document_title: Troy (film)

question_text: who does achilles fight in the beginning of troy

root

text: Troy (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the late 12th Century BC, during the Trojan War, troops of King Agamemnon of Mycenae are ready to fight against the troops of Triopas of Thessaly, a battle only avoided when the great warrior Achilles defeats Thessaly's champion in single combat. Meanwhile, Prince Hector of Troy and his younger brother Paris negotiate a peace treaty with Menelaus, King of Sparta. Paris, however, is having a secret love affair with Menelaus' wife, Queen Helen, and smuggles her aboard their homebound vessel, enraging Hector. Upon learning of this, Menelaus meets with Agamemnon, his elder brother, and asks his help in taking Troy. Agamemnon, who has wanted to conquer Troy for a long time, agrees, since it will give him control of the Aegean Sea. On Nestor, King of Pylos' advice, Agamemnon has Odysseus, King of Ithaca, persuade Achilles to join them. Achilles, who strongly dislikes Agamemnon, initially refuses, but eventually decides to go after his mother, Thetis, tells him that though he will die, he will be forever remembered.

tag: p

text: In Troy, King Priam is dismayed when Hector and Paris bring Helen, but welcomes her as a guest and decides against sending her home, since Paris will likely follow her and be killed, choosing instead to meet the Greeks in open battle. The Greeks arrive shortly after and take the Trojan beach, mostly thanks to Achilles and his Myrmidons, among them his cousin Patroclus, who sack the temple of Apollo but allow Hector and the surviving Trojans to return to the city. Achilles claims Briseis, a priestess and the cousin of Paris and Hector, as a war trophy, but is angered when Agamemnon spitefully takes her from him and decides that he will not aid Agamemnon when they lay siege to Troy.

text: The Trojan and Greek armies meet outside the walls of Troy. During a parley, Paris offers to duel Menelaus personally for Helen's hand in exchange for the city being spared. Agamemnon, intending to take the city regardless of the outcome, accepts. Menelaus wounds Paris and almost kills him, but is himself killed by Hector. In the ensuing battle, most of Agamemnon's forces fall to Troy's archers and Hector kills Ajax. On Odysseus' insistence, Agamemnon gives the order to fall back. In order to keep their spirits up, he gives Briseis to the Greek soldiers for their amusement. Achilles saves her. Briseis sneaks into Achilles's quarters later that night intent on killing him. However, Briseis quickly falls for him, giving up her virginity as Achilles seduces and sleeps with her. Achilles, realizing the war is a lost cause, resolves to leave Troy in the morning.

text: Despite Hector's advice otherwise, Priam instructs him to retake the Trojan beach in the night and force the Greeks home. The attack brings the Greeks together and the Myrmidons enter the battle. Hector personally duels a man he believes to be Achilles and cuts his throat, only to discover it was actually Patroclus. Devastated, the armies agree to stop fighting for the day. Achilles is informed of his cousin's death and vows revenge. Knowing of the coming retribution, Hector leads his wife, Andromache, to a secret tunnel beneath Troy and instructs her to take their child and any survivors she can out of the city should he die and the city fall.

text: The next day, Achilles arrives outside Troy and demands Hector come out. The two fight evenly for a while until Achilles wears Hector down and kills him, dragging his corpse back to the Trojan beach, straining his relationship with Briseis. Priam, in disguise, sneaks into the camp and meets with Achilles, imploring him to let him take Hector's body back to Troy for a proper funeral. Ashamed of his actions, Achilles agrees and allows Briseis to return to Troy with Priam, promising a truce of twelve days so that Hector's funeral rites may be held in peace. He also tells his men to return home without him.

text: Agamemnon declares that he will take Troy no matter what. Concerned that Agamemnon may lead them to destruction, Odysseus concocts a plan to get inside the city by having the Greeks build a gigantic wooden horse from their boat parts and abandon the Trojan beach, hiding their ships in a nearby cove to make it seem as if they have left. Priam orders the horse brought inside the city as a gift from the Gods, over Paris' objections. A Trojan scout finds the hidden ships in the cove but is killed by the Greek archers before he can alert the city. That night, Greeks hiding inside the horse emerge and open the city gates for the Greek army, commencing the Sack of Troy. While Andromache and Helen are getting the Trojans to safety through the tunnel, Paris gives the Sword of Troy to Aeneas, instructing him to protect the Trojans and find them a new home. Glaucus is killed by Odysseus. After killing Priam, Agamemnon then finds Briseis and taunts her, and she kills him. Achilles fights his way through the city and finds Briseis, but is shot through the heel by Paris seeking revenge for the death of his brother, which makes him vulnerable. Paris puts several more arrows into Achilles' chest until he finally collapses. With his dying breaths, Achilles states Briseis gave him peace in a lifetime of war. Achilles then implores Briseis to leave the city with Paris. They escape Troy before all the remaining Greeks find Achilles' body. In the aftermath, with Troy finally taken, funerals are held for the slain and Odysseus personally cremates Achilles as the surviving Trojans head to Mount Ida.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Brad Pitt as Achilles
Eric Bana as Hector
Orlando Bloom as Paris
Diane Kruger as Helen
Brian Cox as Agamemnon
Peter O'Toole as Priam
Rose Byrne as Briseis
Saffron Burrows as Andromache
Brendan Gleeson as Menelaus
Sean Bean as Odysseus
Julian Glover as Triopas
James Cosmo as Glaucus
John Shrapnel as Nestor
Julie Christie as Thetis
Garrett Hedlund as Patroclus
Vincent Regan as Eudorus
Trevor Eve as Velior
Tyler Mane as Ajax
Nathan Jones as Boagrius
Frankie Fitzgerald as Aeneas
Nigel Terry as Archeptolemus
Ken Bones as Hippasus
Jacob Smith as Messenger Boy

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The city of Troy was built in the Mediterranean island of Malta at Fort Ricasoli from April to June 2003.[3] Other important scenes were shot in Mellieħa, a small town in the north of Malta, and on the small island of Comino. The outer walls of Troy were built and filmed in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico.[4] Film production was disrupted for a period after Hurricane Marty affected filming areas.[5] The role of Briseis was initially offered to Bollywood superstar Aishwarya Rai, but she refused it because she was not comfortable doing the lovemaking scenes that were included. The role eventually went to Rose Byrne.

text: Music[edit]

text: Composer Gabriel Yared originally worked on the score for Troy for over a year, having been hired by the director, Wolfgang Petersen. Tanja Carovska provided vocals on various portions of the music, as she later would on composer James Horner's version of the soundtrack. However, the reactions at test screenings which used an incomplete version of the score were negative, and in less than a day Yared was off the project without a chance to fix or change his music.[6] James Horner composed a replacement score in about four weeks. He used Carovska's vocals again and also included traditional Eastern Mediterranean music and brass instruments. Horner also collaborated with American singer-songwriter Josh Groban and lyricist Cynthia Weil to write an original song for the film's end credits. The product of this collaboration, "Remember" was performed by Groban with additional vocals by Carovska.

text: The soundtrack for the film was released on May 11, 2004 through Reprise Records.

text: Director's cut[edit]

text: Troy: Director's Cut was screened at the 57th Berlin International Film Festival on February 17, 2007 and received a limited release in Germany in April 2007. Warner Home Video reportedly spent more than $1 million for the director's cut, which includes "at least 1,000 new cuts" or almost 30 minutes extra footage (with a new running time of 196 minutes). The DVD was released on September 18, 2007 in the US. The score of the film was changed dramatically, with many of the female vocals being cut. An addition to the music is the use of Danny Elfman's theme for Planet of the Apes during the pivotal fight between Hector and Achilles in front of the Gates of Troy.

text: Various shots were recut and extended. For instance, the love scene between Helen and Paris was reframed to include more nudity of Diane Kruger. The love scene between Achilles and Briseis is also extended. Only one scene was removed: the scene where Helen tends to the wound of Paris is taken out. The battle scenes were also extended, showing much more of Ajax's bloody rampage on the Trojans during the initial attack by the Greek Army. Perhaps most significant was the sacking of Troy, barely present in the theatrical cut, but shown fully here, depicting the soldiers raping women and murdering babies. Characters were given more time to develop, specifically Priam and Odysseus, the latter being given a humorous introduction scene. Lastly, bookend scenes were added: the beginning being a soldier's dog finding its dead master and the end including a sequence where the few surviving Trojans escape to Mount Ida. In one of the commentary sequences, the film's writer, David Benioff, said that when it came to deciding whether to follow The Iliad or to do what was best for the film, they always decided with what was best for the film.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: When the film was completed, total production costs were approximately $175,000,000. This made Troy one of the most expensive films produced in modern cinema. It was screened out of competition at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival.[7]

text: Troy screenings have earned US$133,378,256 in the United States.[8]

text: Troy made more than 73%[8] of its revenues outside the U.S. Eventually, Troy made over US$497 million worldwide,[8] temporarily placing it in the #60 spot of top box office hits of all time. It was the 8th highest-grossing film of 2004 and currently is in the top 150 highest-grossing films of all time.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Troy was met with mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 54%, based on 221 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's consensus reads, "A brawny, entertaining spectacle, but lacking emotional resonance."[9] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 56 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[10]

text: Box office totals[edit]

text:
Budget – $175,000,000[8]
Marketing cost – $50,000,000
Opening weekend gross (Domestic) – $46,865,412
Total domestic grosses – $133,378,256
Total overseas grosses – $364,031,596[8]
Total worldwide grosses – $497,409,852

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result

2005
Academy Awards
Best Achievement in Costume Design - Bob Ringwood
Nominated

2008
Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films
Best DVD Special Edition Release (Director's Cut: Ultimate Collector's Edition)
Nominated

2005
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Top Box Office Films - James Horner
Won

2005
Awards of the Japanese Academy
Best Foreign Film
Nominated

2004
Golden Schmoes Awards
Biggest Disappointment of the Year
Nominated

2004
Golden Schmoes Awards
Best Action Sequence of the Year (Hector vs Achilles)
Nominated

2004
Golden Trailer Awards
Best Music
Nominated

2004
Golden Trailer Awards
Summer 2004 Blockbuster (For "Greatest War")
Nominated

2005
Harry Awards
Film Which Most Contributed to the Public Understanding and Appreciation of History
Nominated

2004
Irish Film and Television Awards
Best Supporting Actor in Film/TV - Peter O'Toole
Won

2005
London Critics Circle Film Awards
British Supporting Actor of the Year - Brian Cox
Nominated

2005
Motion Picture Sound Editors
Best Sound Editing in Foreign Features
Nominated

2005
MTV Movie Awards
Best Male Performance - Brad Pitt
Nominated

2005
MTV Movie Awards
Best Fight - Brad Pitt, Eric Bana
Nominated

2004
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie Actor: Action - Brad Pitt
Won

2004
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Action
Nominated

2004
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie Actor: Action - Orlando Bloom
Nominated

2004
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Fight/Action Sequence
Nominated

2004
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Breakout Actor - Garrett Hedlund
Nominated

2004
The Stinkers Bad Movie Awards
Worst Actor - Brad Pitt
Nominated

2004
The Stinkers Bad Movie Awards
Worst Fake Accent: Male - Brad Pitt}
Nominated

2005
Visual Effects Society Awards
Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Motion Picture
Nominated

2004
World Soundtrack Awards
Best Original Song Written for Film ("Remember Me")
Nominated

2005
World Stunt Awards
Best Fight
Nominated

2005
World Stunt Awards
Best Stunt Coordinator and/or 2nd Unit Director - Simon Crane
Nominated

2005
Yoga Awards
Worst Foreign Actor - Brad Pitt
Won

tag: table


document_title: Batman & Robin (film)

question_text: who did arnold schwarzenegger play in batman and robin

text: Batman & Robin (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Gotham, one year after the defeat of Two-Face and the Riddler, Batman and Robin attempt to thwart Mr. Freeze from robbing diamonds from the natural history museum, but he steals one and flees. Mr. Freeze was originally Dr. Victor Fries, a doctor working to develop a cure for MacGregor's syndrome to heal his terminally ill wife. Fries was forced to wear a cryogenic suit powered by diamonds after becoming unable to live at normal temperatures following a lab accident.

text: At a Wayne Enterprises lab in Brazil, the botanist Dr. Pamela Isley is working under the deranged Dr. Jason Woodrue, experimenting with the Venom drug. She witnesses Woodrue use the formula to turn the violent, but diminutive, convicted serial murderer Antonio Diego into a hulking monstrosity dubbed "Bane". Woodrue and Isley argue over the use of the drug which ends when Woodrue attempts to kill her by overturning a shelf of various toxins. Despite Woodrue's efforts, she is resurrected, transforming into the beautiful and seductive Poison Ivy (character) before exacting revenge; she kills Woodrue with her poisonous kiss. She finds that Wayne Enterprises funded Woodrue, thus she appropriates Bane as a muscle-bound thug, taking him with her to Gotham City. Meanwhile, Alfred Pennyworth's niece, Barbara Wilson, makes a surprise visit and is invited by Bruce Wayne to stay at Wayne Manor until she goes back to school.

text: Wayne Enterprises presents a new telescope at a press conference interrupted by Isley. She proposes a project that could help the environment, but Bruce declines her offer, which would kill millions of people. That night, a charity event is held by Wayne Enterprises with special guests, Batman and Robin, and she decides to use her abilities to seduce them. Mr. Freeze crashes the party and steals a diamond from the event. Although he is captured by Batman and detained in Arkham Asylum, he eventually escapes with the help of Poison Ivy and Bane. Meanwhile, Dick discovers that Barbara has participated in drag races to raise money for Alfred, who is dying of MacGregor's syndrome.

text: Batman and Robin begin to have crime fighting relationship problems because of Ivy's seductive ability with Robin, but Bruce convinces Dick to trust him. Poison Ivy is then able to contact Robin once more; she kisses him but fails to kill him due to Robin wearing rubber lips. Meanwhile, Barbara discovers the Batcave, where an AI version of Alfred reveals he has made Barbara her own suit. Barbara dons the suit and becomes Batgirl. Robin gets captured by Poison Ivy, but is rescued by Batman, and Batgirl defeats Poison Ivy and get her eaten by her own plant. After Poison Ivy gets eaten by her plant, Batgirl reveals her identity.

text: Batman, Robin and Batgirl decide to go after Mr. Freeze together. By the time they get to the observatory where Mr. Freeze and Bane are, Gotham is completely frozen. Batgirl and Robin are attacked by Bane, but they eventually defeat him by kicking apart his venom tubes, stopping the flow of venom to his body. Bane collapses before transforming back to his original diminutive size of Antonio Diego and is left helpless on the ground.

text: Meanwhile Batman and Mr. Freeze begin to fight each other, with Batman defeating Mr. Freeze. Batgirl and Robin manage to unfreeze Gotham, and Batman shows Freeze a recording of Poison Ivy during her fight with Batgirl, who had informed the latter that she killed Mr. Freeze's wife. However, Batman informs Mr. Freeze that she is still alive, having restored by them[clarification needed] in cryogenic slumber before being moved to Arkham Asylum, waiting for Mr. Freeze to finish his research. Batman proceeds to ask Mr. Freeze for the cure Mr. Freeze has created for the first stage of MacGregor's Syndrome to administer to Alfred, and Mr. Freeze atones for his misunderstanding by giving him the medicine he had developed.

text: Mr. Freeze is then detained in Arkham Asylum. Poison Ivy is also imprisoned in Arkham Asylum with a vengeful Mr. Freeze as her cellmate and he plans to get revenge on Poison Ivy for what she did to his wife. After Alfred is cured, everyone agrees to let Barbara stay at Wayne Manor.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Arnold Schwarzenegger as Dr. Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze
A Nobel Prize-winning molecular biologist and two-time Olympic decathlete who suffers a terrible accident while trying to cryogenically preserve his terminally ill wife. As a result, he is transformed into a criminal forced to live in a special sub-zero suit powered by diamonds. His goal is to hold Gotham to ransom in order to get the money he needs to complete his research to find a cure for his wife's disease.
George Clooney as Bruce Wayne / Batman
A billionaire industrialist who witnessed his parents' murder as a young boy. At night, Bruce becomes Batman, Gotham City's vigilante protector. Val Kilmer, who played the character previously in Batman Forever, was originally planned to reprise his role, but when he was cast in “The Saint” which conflicted with his work schedule, the actor couldn’t play Batman again and Clooney was cast.[7]

Eric Lloyd portrays him as a child in a flashback.

Chris O'Donnell as Dick Grayson / Robin
The crime-fighting partner to Batman and ward of Bruce Wayne. He has begun to chafe against Batman's authority.
Uma Thurman as Dr. Pamela Isley / Poison Ivy
A botanist who becomes a crazed eco-terrorist after Woodrue attempts to kill her by pushing her into vials of chemicals, poisons and toxins, which replace her blood with aloe, her skin with chlorophyll and filled her lips with venom, making her kiss deadly. She also uses pheromones which make men fall in love with her. Julia Roberts, who worked with director Joel Schumacher in Flatliners, was heavily rumored to be in contention for the role, but the rumours were dismissed by Schumacher, saying that if she would have wanted to get the role, she would have called him.[7]
Alicia Silverstone as Barbara Wilson / Batgirl
Her parents had previously died in a car accident. Alfred, her uncle, was very close to her mother, Margaret. She is Alfred's niece and is an orphan.
Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth
The trusted butler for Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson. Alfred is dying of a rare disease from which Mr. Freeze's wife also suffers. He was later cured at the end.
Pat Hingle as Commissioner James Gordon
The police commissioner of Gotham City. He is close to Batman and informs him of numerous crimes.
John Glover as Dr. Jason Woodrue / Floronic Man
A deranged scientist who aims to create Venom-enhanced "supersoldiers" to sell to dictators and warlords in order to make millions. He is responsible for the creation of both Bane and, though unintentionally, Poison Ivy, the latter of whom kills him with a kiss from her toxic lips. This is the one of the instances where the character is portrayed as a normal human rather than a mutant.
Elle Macpherson as Julie Madison
Bruce Wayne's girlfriend. She proposes to Bruce, but he does not respond, fearing for her safety.
Vivica A. Fox as Ms. B. Haven
Mr. Freeze's sexy assistant who flirts with him once and only once in the film. He is unresponsive, as he is still in love with his wife.
Vendela Kirsebom as Nora Fries
Mr. Freeze's beloved cryogenically-frozen wife.
Elizabeth Sanders as Gossip Gerty
Gotham's top gossip columnist.
Robert "Jeep" Swenson as Bane
Poison Ivy's bodyguard and muscle, who was originally a scrawny serial killer. Transformed into an enormous abomination, which Woodrue dubbed a "super-soldier" by the strength-enhancing drug "Venom", he was seen getting Mr. Freeze's suit back from Arkham Asylum, as well as fighting against the main heroes several times. Despite holding his own against Batman and Robin on numerous occasions, he is eventually defeated by Robin and Batgirl after they find a way to stop the venom flow to his brain. Swenson was suggested for the role by one of the stuntmen of Batman Forever.[7] Batman & Robin was Swenson's final film role, as he died from heart failure two months after the film's release.

Michael Reid MacKay portrays Antonio Diego

Jack Betts as Party Guest
Patrick Leahy as himself
Jesse Ventura as Arkham Asylum Guard
Nicky Katt as Spike
John Ingle as the Doctor

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: With the box office success of Batman Forever in June 1995, Warner Bros. immediately commissioned a sequel.[8] They hired director Joel Schumacher and writer Akiva Goldsman to reprise their duties the following August,[9] and decided it was best to fast track production for a June 1997 target release date, which is a break from the usual 3-year gap between films.[8] Schumacher wanted to homage both the broad camp style of the 1960s television series and the work of Dick Sprang.[10] The storyline of Batman & Robin was conceived by Schumacher and Goldsman during pre-production on A Time to Kill.[11] Portions of Mr. Freeze's back-story were based on the Batman: The Animated Series episode "Heart of Ice", written by Paul Dini.[12]

text: While Chris O'Donnell reprises the role of Robin, Val Kilmer decided not to reprise the role of Batman from Batman Forever. Schumacher admitted he had difficulty working with Kilmer on Forever. "He sort of quit," Schumacher said, "and we sort of fired him."[13] Kilmer said he was not aware of the fast track production and was already committed to The Saint (1997).[9] Schumacher originally had a strong interest in casting William Baldwin in Kilmer's place, but George Clooney was cast instead.[14] Schumacher believed Clooney could provide a lighter interpretation of the character than Michael Keaton (in Batman and Batman Returns) and Kilmer.[9][15] The shooting schedule allowed Clooney to simultaneously work on ER without any scheduling conflicts.[10]

text: Patrick Stewart was considered for the role of Mr. Freeze,[16] before the script was rewritten to accommodate Arnold Schwarzenegger's casting.[17] Schumacher decided that Mr. Freeze must be "big and strong like he was chiseled out of a glacier".[9] Schwarzenegger was paid a $25 million salary for the role.[18][19] His prosthetic makeup and wardrobe took six hours to apply each day.[20] Thurman took the role of Poison Ivy because she liked the femme fatale characterization of the character.[9] Alicia Silverstone was the only choice for the role of Batgirl.[16]

text: According to Schumacher, during the scene in which the costumes of the Riddler and Two-Face are seen, he originally planned to put Poison Ivy and Mr. Freeze escaping from Arkham Asylum while many other villains saw them from their cells.[7] The scene, however, didn't make it in the final film.

text: Filming[edit]

text: The original start date was August 1996,[13] but principal photography did not begin until September 12, 1996.[21] Batman & Robin finished filming in late January 1997,[22] two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule.[10] The film was mostly shot at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California.[9]

text: When comparing work on Batman Forever, Chris O'Donnell, who portrayed Robin, explained, "It just felt like everything got a little soft the second time. On Batman Forever, I felt like I was making a movie. The second time, I felt like I was making a kid's toy commercial."[9] He also complained of the Robin costume, saying it was more involved and uncomfortable than the one he wore in Batman Forever, with a glued-on mask which caused sweat to pool on his face.[23] According to John Glover, who played Dr. Jason Woodrue, "Joel [Schumacher] would sit on a crane with a megaphone and yell before each take, 'Remember, everyone, this is a cartoon'. It was hard to act because that kind of set the tone for the film."[9] Production designer Barbara Ling admitted her influences for the Gotham City design came from "neon-ridden Tokyo and the Machine Age. Gotham is like a World's Fair on ecstasy."[24] Rhythm and Hues and Pacific Data Images created the visual effects sequences, with John Dykstra and Andrew Adamson credited as the visual effects supervisors.[25]

text: According to Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight Part 6: Batman Unbound, Chris O'Donnell revealed that despite hanging out with Arnold Schwarzenegger a lot off set and during promotion for the film, they never worked a single day together. This was achieved with stand ins when one of the actors wasn't available.

text: Stunt coordinator Alex Field taught Alicia Silverstone to ride a motorcycle so that she could play Batgirl.[23]

text: Music[edit]

text: Like Batman Forever, the original score for the film was written by Elliot Goldenthal.[26] The soundtrack featured a variety of genres by various bands and performers, showcasing alternative rock on the lead single "The End Is the Beginning Is the End" by The Smashing Pumpkins, on the Goo Goo Dolls' contribution, "Lazy Eye" and with R.E.M.'s song "Revolution". R&B singer R. Kelly also wrote "Gotham City" for the soundtrack, which became the other song featured in the end credits, as well as one of the singles, reaching the top 10 in the United States and in the UK. Eric Benét and Meshell Ndegeocello also contributed R&B songs. Also included was the top 5 second single, "Look into My Eyes" by the hip hop group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony. Other songs featured included electronic dance elements, including those by Moloko and Arkana. The soundtrack was released on May 27, 1997, a month before the film.[27][28]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The Batman & Robin film trailer debuted on the February 19, 1997 episode of Entertainment Tonight.[29] Warner Bros. spent $15 million to market and promote the film, in addition to its $125 million production budget.[2] The studio also brought in toy companies to be involved with pre-production, including the design of concept art and character illustrations. Director Joel Schumacher criticized Warner Bros.'s strategy for Batman & Robin as being overtly toyetic.

text: Various Six Flags parks (Six Flags Great Adventure, Six Flags Over Texas, and Six Flags St. Louis) all debuted coasters themed to the film (all of which have since been closed or re-themed to Batman: The Animated Series).[9] Taco Bell featured a promotional campaign including collectible cups and a contest with a replica of the film's Batmobile as a grand prize. A junior novelization of the screenplay, written by Alan Grant, was published along with the release of the film in 1997.[30]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Batman & Robin was released on June 20, 1997 in North America, earning $42,872,605 in its opening weekend,[1] making it the third-highest opening weekend of 1997.[31] The film declined by 63% in its second week.[32] Batman & Robin faced early competition with Face/Off and Hercules.[2] Schumacher blamed it on yellow journalism started by Harry Knowles of Ain't It Cool News and other film websites such as Dark Horizons.[33] The film went on to gross $107.3 million in North America and $130.9 million internationally, coming to a worldwide total of $238.2 million.[1] Warner Bros. acknowledged Batman & Robin's shortcomings in the domestic market but pointed out success overseas.[2]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text:
"If there's anybody watching this, that... let's say, loved Batman Forever, and went into Batman & Robin with great anticipation, if I've disappointed them in any way, then I really want to apologize. Because it wasn't my intention. My intention was just to entertain them."

—Joel Schumacher's apology for his work on the film[9]

tag: div

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 10% based on 86 reviews, with an average rating of 3.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Joel Schumacher's tongue-in-cheek attitude hits an unbearable limit in Batman & Robin, resulting in a frantic and mindless movie that's too jokey to care much for."[34] On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 28 out of 100, based on 21 critics, signifying "generally unfavorable reviews".[35] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.[36]

text: Schumacher and producer Peter MacGregor-Scott blamed the negative reception of Batman & Robin on Warner Bros.' decision to fast track production. "There was a lot of pressure from Warner Bros. to make Batman & Robin more family-friendly," Schumacher explained. "We decided to do a less depressing Batman movie and less torture and more heroic. I know I have been criticized a lot for this, but I didn't see the harm in that approach at all."[9] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times criticized the toyetic approach and Mr. Freeze's one-liner jokes in his two-star review of the film.[37] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times believed the film "killed" the Batman film series, and felt Batman & Robin depended too much on visual effects.[38] Desson Thomson of The Washington Post largely disapproved of Schumacher's direction and Akiva Goldsman's script.[39] Mick LaSalle, writing in the San Francisco Chronicle, said, "George Clooney is the big zero of the film, and should go down in history as the George Lazenby of the series."[40] However, Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave a positive review. She praised Uma Thurman's acting, as well as the production and costume design.[41]

text: Batman & Robin was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, as well as Best Make-up and Best Costume, but won none. Alicia Silverstone won the Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress. Other nominations at the Razzie Awards included Schumacher (Worst Director), George Clooney and Chris O'Donnell (Worst Screen Couple), Akiva Goldsman (Worst Screenplay), both Chris O'Donnell and Arnold Schwarzenegger (Worst Supporting Actor), Uma Thurman (Worst Supporting Actress), as well as Billy Corgan (Worst Song for "The End Is the Beginning Is the End"). Batman & Robin also received nominations for Worst Picture, Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Reckless Disregard for Human Life and Public Property. Ultimately, out of 11 nominations, Batman & Robin garnered only one Razzie Award.

text: Some observers thought Schumacher, a gay man, added possible homoerotic innuendo in the storyline.[9] James Berardinelli questioned the "random amount [sic] of rubber nipples and camera angle close-ups of the Dynamic Duo's butts and Bat-crotches."[42] Similar to Batman Forever, this primarily included the decision to add nipples and enlarged codpieces to Batman and Robin suits. Schumacher stated, "I had no idea that putting nipples on the Batsuit and Robin suit were going to spark international headlines. The bodies of the suits come from ancient Greek statues, which display perfect bodies. They are anatomically correct."[9] Chris O'Donnell, who portrayed Robin, felt "it wasn't so much the nipples that bothered me. It was the codpiece. The press obviously played it up and made it a big deal, especially with Joel directing. I didn't think twice about the controversy, but going back and looking and seeing some of the pictures, it was very unusual."[9] George Clooney joked, "Joel Schumacher told me we never made another Batman film because Batman was gay".[43] Clooney himself has spoken critically of the film, saying, "I think we might have killed the franchise",[44] and called it "a waste of money".[45]

text: Cancelled sequel and later plans[edit]

text: During the filming of Batman & Robin, Warner Bros. was impressed with the dailies, prompting them to immediately hire Joel Schumacher to return as director for a fifth film. However, writer Akiva Goldsman turned down an offer to write the script.[10] In late 1996, Warner Bros. and Schumacher hired Mark Protosevich to write the script for a fifth Batman film. A projected mid-1999 release date was announced.[46] Titled Batman Unchained, Protosevich's script had the Scarecrow as the main villain. Through the use of his fear toxin, he resurrects the Joker as a hallucination in Batman's mind. Harley Quinn appeared as a supporting character, written as the Joker's daughter.[47] George Clooney, Chris O'Donnell, and Alicia Silverstone were set to reprise the roles of Batman, Robin, and Batgirl. It was also hoped that Jack Nicholson would reprise the role of the Joker. However, following the poor critical reception of Batman & Robin, Clooney vowed never to reprise his role.[48]

text: Warner Bros. decided to consider a live-action Batman Beyond film and an adaptation of Frank Miller's Batman: Year One. Warner would then produce whichever idea suited them the most.[49] Schumacher felt he "owe[d] the Batman culture a real Batman movie. I would go back to the basics and make a dark portrayal of the Dark Knight."[50] He approached Warner Bros. about doing Batman: Year One in mid-1998,[50] but they were more interested in hiring Darren Aronofsky. Aronofsky and Miller developed a Year One script with Aronofsky to direct, but it was ultimately canceled. Christopher Nolan was eventually hired to helm the next Batman film in January 2003, resulting in the rebooted Batman Begins (2005).[49]

text: In "Legends of the Dark Knight", an episode of The New Batman Adventures, three teenagers discuss their ideas about what Batman is really like. They briefly meet a youth called Joel whose idea of Batman reflects characterizations and costumes portrayed within Schumacher's Batman and Robin. The teens treat Joel's ideas with utter disdain.[51] In Watchmen, director Zack Snyder and comic book artist Dave Gibbons chose to parody the molded muscle and nipple Batsuit design from Batman & Robin for the Ozymandias costume.[52][53] The film is referenced in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Legends of the Dark Mite!", when Bat-Mite briefly uses his powers to transform Batman's costume into the same suit shown in the Schumacher Batman films, before declaring it "Too icky".[54] The Batman from Batman & Robin later appeared as part of an army of Batmen gathered from across the Multiverse in "Night of the Batmen!", complete with the blue rubber Batsuit. Additionally, there were worries within Warner Bros. surrounding the negative critical reaction to Batman & Robin and how that may come to harm the success of the subsequent direct-to-video animated film Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero, which was originally planned for release at around the same time as Batman & Robin but was subsequently delayed.[55] However, SubZero received a far stronger positive response from critics than Batman & Robin, with Mr. Freeze's role within it being seen in a much more positive light, returning his popularity as a Batman villain to a level comparable to that reached by him within the two Emmy-winning episodes the character featured in of Batman: The Animated Series.[55]


document_title: Stig of the Dump

question_text: what is stig in childrens novel stig of the dump

text: Stig of the Dump

text: Plot[edit]

text: Barney is a bored young boy staying with his grandparents on the chalk Downs of southern England.  One day, he falls over the edge of an old chalk pit close to his grandparents' house, tumbling through the roof of a den. While exploring the den, Barney encounters its owner, Stig, a caveman with shaggy, black hair and bright black eyes. The chalk pit is disused and full of people's dumped rubbish.

text: Barney and Stig quickly become friends. They learn to communicate with each other without language, as Stig speaks no English. Stig's den is a place built out of discarded rubbish, which motivates Barney to help Stig make it look more attractive. They spend time repairing and improving Stig's den, collecting firewood, going hunting, and at one point catching some burglars who break into Barney's grandparents' house. Although Barney mentions Stig to others, no-one believes that Stig is real.

text: Barney starts to give thought to where Stig has come from. During a very hot, sultry mid-summer's night, when Barney and his sister Lou are unable to sleep, they find themselves transported back in time and out onto the Downs. To their surprise, they meet Stig, back with his own people, engaged in the construction of four gigantic standing stones. They spend a night camping out with the people of Stig's tribe, and helping to shift the final stone into position before sunrise.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Stig of the Dump was adapted for television, firstly by Thames Television for ITV in 1981[2] and later by the BBC in 2002 starring Thomas Sangster, Robert Tannion, Nick Ryan, Geoffrey Palmer, Phyllida Law, Perdita Weeks, and Michaela Dicker.[3] The BBC series won the BAFTA Children's Film & Television Award and its writer, Peter Tabern, received the Best Children's Writer award. The series has been released on DVD.[4]

text: The book has also been adapted for the theatre, to critical acclaim.[5] Topologika Software Ltd has published an adventure game based on the first three chapters of the book, for Windows.[6]

text: An extract from Stig of the Dump, featuring new illustrations from Spanish artist Oriol Vidal, was featured in the June 2016 edition of Storytime magazine.[citation needed]


document_title: List of supporting characters in ER

question_text: who played mark greene's dad on er

question_tokens: who played mark greene 's dad on er

text: List of supporting characters in ER

text: Desk clerks and other non-medical hospital staff[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress

Character Position

Character Name

Years of Appearance

Reiko Aylesworth

Hospital Chaplain

Julia Dupree

2007–2008

Abraham Benrubi

Desk Clerk

Jerry Markovic

1994–1999; 2002–2006; 2008–2009

Jesse Borrego

Desk Clerk

Javier

2007–2008

Andrew Bowen

Desk Clerk Temp

Andrew "Andy"

1999–2000

Akosua Busia

Hospital cafeteria worker and wife of Mobalage

Kobe "Kubby" Ekabo

1999

Jordan Calloway

Volunteer

K.J. Thibeaux

2005–2006

Julie Delpy

Runner for Central Supplies and Luka's girlfriend

Nicole

2001

Troy Evans

Desk Clerk

Frank Martin

2000–2009

Małgorzata Gebel

ER Aide/Desk Clerk; Former Vascular Surgeon in Poland

Bogdana "Bob" Liwecki

1994–1995

Robert Gossett

Hospital Board Member

Dr Everett Daniels

2008

Mariska Hargitay

Desk Clerk, also Mark Greene's lover

Cynthia Hooper

1997–1998

Djimon Hounsou

Custodian

Mobalage Ekabo

1999

David Joyner

Dialysis Technician

2004–2006

Kristin Minter

Desk Clerk

Miranda "Randi" Fronczak

1995–2003

Rolando Molina

Desk Clerk

Rolando

1995–1996

Charles Noland

Desk Clerk/Trainee Nurse

E Ray Bozman

1995–1997

Glenn Plummer

Desk Clerk

Timmy Rawlins

1994–1995, 2006–2007

Moira Price

Surgical Night Clerk

Liza

2005

Pamela Sinha

Desk Clerk

Amira

1999–2001, 2003–2005

Lisa Zane

Risk Management Administrator & Doug Ross's girlfriend

Diane Leeds

1995

text: Family members and friends[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress

Character Position

Character Name

Years of Appearance

Khandi Alexander

Sister to Peter Benton

Jackie Robbins

1995–2001

Bonnie Bartlett

Mother of Mark Greene. Died early in Season 6.

Ruth Greene

1997–1998

Michael Beach

Husband of Jeanie Boulet. Contracted HIV, unwittingly passed it on to Jeanie, died offscreen of AIDS in 2008.

Al Boulet (role played earlier by Bodison)

1995–1997

Wolfgang Bodison

Husband of Jeanie Boulet

Al Boulet (role later played by Beach)

1995

Julie Bowen

Girlfriend of John Carter. In Season 5, Carter dated her but then contrived an excuse to break up with her.

Roxanne Please

1998–1999

Lisa Nicole Carson

Girlfriend of Peter Benton. Claimed he was the father of her baby, later said he wasn't (which was true) and tried to take Reese away from him but failed to. Later became erratic and vindictive before she died in an auto accident.

Carla Reece

1996–2001

Kieu Chinh

Mother of Jing-Mei Chen

Lin Chen

2003

George Kee Cheung

Father of Jing-Mei Chen (later played by Henry O)

Mr. Chen. Suffered permanently debilitating injuries in a car crash in China that killed his wife. Later euthanized by Jing-Mei.

2003–2004

John Cullum

Father of Mark Greene, a military veteran who finally reconciled with his son before dying late in Season 6.

David Greene

1997–2000

Steven Culp

Boyfriend of Elizabeth Corday

Dave Spencer

2004

Oliver Davis

Son of Samantha Taggart

Alex Taggart (later played by Dominic Janes)

2003–2005

Rebecca De Mornay

Carter's cousin's ex-wife

Elaine Nichols

1999

Garret Dillahunt

Ex-husband of Samantha Taggart (Earlier played by Cole Hauser)

Steve Curtis

2005–2006

Paul Dooley

Father of Susan Lewis, proved to be a much better parent than his asshole wife.

Henry Lewis

1995–1996; 2004

James Farentino

Father of Doug Ross

Ray Ross. A charming man with issues not unlike the son he was never a father to. Died in a car accident in 1997.

1996

Sally Field

Mother of Abby Lockhart

Maggie Wyczenski

2000–2006

Frances Fisher

Mother of Kerry Weaver

Helen Kingsley. A born-again Christian who gave Kerry up for adoption after giving birth as a teenager. Could not accept Kerry's homosexuality, leading Kerry to not pursue any further contact with her.

2005

Paul Freeman

Father of Elizabeth Corday

Dr Charles Corday

1998, 2001–2002

Danny Glover

Father of Greg Pratt

Charlie Pratt. Greg's long-lost father, who Greg located and tried to forgive for abandoning him, but ultimately couldn't do so.

2005

Rose Gregorio

Mother of Carol Hathaway, who initially hated Doug and constantly undermined and fought with her daughter, but later was a good and loved parent.

Helen Hathaway

1996–1999

Michael Gross

Father of John Carter. Ineffectual man whom his son loved but didn't respect.

John "Jack" Carter Jr.

2001–2004

Vondie Curtis-Hall

Husband of Carla Reece (Earlier played by Victor Williams)

Roger McGrath

2001

Estelle Harris

Mother of Jerry Markovic

Mrs. Markovic

2006

Christine Harnos

Mark Greene's wife, then ex-wife

Jennifer "Jenn" Greene-Simon. Constantly bemoaned Mark's low-paying, high stress ER career and his refusal to take lucrative jobs elsewhere. Eventually left him, filed for divorce, and married someone else. Not much of a mother to Rachel, disappeared for good after Mark died.

1994–1996, 1996–1998, 2001–2002

Cole Hauser

Ex-husband of Samantha Taggart

Steve Curtis

2004

Rebecca Jane Hazlewood

Cousin of Neela Rasgotra

Jaspreet

2008

Marg Helgenberger

Doug Ross's girlfriend & his father's boss

Karen Hines

1996

Hallee Hirsh

Daughter of Mark Greene (Earlier played by Yvonne Zima)

Rachel Greene

2001–2002; 2004; 2009

Ernie Hudson

Father of Michael Gallant

Colonel James Gallant

2006

Michelle Hurd

Girlfriend of Kerri Weaver

Courtney Brown

2006–2007

Dominic Janes

Son of Samantha Taggart

Alex Taggart

2005–2009

Stacy Keach

Father of Tony Gates

Mike Gates

2007

Chloe Greenfield

Adoptive daughter of Tony Gates

Sarah Riley

2006–2009

Anupam Kher

Father of Neela Rasgotra

Ajay Rasgotra

2004

Kiron Kher

Mother of Neela Rasgotra

Mrs. Rasgotra

2004

Nancy Kwan

Mother of Jing-Mei Chen

Lin Chen

2000

Piper Laurie

Mother of Doug Ross

Sarah Ross

1995–1996

Amy Madigan

Mother of Samantha Taggart

Mary Taggart

2009

Rosalee Mayeux

Mother of Ray Barnett

Jacy Barnett

2007

Mary McDonnell

Mother of John Carter

Eleanor Carter (née Ferguson)

2001

Andrew McFarlane

Nephew of Peter Benton

Jesse Robbins

2000

Trevor Morgan

Son of Donald Anspaugh

Scott Anspaugh

1998

Thandie Newton

Girlfriend and later wife of John Carter

Makemba "Kem" Likasu-Carter. Met John on a medical relief mission in the Congo. Fell in love with him and planned to be with him in Chicago, but their relationship never recovered after their son died in utero.

2003–2005; 2009

Bruce Nozick

2nd husband of Jennifer "Jenn" Greene-Simon

Craig Simon

1995–1996

Judy Parfitt

Mother of Elizabeth Corday

Isabelle Corday

2000–2002

Andrea Parker

Girlfriend of Doug Ross

Linda Farrell

1994–1995

Valerie Perrine

Mother of Susan Lewis

Cookie Lewis. A selfish, self-centered woman who constantly enabled Chloe and disappointed Susan.

1995

Zoran Radanovich

Brother of Luka Kovač

Niko Kovač

2007

Sheryl Lee Ralph

Mother of Michael Gallant

Gloria Gallant

2006

Beah Richards

Mother of Peter Benton

Mae Benton

1994–1995

Ving Rhames

Brother-in-law to Peter Benton

Walter Robbins

1994–1996

Jonathan Scarfe

Cousin of John Carter

Chase Carter. Spoiled rotten young man who fell into heroin addiction and was left nearly vegetative after an overdose, but was last shown having improved greatly and being able to function in a limited manner.

1997–1998, 2001

Tom Everett Scott

Brother of Abby Lockhart

Eric Wyczenski

2002–2003

Lois Smith

Grandmother of Samantha Taggart

Gracie

2007

Frances Sternhagen

Grandmother of John Carter

Millicent "Gamma" Carter

1997–2003

Marcello Thedford

Brother of Greg Pratt

Leon Pratt

2002–2003

Mark Valley

Ex-husband of Abby Lockhart

Richard Lockhart

2000–2003

Renée Victor

Mother-in-law of Kerry Weaver

Florina Lopez

2004

Gwynyth Walsh

Mother of Lucy Knight

Barbara Knight

2000

Fred Ward

Father of Abby Lockhart

Eddie Wyczenski

2006–2007

Matthew Watkins

Son of Peter Benton

Reese Benton

1999–2001; 2009

Kathleen Wilhoite

Sister of Susan Lewis

Chloe Lewis

1994–1996; 2002

Victor Williams

Husband of Carla Reece (Later played by Vondie Curtis-Hall)

Roger McGrath

1998–2001

Shannon Woodward

Sister of Samantha Taggart

Kelly Taggart

2009

Yvonne Zima

Daughter of Mark Greene (Later played by Hallee Hirsh)

Rachel Greene

1994–2000

Actress uncredited

Sister of Lucien Dubenko

Victoria Dubenko

2006

text: Fire fighters, paramedics, police officers, and social workers[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress

Character Position

Character Name

Years of Appearance

Mädchen Amick

Social Worker

Wendall Meade

2004–2005

Christopher Amitrano

Police Officer

Officer Hollis

2006–2009

Michelle Bonilla

Paramedic

Christine Harms

1999—2009

Scott Michael Campbell

EMT

Reilly Brown

1996

Claudine Claudio

Paramedic

Silva

2000–2001

Brendan Patrick Connor

Paramedic

Reidy

2006–2008

Elliot Durant III

Paramedic

Anders

2004, 2009

George Eads

Paramedic

Greg Powell

1997–1998

Ron Eldard

Paramedic. Carol's boyfriend in Season 2, before they broke up because the tragic death of his partner led to Shep becoming violent and scary and he refused to get help or deal with it.

Ray "Shep" Shepard

1995–1996

Julie Ann Emery

Paramedic

Nikki

2001–2003

Mike Genovese

Police Officer

Al Grabarsky

1995–1996, 1998–2000

Erica Gimpel

Social Services Liaison

Adele Newman

1997–2003

Carlos Gómez

Paramedic

Raul Melendez

1995–1996

Lynn A. Henderson

Paramedic

Pamela Olbes

1995–2009

Tara Karsian

Social Worker

Liz Dade

2005–2006, 2007, 2008–2009

Daniel Dae Kim

Social Worker

Ken Sung

2003–2004

Ed Lauter

Fire Captain

Dannaker

1998–2002

Brian Lester

Paramedic

Brian Dumar

1996—2009

Louie Liberti

Paramedic

Tony Bardelli

2003—2009

Joe Manganiello

Police Officer

Officer Litchman

2007

Chad McKnight

Police Officer

Officer Wilson

1995, 1996, 1999–2000, 2001–2004, 2006

Michele Morgan

Paramedic and Dr. Corday's patient

Allison Beaumont

1997—1998

Demetrius Navarro

Paramedic

Morales

1998—2009

Bobby Nish

Police officer

Danny Yau

2005–2006

Vyto Ruginis

Paramedic

Wright

2006—2007

Monté Russell

Paramedic

Dwight Zadro

1995—2009

Lisa Vidal

Firefighter

CFD Lt. Sandy Lopez

2001–2004

Emily Wagner

Paramedic

Doris Pickman

1994—2009

Cress Williams

Police officer and boyfriend/husband of Jeanie Boulet

Reggie Moore

1998–2000; 2008

“Faceman” Lowe

Paramedic

Chris  Lowe

1999?

text: Notable patients[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress

Character Position

Character Name

Years of Appearance

Paul Benjamin

Junk Dealer, Greene's patient

Al Irving

1994, 2002

Red Buttons

Carter's patient

Jules 'Ruby' Rubadoux. Carter benevolently but foolishly lied to him about his wife Sophie's terminal condition, leading to Ruby refusing to listen to Carter, but 10 years later when Ruby returned to the ER he and Carter were able to mend fences somewhat.

1995, 2005

Rosemary Clooney

Alzheimer's disease patient

Mary Cavanaugh a.k.a. "Madam X"

1994

James Cromwell

Catholic Bishop and patient of Luka Kovač

Bishop Stewart

2001

Kirsten Dunst

Teen prostitute and Doug Ross's patient

Charlene "Charlie" Chiemienga

1996–1997

Joanna Gleason

Allergy patient, Infomercial Director, and briefly Mark Greene's romance interest

Iris

1996

Dan Hedaya

Lawyer and patient

Herb Spivak. Helped Mark fend off a civil lawsuit, later returned having lost all his money in a dot-com bust.

1997, 2005

Swoosie Kurtz

Tele-evangelist and patient

Tina Marie Chambliss

1998

David Krumholtz

Schizophrenic patient who in a psychotic break stabbed both John Carter and Lucy Knight, the wounds leaving Carter injured and with life-long kidney problems and eventually resulted in Lucy's death.

Paul Sobricki

2000, 2002

Mary Mara

Originally a prostitute; later Secretary/Cancer patient

Loretta Sweet

1995–1996

Bob Newhart

Architect who is gradually going blind; patient of Dr. Lewis

Ben Hollander

2003

Sam Vlahos

Homeless man and frequent patient in ER

Pablo

1997–1998; 2000–2003

James Woods

ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) patient, Abby Lockheart's teacher in medical school

Dr. Nate Lennox

2006

Josh Radnor

Alderman Bright's lover who contracted Syphilis and was treated under the table by Kerry Weaver

Keith. Because he was unaware of either Bright's condition or his own allergies, he died after having a bad reaction to penicillin.

2003

Bruce Weitz

Alderman for City of Chicago and patient of Kerry Weaver for Syphilis

Alderman John Bright

2003

text: Others[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress

Character Position

Character Name

Years of Appearance

Susan Sarandon

Grandmother of a boy who died in an accident. Gave Doug and Carol permission to harvest his kidney, which ended up being used for John Carter's successful transplant.

Nora

2009

Ray Liotta

A dying patient gives an insight into the regrets he has about his wasted life, with Greg Pratt going from hostility towards him (he reminds Pratt of his own, absentee father) to compassion as he dies over the course of an hour.

Charlie Metcalf

2004

Lucy Liu

Mother of a little boy who has AIDS

Mei-Sun Leow

1995

Jake Lloyd

Son of the patient Loretta Sweet

Jimmy Sweet

1996

Ewan McGregor

Holds up a convenience store with hostages including Carol Hathaway

Duncan Stewart

1997

Joe Torry

Sues Mark Greene after his brother dies; a suspect in Greene's beating but isn't responsible. He and Mark have a heated conversation in which both men admit they're not the reason for the other's misery.

Chris Law

1997

Bradley Whitford

Husband of a pregnant patient in Mark Greene's care

Sean O'Brien

1995

James Belushi

Father who was brought in after a car accident with his son

Dan Harris

2001

Jared Padalecki

Son who was brought in after a car accident with his father

Paul Harris

2001

text:
Shiri Appleby
Season 1, Episode 1-Teen with etopic pregnancy

text: Secondary doctors and medical students[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress

Character Position

Character Name

Years of Appearance

Alan Alda

ER Attending Physician

Dr. Gabriel Lawrence

1999

Sam Anderson

Chief of Cardiology and member of the board. Incredibly acerbic and not friendly to the ER, but good at his job.

Dr. Jack Kayson

1994–2007

Perry Anzilotti

Anesthesiologist

Perry

1994, 1995–2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008

Shiri Appleby

Intern

Dr. Daria Wade

2008–2009

Amy Aquino

Chief of Obstetrics & Gynecology. Originally introduced as a shrieking harpy who clashed with the ER and refused to help anyone there, but evolved over time into a likable doctor who helped multiple ER regulars deal with pregnancies.

Dr. Janet Coburn

1994—2009

Danny Arroyo

Medical student

Reid Mooney

2001

John Aylward

Chief of Staff (1996–1999), General surgeon and member of the board (1999–2006), Chief of Staff (2006–2009)

Dr. Donald Anspaugh

1996—2009

Jillian Bach

Medical Student

Penny Nicholson

2004–2006

Eion Bailey

Medical Student

Jake Scanlon

2004–2005

Lourdes Benedicto

Pediatrics Intern. Briefly dated Carter in Season 7.

Rena Trujillo

2001

Leslie Bibb

Medical Student, flirted with Kovac in Season 9 but was nearly killed in a car accident when he was driving.

Erin Harkins

2002–2003

Paul Blackthorne

Invasive Radiologist, had a fling with Dr. Corday.

Dr. Jeremy Lawson

2004

Alexis Bledel

Intern who was a key figure in the series finale.

Dr. Julia Wise

2009

Dennis Boutsikaris

Surgeon

Dr. David Kotlowitz

1999

Joseph Bua

Special Education Student

Boo Bradley

2001

David Brisbin

Anesthesiologist who hated Dr. Corday and vice versa.

Dr. Alexander Babcock

1998–2002

Clancy Brown

SPG Doctor and Kerry Weaver's boyfriend

Dr. Ellis West

1997–1998

L. Scott Caldwell

Director of Neo-Natology

Dr. Megan Rabb

2004, 2006

Don Cheadle

Medical Student. Turned from a successful business path after being diagnosed with Parkinson's.

Paul Nathan

2002

Megan Cole

Pathologist

Dr. Alice Upton

1996, 1998, 2000–2001, 2003

Bruno Campos

Vascular Surgeon

Dr. Eddie Dorset

2003

Joel de la Fuente

Medical student

Ivan Fu

1997

John Doman

Chief of Psychiatry

Dr. Carl DeRaad

1999–2000, 2001, 2003

Malaya Rivera Drew

Medical Student

Katy Alvaro

2006–2007

Christine Elise

Medical Student. Love Interest of Carter in Season 2. Temporarily estranged with Carter after she was drunk and slept with Ross accidentality. Later reconciled with Carter but broke up with him over his behavior when seeking surgical procedures. It was revealed that her med school tuition was sponsored by the US Air Force, so she had to join USAF and serve for 4 years after she graduated from medical school.

Harper Tracy

1995–1996

Omar Epps

Surgical Intern who constantly suffered Dr. Peter Benton's wrath although Dr. John Carter befriended him. Unfortunately, Benton's constant bullying of Gant drove Gant over the edge so much so that Gant committed suicide by jumping in front of a train. Gant's remains which were badly disfigured were later brought to County for treatment and when Gant was paged, Benton and Carter discovered to their horror that it was Gant that they were working on. Despite their best efforts, Gant eventually succumbed to his wounds and died, his death leaving Carter devastated and angry at himself and Benton for failing to see that there was something wrong with Gant.

Dr. Dennis Gant

1996–1997

Charles Esten

Orthopedic Surgeon

Dr. Barry Grossman

2007–2008

Jorja Fox

ER Intern, later resident

Dr. Maggie Doyle

1996—1999

Jami Gertz

Psychiatrist

Dr. Nina Pomerantz

1997

Sara Gilbert

ER Intern, later resident

Dr. Jane Figler

2004—2008

Matthew Glave

Surgeon. Arrogant even by surgical standards, Carter didn't like him and Peter found him to be a creep.

Dr. Dale Edson

1996–1999, 2001–2002

Jeremy Glazer

Medical Student

David

2004

Christopher Grove

Orthopeadic Surgeon

Dr. Marty Kline

2002–2003, 2006

Glenne Headly

Pediatric Surgeon

Dr. Abby Keaton

1996–1997

Justin Henry

Medical student

James Sasser

1997

Glenn Howerton

ER Resident

Dr. Nick 'Coop' Cooper

2003

Michael Ironside

Chief of Surgery and ER Chief

Dr. William 'Wild Willy' Swift

1995, 1998, 2002

Marc Jablon

Intern

Dr. Larry Western

2007–2008

Scott Jaeck

Radiologist

Dr. Steve Flint

1994–1996, 1999–2000, 2002

Julia Jones

Intern (Prev. Medical Student)

Dr. Kaya Montoya

2008–2009

James LeGros

Pediatrician and ex-boyfriend of Anna Del Amico

Dr. Max Rocher

1998

John Leguizamo

ER attending physician

Dr. Victor Clemente

2005–2006

Harry Lennix

Infectious disease specialist and briefly boyfriend of Jeanie Boulet

Dr. Greg Fischer

1997

Julia Ling

Surgical Intern

Mae Lee Park

2006–2007

Chad Lowe

Medical student, assigned to Dr. Carter in Season 4 but had no interest in doing anything ER related with his focus on medical research.

Dr. George Henry

1997, 2005

William H. Macy

Chief of Surgery and Head of the ER

Dr. David Morgenstern

1994–1998; 2009

J. P. Manoux

Junior Surgical Attending, (Formerly Chief Resident)

Dr. Dustin Crenshaw

2006–2008

Kari Matchett

Acting Chief Of Emergency Medicine

Dr. Skye Wexler

2007–2008

Mary McCormack

Doctor in Africa

Debbie

2003–2006

Gil McKinney

Intern

Dr. Paul Grady

2007—2009

Elizabeth Mitchell

Psychiatrist who was in a relationship with Kerry Weaver for a short time before being forced out by Dr. Romano's homophobia.

Dr. Kim Legaspi

2000—2001

Julian Morris

Surgical Intern

Dr. Andrew Wade

2008–2009

Leland Orser

Attending Trauma Surgeon; Chief of Surgery. Dr. Corday didn't want him to be hired (for reasons that were never clearly outlined) and he took over her position after she resigned in disgrace.

Dr. Lucien Dubenko

2004–2009

Steven Christopher Parker

Surgical Intern

Dr. Harold Zelinsky

2007—2008

Busy Philipps

Medical Student. Devout Christian who inspired Archie Morris in various ways, and dated him for a little while.

Hope Bobeck

2006–2007

Giovannie Pico

Medical Student

Ludlow

2004–2005

CCH Pounder

Surgical Attending

Dr. Angela Hicks

1994–1997

Andy Powers

ER intern

Dr. Howard Ritzke

2004

Victor Rasuk

Intern

Dr. Ryan Sanchez

2008–2009

Gina Ravera

Radiologist

Dr. Bettina DeJesus

2006–2008

Ron Rifkin

Senior Cardiovascular Surgeon. Genius and hospital rainmaker, but played with valid data on a key study and inspired action from Peter Benton.

Dr. Carl Vucelich

1995–1996

Emily Rose

Intern

Dr. Tracy Martin

2008–2009

Rick Rossovich

Orthopedic Surgeon

Dr. John "Tag" Taglieri

1994–1995

Dahlia Salem

Surgical Chief Resident

Dr. Jessica Albright

2005–2006

Eddie Shin

Medical student

Stanley Mao

2001

Michael B. Silver

Psychiatrist

Dr. Paul Myers

1995, 1997–2000, 2003, 2005, 2008

Britain Spellings

ER intern

Dr. Sackowitz

2005

Maury Sterling

Psychiatrist

Dr. Nelson

2004, 2006

Kim Strauss

Anesthesiologist

Ari

2005–2007

Rossif Sutherland

Medical student. In Season 10, was assigned to the ER; the senior staff didn't think he was good there and he vanished without explanation.

Lester Kertzenstein

2003–2004

John Terry

Psychiatrist and boyfriend of Susan Lewis

Dr. David 'Div' Cvetic

1994

Stanley Tucci

Chief of Emergency Medicine

Dr. Kevin Moretti

2007–2008

Vince Vieluf

Medical Student

Bernard Gamely

1998

Bresha Webb

Medical Student

Laverne St. John

2008–2009

Mare Winningham

Chief of Emergency Services; ER attending physician who had an unhealthy obsession with Dr. Mark Greene. She was later revealed to be an imposter who had impersonated many other people in various jobs over the last few years.

Dr. Amanda Lee

1998–1999

text: Secondary nurses and other medical staff[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress

Character Position

Character Name

Years of Appearance

Conni Marie Brazelton

ER Nurse

Conni Oligario

1994–2003

Laura Cerón

ER Nurse

Chuny Marquez

1995–2009

Cynthia Cervini

Nurse

Anna Waldron

2002, 2004, 2005

Morris Chestnut

ICU nurse & Deb's baby's father

Frank 'Rambo' Bacon

2000

Ellen Crawford

ER Nurse

Lydia Wright

1994–2003, 2009

Deezer D

ER Nurse

Malik McGrath

1994–2009

Yvette Freeman

ER Nurse

Haleh Adams

1994–2009

Ren Hanami

NICU Nurse

2006

Mary Heiss

ER Nurse

Mary

2000–2008

April Lee Hernandez

ER Nurse

Inez

2005–2006

Monica Guzman

Surgical Nurse

Marisol

2008–2009

Penny Johnson

Nurse Practitioner

Lynette Evans

1998–1999

Kristen Johnston

Chief ER Nurse

Eve Peyton

2005

Sam Jones III

Emergency Medical Technician, Brother of Greg Pratt

Charlie 'Chaz' Pratt, Jr.

2005–2009

Dinah Lenney

Surgical Charge Nurse

Shirley

1995–2004, 2006—2009

Pat Lentz

Nursing Supervisor

None

2005, 2008

Bellina Logan

ICU, Pediatrics and Surgical Nurse

Kit

1996–2003; 2005; 2008

Donal Logue

Flight Nurse and boyfriend/husband/ex-husband of Susan Lewis

Chuck Martin

2003–2005

Lily Mariye

ER Nurse

Lily Jarvik

1994–2009

Vanessa Marquez

ER Nurse

Wendy Goldman

1994–1997

Deborah May

County Nursing Director

Mary Cain

1996–1997, 2002

Angel Laketa Moore

ER Nurse

Dawn Archer

2006–2009

Jenny O'Hara

ER Nurse

Rhonda Sterling

1996

Kip Pardue

ER Nurse

Ben Parker

2006–2007

Kyle Richards

Nurse

Dori

2000—2006

Lucy Rodriguez

Nurse

Bjerke

1996; 2000–2003

Nadia Shazana

Nurse

Jacy

2001–2008

Meg Thalken

Flight Nurse

Dee McManus

1996, 1999–2001, 2005, 2008

Gedde Watanabe

ER Nurse

Yoshi Takata

1997–2003


document_title: Santa Clarita Diet

question_text: who is dr wolf on santa clarita diet

question_tokens: who is dr wolf on santa clarita diet

text: Santa Clarita Diet

text: Plot[edit]

text: Joel and Sheila Hammond are everyday suburban real estate agents in Santa Clarita, California.[6] The couple face a series of obstacles when Sheila has a medical turn and starts craving human flesh. With Joel and the family trying to help Sheila through the trying time, they have to deal with neighbours, cultural norms and getting to the bottom of a potentially mythological mystery.[7]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Timothy Olyphant as Joel Hammond, Sheila's husband and Abby's father
Drew Barrymore as Sheila Hammond, Joel's wife and Abby's mother
Liv Hewson as Abby Hammond, Sheila and Joel's daughter
Skyler Gisondo as Eric Bemis, the Hammonds' neighbor, Lisa and Dan's stepson

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Ricardo Chavira as Dan Palmer, a sheriff's deputy and the Hammonds' neighbor
Mary Elizabeth Ellis as Lisa Palmer, Dan's wife and Eric's mother
Richard T. Jones as Rick, a Santa Monica police officer, the Hammond's neighbor, and Joel's friend
Joy Osmanski as Alondra, Rick's wife
Natalie Morales as Anne Garcia, a sheriff's deputy and co-worker of Dan's
Thomas Lennon as Novak, Abby's school principal
Grace Zabriskie as Mrs. Bakavic, Novak's grandmother
DeObia Oparei as Loki Hayes, a convicted felon
Portia de Rossi as Cora Wolf, a scientist focused on the undead

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Nathan Fillion as Gary West, a realtor and the Hammonds' co-worker
Andy Richter as Carl Coby, the Hammonds' boss
Patton Oswalt as Dr. Hasmedi, a virologist
Ryan Hansen as Bob Jonas, Lisa Palmer's lover
Derek Waters as Anton, a conspiracy theorist
Ravi Patel as Ryan, a convention goer

text: Production[edit]

text: Fresco came up with the premise from wanting to make "a family show with an interesting approach that we haven’t seen before". The zombie angle also allowed Fresco to explore the concept of Narcissism stating that "the undead are the ultimate narcissists. They want what they want when they want it and will do anything to just have what they want and don’t care about other people’s needs" [8]

text: For the setting Fresco drew from his own experience growing up in San Fernando Valley. Santa Clarita was chosen because of its middle class inhabitants.[8] The Hammonds' profession of realtors was chosen because "It gets them out into the world" as well as the "forced friendliness" inherent to the profession.[8]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"So Then a Bat or a Monkey"
Ruben Fleischer
Victor Fresco
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Joel and Sheila Hammond are realtors leading a normal suburban life with their daughter Abby. They are trying hard to sell a house but while showing it Sheila begins to violently throw up copious amounts of yellow liquid, including what might be an organ. Joel takes Sheila to the emergency department but it’s slow and they go home. Sheila is acting oddly including an increased libido. Sheila shows the family that she had no heartbeat and her blood is thick. They then talk to Lisa’s son Eric who informs them Sheila is dead and undead, thus driven by her Id. Sheila is okay with her new state. Eric tells them Sheila must always be fed, and if she degrades they may have to kill her. Later, Sheila and Abby sneak out and buy a car then Sheila goes to party with her neighbors. Sheila and Joel's co-worker, Gary, shows up and entices Sheila into dancing with him when Joel finds them. They leave and Sheila thinks her new behavior might be who she really is. Sheila is at home when Gary comes by and tries to force himself on her, threatening to tell others she was unfaithful if she refuses. Sheila begin to lick his fingers, suddenly biting two of them off and begins to devour Gary in the backyard. Joel comes home, and walks into the backyard to see Sheila eating Gary. She tells Joel she wants to make this work as Joel looks on in astonishment and horror.

2
"We Can't Kill People!"
Ruben Fleischer
Victor Fresco
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

They bury Gary’s remains in the desert. Abby and Eric follow them discovering Sheila killed Gary. While covering up the murder Dan sees Joel spraying his grass in the middle of the night and gets suspicious. Joel consults a virologist but he thinks Joel is crazy. Dan comes to inspect the grass and Joel tells him they have ants. Abby ditches school with Eric. Joel tries to get Sheila to eat meat but she says since she ate Gary she does not want anything but humans. Joel suggests that maybe it is the freshness that matters. Sheila continues to act impulsively including killing a rooster. After they make the sale on the listing Sheila tells Joel she couldn’t eat the rooster. Joel reiterates that they cannot kill people. Joel and Sheila try to find an alternate food source at the morgue but Sheila can’t stand the cadaver flesh. Sheila’s hunger in growing so Joel tells her they are going to kill people so she can eat. They have been together since high school and he is not going to leave her now. Abby comes and sleeps in their bed because she is worried about the changes.

3
"We Can Kill People"
Marc Buckland
Clay Graham
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Joel and Sheila discuss balancing killing people and being parents. Abby is grumpy with them for being overbearing. They make a plan to find a bad person to kill. Dan talks to them about never having a sloppy kill referring to the ants. They get supplies for killing people. Joel smokes pot in the bathroom to calm down. Eric and Abby have lunch while ditching school where Abby’s friend leaves with her older boyfriend but he breaks up with her. Joel and Sheila talk to Rick, their other neighbor who is also a cop, looking for where to find people to kill. Sheila and Joel overhear the teenagers talking about how bad the ex-boyfriend was and decide to kill him. Once Joel talked to him he decides to let him go much to Sheila’s annoyance. The teenagers teargas the ex-boyfriend's house retrieving her friend sweater. On the way home Sheila and Joel have a road rage incident then Sheila kills the driver of the other car. They put him in the freezer in their storage unit hoping he will not be missed. They go to family dinner and all three of them tell the others how wonderful everything is.

4
"The Farting Sex Tourist"
Ken Kwapis
Michael A. Ross
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Sheila makes a smoothie from the body in storage then goes walking with her neighbors. Sheila suggests the women should live life to the fullest. Sheila tells them her new attitude is due to her new high protein diet. Joel goes to paranormal stores researching zombies. He finds two prints from Serbia that show someone vomiting up a red ball and then eating someone. Rick talks to the couple about their new car and then Dan interrupts bringing them more ant spray. Abby’s school calls them in and Principal Novak tells them Abby is missing school. They insist everything is normal. Sheila gets upset with Novak and she wants to eat him when he threatens to suspend Abby. Sheila tells Abby she should drop out causing Joel to confront Sheila about her behavior concluding he is not sure their family can survive it. Sheila talks to Eric who tells her the undead have no impulse control and she cannot change. Meanwhile Joel talks to Abby and they steal Rick’s motorcycle before they bond over freaking out about Sheila. Joel realizes Novak is Serbian. Dan sprays Joel’s yard for ants and finds Gary's finger.

5
"Man Eat Man"
Marc Buckland
Chadd Gindin
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Abby goes to the storage unit and finds the dead man in the freezer. Joel talks to Novak’s Grandmother for help translating the prints. She tells him it is an old story about zombies from a book that might have a cure. Sheila is reluctant about a cure at first as she likes the side effects of being a zombie but finally agrees she wants a cure. Joel finds a possible source for the book, Anton. Abby tells Eric about the dead guy she found. Eric tells Abby he found out his mom is having an affair. Joel asks Rick to run a check for Anton. Dan blackmails Joel into killing a guy named Loki. Joel tells Sheila that Dan knows about Gary. Sheila wants to kill Loki for food and is willing to go alone. Abby complains to Eric about her parent’s lying and he tries to kiss her. Sheila and Joel try to kill Loki and fail. Sheila is worried she bit Loki. Abby notices blood on Sheila’s briefcase but does not confront her mom about it. Loki is on the floor of a hotel room surrounded by vomit like Sheila was before.

6
"Attention to Detail"
Craig Zisk
Leila Cohan-Miccio
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Joel and Sheila stake out Loki and debate the possibility that he was turned into a zombie. With no resolution they go to a party at Dan’s house and Joel has to lie to Dan about Loki. Sheila realizes she left a pen with her contact information at Loki’s house. Abby and Eric have a hard time recovering from the kiss. Dan wants Joel to kill another guy who he claims is a bad guy but when Sheila goes to kill him it turns out to be the guy Lisa is having an affair with and she does not kill him. Abby and Eric plant a flash bang in Dan’s rose garden to freak him out. In the process they find a stash of money concluding Dan is a dirty cop. Joel runs into Loki’s friends and is held hostage. They knock him out but he is OK and he finds the pen. Joel and Sheila decide they are going to do everything together moving forward. Joel confronts Dan telling him he will not be killing people for him anymore. They get into a fight and Joel kills him with a shovel.

7
"Strange or Just Inconsiderate?"
Lynn Shelton
Ben Smith
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Joel and Sheila bring Dan’s body to their house and they make a plan to dispose of him. Sheila begins to worry about Joel, who is obsessed with retaining the family's "normality." Rick finds Anton for Joel. Abby finds Dan’s body in the tub and confronts her parents about lying to her. Abby tells Eric that Dan is dead and he is fine with it. Abby and Eric have a plan to help cover up Dan’s murder by revealing he is a dirty cop to the other cops. With the sheriff's department all over the neighborhood following Dan's disappearance, Sheila undertakes to eat him completely to hide the evidence but fails. Joel decides to take the remaining body parts out of the house in a cooler. The cops find Dan’s stash and with it Gary’s finger. Rick tells Joel that Gary’s disappearance is being blamed on Dan. While Sheila is taking a bath her little toe falls off.

8
"How Much Vomit?"
Steve Pink
Aaron Brownstein & Simon Ganz
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Sheila keeps the fact that her toe has fallen off from Joel. As the police discover more about Dan's corrupt activities, Joel and Sheila hear that Loki is still alive and appears to have turned undead as well. They find him doing an acoustic performance at a local club, and he becomes obsessed with Sheila, forcing them to kill him when he tries to murder Joel. As Joel is coming to terms with Sheila's toe having fallen off, they are both shocked to notice that her right eye is now hanging out of her head.

9
"The Book!"
Tamra Davis
Sarah Walker
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Joel and Eric head to a paranormal convention to meet Anton, a popular and mysterious figure in the paranormal community, who claims to have an ancient book containing the cure for Sheila's condition. Anton accuses Joel of being a government agent, and when confronted later, admits he is a fraud and does not have the book—however Joel is approached by another attendee, who puts him in touch with the book's real owner, Dr. Cora Wolf. Meanwhile, Sheila tries to bond with Abby, as the two try to get her money back from the brother of the deceased chop shop owner.

10
"Baka, Bile and Baseball Bats"
Dean Parisot
Clay Graham
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Dr. Cora Wolf moves in with the Hammonds to work on a cure for the virus, which has previously only been tested on rats. Wolf tells Sheila that as her condition progresses, she will become uncontrollably violent and could harm her family and others. With Eric's assistance, Wolf synthesizes the cure, only requiring the final ingredient: the bile of a pure-born Serbian. Joel and Sheila visit Principal Novak's "baka" and attempt to get her to vomit by getting her drunk, however Novak calls the police and Joel is arrested and committed to a mental institution. Sheila gets Abby to chain her up in the basement, to prevent her harming anyone. She takes a call from a real estate client, telling them that she hopes either she or her husband "will be free next week".

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Santa Clarita Diet received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the season has an approval rating of 71% based on 51 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Santa Clarita Diet serves up an excellent cast, frequent laughs, and an engaging premise – but the level of gore might not be to everyone's taste."[9] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[10]

text: Advertising controversy[edit]

text: In February 2017, advertising for the show sparked criticism in Germany, where Netflix promoted the show with posters depicting a human finger sliced up like a currywurst, a popular German fast food dish. After receiving more than 50 complaints that the advertising was glorifying violence and inducing fear, especially in children, the German Advertising Council, a self-regulatory institution, forwarded the complaints to the company. Netflix then decided to end the campaign and remove all posters.[11]


document_title: Miniature golf

question_text: where is the worlds oldest mini golf located

text: Miniature golf

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: While the international sports organization World Minigolf Sport Federation (WMF)[1] prefers to use the name "minigolf", the general public in different countries has also many other names for the game: miniature golf, mini-golf, midget golf, goofy golf, shorties, extreme golf, crazy golf, adventure golf, mini-putt, putter golf and so on. The name Putt-Putt is the trademark of an American company[2] that builds and franchises miniature golf courses in addition to other family-oriented entertainment, and the term "putt-putt" is sometimes used colloquially to refer to the game itself. The term "Minigolf" was formerly a registered trademark of a Swedish company that built its own patented type of minigolf courses. Resort towns such as Myrtle Beach, South Carolina; Branson, Missouri; Pigeon Forge, Tennessee; and Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin are known for their numerous minigolf courses.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: Geometrically-shaped minigolf courses made of artificial materials (carpet) began to emerge during the early 20th century. The earliest documented mention of such a course is in the 8 June 1912 edition of The Illustrated London News, which introduces a minigolf course called Gofstacle.[4]

text: The first standardized minigolf courses to enter commercial mass-production were the Thistle Dhu ("This'll Do") course 1916 in Pinehurst, North Carolina, and the 1927 Tom Thumb patent of Garnet Carter from Lookout Mountain, Tennessee. Thomas McCulloch Fairbairn (inventor), a golf fanatic, revolutionized the game in 1922 with his formulation of a suitable artificial green—a mixture of cottonseed hulls, sand, oil, and dye. With this discovery, miniature golf became accessible everywhere; by the late 1920s there were over 150 rooftop courses in New York City alone, and tens of thousands across the United States.[5] This American minigolf boom of early 20th century came to an end during the economic depression in the late 1930s. Nearly all minigolf courses in the United States were closed and demolished before the end of the 1930s.[6] A rare surviving example from this period is the Parkside Whispering Pines Miniature Golf Course located near Rochester, New York, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.[7]

text: The first miniature golf course in Canada was at the Maples Inn in Pointe-Claire, Quebec. The "Mapes" was constructed as a summer home in the 1890s but was renovated into a club in 1902, opened to the public in 1914, and had a miniature golf course in 1930. The popular nightspot burned in 1985. (See: West Island Chronicle, June 29, 2008.)

text: European origins[edit]

text: One of the first documented minigolf courses in mainland Europe was built in 1926 by Fr. Schröder in Hamburg, Germany. Mr. Schröder had been inspired by his visit to the United States, where he had seen minigolf courses spreading across the country.[8]

text: In 1930 Edwin O. Norrman and Eskil Norman returned to Sweden from the United States, where they had stayed for several years and witnessed the golden days of the American minigolf boom. In 1931 they founded a company "Norman och Norrmans Miniatyrgolf", and began manufacturing standardized minigolf courses for the Swedish market. During the following years they spread this new leisure activity across Sweden, by installing minigolf courses in public parks and other suitable locations.[8]

text: Swedish minigolf courses typically had a rectangular wooden frame surrounding the playing area made of tennis field sand[9] (while the American manufacturers used newly developed and patented felt as the surface of their minigolf courses). Felt did not become popular as a surface material in Sweden until in the mid-1960s—but since then it has become practically the only surface material used in Scandinavia and Britain, due to its favorable playing qualities in wet weather. (Minigolf courses with a felt surface can be played in rainy weather, because water soaks through the felt into the ground. The other commonly used surface materials, beton and eternite, cannot be used in rainy weather, because the rainwater pools on them, stopping the ball from rolling.)

text: The Swedish Minigolf Federation (Svenska Bangolfförbundet)[10] was founded in 1937, being the oldest minigolf sport organization in the world. National Swedish championships in minigolf have been played yearly since 1939.[11] In other countries minigolf sport federations were not founded until the late 1950s, due to the post-war economical depression.

text: In 1954, the minigolf course in Ascona (Switzerland) opened, the oldest course worldwide following the norms of Paul Bongni.

text: Competitive games[edit]

text: The earliest documented minigolf competitions were played in the United States. The first National Tom Thumb Open minigolf tournament was arranged in 1930, with a total cash purse $10,000 (the top prize being $2,000). Qualification play-offs were played in all of the 48 states, and the final competition on Lookout Mountain, Chattanooga, Tennessee attracted over 200 players representing thirty states.[12] After the Depression ten years later, minigolf died out as a competition sport in America, and has begun to recover only during the most recent decades. The American minigolf sport boom of the 1930s inspired many European countries, and the sport of minigolf lived on in Europe even after the American game fell into Depression.

text: Post-depression USA[edit]

text: In 1938 Joseph and Robert Taylor from Binghamton, New York started building and operating their own miniature golf courses. These courses differed from the ones in the late 20s and early 30s; they were no longer just rolls, banks, and curves, with an occasional pipe thrown in. Their courses not only had landscaping, but also obstacles, including windmills, castles, and wishing wells.

text: Impressed by the quality of the courses, many customers asked if the Taylors would build a course for them. By the early 1940s, Joe and Bob formed Taylor Brothers, and were in the business of building miniature golf courses and supplying obstacles to the industry. During both the Korean and Vietnam Wars, many a G.I. played on a Taylor Brothers prefabricated course that the U.S. Military had contracted to be built and shipped overseas.

text: By the late 50s almost all supply catalogs carried Taylor Brothers' obstacles. In 1961 Bob Taylor, Don Clayton of Putt-Putt, and Frank Abramoff of Arnold Palmer Miniature Golf organized the first miniature golf association known as NAPCOMS (or the "National Association of Putting Course Operators, Manufacturers, and Suppliers"). Their first meeting was held in New York City. Though this organization only lasted a few years it was the first attempt to bring miniature golf operators together to promote miniature golf.

text: In 1955, Lomma Golf, Inc., founded by Al Lomma and his brother Ralph Lomma, led the revival of wacky, animated trick hazards. These hazards required both accurately aimed shots and split-second timing to avoid spinning windmill blades, revolving statuary, and other careening obstacles.

text: The book Tilting At Windmills (How I Learned To Stop Worrying And Love Sport) by Andy Miller tells the story of the formerly sports-hating author attempting to change by competing in miniature golf, including events in Denmark and Latvia.

text: In the United States, National Miniature Golf Day is held yearly on the second Saturday of May. The event had its inaugural celebration on May 12, 2007, and was officially recognized and published in 2008's edition of Chase's Calendar of Events.

text: Other countries[edit]

text: Minigolf has so far not reached wide popularity outside Europe and North America.[citation needed] The reason is probably economic, at least to some extent: the less wealthy countries invest their limited sports funds into such sports that enjoy widest public attention and media coverage, leaving the less popular sports with little or no funding at all. (Minigolf is one of the most popular outdoor games in Europe and America, though, but only as an occasional leisure activity, not as a competitive sport.)

text: By the 1950s the American Putt-Putt company was exporting their minigolf courses to South Africa, Australia, Japan, Korea, India, Iran, Italy, Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil, and the Eastern Bloc.[13] Minigolf courses are found in all parts of the world, but their popularity is by far highest in the USA, the UK, New Zealand, Scandinavia, and central Europe.[citation needed]

text: Governing body[edit]

text: The sport of miniature golf is governed internationally by the World Minigolf Sport Federation (WMF), headquartered in Göteborg, Sweden. The WMF is a member of SportAccord. It organises World Championships for youth and elite players, and Continental Championships in Europe, Asia and the USA, held in alternate years.

text: WMF Members[edit]

text:
Nation
Governing body

 Australia
Australian Mini Golf Association

 Austria
Österreichischer Bahnengolf-Verband

 Belgium
Union Belge de MiniGolf — Belgische Verbond voor MidgetGolf

 Canada
Trenton Putters Minigolf

 China
China Minigolf Sport Federation

 Croatia
Croatian Minigolf Federation

 Cyprus
City Mini Golf

 Czech Republic
Ceský minigolfový svaz

 Denmark
Dansk Minigolf Union

 Estonia
Estonian Minigolf Association

 Finland
Suomen Ratagolfliitto

 France
Fédération Française de Minigolf

 Germany
Deutscher Minigolfsport Verband

 Great Britain
British Mini Golf Association

 Hungary
Magyar Minigolf Országos Szakszövetség

 India
Minigolf Federation of India

 Indonesia
Persatuan Mini Golf Indonesia

 Iran
Iran Minigolf Societ

 Israel
Israeli Minigolf Association (R.A.)

 Italy
Federazione Italiana Golf su Pista

 Japan
Japan Mini Golf Association

 Kosovo
Federata e Minigolfit e Kosovës

 Latvia
Latvian Minigolf Clubs Association

 Liechtenstein
Liechtensteiner Minigolf-Sport-Verband

 Luxembourg
Fédération Luxembourgeoise de Golf sur Pistes

 Malaysia
Malaysian Minigolf Sport Association (MMGSA)

 Mexico
Federacion Mexicana de Minigolf

 Moldova
National Golf Federation of Moldova

 Mongolia
Mongolian Amateur Minigolf Federation

 Netherlands
Nederlandse Minigolf Bond (NMB)

 New Zealand
MiniatureGolf Association

 Norway
Norges Minigolf Forbund

 Philippines
Affiliation Minigolf of the Philippines

 Poland
Minigolf Club Sopot

 Portugal
Federacão Portuguesa de Minigolfe

 Romania
Club Sportiv Minigolf Riviera

 Russia
Russian Golf Association

 Serbia
Serbian Minigolf Association

 Singapore
Miniature Golf Association (Singapore)

 Slovakia
Slovenský zväz dráhového golfu

 Slovenia
Mini Golf Zveza Slovenije

 South Korea
Korea Newsports Association

 Sweden
Svenska Bangolfförbundet

  Switzerland
Swiss Minigolf

 Taipei
Minigolf Sport Association

 Thailand
Minigolf Association Thailand

 Turkey
Uluslararasi Minigolf & Tuna Minigolf

 Ukraine
Ukrainian Golf Federation

 UAE
Emirati Mini Golf

 USA
United States ProMiniGolf Association (USPMGA)

 Vietnam
Vietnam Minigolf Foundation

text: Course types[edit]

text: All competitions approved by World Minigolfsport Federation are played on standardized courses, whose design has been checked to be suitable for competitive play. The WMF currently approves four different course types:

text:
Beton[14] (abbreviated B, sometimes called "Bongni" and named after Paul Bongni of Geneva, Switzerland, "Minigolf" or "Abteilung 1")
Eternite[15] (abbreviated E (in Sweden EB), sometimes called "Europabana", "Miniaturgolf" or "Abteilung 2")
Felt[16] (abbreviated F or SFR, sometimes called "Swedish felt runs"), and
Minigolf Open System[17] (abbreviated "O", "OS" or "MOS"). The latter non-standardized playing system, MOS, covers all minigolf courses that the three standardized systems (B, E, F) do not cover.

text: The world record on one round of minigolf is 18 strokes on 18 holes. More than a thousand players have officially achieved this score on eternite. On other playing systems a perfect round of 18 holes-in-one is extremely rare, and has never been scored in an official national or international tournament. Unofficial 18-rounds on concrete and felt courses have been reported in Sweden.[18]

text: In addition to classical outdoor miniature golf, indoor "glow in the dark" miniature golf has achieved some popularity, especially in colder climates like Canada[19] and Finland.[20] It can be played throughout the year, and climate control allows building elaborate obstacles that would not withstand inclement weather. There are also a variety of portable miniature golf fairways or 'tracks'[21] that can be set up as temporary courses indoors or outdoors. The fairways are usually constructed of wooden or glass fibre frames. Portable fairways are often used for summer festivals and fairs, corporate events, team-building events, and product launches.

text: The 18th and final holes of many miniature golf courses are designed to literally capture the ball, effectively preventing the player from playing additional rounds without purchasing another game. This may be accomplished with a "drain" or trap-door hole setup that channels the ball to a lockbox. One popular method of theming the 18th hole in the United States is to use a gated, ramped target area depicting the face of a clown; if the ball lands "in" the clown's nose, a bell might sound and the player would win a discount ticket for another game.

text: Competitions and tournaments[edit]

text: Nearly all European countries have an official national federation for promoting minigolf as a competition sport. The bi-annual European Championships attract competitors from more than twenty European countries. As of 2012, Chris Beattie has been the holder of the European Championship title.[22] Outside Europe only a small number of countries have participated in international minigolf competitions. These countries include USA, Japan, China, India and Taiwan. A national minigolf federation exists also in Moldova, Mexico, Australia and New Zealand, but none of these countries has ever participated in international competitions, and probably are not arranging many domestic competitions either.[23]

text: World Minigolfsport Federation represents some 40,000 registered competition players from 37 countries.[24] The national minigolf federation of Germany has 11,000 members with a competing license,[25] and the Swedish federation has 8,000 registered competition players.[18] Other strong minigolf countries include Austria and Switzerland, each having a few thousand licensed competition players. Also Italy, Czech Republic and Netherlands have traditionally been able to send a strong team to international championships, even if they cannot count their licensed players in thousands.

text: The sceptre of competitive minigolf rests quite firmly in mainland Europe: no player from other countries (such as UK, USA, Japan et cetera) has ever reached even the top 50 in World Championships (in men's category).[22] Nearly all national federations outside Europe were founded only quite recently (within the last 10 years), and it will take time before the players of these countries learn all secrets of the game. USA has a longer history of minigolf competitions, but the standardized European competition courses are practically unknown in USA, and therefore the American players have been unable to learn the secrets of European minigolf. On the traditional American courses the best American players are able to challenge the European top players into a tough and exciting competition.[26]

text: The British Minigolf Association (BMGA) has an additional – and quite surprising – problem on their way to greater success in competitive minigolf. While the minigolf federations in mainland Europe receive annual funding from the government, in England the national sports organisation Sport England has refused to accept BMGA as its member – which means that BMGA is left without the public funding that other forms of sports enjoy. The rules of Sport England declare that only one variant of each sport can be accepted as member – and minigolf is interpreted as a variant of golf.[24]

text: No person is known to be earning his living by competing in minigolf. Many course owners and employees naturally earn their living by working at minigolf courses, and some of the best minigolf players earn their living from minigolf-related work, such as giving putting lessons to golf players.[27] Many miniature golf courses also offer other forms of entertainment such as carousels, go-cart tracks, batting cages, and redemption arcades.

text: The highest money prizes are paid in the United States, where the winner of a major competition may earn up to 5,000 US dollars. In mainland Europe the money prizes are generally quite low, and in many cases honor is the only thing at stake in the competition. International championships usually award no money prizes at all.

text: In the US there are two organizations offering national tournaments: the Professional Putters Association and the US Pro Mini-Golf Association (USPMGA). The USPMGA represents the United States in the World Minigolfsport Federation, having been an active member since 1995. USPMGA President Robert Detwiler is also the WMF representative for North and South America.

text: New Israeli Minigolf Association was established in February 2010 in Israel. Setting up, for the first time, league playing according to the rules of WMF and USPMGA. Now, a series of lush and inviting minigolf parks in prime locations are building around Israel and will be offering this need of adventure to the public at very attractive surrounding.

text: International tournaments[edit]

text: World Minigolfsport Federation (WMF), a member of AGFIS, organises World Championships biennially (on odd-numbered years), while the continental championships in Europe and Asia are organized on even-numbered years. Many of these competitions are arranged for three age groups: juniors (under 20 years), adults (no age limit), and seniors (over 45 years).[28] Men and women compete separately in their own categories, except in some team competitions and pair competitions. The difference in the playing skills of men and women is very small on top level, however: it is not unheard-of that the best player in a major international tournament is female. Typically the winner in women's category would be very close to medals also in men's category.[29]

text: World and European Championships have so far never been arranged on MOS courses (which are popular in USA and UK, and were approved by WMF for competition use only a few years ago). International competitions are typically arranged on two courses of 18 holes, of which one course is eternite, and the other course is usually concrete, less commonly felt. In the future, the WMF is expected to use also MOS courses in international championships – which will give American and British players a chance to show their skills on their own traditional course types.

text: The most prestigious MOS minigolf competitions in the world are the US Masters, US Open, British Open, Kent Open, World Crazy Golf Championships and the World Adventuregolf Masters.


document_title: E&OE

question_text: what is the meaning of e and oe

question_tokens: what is the meaning of e and oe

text: E&OE

text: Look up E&OE in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: Errors and omissions excepted (E&OE[1]) is a phrase used in an attempt to reduce legal liability for potentially incorrect or incomplete information supplied in a contractually related document such as a quotation or specification.

text: It is often applied as a disclaimer in situations in which the information to which it is applied is relatively fast-moving. In legal terms, it seeks to make a statement that information cannot be relied upon, or may have changed by the time of use.

text: It is regularly used in accounting, to "excuse slight mistakes or oversights."[2]

text: It is also used when a large amount of information is listed against a product, to state that—to the best of the supplier's knowledge—the information is correct, but that they will not be held responsible if an error has been committed.