document_title: List of first overall National Football League draft picks

question_text: who went number 1 overall in the nfl draft

text: Key[edit]

text:
B

Back[A 1]

K

Kicker

NT

Nose tackle

C

Center

LB

Linebacker

FB

Fullback

DB

Defensive back

P

Punter

HB

Halfback

DE

Defensive end

QB

Quarterback

WR

Wide receiver

DT

Defensive tackle

RB

Running back

G

Guard

E

End

T

Offensive tackle

TE

Tight end

text:
*

Selected to a Pro Bowl

‡

Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame(all were also selected to a Pro Bowl)

text: List of first overall picks[edit]

text:
First overall draft picks

Year

Name

Position

College

Team

Notes

1936

Jay Berwanger[A 2]

HB

Chicago

Philadelphia Eagles

Heisman Trophy (1935)

1937

Sam Francis

FB

Nebraska

Philadelphia Eagles

—

1938

Corbett Davis

FB

Indiana

Cleveland Rams

—

1939

Ki Aldrich*

C

TCU

Chicago Cardinals

NFL All-Star Game (1939, 1942)[7]

1940

George Cafego

HB

Tennessee

Chicago Cardinals

—

1941

Tom Harmon

HB

Michigan

Chicago Bears

Heisman Trophy (1940)

1942

Bill Dudley‡

HB

Virginia

Pittsburgh Steelers

NFL All-Star Game (1950, 1951)[8]Pro Football Hall of Fame (1966)[8]NFL MVP (1946)[8]

1943

Frank Sinkwich

HB

Georgia

Detroit Lions

Heisman Trophy (1942)

1944

Angelo Bertelli

QB

Notre Dame

Boston Yanks

Heisman Trophy (1943)

1945

Charley Trippi‡

HB

Georgia

Chicago Cardinals

Pro Bowl (1952, 1953)[9]Pro Football Hall of Fame (1968)[9]NFL Champion (1947)[10]

1946

Frank Dancewicz

QB

Notre Dame

Boston Yanks

—

1947

Bob Fenimore

HB

Oklahoma A&M

Chicago Bears

—

1948

Harry Gilmer*

QB

Alabama

Washington Redskins

Pro Bowl (1950, 1952)[11]

1949

Chuck Bednarik‡

C, LB

Penn

Philadelphia Eagles

Pro Bowl (1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1960)[12]Pro Football Hall of Fame (1967)[12]NFL Champion (1949, 1960)[13][14]

1950

Leon Hart*

E

Notre Dame

Detroit Lions

Heisman Trophy (1949) Pro Bowl (1951)[15]

1951

Kyle Rote*

HB

SMU

New York Giants

Pro Bowl (1953, 1954, 1955, 1956)[16]

1952

Bill Wade*

QB

Vanderbilt

Los Angeles Rams

Pro Bowl (1958, 1963)[17]

1953

Harry Babcock

E

Georgia

San Francisco 49ers

—

1954

Bobby Garrett

QB

Stanford

Cleveland Browns

—

1955

George Shaw

QB

Oregon

Baltimore Colts

NFL Champion (1958)[18]

1956

Gary Glick

DB

Colorado A&M

Pittsburgh Steelers

—

1957

Paul Hornung‡

HB

Notre Dame

Green Bay Packers

Heisman Trophy (1956)Pro Bowl (1959, 1960)[19]Pro Football Hall of Fame (1986)[19]NFL Champion (1961, 1962, 1965)[20][21][22]Super Bowl champion (I)[23]NFL MVP (1961)[19]

1958

King Hill

QB

Rice

Chicago Cardinals

—

1959

Randy Duncan

QB

Iowa

Green Bay Packers

—

1960

Billy Cannon[A 3]

RB

LSU

Los Angeles Rams

Heisman Trophy (1959)

1961

Tommy Mason*

RB

Tulane

Minnesota Vikings

Pro Bowl (1962, 1963, 1964)[24]

1962

Ernie Davis[A 4]

RB

Syracuse

Washington Redskins

Heisman Trophy (1961)

1963

Terry Baker

QB

Oregon State

Los Angeles Rams

Heisman Trophy (1962)

1964

Dave Parks*

WR

Texas Tech

San Francisco 49ers

Pro Bowl (1964, 1965, 1966)[25]

1965

Tucker Frederickson*

RB

Auburn

New York Giants

Pro Bowl (1965)[26]

1966

Tommy Nobis*

LB

Texas

Atlanta Falcons

Pro Bowl (1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1972)[27]

1967[A 5]

Bubba Smith*

DE

Michigan State

Baltimore Colts

Pro Bowl (1970, 1971)[28]Super Bowl champion (V)[29]

1968[A 5]

Ron Yary‡

T

USC

Minnesota Vikings

Pro Bowl (1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977)[30]Pro Football Hall of Fame (2001)[30]

1969[A 5]

O. J. Simpson‡

RB

USC

Buffalo Bills[A 6]

Heisman Trophy (1968)Pro Bowl (1969, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976)[31]Pro Football Hall of Fame (1985)[31]NFL MVP (1973)[31]

1970

Terry Bradshaw‡

QB

Louisiana Tech

Pittsburgh Steelers

Pro Bowl (1975, 1978, 1979)[32]Pro Football Hall of Fame (1989)[32]Super Bowl champion (IX, X, XIII, XIV)[33][34][35][36]Super Bowl MVP (XIII, XIV)[32]NFL MVP (1978)[32]

1971

Jim Plunkett

QB

Stanford

New England Patriots

Heisman Trophy (1970)Super Bowl champion (XV, XVIII)[37][38]Super Bowl MVP (XV)[39]

1972

Walt Patulski

DE

Notre Dame

Buffalo Bills

—

1973

John Matuszak

DE

Tampa

Houston Oilers

Super Bowl champion (XI, XV)[37][40]

1974

Ed Jones*

DE

Tennessee State

Dallas Cowboys

Pro Bowl (1981, 1982, 1983)[41]Super Bowl champion (XII)[42]

1975

Steve Bartkowski*

QB

California

Atlanta Falcons

Pro Bowl (1980, 1981)[43]

1976

Lee Roy Selmon‡

DE

Oklahoma

Tampa Bay Buccaneers

Pro Bowl (1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984)[44]Pro Football Hall of Fame (1995)[44]

1977

Ricky Bell

RB

USC

Tampa Bay Buccaneers

—

1978

Earl Campbell‡

RB

Texas

Houston Oilers

Heisman Trophy (1977)Pro Bowl (1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1983)[45]Pro Football Hall of Fame (1991)[45]NFL MVP (1979)[45] Rookie of the Year (1978)

1979

Tom Cousineau[A 7]

LB

Ohio State

Buffalo Bills

—

1980

Billy Sims*

RB

Oklahoma

Detroit Lions

Heisman Trophy (1978)Pro Bowl (1980, 1981, 1982)[46] Rookie of the Year (1980)

1981

George Rogers*

RB

South Carolina

New Orleans Saints

Heisman Trophy (1980)Pro Bowl (1981, 1982)[47]Super Bowl champion (XXII)[48] Rookie of the Year (1981)

1982

Kenneth Sims

DE

Texas

New England Patriots

—

1983

John Elway‡[A 8]

QB

Stanford

Baltimore Colts

Pro Bowl (1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998)[49]Pro Football Hall of Fame (2004)[49]Super Bowl champion (XXXII, XXXIII)[50][51]Super Bowl MVP (XXXIII)[49]NFL MVP (1987)[49]

1984[A 9]

Irving Fryar*

WR

Nebraska

New England Patriots

Pro Bowl (1985, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997)[52]

1985

Bruce Smith‡

DE

Virginia Tech

Buffalo Bills

Pro Bowl (1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998)[53]Pro Football Hall of Fame (2009)[53]

1986

Bo Jackson*[A 10]

RB

Auburn

Tampa Bay Buccaneers[A 11]

Heisman Trophy (1985)Pro Bowl (1990)[54]

1987

Vinny Testaverde*

QB

Miami (FL)

Tampa Bay Buccaneers

Heisman Trophy (1986)Pro Bowl (1996, 1998)[55]

1988

Aundray Bruce

LB

Auburn

Atlanta Falcons

—

1989

Troy Aikman‡

QB

UCLA

Dallas Cowboys

Pro Bowl (1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996)[56]Pro Football Hall of Fame (2006)[56]Super Bowl champion (XXVII, XXVIII, XXX)[57][58][59]Super Bowl MVP (XXVII)[56]

1990

Jeff George

QB

Illinois

Indianapolis Colts[A 12]

—

1991

Russell Maryland*

DT

Miami (FL)

Dallas Cowboys

Pro Bowl (1993)[60]Super Bowl champion (XXVII, XXVIII, XXX)[57][58][59]

1992

Steve Emtman

DE

Washington

Indianapolis Colts

—

1993

Drew Bledsoe*

QB

Washington State

New England Patriots

Pro Bowl (1994, 1996, 1997, 2002)[61]Super Bowl champion (XXXVI)[62]

1994

Dan Wilkinson

DT

Ohio State

Cincinnati Bengals

—

1995

Ki-Jana Carter

RB

Penn State

Cincinnati Bengals

—

1996

Keyshawn Johnson*

WR

USC

New York Jets

Pro Bowl (1998, 1999, 2001)[63]Super Bowl champion (XXXVII)[64]

1997

Orlando Pace‡

T

Ohio State

St. Louis Rams

Pro Bowl (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005)[65]Pro Football Hall of Fame (2016)[65]Super Bowl champion (XXXIV)[66]

1998

Peyton Manning*

QB

Tennessee

Indianapolis Colts

Pro Bowl (1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014)[67]Super Bowl champion (XLI, 50)[68]Super Bowl MVP (XLI)[67]NFL MVP (2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2013)[67]

1999

Tim Couch

QB

Kentucky

Cleveland Browns

—

2000

Courtney Brown

DE

Penn State

Cleveland Browns

—

2001

Michael Vick*

QB

Virginia Tech

Atlanta Falcons

Pro Bowl (2002, 2004, 2005, 2010)[69]

2002

David Carr

QB

Fresno State

Houston Texans

Super Bowl champion (XLVI)

2003

Carson Palmer*

QB

USC

Cincinnati Bengals

Heisman Trophy (2002)Pro Bowl (2005, 2006, 2015)[70]

2004

Eli Manning*[A 13]

QB

Ole Miss

San Diego Chargers

Pro Bowl (2008, 2011, 2012, 2015)[71]Super Bowl champion (XLII, XLVI)[72][73]Super Bowl MVP (XLII, XLVI)[71]

2005

Alex Smith*

QB

Utah

San Francisco 49ers

 Pro Bowl (2013, 2016, 2017)

2006

Mario Williams*

DE

North Carolina State

Houston Texans

Pro Bowl (2008, 2009, 2013,2014)[74]

2007

JaMarcus Russell

QB

LSU

Oakland Raiders

—

2008

Jake Long*

T

Michigan

Miami Dolphins

Pro Bowl (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011)[75]

2009

Matthew Stafford*

QB

Georgia

Detroit Lions

Pro Bowl (2014)

2010

Sam Bradford

QB

Oklahoma

St. Louis Rams

Heisman Trophy (2008) Rookie of the Year (2010)

2011

Cam Newton*

QB

Auburn

Carolina Panthers

Heisman Trophy (2010)Pro Bowl (2011, 2013, 2015)[76] Rookie of the Year (2011)NFL MVP (2015)

2012

Andrew Luck*

QB

Stanford

Indianapolis Colts

Pro Bowl (2012, 2013, 2014)[77]

2013

Eric Fisher

T

Central Michigan

Kansas City Chiefs

—

2014

Jadeveon Clowney*

DE

South Carolina

Houston Texans

Pro Bowl (2016, 2017)

2015

Jameis Winston*

QB

Florida State

Tampa Bay Buccaneers

Heisman Trophy (2013) Pro Bowl (2015)

2016

Jared Goff*

QB

California

Los Angeles Rams

Pro Bowl (2017)

2017

Myles Garrett

DE

Texas A&M

Cleveland Browns

—

2018

Baker Mayfield

QB

Oklahoma

Cleveland Browns

Heisman Trophy (2017)

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
The following teams have never had the first overall pick
Denver Broncos
Jacksonville Jaguars
Baltimore Ravens
Seattle Seahawks
Eight teams have made the playoffs in the same season in which they made the first overall selection in the draft.  They were the 1968 Minnesota Vikings, 1978 Houston Oilers, 1982 New England Patriots, 1991 Dallas Cowboys, 2004 San Diego Chargers, 2008 Miami Dolphins, 2012 Indianapolis Colts, and 2013 Kansas City Chiefs.
No team has ever gone from the first overall pick to a Super Bowl win in the same season.  The Minnesota Vikings lost Super Bowl IV the year after they had the first overall pick.

text: First overall draft picks per team[edit]

text: The Indianapolis Colts and the Los Angeles Rams have each held the first overall pick a total of seven times, the most of any NFL team. This includes the Colts' time in Baltimore and the Rams' time in Cleveland and St. Louis.  Only four teams in the league have never held the first overall pick in the NFL draft: the Denver Broncos, the Jacksonville Jaguars, the Seattle Seahawks and the Baltimore Ravens. The Boston Yanks are the only defunct franchise to have held a first overall pick.[78]

text:
Team

Totalnumber

Year(s)

Notes

Ref

Indianapolis Colts

7

1955, 1967, 1983, 1990 1992, 1998, 2012

3 as the Baltimore Colts
4 as the Indianapolis Colts

[79]

Los Angeles Rams

7

1938, 1952, 1960 1963, 1997, 2010, 2016

1 as the Cleveland Rams
2 as the St. Louis Rams
4 as the Los Angeles Rams

[80]

Tampa Bay Buccaneers

5

1976, 1977, 1986, 1987, 2015

Also had first selection in the 1984 NFL supplemental draft of USFL and CFL players.

[81]

Cleveland Browns

5

1954, 1999, 2000, 2017, 2018

[82]

Arizona Cardinals

4

1939, 1940, 1945, 1958

4 as the Chicago Cardinals

[83]

Detroit Lions

4

1943, 1950, 1980, 2009

[84]

Atlanta Falcons

4

1966, 1975, 1988, 2001

[85]

Buffalo Bills

4

1969, 1972, 1979, 1985

Also had first selection in the 1961 AFL Draft

[86]

New England Patriots

4

1971, 1982, 1984, 1993

Also had first selection in the 1964 AFL Draft(as the Boston Patriots)

[87]

Philadelphia Eagles

3

1936, 1937, 1949

[88]

Pittsburgh Steelers

3

1942, 1956, 1970

[89]

San Francisco 49ers

3

1953, 1964, 2005

[90]

Dallas Cowboys

3

1974, 1989, 1991

[91]

Cincinnati Bengals

3

1994, 1995, 2003

[92]

Houston Texans

3

2002, 2006, 2014

[93]

Chicago Bears

2

1941, 1947

[94]

Boston Yanks

2

1944, 1946

[78]

Washington Redskins

2

1948, 1962

[95]

New York Giants

2

1951, 1965

[96]

Green Bay Packers

2

1957, 1959

[97]

Minnesota Vikings

2

1961, 1968

[98]

Tennessee Titans

2

1973, 1978

2 as the Houston Oilers

[99]

New Orleans Saints

1

1981

[100]

New York Jets

1

1996

Also had first selection in the 1965 AFL Draft

[101]

San Diego Chargers

1

2004

[102]

Oakland Raiders

1

2007

Also had first selection in the 1962 AFL Draft

[103]

Miami Dolphins

1

2008

Also had first selection in the 1966 AFL Draft

[104]

Carolina Panthers

1

2011

[105]

Kansas City Chiefs

1

2013

Also had first selection in the 1963 AFL Draft

[106]

text: First overall draft picks by school[edit]

text:
School

Totalnumber

Year(s)

Notre Dame

5

1944, 1946, 1950, 1957, 1972

USC

5

1968, 1969, 1977, 1996, 2003

Oklahoma

4

1976, 1980, 2010, 2018

Georgia

4

1943, 1945, 1953, 2009

Auburn

4

1965, 1986, 1988, 2011

Stanford

4

1954, 1971, 1983, 2012

Texas

3

1966, 1978, 1982

Ohio State

3

1979, 1994, 1997

Nebraska

2

1937, 1984

Miami (FL)

2

1987, 1991

Tennessee

2

1940, 1998

Penn State

2

1995, 2000

Virginia Tech

2

1985, 2001

LSU

2

1960, 2007

Michigan

2

1941, 2008

South Carolina

2

1981, 2014

California

2

1975, 2016

Chicago

1

1936

Indiana

1

1938

TCU

1

1939

Virginia

1

1942

Oklahoma State

1

1947

Alabama

1

1948

Penn

1

1949

SMU

1

1951

Vanderbilt

1

1952

Oregon

1

1955

Colorado State

1

1956

Rice

1

1958

Iowa

1

1959

Tulane

1

1961

Syracuse

1

1962

Oregon State

1

1963

Texas Tech

1

1964

Michigan State

1

1967

Louisiana Tech

1

1970

Tampa

1

1973

Tennessee State

1

1974

UCLA

1

1989

Illinois

1

1990

Washington

1

1992

Washington State

1

1993

Kentucky

1

1999

Fresno State

1

2002

Ole Miss

1

2004

Utah

1

2005

North Carolina State

1

2006

Central Michigan

1

2013

Florida State

1

2015

Texas A&M

1

2017

text: First overall draft picks by position[edit]

text:
First overall selections by position played[2]:525

Position
Number of selections
Last year selected

Quarterbacks
31
2018

Running backs
23
1995

Defensive linemen
15
2017

Offensive linemen
7
2013

Wide receivers
3
1996

Linebackers
3
1988

Defensive backs
1
1956

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ In American and Canadian football, a back is a player who is lined up behind the linemen, the players who line up closest to the line of scrimmage.

Jump up ^ Jay Berwanger did not sign with the Philadelphia Eagles. The Eagles traded his rights to the Chicago Bears; he did not sign with them either.

Jump up ^ Billy Cannon signed with the AFL team Houston Oilers rather than the Los Angeles Rams.

Jump up ^ Ernie Davis was subsequently traded to the Cleveland Browns after being drafted by the Washington Redskins.

^ Jump up to: a b c Because of the NFL–AFL merger agreement, the history of the AFL is officially recognized by the NFL and therefore this list includes the Common Draft for the years 1967, 1968, and 1969.

Jump up ^ The Buffalo Bills were a part of the AFL when they selected Simpson with the first overall pick in the 1969 draft. The Bills joined the NFL the next year, in 1970.

Jump up ^ Tom Cousineau chose to sign with the CFL team Montreal Alouettes over the Buffalo Bills.

Jump up ^ John Elway was subsequently traded to the Denver Broncos after being drafted by the Baltimore Colts.

Jump up ^ College seniors who had already signed with the USFL or CFL were not eligible for the regular draft. Instead the NFL held a three round special draft on June 5, 1984. The Tampa Bay Buccaneers selected Steve Young first overall in that draft.

Jump up ^ Bo Jackson did not sign with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and chose to enter the 1987 NFL draft the following year.

Jump up ^ The Cleveland Browns – via the Buffalo Bills originally – possessed the number one overall pick but because they selected Bernie Kosar in the 1985 Supplemental Draft, the pick was subsequently given to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

Jump up ^ The Dallas Cowboys originally possessed the number one overall pick but because they selected Steve Walsh in the 1989 Supplemental Draft, the pick was given to the Indianapolis Colts who originally held the second overall pick.

Jump up ^ Eli Manning was subsequently traded to the New York Giants after being drafted by the San Diego Chargers.

tag: ol


document_title: United Nations Development Programme

question_text: when was the united nations development programme created

root

text: United Nations Development Programme

text: Founding[edit]

text: The UNDP was founded on 22 November 1965 with the merging of the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance (EPTA) and the Special Fund.[6] The rationale was to "avoid duplication of [their] activities". The EPTA was set up in 1949 to help the economic and political aspects of underdeveloped countries while the Special Fund was to enlarge the scope of UN technical assistance.[7] The Special Fund arose from the idea of a Special United Nations Fund for Economic Development (SUNFED) (which was initially called UNFED).

tag: p

text: Countries such as the Nordic countries were proponents of such a United Nations (UN) controlled fund. However, the fund was opposed by developed countries, especially by the United States who was wary of the Third World dominating such a funding and preferred it to be under the auspices of the World Bank. The concept of SUNFED was dropped to form the "Special Fund". This Special Fund was some compromise over the SUNFED concept, it did not provide investment capital, but only helped to bring pre-conditions for private investment.

text: With the US proposing and creating the International Development Association within the World Bank's umbrella, the EPTA and the Special Fund appeared to be conducting similar work. In 1962, the United Nations Economic and Social Council asked the Secretary General to consider the merits and disadvantages of merging UN technical assistance programs and in 1966, the EPTA and the Special Fund merged to form the UNDP.[8][9][10]

text: Budget[edit]

text: In 2013, UNDP’s entire budget was approximately US$5 billion.[11]

text: Funding information table[edit]

text: The following table lists the top 15 DAC 5 Digit Sectors[12] to which UNDP has committed funding, as recorded in its International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) publications. The UNDP claims on the IATI Registry website that the data covers 100% of development flows.[13]

text: UNDP topped the Aid Transparency Index published by Publish What You Fund in 2015 and 2016. "The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) tops the Index for the second time with an excellent score of 93.3%, the only organisation to score above 90%". [14]

text:
Committed funding (US$ millions)

Sector
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Sum

Security system management and reform
624.3
541.7
591.6
643.8
656.4
3,057.9

STD control including HIV/AIDS
415.9
421.4
412.1
465.2
483.5
2,198.1

Public sector policy and administrative management
216.3
299.3
372.2
456.9
462.9
1,807.7

Decentralisation and support to subnational government
256.7
327.5
302.7
338.4
505.8
1,731.1

Reconstruction relief and rehabilitation
249.0
282.5
338.1
376.5
422.0
1,668.2

Elections
157.8
267.8
330.3
279.0
149.8
1,184.7

Disaster prevention and preparedness
146.4
170.2
211.2
243.7
241.3
1,012.9

Energy policy and administrative management
113.3
157.0
198.9
212.3
316.2
997.6

General budget support
77.6
142.7
263.1
223.7
273.9
981.1

Social/ welfare services
108.7
149.4
155.4
219.4
195.2
828.1

Legal and judicial development
62.1
76.6
97.5
113.8
106.9
456.8

Environmental policy and administrative management
49.6
63.4
70.9
95.4
122.0
401.3

Power generation/renewable sources
42.8
44.4
60.3
101.0
125.2
373.7

Democratic participation and civil society
56.3
62.1
62.1
65.9
76.6
323.0

Human rights
28.1
45.5
52.4
88.5
56.2
270.8

Other
334.5
315.5
379.8
507.3
969.5
2,506.6

Total
2,939.5
3,367.1
3,898.5
4,430.9
5,163.6
19,799.6

tag: table

text: Functions[edit]

text: UNDP’s offices and staff are on the ground in 177 countries, working with governments and local communities to help them find solutions to global and national development challenges.

text: UNDP links and coordinates global and national efforts to achieve the goals and national development priorities laid out by host countries. UNDP focuses primarily on five developmental challenges:

text: Democratic governance[edit]

text: UNDP supports national democratic transitions by providing policy advice and technical support, improving institutional and individual capacity within countries, educating populations about and advocating for democratic reforms, promoting negotiation and dialogue, and sharing successful experiences from other countries and locations. UNDP also supports existing democratic institutions by increasing dialogue, enhancing national debate, and facilitating consensus on national governance programmes.

text: Poverty reduction[edit]

text: This section relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: UNDP helps countries develop strategies to combat poverty by expanding access to economic opportunities and resources, linking poverty programmes with countries’ larger goals and policies, and ensuring a greater voice for the poor. It also works at the macro level to reform trade, encourage debt relief and foreign investment, and ensure the poorest of the poor benefit from globalisation. On the ground, UNDP sponsors developmental pilot projects, promotes the role of women in development, and coordinates efforts between governments, NGOs, and outside donors. In this way, UNDP works with local leaders and governments to provide opportunities for impoverished people to create businesses and improve their economic condition.

text: The UNDP International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) in Brasília, Brazil expands the capacities of developing countries to design, implement and evaluate socially inclusive development projects. IPC-IG is a global forum for South-South policy dialogue and learning, having worked with more than 7,000 officials from more than 50 countries.

text: A 2013 evaluation of the UNDP’s poverty reduction efforts states that the UNDP has effectively supported national efforts to reduce poverty, by helping governments make policy changes that benefit the poor.[15] Nevertheless, the same evaluation also states there is a strong need for better measurement and monitoring of the impacts of the UNDP's work.[16] The UNDP’s Strategic Plan 2014-2017 incorporates the recommendations of this poverty evaluation.[17]

text: Crisis prevention and recovery[edit]

text: UNDP works to reduce the risk of armed conflicts or disasters, and promote early recovery after crisis have occurred. UNDP works through its country offices to support local government in needs assessment, capacity development, coordinated planning, and policy and standard setting.

text: Examples of UNDP risk reduction programmes include efforts to control small arms proliferation, strategies to reduce the impact of natural disasters, and programmes to encourage use of diplomacy and prevent violence. Recovery programmes include disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants, demining efforts, programmes to reintegrate displaced persons, restoration of basic services, and transitional justice systems for countries recovering from warfare.

text: Environment and energy[edit]

text: As the poor are disproportionately affected by environmental degradation and lack of access to clean, affordable water, sanitation and energy services, UNDP seeks to address environmental issues in order to improve developing countries’ abilities to develop sustainably, increase human development and reduce poverty. UNDP works with countries to strengthen their capacity to address global environmental issues by providing innovative policy advice and linking partners through environmentally sensitive development projects that help poor people build sustainable livelihoods.

text: UNDP’s environmental strategy focuses on effective water governance including access to water supply and sanitation, access to sustainable energy services, Sustainable land management to combat desertification and land degradation, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and policies to control emissions of harmful pollutants and ozone-depleting substances. UNDP's Equator Initiative office biennially offers the Equator Prize to recognize outstanding indigenous community efforts to reduce poverty through the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and thus making local contributions to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

text: In 2012 the Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN) was established. BIOFIN brings 30 countries together to develop and implement evidence-based finance plans to safeguards biodiversity. BIOFIN has developed an innovative and adaptable methodology to guide countries to analyse the policy and institutional context for biodiversity finance; measure the current biodiversity expenditures; assess future financial needs; and identify the most suitable finance solutions to achieve national biodiversity targets.[18]

text: HIV/AIDS[edit]

text: HIV/AIDS is a big issue in today's society and UNDP works to help countries prevent further spreading and reduce its impact, convening The Global Commission on HIV and the Law which reported in 2012.[19]

text: Hub for Innovative Partnerships[edit]

text: Major programmes underway are:[20]

text:
ART Global Initiative
World Alliance of Cities Against Poverty
Territorial Approach to Climate Change
Africa–Kazakhstan Partnership for the SDGs

tag: ul

text: Human Development Report[edit]

text: Since 1990, the UNDP has annually published the Human Development Report, which includes topics on Human Development and the annual Human Development Index.[4]

text: Evaluation[edit]

text: The UNDP spends about 0.2% of its budget on internal evaluation of the effectiveness of its programmes.[21] The UNDP’s Evaluation Office is a member of the UN Evaluation Group (UNEG) which brings together all the units responsible for evaluation in the UN system. Currently the UNEG has 43 members and 3 observers.[22]

text: Global Policy Centers[edit]

text: The UNDP runs six GPCs, including the Seoul GPC on partnerships, and the Global Center for Public Service Excellence that issues the 'Raffles Review' email newsletter on developments in public administration research.

text: UN co-ordination role[edit]

text: UNDP plays a significant co-ordination role for the UN’s activities in the field of development. This is mainly executed through its leadership of the UN Development Group and through the Resident Co-ordinator System.

text: United Nations Development Group[edit]

text: The United Nations Development Group (UNDG) was created by the Secretary General in 1997, to improve the effectiveness of UN development at the country level. The UNDG brings together the operational agencies working on development. The Group is chaired by the Administrator of UNDP. UNDP also provides the Secretariat to the Group.

text: The UNDG develops policies and procedures that allow member agencies to work together and analyse country issues, plan support strategies, implement support programmes, monitor results and advocate for change. These initiatives increase UN impact in helping countries achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), including poverty reduction.

text: 32 UN agencies are members of the UNDG. The Executive Committee consists of the four "founding members": UNICEF, UNFPA, WFP and UNDP. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights is an ex-officio member of the Executive Committee.

text: Resident coordinator system[edit]

text: The Resident Coordinator (RC) system co-ordinates all organizations of the United Nations system dealing with operational activities for development in the field. The RC system aims to bring together the different UN agencies to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of operational activities at the country level. Resident Coordinators, who are funded, appointed and managed by UNDP, lead UN country teams in more than 130 countries and are the designated representatives of the Secretary-General for development operations. Working closely with national governments, Resident Coordinators and country teams advocate the interests and mandates of the UN drawing on the support and guidance of the entire UN family.It is now coordinated by the UNDG.[23]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: NSA surveillance[edit]

text: Documents of Edward Snowden showed in December 2013 that British and American intelligence agencies surveillance targets with America's National Security Agency (NSA) included organisations such as the United Nations Development Programme, the UN's children's charity Unicef and Médecins Sans Frontières and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).[24]

text: Allegations of UNDP resources used by Hamas[edit]

text: In August 2016, Israel's Shin Bet security agency went public with the arrest of Wahid Abdallah al Bursh, a Palestinian engineer with the United Nations Development Programme. In its statement, Shin Bet said that Wahid had confessed to being recruited in 2014 to help Hamas.

text: Among "various assignments" he performed on behalf of Gaza's dominant Islamist group was assistance in building a maritime jetty for its fighters "using UNDP resources," the Shin Bet statement said without providing further details on that charge.

text: It said Bursh also persuaded his UNDP superiors to prioritize the neighborhoods of Hamas operatives when earmarking money for reconstruction in Gaza, which was devastated by a 2014 war with Israel.[25]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: The UNDP has been criticised by members of its staff and the Bush administration of the United States for irregularities in its finances in North Korea. Artjon Shkurtaj claimed that he had found counterfeit US dollars in the Programmes safe while the staff were paid in Euros. The UNDP denied any wrongdoing, and keeping improper accounts.[26]

text: Disarmament and controversy[edit]

text: In mid-2006, as first reported by Inner City Press[27] and then by The New Vision,[28] UNDP halted its disarmament programmes in the Karamoja region of Uganda in response to human rights abuses in the parallel forcible disarmament programmes carried out by the Uganda People's Defence Force.

text: Administrator[edit]

text: The UNDP Administrator has the rank of an Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations. While the Administrator is often referred to as the third highest-ranking official in the UN (after the UN Secretary General and the UN Deputy Secretary General), this has never been formally codified.

text: In addition to his or her responsibilities as head of UNDP, the Administrator is also the Vice-Chair of the UN Development Group.[29][30]

text: The position of Administrator is appointed by the Secretary-General of the UN and confirmed by the General Assembly for a term of four years.[31]

text: Achim Steiner is the current Administrator.[32] The five countries on the UNDP board have some influence over selection of the administrator.[citation needed]

text: The first administrator of the UNDP was Paul G. Hoffman, former head of the Economic Cooperation Administration which administered the Marshall Plan.

text: Other holders of the position have included: Bradford Morse, former Republican congressman from Massachusetts; William Draper, venture capitalist and friend of George H.W. Bush who saw one of the UN system's major achievements, the Human Development Report, introduced during his tenure; Mark Malloch Brown, who was previously Vice President of External Affairs at the World Bank and subsequently became UN Deputy Secretary General. Kemal Derviş, a former finance minister of Turkey and senior World Bank official, was the previous UNDP Administrator. Derviş started his four-year term on 15 August 2005.

text:
Nr
Administrator
Land
Term

9
Achim Steiner
 Brazil /  Germany
2017–

8
Helen Clark
 New Zealand
2009–2017

7
Kemal Derviş
 Turkey
2005–2009

6
Mark Malloch Brown
 United Kingdom
1999–2005

5
James Gustave Speth
 United States
1993–1999

4
William Henry Draper
1986–1993

3
F. Bradford Morse
1976–1986

2
Rudolph A. Peterson
1972–1976

1
Paul G. Hoffman
1966–1972

text: Associate Administrator[edit]

text: During meetings of the UN Development Group, which are chaired by the Administrator, UNDP is represented by the Associate Administrator.[citation needed] The position is currently held by Tegegnework Gettu, appointed on 1 December 2015.

text: Assistant Administrators[edit]

text: Assistant Administrators of the UNDP, Assistant United Nations Secretary Generals and Directors of the Regional Bureaus are

text:
Michael O’Neill (United Kingdom), for Bureau of External Relations and Advocacy;
Magdy Martínez-Solimán [a.i.] (Spain), for Bureau of Development Policy;
Jordan Ryan (United States), for Bureau of Crisis Prevention and Recovery;
Jens Wandel (Denmark), for Bureau of Management;[33]
Abdoulaye Mar Dieye (Senegal), for Africa;
Sima Sami Bahous (Jordan), for Arab States;
Haoliang Xu (China), for Asia & Pacific;
Cihan Sultanoğlu (Turkey), for Europe & CIS and
Jessica Faieta [a.i.] (Ecuador), for Latin America and the Caribbean.[34]

text: Goodwill Ambassadors[edit]

text: UNDP, along with other UN agencies, has long enlisted the voluntary services and support of prominent individuals as Goodwill Ambassadors to highlight these causes. Their fame helps amplify the urgent and universal message of human development and international cooperation, helping to accelerate achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. They articulate the UNDP development philosophy and programmes of self-reliant opportunities and motivate people to act in the interest of improving their own lives and those of their fellow citizens.

text: Global Ambassadors[edit]

text:
Antonio Banderas[35]
Connie Britton[36]
Didier Drogba[36]
Crown Prince Haakon Magnus of Norway[37]
Iker Casillas[36]
Marta Vieira da Silva [36]
Misako Konno[36]
Michelle Yeoh[38]
Nikolaj Coster-Waldau[36]
The Roca Brothers[36]
Match Against Poverty : Zinedine Zidane, Ronaldo[39]


document_title: Baggage

question_text: when was the first suitcase with wheels invented

text: Baggage

text: Overview[edit]

text: Luggage has changed over time. Historically the most common types of luggage were chests or trunks made of wood or other heavy materials. These would be shipped by professional movers. Since the Second World War smaller and more lightweight suitcases and bags that can be carried by an individual have become the main form of luggage.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word baggage comes from Old French bagage (from baguer "tie up") or from bagues ("bundles"). It may also be related to the word bag.[3]

text: Also according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word luggage originally meant inconveniently heavy baggage and comes from the verb lug and the suffix -age.[4]

text: Types of luggage[edit]

text:
Trunk - A wooden box, generally much larger than other kinds of luggage. Trunks come in smaller sizes as in the case of footlockers and larger ones called steamers. These days trunks are more commonly used for storage than transportation. Items large enough to require a trunk are now usually shipped in transport cases. Some of the better known trunk makers are Louis Vuitton, Goyard, Moynat, M. M. Secor and Leatheroid.
Suitcase - A wheeled or non-wheeled luggage, as well as soft or hard side luggage.
Garment bag - A style of luggage that folds over on itself to allow long garments such as suits or dresses to be packed flat to avoid creasing. Garment bags come in both wheeled and non-wheeled models, and are usually one of the largest pieces in any set of luggage
Tote - A small bag, usually worn on the shoulder
Duffle bag - A barrel-shaped bag, almost exclusively soft side, is well suited to casual travel, with little organization inside.
Carpet bag - travel luggage traditionally made from carpets.
Packing Cubes - Small rectangular bags of different sizes and different colors created to keep the baggage organized and save space
Gate Check Bags - Bags specially designed to protect frequent gate checking items, such as strollers and car seats

text: Luggage features[edit]

text:
Locks - locks serve multiple purposes; a deterrent to dishonest airport workers and locks also help keep baggage closed during handling. Since 2003 most locks integrated into luggage use the TSA Lock standard developed by Travel Sentry to allow opening by the US Transportation Security Administration.
Expandable Luggage - suitcases that can be unzipped to expand for more packing space.

text: Wheels[edit]

text: Look up rollaboard or roll-aboard in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: Luggage carriers – light-weight wheeled carts or harnesses on which luggage could be temporarily place or that can be temporarily attached to luggage – date at least to the 1930s, such as in US patent 2,132,316 "Luggage carrier" by Anne W. Newton (filed 1937, published 1938).[5] These were refined over the following decades, as reflected in patents such as US patent 2,650,105 A "Luggage carriage" (filed 1949, published 1953)[6] and US patent 2,670,969 "Luggage carriage harness,[7] both by Kent R. Costikyan.[8] However, the wheels were external to the suitcases. Patents were published for wheeled luggage – a wheeled trunk in 1887, and a wheeled suitcase in 1945 – but these were not successfully commercialized.[9]

text: The first commercially successful rolling suitcases was invented in 1970, when Bernard D. Sadow applied for a patent that was granted in 1972 as United States patent 3,653,474 for "Rolling Luggage".[10] The patent application cited the increase in air travel, and "baggage handling [having] become perhaps the single biggest difficulty encountered by an air passenger", as background of the invention.[11] Sadow's four-wheeled suitcases, pulled using a loose strap, were later surpassed in popularity by suitcases that feature two wheels and are pulled in an upright position using a long handle. These were invented in 1987 by US pilot Robert Plath, and initially sold to crew members. Plath later commercialized them, after travelers became interested after seeing them in use by crew members, and founded the Travelpro company, which marketing the suitcases under the trademark "Rollaboard".[10][12][13] The terms rollaboard and roll-aboard are used generically, however. While initially designed for carry-on use (to navigate through a large terminal), as implied by the analogous name, similar designs are also used for checked baggage.

text: More recently, four-wheeled luggage with casters has become popular, notably since their use by Samsonite in the 2004 version of their signature Silhouette line.[14] These are otherwise similar in design to two-wheel roll-aboards, with a vertical orientation and a retracting handle, but are designed to be pushed beside or in front of the traveler, rather than pulled behind them. These are often referred to as "spinner" luggage, since they can spin about their vertical axis.

text: Sadow attributes the late invention of luggage on wheels to a "macho thing" where "men would not accept suitcases with wheels".[10] Others attribute the late invention to "the abundance of luggage porters with carts in the 1960s, the ease of curbside drop-offs at much smaller airports and the heavy iron casters then available."[15]

text: Hold luggage[edit]

text: Some vehicles have an area specifically for luggage to be held, called the automobile "trunk" in the United States. Items stored in the hold are known as hold luggage. A typical example would be a suitcase. If travelling by coach passengers will often be expected to place their own luggage in the hold, before boarding. Aeroplanes in contrast are loaded by professional baggage handlers.

text: Hand luggage (carry-on)[edit]

text: Passengers are allowed to carry a limited number of smaller bags with them in the vehicle, these are known as hand luggage (more commonly referred to as carry-on in North America), and contain valuables and items needed during the journey. There is normally storage space provided for hand luggage, either under seating, or in overhead lockers. Trains often have luggage racks at the ends of the carriage near the doors, or above the seats if there are compartments. There are differing views between North America and Europe in relation to the rules concerning the amount of baggage carried on to aircraft. In North America there is considerable debate as to whether passengers carry too many bags on board and that their weight could be a risk to other passengers and flight safety. US airlines are beginning to introduce weight and size restrictions for carry-on baggage. Whereas in Europe, many airlines, especially low-cost airlines, impose what is commonly known as "the one-bag rule". This is a restriction imposed to stop excessive weight on board and airlines claim that this policy allows them to speed the boarding of the aircraft. Airports in Europe have mounted a campaign with the European Commission in an attempt to overturn these hand luggage regulations.[citation needed] They claim that it is affecting their duty-free and other airport retail sales and is reducing their revenues.

text: Baggage claim/reclaim[edit]

text: In airport terminals, a baggage claim or reclaim area is an area where arriving passengers claim checked-in baggage after disembarking from an airline flight. At most airports and many train stations, baggage is delivered to the passenger on a baggage carousel.

text: Left luggage[edit]

text: The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Left luggage, also luggage storage or bag storage, is a place where one can temporarily store one's luggage so as to not have to carry it. Left luggage is not synonymous with lost luggage. Often at an airport or train station there may be a staffed 'left luggage counter' or simply a coin-operated or automated locker system. With higher threats of terrorism all around the globe, this type of public storage is disappearing.[citation needed]. Left luggage is often a concern; one such example includes when Ben Carson interjected “My luggage!” before walking away from a CNN interview.

text: Luggage forwarding[edit]

text: Luggage forwarding, also known as luggage shipping or luggage logistics, is a type of speciality shipping service that has been available for approximately 10 years and has grown in demand, particularly after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The purpose of luggage forwarding is to reduce the hassles of baggage handling commonly experienced by airline passengers at airports.

text: Military baggage[edit]

text: Baggage can also refer to the train of people and goods, both military and of a personal nature, which commonly followed pre-modern armies on campaign. The baggage was considered a strategic resource and guarded by a rear guard. Its loss was considered to weaken and demoralize an army, leading to rearguard attacks such as that at the Battle of Agincourt.


document_title: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King

question_text: lord of the rings return of the king extended run time

question_tokens: lord of the rings return of the king extended run time

text: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King

text: Plot[edit]

text: Two Hobbits, Smeagol and Déagol, are fishing when Déagol discovers the One Ring in the river. Sméagol is immediately ensnared by the Ring, and fights and kills his friend for it. He retreats into the Misty Mountains as the Ring twists his body and mind until he becomes the creature Gollum.

text: Centuries later, Gandalf leads Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli, and King Théoden to Isengard where they reunite with Merry and Pippin. Gandalf retrieves the defeated Saruman's palantír. Pippin later looks into the seeing-stone, and is telepathically attacked by Sauron himself. Gandalf deduces that Sauron will attack Gondor's capital Minas Tirith. He rides there to warn Gondor's steward Denethor, taking Pippin with him. Pippin volunteers to be Denethor's servant.

text: Meanwhile, Gollum leads Frodo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee to Minas Morgul, where they witness the Witch-king of Angmar leading an Orc army. The hobbits begin climbing a precarious stair carved in the cliff face that will take them into Mordor via a 'secret way' - unaware that Gollum plans to kill them and take the Ring. Sauron's army strikes and overwhelms Osgiliath, forcing Faramir and his garrison to retreat back to Minas Tirith.

text: Gollum disposes of the last of the hobbits' food, blaming Sam. Frodo leaves Sam behind before they arrive at the tunnel leading to Mordor, where Gollum tricks him into venturing into the lair of the giant spider Shelob. Frodo narrowly escapes and confronts Gollum, telling him that he must destroy the Ring for both of their sakes. Enraged, Gollum attacks Frodo, but falls down a chasm. Frodo continues on, but Shelob discovers, paralyses and binds him. However, Sam arrives and drives Shelob away. Believing Frodo to be dead, Sam hides as orcs appear and learns from them that his friend is still alive, before the Orcs take Frodo with them. Sam follows the Orcs into the Tower of Cirith Ungol, and frees Frodo so they can continue their journey.

text: While helping Théoden gather his forces, Aragorn is approached by Elrond who informs him Arwen is dying. Following a vision of her son by Aragorn, she refused to leave Middle Earth. Elrond gives Aragorn the sword Andúril, Isildur's sword Narsil reforged, so he can reclaim his birthright while gaining reinforcements from the Dead Men of Dunharrow. Joined by Legolas and Gimli, Aragorn travels to the Paths of the Dead, recruiting the Army of the Dead, who can only be released from the curse Isildur placed on them for refusing to fight Sauron by one of his heirs. Faramir is gravely wounded after a futile effort to retake Osgiliath, and believing his son to be dead, Denethor falls into madness. Gandalf is left to defend the city against the Orc army, led by Gothmog. As Gothmog's army forces its way into the city, Denethor attempts to kill himself and Faramir on a pyre. Pippin alerts Gandalf and they save Faramir, but Denethor leaps to his death from the top of Minas Tirith just before Théoden and his nephew, Éomer, arrive with the Rohirrim. Initially, the Rohirrim have the advantage at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, but are eventually overwhelmed by the Oliphaunt-riding Haradrim while the Witch-king mortally wounds Théoden. Though Théoden's niece Éowyn, having posed as a male soldier, battles and slays the Witch-King with Merry's help, Théoden dies of his wounds. Aragorn arrives with the Army of the Dead, who overcome the Orcs and win the battle; Aragorn then allows the Army of the Dead to go to their rest. Aragorn and the other captains of Men decide to lead all who can march upon the Black Gate as a distraction, so Frodo and Sam can get to Mount Doom.

text: Aragorn's army draw out Sauron's forces and empties Mordor, allowing the exhausted Hobbits to stagger to the volcano, but Gollum attacks them just as they reach Mount Doom. Frodo finally succumbs to the Ring's power and claims it as his own, refusing to destroy it. Gollum attacks Frodo and bites his finger off to reclaim the Ring, but Frodo fights back and knocks Gollum, who is holding the Ring, into the volcano. As Frodo and Sam escape, the Ring and Sauron are both destroyed, causing a chain-reaction that consumes the mountain, topples Barad-dûr, and kills most of the fleeing Orcs as the ground crumbles beneath them. Gandalf flies in with eagles to rescue the Hobbits, who awaken later in the Houses of Healing and are reunited with the surviving Fellowship members. Aragorn is crowned King of Gondor and takes Arwen as his queen. The Hobbits then return to the Shire, where Sam marries Rosie Cotton. A few years later, Frodo departs Middle Earth for the Undying Lands with his uncle Bilbo, Gandalf, and the Elves. He leaves Sam the Red Book of Westmarch which details their adventures. Sam then returns to the Shire, where he embraces Rosie and their children.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Like the preceding films in the trilogy, The Return of the King has an ensemble cast,[11] and some of the cast and their respective characters include:

text:
Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins: a young hobbit who continues his quest to destroy the One Ring.
Ian McKellen as Gandalf the White: a wizard (one of the Istari) who travels to aid the Men of Gondor, acting as a general at the Siege of Gondor.
Sean Astin as Samwise "Sam" Gamgee: Frodo's loyal hobbit gardener and companion.
Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn II Elessar: a Dúnedain ranger with claims to the throne of Gondor.
Billy Boyd as Peregrin "Pippin" Took: a hobbit who came along with his cousin Frodo and is now caught in the wars.
Dominic Monaghan as Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck: another cousin of Frodo's who becomes an esquire of Rohan.
John Rhys-Davies as Gimli: a dwarf warrior and companion to Aragorn along with Legolas. Rhys-Davies also voices Treebeard: the ent leader.
Orlando Bloom as Legolas Greenleaf: an elven prince of Mirkwood and skilled archer who aids Aragorn in his quest to reclaim the throne.
Andy Serkis as Sméagol / Gollum: a wretched and treacherous hobbit-like creature who kept the Ring for centuries and now guides Frodo and Sam into Mordor.
Bernard Hill as Théoden: the King of Rohan who, after triumphing at Helm's Deep, is preparing his troops for the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.
Miranda Otto as Éowyn: Théoden's niece, who wishes to prove herself in battle and starts to fall in love with Aragorn.
Liv Tyler as Arwen Undomiel: Elrond's daughter and Aragorn's true love.
Hugo Weaving as Elrond: the Elven-King of Rivendell and father of Arwen.
David Wenham as Faramir: a prince of the Stewards of Gondor and Captain of the Rangers defending Osgiliath, who seeks his father's love in vain.
Karl Urban as Éomer: Éowyn's brother, who serves as Chief Marshal of the Riders of Rohan and heir to his uncle's throne.
John Noble as Denethor II: the Steward of Gondor and father of Faramir and Boromir, whose grief over Boromir's death and despair over Mordor's superior numbers drive him into madness during the Siege of Gondor.
Cate Blanchett as Galadriel: the Elven-Queen of Lothlórien and Arwen's maternal grandmother, who is aware the time of the elves is at an end.
Lawrence Makoare as Witch-King of Angmar: the lord of the Nazgûl, who leads Mordor's assault on Minas Tirith. Makoare also plays Gothmog: an Orc commander, who is voiced by Craig Parker.
Ian Holm as Bilbo Baggins: Frodo's elderly uncle, who has rapidly aged after giving away the Ring.
Paul Norell as the King of the Dead
Marton Csokas as Celeborn: the Elven-King of Lothlórien.
Thomas Robins as Déagol: Sméagol's cousin.

text:
Christopher Lee as Saruman the White: an Istari wizard, formerly the head of the Istari Order and its White Council, who is now trapped by Treebeard until he is killed by his own servant, Gríma.
Brad Dourif as Gríma Wormtongue: Saruman's sycophantic, treacherous servant, who is shot by Legolas after stabbing his own master.
Bruce Spence as The Mouth of Sauron: Sauron's ambassador at the Black Gate.
Sean Bean as Boromir: Faramir's older brother, who appears in a flashback to The Fellowship of the Ring when Pippin explains to Denethor that he died to save him and Merry; and very briefly in the Extended Edition as an illusion to Denethor, smiling and walking proudly towards him before vanishing.

text: There are also cameos from Peter Jackson, Richard Taylor, Gino Acevedo, Rick Porras and Andrew Lesnie on the Corsair ship, although all of them but Jackson appear only in the Extended Edition. Jackson also has another unofficial cameo, as Sam's hand stepping into view when he confronts Shelob.[12] Sean Astin's daughter played Sam and Rosie's older daughter Elanor in the last scene of the film; in the same scene, Sarah McLeod's daughter plays their younger daughter. Jackson's children also cameo as Gondorian extras, while Christian Rivers played a Gondorian soldier guarding the Beacon Pippin lights, and is later seen wounded. Royd Tolkien cameos as a Ranger in Osgiliath,[13] while in the Extended Edition Howard Shore appears as a celebrating soldier at Edoras. Additionally, four of the designers of The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game are featured as Rohirrim at the Pelennor.[14] At the end of the film, during the closing credits, each cast member gets a sketched portrait morphed with the real photograph beside their name, which were sketched by Alan Lee, an idea suggested by Ian McKellen.[15]

text: Comparison with the source material[edit]

text: This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: As with all of Peter Jackson's movie adaptions of The Lord of the Rings, many events, timelines, and geographic distances are compressed or simplified. Most major events from the books are included leaving only a very few events from the novel omitted from the film; there are however some events in the film significantly altered from the novels as there are some events invented only in the film just as there are certain details in the film not present in the books.

text: The film version of The Return of the King contains major scenes that occurred in the middle portion of the novel The Two Towers but were not included in the film version, such as the attack by Shelob and the palantír subplot, owing to Jackson's realigning events of the film to fit the timeline as described in the book's Appendices, rather than the main prose.[16] However, it is notable that the plot of the second half of Book III is either completely omitted (chapter "The Road to Isengard") or only shown in one scene (chapter "The Voice of Saruman"). Saruman's murder by Gríma (seen only in the Extended Edition) is moved into the Isengard visit because of the cutting of the Scouring of the Shire. In the film, Saruman drops the palantír when he is fatally attacked, whereas in the book Gríma throws it at the Fellowship, unaware of its value.

text: In the film, all journeys of the companions from Isengard to Minas Tirith are compressed and simplified, as the entire company travels from Isengard to Edoras and arrives there simultaneously to recuperate after the Battle of Helm's Deep. Pippin's looking into the palantír happens in Edoras, and he and Gandalf leave for Minas Tirith from there, but in the book this takes place at Dol Baran with the appearance of a Nazgûl on a winged steed, and they stay at Edoras only one night. In contrast to the film, Aragorn and Théoden march from Dol Baran to Helm's Deep to take a night's rest. It is in the Hornburg where Aragorn looks into the Palantír (as opposed to the film's Extended Edition, in which he does so much later in Minas Tirith after the Battle of the Pelennor Fields) and decides to take the Paths of the Dead. In the film, Aragorn and Theóden depart not before their encampment at Dunharrow, but in the book, Aragorn and the Dúnedain (which are absent in the film) ride from Helm's Deep over the fields to Edoras and then to Dunharrow and the Dimholt, whereas in the book, Théoden takes slower mountain paths and arrives in Dunharrow after Aragorn and his companions have already left. Théoden is seen to set out directly from Dunharrow to Minas Tirith, omitting his brief return to Edoras from Dunharrow to muster all remaining forces there, as told in the book.

text: The sequence of the Paths of the Dead adds a conversation between Aragorn and the King of the Dead (in the book the Dead don't speak at all) and a scene where the companions must flee an avalanche of skulls, but leaves out the encounter with Baldor's skeleton. In contrast to the book, the viewer doesn't get told what happened in Lebennin between Aragorn and the Corsairs of Umbar. The film version (Extended Edition) doesn't correspond with the map of Gondor, as the company sees a near river with Corsair ships immediately after leaving the Haunted Mountain. In the book, the River Anduin lies several hundred miles farther east, requiring a much longer journey with the Army of the Dead following behind, bringing terror to the towns they pass along the way.

text: The basis of Elrond and Arwen's subplot arguing about Arwen's fate is derived from the Appendices, but it is largely extended in the film, as is Arwen and Elrond's relevance to the story.

text: Denethor, the Steward of Gondor, was a more tragic character in the book. In the film, overwhelming grief over the death of Boromir has driven him to despair, and he has given up any hope of defeating Sauron before Gandalf arrives in Minas Tirith. Thus, the muster of Gondor is absent from the film, and major captains and generals (including Imrahil of the Tower Guard and the Knights of Dol Amroth) are not present. In the book, he has already ordered the lighting of the beacons before Gandalf's arrival, while he refuses to light them in the film, and the sequence where Pippin secretly lights them himself was invented for the movie. The film only hints at Denethor's use of the palantír which drives him mad, information revealed in the Pyre scene, which includes Shadowfax and is more violent than the book. Aware of the very long distance between Rath Dínen and the front of the out-thrust battlement, Jackson has Denethor jump off the Citadel in addition to burning himself on the Pyre, one of the earliest changes.[17]

text: The Rammas Echor which encircles the Pelennor Fields isn't shown in the film, and the fields themselves are empty grassland in the films, instead of being rich farmland dotted with small villages in the book.

text: The Battle of the Pelennor Fields is also altered: though Faramir goes on a suicide mission, the conflict is a simplification of the siege of Osgiliath. With generals such as Forlong and Imrahil absent, Gandalf commands the defence of Minas Tirith owing to Denethor's despair. While Denethor gives command to Gandalf in the book, in this film Gandalf forcibly takes control after Denethor tells his men to flee rather than fight. The Orcs and Trolls also never get into the city in the book. The Witch-king enters and stands off against Gandalf before the Rohirrim arrive, but in the film Orcs invade the city after Grond breaks the Gate. The confrontation takes place while Gandalf journeys to save Faramir, during which Gandalf has his staff broken in the film (but not in the book).

text: A subplot in which the Rohirrim are aided by the primitive Drúedain during their journey to the besieged Gondor is excised from the film. The Red Arrow brought by a messenger from Gondor to ask for aid is absent. Éowyn's presence on the battlefield is unknown to the reader until she takes off her helmet, but in the film the audience is aware, as it would have been difficult to have Miranda Otto playing a man.[18] When hope seems lost, Gandalf comforts Pippin with a description of the Undying Lands, which is a descriptive passage in the book's final chapter.[16] The film depicts the Army of the Dead fighting in the Battle, whereas in the book they are released from service prior to this, after helping Aragorn defeat the Corsairs of Umbar at the port city of Pelargir in Lebennin; Aragorn's reinforcements are merely more Gondorians, and the Dúnedain, Aragorn's people (the rangers of the North). An unstoppable and invulnerable force, the Dead wipe out Sauron's forces. The film also cuts out several supporting characters, such as Halbarad, a friend of Aragorn's, who helps lead the Dúnedain, Beregond, a member of the Citadel Guard of Gondor, whom Pippin befriends, and Elladan and Elrohir, the twin sons of Elrond who deliver Aragorn's banner and accompany him to the Pelennor Fields. Elladan and Elrohir are replaced by Elrond in the film, instead delivering Andúril in Dunharrow, and then returning to Rivendell. In the books Aragorn isn't doubtful about his destiny, but had already decided to claim the throne of Gondor from the beginning of the Quest; thus, it was he who had the shards of Narsil forged to Andúril in Rivendell, carrying it from there on the whole journey.

text: The film also altered the circumstances of Théoden's death; his death speech, in which he names Éomer the new king in the book, is trimmed and delivered to Éowyn instead of Merry, with an earlier scene in the Extended Edition even implying that Éowyn is next in line for the throne. Théoden's rallying speech ("To death!") before the initial charge in the film are spoken by Éomer in the book when he believes that both Théoden and Éowyn have been killed in combat with the Witch King.[16]

text: The Extended Edition presents shortened scenes from the book's chapters in the Houses of Healing: The Warden, the talk of Athelas, the comical conversation with the herb-master, the woman Ioreth and her saying about a King's healing hands and the subsequent realising of Aragorn's true identity are left out altogether.

text: In the film, Aragorn leads the entire remaining force of Rohan and Gondor's men to the Black Gate without incident. In the book, tactics are discussed, forces divide and fight smaller skirmishes in Anórien and Ithilien before the army (only a fraction of the full remaining strength of the nations of men) reach the Morannon. The romance that develops between Éowyn and Faramir during their recoveries in the Houses of Healing is also largely cut, presumably to keep the focus on Aragorn and Arwen; the subplot is only briefly referenced in the Extended Edition with a scene where the two hold hands.[16] Sam and Frodo's major rift in their friendship, due to Gollum's machinations, never takes place in the book, but was added by the writers in believing that it added drama and more complexity to the character of Frodo. Frodo enters Shelob's lair alone in the film, whereas in the book he and Sam entered together. This was done to make the scene more horrific with Frodo being alone, and Sam's rescue at the last minute more dramatic. Frodo's ordeal in the Tower of Cirith Ungol and subsequent rescue by Sam are also changed; in the book, Frodo is stripped, beaten, and cruelly interrogated by the Orcs, while in the film, he is tied up but only briefly threatened by an Orc moments before Sam's arrival. The reunion of Frodo and Sam in the film is also shorter and less emotional than in the book; rather than comforting the physically injured and severely traumatised Frodo as in the book, Sam, after killing the Orc that was threatening Frodo but had not struck him, briefly accepts his apology for having doubted him and returns the Ring to him before suggesting that they find some Orc clothing for Frodo to wear. In the film, Sam also does not experience "delusions of grandeur" about what he could do if he took the Ring for himself, like he does in the book. Sam instead overcomes a very brief moment of temptation which, instead of stemming from thoughts of how he could use the Ring for himself, seems to come from his concern for Frodo and wish to reduce the Ring's harm to his friend by sharing the burden. Also, in the film viewers do not know that Sam has the Ring until he gives it back to Frodo, whereas in the book the reader knows that Sam has the Ring. When Sam and Frodo are diverted into the Orc march in Mordor and are about to collapse, in the film's Extended Edition they start a fake combat between each other and thus provoke some chaos during which they manage to escape, instead of slipping off during a congestion caused by several armies trying to get through the narrow Isenmouthe, as told in the novel. Gollum's fall into the lava of Mount Doom was also rewritten for the film, as the writers felt Tolkien's original idea (Gollum simply slips and falls off) was anti-climactic. Originally, an even greater deviation was planned: Frodo would heroically push Gollum over the ledge to destroy him and the Ring, but the production team eventually realised that it looked more like Frodo murdering Gollum. As a result, they had Frodo and Gollum struggle for possession of the Ring and both slip over the edge by accident.[16]

text: In addition to the absent footage from the film are the other major attacks by Sauron on various regions of Middle-earth, referenced only briefly in the main text of The Return of the King,[16] and expanded upon in the Appendices; the invasion of Rohan by the Orcs of Moria, the attacks on Lothlórien and the Woodland Realm of Thranduil by the forces of Dol Guldur, and the attack on Dale and the Lonely Mountain by a force of Easterlings.[16] These events are hinted at in a comment by Legolas (also in the book) that the other peoples of Middle Earth are unlikely to ride to war in Gondor because war has already arrived in their own lands.

text: There are several changes in the Battle of the Black Gate: Merry is not present there in the book, Pippin does not kill a troll as he does in the novel (instead, Aragorn does), the eagles fight and defeat some of the mounted Nazgûl (while Frodo putting on the One Ring distracted the Nazgûl, who raced away to Mount Doom in the book before a confrontation could occur), and Aragorn kills the Mouth of Sauron in the extended edition of the film but not in the book.[16] There was an even larger change planned: Sauron himself would come out in physical form to battle Aragorn, who would only be saved by the destruction of the Ring. Jackson eventually realised it ignored the point of Aragorn's true bravery in distracting Sauron's army against overwhelming odds, and a computer generated Troll was placed over footage of Sauron in the finished film. In the book, after the destruction of the Ring the spirit of Sauron rises like a black cloud from the ruin of Barad-dûr before being blown away by the wind, but in the film the Eye of Sauron erupts in flame and then explodes as Barad-dûr collapses. As in all of Jackson's Middle-earth adaptions, the eagles do not speak.

text: During the Battle for Minas Tirith, the White Tree of Gondor is shown to bear one white blossom, thus blooming by itself at Aragorn's coronation. Thereby the film ignores the book's story where Gandalf and Aragorn find a seedling of the white tree up in the mountains and plant it in the courtyard in place of the still-dead tree.

text: Although the film runs for another approximately 20 minutes after the climactic Downfall of Barad-dûr, many following events from the book are omitted or significantly altered in the film. Aragorn's coronation takes place in form of a great ceremony in the Citadel of Minas Tirith, opposed to the book, where Aragorn is crowned in his tent on the Pelennor Fields before entering the City. Omitted entirely are the camp at the Field of Cormallen, Aragorn's business in Minas Tirith, Aragorn and Arwen's wedding, Galadriel and Celeborn being present at the ceremonies and their subsequent travelling along with the company, Théoden's funeral at Edoras, the complete journey back to the Shire with stops at Rivendell and Bree, and the Scouring of the Shire, which was always seen by the screenwriters as anti-climactic.[16]

text: Since Saruman is killed long before, after the battle at Helm's Deep in the film, he is unable to exact revenge on Frodo and the hobbits by ruining the Shire as depicted in the books. In the film, the Shire is virtually unchanged when they return, and their friends and neighbours seem unaware of the climactic events that have taken place outside of their borders. Thus, the esteem earned by Merry and Pippin at the Battle of Bywater and the work to restore the Shire using Galadriel's gift don't appear in the film.

text: At the end of the book, Frodo and Sam leave the Shire alone, meet Galadriel, Elrond and Bilbo along the way at the Woody End, and meet Gandalf at the Grey Havens, with Merry and Pippin arriving just in time to say their farewells and accompany Sam back to Bag End. In the film, however, all of the Hobbits travel with Gandalf to the Havens to find the Elves waiting there, including Celeborn, who remains in Middle-Earth in the book. When Sam returns to the Shire, he isn't shown to live in Bag End (where he dwells with Rose in the book), but in a different Hobbit-hole of his own.

text: Production[edit]

text: The Lord of the Rings film trilogy is unusual in that it was, up until the release of Jackson's prequel trilogy The Hobbit, the only series whose separate instalments were written and shot simultaneously (excluding pick up shoots). Jackson found The Return of the King the easiest of the films to make, because it contained the climax of the story, unlike the other two films.[19] The Return of the King was originally the second of two planned films under Miramax from January 1997 to August 1998,[20] and more or less in its finished structure as the first film was to end with The Two Towers' Battle of Helm's Deep.[21] Filming took place under multiple units across New Zealand, between 11 October 1999 and 22 December 2000, with pick up shoots for six weeks in 2003 before the film's release.

text: Design[edit]

text: Middle-earth as envisioned by Jackson was primarily designed by Alan Lee and John Howe, former Tolkien illustrators, and created by Weta Workshop, who handled all the trilogy's weapons, armour, miniatures, prosthetics, and creatures, as well as the Art Department which built the sets. Richard Taylor headed Weta, while Grant Major and Dan Hennah organised the planning and building respectively.

text: The city of Minas Tirith, glimpsed briefly in both the previous two films, is seen fully in this film, and with it the Gondorian civilisation. The enormous soundstage was built at Dry Creek Quarry, outside Wellington, from the Helm's Deep set. That set's gate became Minas Tirith's second, while the Hornburg exterior became that of the Extended Edition's scene where Gandalf confronts the Witch-king. New structures included the 8m tall Gate, with broken and unbroken versions, with a working opening and closing mechanism, with its engravings inspired by the Baptistry of San Giovanni. There were also four levels of streets with heraldic motifs for every house, as inspired by Siena.[22]

text: There was also the Citadel, the exterior of which was in the Stone Street Studios backlot, using forced perspective. It contains the withered White Tree, built from polystyrene by Brian Massey and the Greens Department with real branches, influenced by ancient and gnarled Lebanese olive trees. The interior was within a three-story former factory in Wellington, and colour wise is influenced by Charlemagne's Chapel, with a throne for Denethor carved from stone and polystyrene statues of past Kings. The Gondorian armour is designed to represent an evolution from the Númenóreans of the first film's prologue, with a simplified sea bird motif. 16th-century Italian and German armour served as inspiration,[23] while civilians wear silver and blacks as designed by Ngila Dickson, continuing an ancient/medieval Mediterranean Basin look.[24]

text: Minas Morgul, the Staircase and Tower of Cirith Ungol as well as Shelob's Lair were designed by Howe, with the Morgul road using forced perspective into a bluescreened miniature. Howe's design of Minas Morgul was inspired from the experience of having a wisdom tooth pulled out: in the same way, the Orcs have put their twisted designs on to a former Gondorian city.[25] Cirith Ungol was based on Tolkien's design, but when Richard Taylor felt it as "boring", it was redesigned with more tipping angles.[26] The interior set, like Minas Tirith, was built as a few multiple levels that numerous camera takes would suggest a larger structure.[22]

text: The third film introduces the enormous spider Shelob. Shelob was designed in 1999,[26] with the body based on a tunnelweb spider and the head with numerous growths selected by Peter Jackson's children from one of many sculpts. Jackson himself took great joy in planning the sequence, being an arachnophobe himself.[23] Shelob's Lair was inspired by sandstone and sculpted from the existing Caverns of Isengard set.[22]

text: The Return of the King also brings into focus the Dead Men of Dunharrow and the evil Haradrim from the south of Middle-earth, men who ride the mûmakil. The Dead Men have a Celtic influence, as well as lines and symmetry to reflect their morbid state,[22] while their underground city is influenced by Petra.[25] The Haradrim were highly influenced by African culture, until Philippa Boyens expressed concern over the possibility of offensiveness, so the finished characters instead bear influence from Kiribati, in terms of weaving armour from bamboo, and the Aztecs, in use of jewellery. Also built was a single dead mûmak.[23] Other minor cultures include the Corsairs, with an exotic, swarthy look, and the Grey Havens, Elven structures adapted to stone, with influence from J. M. W. Turner paintings.[26]

text: Principal photography[edit]

text: The Return of the King was shot during 2000, though Astin's coverage from Gollum's attempt to separate Frodo and Sam was filmed on 24 November 1999, when floods in Queenstown interrupted the focus on The Fellowship of the Ring.[12] Some of the earliest scenes shot for the film were in fact the last. Hobbiton, home of the Hobbits, was shot in January 2000 with early scenes from The Fellowship of the Ring, with the exterior shot at a Matamata farm, while interior scenes shot at Stone Street Studios in Wellington,[27] shared with the Grey Havens sequence. Due to the high emotions of filming the scene, the cast were in despair when they were required to shoot it three times, due to a continuity flaw in Sean Astin's costume, and then negatives producing out-of-focus reels.[12] Also shared with the previous films was the Rivendell interior in May.

text: The Battle of the Black Gate was filmed in April[28] at the Rangipo Desert, a former minefield.[29][30] New Zealand soldiers were hired as extras while guides were on the lookout for unexploded mines. Also a cause for concern were Monaghan and Boyd's scale doubles during a charge sequence. In the meantime, Wood, Astin and Serkis filmed at Mount Ruapehu for the Mount Doom exteriors. In particular, they spent two hours shooting Sam lifting Frodo on to his back with cross-camera coverage.[12]

text: Scenes shot in June were the Paths of the Dead across various locations, including Pinnacles.[28] In July the crew shot some Shelob scenes, and in August and September time was spent on the scenes in Isengard. Monaghan and Boyd tried numerous takes of their entrance, stressing the word "weed" as they smoked pipe-weed. Christopher Lee spent his part of his scene mostly alone, though McKellen and Hill arrived on the first day for a few lines to help.[12]

text: Edoras exteriors were shot in October. The Ride of the Rohirrim, where Théoden leads the charge into the Orc army, was filmed in Twizel with 150 extras on horseback. The Battle of the Pelennor Fields has more extensive use of computer-generated imagery, in contrast to the more extensive use of live action in the Battle of Helm's Deep in the second film. Also filmed were the attempts by Faramir to recapture Osgiliath,[31] as were scenes in the city itself.[32] At this point production was very hectic, with Jackson moving around ten units per day, and production finally wrapped on the Minas Tirith sets, as well as second units shooting parts of the siege. Just as the Hobbit actors' first scene was hiding from a Ringwraith under a tree, their last scene was the bluescreened reaction shot of the inhabitants of Minas Tirith bowing to them.[12]

text: Pick-ups[edit]

text: The 2003 pick-ups were filmed in the Wellington studio car park, with many parts of sets and blue-screens used to finish off scenes, which the design team had to work 24 hours to get the right sets ready for a particular day.[22] The shoot continued for two months, and became an emotional time of farewells for the cast and crew. The film has the most extensive list of re-shoots given for the trilogy. Jackson took his time to re-shoot Aragorn's coronation, rushed into a single day under second unit director Geoff Murphy on 21 December 2000. Jackson also re-shot scenes in and around Mount Doom,[12] and Théoden's death, right after Bernard Hill was meant to wrap.[18]

text: There was also the new character of Gothmog. This was a major new design addition for the film, as Jackson felt the Mordor Orcs were "pathetic" compared to the Uruk-hai of the second film after watching assembly cuts, and thus Weta created grotesque new "über Orcs" as antagonists for the audience to focus on. Christian Rivers also redesigned the Witch-king and all of his scenes were re-shot, because of confusion from non-readers over whether or not Sauron was on the battlefield.[23]

text: With the positive response to Bloom, Legolas was given a fight with a mûmak,[33] and Howard Shore also appeared in a cameo during Legolas and Gimli's drinking game at Edoras.[34] The final scenes shot were Aragorn escaping the Skull avalanche, and Frodo finishing his book. The cast also received various props associated with their characters, although John Rhys-Davies burned his final Gimli prosthetic. Viggo Mortensen headbutted the stunt team goodbye.[12] Pick-ups ended on 27 June 2003.[33]

text: Scenes shot afterwards included various live-action shots of Riders for the Battle of the Pelennor Fields and a reaction shot of Serkis as Gollum finally realises Frodo intends to destroy the Ring, shot in Jackson's house.[35] For the Extended DVD, in March 2004 Jackson created a few shots of skulls rolling over for the avalanche scene; this was the final piece of footage ever shot for the trilogy, and Jackson noted that it must be the first time a director had shot scenes for a film after it had already won the Oscar.[36]

text: Editing[edit]

text: Post-production began in November 2002, with the completion of the 4½ hour assembly cut of the film that Annie Collins had been completing over 2001 and 2002, from 4-hour dailies. For example, Théoden leading the charge went from 150 minutes of takes to a finished 90 seconds.[37] Jackson reunited with longtime collaborator Jamie Selkirk to edit the final film. Like The Two Towers, they would have to deal with multiple storylines, and Jackson paid attention to each storyline at a time before deciding where to intercut. Most importantly they spent three weeks working on the last 45 minutes of the film,[35] for appropriate intercutting and leaving out scenes such as the Mouth of Sauron, and the fates of characters like Legolas, Gimli, Éowyn and Faramir.[16] The film inherited scenes originally planned to go into the second film, including the reforging of Narsil, Gollum's backstory, and Saruman's exit. But the Saruman scene posed a structural problem: killing off the second film's villain when the plot has Sauron as the main villain.[35] Despite pick-ups and dubs, the scene was cut, causing controversy with fans and Saruman actor Christopher Lee, as well as a petition to restore the scene.[38] Lee nonetheless contributed to the DVDs and was at the Copenhagen premiere, although he said he would never understand the reason for the cut and his relationship with Jackson was chilly.[39] They would, however, later reconcile upon Lee's casting in Jackson's Hobbit films. Jackson only had a lock on 5 out of 10 reels, and had to churn out 3 reels in 3 weeks to help finish the film. It was finally completed on 12 November 2003.[40] Jackson never had a chance to view the film in full due to the hectic schedule, and only saw the film from beginning to end on 1 December at the Wellington premiere; according to Elijah Wood, his response was "yup, it's good, pretty good".[36]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: The Return of the King contains 1,488 visual effect shots, nearly three times the number from the first film and almost twice that of the second. Visual effects work began with Alan Lee and Mark Lewis compositing various photographs of New Zealand landscape to create the digital arena of the Pelennor Fields in November 2002. Gary Horsfield also created a digital version of the Barad-dûr during his Christmas break at home by himself, for the film's climax. In the meantime, Jackson and Christian Rivers used computers to plan the enormous battle up until February 2003, when the shots were shown to Weta Digital. To their astonishment, 60 planned shots had gone up to 250, and 50,000 characters were now 200,000.[41] Nevertheless, they pressed on, soon delivering 100 shots a week, 20 a day, and as the deadline neared within the last two months, often working until 2 am.[40]

text: For the battle, they recorded 450 motions for the MASSIVE digital horses (though deaths were animated), and also had to deal with late additions in the film, such as Trolls bursting through Minas Tirith's gates as well as the creatures that pull Grond to the gate,[23] and redoing a shot of two mûmakil Éomer takes down that had originally taken six months in two days. On a similar note of digital creatures, Shelob's head sculpture was scanned by a Canadian company for 10 times more detail than Weta had previously been able to capture.[41]

text: Like the previous films, there are also extensive morphs between digital doubles for the actors. This time, there was Sam falling off Shelob, where the morph takes place as Astin hits the ground. Legolas attacking a mûmak required numerous transitions to and fro, and Gollum's shots of him having recovered the One Ring and falling into the Crack of Doom were fully animated.[41] The King of the Dead is played by an actor in prosthetics, and his head occasionally morphs to a more skull-like digital version, depending on the character's mood. The Mouth of Sauron also had his mouth enlarged 200% for unsettling effect.[22]

text: The Return of the King also has practical effects. In the Pyre of Denethor sequence, as the Steward of Gondor throws Pippin out of the Tomb, John Noble threw a size double named Fon onto a prostrate Billy Boyd, who immediately pushed his head into camera to complete the illusion. A few burning torches were also reflected off a plate of glass and into the camera for when Gandalf's horse Shadowfax kicks Denethor onto the pyre. Because of Jackson's requirement for complete representation of his fantasy world, numerous miniatures were built, such as 1:72 scale miniature of Minas Tirith, which rises 7m high and is 6.5m in diameter. 1:14 scale sections of the city were also required, and the Extended Edition scene of the collapsing City of the Dead has 80,000 small skulls, amounting in total to a single cubic meter.[25] The miniatures team concluded in November with the Black Gate, after 1000 days of shooting, and the final digital effects shot done was the Ring's destruction, on 25 November.[40]

text: Sound effects[edit]

text: The Sound department spent the early part of the year searching for the right sounds. A Tasmanian devil was Shelob's shriek, which in turn gave inspiration for Weta's animators, while the mûmakil is the beginning and end of a lion roar. Human screams and a donkey screech were mixed into Sauron's fall and broken glass was used for the collapsing sounds. For missile trading during Minas Tirith's siege, construction workers dropped actual 2 ton stone blocks previously lifted by a construction crane. Mixing began at a new studio on 15 August, although unfinished building work caused some annoyances.[42] The mixers finished on 15 November, after three months of non-stop work.[40]

text: Score[edit]

text:
"Into the West" (performed by Annie Lennox)

Written by Fran Walsh, Howard Shore, and Annie Lennox, this selected song won the Oscar for Best Original Song at the 76th Academy Awards. It also won a Grammy for Best Film Song.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: The music was composed by Howard Shore, who previously composed the first two parts of the trilogy. Shore watched the assembly cut of the film,[34] and had to write seven minutes of music per day to keep up with the schedule.[40] The score sees the full introduction of the Gondor theme, originally heard during Boromir's speeches at the Council of Elrond in The Fellowship of the Ring and at Osgiliath in The Two Towers' Extended Edition. Shore also used the Gondor theme with the new ascending coda (which is unique to this film) in his score for the trailer of the film.

text: The score features the London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Voices, London Oratory School Schola and featured vocal soloists. The score is the most expansive of the three: scoring effectively the entire movie length, not including additional music written for the trailer and various alternate versions released to the public. It also uses the biggest forces in the series: sections of the score call for two sets of timpani, eight trumpets[43] (and possibly a similar increase in the size of the horn, trombone and tuba section, as well), 85 singers in the mixed choir[44] with additional players for all-male and all-female sections, over fifty in the boy choir and many instrumentalist "bands" playing Celtic and eastern instruments such as tin whistle or pan flute, on stage or off of it.[45] One piece of music required an instrument invented and crafted especially for the film: a fiddle with four pairs of strings instead of single strings.[46]

text: Actors Billy Boyd, Viggo Mortensen and Liv Tyler also contributed to the film's music. Boyd sings on screen as Faramir charges towards Osgiliath, Mortensen sings on screen as he is crowned King, and in the Extended Edition Tyler sings as Aragorn heals Éowyn.

text: Renée Fleming, Ben Del Maestro, Sissel Kyrkjebø and James Galway also contribute to the soundtrack as featured soloists. Fleming sings as Arwen has a vision of her son and when Gollum recovers the One Ring. Del Maestro sings when Gandalf lights his staff to save fleeing Gondorian soldiers from Osgiliath as the Nazgûl attack and as the eagles arrive at the Black Gates. Galway plays the flute and whistle as Frodo and Sam climb Mount Doom and as they return to the shire. Sissel sings "Asea Aranion", which was originally meant the score the Houses of Healing scene. The end title song, "Into the West", was composed by Shore with lyrics by Fran Walsh. Annie Lennox (formerly of Eurythmics) performed it and also received songwriting credit. The song was partially inspired by the premature death from cancer of a young New Zealand filmmaker named Cameron Duncan who had befriended Peter Jackson.[34]

text: Release[edit]

text: After two years of attention and acclaim since the release of The Fellowship of the Ring, audience and critical anticipation for the final instalment was extremely high. The world premiere was held in Wellington's Embassy Theatre, on 1 December 2003, and was attended by the director and many of the stars. It was estimated that over 100,000 people lined the streets, more than a quarter of the city's population.[47]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The theatrical edition of the film was released on VHS and DVD on May 25, 2004. The DVD was a 2-disc set with extras on the second disc. The theatrical DVD sets for the two previous films were released eight months after the films were released, but Return of the King's set was completed in five because it did not have to market a sequel (the previous films had to wait for footage of their sequels to become available for a ten-minute preview). However, it contained a seven-minute trailer of the entire trilogy.

text: The Return of the King followed the precedent set by its predecessors by releasing an Extended Edition (251 minutes) with new editing and added special effects and music, along with four commentaries and six hours of supplementary material, plus 10 minutes of fan-club credits. However, this set took longer to produce than the others because the cast and crew, no longer based in New Zealand for the trilogy, were spread all over the world working on other projects.[48] The set was finally released on December 14, 2004 in the UK and US. The final ten minutes comprises a listing of the charter members of the official fan club who had paid for three-year charter membership.

text: A collectors' box set was also released, which included the Extended Set plus a sculpture of Minas Tirith and a bonus 50-minute music documentary DVD, Howard Shore: Creating The Lord of the Rings Symphony: A Composer's Journey Through Middle-earth. The DVD has a DTS-ES soundtrack. The DVD also features two humorous Easter Eggs, one where Dominic Monaghan plays a German interviewer with Elijah Wood via satellite and another where Vince Vaughn and Ben Stiller attempt to convince Jackson to make a sequel, originally shown at the 2004 MTV Movie Awards. Both can be accessed via a Ring icon on the last page of both Disc 1 and 2's scene indexes. In August 2006, a Limited Edition of The Return of the King was released. This Limited Edition contains two discs; the first is a two-sided DVD containing both the Theatrical and Extended editions of the film. The second disc is a bonus disc that contains a new behind-the-scenes documentary.

text: The theatrical Blu-ray release was released in the United States in April 2010.[49] The individual Blu-ray disc of The Return of the King was released in September 2010 with the same special features as the complete trilogy release, except there was no digital copy.[50] The Extended Edition was released in the United States in June 2011.[51] It has a runtime of 263 minutes.[52]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film earned $377,845,905 in the United States and Canada and $742,083,616 in other countries for a worldwide total of $1,119,929,521. Worldwide, it is the eigteenth highest-grossing film of all time when not adjusted for inflation,[53] the highest-grossing film of 2003,[54] the second highest-grossing film of the 2000s, and the highest-grossing instalment in The Lord of the Rings trilogy.[55] It was the second film in history to earn over $1 billion, making it the second highest-grossing film at the time. Box Office Mojo estimates that the film had sold over 61 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[56]

text: In the US and Canada, it is the 27th highest-grossing film,[57] the highest-grossing 2003 film,[58] and the highest-grossing instalment in The Lord of the Rings trilogy.[55] The film set an opening Wednesday record with $34.5 million.[59] This record was first surpassed by Spider-Man 2 and ranks as the seventh largest Wednesday opening.[60] The film opened a day earlier for a midnight showing and accounted for about $8 million. This was nearly twice the first-day total of The Fellowship of the Ring — which earned $18.2 million on its opening day in 2001 — as well as a significant increase over The Two Towers — which earned $26.1 million on its debut in 2002. Part of the grosses came from the Trilogy Tuesday event, in which the Extended Editions of the two previous films were played on 16 December before the first midnight screening. It went on to make an opening weekend of $72.6 million ($124.1 million with weekday previews).[61] Its Friday-Sunday opening weekend was a record-high for December (first surpassed by I Am Legend).[62] The film also set single-day records for Christmas Day and New Year's Day (both first surpassed by Meet the Fockers).[63][64]

text: Outside the US and Canada, it is the 17th highest-grossing film,[65] the highest-grossing 2003 film[66] and the highest-grossing film of the series.[55] On its first day (Wednesday, 17 December 2003), the film earned $23.5 million from 19 countries[59] and it set an opening-weekend record outside the US and Canada with $125.9 million during the 5-day weekend as a whole.[67] It set opening-day records in 13 of them, including the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Greece, Switzerland, Scandinavia (as well as separately in Sweden, Finland, Norway, and Denmark), Mexico, Chile, and Puerto Rico.[59][67] It set opening-weekend records in the United Kingdom ($26.5 million in five days), Germany, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland. In New Zealand, where filming took place, the film set opening day, opening weekend, single-day, Friday gross, Saturday gross, and Sunday gross records with $1.7 million in four days.[67]

text: The substantial increase in initial box office totals caused optimistic studio executives to forecast that The Return of the King would surpass The Two Towers in total earnings. If this proved to be true, then this would be the first blockbuster movie trilogy for each successive film to earn more at the box office than its predecessor, when all three films were blockbuster successes. The Return of the King has helped The Lord of the Rings franchise to become the highest-grossing motion picture trilogy worldwide of all time with $2,917,506,956, beating other notable ones such as the Star Wars trilogies,[68] and surviving from being out-grossed by subsequent trilogies like Pirates of the Caribbean and Harry Potter, despite ticket price inflation.

text: These figures do not include income from DVD sales, TV rights, etc. It has been estimated[69] that the gross income from non-box office sales and merchandise has been at least equal to the box office for all three films. If this is so, the total gross income for the trilogy would be in the region of $6 billion following an investment of $300 million ($426 million including marketing costs).

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Return of the King holds an approval rating of 93% on the aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes, based on 269 reviews, with an average rating of 8.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Visually breathtaking and emotionally powerful, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King is a moving and satisfying conclusion to a great trilogy".[70] The film holds a weighted average score of 94 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 41 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[71] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale.[72]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave three and a half out of four saying, ""Return of the King" is such a crowning achievement, such a visionary use of all the tools of special effects, such a pure spectacle, that it can be enjoyed even by those who have not seen the first two films."[73] Richard Corliss of Time named it the best film of the year.[74] The main criticism of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King was its running time, particularly the epilogue; even rave reviews for the film commented on its length. Joel Siegel of Good Morning America said in his review for the film (which he gave an 'A'): "If it didn't take forty-five minutes to end, it'd be my best picture of the year. As it is, it's just one of the great achievements in film history."[75] There was also criticism regarding the Army of the Dead's appearance, rapidly ending the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.[76]

text: In February 2004, a few months following release, the film was voted eighth on Empire's 100 Greatest Movies of All Time, compiled from readers' top ten lists. This forced the magazine to abandon its policy of only allowing films being older than a year to be eligible.[77] In 2007, Total Film named The Return of the King the third best film of the past decade (Total Film's publication time), behind The Matrix and Fight Club.[78]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Academy Awards

1. Best Picture

2. Best Director

3. Best Adapted Screenplay

4. Best Original Score

5. Best Original Song

6. Best Visual Effects

7. Best Art Direction

8. Best Costume Design

9. Best Make-up

10. Best Sound Mixing

11. Best Film Editing

text: The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Original Score, Best Original Song, Best Visual Effects, Best Art Direction, Best Costume Design, Best Make-up, Best Sound Mixing and Best Film Editing. At the 76th Academy Awards in 2004, the film won all the categories for which it was nominated and it holds the record for highest Academy Award totals along with Titanic and Ben-Hur.[79] It was the first fantasy film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. It also was the last movie for 14 years to win the Academy Award for Best Picture without being chosen as one of the top ten films of the year by the National Board of Review, until the release of The Shape of Water in 2017.

text: The film also won four Golden Globes (including Best Picture for Drama and Best Director),[80][81][82] five BAFTAs, two MTV Movie Awards, two Grammy Awards, nine Saturn Awards, the New York Film Critics Circle award for Best Picture, the Nebula Award for Best Script, and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form.