in favour of the group's innocence;[46] journalists Bob Woffinden, and Jon Ronson,[47] each wrote a piece influenced by this essay, with Woffinden collaborating with Plaskett on a book entitled Bad Show: The Quiz, The Cough, The Millionaire Major, published in 2015, arguing that Ingram's appearance on the show coinciding with Whittock's was "chance".[48] A play based upon the events of the scandal was written by James Graham, entitled Quiz, and was performed from 3 November 2017 to 9 December 2017,[49] before being performed in the West End from 31 March 2018 to 16 June 2018.[50]

text: Phone-a-Friend[edit]

text: The Phone-a-Friend lifeline provided multiple instances of controversy during the show's run. A 2002 edition of the Daily Mail reported that many contestants had selected strangers who were "contacts among the quizzing fraternity"[51] to act as their Phone-a-Friends. Specifically, game show champion Daphne Fowler was approached by a man she had not previously met and asked if she would be his lifeline in exchange for £200. Fowler refused, adding: "I thought a fair price would be a quarter of whatever the man won, so if I helped him get from £32,000 to £64,000 I would expect to get £16,000."[52] The man was later revealed by ITV sources not to have made it onto the programme.[52]

text: In March 2007 various UK newspapers reported that an organised syndicate had been getting quiz enthusiasts onto the show in return for a percentage of their winnings. The person behind the syndicate was Keith Burgess from Northern Ireland. Burgess admitted to helping around 200 contestants to appear on the show since 1999; he estimates those contestants to have won around £5,000,000. The show producers are believed to have been aware of this operation, with Burgess stating: "The show knows about me and these types of syndicates, but they cover it up to keep the show going."[53][54] An earlier version of a Phone a Friend syndicate was reported in the Northampton Chronicle and Echo during 2003.[55] Paul Smith, the Managing Director of Celador Productions, stated: "We are aware of Paddy Spooner and what people similar to him are doing, and we have made a priority of changing our question procedure. We are confident we have now made it impossible for anyone to manipulate the system."[55] Since then, the options of people that can be called have a picture of themselves shown on-air.


document_title: Lincoln Highway

question_text: what is the route number of the lincoln highway

question_tokens: what is the route number of the lincoln highway

root

text: Lincoln Highway

text: 1928–30 routing[edit]

text: This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (May 2015)

tag: table

text: Note: A fully interactive online map of the entire Lincoln Highway and all of its re-alignments, markers, monuments and points of interest can be viewed at the Lincoln Highway Association Official Map website.[5] Google Maps prominently labels the 1928–30 route.

tag: p

text: Most of U.S. Route 30 from Philadelphia to western Wyoming, portions of Interstate 80 in the western United States, most of U.S. Route 50 in Nevada and California, and most of old decommissioned U.S. Route 40 in California are alignments of the Lincoln Highway. The final (1928–1930) alignment of the Lincoln Highway corresponds roughly to the following roads:

text:
42nd Street from the intersection of Broadway at Times Square in New York City westward 6 blocks to the Hudson River.
Holland Tunnel from New York City westward under the Hudson River to Jersey City, New Jersey.(Note: The Lincoln Tunnel (opened in 1937), near 42nd Street, was not an original part of the Lincoln Highway. In 1913, Lincoln Highway travelers crossed the Hudson River via the Weehawken Ferry from New York City to Union City, New Jersey. In 1928, the Lincoln Highway was re-routed through the Holland Tunnel (opened in 1927) from New York City to Jersey City. However, the original Lincoln Highway Association made no attempt to map a route from Times Square to the Holland Tunnel, so today, use the West Side Highway (not a part of the Lincoln Highway) to connect from the west end of 42nd Street down to east portal of the Holland Tunnel.)
U.S. Route 1/9 Truck from Jersey City westward to Newark, New Jersey.
New Jersey Route 27 from Newark southwestward to Princeton, New Jersey.
U.S. Route 206 from Princeton southwestward to Trenton, New Jersey.
U.S. Route 1 from Trenton southwestward to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
U.S. Route 30 from Philadelphia westward across Pennsylvania, the northern tip of West Virginia, and westward across Ohio and Indiana, to Aurora, Illinois.(Note: There have been many new 4-lane bypasses constructed on U.S. Route 30, so to follow the 1928 route of the Lincoln Highway, at times it is necessary to travel the old U.S. Route 30 alignments through the center of the cities and towns along the route.)
Illinois Route 31 from Aurora northwestward to Geneva, Illinois.
Illinois Route 38 from Geneva westward to Dixon, Illinois.
Illinois Route 2 from Dixon westward to Sterling, Illinois.
U.S. Route 30 from Sterling westward across western Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming, to Granger, Wyoming.
Interstate 80 from Granger westward across western Wyoming and Utah, to West Wendover, Nevada.
U.S. Route 93 Alternate and U.S. Route 93 from West Wendover southward to Ely, Nevada.
U.S. Route 50 from Ely westward across Nevada, to 9 miles west of Fallon, Nevada.
From 9 miles west of Fallon to Sacramento, California, there are two Lincoln Highway routes over the Sierra Nevada:
Sierra Nevada Northern Route: U.S. Route 50 Alternate northwestward to Wadsworth, Nevada, then Interstate 80 & old U.S. Route 40 westward, through Reno, Nevada, and over Donner Pass and the Sierra Nevada to Sacramento.
Sierra Nevada Southern Route: U.S. Route 50 westward, through Carson City, Nevada, then around Lake Tahoe and over Johnson Pass (nearby Echo Summit) and the Sierra Nevada to Sacramento.
Old U.S. Route 40 (with sections under Interstate 80) from Sacramento southwestward across California's Central Valley to the University Avenue exit in Berkeley, California.(Note: Originally this leg of the Lincoln Highway followed what would later become U.S. Route 50, from Sacramento south through Stockton and over the Altamont Pass to the East Bay (now Interstates 5, 205, and 580), but was realigned when the Carquinez Bridge was completed in 1927.)
University Avenue from Interstate 80 westward to the Berkeley Pier.(Note: In 1928, Lincoln Highway travelers crossed the San Francisco Bay via a ferry from the Berkeley Pier to the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco. Today, use Interstate 80 to connect from University Avenue down to the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge (opened in 1936) to cross the bay into San Francisco, then take the Embarcadero from the Bay Bridge northwestward along the waterfront to connect to the Hyde Street Pier in Fisherman's Wharf.)
From the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco, take:
Hyde Street southward 2 blocks to North Point Street.
North Point Street westward 3 blocks to Van Ness Avenue.
Van Ness Avenue southward 16 blocks to California Street.
California Street westward 54 blocks to 32nd Avenue.
32nd Avenue northward 2 blocks to Camino del Mar
Camino del Mar westward into Lincoln Park, arriving at the Lincoln Highway Western Terminus Plaza and Fountain in front of the California Palace of the Legion of Honor. The Western Terminus Marker and Interpretive Plaque are located to the left of the Palace, next to the bus stop.

tag: ul

text: History[edit]

text: The Lincoln Highway was America's first national memorial to President Abraham Lincoln, predating the 1922 dedication of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., by nine years. As the first automobile road across America, the Lincoln Highway brought great prosperity to the hundreds of cities, towns and villages along the way. The Lincoln Highway became affectionately known as "The Main Street Across America".[citation needed]

text: The Lincoln Highway was inspired by the Good Roads Movement. In turn, the success of the Lincoln Highway and the resulting economic boost to the governments, businesses and citizens along its route inspired the creation of many other named long-distance roads (known as National Auto Trails), such as the Yellowstone Trail, National Old Trails Road, Dixie Highway, Jefferson Highway, Bankhead Highway, Jackson Highway, Meridian Highway and Victory Highway. Many of these named highways were supplanted by the United States Numbered Highways system of 1926. Most of the 1928 Lincoln Highway route became U.S. Route 30 (US 30), with portions becoming US 1 in the East and US 40, US 50 and US 93 in the West. Since 1928, many sections of US 30 have been re-aligned with new bypasses; therefore, today's US 30 aligns with less than 25% of the original 1913–28 Lincoln Highway routes.

text: Most significantly, the Lincoln Highway inspired the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, also known as the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act (Public Law 84-627), which was championed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, influenced by his experiences as a young soldier crossing the country in the 1919 Army Convoy on the Lincoln Highway. Today, Interstate 80 (I-80) is the cross-country highway most closely aligned with the Lincoln Highway.  In the West, particularly in Wyoming, Utah and California, sections of I-80 are paved directly over alignments of the Lincoln Highway.

text: The Lincoln Highway Association, originally established in 1913 to plan, promote, and sign the highway, was re-formed in 1992 and is now dedicated to promoting and preserving the road.

text: Concept and promotion[edit]

text: In 1912, railroads dominated interstate transportation in America, and roadways were primarily of local interest. Outside cities, "market roads" were sometimes maintained by counties or townships, but maintenance of rural roads fell to those who lived along them. Many states had constitutional prohibitions against funding "internal improvements" such as road projects, and federal highway programs were not to become effective until 1921.

text: At the time, the country had about 2.2 million miles (3.5×10^6 km) of rural roads, of which a mere 8.66% (190,476 miles or 306,541 kilometres) had "improved" surfaces: gravel, stone, sand-clay, brick, shells, oiled earth, etc. Interstate roads were considered a luxury, something only for wealthy travelers who could spend weeks riding around in their automobiles.

text: Support for a system of improved interstate highways had been growing. For example, in 1911, Champ Clark, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, wrote, "I believe the time has come for the general Government to actively and powerfully co-operate with the States in building a great system of public highways ... that would bring its benefits to every citizen in the country".[6] However, Congress as a whole was not yet ready to commit funding to such projects.

text: Carl G. Fisher was an early automobile entrepreneur who was the manufacturer of Prest-O-Lite  carbide-gas headlights used on most early cars, and was also one of the principal investors who built the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. He believed that the popularity of automobiles was dependent on good roads. In 1912 he began promoting his dream of a transcontinental highway, and at a September 10 dinner meeting with industry friends in Indianapolis, he called for a coast-to-coast rock highway to be completed by May 1, 1915, in time for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco.[7] He estimated the cost at about $10 million and told the group, "Let's build it before we're too old to enjoy it!"[1] Within a month Fisher's friends had pledged $1 million. Henry Ford, the biggest automaker of his day, refused to contribute because he believed the government should build America's roads. However, contributors included former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt and Thomas A. Edison, both friends of Fisher, as well as then-current President Woodrow Wilson, the first U.S. President to make frequent use of an automobile for relaxation.

text: Fisher and his associates chose a name for the road, naming it after one of Fisher's heroes, Abraham Lincoln. At first they had to consider other names,[8] such as "The Coast-to-Coast Rock Highway" or "The Ocean-to-Ocean Highway," because the Lincoln Highway name had been reserved earlier by a group of Easterners who were seeking support to build their Lincoln Highway from Washington to Gettysburg on federal funds. When Congress turned down their proposed appropriation, the project collapsed, and Fisher's preferred name became readily available.

text: On July 1, 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association (LHA) was established "to procure the establishment of a continuous improved highway from the Atlantic to the Pacific, open to lawful traffic of all description without toll charges".[1] The first goal of the LHA was to build the rock highway from Times Square in New York City to Lincoln Park in San Francisco. The second goal was to promote the Lincoln Highway as an example to, in Fisher's words, "stimulate as nothing else could the building of enduring highways everywhere that will not only be a credit to the American people but that will also mean much to American agriculture and American commerce".[1] Henry Joy was named as the LHA president, so that although Carl Fisher remained a driving force in furthering the goals of the association, it would not appear as his one-man crusade.[8]

text: The first section of the Lincoln Highway to be completed and dedicated was the Essex and Hudson Lincoln Highway, running along the former Newark Plank Road from Newark, New Jersey, to Jersey City, New Jersey. It was dedicated on December 13, 1913[9] at the request of the Associated Automobile Clubs of New Jersey and the Newark Motor Club, and was named after the two counties it passed through.[10][11]

text: Lincoln statues[edit]

text: To bring attention to the highway, Fisher commissioned statues of Abraham Lincoln, titled The Great Emancipator, to be placed in key locations along the route of the highway. One of the statues was given to Joy in 1914.[12]  Joy's statue was later presented to the Detroit Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America. That statue is currently on display at D-bar-A Scout Ranch in Metamora, Michigan.[13] There is another statue of Lincoln in the main entrance of Lincoln Park (Jersey City).

text: Route selection and dedication[edit]

text: The LHA needed to determine the best and most direct route from New York City to San Francisco. East of the Mississippi River, route selection was eased by the relatively dense road network. To scout a western route, the LHA's "Trail-Blazer" tour set out from Indianapolis in 17 cars and two trucks on July 1, 1913, the same day LHA headquarters were established in Detroit. After 34 days of Iowa mud pits, sand drifts in Nevada and Utah, overheated radiators, flooded roads, cracked axles, and enthusiastic greetings in every town that thought it had a chance of being on the new highway, the tour arrived for a parade down San Francisco's Market Street before thousands of cheering residents.

text: The Trail-Blazers returned to Indianapolis by train, and a few weeks later on September 14, 1913, the route was announced. LHA leaders, particularly Packard president Henry Joy, wanted as straight a route as possible and the 3,389-mile (5,454 km) route announced did not necessarily follow the course of the Trail-Blazers. There were many disappointed town officials, particularly in Colorado and Kansas, who had greeted the Trail-Blazers and thought the tour's passage had meant their towns would be on the Highway.

text: Less than half the selected route was improved roadway. As segments were improved over time, the route length was reduced by about 250 miles (400 km). Several segments of the Lincoln Highway route followed historic roads:

text:
a road laid out by Dutch colonists of New Jersey before 1675
the 1796 Lancaster Turnpike in Pennsylvania
the Chambersburg Turnpike, over which much of the Army of Northern Virginia marched to reach the Gettysburg Battlefield, a part of which is traversed by the Lincoln Highway.
a British military trail built in 1758 by General John Forbes of England from Chambersburg to Pittsburgh during the French and Indian War, later known as the Pittsburgh Road and the Conestoga Road
a section in Ohio followed an ancient Indian trail known as the Ridge Road
sections of the Mormon Trail
the Great Sauk Trail, an Indian trail through northwest Indiana
portions of the routes of the Cherokee Trail, Overland Trail and the Pony Express
the Donner Pass crossing of the Sierra Nevada, named after the unfortunate Donner Party of 1846
an alternate Sierra Nevada crossing at Echo Summit following a pioneer stagecoach route

text: The LHA dedicated the route on October 31, 1913. Bonfires, fireworks, concerts, parades, and street dances were held in hundreds of cities in the 13 states along the route. During a dedication ceremony in Iowa, State Engineer Thomas H. MacDonald said he felt it was "... the first outlet for the road building energies of this community".[1] He went on to advocate the creation of a system of transcontinental highways with radial routes. In 1919, MacDonald became Commissioner of the Bureau of Public Roads (BPR), a post he held until 1953, when he oversaw the early stages of the Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways.

text: Publicity[edit]

text: In September 1912, in a letter to a friend, Fisher wrote that "... the highways of America are built chiefly of politics, whereas the proper material is crushed rock, or concrete".[1] The leaders of the LHA were masters of the public relations, and used publicity and propaganda as even more important materials.

text: In the early days of the effort, each contribution from a famous supporter was publicized. Theodore Roosevelt and Thomas Edison, both friends of Fisher, sent checks. A friendly Member of Congress arranged for a dedicated motor enthusiast, President Woodrow Wilson, to contribute $5 whereupon he was issued Highway Certificate #1. Copies of the certificate were promptly distributed to the press.

text: One of the best-known contributions came from a small group of Native Alaskan children in Anvik, Alaska. Their American teacher told them about Abraham Lincoln and the highway to be built in his honor, and they took up a collection and sent it to the LHA with the note, "Fourteen pennies from Anvik Esquimaux children for the Lincoln Highway".[1] The LHA distributed pictures of the coins and the accompanying letter, and both were widely reprinted.

text: One of Fisher's first acts after opening LHA headquarters was to hire F. T. Grenell, city editor of the Detroit Free Press, as a part-time publicity man. The Trail-Blazer tour included representatives of the Hearst newspaper syndicate, the Indianapolis Star and News, the Chicago Tribune, and telegraph companies to help transmit their dispatches.

text: In preparation for the October 31 dedication ceremonies, the LHA asked clergy across the United States to discuss Abraham Lincoln in their sermons on November 2, the Sunday nearest the dedication. The LHA then distributed copies of many of the sermons, such as one by Cardinal Gibbons who, with the dedication fresh in mind, had written that "such a highway will be a most fitting and useful monument to the memory of Lincoln".[1]

text: One of the greater contributions to highway development was a well-publicized and promoted U.S. Army Transcontinental Motor Convoy in 1919. The convoy left the White House in Washington, D.C., on July 7, 1919, and met the Lincoln Highway route at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. After two months of travel, the convoy reached San Francisco on September 6, 1919. Though bridges failed, vehicles broke and were sometimes stuck in mud, the convoy was greeted in communities across the country. The LHA used the convoy's difficulties to show the need for better main highways, building popular support for both local and federal funding. The convoy led to the passage of many county bond issues supporting highway construction.

text: One of the participants in the convoy was a young Lt.Col. Dwight Eisenhower, and it was so memorable that he devoted a chapter to it ("Through Darkest America With Truck and Tank") in his 1967 book At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends. That 1919 experience, and his exposure to the Autobahn network in Germany in the 1940s, found expression in 1954 when he announced his "Grand Plan" for highways. The resulting 1956 legislation created the Highway Trust Fund that accelerated construction of the Interstate Highway System.

text: Fisher's idea that the auto industry and private contributions could pay for the highway was soon abandoned, and, while the LHA did help finance a few short sections of roadway, LHA founders' and members' contributions were used primarily for publicity and promotion to encourage travel on the Highway and to lobby officials at all levels to support its construction by governments.

text: Early travel[edit]

text: According to the Association's 1916 Official Road Guide a trip from the Atlantic to the Pacific on the Lincoln Highway was "something of a sporting proposition" and might take 20 to 30 days.[1] To make it in 30 days the motorist would need to average 18 miles (29 km) an hour for 6 hours per day, and driving was only done during daylight hours. The trip was thought to cost no more than $5 a day per person, including food, gas, oil, and even "five or six meals in hotels". Car repairs would, of course, increase the cost.

text: Since gasoline stations were still rare in many parts of the country, motorists were urged to top off their gasoline at every opportunity, even if they had done so recently. Motorists should wade through water before driving through to verify the depth. The list of recommended equipment included chains, a shovel, axe, jacks, tire casings and inner tubes, tools, and (of course) a pair of Lincoln Highway pennants. And, the guide offered this sage advice: "Don't wear new shoes".[1]

text: Firearms were not necessary, but west of Omaha full camping equipment was recommended, and the guide warned against drinking alkali water that could cause serious cramps. In certain areas, advice was offered on getting help, for example near Fish Springs, Utah, "If trouble is experienced, build a sagebrush fire. Mr. Thomas will come with a team. He can see you 20 miles off".[1] Later editions omitted Mr. Thomas, but westbound travelers were advised to stop at the Orr's Ranch for advice, and eastbound motorists were to check with Mr. K.C. Davis of Gold Hill, Nevada.

text: Seedling miles and the ideal section[edit]

text: The Lincoln Highway Association did not have enough funds to sponsor large sections of the road, but from 1914 it did sponsor "seedling mile" projects. According to the 1924 LHA Guide the seedling miles were intended "to demonstrate the desirability of this permanent type of road construction" to rally public support for government-backed construction. The LHA convinced industry of their self-interest and was able to arrange donations of materials from the Portland Cement Association.[1]

text: The first seedling mile (1.6 km) was built in 1914 west of Malta, Illinois; but, after years of experience, the LHA organized a design plan for a road section that could handle traffic 20 years into the future. Seventeen highway experts met between December 1920 and February 1921, and specified:

text:
a right-of-way 110 feet (34 m) in width
a concrete road bed 40 feet (12 m) wide and 10 inches (254 mm) thick to support loads of 8,000 pounds (3,600 kg) per wheel
curves with a minimum radius of 1,000 feet (300 m), banked for 35 mph (56 km/h), with guard rails at embankments
no grade crossings or advertising signs
a footpath for pedestrians[1]

text: The most famous seedling mile built to these specifications was the 1.3-mile (2.1 km) "ideal section" between Dyer and Schererville in Lake County, Indiana. With federal, state, and county funds, and a $130,000 contribution by United States Rubber Company president and LHA founder C.B. Seger, the ideal section was built during 1922 and 1923. Magazines and newspapers called the ideal section a vision of the future, and highway officials from across the country visited and wrote technical papers that circulated both in the United States and overseas. The ideal section is still in use to this day, and has worn so well that a driver would not notice it unless the marker near the road brought it to their attention.[1]

text: United States Numbered Highways[edit]

text: By the mid-1920s there were about 250 National auto trails. Some were major routes, such as the Lincoln Highway, the Jefferson Highway, the National Old Trails Road, the Old Spanish Trail, and the Yellowstone Trail, but most were shorter. Some of the shorter routes were formed more to generate revenues for a trail association rather than for their value as a route between significant locations.

text: By 1925 governments had joined the roadbuilding movement, and began to assert control. Federal and state officials established the Joint Board on Interstate Highways, which proposed a numbered U.S. Highway System which would make the trail designations obsolete, though technically the Joint Board had no authority over highway names. Increasing government support for roadbuilding was making the old road associations less important, but the LHA still had significant influence. The Secretary of the Joint Board, BPR official E. W. James, went to Detroit to gain LHA support for the numbering scheme, knowing it would be hard for smaller road associations to object if the LHA publicly supported the new plan.

text: The LHA preferred numbering the existing named routes, but in the end the LHA was more interested in the larger plan for roadbuilding than they were in officially retaining the name. They knew the Lincoln Highway name was fixed in the mind of the public, and James promised them that, so far as possible, the Lincoln Highway would have the number 30 for its entire route. An editorial in the February 1926 issue of The Lincoln Forum reflected the outcome:

text: The Lincoln Highway Association would have liked to have seen the Lincoln Highway designated as a United States route entirely across the continent and designated by a single numeral throughout its length. But it realized that this was only a sentimental consideration. ... The Lincoln Way is too firmly established upon the map of the United States and in the minds and hearts of the people as a great, useful and everlasting memorial to Abraham Lincoln to warrant any skepticism as to the attitude of those States crossed by the route. Those universally familiar red, white and blue markers, in many states the first to be erected on any thru route, will never lose their significance or their place on America's first transcontinental road.

text: The states approved the new national numbering system in November 1926 and began putting up new signs. The Lincoln Highway was not alone in being split among several numbers, but the entire routing between Philadelphia and Granger, Wyoming, was assigned US 30 per the agreement. East of Philadelphia the Lincoln Highway was part of US 1, and west of Salt Lake City the route became US 40 across Donner Pass. Only the segment between Granger and Salt Lake City was not part of the new numbering plan; US 30 was assigned to a more northerly route toward Pocatello, Idaho. When US 50 was extended to California it followed the Lincoln Highway's alternate route south of Lake Tahoe.

text: The last major promotional activity of the LHA took place on September 1, 1928, when at 1:00 p.m. groups of Boy Scouts placed approximately 2,400 concrete markers at sites along the route to officially mark and dedicate it to the memory of Abraham Lincoln. Less commonly known is that 4,000 metal signs for urban areas were also erected then.[b] The markers were placed on the outer edge of the right of way at major and minor crossroads, and at reassuring intervals along uninterrupted segments. Each concrete post carried the Lincoln Highway insignia and directional arrow, as well as a bronze medallion with Lincoln's bust stating, "This Highway Dedicated to Abraham Lincoln".[1]

text: The Lincoln Highway was not yet the imagined "rock highway" from coast to coast when the LHA ceased operating, as there were many segments that had still not been paved. Some parts were because of reroutings, such as a dispute in the early 1920s with Utah officials that forced the LHA to change routes in western Utah and eastern Nevada. Construction was underway on the final unpaved 42-mile (68 km) segment by the 25th anniversary of the Lincoln Highway in 1938.

text: 25th anniversary[edit]

text: On June 8, 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1938, which called for a BPR report on the feasibility of a system of transcontinental toll roads. The "Toll Roads and Free Roads" report was the first official step toward creation of the Interstate Highway System in the United States.

text: The 25th Anniversary of the Lincoln Highway was noted a month later in a July 3, 1938, nationwide radio broadcast on NBC Radio. The program featured interviews with a number of LHA officials, and a message from Carl Fisher read by an announcer in Detroit. Fisher's statement included:

text: The Lincoln Highway Association has accomplished its primary purpose, that of providing an object lesson to show the possibility in highway transportation and the importance of a unified, safe, and economical system of roads. ... Now I believe the country is at the beginning of another new era in highway building (that will) create a system of roads far beyond the dreams of the Lincoln Highway founders. I hope this anniversary observance makes millions of people realize how vital roads are to our national welfare, to economic programs, and to our national defense ...

text: Since 1940[edit]

text: Fisher died about a year after the 25th Anniversary in 1939, having lost most of his fortune as a result of the great hurricane that slammed Miami beach in 1928, followed by the Great Depression at the same time that he was pouring millions of dollars into his Montauk Long Island resort development.

text: On June 29, 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, authorizing the construction of the Interstate Highway System. The New York-to-San Francisco transcontinental route in the system, Interstate 80, would however largely follow a different path across the country than US 30. I-80 would also not be signed all the way to the New York City, instead terminating in Teaneck, New Jersey, west of the Hudson River just a few miles short of the George Washington Bridge.

text: In the many years since, the Lincoln Highway has remained a persistent memory:

text:
In New Jersey, parts of US 1/9 and New Jersey Route 27 still carry the name.
Some segments of US 30 still carry the name.
Some city streets on which the Lincoln Highway was routed still carry the street name Lincoln Way or Lincolnway including: South Bend, Indiana; Mishawaka, Indiana; Massillon, Ohio; Valparaiso, Indiana; Aurora, Illinois; DeKalb, Illinois; Ames, Iowa; Cheyenne, Wyoming; Sparks, Nevada; Auburn, California; and Galt, California.[c]
Old Lincoln Highway is a secondary street in Trevose, Pennsylvania, using the old highway alignment.
A few of the 3,000 Boy Scout markers can be found along the old route. In some communities, these are being re-established in cooperation with the LHA, such as West Sacramento and Davis, California.
A stretch near Omaha, Nebraska, paved with original brick has been preserved by the city government.
A bridge with railings spelling out "Lincoln Highway" remains in use as part of County Road E66 in Tama County, Iowa.
Restaurants, motels, and gas stations in many locations still carry Lincoln-related names.
Near Wamsutter, Wyoming, on what was then thought to be the Continental Divide along old US 30, a monument was erected in 1938 to Henry B. Joy, the first president of the LHA, with an inscription describing Joy as one "who saw realized the dream of a continuous improved highway from the Atlantic to the Pacific."[citation needed] Not far from the memorial along I-80 a motorist could see an abandoned stretch of the Lincoln Highway with weeds growing through cracks in the pavement. In 2001, this monument was relocated to a place on I-80 midway between Cheyenne and Laramie.
At the rest area off exit 323 of I-80 east of Laramie is Sherman Summit, the highest point on all of I-80. Located there is a thirteen and a half foot bronze bust of Lincoln. It is mounted on a massive, thirty-five foot granite base. The monument was created in 1959 to mark the high point of the Lincoln Highway and it originally stood about half a mile west and 200 feet (61 m) higher along US 30 which closely followed the path of the Lincoln Highway across this summit. It was moved to the present location in 1969 after I-80 was opened. Robert Russin, an art professor at the University of Wyoming created this stern, brooding sculpture. It was cast in 30 pieces in the favorable climate of Mexico City and assembled in Wyoming. The base is hollow and has ladders and lightning rods inside.
Will County, Illinois, has four schools named after the highway: Lincoln-Way Central High School in New Lenox, Lincoln-Way East High School in Frankfort, Lincoln-Way West High School in New Lenox, and Lincoln-Way North High School in Frankfort. All schools are members of Lincoln-Way Community High School District 210.

text: Historic recognition[edit]

text:
National Register of Historic Places-listed segments[15]

State

Name

Notes

Iowa

Lincoln Highway Bridge (Tama, Iowa)

West Greene County Rural Segment, near Scranton, Iowa

These segments in Greene County are described in a Multiple Property Submission.[16]

Raccoon River Rural Segment, near Jefferson, Iowa

Two highway markers in Jefferson, Iowa 42°0′56″N 94°21′59″W / 42.01556°N 94.36639°W / 42.01556; -94.36639

Buttrick's Creek Abandoned Segment 42°1′2″N 94°16′57″W / 42.01722°N 94.28250°W / 42.01722; -94.28250

Buttrick's Creek to Grand Junction

Grand Junction Segment, in Grand Junction, Iowa

West Beaver Creek Abandoned Segment 42°1′59″N 94°12′49″W / 42.03306°N 94.21361°W / 42.03306; -94.21361

Little Beaver Creek Bridge 42°2′57″N 94°10′37″W / 42.04917°N 94.17694°W / 42.04917; -94.17694

Nebraska

A segment from Omaha to Elkhorn

A segment in Elkhorn 41°17′0″N 96°11′45″W / 41.28333°N 96.19583°W / 41.28333; -96.19583

Gardiner Station 41°21′40″N 97°33′30″W / 41.36111°N 97.55833°W / 41.36111; -97.55833

Duncan West 41°23′31″N 97°29′14″W / 41.39194°N 97.48722°W / 41.39194; -97.48722
Blair, Nebraska 41°32′44″N 96°8′4″W

Utah

Lincoln Highway Bridge (Dugway Proving Ground, Utah) 40°10′58.43″N 112°55′26.68″W / 40.1828972°N 112.9240778°W / 40.1828972; -112.9240778

text: Revitalized Lincoln Highway Association[edit]

text: The Lincoln Highway Association was re-formed in 1992 with the mission, "...to identify, preserve, and improve access to the remaining portions of the Lincoln Highway and its associated historic sites".[1] The new LHA publishes a quarterly magazine, The Lincoln Highway Forum, and holds conferences each year in cities along the route. Its 1000 members are located across the U.S. and eight other countries. There are active state chapters in 12 Lincoln Highway states and a national tourist center in Franklin Grove, Illinois, in a historic building built by Harry Isaac Lincoln, a cousin of Abraham Lincoln. The LHA holds yearly national conferences and is governed by a board of directors with representatives from each Lincoln Highway state.[17]

text: 21st century tours[edit]

text: In 2003, the Lincoln Highway Association sponsored the 90th Anniversary Tour of the entire road, from Times Square in New York City to Lincoln Park in San Francisco. The tour group, led by Bob Lichty and Rosemary Rubin of LHA and sponsored by Lincoln-Mercury division of the Ford Motor Company, set out from Times Square on August 17, 2003. Approximately 35 vintage and modern vehicles, including several new Lincoln Town Cars and Lincoln Navigators from Lincoln-Mercury, traveled about 225 miles (360 km) per day and attempted to cover as many of the original Lincoln Highway alignments as possible. The group was met by LHA chapters, car clubs, local tourism groups and community leaders throughout the route. Several Boy Scout troops along the way held ceremonies to commemorate the 75th Anniversary of the nationwide LH route marker post erection of September 1, 1928. When the tour concluded at Lincoln Park, in front of the Palace of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco, another ceremony was held to honor both the 90th Anniversary of the road and the 75th anniversary of the post erections.

text: In 2013, the Lincoln Highway Association hosted a tour commemorating the highway's 100th anniversary.[18] Over 270 people traveling in 140 vehicles, from 28 states and from Australia, Canada, England, Germany, Norway and Russia, participated in the two tours which started simultaneously the last week of June 2013 in New York City and San Francisco, and took one week to reach the midpoint of the Lincoln Highway in Kearney, Nebraska.  The tour cars, both historical and modern, spanned 100 years, from 1913 to 2013, and included two of Henry B. Joy's original Lincoln Highway Packards, as well as a 1948 Tucker (car #8). On June 30, 2013, the Centennial Parade in downtown Kearney featuring the tour cars plus another 250 vehicles was attended by 12,500 people. The next day, on July 1, 2013, the Centennial Celebration Gala was hosted at the Great Platte River Road Archway Museum, where a proclamation from the United States Senate was presented to the Lincoln Highway Association.

text: An independent international motor tour also toured the highway from July 1–26. Seventy-one classic cars were shipped from Europe to the United States and driven the entire route before being shipped home.[19]

text: In 2015, the Lincoln Highway Association hosted a tour celebrating the 100th anniversary of the famed 1915 tour led by Henry B. Joy, president of the original Lincoln Highway Association, from Detroit to the 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco.[20] Joy was president of the Packard Motor Car Company. Both the Packard Club (Packard Automobile Classics) and the Packards International Motor Car Club participated in the planning of the tour.[21][22] The 2015 tour, with 103 people in 55 cars, took 12 days and traveled 2,836 miles (4,564 km) from the Packard Proving Grounds north of Detroit to the Lincoln Highway Western Terminus in Lincoln Park in San Francisco.

text: Mapping[edit]

text: In 2012, the 25-member Lincoln Highway Association National Mapping Committee, chaired by Paul Gilger, completed the research and cartography of the entire Lincoln Highway and all its subsequent realignments (totaling 5,872 mi or 9,450 km), a project which took more than 20 years. The association's interactive map website includes map, terrain, satellite and street-level views of the entire Lincoln Highway and all of its re-alignments, markers, monuments and historic points of interest.

text: Roadside giants[edit]

text: During early Lincoln Highway days, business owners were intrigued with all the automobiles traveling the Lincoln Highway. In an effort to capture the business of these new motorists, some entrepreneurs created larger-than-life buildings in quirky shapes. Structures like Bedford's 2 1⁄2-story coffee pot, or the Shoe House near York, Pennsylvania, are examples of the "Roadside Giants" of the Lincoln Highway.[23]

text: In 2008, the Lincoln Highway Heritage Corridor secured funding from the Sprout Fund in Pittsburgh for a new kind of Roadside Giants of the Lincoln Highway. High school boys and girls enrolled in five different career and technology schools along the 200-mile (320 km) Lincoln Highway Heritage Corridor were invited to create their own Giant that would be permanently installed along the old Lincoln. The project involved collaboration among the schools' graphic arts, welding, building trades, and culinary arts departments. A structural engineer was hired to provide professional guidance to the design and installation of the Giants.[23]   They include:

text:
A 12-foot-high (3.7 m) 1920s Packard Car and Driver
A 25-foot-high (7.6 m), 4,900-pound (2,200 kg) replica of a 1940s Bennett Gas Pump
The 1,800-pound (820 kg) "Bicycle Built for Two"
The oversized quarter, weighing almost a ton
A detailed 1921 Selden pick-up truck
The world's largest teapot, 12 feet (3.7 m) tall and 44 feet (13 m) wide

text: Medicine[edit]

text: The carotid sheath, a layer of connective tissue, was called the "Lincoln Highway of the Neck" by Harris B. Mosher in his 1929 address to the American Academy of Otology, because of its role in the spread of infections.[24]

text: Media[edit]

text: Literature[edit]

text: In 1914, Effie Gladding wrote Across the Continent by the Lincoln Highway about her travel adventures on the road with her husband Thomas. Subsequently, Gladding wrote the foreword to the Lincoln Highway Association's first road guide, directing it to women motorists. Her 1914 book was the first full-size hardback book to discuss transcontinental travel, as well as the first to mention the Lincoln Highway:

text: We were now to traverse the Lincoln Highway and were to be guided by the red, white, and blue marks: sometimes painted on telephone poles; sometimes put up by way of advertisement over garage doors or swinging on hotel signboards; sometimes painted on little stakes, like croquet goals, scattered along over the great spaces of the desert. We learned to love the red, white, and blue, and the familiar big L which told us that we were on the right road.[25]

text: In 1916, "Mistress of Etiquette" Emily Post was commissioned by Collier's magazine to cross the United States on the Lincoln Highway and write about it. Her son Edwin drove, and an unnamed family member joined them. Her story was published as a book, By Motor to the Golden Gate. Her fame came later in 1922, with the publication of her first etiquette book.

text: In 1919, author Beatrice Massey, who was a passenger as her husband drove, travelled across the country on the Lincoln Highway. When they reached Salt Lake City, Utah, instead of taking the rough and desolate Lincoln Highway around the south end of the Salt Lake Desert, they took the even more rough and more desolate "non-Lincoln" route around the north end of the Great Salt Lake. The arduousness of that section of the trip was instrumental in the Masseys deciding to ditch their road trip in Montello, Nevada (northeast of Wells, Nevada) where they paid $196.69 to ship their automobile and themselves by train the rest of the way to California. Nevertheless, an enthusiastic Beatrice Massey wrote in her 1919 travelogue It Might Have Been Worse:

text: You will get tired, and your bones will cry aloud for a rest cure; but I promise you one thing—you will never be bored! No two days were the same, no two views were similar, no two cups of coffee tasted alike...My advice to timid motorists is, "Go".[26]

text: In 1927, humorist Frederic Van de Water wrote The Family Flivvers to Frisco, an autobiographical account of him and his wife, a young couple from New York City, piling their belongings and their six-year-old son into their Model T Ford and camping their way to San Francisco on the Lincoln Highway, traveling over 4,500 miles (7,200 km) through 12 states in 37 days. In his book, not much is made of the burden of traveling with a child who has a mind of his own. When they were forced by passing cars into a ditch near DeKalb, Illinois, Van de Water writes that his son ("a small irate figure in yellow oilskins"[citation needed]), "scrambled over the door and started to walk in the general direction of New York".[citation needed] The Van de Waters' travel expenses for their entire trip amounted to $247.83.[citation needed]

text: In 1951, Clinton Twiss authored the famous and funny memoir The Long, Long Trailer, about his adventures living in a trailer and traveling across America with his wife Merle. Many of their episodes occurred on the Lincoln Highway, including almost losing their brakes coming down off Donner Pass, barely squeezing across the narrow Lyons-Fulton Bridge over the Mississippi River, and getting stopped at the Holland Tunnel because trailers weren't allowed through. Twiss's book became the basis for the popular 1954 MGM film of the same name, directed by Vincente Minnelli, and starring Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball. Although no filming occurred on the Lincoln Highway, early in the movie, Desi, who finds Lucy's suggestion of living in a trailer ridiculous, jokes: "The Collinis at home! Please drop in for cocktails! You'll find us someplace along the Lincoln Highway!"[citation needed]

text: In April 1988, the University of Iowa Press published Lincoln Highway, the Main Street Across America, a text-and-photo essay and history by Drake Hokanson.[27] Hokanson had been intrigued by the mystery of this once-famous highway, and tried to explain the fascination with the route in an August 1985 article in Smithsonian magazine:

text: If it had been restlessness and desire for a better way across the continent that brought the Lincoln Highway into existence, it was curiosity that kept it alive—the notion that the point of traveling was not just to cover the distance but to savor the texture of life along the way. Maybe we've lost that, but the opportunity to rediscover it is still out there waiting for us anytime we feel like turning off an exit ramp.[28]

text: From 1995 through 2009, author and historian Gregory Franzwa (1926–2009) wrote a state-by-state series of books about the Lincoln Highway. Franzwa completed seven books: The Lincoln Highway: Iowa (1995), The Lincoln Highway: Nebraska (1996), The Lincoln Highway: Wyoming (1999), The Lincoln Highway: Utah (with Jesse G. Petersen, 2003), The Lincoln Highway: Nevada (with Jesse G. Petersen, 2004), The Lincoln Highway: California (2006), and The Lincoln Highway: Illinois (2009). The books were published by the Patrice Press. Each state book contains both detailed history and USGS level maps showing the various Lincoln Highway alignments. Franzwa served as the first president of the revitalized Lincoln Highway Association, in 1992.

text: In 2002, British author Pete Davies wrote American Road: The Story of an Epic Transcontinental Journey at the Dawn of the Motor Age, about the 1919 Army Convoy on the Lincoln Highway. About the book, Publishers Weekly said:

text: In his newest book, Davies (Inside the Hurricane; The Devil's Flu) offers a play-by-play account of the 1919 cross-country military caravan that doubled as a campaign for the Lincoln Highway. The potential here is extraordinary. Using the progress of the caravan and the metaphor of paving toward the future versus stagnating in the mud, Davies touches on the industrial and social factors that developed the small and mid-sized towns that line the highways and byways of the nation.[citation needed]

text: In 2005, Greetings from the Lincoln Highway: America's First Coast-to-Coast Road, a comprehensive coffee table book by Brian Butko, became the first complete guide to the road, with maps, directions, photos, postcards, memorabilia, and histories of towns, people, and places. A mix of research and on-the-road fun, the book placed the LHA's early history in the context of roadbuilding, politics, and geography, explaining why the Lincoln followed the path it did across the US, including the oft-forgotten Colorado Loop through Denver. Butko's book also incorporated quotes from early motoring memoirs and postcard messages—sometimes funny, sometimes painfully descriptive of early motoring woes—hence the Greetings title. Butko had previously written an exhaustive guide to the Lincoln Highway in Pennsylvania in 1996, which was revised and republished in 2002 with different photos and postcard images.[29]

text: In July 2007, the W.W. Norton Company published The Lincoln Highway, Coast-to-Coast from Times Square to the Golden Gate: The Great American Road Trip by Michael Wallis, best-selling author of Route 66, and voice in the movie Cars, and Michael Williamson, twice a Pulitzer-Prize winning photographer with The Washington Post.[30]

text: Completed in 2009, Stackpole Books published Lincoln Highway Companion: A Guide to America's First Coast-to-Coast Road, authored by Brian Butko. This handy glove-compartment guide contains carefully charted maps, must-see attractions, and places to eat and sleep that are slices of pure Americana. The book covers the major thirteen states the Lincoln Highway passes through, from New York to San Francisco, as well as the little-known Colorado loop and the Washington DC feeder loop.

text: Music[edit]

text: In 1914, the "Lincoln Highway March", a band score, was written by Lylord J. St. Claire.

text: In 1921, the popular two step march "Lincoln Highway" was composed by Harry J. Lincoln. The sheet music featuring an uncredited drawing of the road on the cover. Lincoln was also the publisher, and was based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania very near to where the highway passed through the city.

text: In 1922, another march titled "Lincoln Highway" was composed by George B. Lutz, and published by Kramer's Music House of Allentown, Pennsylvania.  A video of a player-piano version can be viewed on YouTube.

text: In 1928, the song "Golden Gate" (Dreyer, Meyer, Rose, & Jolson), sung by Al Jolson, included the refrain: "Oh, Golden Gate, I'm comin' to ya / Golden Gate, sing Hallelujah / I'll live in the sun, love in the moon / Where every month is June. / A little sun-kissed blonde is comin' my way / Just beyond the Lincoln Highway / I'm goin' strong now, it won't be long now / Open up that Golden Gate."[citation needed]

text: In 1937, composer Harold Arlen and lyricist E. Y. Harburg (composers of "Over the Rainbow" and many other hits) wrote the song "God's Country", for the 1937 musical Hooray for What! The song was subsequently used for the finale of the 1939 MGM musical Babes in Arms, starring Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney. The song starts with the famous lyric: "Hey there, neighbor, goin' my way? / East or west on the Lincoln Highway? / Hey there Yankee, give out with a great big thank-ee; / You're in God's Country!"[citation needed]

text: In the 1940s, the Lincoln Highway Radio Show on NBC featured the theme song "When You Travel the Great Lincoln Highway". A rare surviving recording of the song can be found online.

text: Woody Guthrie's "the Asch Recordings" 1944 and 1945 included his song "Hard Traveling" with the line "I've been walking that Lincoln Highway / I thought you knowed".[citation needed]

text: In 1945, the title ballad (music by Earl Robinson, lyrics by Millard Lampell) from the 20th Century Fox World War II film A Walk In The Sun mentions the Lincoln Highway: "It's the same road they had / Coming out of Stalingrad, / It's that old Lincoln Highway back home, / It's wherever men fight to be free".[citation needed]

text: In 1974, the song "Old Thirty" was composed by Bill Fries (C.W. McCall) and Chip Davis for the album Wolf Creek Pass. An early verse contains the lyric: "She was known to all the truckers / As the Mighty Lincoln Highway / But to me She's still Old Thirty all the way".[citation needed]

text: In 1994, the song "Lincoln Highway Dub" is an all instrumental song created by the band Sublime in their album Robbin' the Hood. It features elements later used in the well-known song "Santeria", also by Sublime.

text: In 1996, Shadric Smith composed the country-western swing "Rollin' Down That Lincoln Highway" which was recorded in 2003 by Smith and Denny Osburn. In 2008, Smith revised some of the lyrics. The original 2003 recording of the song and the revised 2008 version can be found online. "Rollin' Down That Lincoln Highway" is one of two Lincoln Highway inspired songs that was featured in the 2014 documentary film 100 Years on the Lincoln Highway produced by Tom Manning for Wyoming PBS.

text: In 2004, Mark Rushton released the CD The Driver's Companion. The lead track is Rushton's composition "Theme from Lincoln Highway", an ambient electronic soundscape.

text: In 2006, Bruce Donnola composed "Lincoln Highway", a track on Donnola's album The Peaches of August, available on both iTunes and CD-Baby.  A music video of the song appears on YouTube.

text: For the 2008 PBS documentary, A Ride Along the Lincoln Highway produced by Rick Sebak, Buddy McNutt composed the song "Goin' All the Way (on the Lincoln Highway)".

text: In 2010, singer-songwriter Chris Kennedy released the CD Postcards from Main Street, a collection of 11 odes to small towns, two-lane roads, and a simpler, slower life. His fourth track is "Looking for the Lincoln Highway". Kennedy is an associate professor of Communications at Western Wyoming Community College, in Rock Springs, Wyoming, a town along the Lincoln Highway. "Looking for the Lincoln Highway" is one of two Lincoln Highway inspired songs that was featured in the 2014 documentary film 100 Years on the Lincoln Highway produced by Tom Manning for Wyoming PBS.

text: In 2013, for the 100th Anniversary of the Lincoln Highway, Nils Anders Erickson composed the country song "Goin Down the Lincoln Highway: 100 Years in Three Minutes", featuring steel guitar and honky-tonk piano, with lyrics mentioning people "coming from Norway and the UK".[citation needed]  The accompanying video, which can be viewed on YouTube, features over 300 images captured by Erickson of current and destroyed landmarks from Council Bluffs, Iowa, and three versions of the Historic Douglas St. Bridge. Erickson's intent is to create a version for every Lincoln Highway state.

text: In 2013, in celebration of the Lincoln Highway's Centennial, Nolan Stolz composed the symphony "Lincoln Highway Suite".  The symphony has five movements: "From the Hudson", "Metals Heartland", "Prairie View", "Traversing the Mountains" and "Golden State Romp".  The Dubuque Symphony premiered the composition June 2013.

text: Also in 2013, singer Cecelia Otto traveled the Lincoln Highway from New York to San Francisco for her project American Songline,[31] in which she performed vintage songs in period attire in venues along the highway. In 2015, she published a book recounting her journey and released an album of songs from her concert program; the album also featured several original songs about the highway, including "It's a Long Way to California" and "Land of Lincoln".

text: Radio[edit]

text: On March 23, 1940, NBC Radio introduced a Saturday morning dramatic show called Lincoln Highway sponsored by Shinola Polish, which featured stories of life along the route. The show's introduction contained an error in noting the Lincoln Highway was identical to US 30 and ended in Portland. Many of the era's stars including Ethel Barrymore, Joe E. Brown, Claude Rains, Burgess Meredith, and Joan Bennett made appearances on the show, which had an audience of more than 8 million before it left the air in 1942. A rare surviving recording of the show's theme song, "When You Travel the Great Lincoln Highway", survives online.

text: Television[edit]

text: On October 29, 2008, PBS premiered the documentary film, A Ride Along the Lincoln Highway, produced by Rick Sebak with WQED—TV in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[32]  The Lincoln Highway Association awarded Sebak its first "Gregory M. Franzwa Award" at the 2009 LHA conference. The Franzwa Award is given to individuals who have made a significant contribution to the promotion of the Lincoln Highway, and is named in honor of Franzwa who was a founding member and the first president of the revitalized Lincoln Highway Association, in 1992.

text: The pilot episode of Boardwalk Empire, shown on HBO in the United States, beginning in September 2010, contains a scene showing Al Capone en route from New Jersey to Chicago. He passes a sign that says he is travelling on the Lincoln Highway and that Chicago is 200 miles (320 km) ahead (thus placing him in western Ohio). This episode is set in early 1920.

text: On March 9, 2014, Wyoming PBS premiered the Emmy Award-winning documentary film, 100 Years on the Lincoln Highway, produced by Tom Manning.[33] This hour-long documentary follows the route of the Lincoln Highway in Wyoming and explores many of the towns and landmarks along the way. Shot during its centennial year in 2013, the program features historians, authors, archeologists and Lincoln Highway enthusiasts explaining the history of the road and their fascination with its many permutations over the years. It also follows members of the official Lincoln Highway Association's Centennial Tour.  Driving a collection of antique & modern automobiles spanning 100 years, they trace the original route of the Lincoln Highway across Wyoming.

text: Film[edit]

text: In 1919, Fox Film Corporation produced and released the feature The Lincoln Highwayman, a black and white silent film starring William Russell, Lois Lee, Frank Brownlee, Jack Connolly, Edward Peil, Sr., Harry Spingler, and Edwin B. Tilton.[34] The film was written and directed by Emmett J. Flynn, from an adaptation by Jules Furthman based on a 1917 one-act melodrama by Paul Dickey and Rol Cooper Megrue.[35] The story is about a masked bandit (the "Lincoln Highwayman") who terrorizes motorists on the highway in California. His latest victims are a San Francisco banker and his family on their way to a party. While the masked highwayman holds them up at gun point and steals the women's jewels, the banker's daughter Marian (Lois Lee) finds herself strangely attracted to him. When the family finally arrives at the party, they tell the guests their tale. Steele, a secret service man (Edward Piel), takes an interest in their encounter and starts working on the case. Jimmy Clunder (William Russell), who arrives late is talking to Marian when a locket falls out of his pocket. Marian recognizes it, and Clunder claims that he found it on the Lincoln Highway. She begins to suspect that he is the Lincoln Highwayman, as does Steele, Clunder's rival for Marian's love.[36]

text: In 1924, the Ford Motor Company produced and released Fording the Lincoln Highway. The 30-minute silent film documented the 10-millionth Model T Ford and its promotional tour on the Lincoln Highway. The car came off the assembly line of Ford's Highland Park Assembly Plant on June 15, 1924, which was the 16th year of Model T production. The milestone flivver led parades through most of the towns and cities along the Lincoln Highway. It was driven by Ford racer Frank Kulick. Several million people are estimated to have seen the vehicle, which was greeted by governors and mayors at each stop along the route.[37]

text: In 2016 a documentary named 21 Days Under the Sky chronicled a journey of four friends on Harley-Davidson motorcycles, riding the Lincoln Highway from San Francisco to New York.[38]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
1920's Packard Car and Driver

1940's gas pump

oversize quarter

1921 Selden Pick-up Truck

Road Marker on the main road in Genoa, Nevada


document_title: The World's 50 Best Restaurants

question_text: what's the number 1 restaurant in the world

question_tokens: what 's the number 1 restaurant in the world

text: The World's 50 Best Restaurants

text: History[edit]

text: The list originated as a one-off stunt by the staff of Restaurant magazine, who came up with the idea at the Shaston Arms public house in London's Carnaby Street.[6] It was more successful than they expected and soon became established as a major event in the culinary world.[6]

text: The World's 50 Best Restaurants list is compiled from the votes of the "World’s 50 Best Restaurants Academy", a group of 27 panels established to make the ranking.[7] The world is divided into regions, with a chairperson in each region appointed for their knowledge of their part of the restaurant world. These chairs each selected a voting panel of 35 members, who cast a total of 5,859 votes.

text: There is no list of nominees; each member of the international voting panel votes for their own personal choice of seven restaurants. To ensure that there are winners from many regions, judges are encouraged to vote for up to three restaurants in their own region, with the rest cast outside their home region. No voting member is allowed to vote for their own restaurant, or one in which they have an economic interest, and voters must have eaten in the restaurants they nominate within the past 18 months – although it is not possible to ensure that they have.

text: The criteria are different from those of the Michelin Guide or other guides, which has allowed restaurants like Momofuku Ssam Bar, Asador Etxebarri and St. John to hold their own among the molecular or traditional cuisine of restaurants such as The Fat Duck, Les Ambassadeurs or The French Laundry.

text: Best restaurants by year[edit]

text:
World's Best Restaurant

Year
1st
2nd
3rd

2002
 elBulli
 Gordon Ramsay
 The French Laundry

2003
 The French Laundry
 elBulli
 Le Louis XV

2004
 The French Laundry
 The Fat Duck
 elBulli

2005
 The Fat Duck
 elBulli
 The French Laundry

2006
 elBulli
 The Fat Duck
 Pierre Gagnaire

2007
 elBulli
 The Fat Duck
 Pierre Gagnaire

2008
 elBulli
 The Fat Duck
 Pierre Gagnaire

2009
 elBulli
 The Fat Duck
 Noma

2010
 Noma
 elBulli
 The Fat Duck

2011
 Noma
 El Celler de Can Roca
 Mugaritz

2012
 Noma
 El Celler de Can Roca
 Mugaritz

2013
 El Celler de Can Roca
 Noma
 Osteria Francescana

2014
 Noma
 El Celler de Can Roca
 Osteria Francescana

2015
 El Celler de Can Roca
 Osteria Francescana
 Noma

2016
 Osteria Francescana
 El Celler de Can Roca
 Eleven Madison Park

2017
 Eleven Madison Park
 Osteria Francescana
 El Celler de Can Roca

text: Chef's Choice restaurants by year[edit]

text:
2004: Tetsuya's, Sydney, Australia (19)
2005: elBulli, Roses, Catalonia, Spain (2)
2006: Pierre Gagnaire, Paris, France (3)
2007: The Fat Duck, Bray, Berkshire, England (2)
2008: Mugaritz, Errenteria, Gipuzkoa, Spain (4)
2009: Noma, Copenhagen, Denmark (3)
2010: The Fat Duck, Bray, Berkshire, England (3)
2011: Osteria Francescana, Modena, Italy (4)[8]
2012: Mugaritz, Errenteria, Gipuzkoa, Spain (3)
2013: Alinea, Chicago, United States (15)
2014: D.O.M., São Paulo, Brazil (7)
2015: Eleven Madison Park, New York, United States (5)
2016: El Celler de Can Roca, Girona, Spain
2017: Central Restaurante, Lima, Peru

text: Other 2012 awards[edit]

text:
La Grenouillere, France – "One to Watch" award. Overall it placed at #81.[9]
Elena Arzak from the Arzak restaurant, Spain – Veuve Clicquot World's Best Female Chef.[9]
Thomas Keller from the French Laundry, US – S. Pellegrino Lifetime Achievement Award.[9]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: The World's 50 Best Restaurants list has been criticised; writing in The Guardian in 2003 Matthew Fort described the list as "humbug".[10] The French food writer and critic François-Régis Gaudry says the ranking lacks reliability,[11] while the Spanish chef Martín Berasategui spoke of "rigged" ranking, manipulated by an "important international food company" in order to "cause damage" to the Michelin guide.[12] The list has also been criticised[by whom?] as lacking female representation and being overly Eurocentric.[13]


document_title: List of tallest structures in New Zealand

question_text: what's the tallest building in new zealand

question_tokens: what 's the tallest building in new zealand

text: Tallest extant structures[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
City
Height
Floors
Year
Notes

1
Sky Tower
Auckland
328 metres (1,076 ft)
38
1995
Tallest structure in New Zealand.

2
New Plymouth Power Station chimney
New Plymouth
198 metres (650 ft)
none
1974
Decommissioned in 2008 but the chimney still stands.[1]

3
Vero Centre
Auckland
172 metres (564 ft)
38
2000
Tallest office building in New Zealand.[2]

4
Metropolis
Auckland
155 metres (509 ft)
39
1999
tallest residential building in NZ.[3]

5
Huntly Power Station chimneys
Huntly
150 metres (492 ft)
none
1983
[4]

6
ANZ Centre
Auckland
143 metres (469 ft)
35
1991
[5]

7
PriceWaterhouseCoopers Tower
Auckland
142 metres (466 ft)
29
2002
[6]

8=
Titahi Bay AM radio transmitter, second mast
Porirua
137 metres (449 ft)
none
1937/1979
[7]

8=
Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter chimney
near Bluff
137 metres (449 ft)
none

[8]

10
Oaks Residences
Auckland
130 metres (427 ft)
29
2006
[9]

11
Lumley Centre
Auckland
125 metres (410 ft)
29
2005
[10]

12
Mount Kaukau television transmitter
Wellington
122 metres (400 ft)
none
1965
[11]

13
Sugarloaf television transmitter tower
Christchurch
121 metres (397 ft)
none
1966
[12]

14
The Sentinel Apartments
Auckland
120 metres (394 ft)
29
2007
[13]

15
Quay West
Auckland
117 metres (384 ft)
20
1997
[14]

16=
ASB Bank Centre
Auckland
116 metres (381 ft)
29
1991
[15]

16=
Majestic Centre
Wellington
116 metres (381 ft)
29
1991
Tallest office building in Wellington.[16]

18
Precinct Apartments
Auckland
115 metres (377 ft)
33
2003
[17]

19
Crowne Plaza
Auckland
110 metres (361 ft)
29
1990
[18]

20
BNZ Tower
Auckland
106 metres (348 ft)
28
1987
[19]

21=
Ohaaki Power Station cooling tower
30 km NE of Taupo
105 metres (344 ft)
none
1989
[20]

21=
Mount Cargill television transmitter
Dunedin
105 metres (344 ft)
none
1970
[21]

22
IAG Tower
Auckland
104 metres (341 ft)
29
1988
Formerly the headquarters of Fay Richwhite.[22]

23
State Insurance Building
Wellington
103 metres (338 ft)
26
1984
Headquarters of the BNZ from 1984 to 1998.[23]

24
Deloitte Centre
Auckland
100 metres (328 ft)
23
2009
[24]

25
HSBC Tower, Wellington
Wellington
94 metres (308 ft)
25
2003
[25]

26=
Phillips Fox Tower
Auckland
92 metres (302 ft)
23
1987
[26]

26=
Qantas House
Auckland
92 metres (302 ft)
24
1986
[27]

28=
CityLife Auckland
Auckland
90 metres (295 ft)
26
1998
[28]

28=
City Gardens
Auckland
90 metres (295 ft)
28
2004
[29]

28=
Vodafone on the Park
Wellington
90 metres (295 ft)
25
1998
Formerly Mobil on the Park.[30]

28=
Bowen House
Wellington
90 metres (295 ft)
22
1991
Tallest Government building.[31]

32=
Stamford Plaza Auckland
Auckland
88 metres (289 ft)
20
1983/2008
Extra storeys were added in 2008.[32]

32=
InterContinental Wellington
Wellington
88 metres (289 ft)
26
1988
[33]

34
AMP Tower (Quay Tower)
Auckland
87 metres (285 ft)
22
1980
[34]

35
Pacific Tower
Christchurch
86 metres (282 ft)
23
2010
Tallest building in the South Island.[35]

36=
120 Albert Street
Auckland
85 metres (279 ft)
26
1990
[36]

36=
Gen-i Tower
Auckland
85 metres (279 ft)
22
2000
[37]

38
Travelodge Plimmer Towers
Wellington
84 metres (276 ft)
20
1975
Originally built as the Williams Centre.[38] Tallest building in Wellington until 1984.[39][40]

39
HSBC Building
Auckland
81 metres (266 ft)
20
1973
[41]

40=
AXA Centre
Auckland
80 metres (262 ft)
20
1995
[42]

40=
National Bank Tower
Auckland
80 metres (262 ft)
17
1988
Formerly Arthur Andersen Tower.[43][44]

42
125 The Terrace
Wellington
77 metres (253 ft)
21
1986
[45]

43=
SkyCity Grand
Auckland
75 metres (246 ft)
24
2004
[46]

43=
Altitude Apartments
Auckland
75 metres (246 ft)
22
2004
[47]

45
West Plaza
Auckland
74 metres (243 ft)
18
1974
[48]

text: Demolished structures[edit]

text:
Name
City
Height
Floors
Year
Notes

Titahi Bay AM radio transmitter, main mast
Porirua
212 metres (696 ft)
none
1937/1979
Demolition completed 16 February 2016

Hotel Grand Chancellor, Christchurch
Christchurch
85 metres (279 ft)
26
1986
Demolition completed following the 2011 Canterbury earthquake.[49]

Price Waterhouse Building
Christchurch
76 metres (249 ft)
20
1988
Demolition completed following the 2011 Canterbury earthquake.[50]

text: Proposed structures[edit]

text:
Name
City
Height*
Floors*
Year*
Notes

NDG Auckland Centre
Auckland
209 metres (686 ft)
52
2020
Resource consent was granted in February 2014, but building consent is yet to be approved. On the site of the Elliot Tower proposal.[51]

Customs Residential
Auckland
192 metres (630 ft)
52

Approved

1 Mills Lane
Auckland
190 metres (623 ft)
30
2018
Proposed[52]

Commercial Bay Tower
Auckland
180 metres (591 ft)
39
2019
Under construction[53]

10 Commerce Lane
Auckland
170 metres (558 ft)
48

Proposed[54]

Saffron Tower
Auckland
145 metres (476 ft)
45
2018
Approved

St James Suites
Auckland
136 metres (446 ft)
36
2018
construction started 2016

The Antipodean
Auckland
130 metres (427 ft)
39

Construction started 2016

Dunedin Waterfront Hotel
Dunedin
97 metres (318 ft)
28

Application declined in June 2013,[55] but going back to appeal. Would be the tallest building in the South Island.[56]

Queens Residences
Auckland
90 metres (295 ft)
28
2017
Under construction

Park Residences
Auckland
90 metres (295 ft)
29
2017
Under construction

Victoria Residences
Auckland
80 metres (262 ft)
26
2018
Under construction

text: Abandoned proposals[edit]

text:
Name
City
Height*
Floors*
Notes

Christchurch Sky Ball
Christchurch
287 metres (942 ft)
12
Cancelled. Would've been tallest structure in New Zealand at the time of completion in 1989. Site now occupied by the Forsyth Barr building.

Elliot Tower
Auckland
232 metres (761 ft)
68
This project was approved, but construction never went ahead, and the site was later sold.[57]