document_title: The Fault in Our Stars (film)

question_text: who plays the mom in the fault in our stars

text: The Fault in Our Stars (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Hazel Grace Lancaster is an intelligent and witty teenager living in Indianapolis, who has terminal thyroid cancer that has spread to her lungs. Believing she is depressed, her mother Frannie urges her to attend a weekly cancer patient support group to help her make friends with individuals who are going through the same thing. There Hazel meets Augustus Waters, a charming teenager who lost a leg from bone cancer but has since apparently been cancer-free. He invites Hazel to his house where they bond over their hobbies and agree to read each other's favorite book. Hazel recommends An Imperial Affliction, a novel about a cancer-stricken girl named Anna that parallels her experience, and Augustus gives Hazel Counter Insurgence. They keep in touch via text over the weeks that follow and grow closer. After Augustus finishes the book, he expresses frustration with its abrupt ending (it ends in the middle of a sentence). Hazel explains that the novel's mysterious author, Peter Van Houten (Willem Dafoe), retreated to Amsterdam following the novel's publication and has not been heard from since.

text: Weeks later, Augustus tells Hazel he has traced Van Houten's assistant, Lidewij, and has corresponded with Van Houten by email. She writes to him to find out more about the novel's ambiguous ending. Van Houten replies that he is only willing to answer her questions in person. Hazel asks her mother if she can travel to Amsterdam to visit him, but Frannie refuses because of financial and medical constraints. Augustus suggests that she use the "cancer wish" she received from Make-A-Wish Foundation but Hazel explains that she has already used hers to visit Disney World. Augustus and Hazel go on a picnic date and begin to fall in love. Augustus surprises Hazel with tickets to Amsterdam. After a medical setback, Hazel's doctors eventually agree to allow the trip, since they expect that she will soon become incapable of doing anything at all.

text: Hazel and Augustus arrive in Amsterdam and are presented with reservations at an expensive restaurant, pre-paid by Van Houten. During the meal, Augustus confesses his love for Hazel. The following afternoon, they go to Van Houten's house, but are shocked to find he is a mean-spirited alcoholic. Lidewij arranged the meeting and their dinner without Van Houten knowing anything about it. Angered by his assistant's actions, he taunts Hazel for seeking serious answers to a piece of fiction and belittles her medical condition. She leaves, utterly distraught. Lidewij invites them to go sightseeing to make up for their ruined experience. The three visit the Anne Frank House, where Hazel struggles to climb the house's many stairs. They spend that night together in their hotel and have sex for the first time. The next day Augustus tells Hazel that his cancer has returned and spread throughout his body and is terminal. Hazel is heartbroken, expressing how unfair life can be.

text: After their return to Indianapolis, Augustus' health worsens. He is taken to the ICU and realizes he is close to death. Augustus invites his blind best friend Isaac and Hazel to his pre-funeral, where they deliver eulogies that they have both prepared. Hazel tells him she would not trade their short time together for anything, since he "gave me a forever within the numbered days." Augustus dies eight days later and Hazel is astonished to find Van Houten at the funeral. He tells her that Augustus had demanded he attend his funeral to make up for the spoiled trip. Van Houten tells her that the novel is based on the experiences of his daughter Anna, who died from leukemia at a young age. He gives Hazel a piece of paper which she crumples up asking him to leave. Later, talking with Isaac, Hazel learns that Augustus had asked Van Houten to help him write a eulogy for her. She retrieves the crumpled paper and reads his words accepting his death and about his love for her. She lies on her back on her lawn looking up at the stars, smiling as she remembers Augustus and says: "Okay."

text: An Imperial Affliction[edit]

text: The book An Imperial Affliction, which features within both the original novel and the film, is fictitious, as is its author Peter Van Houten; both are used to enhance the themes and story.[4]

text: Differences between the novel and film[edit]

text: According to Lindsey Weber of Vulture.com, the differences between the book and the film include Hazel mentioning the band the Hectic Glow many times in the book, but not in the film. Gus is 17 in the book but 18 in the film. In the book, Gus has an ex-girlfriend, Caroline, who died from cancer which is not mentioned in the film. Hazel's former best friend Kaitlyn does not appear in the film. In the book, Hazel and Gus meet when she turns around to find him staring at her, while in the film they meet on the way to their support group. Gus dies more quickly in the film than in the book. In the book, Hazel searches for the letter, while in the film, Van Houten gives it to her. In the book, Hazel shows forgiveness towards van Houten after Gus's funeral, while in the film she demands that he leave. In the book, Hazel is a vegetarian but this is not referenced in the film. A scene in the film in which Gus comes in a limousine to pick up Hazel and her mother when they are leaving for Amsterdam, does not appear in the book. However, in the book, Gus is late when Hazel and her mother arrive at his house in a taxi because he appears to be fighting with his parents over his cancer relapse and the trip. [5] The book Augustus gives Hazel the first time they hang out is "The Price of Dawn" in the book, while it is "Counterinsurgence" in the movie. Augustus has blue eyes in the book, though brown eyes in the movie. Issac's hair is blond in the book, yet black in the movie.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Shailene Woodley as Hazel Grace Lancaster

Lily Kenna as young Hazel[6]

Ansel Elgort as Augustus "Gus" Waters[7]
Nat Wolff as Isaac, Augustus' best friend[8]
Laura Dern as Frannie Lancaster, Hazel's mother[8]
Sam Trammell as Michael Lancaster, Hazel's father[9]
Willem Dafoe as Peter van Houten[10]
Lotte Verbeek as Lidewij Vliegenthart, van Houten's assistant
Mike Birbiglia as Patrick, the Support Group leader[11]
Ana Dela Cruz as Dr. Maria
Milica Govich as Mrs. Waters, Augustus's mother
David Whalen as Mr. Waters, Augustus's father
Emily Peachey as Monica
Emily Bach as Monica's Mom
Carole Weyers (voice) as Anne Frank

text: Production[edit]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: On January 31, 2012, it was announced that Fox 2000, a division of 20th Century Fox, had optioned the rights to adapt John Green's novel The Fault in Our Stars for a feature film.[12] Wyck Godfrey and Marty Bowen were due to produce the film with their production company, Temple Hill Entertainment.[13] Stephen Chbosky, who directed The Perks of Being a Wallflower (also filmed in Pittsburgh), was in talks to direct the film but turned it down because of its similarity to Perks.[14] On February 19, 2013, Josh Boone was hired as director;[15] Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber were hired to adapt the novel into a screenplay—their second adaptation for Fox, following Rosaline.[15][16]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On March 19, 2013, Entertainment Weekly announced that Shailene Woodley (who had recently been cast in, and was filming, Divergent) would play Hazel Grace Lancaster.[17] Director Josh Boone said: "We read close to 150 actresses for the role, and I saw about 50 of those. Within ten or fifteen seconds of Shailene's audition, I knew she was Hazel. She held up her script pages and just her eyes were peeking over them."[18] On May 10, 2013, Ansel Elgort was cast as Hazel's love interest, Augustus Waters.[7] On July 23, Laura Dern joined the cast as Hazel's mother Frannie Lancaster, and Nat Wolff as Issac, Augustus' best friend.[8] Wolff told HuffPost Live: "It's exciting, I feel really lucky. The fact that I get to work with these super talented people—I mean, that's part of the reason why, I'm good in the movie, that's the reason."[19] On August 14, Sam Trammell was cast as Hazel's father Michael Lancaster,[9] and on August 28, author John Green announced that Mike Birbiglia would be playing Patrick.[11] On September 6, he tweeted that Willem Dafoe would play Peter van Houten.[10]

text: Prior to these announcements, author John Green had tweeted that he would be happy if Mae Whitman played Hazel,[20] and in February 2013, there had been speculation that Shailene Woodley and Hailee Steinfeld were among those being considered for the lead role.[15]

text: John Green filmed a cameo appearance; his scene was cut from the film but is included in the deleted scenes section of the film's DVD and Blu-ray releases. In the cut scene, Green plays the father of a young girl who asks about Hazel's cannula while at the airport.[21] Green said: "They cut [the scene] because it was totally unnecessary to the movie-slash-I was terrible."[22]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on August 26, 2013, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[23] Film locations included Oakmont, Pennsylvania,[24] Pittsburgh Children's Hospital, and the historic The Mansions on Fifth hotel.[25] The church scenes were filmed at St. Paul's Episcopal Church in the Pittsburgh suburb of Mt. Lebanon.[26] Filming in Pennsylvania continued until October 10,[27] then the production moved to Amsterdam, where filming began on October 14.[28] Filming was officially completed on October 16, 2013.[29]

text: In Amsterdam, three days of filming took place. Woodley and Elgort were filmed on a canal-side public bench. On July 2, 2014, The Guardian reported that the bench had gone missing, and city officials said they did not know where it was. Amsterdam city spokesman, Stephan van der Hoek said: "It's a bit embarrassing, because we do keep good track of them, but it's gone all right". He promised to install a new bench within weeks.[30] Just a week later, Entertainment Weekly said the Amsterdam film office had tweeted a photograph taken during the re-installation of the stolen bench; Amsterdam film commissioner Simon Brester said it was the same bench, not a replacement.[31]

text: Filming in Pittsburgh included the interior scenes at the Anne Frank House, which was recreated on a soundstage at Pittsburgh Studios located in Churchill Borough, Pennsylvania in the east suburbs of Pittsburgh.[32] Production designer Molly Hughes and art director Greg Weimerskirch built three different studio sets in Pittsburgh, one for each floor.[33] Also, the Funky Bones art monument in Indianapolis was recreated in Pittsburgh with the help of the sculpture's creator, Dutch artist Joep Van Lieshout.[34]

text: Author John Green, though an Indianapolis native, was pleased with the selection of Pittsburgh for filming. He commented that

text: Pittsburgh has an amazing community of really talented film professionals that’s been built up over the last 20 years. I’ve been blown away by their professionalism, their confidence, their dedication. There aren’t a lot of cities like that. You kind of have to find the city that can be Indianapolis. And Pittsburgh, even though it has a lot of hills, it can be Indianapolis. We just have to find a couple of flat streets.[35]

text: Music[edit]

text: Mike Mogis and Nate Walcott of Bright Eyes scored the film.[36] The full album track list was released on April 13, 2014, featuring songs from artists including: M83, Grouplove, Kodaline, Jake Bugg, Tom Odell, Birdy, Ed Sheeran and Charli XCX, who performed "Boom Clap", one of the main songs from the movie, which became an international success, due in part to its exposure in the film.[37] The soundtrack was released by Atlantic Records on May 19 in the U.S., and on June 23 in the UK.[38]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Fault in Our Stars premiered to 300 guests at the Ziegfeld Theater in New York City on June 2, 2014. At the premiere, Green said: "I didn't want to sell it, because Hollywood sucks at making unsentimental movies about illness."[39] The film was released on June 6, 2014.[40] After the New York premiere, Evangeline Earl, a student, announced that Green's book, from which the film was adapted, had been inspired by her sister Esther Earl, who had also been an author. Esther suffered from thyroid cancer and died in 2010. Evangeline said Esther had met Green at LeakyCon, a Harry Potter convention held in Boston in 2009. Green said, "I could never have written The Fault in Our Stars without knowing Esther. Every word on that book depends on her."[41] Green said he used the word "okay" in the book and the film because Hazel and Augustus used it to express their love for each other;[42] it becomes a special word between them. The original novel was inspired by the late author Esther Earl, who used the word "okay" with her sister Abigail.[43]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first trailer was released on January 29, 2014. The trailer had over 3 million views in less than 24 hours,[44] and more than 15 million views in its first seven days. A video clip was shown before the show at the 2014 MTV Movie Awards on April 13.[45] An extended trailer was released on April 28, and Fox released more clips via YouTube as part of the film's pre-release promotion.[46] On April 2, the studio announced the launch of a promotional tour program named Demand Our Stars. Green, Woodley, Elgort, and Wolff would visit the states that got most votes from fans re-blogging their states' map outlines.[47] Four states won: the tour program started in Miami, Florida, on May 6; went to Cleveland, Ohio, on May 7; then went to Nashville, Tennessee, on May 8; and ended in Dallas, Texas, on May 9.[48][49]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Fault in Our Stars was released on DVD and Blu-ray on September 16, 2014.[50] The Fault in Our Stars: Little Infinities Blu-ray edition features the theatrical 126-minute and extended 133-minute versions of the film, a number of deleted scenes including the John Green cameo, and featurettes.[51] The home video release grossed over $42.6 million in total domestic video sales.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
"Big movies have their embedded lessons in heroism, but it's nice to have tales of human-scale fortitude."

—Lisa Kennedy, writing for Denver Post[52]

tag: div

text: The Fault in Our Stars received generally positive reviews, with Woodley's and Elgort's performances and Neustadter and Weber's screenplay receiving praise. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 81% based on 199 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Wise, funny, and heartbreaking without resorting to exploitation, The Fault in Our Stars does right by its bestselling source material."[53] Metacritic gave the film a score of 69 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[54] At CinemaScore opening day audiences gave the film an "A" on an A+ to F scale.[55]

text: Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film a score of 3 out of 4; he said: "Woodley ... balances grace with gravity, wit with heart."[56] A. O. Scott writing for The New York Times said: "The film sets out to make you weep—not just sniffle or choke up a little, but sob until your nose runs and your face turns blotchy. It succeeds."[57] The Boston Globe's Ty Burr gave the film a rating of 2.5 out 4 and said: "If Elgort's Gus is glibly charming and ultimately affecting, The Fault in Our Stars belongs to Woodley, a performer who always seems to be backing warily into her own movies."[58]

text: Quickflix's Simon Miraudo rated the film 3/5, and said: "The Fault in Our Stars undeniably sets us up to knock us down."[59] Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 4 stars. He said Woodley's performance as Hazel was "transcendent, pure and authentic", stating that, "she's that memorable."[60] Scott Mendelson of Forbes magazine said the film is "exceptionally high-quality mainstream entertainment" and called it "a genuine work of art."[61] Anna Smith of Empire said it was a, "touching romance and Shailene Woodley's best performance yet."[62] Emma Dibdin of Digital Spy wrote "The Fault in Our Stars is a sharp and emotionally-sophisticated weepie that imbues its teenage characters with rare intelligence, and tackles its bleak subject matter with acerbic wit and tenderness."[63] Andy Lea of the Daily Star said: "as teen romances go, this is powerful stuff."[64] Wilson Morales at BlackFilm.com praised Woodley and Elgort's performances, saying they: "are so captivating and genuine in their performances, they manage to make this intensely poignant film very moving, romantic and highly entertaining."[65]

text:
"It's a fresh, lively love story, brimming with humor and heartbreak, and lifted to the heights by Shailene Woodley, a sublime actress with a résumé that pretty much proves she's incapable of making a false move on camera."

—Peter Travers of Rolling Stone[66]

text: Time magazine's Richard Corliss wrote: "Hazel and Augustus will live in film lore because of the young actors who play them."[67] Chris Vongar of Dallas Morning News gave the film a B+ as "the movie is witty and alive and only very occasionally maudlin."[68] USA Today's Claudia Puig called the film "well-written, well-acted, acerbic, funny and wisely observed", giving it 3.5 out of 4.[69] Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly called the film a "funny, sweet, three-hankie tearjerker" and gave the B grade.[70] Geoff Pevere of The Globe and Mail said, "While it may not conform to one's real-life expectations it certainly hews tightly to teen-flick conventions."[71] Connie Ogle of The Miami Herald called it a, "sweet, romantic film full of sudden warmth and humor."[72] A.A. Dowd of The A.V. Club gave the film a "B" saying that it is, "blessed with sparks of wit and buoyed by the talents of a charismatic cast."[73]

text: Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film a negative review, likening it to "being mugged by a professional whose skills in mixed martial arts you can't help but notice and appreciate, even as you are savagely beaten, then dragged upright, bruised and bleeding, and forced to watch as your assailant gives fully 45% of your money to charity."[74] Christy Lemire writing for Roger Ebert's website gave it two stars out of four and criticized the film for being "emotionally inert, despite its many moments that are meant to put a lump in our throats." Lemire criticized Elgort's performance and praised Woodley's "abiding, disarming naturalism."[75] Robbie Collin writing for The Daily Telegraph said: "Gus is something of a manic pixie dreamboat: the lesser-spotted male version of the kooky, adoring girlfriend-type sometimes played by Kirsten Dunst, Natalie Portman, and Zooey Deschanel."[76] David Edelstein of NPR said:

text: I know people who cried at the trailer of the romantic teen cancer movie The Fault in Our Stars—at the movie they'll need a life preserver to keep from drowning in a flood of tears. Me, I didn't cry, though at times my tear ducts tingled; I was on the verge. The film is a little slick for my taste, too engineered. But it's gently directed by Josh Boone and beautifully acted. Whatever the faults, it's not in the stars.[77]

text: Shalini Langer of The Indian Express gave the film two and a half stars and said: "The film is faithful to a fault from the dialogues to the clothes, the setting and the food, even while skipping over some of the unpleasant details."[78] Dana Stevens writing for Slate Magazine said: "What in the name of God is wrong with me that I didn't cry once—I, who just the day before wept through the entirety of my child's thoroughly upbeat school play."[79] Two Christian reviewers[80] and some theologians[81] have mentioned the presence of Christian themes in the film. Writing for Catholic News Agency, Robert Barron said:

text: I don’t think it is the least bit accidental that Waters (Gus’s last name) and Grace (Hazel’s middle name) met in the sacred heart of Christ and thereby, despite their shared suffering, managed to give life to one another ... [and so] Hazel effectively repudiates her nihilism and materialism as she responds across the barrier of death to Gus’s 'okay' ." He also noted: "[Is] this film a satisfying presentation of Christianity? Hardly. But for those who are struggling to find their way to meaning and faith, it's not an entirely bad place to start."[82]

text: The film's studio, 20th Century Fox, mounted an unsuccessful campaign to have Shailene Woodley nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, as well as the film's adapted screenplay.[83]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Fault in Our Stars earned $124.9 million in North America and $182.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $307.2 million, against a production budget of $12 million.[2]

text: In North America, the film's income received a boost from "The Night Before Our Stars," a premium-priced event for which tickets sold for up to $25. The event included a screening of the film and a simulcast question-and-answer session with cast and crew, including Woodley, Elgort, Wolff, and Green.[84] The film earned $8.2 million from Thursday-night showings and $26.1 million on its opening day.[85][86] During its opening weekend, the film earned $48,002,573 from 3,173 theaters at an average of $15,128 per theater, making it number one in North America.[87]

text: At locations outside North America, The Fault in Our Stars earned $16.59 million from 2,892 screens in 17 markets in its opening weekend, placing at number four behind Edge of Tomorrow ($81 million), Maleficent ($61.7 million), and X-Men: Days of Future Past ($41.1 million). Brazil, Mexico, and Australia generated the highest income with $5.8 million, $3.8 million, and $3.7 million respectively.[88] The following week the film earned $16.1 million from 40 markets, remaining at number 4 again.[89]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

15th Golden Trailer Awards[90]
Best Romance
The Fault In Our Stars
Won

Golden Space Needle Award
Best Film
The Fault in Our Stars
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards 2014[91]
Choice Movie: Drama
The Fault in Our Stars
Won

Choice Movie Actor: Drama
Ansel Elgort
Won

Choice Movie Actress: Drama
Shailene Woodley
Won

Choice Movie: Breakout Star
Ansel Elgort
Won

Choice Movie: Scene Stealer
Nat Wolff
Won

Choice Movie: Chemistry
Ansel Elgort, Shailene Woodley, and Nat Wolff
Won

Choice Movie: Liplock
Ansel Elgort and Shailene Woodley
Won

Young Hollywood Awards[92]
Fan Favorite Actor – Male
Ansel Elgort
Won

Fan Favorite Actor – Female
Shailene Woodley
Nominated

Breakthrough Actor
Ansel Elgort
Nominated

Best On-Screen Couple
Ansel Elgort and Shailene Woodley
Won

Best Cast Chemistry – Film
The Fault in Our Stars
Won

Favorite Flick
The Fault in Our Stars
Won

Kid's Choice Awards Argentina
Favorite Movie
The Fault in Our Stars
Won

18th Hollywood Film Awards
Hollywood Breakout Performance – Actress
Shailene Woodley
Won

41st People's Choice Awards
Favorite Movie Duo
Shailene Woodley and Ansel Elgort
Nominated

Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress
Shailene Woodley
Nominated

Favorite Dramatic Movie
The Fault in Our Stars
Won

MTV Movie Awards[93]
Movie of the Year
The Fault in Our Stars
Won

Best Male Performance
Ansel Elgort
Nominated

Best Female Performance
Shailene Woodley
Won

Breakthrough Performance
Ansel Elgort
Nominated

Best On-Screen Duo
Shailene Woodley and Ansel Elgort
Nominated

Best Shirtless Performance
Ansel Elgort
Nominated

Best Kiss
Ansel Elgort and Shailene Woodley
Won

text: Hindi remake[edit]

text: On August 6, 2014, India's Fox Star Studios announced its intention to produce a remake of The Fault in Our Stars in Hindi.[94] The studio's CEO, Vijay Singh, said the English version of the film, which was released in India in July 2014, had earned over $1 million there.[95] On September 19, it was announced that Homi Adajania, the director of Finding Fanny (2014), and producer Dinesh Vijan would be working with Fox Star Studios to develop the film, which will be co-produced by Vijan's company Maddock Films.[96]


document_title: Three-Fifths Compromise

question_text: what nullified the 3 5 compromise in the us constitution

root

text: Three-Fifths Compromise

text: Enactment[edit]

text:
Part of a series on
Slavery

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tag: table

text: The Convention had unanimously accepted the principle that representation in the House of Representatives would be in proportion to the relative state populations. However, since slaves could not vote, leaders in slave states would thus have the benefit of increased representation in the House and the Electoral College. Delegates opposed to slavery proposed that only free inhabitants of each state be counted for apportionment purposes, while delegates supportive of slavery, on the other hand, opposed the proposal, wanting slaves to count in their actual numbers. The compromise that was finally agreed upon—of counting "all other persons" as only three-fifths of their actual numbers—reduced the representation of the slave states relative to the original proposals, but improved it over the Northern position.[2] An inducement for slave states to accept the Compromise was its tie to taxation in the same ratio, so that the burden of taxation on the slave states was also reduced.

tag: p

text: The Three-Fifths Compromise is found in Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution, which reads:

text: Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.

text: The three-fifths ratio originated with a 1783 amendment proposed to the Articles of Confederation. The amendment was to have changed the basis for determining the wealth of each state, and hence its tax obligations, from real estate to population, as a measure of ability to produce wealth. The proposal by a committee of the Congress had suggested that taxes "shall be supplied by the several colonies in proportion to the number of inhabitants of every age, sex, and quality, except Indians not paying taxes".[3][4] The South immediately objected to this formula since it would include slaves, who were viewed primarily as property, in calculating the amount of taxes to be paid. As Thomas Jefferson wrote in his notes on the debates, the southern states would be taxed "according to their numbers and their wealth conjunctly, while the northern would be taxed on numbers only".[5]

text: After proposed compromises of one-half by Benjamin Harrison of Virginia and three-fourths by several New Englanders failed to gain sufficient support, Congress finally settled on the three-fifths ratio proposed by James Madison.[6] But this amendment ultimately failed, falling two states short of the unanimous approval required for amending the Articles of Confederation (only New Hampshire and New York were opposed).

text: A contentious issue at the 1787 Constitutional Convention was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress or would instead be considered property and, as such, not be considered for purposes of representation. Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation, but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population. Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation, but not in determining representation.

text: The proposed ratio was, however, a ready solution to the impasse that arose during the Constitutional Convention. In that situation, the alignment of the contending forces was the reverse of what had obtained under the Articles of Confederation. In amending the Articles, the North wanted slaves to count for more than the South did because the objective was to determine taxes paid by the states to the federal government. In the Constitutional Convention, the more important issue was representation in Congress, so the South wanted slaves to count for more than the North did.[citation needed]

text: Much has been said of the impropriety of representing men who have no will of their own.... They are men, though degraded to the condition of slavery. They are persons known to the municipal laws of the states which they inhabit, as well as to the laws of nature. But representation and taxation go together.... Would it be just to impose a singular burden, without conferring some adequate advantage?

text: Impact before the Civil War[edit]

text: The Three-Fifths Compromise gave a disproportionate representation of slave states in the House of Representatives relative to the voters in free states until the American Civil War. In 1793, for example, Southern slave states had 47 of the 105 members but would have had 33, had seats been assigned based on free populations. In 1812, slave states had 76 out of 143 instead of the 59 they would have had; in 1833, 98 out of 240 instead of 73. As a result, Southern states had disproportionate influence on the presidency, the speakership of the House, and the Supreme Court in the period prior to the Civil War.[8] Along with this must be considered the number of slave and free states, which remained mostly equal until 1850, safeguarding the Southern bloc in the Senate as well as Electoral College votes.

text: Historian Garry Wills has postulated that without the additional slave state votes, Jefferson would have lost the presidential election of 1800. Also, "slavery would have been excluded from Missouri ... Jackson's Indian removal policy would have failed ... the Wilmot Proviso would have banned slavery in territories won from Mexico ... the Kansas-Nebraska bill would have failed."[8] While the Three-Fifths Compromise could be seen to favor Southern states because of their large slave populations, for example, the Connecticut Compromise tended to favor the Northern states (which were generally smaller). Support for the new Constitution rested on the balance of these sectional interests.[9]

text: After the Civil War[edit]

text: Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) later superseded Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3 and explicitly repealed the compromise. It provides that "representatives shall be apportioned ... counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed." A later provision of the same clause reduced the Congressional representation of states who denied the right to vote to adult male citizens, but this provision was never effectively enforced.[10] (The Thirteenth Amendment, passed in 1865, had already eliminated almost all persons from the original clause's jurisdiction by banning slavery; the only remaining persons subject to it were those sentenced for a crime to penal servitude, which the amendment excluded from the ban.)

text: After the Reconstruction Era came to an end in 1877, however, the former slave states subverted the objective of these changes by using various strategies to disenfranchise their black citizens, while obtaining the benefit of apportionment of representatives on the basis of the total populations. These measures effectively gave white Southerners even greater voting power than they had in the antebellum era, inflating the number of Southern Democrats in the House of Representatives as well as the number of votes they could exercise in the Electoral College in the election of the president.

text: The disenfranchisement of black citizens eventually attracted the attention of Congress, and in 1900 some members proposed stripping the South of seats, related to the number of people who were barred from voting.[11] In the end, Congress did not act to change apportionment, largely because of the power of the Southern bloc. The Southern bloc comprised Southern Democrats voted into office by white voters and constituted a powerful voting bloc in Congress until the 1960s. Their representatives, re-elected repeatedly by one-party states, controlled numerous chairmanships of important committees in both houses on the basis of seniority, giving them control over rules, budgets and important patronage projects, among other issues. Their power allowed them to defeat federal legislation against racial violence and abuses in the South.[12][not in citation given]


document_title: Premios Juventud

question_text: who votes for the winners of los premios juventud

text: Premios Juventud

text:
Premios Juventud

 2017 Premios Juventud

Awarded for
pop culture of young Hispanic and Latino Americans

Country
United States

Presented by
Univision

First awarded
2004

Website
http://www.univision.com/especiales/premios-juventud

text: Premios Juventud (Youth Awards) is an awards show for Spanish-speaking celebrities in the areas of film, music, sports, fashion, and pop culture, presented by the television network Univision. Winners are determined by online vote at univision.com.

text: Premios Juventud is set apart by their unique categories, including "Me muero sin ese CD" (Album I can't live without), "Mi concierto favorito" (My favorite concert), and "La más pegajosa" (Catchiest song).

text: Enrique Iglesias has won the highest numbers of awards with 16 awards.

text: Past winners have included people such as Enrique Iglesias, Prince Royce, Juanes, Shakira, Daddy Yankee, Thalía, RBD, Romeo Santos, Antonio Banderas, Maná, Jennifer Lopez, Gloria Trevi and Fifth Harmony.

text: Editions[edit]

text: The first two editions were held in September. In 2006 it was moved up to July. From 2004 to 2017 the show aired on a Thursday. Starting in 2018 it will air on a Sunday.

text: Every edition has been held in the Watsco Center.

text:
Edition
Date
Host(s)
Venue

1st
September 23, 2004
Cristián de la Fuente, Galilea Montijo, Myrka Dellanos
Watsco Center

2nd
September 22, 2005
Jaime Camil, Kate del Castillo

3rd
July 13, 2006
Alessandra Rosaldo, Cristián de la Fuente, Jan, Ninel Conde

4th
July 19, 2007
Angélica Vale, Belinda Peregrín, Jaime Camil

5th
July 17, 2008
Eduardo Santamarina, Mayrin Villanueva, RBD

6th
July 16, 2009
Anahi, Juan Soler, Karyme Lozano, Pee Wee

7th
July 15, 2010
Ninel Conde, Pee Wee

8th
July 21, 2011

9th
July 19, 2012
Alicia Machado

10th
July 18, 2013
Eduardo Yañez, Erika Buenfil

11th
July 17, 2014
Ana Brenda Contreras, Cristián de la Fuente, Galilea Montijo

12th
July 16, 2015
Alejandra Espinoza, El Dasa, Ninel Conde, William Levy

13th
July 14, 2016
Emeraude Toubia, William Levy

14th
July 6, 2017[1]
Alejandra Espinoza, Danilo Carrera


document_title: Occupational Safety and Health Administration

question_text: who is not covered by the occupational health and safety act (1970)

question_tokens: who is not covered by the occupational health and safety act ( 1970 )

text: History[edit]

text: OSHA officially formed on April 28, 1971, the date that the OSH Act became effective.[4] George Guenther was appointed as the agency's first director.

text: OSHA has a number of training, compliance assistance, and health and safety recognition programs throughout its history. The OSHA Training Institute, which trains government and private sector health and safety personnel, began in 1972.[4] In 1978, the agency began a grantmaking program, now called the Susan Harwood Training Grant Program, to train workers and employers in reducing workplace hazards.[4] OSHA started the Voluntary Protection Programs in 1982, which allow employers to apply as "model workplaces" to achieve special designation if they meet certain requirements.[4]

text: OSHA coverage[edit]

text: The OSHA Act covers most private sector employers and their workers, in addition to some public sector employers and workers in the 50 states and certain territories and jurisdictions under federal authority. Those jurisdictions include the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Wake Island, Johnston Island, and the Outer Continental Shelf Lands as defined in the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act.

text: Private sector employers[edit]

text: OSHA covers most private sector employers in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and other U.S. jurisdictions—either directly through federal OSHA or through an OSHA approved state plan.

text: State plans are OSHA-approved job safety and health programs operated by individual states instead of federal OSHA. Federal OSHA approves and monitors all state plans and provides as much as fifty percent of the funding for each program. State-run safety and health programs are required to be at least as effective as the federal OSHA program.

text: The following 22 states or territories have OSHA-approved state programs: Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming.[5]

text: Federal OSHA provides coverage to certain workplaces specifically excluded from a state’s plan — for example, work in maritime industries or on military bases.

text: State and local governments[edit]

text: Workers at state and local government agencies are not covered by federal OSHA, but have OSH Act protections if they work in those states that have an OSHA-approved state program. OSHA rules also permit states and territories to develop plans that cover only public sector (state and local government) workers. In these cases, private sector workers and employers remain under federal OSHA jurisdiction. Five additional states and one U.S. territory have OSHA approved state plans that cover public sector workers only: Connecticut, Illinois, Maine, New Jersey, New York, and the Virgin Islands.

text: Federal government agencies[edit]

text: OSHA’s protection applies to all federal agencies. Section 19 of the OSH Act makes federal agency heads responsible for providing safe and healthful working conditions for their workers. OSHA conducts inspections of federal facilities in response to workers’ reports of hazards and under programs that target high hazard federal workplaces.[6]

text: Federal agencies must have a safety and health program that meets the same standards as private employers. OSHA issues “virtual fines” to federal agencies – following an inspection where violations are found, OSHA issues a press release stating the size the fine would be if the federal agency were a private sector employer. Under a 1998 amendment, the OSHA Act covers the U.S. Postal Service the same as any private sector employer.

text: Not covered under the OSHA Act[edit]

text: The self-employed; immediate family members of farm employers; and workplace hazards regulated by another federal agency (for example, the Mine Safety and Health Administration, the Department of Energy, or Coast Guard).[7]

text: Rights and responsibilities under OSHA law[edit]

text: Employers have the responsibility to provide a safe workplace.[8]

text: By law, employers must provide their workers with a workplace that does not have serious hazards and must follow all OSHA safety and health standards. Employers must find and correct safety and health problems. OSHA further requires that employers must first try to eliminate or reduce hazards by making feasible changes in working conditions rather than relying on personal protective equipment such as masks, gloves, or earplugs. Switching to safer chemicals, enclosing processes to trap harmful fumes, or using ventilation systems to clean the air are examples of effective ways to eliminate or reduce risks.

text: Employers must also:

text:
Inform workers about chemical hazards through training, labels, alarms, color-coded systems, chemical information sheets and other methods.
Provide safety training to workers in a language and vocabulary they can understand.[9]
Keep accurate records of work-related injuries and illnesses.
Perform tests in the workplace, such as air sampling, required by some OSHA standards.
Provide required personal protective equipment at no cost to workers. (Employers must pay for most types of required personal protective equipment.)[10][11]
Provide hearing exams or other medical tests when required by OSHA standards.
Post OSHA citations and annually post injury and illness summary data where workers can see them.[12][13]
Notify OSHA within eight hours of a workplace fatality. Notify OSHA within 24 hours of all work-related inpatient hospitalizations, all amputations, and all losses of an eye (1-800-321-OSHA [6742]).
Prominently display the official OSHA Job Safety and Health – It’s the Law poster[14] that describes rights and responsibilities under the OSH Act.
Not retaliate or discriminate against workers[15] for using their rights under the law, including their right to report a work-related injury or illness.

tag: ul

text: Workers have the right to:[16]

text:
Working conditions that do not pose a risk of serious harm.
File a confidential complaint with OSHA to have their workplace inspected.[17]
Receive information and training about hazards, methods to prevent harm, and the OSHA standards that apply to their workplace. The training must be done in a language and vocabulary workers can understand.
Receive copies of records of work-related injuries and illnesses that occur in their workplace.
Receive copies of the results from tests and monitoring done to find and measure hazards in their workplace.
Receive copies of their workplace medical records.
Participate in an OSHA inspection and speak in private with the inspector.
File a complaint with OSHA if they have been retaliated or discriminated against by their employer as the result of requesting an inspection or using any of their other rights under the OSH Act.
File a complaint if punished or retaliated against for acting as a “whistleblower” under the 21 additional federal laws for which OSHA has jurisdiction.[15]

text: Temporary workers must be treated like permanent employees. Staffing agencies and host employers share a joint accountability over temporary workers. Both entities are therefore bound to comply with workplace health and safety requirements and to ensure worker safety and health. OSHA could hold both the host and temporary employers responsible for the violation of any condition.[18]

text: Health and safety standards[edit]

text: The Occupational Safety and Health Act grants OSHA the authority to issue workplace health and safety regulations. These regulations include limits on hazardous chemical exposure, employee access to hazard information, requirements for the use of personal protective equipment, and requirements to prevent falls and hazards from operating dangerous equipment.

text: OSHA’s current Construction, General Industry, Maritime and Agriculture standards[19] are designed to protect workers from a wide range of serious hazards. Examples of OSHA standards include requirements for employers to: provide fall protection such as a safety harness/line or guardrails; prevent trenching cave-ins; prevent exposure to some infectious diseases; ensure the safety of workers who enter confined spaces; prevent exposure to harmful chemicals; put guards on dangerous machines; provide respirators or other safety equipment; and provide training for certain dangerous jobs in a language and vocabulary workers can understand.

text: OSHA sets enforceable permissible exposure limits (PELs) to protect workers against the health effects of exposure to hazardous substances, including limits on the airborne concentrations of hazardous chemicals in the air.[20] Most of OSHA’s PELs were issued shortly after adoption of the OSH Act in 1970. Attempts to issue more stringent PELs have been blocked by litigation from industry; thus, the limits have not been updated since 1971. The agency has issued non-binding, alternate occupational exposure limits that may better protect workers.[21][22]

text: Employers must also comply with the General Duty Clause of the OSH Act. This clause requires employers to keep their workplaces free of serious recognized hazards and is generally cited when no specific OSHA standard applies to the hazard.

text: In its first year of operation, OSHA was permitted to adopt regulations based on guidelines set by certain standards organizations, such as the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, without going through all of the requirements of a typical rulemaking. OSHA is granted the authority to promulgate standards that prescribe the methods employers are legally required to follow to protect their workers from hazards. Before OSHA can issue a standard, it must go through a very extensive and lengthy process that includes substantial public engagement, notice and comment. The agency must show that a significant risk to workers exists and that there are feasible measures employers can take to protect their workers.

text: In 2000, OSHA issued an ergonomics standard. In March 2001, Congress voted to repeal the standard through the Congressional Review Act. The repeal, one of the first major pieces of legislation signed by President George W. Bush, is the only instance that Congress has successfully used the Congressional Review Act to block a regulation.

text: Since 2001, OSHA has issued the following standards:

text:
2002: Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans, and Fire Prevention Plans
2004: Commercial Diving Operations
2004: Fire Protection in Shipyards
2006: Occupational Exposure to Hexavalent Chromium
2006: Assigned Protection Factors for Respiratory Protection Equipment
2007: Electrical Installation Standard
2007: Personal Protective Equipment Payment (Clarification)
2008: Vertical Tandem Lifts
2010: Cranes and Derricks in Construction
2010: General Working Conditions in Shipyards
2012: GHS Update to the Hazard Communication Standard
2014: New Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements for Employers
2014: Revision to Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution; Electrical Protective Equipment
2016: Occupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica
2016: Improve Tracking of Workplace Injuries and Illnesses

text: Enforcement[edit]

text: OSHA is responsible for enforcing its standards on regulated entities. Compliance Safety and Health Officers carry out inspections and assess fines for regulatory violations. Inspections are planned for worksites in particularly hazardous industries. Inspections can also be triggered by a workplace fatality, multiple hospitalizations, worker complaints, or referrals.

text: OSHA is a small agency, given the size of its mission: with its state partners, OSHA has approximately 2,400 inspectors covering more than 8 million workplaces where 130 million workers are employed. In Fiscal Year 2012 (ending Sept. 30), OSHA and its state partners conducted more than 83,000 inspections of workplaces across the United States — just a fraction of the nation’s worksites.[23] According to a report by AFL–CIO, it would take OSHA 129 years to inspect all workplaces under its jurisdiction.[24]

text: Enforcement plays an important part in OSHA’s efforts to reduce workplace injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. Inspections are initiated without advance notice, conducted using on-site or telephone and facsimile investigations, performed by trained compliance officers and scheduled based on the following priorities [highest to lowest]: imminent danger; catastrophes – fatalities or hospitalizations; worker complaints and referrals; targeted inspections – particular hazards, high injury rates; and follow-up inspections.

text: Current workers or their representatives may file a complaint and ask OSHA to inspect their workplace if they believe that there is a serious hazard or that their employer is not following OSHA standards. Workers and their representatives have the right to ask for an inspection without OSHA telling their employer who filed the complaint. It is a violation of the OSH Act for an employer to fire, demote, transfer or in any way discriminate against a worker for filing a complaint or using other OSHA rights.

text: When an inspector finds violations of OSHA standards or serious hazards, OSHA may issue citations and fines. A citation includes methods an employer may use to fix a problem and the date by which the corrective actions must be completed.

text: OSHA’s fines are very low compared with other government agencies. They were raised for the first time since 1990 on Aug. 2, 2016 to comply with the 2015 Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act Improvements Act passed by Congress to advance the effectiveness of civil monetary penalties and to maintain their deterrent effect. The new law directs agencies to adjust their penalties for inflation each year. The maximum OSHA fine for a serious violation is $12,500 and the maximum fine for a repeat or willful violation is $125,000.[25] In determining the amount of the proposed penalty, OSHA must take into account the gravity of the alleged violation and the employer’s size of the business, good faith and history of previous violations. Employers have the right to contest any part of the citation, including whether a violation actually exists.[26] Workers only have the right to challenge the deadline by which a problem must be resolved. Appeals of citations are heard by the independent Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC).

text: OSHA carries out its enforcement activities through its 10 regional offices and 90 area offices.[23] OSHA’s regional offices are located in Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Kansas City metropolitan area, Denver, San Francisco, and Seattle.

text: Record keeping requirements[edit]

text: Tracking and investigating workplace injuries and illnesses play an important role in preventing future injuries and illnesses. Under OSHA’s Recordkeeping regulation, certain covered employers in high hazard industries are required to prepare and maintain records of serious occupational injuries and illnesses. This information is important for employers, workers and OSHA in evaluating the safety of a workplace, understanding industry hazards, and implementing worker protections to reduce and eliminate hazards.

text: Employers with more than ten employees and whose establishments are not classified as a partially exempt industry must record serious work-related injuries and illnesses using OSHA Forms 300, 300A and 301. Recordkeeping forms, requirements and exemption information are at OSHA’s website.[27]

text: Whistleblower protection[edit]

text: OSHA enforces the whistleblower provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act and 21 other statutes protecting workers who report violations of various airline, commercial motor carrier, consumer product, environmental, financial reform, food safety, health care reform, nuclear, pipeline, public transportation agency, maritime and securities laws.[15] Over the years, OSHA has been responsible for enforcing these laws that protect the rights of workers to speak up without fear of retaliation, regardless of the relationship of these laws to occupational safety and health matters.[15]

text: Compliance assistance[edit]

text: OSHA has developed several training, compliance assistance, and health and safety recognition programs throughout its history.

text: The OSHA Training Institute, which trains government and private sector health and safety personnel, began in 1972.[28] In 1978, the agency began a grant making program, now called the Susan Harwood Training Grant Program, to train workers and employers in identifying and reducing workplace hazards.[28]

text: The Voluntary Protection Program (VPP) recognize employers and workers in private industry and federal agencies who have implemented effective safety and health management programs and maintain injury and illness rates below the national average for their respective industries. In VPP, management, labor, and OSHA work cooperatively and proactively to prevent fatalities, injuries, and illnesses through a system focused on: hazard prevention and control, worksite analysis, training, and management commitment and worker involvement.[28]

text: OSHA’s On-site Consultation Program[29] offers free and confidential advice to small and medium-sized businesses in all states across the country, with priority given to high-hazard worksites. Each year, responding to requests from small employers looking to create or improve their safety and health management programs, OSHA’s On-site Consultation Program conducts over 29,000 visits to small business worksites covering over 1.5 million workers across the nation. On-site consultation services are separate from enforcement and do not result in penalties or citations. Consultants from state agencies or universities work with employers to identify workplace hazards, provide advice on compliance with OSHA standards, and assist in establishing safety and health management programs.[29]

text: Under the consultation program, certain exemplary employers may request participation in OSHA’s Safety and Health Achievement Recognition Program (SHARP). Eligibility for participation includes, but is not limited to, receiving a full-service, comprehensive consultation visit, correcting all identified hazards and developing an effective safety and health management program. Worksites that receive SHARP recognition are exempt from programmed inspections during the period that the SHARP certification is valid.[30]

text: OSHA also provides compliance assistance through its national and area offices. Through hundreds of publications in a variety of languages, website safety and health topics pages, and through compliance assistance staff OSHA provides information to employers and workers on specific hazards and OSHA rights and responsibilities.[31]

text: Effects[edit]

text: A 2012 study in Science found that OSHA's random workplace safety inspections caused a "9.4% decline in injury rates" and a "26% reduction in injury cost" for the inspected firms.[3] The study found "no evidence that these improvements came at the expense of employment, sales, credit ratings, or firm survival."[3]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Much of the debate about OSHA regulations and enforcement policies revolves around the cost of regulations and enforcement, versus the actual benefit in reduced worker injury, illness and death. A 1995 study of several OSHA standards by the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) found that OSHA relies "generally on methods that provide a credible basis for the determinations essential to rulemakings". Though it found that OSHA's finding and estimates are "subject to vigorous review and challenge", it stated that this is natural because "interested parties and experts involved in rulemakings have differing visions".[32]

text: OSHA has come under considerable criticism for the ineffectiveness of its penalties, particularly its criminal penalties. The maximum penalty is a misdemeanor with a maximum of 6-months in jail.[33][dubious – discuss] In response to the criticism, OSHA, in conjunction with the Department of Justice, has pursued several high-profile criminal prosecutions for violations under the Act, and has announced a joint enforcement initiative between OSHA and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which has the ability to issue much higher fines than OSHA. Meanwhile, Congressional Democrats, labor unions and community safety and health advocates are attempting to revise the OSH Act to make it a felony with much higher penalties to commit a willful violation that results in the death of a worker. Some local prosecutors are charging company executives with manslaughter and other felonies when criminal negligence leads to the death of a worker.[34]

text: During its more than 40 years of existence, OSHA has secured only 12 criminal convictions.[when?][35]

text: OSHA has also been criticized for taking too long to develop new regulations. For instance, speaking about OSHA under the George W. Bush presidency on the specific issue of combustible dust explosions, Chemical Safety Board appointee Carolyn Merritt said: "The basic disappointment has been this attitude of no new regulation. They don't want industry to be pestered. In some instances, industry has to be pestered in order to comply."[36]