document_title: Panic! at the Disco

question_text: what year did panic at the disco split

question_tokens: what year did panic at the disco split

root

text: Panic! at the Disco

text: History

text: Formation and early years (2004–2005)

text: Panic! at the Disco was formed in 2004 in the suburban area of Summerlin, Las Vegas, by childhood friends Ryan Ross, who sang and played guitar, and Spencer Smith, who played drums.[3] They both attended Bishop Gorman High School, and they began playing music together in ninth grade.[4][5] They invited friend Brent Wilson from nearby Palo Verde High School to join on bass, and Wilson invited classmate Brendon Urie to try out on guitar.[6] The quartet soon began rehearsing in Smith's grandmother's living room.[7] Urie grew up in a Mormon family in Las Vegas and early on missed some rehearsals to go to church.[8] Ross initially was the lead vocalist for the group, but after hearing Urie sing back-up during rehearsals, the group decided to make him the lead.[9] Initially, Panic! at the Disco was a Blink-182 cover band.[10]

tag: p

text: In the group's early experimental demos, the band created a sound that was different from the many death-metal groups that were performing in Las Vegas at the time. The band signed a recording contract without having performed a live show. "We never went out and played shows before we got signed because the music scene in Las Vegas is so bad. There's not a lot going on," Smith said. "In our practice space, there were something like 30 bands, and every day we'd walk into that room and hear the exact same death-metal bands. So it kind of influenced us to be different. And to get out of Las Vegas."[11] Urie began working at Tropical Smoothie Cafe in Summerlin to afford rent for the band's new practice space.[12] The four left their educations behind to concentrate on music; Ross had a falling out with his father when he dropped out of college,[7] and when Urie dropped out of high school his parents kicked him out of the house. He stayed with friends until he could afford to rent an apartment.[13]

text: Ross and Urie soon began to commit to their laptops the demos they had been developing and posted three early demos ("Time to Dance," "Nails for Breakfast, Tacks for Snacks" and "Camisado") on PureVolume.[6] On a whim, they sent a link to Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz via a LiveJournal account. Wentz, who was in Los Angeles at the time with the rest of Fall Out Boy working on the band's major-label debut, From Under the Cork Tree, drove to Las Vegas to meet with the young, unsigned band.[11] Upon hearing "two to three" songs during band practice, Wentz was impressed and immediately wanted the band to sign to his Fueled by Ramen imprint label Decaydance Records, which made the band the first on the new label. Around December 2004, the group signed to the label.[9] As news broke that Wentz had signed Panic! (who had yet to perform a single live show), fans on the internet began to bash the group. "Almost right away we knew what was going to happen," Ross explained in a 2006 interview. "We had two songs online and people were already making assumptions on what kind of band we were and what we were going to sound like."[14]

text: Meanwhile, Wentz began to hype the band wherever possible: from wearing "Pete! at the Disco" T-shirts onstage to mentioning the group in interviews. Wentz gave a quick shout-out to the band during a press junket on the day before the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards: "I've got a couple of bands coming out soon on Decaydance, one being this band called Panic! at the Disco," Wentz said. "Their record is going to be your next favorite record. It's called A Fever You Can't Sweat Out – get it before your little brother does."[14] At the time of the band's signing, all of the band members were still in high school (with the exception of Ross, who was forced to quit UNLV). Urie graduated in May 2005, and Wilson and Smith finished school online as the band left for College Park, Maryland, to record their debut record.[6]

text: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (2005–2007)

text: The band relocated to College Park, Maryland, to record its debut album from June to September 2005. Although they only had shells of songs when they arrived, the rest of the album shaped up fast through the marathon session. "We didn't have a day off in the five-and-a-half weeks we were there, 12 or 14 hours a day," Ross said in a 2005 interview.[6] "We were making things up in our heads that weren't there, and on top of the stress of trying to finish the record, we were living in a one-bedroom apartment with four people on bunk beds," recalled Ross. "Everyone got on everybody's nerves. Someone would write a new part for a song and someone else would say they didn't like it just because you ate their cereal that morning."[15]

text: The album is split into two halves: the first half is mostly electronic dance punk, while the second half features Vaudevillian piano, strings, and accordion.[10] The band grew tired of writing only with drum machines and keyboards and, inspired by film scores (specifically the works of Danny Elfman and Jon Brion) decided to write a completely different half.[9] "By the end of that, we were completely exhausted," said Ross of the studio sessions. After its completion, "we had two weeks to come home and learn how to be a band," Ross said.[6] The group played its first live show during the summer of 2005 at local Las Vegas music venue The Alley on West Charleston.[6] Afterwards, the band toured nationally on the Nintendo Fusion Tour with mentors Fall Out Boy, as well as Motion City Soundtrack, The Starting Line, and Boys Night Out for the rest of 2005.[16]

text: The band's debut album, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, was released September 27, 2005. Sales began relatively slow. It debuted at No. 112 on the Billboard 200 album chart, No. 6 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart, and No. 1 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart, with nearly 10,000 albums sold in the first week of release. Within a span of four months, Panic! would see the video for its first single, "I Write Sins Not Tragedies," rocket up the Billboard Hot 100 as sales of Fever passed the 500,000 mark.[14] At the end of March 2006, the band announced a headlining tour. By August, the group's debut record was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and the music video for "I Write Sins Not Tragedies" won Video of the Year at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards.[17] "Some aspects of the fame are annoying, but at the end of the day it's something we're most grateful for. It's certainly opened the door to a whole new batch of opportunities," Ross said of the band's newfound fame and instant success.[14]

text: In May 2006, Panic! at the Disco announced that original bassist Brent Wilson had left the band, "posting a statement that was both diplomatic and entirely inscrutable […] yet [failing] to mention any reason why Wilson is leaving Panic," according to MTV News.[18] He was replaced in the band by Jon Walker. In June, Wilson asserted to MTV News that he was kicked out of the band via a phone call. "It was done as a phone call and the only person who spoke was Spencer. Apparently, Brendon and Ryan were on the speakerphone too, but they didn't say a word. They never even said they were sorry," explained Wilson. Smith wrote a lengthy e-mail back to James Montgomery of MTV News, stating, in part, "We made the decision based on Brent's lack of responsibility and the fact that he wasn't progressing musically with the band," and revealed that Wilson did not write nor play any bass present on Fever: Instead, Urie recorded these parts.[19] Wilson demanded a cut in royalties, and threatened to take his former band to court.[20]

text: In 2006, the band supported The Academy Is... on the band's worldwide tour "Ambitious Ones and Smoking Guns" from January to May.[21] Beginning in June, the group headlined its first unnamed national tour, that would last until August.[22] During the group's performance at the 2006 Reading Festival in August, the band was greeted by excessive bottling, one of which hit Urie in the face that knocked him unconscious. Despite this, the band continued with its set after Urie recovered.[23] The band's second headlining tour, dubbed the Nothing Rhymes with Circus Tour, began in November. In roughly one year, Panic! at the Disco went from being the opening act on a five-band bill to the headliners on a massive arena tour.[24]

text: The Nothing Rhymes with Circus Tour feature the band's first highly theatrical live shows, which featured every song with dance numbers, skits, and tricks performed by a six-member troupe, as the band donned intricate costumes, loosely re-enacting moments from the songs.[25] Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times noted the sudden success and circus-inspired tour of the young band in a concert review: "There’s something charming about watching a band trying to navigate sudden success, aided by a contortionist, a ribbon dancer and all the rest of it."[26] MTV News favorably likened its theme and wardrobe to "Janet Jackson's audience-dividing, hypersexual The Velvet Rope Tour."[27] The group, fresh off the major success of A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, took a break after non-stop touring, and the group members began formulating ideas for their next album together during the winter of 2006.[28]

text: Pretty. Odd. and  ...Live in Chicago (2007–2009)

text: After a short period of development regarding the ideas of the album, on March 6, 2007 the band arrived at a cabin in the rural mountains of Mount Charleston, Nevada and began the writing process for the new album.[29] After recording the new tracks and performing them live over the summer, the band returned to its native Las Vegas as well as the group's old rehearsal studio, where the band members wrote their debut record.[30] The band grew uninterested in the songs previously written and by August scrapped the entire new album (which Ross later revealed was "three-quarters" done)[31] and started over. "We wanted to approach these songs in the most basic form," Ross said. "We wrote them all on one acoustic guitar and with someone singing. I think that we kind of skipped that part of songwriting on the first record, and this time we're sort of paying attention to that. […] We've written a bunch of songs since we've been home [Las Vegas]. I think it's the most fun and the happiest we've been since we started." With simplicity the new focus and the old album shelved, the group settled in and began recording what would become Pretty. Odd.[30] In October, the band entered the Studio at the Palms at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas to begin recording the album.[31]

text: In January 2008, the band unveiled a new logo and dropped the exclamation point from the group's name, becoming Panic at the Disco.[1] Released on March 21, 2008, Pretty. Odd. was described by the band as "more organic and mellower" than A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, as well as unintentionally and coincidentally similar to music of the Beatles, in both songwriting and scope.[32] The record debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-day sales of 54,000, and first-week sales of 139,000 copies in the United States.[33] Those figures marked the band's biggest sales week to that date, beating a previous record held by A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (which sold 45,000 during the winter of 2006). The record also debuted at "Current Alternative Albums" chart and No. 2 on the "Digital Albums" chart, the latter of which accounted for 26 percent of the disc's overall sales.[34] The album charted high in various other countries and was eventually certified gold in the United Kingdom, however, Pretty. Odd. received relatively disappointing sales in the face of its predecessor.[35] Pretty. Odd. was, however, critically acclaimed in contrast to Fever: Barry Walters of Spin called Panic's debut album "embarrassing" while regarding the new record as "[daring] to be optimistically beautiful at a time when sadness and ugliness might have won them easier credibility."[36]

text: The band announced plans to headline the 2008 Honda Civic Tour in January 2008, which took up the majority of early touring for the album.[37] Motion City Soundtrack, the Hush Sound and Phantom Planet opened for the tour, which performed across North America from April 10 to July 14, 2008 .[38] Throughout October and November 2008, the band toured with Dashboard Confessional and The Cab on the Rock Band Live Tour promoting the video game Rock Band 2.[39][40]

text: As expected and predicted by several music publications, the band adopted a very different style for the touring in support of Pretty. Odd., in contrast to the dark, circus-themed elements of the band's previous stage shows.[41] Each show contained "woodsy set pieces, projections of flora and fauna, and mic stands wrapped in lights and flowers," and each band member dressed in a vest.[42] While reflecting on the theatrical nature of A Fever You Can't Sweat Out touring, Urie commented: "We did it and it was a lot of fun when we did it, but this time around I think we wanted to get back to a more intimate, personal setting, and scale it down a little bit." Ryan Ross explained that: "It's more about connecting with the audience and seeing what's gonna happen every night. It's not as scripted out and pre-planned. It makes it more exciting for us, and less monotonous every night."[42] A live album, ...Live in Chicago, based on live recordings from Chicago during the Honda Civic Tour, was released December 2, 2008.[43] An accompanying DVD contains photos from the tour, each music video from the album as well as behind-the-scenes footage of the videos and the tour, the short film Panic! at the Disco In: American Valley, and the documentary feature based on the tour, All In A Day's.[44]

text: Pretty. Odd.'s touring was also defined by a larger effort to remain environmentally conscious. On the tour, the band worked with two non-profit eco organizations: Reverb, which facilitates environmentally friendly touring; and Global Inheritance, which seeks to inspire more eco-activism.[42] In a 2008 interview, Ross revealed that the band traveling on a biodiesel bus, to re-using plastics, and recycling more backstage.[45] The band went as far as to print tour booklets on recycled paper, with soy ink, and organize an "eco-contest," in which profits from the tour went straight to environmental organizations.[42]

text: Lineup change and Vices & Virtues (2009–2012)

text: In spring 2009, the band began recording material for its third studio album.[46] However, on July 6, 2009, Ryan Ross and Jon Walker announced via the band's official website that the two were leaving the band.[47] In an interview following the split, Ross explained that he first brought the idea to Smith in late June 2009 over lunch: "Spencer and I had lunch and caught up for a while, and then the big question came up, like, 'Well, what do you want to do?' and I said, 'Well, I think it might be best if we kind of do our own thing for a while,' and he said, 'I'm glad you said that, because I was going to say the same thing,'" Ross recalled. "And there was really no argument, which is really the best way that could've worked out." Ross said the split was largely due to creative differences between him and Urie. Urie wanted the band to explore a more polished pop sound, while Ross – and, by extension, Walker – was interested in making retro-inspired rock.[48]

text: The news asserted that both tour plans with blink-182 in August 2009 and new album production "will continue as previously announced."[47] The following day, Alternative Press broke the news that "New Perspective," the first song recorded without Ross and Walker, would debut the following month on radio and as a part of the soundtrack to the film Jennifer's Body.[49] On July 10, 2009, Alternative Press also reported that the band had regained the exclamation point, becoming, once again, Panic! at the Disco. "New Perspective" was released on July 28, 2009.[50] Former guitarist of pop rock band The Cab, Ian Crawford and Dallon Weekes, frontman of indie rock band The Brobecks, filled in for Ross and Walker on tour during the blink-182 Summer Tour in August 2009.[51]

text: The band re-entered the studio during early 2010 and spent much of the year recording the group's third studio album.[46] During this time, touring bassist Dallon Weekes joined the band's official lineup along with Urie and Smith, making the band a three-piece. Although Weekes did not perform on the upcoming album, he was responsible for the conceptualization of the cover art of the album and was also featured on the album cover, masked and standing in the background behind Smith and Urie.[52] On January 18, 2011, the band revealed that an album titled Vices & Virtues would officially be released on March 22, 2011. The album was produced by Butch Walker and John Feldmann.[53] The record's first single, "The Ballad of Mona Lisa," was released digitally on February 1, 2011, with the music video being released February 8, 2011. Vices & Virtues was officially released March 22, 2011, to relatively positive critical reviews.[54]

text: The band began touring in support of the album, christened the Vices & Virtues Tour, in earnest beginning in February 2011.[55] The tour has sported the same electric, over-the-top theatricality the band was known for during the Fever era. "I really miss wearing costumes and makeup," Urie told Spin. "I love throwing a big production. I've recently been reading about Tesla coils and I'm trying to figure out how I can get one that sits on the stage and shoots sparks without hurting anybody."[56] The group was scheduled to play the Australian Soundwave Revolution festival in September/October but the festival was canceled. The band performed at the Counter-Revolution mini-festival, the festival that took its place.

text: On May 12, 2011, the band collaborated with indie pop band Fun. and the two groups embarked on an American tour, releasing a single together titled "C'mon." Panic! at the Disco contributed a new song "Mercenary" to the soundtrack for the video game Batman: Arkham City.[57]

text: Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! (2012–2015)

text: After the Vices & Virtues tour cycle, Urie, Smith, and Weekes began writing and preparing for a fourth album. During the recording of the album, touring guitarist Ian Crawford, who joined the band in 2009 after the departure of Ryan Ross and Jon Walker, left the band citing his desire to make "real, genuine" music.[58] On July 15, 2013, the album was announced as Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die!, with a scheduled release date of October 8, 2013. The first single, "Miss Jackson," was released on July 15, 2013, along with its music video to promote the album. Panic! at the Disco opened for Fall Out Boy on the Save Rock And Roll Arena Tour with Kenneth Harris replacing Crawford.[59][60]

text: Shortly before the band began its first tour in support of the album, Smith wrote an open letter to fans regarding his abuse of alcohol and prescription medications since the recording of Pretty. Odd. Although Smith joined the band for the first handful of dates, he left the tour to "continue fighting addiction." Urie posted on the band's official website on August 7, 2013, that "It's become evident that Spencer still needs more time to take care of himself. I can't expect him to be fighting addiction one minute and be fully immersed in a national tour the next. With that said, the tour will continue without Spencer while he is away getting the help he needs."[61] Since Spencer's leave of absence, Dan Pawlovich of the band Valencia has filled in on tour.[62]

text: In an interview with Pure Fresh on September 23, 2014, Urie stated that he had already thought about ideas on the fifth studio album; however, he was not sure if it would be a Panic! at the Disco album, or a solo album.[63] Urie has also stated there are no current plans for Smith to return to the band.[64]

text: Departure of Spencer Smith and Death of a Bachelor (2015–2017)

text: On April 2, 2015, Smith announced that he had officially left the band.[65] That same month, Urie revealed in an interview with Kerrang! that he was working on new material for the band's fifth studio album.[66]

text: On April 20, 2015, Urie released "Hallelujah" as a single without any previous formal announcements.[67][68] It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 40, the band's second highest ever after "I Write Sins Not Tragedies." The band performed at the KROQ Weenie Roast on May 16, 2015.[69] On September 1, 2015, another song from the fifth studio album, "Death of a Bachelor", premiered on an Apple Music broadcast hosted by Pete Wentz.[70] The second single, "Victorious" was released at the end of the month.[71] On October 22, 2015, through the band's official Facebook page, Urie announced the new album as Death of a Bachelor with a scheduled release date of January 15, 2016.[72] It is the first album written and composed by Urie with a team of writers, as the status of Weekes changed from an official member to that of a touring member once again. Weekes' status was rumored during the promotion of Death of a Bachelor that he was no longer an official member,[73][74] until it was confirmed by Weekes himself on October 24, 2015, via Twitter that he was "not contributing creatively anymore."[75] The third single "Emperor's New Clothes" was released on the same day, along with the official music video. "LA Devotee" was released November 26 as a promotional single.[76] On December 31, 2015, the band released "Don't Threaten Me with a Good Time."[77]

text: The band co-headlined the Weezer & Panic! at the Disco Summer Tour 2016 with Weezer from June to August 2016.[78] The band released a cover of Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" in August 2016, on the Suicide Squad soundtrack album.[79][80]

text: On September 22, 2016, the band released the music video for "LA Devotee." With the release came the announcement of the Death of a Bachelor Tour in 2017. MisterWives and Saint Motel were announced as the opening acts.[81] In a December 2016 interview, Urie said that he hoped to make a music video for every song on the album Death of a Bachelor.[82][83]

text: Departure of Dallon Weekes and Pray for the Wicked (2017–present)

text: On December 15, 2017, the band released their fourth live album All My Friends We're Glorious: Death of a Bachelor Live. It was released as a limited-edition double-vinyl and digital download.[84][85][86] Five days later, the band released a non-album Christmas song titled "Feels Like Christmas."[87] On December 27, bassist Dallon Weekes officially announced his departure from Panic! at the Disco after over eight years of performing in the band.[88] On March 19, 2018, the band played a surprise show in Cleveland, Ohio with new touring bassist, Nicole Row.[89][90] On March 21, 2018, the band released two new songs "Say Amen (Saturday Night)" and "(Fuck A) Silver Lining."[91] At the same time, the band also announced the Pray for the Wicked Tour and a new album called Pray for the Wicked.[92][93]

text: On June 7, 2018, the band performed at the fountains at the Bellagio prior to game 5 of the Stanley Cup Finals. The performance is said to have had sentimental value to the band as they took to the stage in their hometown.[94][95] The Band also performed as a headliner at the Reading and Leeds Festival 2018 which lasted over the weekend from 24 August to 26 August 2018.[96][97] On August 27, 2018, the band dropped the music video for their hit single "High Hopes" from the album Pray for the wicked.[98]

text: Musical style and influences

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2018)

tag: table

text:
Panic! at the Disco – "I Write Sins Not Tragedies"

30-second sample from Panic! at the Disco "I Write Sins Not Tragedies", from the album A Fever You Can't Sweat Out.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Panic! at the Disco have been known to change their sound each album. Musically, they have mainly been described as pop rock,[99][100][101][102] pop,[3][103] pop punk,[3][104][105] baroque pop,[106][107] electropop,[108][109] synth-pop,[106][110] dance-punk,[111] power pop,[112] alternative rock,[106][109][112][113] emo pop,[99][3][114][115] vaudeville,[116] and emo.[3][106][116]

text: Panic! at the Disco went on record many times saying that the group's second album would be completely different from A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, as Rolling Stone wrote in an article: "The group cemented its next direction with their first single, called "Nine in the Afternoon." "It's influenced by the music our parents listened to: the Beach Boys, the Kinks, the Beatles," says Ross. "Our new songs are more like classic rock than modern rock. We got older and started listening to different music – and this seems like the natural thing to do right now."[117] Pretty. Odd. has been described as being like "[Panic] dropping the entire Beatles catalog into a blender, adding some modern alternative ice and the horn section from Sonia Dada, then churning out a new-millennium Liverpool smoothie."[118] In his review of the band's live album, Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted, "...Pretty. Odd. suggests that they're becoming that rare thing in 2008: a pop-oriented rock band. They might not be doing this knowingly, but the results are entertaining all the same."[119] Urie has cited bands/artists such as Frank Sinatra, Queen, David Bowie, Weezer, Green Day and My Chemical Romance as his biggest influences.[120][121]

text: Band members

text: Current members

text: Brendon Urie – lead vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards (2004–present); bass guitar (2005–2010, 2015–present); drums (2015–present)

tag: ul

text: Former members

text:
Ryan Ross – lead guitar, vocals, piano, keyboards, synthesizers (2004–2009); lead vocals (2004)
Spencer Smith – drums, percussion (2004–2015; inactive 2013–2015)[65]
Brent Wilson – bass guitar (2004–2006)
Jon Walker – bass guitar, backing vocals, piano, keyboards, guitar (2006–2009)
Dallon Weekes – bass guitar, vocals, piano, keyboards, guitar (2010–2015; touring member 2009–2010, 2015–2017)

text: Touring members

text:
Kenneth Harris – lead guitar, backing vocals (2013–present)
Dan Pawlovich – drums, percussion (2015–present)
Nicole Row – bass guitar, backing vocals (2018–present)

text: Discography

text:
A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (2005)
Pretty. Odd. (2008)
Vices & Virtues (2011)
Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! (2013)
Death of a Bachelor (2016)
Pray for the Wicked (2018)

text: Tours

text: Headlining

text:
2005 Tour (2005)
Nothing Rhymes with Circus (2006)
Pretty. Odd. Tour (2008)
Vices & Virtues Tour (2011-12)
Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! Tour (2014)[122]
Gospel Tour (2014)[123]
Death of a Bachelor Tour (2017)[124]
Pray for the Wicked Tour (2018)

text: Co-headlining

text:
Nintendo Fusion Tour (with Fall Out Boy, The Starting Line, Motion City Soundtrack and Boys Night Out) (2005)[125]
Honda Civic Tour (with Motion City Soundtrack, Death Cab for Cutie, Phantom Planet and The Hush Sound) (2008)[126]
Rock Band Live Tour (with Dashboard Confessional) (2008)[127]
Summer Tour 2016 (with Weezer) (2016)[78]

text: Opening Act

text:
Take Cover Tour (for Acceptance and The Receiving End of Sirens) (2005)[128]
Ambitious Ones and Smoking Guns Tour (for The Academy Is...) (2006)[129]
Truckstops & Statelines Tour (for The Academy Is...) (2006)[130][131]
Blink-182 in Concert (Blink-182) (2009)[132]
Save Rock and Roll Tour (for Fall Out Boy) (2013)[133][134]

text: Awards and nominations

text: Grammy Awards

text:
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.

2017
Best Rock Album
Death of a Bachelor
Nominated
[135]

text: MTV Video Music Awards

text:
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.

2006
Video of the Year
"I Write Sins Not Tragedies"
Won
[136]

Best New Artist in a Video
Nominated
[137]

Best Group Video
Nominated
[136]

Best Rock Video
Nominated
[138]

Best Art Direction
Nominated
[139]

2008
Best Pop Video
"Nine in the Afternoon"
Nominated
[140]

Best Direction
Nominated
[141]

2016
Best Rock Video
"Victorious"
Nominated
[142]

2018
Best Rock Video
"Say Amen (Saturday Night)"
Nominated
[143]

text: Other Awards

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.

2006
Teen Choice Awards
Rock Track
"I Write Sins Not Tragedies"
Nominated
[144]

TMF Awards
Best Video International
Won
[145]

2007
Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica
Best International Rock Group
Panic! at the Disco
Nominated
[146]

Kerrang! Awards
Best International Band
Nominated
[147]

2008
Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica
Best International Rock Group
Nominated
[148]

MTV Asia Awards
The Style Award
Won
[149]

Teen Choice Awards
Rock Track
"Nine in the Afternoon"
Nominated
[150]

2011
Kerrang! Awards
Best Single
"The Ballad of Mona Lisa"
Nominated
[151]

2014
Alternative Press Music Awards
Best Vocalist
Brendon Urie
Won
[152]

Artist of the Year
Panic! at the Disco
Nominated

2015
Best Bassist
Dallon Weekes
Nominated
[153]

Best Live Band
Panic! at the Disco
Nominated

Rock Sound Readers Poll
Video of the Year
"Emperor's New Clothes"
Won
[154]

2016
Alternative Press Music Awards
Best Music Video
Won
[155]

Song of the Year
"Hallelujah"
Won

Artist of the Year
Panic! at the Disco
Nominated
[156]

2017
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Group
Nominated
[157]

2018
Teen Choice Awards
Rock Artist
Panic! at the Disco
Nominated
[158]

Rock/Alternative Song
"High Hopes"
Nominated


document_title: List of NBA champions

question_text: who won the nba championship the past 5 years

text: List of NBA champions

text: Champions

text: The first brackets in the Western Champion and Eastern Champion columns indicate the teams' playoff seed. The second brackets indicate the number of times that teams have appeared in an NBA Finals as well as each respective team's NBA Finals record to date.

text:
Bold

Winning team of the NBA Finals

text:
Year

Western Champion

Coach

Result

Eastern Champion

Coach

Reference

1947
Chicago Stags (1) (1, 0–1)
Harold Olsen
1–4
Philadelphia Warriors (2) (1, 1–0)
Eddie Gottlieb
[14]

1948
Baltimore Bullets (2) (1, 1–0)
Buddy Jeannette
4–2
Philadelphia Warriors (1) (2, 1–1)
Eddie Gottlieb
[15]

1949
Minneapolis Lakers (2) (1, 1–0)
John Kundla
4–2
Washington Capitols (1) (1, 0–1)
Red Auerbach
[16]

1950
Minneapolis Lakers (1) [a] (2, 2–0)
John Kundla
4–2
Syracuse Nationals (1) (1, 0–1)
Al Cervi
[17][18]

1951
Rochester Royals (2) (1, 1–0)
Les Harrison
4–3
New York Knicks (3) (1, 0–1)
Joe Lapchick
[19]

1952
Minneapolis Lakers (2) (3, 3–0)
John Kundla
4–3
New York Knicks (3) (2, 0–2)
Joe Lapchick
[20]

1953
Minneapolis Lakers (1) (4, 4–0)
John Kundla
4–1
New York Knicks (1) (3, 0–3)
Joe Lapchick
[21]

1954
Minneapolis Lakers (1) (5, 5–0)
John Kundla
4–3
Syracuse Nationals (1) (3, 0–3)
Al Cervi
[22]

1955
Fort Wayne Pistons (1) (1, 0–1)
Charles Eckman
3–4
Syracuse Nationals (1) (3, 1–2)
Al Cervi
[23]

1956
Fort Wayne Pistons (1) (2, 0–2)
Charles Eckman
1–4
Philadelphia Warriors (1) (3, 2–1)
George Senesky
[24]

1957
St. Louis Hawks (1) (1, 0–1)
Alex Hannum
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (1, 1–0)
Red Auerbach
[25]

1958
St. Louis Hawks (1) (2, 1–1)
Alex Hannum
4–2
Boston Celtics (1) (2, 1–1)
Red Auerbach
[26]

1959
Minneapolis Lakers (2) (6, 5–1)
John Kundla
0–4
Boston Celtics (1) (3, 2–1)
Red Auerbach
[27]

1960
St. Louis Hawks (1) (3, 1–2)
Ed Macauley
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (4, 3–1)
Red Auerbach
[28]

1961
St. Louis Hawks (1) (4, 1–3)
Paul Seymour
1–4
Boston Celtics (1) (5, 4–1)
Red Auerbach
[29]

1962
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (7, 5–2)
Fred Schaus
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (6, 5–1)
Red Auerbach
[30]

1963
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (8, 5–3)
Fred Schaus
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (7, 6–1)
Red Auerbach
[31]

1964[b]
San Francisco Warriors (1) (4, 2–2)
Alex Hannum
1–4
Boston Celtics (1) (8, 7–1)
Red Auerbach
[32]

1965
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (9, 5–4)
Fred Schaus
1–4
Boston Celtics (1) (9, 8–1)
Red Auerbach
[33]

1966
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (10, 5–5)
Fred Schaus
3–4
Boston Celtics (2) (10, 9–1)
Red Auerbach
[34]

1967
San Francisco Warriors (1) (5, 2–3)
Bill Sharman
2–4
Philadelphia 76ers (1) (4, 2–2)
Alex Hannum
[35]

1968
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (11, 5–6)
Butch van Breda Kolff
2–4
Boston Celtics (2) (11, 10–1)
Bill Russell
[36]

1969
Los Angeles Lakers (1)  (12, 5–7)
Butch van Breda Kolff
3–4
Boston Celtics (4) (12, 11–1)
Bill Russell
[37]

1970
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (13, 5–8)
Joe Mullaney
3–4
New York Knicks (1) (4, 1–3)
Red Holzman
[38]

1971
Milwaukee Bucks (1) (1, 1–0)
Larry Costello
4–0
Baltimore Bullets (1) (1, 0–1)
Gene Shue
[39]

1972
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (14, 6–8)
Bill Sharman
4–1
New York Knicks (2) (5, 1–4)
Red Holzman
[40]

1973
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (15, 6–9)
Bill Sharman
1–4
New York Knicks (2) (6, 2–4)
Red Holzman
[41]

1974
Milwaukee Bucks (1) (2, 1–1)
Larry Costello
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (13, 12–1)
Tom Heinsohn
[42]

1975
Golden State Warriors (1) (6, 3–3)
Al Attles
4–0
Washington Bullets (2) (2, 0–2)
K.C. Jones
[43]

1976
Phoenix Suns (3) (1, 0–1)
John MacLeod
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (14, 13–1)
Tom Heinsohn
[44]

1977[c]
Portland Trail Blazers (3) (1, 1–0)
Jack Ramsey
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (1) (5, 2–3)
Gene Shue
[47]

1978
Seattle SuperSonics (4) (1, 0–1)
Lenny Wilkens
3–4
Washington Bullets (3) (3, 1–2)
Dick Motta
[48]

1979
Seattle SuperSonics (1) (2, 1–1)
Lenny Wilkens
4–1
Washington Bullets (1) (4, 1–3)
Dick Motta
[49]

1980
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (16, 7–9)
Paul Westhead
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (3) (6, 2–4)
Billy Cunningham
[50]

1981
Houston Rockets (6) (1, 0–1)
Del Harris
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (15, 14–1)
Bill Fitch
[51]

1982
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (17, 8–9)
Pat Riley
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (3) (7, 2–5)
Billy Cunningham
[52]

1983
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (18, 8–10)
Pat Riley
0–4
Philadelphia 76ers (1) (8, 3–5)
Billy Cunningham
[53]

1984[d]
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (19, 8–11)
Pat Riley
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (16, 15–1)
K.C. Jones
[54]

1985
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (20, 9–11)
Pat Riley
4–2
Boston Celtics (1) (17, 15–2)
K.C. Jones
[55]

1986
Houston Rockets (2) (2, 0–2)
Bill Fitch
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (18, 16–2)
K.C. Jones
[56]

1987
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (21, 10–11)
Pat Riley
4–2
Boston Celtics (1) (19, 16–3)
K.C. Jones
[57]

1988
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (22, 11–11)
Pat Riley
4–3
Detroit Pistons (2) (3, 0–3)
Chuck Daly
[58]

1989
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (23, 11–12)
Pat Riley
0–4
Detroit Pistons (1) (4, 1–3)
Chuck Daly
[59]

1990
Portland Trail Blazers (3) (2, 1–1)
Rick Adelman
1–4
Detroit Pistons (1) (5, 2–3)
Chuck Daly
[60]

1991
Los Angeles Lakers (3) (24, 11–13)
Mike Dunleavy
1–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (1, 1–0)
Phil Jackson
[61]

1992
Portland Trail Blazers (1) (3, 1–2)
Rick Adelman
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (2, 2–0)
Phil Jackson
[62]

1993
Phoenix Suns (1) (2, 0–2)
Paul Westphal
2–4
Chicago Bulls (2) (3, 3–0)
Phil Jackson
[63]

1994
Houston Rockets (2) (3, 1–2)
Rudy Tomjanovich
4–3
New York Knicks (2) (7, 2–5)
Pat Riley
[64]

1995
Houston Rockets (6) (4, 2–2)
Rudy Tomjanovich
4–0
Orlando Magic (1) (1, 0–1)
Brian Hill
[65]

1996
Seattle SuperSonics (1) (3, 1–2)
George Karl
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (4, 4–0)
Phil Jackson
[66]

1997
Utah Jazz (1) (1, 0–1)
Jerry Sloan
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (5, 5–0)
Phil Jackson
[67]

1998
Utah Jazz (1) (2, 0–2)
Jerry Sloan
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (6, 6–0)
Phil Jackson
[68]

1999[e]
San Antonio Spurs (1) (1, 1–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–1
New York Knicks (8) (8, 2–6)
Jeff Van Gundy
[70]

2000
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (25, 12–13)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Indiana Pacers (1) (1, 0–1)
Larry Bird
[71]

2001
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (26, 13–13)
Phil Jackson
4–1
Philadelphia 76ers (1) (9, 3–6)
Larry Brown
[72]

2002
Los Angeles Lakers (3) (27, 14–13)
Phil Jackson
4–0
New Jersey Nets (1) (1, 0–1)
Byron Scott
[73]

2003
San Antonio Spurs (1) (2, 2–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–2
New Jersey Nets (2) (2, 0–2)
Byron Scott
[74]

2004
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (28, 14–14)
Phil Jackson
1–4
Detroit Pistons (3) (6, 3–3)
Larry Brown
[75]

2005
San Antonio Spurs (2) (3, 3–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–3
Detroit Pistons (2) (7, 3–4)
Larry Brown
[76]

2006
Dallas Mavericks (4) (1, 0–1)
Avery Johnson
2–4
Miami Heat (2) (1, 1–0)
Pat Riley
[77]

2007
San Antonio Spurs (3) (4, 4–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–0
Cleveland Cavaliers (2) (1, 0–1)
Mike Brown
[78]

2008
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (29, 14–15)
Phil Jackson
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (20, 17–3)
Doc Rivers
[79]

2009
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (30, 15–15)
Phil Jackson
4–1
Orlando Magic (3) (2, 0–2)
Stan Van Gundy
[80]

2010
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (31, 16–15)
Phil Jackson
4–3
Boston Celtics (4) (21, 17–4)
Doc Rivers
[81]

2011
Dallas Mavericks (3) (2, 1–1)
Rick Carlisle
4–2
Miami Heat (2) (2, 1–1)
Erik Spoelstra
[82]

2012[f]
Oklahoma City Thunder (2) (4, 1–3)
Scott Brooks
1–4
Miami Heat (2) (3, 2–1)
Erik Spoelstra
[85]

2013
San Antonio Spurs (2) (5, 4–1)
Gregg Popovich
3–4
Miami Heat (1) (4, 3–1)
Erik Spoelstra
[86]

2014
San Antonio Spurs (1) (6, 5–1)
Gregg Popovich
4–1
Miami Heat (2) (5, 3–2)
Erik Spoelstra
[87]

2015
Golden State Warriors (1) (7, 4–3)
Steve Kerr
4–2
Cleveland Cavaliers (2) (2, 0–2)
David Blatt
[88]

2016
Golden State Warriors (1) (8, 4–4)
Steve Kerr
3–4
Cleveland Cavaliers (1) (3, 1–2)
Tyronn Lue
[89]

2017
Golden State Warriors (1) (9, 5–4)
Steve Kerr
4–1
Cleveland Cavaliers (2) (4, 1–3)
Tyronn Lue
[90]

2018
Golden State Warriors (2) (10, 6–4)
Steve Kerr
4–0
Cleveland Cavaliers (4) (5, 1–4)
Tyronn Lue
[91]

text: Results by teams

text:
Teams
Win
Loss
Total
Year(s) won
Year(s) lost

Boston Celtics
17
4
21
1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986, 2008
1958, 1985, 1987, 2010

Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers
16
15
31
1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010
1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1991, 2004, 2008

Philadelphia/San Francisco/Golden State Warriors
6
4
10
1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017, 2018
1948, 1964, 1967, 2016

Chicago Bulls
6
0
6
1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
—

San Antonio Spurs
5
1
6
1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014
2013

Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers
3
6
9
1955, 1967, 1983
1950, 1954, 1977, 1980, 1982, 2001

Fort Wayne/Detroit Pistons
3
4
7
1989, 1990, 2004
1955, 1956, 1988, 2005

Miami Heat
3
2
5
2006, 2012, 2013
2011, 2014

New York Knicks
2
6
8
1970, 1973
1951, 1952, 1953, 1972, 1994, 1999

Houston Rockets
2
2
4
1994, 1995
1981, 1986

Cleveland Cavaliers
1
4
5
2016
2007, 2015, 2017, 2018

St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks
1
3
4
1958
1957, 1960, 1961

Baltimore/Washington Bullets/Washington Wizards
1
3
4
1978
1971, 1975, 1979

Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder
1
3
4
1979
1978, 1996, 2012

Portland Trail Blazers
1
2
3
1977
1990, 1992

Milwaukee Bucks
1
1
2
1971
1974

Dallas Mavericks
1
1
2
2011
2006

Baltimore Bullets (original) (folded in 1954)[g]
1
0
1
1948
—

Rochester/Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City/Sacramento Kings
1
0
1
1951
—

Phoenix Suns
0
2
2
—
1976, 1993

New Orleans/Utah Jazz
0
2
2
—
1997, 1998

New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets
0
2
2
—
2002, 2003

Orlando Magic
0
2
2
—
1995, 2009

Chicago Stags (folded in 1950)
0
1
1
—
1947

Washington Capitols (folded in 1951)
0
1
1
—
1949

Indiana Pacers
0
1
1
—
2000

Buffalo Braves/San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers
—
—
—

Charlotte Hornets/Bobcats
—
—
—

Denver Nuggets
—
—
—

Minnesota Timberwolves
—
—
—

New Orleans Hornets/Pelicans
—
—
—

Toronto Raptors
—
—
—

Vancouver/Memphis Grizzlies
—
—
—

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ Due to the NBA's realignment into three divisions, the team with the best regular season record after the Divisional Finals advanced automatically to the NBA Finals while the other two teams faced off in the NBA Semifinals to determine the other finalist. Eastern Division champion Syracuse had the best regular season record among the division champions, causing Central Division (no relation to the current Central Division) champion Minneapolis to face Western Division champion Anderson Packers in the NBA Semifinals.[17]

Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Walter A. Brown.

Jump up ^ The trophy was replaced by a new design.[45][46]

Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Larry O'Brien.

Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule.[69]

Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66-game regular season schedule.[83][84]

Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present-day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997.

tag: ol


document_title: In God We Trust

question_text: where did in god we trust come from

question_tokens: where did in god we trust come from

text: In God We Trust

text: History[edit]

text: The phrase appears to have originated in "The Star-Spangled Banner", written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812. The fourth stanza includes the phrase, "And this be our motto: 'In God is our Trust.'" This version of the motto made an early appearance on the twenty dollar interest bearing notes issued in 1864 along with the motto "God and our Right".

text: The Reverend M. R. Watkinson, in a letter dated November 13, 1861, petitioned the Treasury Department to add a statement recognizing "Almighty God in some form in our coins" in order to "relieve us from the ignominy of heathenism".[7] At least part of the motivation was to declare that God was on the Union side of the Civil War.[8] Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase acted on this proposal and directed the then-Philadelphia Director of the Mint, James Pollock, to begin drawing up possible designs that would include the religious phrase. Chase chose his favorite designs and presented a proposal to Congress for the new designs in late 1863.[9]

text: As Chase was preparing his recommendation to Congress, it was found that the Act of Congress dated January 18, 1837 prescribed the mottoes and devices that should be placed upon the coins of the United States. This meant that the mint could make no changes without the enactment of additional legislation by the Congress. Such legislation was introduced and passed on April 22, 1864, allowing the Secretary of the Treasury to authorize the inclusion of the phrase on one-cent and two-cent coins.[8]

text: An Act of Congress passed on March 3, 1865, allowed the Mint Director, with the Secretary's approval, to place the motto on all gold and silver coins that "shall admit the inscription thereon".[8][10] In 1873, Congress passed the Coinage Act, granting that the Secretary of the Treasury "may cause the motto IN GOD WE TRUST to be inscribed on such coins as shall admit of such motto".

text: The use of "In God We Trust" has been interrupted. The motto disappeared from the five-cent coin in 1883, and did not reappear until production of the Jefferson nickel began in 1938.[8] However, at least two other coins minted in every year in the interim still bore the motto,[citation needed] including the Morgan dollar and the Seated Liberty half dollar. In 1908, Congress made it mandatory that the phrase be printed on all coins upon which it had previously appeared. This decision was motivated after a public outcry following the release of a $20 coin which did not bear the motto.[11] The motto has been in continuous use on the one-cent coin since 1909, and on the ten-cent coin since 1916. It also has appeared on all gold coins and silver dollar coins, half-dollar coins, and quarter-dollar coins struck since July 1, 1908.[8] Since 1938, all US coins have borne the motto.

text: During the Cold War era, the government of the United States sought to distinguish itself from the Soviet Union, which promoted state atheism and thus implemented antireligious legislation.[12] The 84th Congress passed a joint resolution "declaring IN GOD WE TRUST the national motto of the United States". The law was signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956.[13] The United States Code at 36 U.S.C. § 302, now states: "'In God we trust' is the national motto."

text: The same day, the President signed into law[14] a requirement that "In God We Trust" be printed on all U.S. currency and coins. On paper currency, it first appeared on the silver certificate in 1957, followed by other certificates. Federal Reserve Notes and United States Notes were circulated with the motto starting from 1964 to 1966, depending on the denomination.[8][15] (Of these, only Federal Reserve Notes are still circulated.)

text: Representative Charles Edward Bennett of Florida cited the Cold War when he introduced the bill in the House, saying "In these days when imperialistic and materialistic communism seeks to attack and destroy freedom, we should continually look for ways to strengthen the foundations of our freedom". [16]

text: In 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, the Senate reaffirmed "In God We Trust" as the official national motto of the United States of America.[17] In 2011 the House of Representatives passed an additional resolution reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States, in a 396–9 vote.[18][19] According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today, CNN, and Gallup, 90% of Americans support the inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins.[20]

text: The phrase has been incorporated in many hymns and religio-patriotic songs. During the American Civil War, the 125th Pennsylvania Infantry for the Union Army assumed the motto "In God we trust" in early August 1862.[21][22][23]

text: In Judaism and Christianity, the official motto "In God We Trust" resounds with several verses from the Bible, including Psalm 118:8, Psalm 40:3, Psalm 73:28, and Proverbs 29:25.[24] In Islam the word for the concept of reliance on God is called Tawakkul; the phrase "In God We Trust" is found in two places of the Koran, in Surah 10 Yunus, as well as Surah 7 Al-A'raf, although several other verses reinforce this concept.[25] Melkote Ramaswamy, a Hindu American scholar, writes that the presence of the phrase "In God We Trust" on American currency is a reminder that "there is God everywhere, whether we are conscious or not."[26]

text: After the September 11 attacks in 2001, many public schools across the United States posted "In God We Trust" framed posters in their "libraries, cafeterias and classrooms". The American Family Association supplied several 11-by-14-inch posters to school systems and vowed to defend any legal challenges to the displaying of the posters.[27]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Pop culture[edit]

text:
An e-mail conspiracy theory is that "In God We Trust" was intentionally omitted from new U.S. dollar coins in 2007.[28] The first coins produced under the Presidential $1 Coin Program did indeed lack the "In God We Trust" inscription along their edges (along with the "E Pluribus Unum" inscription, the year of production, and the mint mark; these coins, unlike normal dollar coins, had completely blank edges), but these coins, known as "godless dollars", were the result of a minting error, not a deliberate omission.[29][30]
Marty Feldman's satirical comedy In God We Tru$t (1980).
The film They Live plays on the idea. Special sunglasses allow the wearers to see simple hidden messages instead of the signs they see without them. Advertising is seen as "OBEY", "CONSUME" and "MARRY AND REPRODUCE". Dollar bills are all marked "THIS IS YOUR GOD".[31]

text: License plates[edit]

text: As of April 1, 2016 the following U.S. states currently offer an "In God We Trust" license plate as a speciality plate for an additional normal vehicle registration processing which vary from state to state: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

text: Florida (Which also offers a speciality plate) and Georgia which both display the county of issuance on their License Plate offer the option of "In God We Trust" in place of the County Name.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Advocates of separation of church and state have questioned the legality of this motto, asserting that it is a violation of the United States Constitution, prohibiting the government from passing any law respecting the establishment of religion.[32] Religious accommodationists state that this entrenched practice has not historically presented any constitutional difficulty, is not coercive, and does not prefer one religious denomination over another.[32]

text: "In God We Trust" as a national motto and on U.S. currency has been the subject of numerous unsuccessful lawsuits.[33] The motto was first challenged in Aronow v. United States in 1970, but the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled: "It is quite obvious that the national motto and the slogan on coinage and currency 'In God We Trust' has nothing whatsoever to do with the establishment of religion. Its use is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise."[34] The decision was cited in Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, a 2004 case on the Pledge of Allegiance. These acts of "ceremonial deism" are "protected from Establishment Clause scrutiny chiefly because they have lost through rote repetition any significant religious content".[35] In Zorach v. Clauson (1952), the Supreme Court also held that the nation's "institutions presuppose a Supreme Being" and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution's authors intended to prohibit.[36]

text: Aside from constitutional objections, President Theodore Roosevelt took issue with using the motto on coinage as he considered using God's name on money to be sacrilege.[37]


document_title: List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions

question_text: who won last year's grand prix championship

question_tokens: who won last year 's grand prix championship

text: By season[edit]

text:
Season
Driver
Age
Car
No.
Team
Engine
Tyres
Poles
Wins
Podiums
Fastest Laps
Points
Clinched
Race
Point Margin

1950
 Giuseppe Farina[1]
44

 Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
P
2
3
3
3
30
Race 7 of 7
Italian Grand Prix
3

1951
 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]
40

 Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
P
4
3
5
5
31
Race 8 of 8
Spanish Grand Prix
6

19521
 Alberto Ascari[3]
34

 Ferrari
Ferrari
F P
5
6
6
6
36
Race 6 of 8
German Grand Prix
12

19531
 Alberto Ascari[3]
35

 Ferrari
Ferrari
P
6
5
5
4
34.5
Race 8 of 9
Swiss Grand Prix
6.5

1954
 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]
43

 Maserati2
Maserati
P
5
6
7
3
42
Race 7 of 9
Swiss Grand Prix
16.86

 Mercedes2
Mercedes
C

1955
 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]
44

 Mercedes
Mercedes
C
3
4
5
3
40
Race 6 of 7
British Grand Prix
16.5

1956
 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]
45

 Ferrari
Ferrari
E
6
3
5
4
30
Race 8 of 8
Italian Grand Prix
3

1957
 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]
46

 Maserati
Maserati
P
4
4
6
2
40
Race 6 of 8
German Grand Prix
15

1958
 Mike Hawthorn[4]
29

 Ferrari
Ferrari
E
4
1
7
5
42
Race 11 of 11
Moroccan Grand Prix
1

1959
 Jack Brabham[5]
33

 Cooper
Climax
D
1
2
5
1
31
Race 9 of 9
United States Grand Prix
4

1960
 Jack Brabham[5]
34

 Cooper
Climax
D
3
5
5
3
43
Race 8 of 10
Italian Grand Prix
9

1961
 Phil Hill[6]
34

 Ferrari
Ferrari
D
5
2
6
2
34
Race 7 of 8
Italian Grand Prix
1

1962
 Graham Hill[7]
33

 BRM
BRM
D
1
4
6
3
42
Race 9 of 9
South African Grand Prix
12

1963
 Jim Clark[8]
27

 Lotus
Climax
D
7
7
9
6
54
Race 7 of 10
Italian Grand Prix
21

1964
 John Surtees[9]
30

 Ferrari
Ferrari
D
2
2
6
2
40
Race 10 of 10
Mexican Grand Prix
1

1965
 Jim Clark[8]
29

 Lotus
Climax
D
6
6
6
6
54
Race 7 of 10
German Grand Prix
14

1966
 Jack Brabham[5]
40

 Brabham
Repco
G
3
4
5
1
42
Race 7 of 9
Italian Grand Prix
14

1967
 Denny Hulme[10]
31

 Brabham
Repco
G
0
2
8
2
51
Race 11 of 11
Mexican Grand Prix
5

1968
 Graham Hill[7]
39

 Lotus
Ford
F
2
3
6
0
48
Race 12 of 12
Mexican Grand Prix
12

1969
 Jackie Stewart[11]
30

 Matra
Ford
D
2
6
7
5
63
Race 8 of 11
Italian Grand Prix
26

1970
 Jochen Rindt[12]
28

 Lotus
Ford
F
3
5
5
1
45
Race 12 of 133
United States Grand Prix
5

1971
 Jackie Stewart[11]
32

 Tyrrell
Ford
G
6
6
7
3
62
Race 8 of 11
Austrian Grand Prix
29

1972
 Emerson Fittipaldi[13]
25

 Lotus
Ford
F
3
5
8
0
61
Race 10 of 12
Italian Grand Prix
16

1973
 Jackie Stewart[11]
34

 Tyrrell
Ford
G
3
5
8
1
71
Race 13 of 15
Italian Grand Prix
16

1974
 Emerson Fittipaldi[13]
27
5
 McLaren
Ford
G
2
3
7
0
55
Race 15 of 15
United States Grand Prix
3

1975
 Niki Lauda[14]
26
12
 Ferrari
Ferrari
G
9
5
8
2
64.5
Race 13 of 14
Italian Grand Prix
19.5

1976
 James Hunt[15]
29
11
 McLaren
Ford
G
8
6
8
2
69
Race 16 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
1

1977
 Niki Lauda[14]
28
11
 Ferrari
Ferrari
G
2
3
10
3
72
Race 15 of 17
United States Grand Prix East
17

1978
 Mario Andretti[16]
38
5
 Lotus
Ford
G
8
6
7
3
64
Race 14 of 16
Italian Grand Prix
13

1979
 Jody Scheckter[17]
29
11
 Ferrari
Ferrari
M
1
3
6
0
51
Race 13 of 15
Italian Grand Prix
4

1980
 Alan Jones[18]
34
27
 Williams
Ford
G
3
5
10
5
67
Race 13 of 14
Canadian Grand Prix
13

1981
 Nelson Piquet[19]
29
5
 Brabham
Ford
M G
4
3
7
1
50
Race 15 of 15
Caesars Palace Grand Prix
1

1982
 Keke Rosberg[20]
34
6
 Williams
Ford
G
1
1
6
0
44
Race 16 of 16
Caesars Palace Grand Prix
5

1983
 Nelson Piquet[19]
31
5
 Brabham
BMW
M
1
3
8
4
59
Race 15 of 15
South African Grand Prix
2

1984
 Niki Lauda[14]
35
8
 McLaren
TAG
M
0
5
9
5
72
Race 16 of 16
Portuguese Grand Prix
0.5

1985
 Alain Prost[21]
30
2
 McLaren
TAG
G
2
5
11
5
73
Race 14 of 16
European Grand Prix
20

1986
 Alain Prost[21]
31
1
 McLaren
TAG
G
1
4
11
2
72
Race 16 of 16
Australian Grand Prix
2

1987
 Nelson Piquet[19]
35
6
 Williams
Honda
G
4
3
11
4
73
Race 15 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
12

1988
 Ayrton Senna[22]
28
12
 McLaren
Honda
G
13
8
11
3
90
Race 15 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
3

1989
 Alain Prost[21]
34
2
 McLaren
Honda
G
2
4
11
5
76
Race 15 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
16

1990
 Ayrton Senna[22]
30
27
 McLaren
Honda
G
10
6
11
2
78
Race 15 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
7

1991
 Ayrton Senna[22]
31
1
 McLaren
Honda
G
8
7
12
2
96
Race 15 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
24

1992
 Nigel Mansell[23]
39
5
 Williams
Renault
G
14
9
12
8
108
Race 11 of 16
Hungarian Grand Prix
52

1993
 Alain Prost[21]
38
2
 Williams
Renault
G
13
7
12
6
99
Race 14 of 16
Portuguese Grand Prix
26

1994
 Michael Schumacher[24]
25
5
 Benetton
Ford
G
6
8
10
8
92
Race 16 of 16
Australian Grand Prix
1

1995
 Michael Schumacher[24]
26
1
 Benetton
Renault
G
4
9
11
8
102
Race 15 of 17
Pacific Grand Prix
33

1996
 Damon Hill[25]
36
5
 Williams
Renault
G
9
8
10
5
97
Race 16 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
19

1997
 Jacques Villeneuve[26]
26
3
 Williams
Renault
G
10
7
8
3
81
Race 17 of 17
European Grand Prix
39 (3)4

1998
 Mika Häkkinen[27]
30
8
 McLaren
Mercedes
B
9
8
11
6
100
Race 16 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
14

1999
 Mika Häkkinen[27]
31
1
 McLaren
Mercedes
B
11
5
10
6
76
Race 16 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
2

2000
 Michael Schumacher[24]
31
3
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
9
9
12
2
108
Race 16 of 17
Japanese Grand Prix
19

2001
 Michael Schumacher[24]
32
1
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
11
9
14
3
123
Race 13 of 17
Hungarian Grand Prix
58

2002
 Michael Schumacher[24]
33
1
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
7
11
17
7
144
Race 11 of 17
French Grand Prix
67

2003
 Michael Schumacher[24]
34
1
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
5
6
8
5
93
Race 16 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
2

2004
 Michael Schumacher[24]
35
1
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
8
13
15
10
148
Race 14 of 18
Belgian Grand Prix
34

2005
 Fernando Alonso[28]
24
5
 Renault
Renault
M
6
7
15
2
133
Race 17 of 19
Brazilian Grand Prix
21

2006
 Fernando Alonso[28]
25
1
 Renault
Renault
M
6
7
14
5
134
Race 18 of 18
Brazilian Grand Prix
13

2007
 Kimi Räikkönen[29]
28
6
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
3
6
12
6
110
Race 17 of 17
Brazilian Grand Prix
1

2008
 Lewis Hamilton[30]
23
22
 McLaren
Mercedes
B
7
5
10
1
98
Race 18 of 18
Brazilian Grand Prix
1

2009
 Jenson Button[31]
29
22
 Brawn
Mercedes
B
4
6
9
2
95
Race 16 of 17
Brazilian Grand Prix
11

2010
 Sebastian Vettel[32]
23
5
 Red Bull
Renault
B
10
5
10
3
256
Race 19 of 19
Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
4

2011
 Sebastian Vettel[32]
24
1
 Red Bull
Renault
P
15
11
17
3
392
Race 15 of 19
Japanese Grand Prix
122

2012
 Sebastian Vettel[32]
25
1
 Red Bull
Renault
P
6
5
10
6
281
Race 20 of 20
Brazilian Grand Prix
3

2013
 Sebastian Vettel[32]
26
1
 Red Bull
Renault
P
9
13
16
7
397
Race 16 of 19
Indian Grand Prix
155

2014
 Lewis Hamilton[30]
29
44
 Mercedes
Mercedes
P
7
11
16
7
384
Race 19 of 19
Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
67

2015
 Lewis Hamilton[30]
30
44
 Mercedes
Mercedes
P
11
10
17
8
381
Race 16 of 19
United States Grand Prix
59

2016
 Nico Rosberg[33]
31
6
 Mercedes
Mercedes
P
8
9
16
6
385
Race 21 of 21
Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
5

2017
 Lewis Hamilton
32
44
 Mercedes
Mercedes
P
11*
9*
12*
7*
333*
Race 18 of 20
Mexican Grand Prix
56*

text: Notes[edit]

text: * Season still in progress.

text: Bold indicates the team also won the Constructors' Championship (awarded since 1958).

text:
^ The 1952 and 1953 championships were run to Formula Two regulations.
^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes.
^ Rindt's championship was confirmed two rounds after he had been killed in an accident during qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix.
^ Michael Schumacher scored 78 points during the 1997 season, 3 points behind Villeneuve, but was disqualified from the championship for deliberately colliding with Villeneuve in the final race of the season, the European Grand Prix. This left Villeneuve with a 39-point margin over Heinz-Harald Frentzen with 42 points.

text: By driver[edit]

text:
Driver
Total
Season(s)
Championship Winner

 Michael Schumacher
7
1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
24th

 Juan Manuel Fangio
5
1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957
2nd

 Alain Prost
4
1985, 1986, 1989, 1993
21st

 Sebastian Vettel
4
2010, 2011, 2012, 2013
32nd

 Lewis Hamilton
4
2008, 2014, 2015, 2017
30th

 Jack Brabham
3
1959, 1960, 1966
5th

 Jackie Stewart
3
1969, 1971, 1973
11th

 Niki Lauda
3
1975, 1977, 1984
14th

 Nelson Piquet
3
1981, 1983, 1987
19th

 Ayrton Senna
3
1988, 1990, 1991
22nd

 Alberto Ascari
2
1952, 1953
3rd

 Graham Hill
2
1962, 1968
7th

 Jim Clark
2
1963, 1965
8th

 Emerson Fittipaldi
2
1972, 1974
13th

 Mika Häkkinen
2
1998, 1999
27th

 Fernando Alonso
2
2005, 2006
28th

 Giuseppe Farina
1
1950
1st

 Mike Hawthorn
1
1958
4th

 Phil Hill
1
1961
6th

 John Surtees
1
1964
9th

 Denny Hulme
1
1967
10th

 Jochen Rindt
1
1970
12th

 James Hunt
1
1976
15th

 Mario Andretti
1
1978
16th

 Jody Scheckter
1
1979
17th

 Alan Jones
1
1980
18th

 Keke Rosberg
1
1982
20th

 Nigel Mansell
1
1992
23rd

 Damon Hill
1
1996
25th

 Jacques Villeneuve
1
1997
26th

 Kimi Räikkönen
1
2007
29th

 Jenson Button
1
2009
31st

 Nico Rosberg
1
2016
33rd

text: Drivers in bold have competed in the 2017 World Championship.

text: By nationality[edit]

text:
Country
Total
Drivers
Seasons
Drivers by Name (titles)

 United Kingdom
17
10
1958, 1962–1965, 1968–1969, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1992, 1996, 2008–2009, 2014–2015, 2017
Mike Hawthorn (1)

Graham Hill (2)

Jim Clark (2)

John Surtees (1)

Jackie Stewart (3)

James Hunt (1)

Nigel Mansell (1)

Damon Hill (1)

Lewis Hamilton (4)

Jenson Button (1)

 Germany
12
3
1994–1995, 2000–2004, 2010–2013, 2016
Michael Schumacher (7)

Sebastian Vettel (4)

Nico Rosberg (1)

 Brazil
8
3
1972, 1974, 1981, 1983, 1987–1988, 1990–1991
Emerson Fittipaldi (2)

Nelson Piquet (3)

Ayrton Senna (3)

 Argentina
5
1
1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957
Juan Manuel Fangio (5)

 Finland
4
3
1982, 1998–1999, 2007
Keke Rosberg (1)

Mika Häkkinen (2)

Kimi Räikkönen (1)

 Australia
4
2
1959–1960, 1966, 1980
Jack Brabham (3)

Alan Jones (1)

 Austria
4
2
1970, 1975, 1977, 1984
Jochen Rindt (1)

Niki Lauda (3)

 France
4
1
1985–1986, 1989, 1993
Alain Prost (4)

 Italy
3
2
1950, 1952–1953
Giuseppe Farina (1)

Alberto Ascari (2)

 United States
2
2
1961, 1978
Phil Hill (1)

Mario Andretti (1)

 Spain
2
1
2005–2006
Fernando Alonso (2)

 New Zealand
1
1
1967
Denny Hulme (1)

 South Africa
1
1
1979
Jody Scheckter (1)

 Canada
1
1
1997
Jacques Villeneuve (1)

text: By driver in home car[edit]

text:
Season
Country
Driver
Constructor
Note

1950
 Italy
Giuseppe Farina
Alfa Romeo
Also engine (Alfa Romeo) and tyres (Pirelli)

1952
 Italy
Alberto Ascari
Ferrari
Also engine (Ferrari) and tyres (Pirelli)

1953
 Italy
Alberto Ascari
Ferrari
Also engine (Ferrari) and tyres (Pirelli)

1962
 United Kingdom
Graham Hill
BRM
Also engine (BRM) and tyres (Dunlop)

1963
 United Kingdom
Jim Clark
Lotus
Also engine (Climax) and tyres (Dunlop)

1965
 United Kingdom
Jim Clark
Lotus
Also engine (Climax) and tyres (Dunlop)

1968
 United Kingdom
Graham Hill
Lotus
Also engine (Ford made by Cosworth)

1971
 United Kingdom
Jackie Stewart
Tyrrell
Also engine (Ford made by Cosworth)

1973
 United Kingdom
Jackie Stewart
Tyrrell
Also engine (Ford made by Cosworth)

1976
 United Kingdom
James Hunt
McLaren
Also engine (Ford made by Cosworth)

1992
 United Kingdom
Nigel Mansell
Williams

1996
 United Kingdom
Damon Hill
Williams

2008
 United Kingdom
Lewis Hamilton
McLaren

2009
 United Kingdom
Jenson Button
Brawn

2016
 Germany
Nico Rosberg
Mercedes
Also engine (Mercedes)

text: Note[edit]

text: In 1966 Australian Jack Brabham won the world championship driving his own car powered by the Australian engine Repco, but the car was built by his team registered in Britain.[34][35]

text: By constructor[edit]

text:
Constructor
Country
Total

Ferrari
 Italy
15

McLaren
 United Kingdom
12

Williams
 United Kingdom
7

Lotus
 United Kingdom
6

Mercedes1
 Germany
6

Red Bull
 Austria
4

Brabham
 United Kingdom
4

Renault
 France
2

Cooper
 United Kingdom
2

Benetton
 United Kingdom
2

Tyrrell
 United Kingdom
2

Alfa Romeo
 Italy
2

Maserati1
 Italy
2

BRM
 United Kingdom
1

Matra
 France
1

Brawn
 United Kingdom
1

text: Constructors in bold have competed in the 2017 World Championship.

text: ^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes. This shared championship is counted for each of these constructors.

text: By constructor nationality[edit]

text:
Nationality
Total

 United Kingdom
37

 Italy
19

 Germany
6

 Austria
4

 France
3

text: By engine[edit]

text:
Engine
Country
Total

Ferrari
 Italy
15

Ford *
 United States
13

Renault
 France
11

Mercedes **
 West Germany/Germany
10

Honda
 Japan
5

Climax
 United Kingdom
4

TAG ***
 Luxembourg
3

Alfa Romeo
 Italy
2

Maserati
 Italy
2

Repco
 Australia
2

BMW
 West Germany
1

BRM
 United Kingdom
1

text:
Engine manufacturers in bold have competed in the 2017 World Championship.
^ * Built by  Cosworth

text: ^ ** In 1998 and 1999 built by  Ilmor

text: ^ *** Built by  Porsche

text: By tyre manufacturer[edit]

text:
Pos
Manufacturer
Country
Total
Seasons

1
G
Goodyear
 United States
24 (7)1
1966–1967, 1971, 1973–1978, 1980, 1982, 1985–1997

2
P
Pirelli
 Italy
13 (7)2
1950–19544 5, 1957, 2011–2017

3
B
Bridgestone
 Japan
11 (6)3
1998–2004, 2007–2010

4
D
Dunlop
 United Kingdom
8
1959–1965, 1969

5
M
Michelin
 France
6
1979, 1981, 1983–1984, 2005–2006

6
F
Firestone
 United States
4
19525, 1968, 1970, 1972

7
C
Continental
 West Germany
2
19544–1955

E
Englebert
 Belgium
2
1956, 1958

text: Tyre manufacturers in bold have competed in the 2017 World Championship. Numbers in parentheses indicate championships won as the sole tyre supplier.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Goodyear was the sole tyre supplier for the 1987, 1988 & 1992–1996 seasons
^ Pirelli was the sole tyre supplier for the 2011–2017 seasons
^ Bridgestone was the sole tyre supplier for the 1999, 2000 & 2007–2010 seasons
^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix on Pirelli with Maserati, then completed the season on Continental with Mercedes
^ Ascari competed in the 1952 Indianapolis 500 on Firestone tyres, then completed the season on Pirelli

text: Records[edit]

text: Youngest Drivers' Champion[edit]

text:
Driver*
Age**
Season

1
 Sebastian Vettel
23 years, 134 days
2010

2
 Lewis Hamilton
23 years, 300 days
2008

3
 Fernando Alonso
24 years, 58 days
2005

4
 Emerson Fittipaldi
25 years, 273 days
1972

5
 Michael Schumacher
25 years, 314 days
1994

6
 Niki Lauda
26 years, 197 days
1975

7
 Jacques Villeneuve
26 years, 200 days
1997

8
 Jim Clark
27 years, 188 days
1963

9
 Kimi Räikkönen
28 years, 4 days
2007

10
 Jochen Rindt
28 years, 140 days
1970 (posthumously)

text:
* Bold text indicates driver was still active in the 2017 World Championship
** Measured at the race where the driver secured the championship (except for Rindt, measured at the day of his death)

text: Oldest Drivers' Champion[edit]

text:
Driver
Age
Season

1
 Juan Manuel Fangio
46 years, 41 days
1957

2
 Giuseppe Farina
43 years, 308 days
1950

3
 Jack Brabham
40 years, 155 days
1966

4
 Graham Hill
39 years, 262 days
1968

5
 Nigel Mansell
39 years, 8 days
1992

6
 Alain Prost
38 years, 214 days
1993

7
 Mario Andretti
38 years, 193 days
1978

8
 Damon Hill
36 years, 26 days
1996

9
 Niki Lauda
35 years, 242 days
1984

10
 Michael Schumacher
35 years, 239 days
2004

text: Consecutive Drivers' Championships[edit]

text: Ten drivers have achieved consecutive wins in the Formula One Drivers' Championship. Of those, Michael Schumacher is the only driver to have won two sets of consecutive Formula One Drivers' Championships.

text:
Championships
Driver
Seasons

5
 Michael Schumacher
2000–2004

4
 Juan Manuel Fangio
1954–1957

 Sebastian Vettel
2010–2013

2
 Alberto Ascari
1952–1953

 Jack Brabham
1959–1960

 Alain Prost
1985–1986

 Ayrton Senna
1990–1991

 Michael Schumacher
1994–1995

 Mika Häkkinen
1998–1999

 Fernando Alonso
2005–2006

 Lewis Hamilton
2014–2015

text: Bold text indicates driver has competed in the 2017 World Championship.


document_title: In My Feelings (song)

question_text: who's the girl singing in in my feelings

question_tokens: who 's the girl singing in in my feelings

text: In My Feelings (song)

text: Composition and samples[edit]

text: "In My Feelings" is a bounce track, similar to Drake's previous single "Nice for What".[4] Upon its release, several outlets reported that the song was about Keshia Chanté,[5] Drake's first girlfriend and childhood friend.[6][7][8][9] Drake also makes references to Jennifer Lopez ("Jenny"), who he briefly dated in 2016, and Quality Control duo City Girls, made up of members Yung Miami ("Resha") and JT.[10] The City Girls also provide uncredited vocals.[3]

text: The track samples "Smoking Gun (Acapella Version)" by Magnolia Shorty for the breakdown.[4] "Lollipop" by Lil Wayne is also sampled and the track ends with audio from the episode "Champagne Papi" from the television series Atlanta.[11] The song was later slightly altered and re-uploaded to streaming sites with additional sampled vocals from Lil Wayne.[3]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: The song inspired an Internet meme dance challenge known as the "Kiki Challenge", "In My Feelings Challenge" or "Shiggy Challenge", the latter being a reference to the comedian Shiggy, who posted a video on his Instagram account of him dancing to the song; this video was credited for inspiring the challenge.[12] The dance challenge is to walk outside of moving vehicles (ghost riding) and dance in oncoming traffic.[13][14][15] Originating in the US, the challenge later spread to other parts of the world where in some countries it caused controversy and public concern.[16]

text: The Fader deemed the bounce track as the highlight of the double album, with writer Ben Dandrige-Lemco saying, "it takes a whole 20 songs to get to the best part of the album, 'In My Feelings'".[4] The Hollywood Reporter's Jonny Coleman felt that the song, along with "Nice for What", "might be two of the most enduring tracks [in the album]".[17] Andy Hutchins of Time called the song "a disastrous misunderstanding of New Orleans bounce."[18]

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: In the Billboard magazine issue dated July 14, 2018, "In My Feelings" debuted at number six on the Billboard Hot 100, one of seven top 10 entries by Drake that week. The following week, partly due to the rising popularity of the dance challenge,[19] the song ascended to the top spot of the chart, becoming Drake's sixth number-one single on the chart.[20] On the issue dated 28 July 2018, "In My Feelings" broke the streaming record for the most streams in a single week at 116.2 million streams, and retained the top spot on the chart.[21] It also reached number one on the Canadian Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart.

text: In the UK, it did not enter the charts on the first week due to chart rules, but the next week, due to the popularity of the dance challenge, it entered at number four. A week later, it rose to number one. "In My Feelings" spent four weeks at the top of the chart, before being replaced by "Shotgun".

text: Music video[edit]

text:
The song's music video was shot on July 23, 2018 in New Orleans and was directed by Karena Evans, whom Drake worked with on the videos for "God's Plan", "Nice for What", and "I'm Upset" earlier in the year.[22]
The song's music video was released on August 2, 2018, on Drake's YouTube channel.[23] "KeKe" is played by La La Anthony while her mother is played by Phylicia Rashad. The video takes place in New Orleans and shows people dancing to the song, including Yung Miami of the City Girls and bounce music legend Big Freedia. Comedian Shiggy, who has been credited with inventing the viral "In My Feelings Challenge", makes a cameo as a production assistant as well as a dancer in the video. At the end of the music video, a small montage of celebrities and internet influencers participating in the "In My Feelings Challenge" is displayed. A few of these people include Will Smith, DJ Khaled, Ciara, Steve Aoki, Odell Beckham Jr., Dua Lipa, Millie Bobby Brown, Liza Koshy, Noah Schnapp, Ryan Seacrest, Shay Mitchell, and J-Hope (BTS). As of August 2018 the music video on Youtube got over 90 million views.

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Credits adapted from the album's liner notes and Tidal.[24][25]

text:
Noah "40" Shebib – production, recording
Noel "Gadget" Campbell – mixing
Harley Arsenault – mixing assistance, recording assistance
Greg Moffet – mixing assistance, recording assistance
Ronald Moonoo – mixing assistance
Blaqnmild – production
TrapMoneyBenny – production

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2018)

Peak position

Argentina Anglo (Monitor Latino)[26]

14

Australia (ARIA)[27]

1

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[28]

3

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[29]

6

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[30]

20

Brazil (Brasil Hot 100 Airplay)[31]

75

Brazil Streaming (Pro-Música)[32]

33

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[33]

1

Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[34]

12

Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[35]

50

Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[36]

5

Denmark (Tracklisten)[37]

1

Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[38]

3

France (SNEP)[39]

3

Germany (Official German Charts)[40]

4

Greece International Digital (IFPI)[41]

1

Hungary (Single Top 40)[42]

2

Hungary (Stream Top 40)[43]

2

Ireland (IRMA)[44]

2

Italy (FIMI)[45]

5

Japan (Japan Hot 100)[46]

89

Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[47]

1

Malaysia (RIM)[48]

1

Mexico (AMPROFON)[49]

2

Mexico Airplay (Billboard)[50]

25

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[51]

1

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[52]

2

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[53]

1

Norway (VG-lista)[54]

3

Portugal (AFP)[55]

1

Romania (Airplay 100)[56]

53

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[57]

2

Singapore (RIAS)[58]

1

Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[59]

1

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[60]

8

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[61]

1

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[62]

2

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[63]

1

UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[64]

1

US Billboard Hot 100[65]

1

US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[66]

24

US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[67]

1

US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[68]

6

US Rhythmic (Billboard)[69]

1

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region

Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[70]

Platinum

70,000^

Italy (FIMI)[71]

Gold

25,000

New Zealand (RMNZ)[72]

Gold

15,000*

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[73]

Gold

20,000^

United Kingdom (BPI)[74]

Gold

400,000

*sales figures based on certification alone^shipments figures based on certification alonesales+streaming figures based on certification alone

text: Release history[edit]

text:
Region

Date

Format

Label(s)

Ref.

United States

July 10, 2018

Rhythmic contemporary

Young MoneyCash MoneyRepublic

[1]

Contemporary hit radio

[2]

United Kingdom

July 27, 2018

[75]

Italy

August 24, 2018

Universal

[76]


document_title: Adrenal gland

question_text: what are the functions of the adrenal gland

text: Adrenal gland

text: Structure[edit]

text: The adrenal glands are located on both sides of the body in the retroperitoneum, above and slightly medial to the kidneys. In humans, the right adrenal gland is pyramidal in shape, whereas the left is semilunar or crescent shaped and somewhat larger.[8] The adrenal glands measure approximately 3.0 cm in width, 5.0 cm in length, and up to 1.0 cm in thickness.[9] Their combined weight in an adult human ranges from 7 to 10 grams.[10] The glands are yellowish in colour.[8]

text: The adrenal glands are surrounded by a fatty capsule and lie within the renal fascia, which also surrounds the kidneys. A weak septum (wall) of connective tissue separates the glands from the kidneys.[11] The adrenal glands are directly below the diaphragm, and are attached to the crura of the diaphragm by the renal fascia.[11]

text: Each adrenal gland has two distinct parts, each with a unique function, the outer adrenal cortex and the inner medulla, both of which produce hormones.[12]

text: Cortex[edit]

text: The adrenal cortex is the outermost layer of the adrenal gland. Within the cortex are three layers, called "zones". When viewed under a microscope each layer has a distinct appearance, and each has a different function.[13] The adrenal cortex is devoted to production of hormones, namely aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens.[14]

text: Zona glomerulosa[edit]

text: The outermost zone of the adrenal cortex is the zona glomerulosa. It lies immediately under the fibrous capsule of the gland. Cells in this layer form oval groups, separated by thin strands of connective tissue from the fibrous capsule of the gland and carry wide capillaries.[15]

text: This layer is the main site for production of aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, by the action of the enzyme aldosterone synthase.[16][17] Aldosterone plays an important role in the long-term regulation of blood pressure.[18]

text: Zona fasciculata[edit]

text: The zona fasciculata is situated between the zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis. Cells in this layer are responsible for producing glucocorticoids such as cortisol.[19] It is the largest of the three layers, accounting for nearly 80% of the volume of the cortex.[3] In the zona fasciculata, cells are arranged in columns radially oriented towards the medulla. Cells contain numerous lipid droplets, abundant mitochondria and a complex smooth endoplasmic reticulum.[15]

text: Zona reticularis[edit]

text: The innermost cortical layer, the zona reticularis, lies directly adjacent to the medulla. It produces androgens, mainly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione (the precursor to testosterone) in humans.[19] Its small cells form irregular cords and clusters, separated by capillaries and connective tissue. The cells contain relatively small quantities of cytoplasm and lipid droplets, and sometimes display brown lipofuscin pigment.[15]

text: Medulla[edit]

text: The adrenal medulla is at the centre of each adrenal gland, and is surrounded by the adrenal cortex. The chromaffin cells of the medulla are the body's main source of the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline, released by the medulla. Approximately 20% noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and 80% adrenaline (epinephrine) are secreted here.[19]

text: The adrenal medulla is driven by the sympathetic nervous system via preganglionic fibers originating in the thoracic spinal cord, from vertebrae T5–T11.[20] Because it is innervated by preganglionic nerve fibers, the adrenal medulla can be considered as a specialized sympathetic ganglion.[20] Unlike other sympathetic ganglia, however, the adrenal medulla lacks distinct synapses and releases its secretions directly into the blood.

text: Blood supply[edit]

text: The adrenal glands have one of the greatest blood supply rates per gram of tissue of any organ: up to 60 small arteries may enter each gland.[21] Three arteries usually supply each adrenal gland:[8]

text:
The superior suprarenal artery, a branch of the inferior phrenic artery
The middle suprarenal artery, a direct branch of the abdominal aorta
The inferior suprarenal artery, a branch of the renal artery

text: These blood vessels supply a network of small arteries within the capsule of the adrenal glands. Thin strands of the capsule enter the glands, carrying blood to them.[8]

text: Venous blood is drained from the glands by the suprarenal veins, usually one for each gland:[8]

text:
The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava
The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein or the left inferior phrenic vein.

text: The central adrenomedullary vein, in the adrenal medulla, is an unusual type of blood vessel. Its structure is different from the other veins in that the smooth muscle in its tunica media (the middle layer of the vessel) is arranged in conspicuous, longitudinally oriented bundles.[3]

text: Variability[edit]

text: The adrenal glands may not develop at all, or may be fused in the midline behind the aorta.[12] These are associated with other congenital abnormalities, such as failure of the kidneys to develop, or fused kidneys.[12] The gland may develop with a partial or complete absence of the cortex, or may develop in an unusual location.[12]

text: Function[edit]

text: The adrenal gland secretes a number of different hormones which are metabolised by enzymes either within the gland or in other parts of the body. These hormones are involved in a number of essential biological functions.[23]

text: Corticosteroids[edit]

text: Corticosteroids are a group of steroid hormones produced from the cortex of the adrenal gland, from which they are named.[24] Corticosteroids are named according to their actions:

text:
Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone regulate salt ("mineral") balance and blood volume.[25]
Glucocorticoids such as cortisol influence metabolism rates of proteins, fats and sugars ("glucose").[26]

text: The adrenal gland produces aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, which is important in the regulation of salt ("mineral") balance and blood volume. In the kidneys, aldosterone acts on the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts by increasing the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of both potassium and hydrogen ions.[18] Aldosterone is responsible for the reabsorption of about 2% of filtered glomerular filtration rates.[27] Sodium retention is also a response of the distal colon and sweat glands to aldosterone receptor stimulation. Angiotensin II and extracellular potassium are the two main regulators of aldosterone production.[19] The amount of sodium present in the body affects the extracellular volume, which in turn influences blood pressure. Therefore, the effects of aldosterone in sodium retention are important for the regulation of blood pressure.[28]

text: Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid in humans. In species that do not create cortisol, this role is played by corticosterone instead. Glucocorticoids have many effects on metabolism. As their name suggests, they increase the circulating level of glucose. This is the result of an increase in the mobilization of amino acids from protein and the stimulation of synthesis of glucose from these amino acids in the liver. In addition, they increase the levels of free fatty acids, which cells can use as an alternative to glucose to obtain energy. Glucocorticoids also have effects unrelated to the regulation of blood sugar levels, including the suppression of the immune system and a potent anti-inflammatory effect. Cortisol reduces the capacity of osteoblasts to produce new bone tissue and decreases the absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract.[28]

text: The adrenal gland secretes a basal level of cortisol but can also produce bursts of the hormone in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary. Cortisol is not evenly released during the day – its concentrations in the blood are highest in the early morning and lowest in the evening as a result of the circadian rhythm of ACTH secretion.[28] Cortisone is an inactive product of the action of the enzyme 11β-HSD on cortisol. The reaction catalyzed by 11β-HSD is reversible, which means that it can turn administered cortisone into cortisol, the biologically active hormone.[28]

text: All corticosteroid hormones share cholesterol as a common precursor. Therefore, the first step in steroidogenesis is cholesterol uptake or synthesis. Cells that produce steroid hormones can acquire cholesterol through two paths. The main source is through dietary cholesterol transported via the blood as cholesterol esters within low density lipoproteins (LDL). LDL enters the cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis. The other source of cholesterol is synthesis in the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. Synthesis can compensate when LDL levels are abnormally low.[4] In the lysosome, cholesterol esters are converted to free cholesterol, which is then used for steroidogenesis or stored in the cell.[29]

text: The initial part of conversion of cholesterol into steroid hormones involves a number of enzymes of the cytochrome P450 family that are located in the inner membrane of mitochondria. Transport of cholesterol from the outer to the inner membrane is facilitated by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and is the rate-limiting step of steroid synthesis.[29]

text: The layers of the adrenal gland differ by function, with each layer having distinct enzymes that produce different hormones from a common precursor.[4] The first enzymatic step in the production of all steroid hormones is cleavage of the cholesterol side chain, a reaction that forms pregnenolone as a product and is catalyzed by the enzyme P450scc, also known as cholesterol desmolase. After the production of pregnenolone, specific enzymes of each cortical layer further modify it. Enzymes involved in this process include both mitochondrial and microsomal P450s and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Usually a number of intermediate steps in which pregnenolone is modified several times are required to form the functional hormones.[5] Enzymes that catalyze reactions in these metabolic pathways are involved in a number of endocrine diseases. For example, the most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia develops as a result of deficiency of 21-hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in an intermediate step of cortisol production.[30]

text: Glucocorticoids are under the regulatory influence of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Glucocorticoid synthesis is stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a hormone released into the bloodstream by the anterior pituitary. In turn, production of ACTH is stimulated by the presence of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is released by neurons of the hypothalamus. ACTH acts on the adrenal cells first by increasing the levels of StAR within the cells, and then of all steroidogenic P450 enzymes. The HPA axis is an example of a negative feedback system, in which cortisol itself acts as a direct inhibitor of both CRH and ACTH synthesis. The HPA axis also interacts with the immune system through increased secretion of ACTH at the presence of certain molecules of the inflammatory response.[4]

text: Mineralocorticoid secretion is regulated mainly by the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), the concentration of potassium, and to a lesser extent the concentration of ACTH.[4] Sensors of blood pressure in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys release the enzyme renin into the blood, which starts a cascade of reactions that lead to formation of angiotensin II. Angiotensin receptors in cells of the zona glomerulosa recognize the substance, and upon binding they stimulate the release of aldosterone.[31]

text: Adrenaline and noradrenaline[edit]

text: Primarily referred to in the United States as Epinephrine and norepinephrine, Adrenaline and noradrenaline are catecholamines, water-soluble compounds that have a structure made of a catechol group and an amine group. The adrenal glands are responsible for most of the adrenaline that circulates in the body, but only for a small amount of circulating noradrenaline.[23] These hormones are released by the adrenal medulla, which contains a dense network of blood vessels. Adrenaline and noradrenaline act at adrenoreceptors throughout the body, with effects that include an increase in blood pressure and heart rate.[23] actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline are responsible for the fight or flight response, characterised by a quickening of breathing and heart rate, an increase in blood pressure, and constriction of blood vessels in many parts of the body.[32]

text: Catecholamines are produced in chromaffin cells in the medulla of the adrenal gland, from tyrosine, a non-essential amino acid derived from food or produced from phenylalanine in the liver. The enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase converts tyrosine to L-DOPA in the first step of catecholamine synthesis. L-DOPA is then converted to dopamine before it can be turned into noradrenaline. In the cytosol, noradrenaline is converted to epinephrine by the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and stored in granules. Glucocorticoids produced in the adrenal cortex stimulate the synthesis of catecholamines by increasing the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and PNMT.[4][13]

text: Catecholamine release is stimulated by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Splanchnic nerves of the sympathetic nervous system innervate the medulla of the adrenal gland. When activated, it evokes the release of catecholamines from the storage granules by stimulating the opening of calcium channels in the cell membrane.[33]

text: Androgens[edit]

text: Cells in zona reticularis of the adrenal glands produce male sex hormones, or androgens, the most important of which is DHEA. In general, these hormones do not have an overall effect in the male body, and are converted to more potent androgens such as testosterone and DHT or to estrogens (female sex hormones) in the gonads, acting in this way as a metabolic intermediate.[34]

text: Gene and protein expression[edit]

text: The human genome includes approximately 20,000 protein coding genes and 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal, adult adrenal glands.[35][36] Only some 250 genes are more specifically expressed in the adrenal glands compared to other organs and tissues. The adrenal gland specific genes with highest level of expression include members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. Corresponding proteins are expressed in the different compartments of the adrenal gland, such as CYP11A1, HSD3B2 and FDX1 involved in steroid hormone synthesis and expressed in cortical cell layers, and PNMT and DBH involved in noradrenalin and adrenalin synthesis and expressed in the medulla.[37]

text: Development[edit]

text: The adrenal glands are composed of two heterogenous types of tissue. In the center is the adrenal medulla, which produces adrenaline and noradrenaline and releases them into the bloodstream, as part of the sympathetic nervous system. Surrounding the medulla is the cortex, which produces a variety of steroid hormones. These tissues come from different embryological precursors and have distinct prenatal development paths. The cortex of the adrenal gland is derived from mesoderm, whereas the medulla is derived from the neural crest, which is of ectodermal origin.[12]

text: The adrenal glands in a newborn baby are much larger as a proportion of the body size than in an adult.[38] For example, at age three months the glands are four times the size of the kidneys. The size of the glands decreases relatively after birth, mainly because of shrinkage of the cortex. The cortex, which almost completely disappears by age 1, develops again from age 4–5. The glands weigh about 1 g at birth[12] and develop to an adult weight of about 4 grams each.[28] In a fetus the glands are first detectable after the sixth week of development.[12]

text: Cortex[edit]

text: Adrenal cortex tissue is derived from the intermediate mesoderm. It first appears 33 days after fertilisation, shows steroid hormone production capabilities by the eighth week and undergoes rapid growth during the first trimester of pregnancy. The fetal adrenal cortex is different from its adult counterpart, as it is composed of two distinct zones: the inner "fetal" zone, which carries most of the hormone-producing activity, and the outer "definitive" zone, which is in a proliferative phase. The fetal zone produces large amounts of adrenal androgens (male sex hormones) that are used by the placenta for estrogen biosynthesis.[39] Cortical development of the adrenal gland is regulated mostly by ACTH, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates cortisol synthesis.[40] During midgestation, the fetal zone occupies most of the cortical volume and produces 100–200 mg/day of DHEA-S, an androgen and precursor of both androgens and estrogens (female sex hormones).[41] Adrenal hormones, especially glucocorticoids such as cortisol, are essential for prenatal development of organs, particularly for the maturation of the lungs. The adrenal gland decreases in size after birth because of the rapid disappearance of the fetal zone, with a corresponding decrease in androgen secretion.[39]

text: Adrenarche[edit]

text: During early childhood androgen synthesis and secretion remain low, but several years before puberty (from 6–8 years of age) changes occur in both anatomical and functional aspects of cortical androgen production that lead to increased secretion of the steroids DHEA and DHEA-S. These changes are part of a process called adrenarche, which has only been described in humans and some other primates. Adrenarche is independent of ACTH or gonadotropins and correlates with a progressive thickening of the zona reticularis layer of the cortex. Functionally, adrenarche provides a source of androgens for the development of axillary and pubic hair before the beginning of puberty.[42][43]

text: Medulla[edit]

text: The adrenal medulla is derived from neural crest cells, which come from the ectoderm layer of the embryo. These cells migrate from their initial position and aggregate in the vicinity of the dorsal aorta, a primitive blood vessel, which activates the differentiation of these cells through the release of proteins known as BMPs. These cells then undergo a second migration from the dorsal aorta to form the adrenal medulla and other organs of the sympathetic nervous system.[44] Cells of the adrenal medulla are called chromaffin cells because they contain granules that stain with chromium salts, a characteristic not present in all sympathetic organs. Glucocorticoids produced in the adrenal cortex were once thought to be responsible for the differentiation of chromaffin cells. More recent research suggests that BMP-4 secreted in adrenal tissue is the main responsible for this, and that glucocorticoids only play a role in the subsequent development of the cells.[45]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The normal function of the adrenal gland may be impaired by conditions such as infections, tumors, genetic disorders and autoimmune diseases, or as a side effect of medical therapy. These disorders affect the gland either directly (as with infections or autoimmune diseases) or as a result of the dysregulation of hormone production (as in some types of Cushing's syndrome) leading to an excess or insufficiency of adrenal hormones and the related symptoms.

text: Corticosteroid overproduction[edit]

text: Cushing's syndrome[edit]

text: Cushing's syndrome is the manifestation of glucocorticoid excess. It can be the result of a prolonged treatment with glucocorticoids or be caused by an underlying disease which produces alterations in the HPA axis or the production of cortisol. Causes can be further classified into ACTH-dependent or ACTH-independent. The most common cause of endogenous Cushing's syndrome is a pituitary adenoma which causes an excessive production of ACTH. The disease produces a wide variety of signs and symptoms which include obesity, diabetes, increased blood pressure, excessive body hair (hirsutism), osteoporosis, depression, and most distinctively, stretch marks in the skin, caused by its progressive thinning.[4][6]

text: Primary aldosteronism[edit]

text: When the zona glomerulosa produces excess aldosterone, the result is primary aldosteronism. Causes for this condition are bilateral hyperplasia (excessive tissue growth) of the glands, or aldosterone-producing adenomas (a condition called Conn's syndrome). Primary aldosteronism produces hypertension and electrolyte imbalance, increasing potassium depletion and sodium retention.[6]

text: Adrenal insufficiency[edit]

text: Adrenal insufficiency (the deficiency of glucocorticoids) occurs in about 5 in 10,000 in the general population.[6] Diseases classified as primary adrenal insufficiency (including Addison's disease and genetic causes) directly affect the adrenal cortex. If a problem that affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis arises outside the gland, it is a secondary adrenal insufficiency.

text: Addison's disease[edit]

text: Addison's disease refers to primary hypoadrenalism, which is a deficiency in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid production by the adrenal gland. In the Western world, Addison's disease is most commonly an autoimmune condition, in which the body produces antibodies against cells of the adrenal cortex. Worldwide, the disease is more frequently caused by infection, especially from tuberculosis. A distinctive feature of Addison's disease is hyperpigmentation of the skin, which presents with other nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue.[4]

text: A complication seen in untreated Addison's disease and other types of primary adrenal insufficiency is the adrenal crisis, a medical emergency in which low glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid levels result in hypovolemic shock and symptoms such as vomiting and fever. An adrenal crisis can progressively lead to stupor and coma.[4] The management of adrenal crises includes the application of hydrocortisone injections.[46]

text: Secondary adrenal insufficiency[edit]

text: In secondary adrenal insufficiency, a dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis leads to decreased stimulation of the adrenal cortex. Apart from suppression of the axis by glucocorticoid therapy, the most common cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency are tumors that affect the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland.[6] This type of adrenal insufficiency usually does not affect the production of mineralocorticoids, which are under regulation of the renin–angiotensin system instead.[4]

text: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia[edit]

text: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a congenital disease in which mutations of enzymes that produce steroid hormones result in a glucocorticoid deficiency and malfunction of the negative feedback loop of the HPA axis. In the HPA axis, cortisol (a glucocorticoid) inhibits the release of CRH and ACTH, hormones that in turn stimulate corticosteroid synthesis. As cortisol cannot be synthesized, these hormones are released in high quantities and stimulate production of other adrenal steroids instead. The most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia is due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. 21-hydroxylase is necessary for production of both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, but not androgens. Therefore, ACTH stimulation of the adrenal cortex induces the release of excessive amounts of adrenal androgens, which can lead to the development of ambiguous genitalia and secondary sex characteristics.[30]

text: Adrenal tumors[edit]

text: Adrenal tumors are commonly found as incidentalomas, unexpected asymptomatic tumors found during medical imaging. They are seen in around 3.4% of CT scans,[7] and in most cases they are benign adenomas.[47] Adrenal carcinomas are very rare, with an incidence of 1 case per million per year.[4]

text: Pheochromocytomas are tumors of the adrenal medulla that arise from chromaffin cells. They can produce a variety of nonspecific symptoms, which include headaches, sweating, anxiety and palpitations. Common signs include hypertension and tachycardia. Surgery, especially adrenal laparoscopy, is the most common treatment for small pheochromocytomas.[48]

text: History[edit]

text: Bartolomeo Eustachi, an Italian anatomist, is credited with the first description of the adrenal glands in 1563-4.[49][50] However, these publications were part of the papal library and did not receive public attention, which was first received with Caspar Bartholin the Elder's illustrations in 1611.[50]

text: The adrenal glands are named for their location relative to the kidneys. The term "adrenal" comes from ad- (Latin, "near") and renes (Latin, "kidney").[51] Similarly, "suprarenal", as termed by Jean Riolan the Younger in 1629, is derived from the Latin supra (Latin: "above") and renes (Latin: kidney). The suprarenal nature of the glands was not truly accepted until the 19th century, as anatomists clarified the ductless nature of the glands and their likely secretory role – prior to this, there was some debate as to whether the glands were indeed suprarenal or part of the kidney.[50]

text: One of the most recognized works on the adrenal glands came in 1855 with the publication of On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Suprarenal Capsule, by the English physician Thomas Addison. In his monography, Addison described what the French physician George Trousseau would later name Addison's disease, an eponym still used today for a condition of adrenal insufficiency and its related clinical manifestations.[52] In 1894, English physiologists George Oliver and Edward Schafer studied the action of adrenal extracts and observed their pressor effects. In the following decades several physicians experimented with extracts from the adrenal cortex to treat Addison's disease.[49] Edward Calvin Kendall, Philip Hench and Tadeusz Reichstein were then awarded the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries on the structure and effects of the adrenal hormones.[53]