document_title: List of National Basketball Association single-game rebounding leaders

question_text: record for most rebounds in an nba game

question_tokens: record for most rebounds in an nba game

text: This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (December 2016)

text: This is a list of National Basketball Association players who have had 38 or more rebounds in a single game.

text: Multiple occurrences: Wilt Chamberlain 29 times (four times in the playoffs) and Bill Russell 23 times (seven times in the playoffs).

text: The NBA did not record rebounds until the 1950–51 season.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Occurred in playoff competition

text:
Rebounds
Player
Team
Date
Opponent
Notes

55
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001960-11-24-0000November 24, 1960
Boston Celtics
Record set in a losing effort; grabbed 31 rebounds in one half; scored 34 points.

51
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001960-02-05-0000February 5, 1960
Syracuse Nationals
Set a then-record.

49
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001957-11-16-0000November 16, 1957
Philadelphia Warriors
Set a then-record for rebounds in a game; set a still-standing record of 32 rebounds in a single half.

49
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001965-03-11-0000March 11, 1965
Detroit Pistons

45
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001960-02-06-0000February 6, 1960
Syracuse Nationals
Single-game record for a rookie; scored 44 points; the fourth quadruple double-double in NBA history.

45
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001961-01-21-0000January 21, 1961
Los Angeles Lakers
Scored 56 points; the fifth quadruple double-double in NBA history.

43
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001959-11-10-0000November 10, 1959
New York Knicks
Set a then-record for a rookie; scored 39 points.

43
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001961-12-08-0000December 8, 1961
Los Angeles Lakers
Triple overtime; Chamberlain also scored a then-record 78 points in the game; the sixth quadruple double-double in NBA history.

43
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001963-01-20-0000January 20, 1963
Los Angeles Lakers

43
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia 76ers
000000001965-03-06-0000March 6, 1965
Boston Celtics

42
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001960-01-15-0000January 15, 1960
Boston Celtics
Rookie season; scored 44 points; the second quadruple double-double in NBA history.

42
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001960-01-25-0000January 25, 1960
Detroit Pistons
Rookie season; Chamberlain also scored a rookie record 58 points in the same game; the third quadruple double-double in NBA history.

42
Thurmond, NateNate Thurmond*
San Francisco Warriors
000000001965-11-09-0000November 9, 1965
Detroit Pistons

42
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia 76ers
000000001966-01-14-0000January 14, 1966
Boston Celtics
Scored 37 points.

42
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Los Angeles Lakers
000000001969-03-07-0000March 7, 1969
Boston Celtics
Overtime.

41
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001958-02-12-0000February 12, 1958
Syracuse Nationals

41
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
San Francisco Warriors
000000001962-10-26-0000October 26, 1962
Detroit Pistons
Overtime; scored 50 points; the seventh quadruple double-double in NBA history.

41
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001965-03-14-0000March 14, 1965
San Francisco Warriors

41
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia 76ers
000000001967-04-05-0000April 5, 1967
Boston Celtics
Game 3 victory in the Eastern Division finals.

40
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001958-03-23-0000March 23, 1958
Philadelphia Warriors
Game 3 victory in the Eastern Division finals.

40
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001958-12-12-0000December 12, 1958
Cincinnati Royals
Overtime.

40
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001959-11-04-0000November 4, 1959
Syracuse Nationals
Set a then-record for a rookie; third game of career; scored 41 points; the first quadruple double-double in NBA history.

40
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001960-03-29-0000March 29, 1960
St. Louis Hawks
NBA Finals record (tie)

40
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001961-02-12-0000February 12, 1961
Philadelphia Warriors

40
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001962-04-18-0000April 18, 1962
Los Angeles Lakers
NBA Finals record (tie); game 7 overtime victory; Russell's 19 rebounds in a single quarter is the most of any NBA quarter — regular season or playoffs; scored 30 points.

40
Lucas, JerryJerry Lucas*
Cincinnati Royals
000000001964-02-29-0000February 29, 1964
Philadelphia 76ers
His rookie season.

40
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
San Francisco Warriors
000000001964-11-22-0000November 22, 1964
Detroit Pistons
Scored 50 points; the eighth and final quadruple double-double in NBA history.

40
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia 76ers
000000001965-12-28-0000December 28, 1965
Boston Celtics
Scored 31 points.

39
Johnston, NeilNeil Johnston*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001954-12-04-0000December 4, 1954
Syracuse Nationals
Set a then-record.

39
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001959-01-25-0000January 25, 1959
Detroit Pistons

39
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001959-12-19-0000December 19, 1959
New York Knicks

39
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001959-12-28-0000December 28, 1959
Cincinnati Royals
Rookie season; scored 39 points.

39
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001960-01-13-0000January 13, 1960
Syracuse Nationals
Rookie season; scored 42 points.

39
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001960-01-29-0000January 29, 1960
Boston Celtics
Rookie season; scored 43 points.

39
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001960-03-19-0000March 19, 1960
Philadelphia Warriors

39
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001961-03-23-0000March 23, 1961
Syracuse Nationals

39
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001961-11-04-0000November 4, 1961
Detroit Pistons
Scored 58 points.

39
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001961-12-21-0000December 21, 1961
New York Knicks

39
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia 76ers
000000001965-04-06-0000April 6, 1965
Boston Celtics
Scored 30 points.

38
Stokes, MauriceMaurice Stokes*
Rochester Royals
000000001956-01-14-0000January 14, 1956
Syracuse Nationals
Rookie season; triple-double, scored 26 points with 12 assists.

38
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001958-02-23-0000February 23, 1958
Philadelphia Warriors

38
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001959-12-04-0000December 4, 1959
New York Knicks

38
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001960-11-29-0000November 29, 1960
Los Angeles Lakers
Scored 44 points.

38
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001960-12-18-0000December 18, 1960
Cincinnati Royals
Scored 32 points.

38
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001961-04-11-0000April 11, 1961
St. Louis Hawks
Scored 30 points

38
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001961-11-25-0000November 25, 1961
Chicago Packers
Scored 39 points.

38
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001963-02-21-0000February 21, 1963
San Francisco Warriors

38
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
San Francisco Warriors
000000001963-02-21-0000February 21, 1963
Boston Celtics
Scored 40 points.

38
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001963-04-16-0000April 16, 1963
Los Angeles Lakers

38
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
San Francisco Warriors
000000001964-04-24-0000April 24, 1964
Boston Celtics

38
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001965-01-30-0000January 30, 1965
New York Knicks

38
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Boston Celtics
000000001965-03-03-0000March 3, 1965
Los Angeles Lakers

38
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia 76ers
000000001967-03-02-0000March 2, 1967
San Francisco Warriors
Triple-double, scored 24 points with 13 assists.

38
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia 76ers
000000001967-04-16-0000April 16, 1967
San Francisco Warriors
Triple-double, scored 10 points with 10 assists; 26 rebounds in one half, setting the NBA Playoffs record.

38
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia 76ers
000000001967-12-20-0000December 20, 1967
Seattle SuperSonics
Scored 53 points.

38
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Los Angeles Lakers
000000001969-03-09-0000March 9, 1969
Baltimore Bullets

text: Since 1973[edit]

text: This is a complete listing for total rebounds since the 1973–74 season, but it is not a complete listing for offensive or defensive rebounds.

text:
Rebounds
Off
Def
Player
Team
Date
Opponent
Score
Minutes played
Points
20-20
Led the league in rebounding
Notes

37
19
18
Malone, MosesMoses Malone*
Houston Rockets
000000001979-02-09-0000February 9, 1979
New Orleans Jazz
106–99
44
33
Yes
Yes
14 rebounds in the first quarter.

35
16
19
Oakley, CharlesCharles Oakley
Chicago Bulls
000000001988-04-22-0000April 22, 1988
Cleveland Cavaliers
103–107
41
26
Yes
No
Second to last game of season, in a season rebounding title battle, which he lost by a .03 margin to Michael Cage.

34
5
29
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*
Los Angeles Lakers
000000001975-12-14-0000December 14, 1975
Detroit Pistons
110–100
42
27
Yes
Yes
NBA single-game record for defensive rebounds.

34
18
16
Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman*
Detroit Pistons
000000001992-03-04-0000March 4, 1992
Indiana Pacers
110–107
45
10
No
Yes
Overtime. 21 rebounds in the second half, including 11 offensive rebounds.

34
8
26
Seikaly, RonyRony Seikaly
Miami Heat
000000001993-03-03-0000March 3, 1993
Washington Bullets
125–106
40
12
No
No
Seikaly outrebounded the opposing team, 34–30.

33
15
18
Nater, SwenSwen Nater
Milwaukee Bucks
000000001976-12-19-0000December 19, 1976
Atlanta Hawks
126–109
41
30
Yes
No

33
16
17
Willis, KevinKevin Willis
Atlanta Hawks
000000001992-02-19-0000February 19, 1992
Washington Bullets
102–103
45
20
Yes
No
Overtime. 11 offensive rebounds in a half.

33
8
25
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
Houston Rockets
000000001996-11-02-0000November 2, 1996
Phoenix Suns
110–95
45
20
Yes
No
Barkley outrebounded the opposing team 33–30, and played against his previous team for the first time.

32
4
28
Hayes, ElvinElvin Hayes*
Capital Bullets
000000001973-11-17-0000November 17, 1973
Atlanta Hawks
115–109
48
43
Yes
Yes
On Hayes's 28th birthday.

32
7
25
Parish, RobertRobert Parish*
Golden State Warriors
000000001979-03-30-0000March 30, 1979
New York Knicks
114–98
36
30
Yes
No
11 rebounds in the first quarter. 15 rebounds in the first half, 17 rebounds in the second half.

32
7
25
Nater, SwenSwen Nater (2)
San Diego Clippers
000000001979-12-14-0000December 14, 1979
Denver Nuggets
112–108
44
12
No
Yes
21 rebounds in the second half. 18 defensive rebounds in the second half, setting the NBA record. 11 defensive rebounds in the fourth quarter.

32
21
11
Malone, MosesMoses Malone* (2)
Houston Rockets
000000001982-02-11-0000February 11, 1982
Seattle SuperSonics
117–100
44
38
Yes
Yes
NBA single-game record for offensive rebounds; 11 offensive rebounds in one half, 10 in the other half. 15 total rebounds in the first half, 17 rebounds in the second half. Malone outrebounded the opposing team, 32–29.

32
12
20
Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman* (2)
Detroit Pistons
000000001992-01-28-0000January 28, 1992
Charlotte Hornets
100–95
50
16
No
Yes
Overtime.

32
9
23
Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman* (3)
San Antonio Spurs
000000001994-01-22-0000January 22, 1994
Dallas Mavericks
103–83
43
8
No
Yes
13 defensive rebounds in the first half.

31
14
17
Smith, LarryLarry Smith
Golden State Warriors
000000001981-03-28-0000March 28, 1981
Denver Nuggets
139–142
45
23
Yes
No
Rookie. Last Warriors home game of season.

31
11
20
Willis, KevinKevin Willis (2)
Atlanta Hawks
000000001991-12-03-0000December 3, 1991
Dallas Mavericks
103–99
40
29
Yes
No

31
9
22
Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman* (4)
Detroit Pistons
000000001992-03-14-0000March 14, 1992
Sacramento Kings
89–83
48
7
No
Yes

31
8
23
Mutombo, DikembeDikembe Mutombo*
Denver Nuggets
000000001996-03-26-0000March 26, 1996
Charlotte Hornets
112–119
51
16
No
No
Double overtime.

31
12
19
Love, KevinKevin Love^
Minnesota Timberwolves
000000002010-11-12-0000November 12, 2010
New York Knicks
112–103
40:39
31
Yes
Yes
15 rebounds in the third quarter, and 22 rebounds in the second half. 13 defensive rebounds in the second half.

30
11
19
Fox, JimJim Fox
Seattle SuperSonics
000000001973-12-26-0000December 26, 1973
Los Angeles Lakers
129–105
39
25
Yes
No

30
10
20
Johnson, George T.George T. Johnson
Golden State Warriors
000000001974-03-15-0000March 15, 1974
Los Angeles Lakers
112–107
48
14
No
No
Elmore Smith of the Lakers had 11 blocks in the same game.

30
6
24
Unseld, WesWes Unseld*
Washington Bullets
000000001975-04-06-0000April 6, 1975
New Orleans Jazz
119–103
46
11
No
Yes
Last game of season; won season rebounding title over Dave Cowens by a .01 margin. 14 rebounds in the first half, 16 rebounds in the second half.

30
7
23
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar* (2)
Los Angeles Lakers
000000001978-02-03-0000February 3, 1978
New Jersey Nets
105–99
48
37
Yes
No
Overtime.

30
10
20
Nater, SwenSwen Nater (3)
Buffalo Braves
000000001978-03-04-0000March 4, 1978
New Jersey Nets
111–107
44
27
Yes
No

30
11
19
Cage, MichaelMichael Cage
Los Angeles Clippers
000000001988-04-24-0000April 24, 1988
Seattle SuperSonics
100–109
48
8
No
Yes
Last game of season; won season rebounding title over Charles Oakley by a .03 margin.

30
11
19
Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman* (5)
San Antonio Spurs
000000001995-02-21-0000February 21, 1995
Houston Rockets
98–97
40
6
No
Yes

30
8
22
Bynum, AndrewAndrew Bynum
Los Angeles Lakers
000000002012-04-11-0000April 11, 2012
San Antonio Spurs
98–84
36:41
16
No
No
19 rebounds in the first half.

30
11
19
Howard, DwightDwight Howard^
Charlotte Hornets
000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018
Brooklyn Nets
111–105
34
32
Yes
TBD


document_title: Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (season 8)

question_text: who eliminated this week from khatron ke khiladi

root

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Contestant
Profession
Status
Notes

Hina Khan[5][6][7]
Indian TV actress

Finalist

Ravi Dubey[8]
Indian TV actor

Finalist

Shantanu Maheshwari
Indian TV actor, dancer and choreographer

Finalist

Nia Sharma[9][10][11]
Indian TV actress
Eliminated on 6 August 2017
returned on 12 August 2017
eliminated again on 27 August 2017
returned again on 2 September 2017
Finalist

Monica Dogra
American musician and actress
Eliminated on 13 August 2017
returned on 2 September 2017
Finalist

Lopamudra Raut[12]
Indian model
Eliminated on 24 September 2017
6th place (Semi-Finalist)

Rithvik Dhanjani
Indian TV actor[8]
Eliminated on 24 September 2017
7th place (Semi-Finalist)

Karan Wahi[13][8]
Indian TV actor
Eliminated on 10 September 2017
8th place

Geeta Phogat
Wrestler
Eliminated on 3 September 2017
9th place

Manveer Gurjar
Bigg Boss 10 winner
Eliminated on 20 August 2017
10th place

Shiny Doshi[14][15][16]
Indian TV actress and model
Eliminated on 30 July 2017
11th place

Shibani Dandekar[17][18]
Indian TV actress,singer and model
Eliminated on 29 July 2017
12th place

tag: table

text: Information chart[edit]

text:
Week
Contestants

Hina Khan
Shantanu Maheshwari
Ravi Dubey
Nia Sharma
Monica Dogra
Lopamudra Raut
Rithvik Dhanjani
Karan Wahi
Geeta Phogat
Manveer Gurjar
Shiny Doshi
Shibani Dandekar

1
Win
Safe
Low
Low
Low
Low
Win
Win
Win
Safe
Win
Low

Safe
Win
Win
Low
Low

Win
Eliminated

2
Win
Safe
Safe
Win
Safe
Win
Low
Low
Win
Low
Low

Win
Win
Low
Low

Win
Eliminated

3
Win
Win
Low
Low
Safe
Low
Win
Safe
Win
Low

Win
Low
Low
Win

Eliminated
Win

4
Safe
Win
Safe
Win
Low
Win
Safe
Win
Low
Safe

Safe
Safe
Win
Win

Eliminated
Win

5
Win
Win
Safe
Win

Win
Low
Low
Low
Low

Win
Safe
Safe
Eliminated

6
Win
Win
Low
Low

Low
Low
Win
Win

Win
Low
Low
Win

Win
Win
Win
Low
Low
Low

Safe
Low
Win

Eliminated
Safe
Win

7
Safe
Safe
Safe
Wild card
Wild card
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Wild card

Win
Safe
Eliminated

Win
Win
Win
Safe
Low
Low
Win
Low
Low

Low
Win
Win
Low

Win
Eliminated

8
Low
Win
Win
Low
Win
Safe
Safe
Low

Low
Win
Safe

Win
Low
Safe
Win
Win
Low
Low

Safe
Win
Safe
Eliminated

9
Low
Win
Win
Low
Win
Low
Low

Low
Win
Low

Low
Win
Low

Win
Low
Low

Low
Low
Win

10
Win
Low
Win
Ticket to finale
Win
Low
Low

Low
Ticket to finale
Low

Ticket to finale
Eliminated

Ticket to finale
Ticket to finale
Eliminated

11


document_title: Cell growth

question_text: when would the quantity of dna double when growing cells

text: Cell growth

text: Cell populations[edit]

text: Cell populations go through a particular type of exponential growth called doubling. Thus, each generation of cells should be twice as numerous as the previous generation. However, the number of generations only gives a maximum figure as not all cells survive in each generation.

tag: p

text: Cell size[edit]

text: Cell size is highly variable among organisms, with some algae such as Caulerpa taxifolia being a single cell several meters in length.[2] Plant cells are much larger than animal cells, and protists such as Paramecium can be 330 μm long, while a typical human cell might be 10 μm. How these cells "decide" how big they should be before dividing is an open question. Chemical gradients are known to be partly responsible, and it is hypothesized that mechanical stress detection by cytoskeletal structures is involved. Work on the topic generally requires an organism whose cell cycle is well-characterized.

text: Yeast cell size regulation[edit]

text: The relationship between cell size and cell division has been extensively studied in yeast. For some cells, there is a mechanism by which cell division is not initiated until a cell has reached a certain size. If the nutrient supply is restricted (after time t = 2 in the diagram, below), and the rate of increase in cell size is slowed, the time period between cell divisions is increased.[3] Yeast cell-size mutants were isolated that begin cell division before reaching a normal/regular size (wee mutants).[4]

text: Wee1 protein is a tyrosine kinase that normally phosphorylates the Cdc2 cell cycle regulatory protein (the homolog of CDK1 in humans), a cyclin-dependent kinase, on a tyrosine residue. Cdc2 drives entry into mitosis by phosphorylating a wide range of targets. This covalent modification of the molecular structure of Cdc2 inhibits the enzymatic activity of Cdc2 and prevents cell division. Wee1 acts to keep Cdc2 inactive during early G2 when cells are still small. When cells have reached sufficient size during G2, the phosphatase Cdc25 removes the inhibitory phosphorylation, and thus activates Cdc2 to allow mitotic entry. A balance of Wee1 and Cdc25 activity with changes in cell size is coordinated by the mitotic entry control system. It has been shown in Wee1 mutants, cells with weakened Wee1 activity, that Cdc2 becomes active when the cell is smaller. Thus, mitosis occurs before the yeast reach their normal size. This suggests that cell division may be regulated in part by dilution of Wee1 protein in cells as they grow larger.

text: Linking Cdr2 to Wee1[edit]

text: The protein kinase Cdr2 (which negatively regulates Wee1) and the Cdr2-related kinase Cdr1 (which directly phosphorylates and inhibits Wee1 in vitro)[5] are localized to a band of cortical nodes in the middle of interphase cells. After entry into mitosis, cytokinesis factors such as myosin II are recruited to similar nodes; these nodes eventually condense to form the cytokinetic ring.[6] A previously uncharacterized protein, Blt1, was found to colocalize with Cdr2 in the medial interphase nodes. Blt1 knockout cells had increased length at division, which is consistent with a delay in mitotic entry. This finding connects a physical location, a band of cortical nodes, with factors that have been shown to directly regulate mitotic entry, namely Cdr1, Cdr2, and Blt1.

text: Further experimentation with GFP-tagged proteins and mutant proteins indicates that the medial cortical nodes are formed by the ordered, Cdr2-dependent assembly of multiple interacting proteins during interphase. Cdr2 is at the top of this hierarchy and works upstream of Cdr1 and Blt1.[7] Mitosis is promoted by the negative regulation of Wee1 by Cdr2. It has also been shown that Cdr2 recruits Wee1 to the medial cortical node. The mechanism of this recruitment has yet to be discovered. A Cdr2 kinase mutant, which is able to localize properly despite a loss of function in phosphorylation, disrupts the recruitment of Wee1 to the medial cortex and delays entry into mitosis. Thus, Wee1 localizes with its inhibitory network, which demonstrates that mitosis is controlled through Cdr2-dependent negative regulation of Wee1 at the medial cortical nodes.[7]

text: Cell polarity factors[edit]

text: Cell polarity factors positioned at the cell tips provide spatial cues to limit Cdr2 distribution to the cell middle. In fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. Pombe), cells divide at a defined, reproducible size during mitosis because of the regulated activity of Cdk1.[8] The cell polarity protein kinase Pom1, a member of the dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation regulated kinase (DYRK) family of kinases, localizes to cell ends. In Pom1 knockout cells, Cdr2 was no longer restricted to the cell middle, but was seen diffusely through half of the cell. From this data it becomes apparent that Pom1 provides inhibitory signals that confine Cdr2 to the middle of the cell. It has been further shown that Pom1-dependent signals lead to the phosphorylation of Cdr2. Pom1 knockout cells were also shown to divide at a smaller size than wild-type, which indicates a premature entry into mitosis.[7]

text: Pom1 forms polar gradients that peak at cell ends, which shows a direct link between size control factors and a specific physical location in the cell.[9] As a cell grows in size, a gradient in Pom1 grows. When cells are small, Pom1 is spread diffusely throughout the cell body. As the cell increases in size, Pom1 concentration decreases in the middle and becomes concentrated at cell ends. Small cells in early G2 which contain sufficient levels of Pom1 in the entirety of the cell have inactive Cdr2 and cannot enter mitosis. It is not until the cells grow into late G2, when Pom1 is confined to the cell ends that Cdr2 in the medial cortical nodes is activated and able to start the inhibition of Wee1. This finding shows how cell size plays a direct role in regulating the start of mitosis. In this model, Pom1 acts as a molecular link between cell growth and mitotic entry through a Cdr2-Cdr1-Wee1-Cdk1 pathway.[7] The Pom1 polar gradient successfully relays information about cell size and geometry to the Cdk1 regulatory system. Through this gradient, the cell ensures it has reached a defined, sufficient size to enter mitosis.

text: Cell cycle regulation in mammals[edit]

text: Many different types of eukaryotic cells undergo size-dependent transitions during the cell cycle. These transitions are controlled by the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1.[10] Though the proteins that control Cdk1 are well understood, their connection to mechanisms monitoring cell size remains elusive. A postulated model for mammalian size control situates mass as the driving force of the cell cycle. A cell is unable to grow to an abnormally large size because at a certain cell size or cell mass, the S phase is initiated. The S phase starts the sequence of events leading to mitosis and cytokinesis. A cell is unable to get too small because the later cell cycle events, such as S, G2, and M, are delayed until mass increases sufficiently to begin S phase.[11]

text: Many of the signal molecules that convey information to cells during the control of cellular differentiation or growth are called growth factors. The protein mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates translation and cell division.[12] Nutrient availability influences mTOR so that when cells are not able to grow to normal size they will not undergo cell division. The details of the molecular mechanisms of mammalian cell size control are currently being investigated. The size of post-mitotic neurons depends on the size of the cell body, axon and dendrites. In vertebrates, neuron size is often a reflection of the number of synaptic contacts onto the neuron or from a neuron onto other cells. For example, the size of motoneurons usually reflects the size of the motor unit that is controlled by the motoneuron. Invertebrates often have giant neurons and axons that provide special functions such as rapid action potential propagation. Mammals also use this trick for increasing the speed of signals in the nervous system, but they can also use myelin to accomplish this, so most human neurons are relatively small cells.

text: Other experimental systems for the study of cell size regulation[edit]

text: One common means to produce very large cells is by cell fusion to form syncytia. For example, very long (several inches) skeletal muscle cells are formed by fusion of thousands of myocytes. Genetic studies of the fruit fly Drosophila have revealed several genes that are required for the formation of multinucleated muscle cells by fusion of myoblasts.[13] Some of the key proteins are important for cell adhesion between myocytes and some are involved in adhesion-dependent cell-to-cell signal transduction that allows for a cascade of cell fusion events.

text: Oocytes can be unusually large cells in species for which embryonic development takes place away from the mother's body. Their large size can be achieved either by pumping in cytosolic components from adjacent cells through cytoplasmic bridges (Drosophila) or by internalization of nutrient storage granules (yolk granules) by endocytosis (frogs).

text: Increases in the size of plant cells are complicated by the fact that almost all plant cells are inside of a solid cell wall. Under the influence of certain plant hormones the cell wall can be remodeled, allowing for increases in cell size that are important for the growth of some plant tissues.

text: Most unicellular organisms are microscopic in size, but there are some giant bacteria and protozoa that are visible to the naked eye. See: Table of cell sizes —Dense populations of a giant sulfur bacterium in Namibian shelf sediments[14]— Large protists of the genus Chaos, closely related to the genus Amoeba

text: In the rod-shaped bacteria E. coli, Caulobacter crescentus and B. subtilis cell size is controlled by a simple mechanisms in which cell division occurs after a constant volume has been added since the previous division.[15][16] By always growing by the same amount, cells born smaller or larger than average naturally converge to an average size equivalent to the amount added during each generation.

text: Cell division[edit]

text: Cell reproduction is asexual. For most of the constituents of the cell, growth is a steady, continuous process, interrupted only briefly at M phase when the nucleus and then the cell divide in two.

text: The process of cell division, called cell cycle, has four major parts called phases. The first part, called G1 phase is marked by synthesis of various enzymes that are required for DNA replication. The second part of the cell cycle is the S phase, where DNA replication produces two identical sets of chromosomes. The third part is the G2 phase in which a significant protein synthesis occurs, mainly involving the production of microtubules that are required during the process of division, called mitosis. The fourth phase, M phase, consists of nuclear division (karyokinesis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis), accompanied by the formation of a new cell membrane. This is the physical division of "mother" and "daughter" cells. The M phase has been broken down into several distinct phases, sequentially known as prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase leading to cytokinesis.

text: Cell division is more complex in eukaryotes than in other organisms. Prokaryotic cells such as bacterial cells reproduce by binary fission, a process that includes DNA replication, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. Eukaryotic cell division either involves mitosis or a more complex process called meiosis. Mitosis and meiosis are sometimes called the two "nuclear division" processes. Binary fission is similar to eukaryote cell reproduction that involves mitosis. Both lead to the production of two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parental cell. Meiosis is used for a special cell reproduction process of diploid organisms. It produces four special daughter cells (gametes) which have half the normal cellular amount of DNA. A male and a female gamete can then combine to produce a zygote, a cell which again has the normal amount of chromosomes.

text: The rest of this article is a comparison of the main features of the three types of cell reproduction that either involve binary fission, mitosis, or meiosis. The diagram below depicts the similarities and differences of these three types of cell reproduction.

text: Comparison of the three types of cell division[edit]

text: The DNA content of a cell is duplicated at the start of the cell reproduction process. Prior to DNA replication, the DNA content of a cell can be represented as the amount Z (the cell has Z chromosomes). After the DNA replication process, the amount of DNA in the cell is 2Z (multiplication: 2 x Z = 2Z). During Binary fission and mitosis the duplicated DNA content of the reproducing parental cell is separated into two equal halves that are destined to end up in the two daughter cells. The final part of the cell reproduction process is cell division, when daughter cells physically split apart from a parental cell. During meiosis, there are two cell division steps that together produce the four daughter cells.

text: After the completion of binary fission or cell reproduction involving mitosis, each daughter cell has the same amount of DNA (Z) as what the parental cell had before it replicated its DNA. These two types of cell reproduction produced two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the parental cell. Chromosomes duplicate prior to cell division when forming new skin cells for reproduction. After meiotic cell reproduction the four daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes that the parental cell originally had. This is the haploid amount of DNA, often symbolized as N. Meiosis is used by diploid organisms to produce haploid gametes. In a diploid organism such as the human organism, most cells of the body have the diploid amount of DNA, 2N. Using this notation for counting chromosomes we say that human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes (2N = 46) while human sperm and eggs have 23 chromosomes (N = 23). Humans have 23 distinct types of chromosomes, the 22 autosomes and the special category of sex chromosomes. There are two distinct sex chromosomes, the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. A diploid human cell has 23 chromosomes from that person's father and 23 from the mother. That is, your body has two copies of human chromosome number 2, one from each of your parents.

text: Immediately after DNA replication a human cell will have 46 "double chromosomes". In each double chromosome there are two copies of that chromosome's DNA molecule. During mitosis the double chromosomes are split to produce 92 "single chromosomes", half of which go into each daughter cell. During meiosis, there are two chromosome separation steps which assure that each of the four daughter cells gets one copy of each of the 23 types of chromosome.

text: Sexual reproduction[edit]

text: Though cell reproduction that uses mitosis can reproduce eukaryotic cells, eukaryotes bother with the more complicated process of meiosis because sexual reproduction such as meiosis confers a selective advantage. Notice that when meiosis starts, the two copies of sister chromatids number 2 are adjacent to each other. During this time, there can be genetic recombination events. Parts of the chromosome 2 DNA gained from one parent (red) will swap over to the chromosome 2 DNA molecule that received from the other parent (green). Notice that in mitosis the two copies of chromosome number 2 do not interact. It is these new combinations of parts of chromosomes that provide the major advantage for sexually reproducing organisms by allowing for new combinations of genes and more efficient evolution. However, in organisms with more than one set of chromosomes at the main life cycle stage, sex may also provide an advantage because, under random mating, it produces homozygotes and heterozygotes according to the Hardy-Weinberg ratio.

text: Disorders[edit]

text: A series of growth disorders can occur at the cellular level and these consequently underpin much of the subsequent course in cancer, in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth and division beyond the normal limits, invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood).

text: Measurement methods[edit]

text: The cell growth can be detected by a variety of methods. The cell size growth can be visualized by microscopy, using suitable stains. But the increase of cells number is usually more significant. It can be measured by manual counting of cells under microscopy observation, using the dye exclusion method (i.e. trypan blue) to count only viable cells. Less fastidious, scalable, methods include the use of cytometers, while flow cytometry allows combining cell counts ('events') with other specific parameters: fluorescent probes for membranes, cytoplasm or nuclei allow distinguishing dead/viable cells, cell types, cell differentiation, expression of a biomarker such as Ki67.

text: Beside the increasing number of cells, one can be assessed regarding the metabolic activity growth, that is, the CFDA and calcein-AM measure (fluorimetrically) not only the membrane functionality (dye retention), but also the functionality of cytoplasmic enzymes (esterases). The MTT assays (colorimetric) and the resazurin assay (fluorimetric) dose the mitochondrial redox potential.

text: All these assays may correlate well, or not, depending on cell growth conditions and desired aspects (activity, proliferation). The task is even more complicated with populations of different cells, furthermore when combining cell growth interferences or toxicity.


document_title: World Series ring

question_text: who won the most world series as a player

text: World Series ring

text: History[edit]

text: Prior to the 1922 World Series, players on the World Series-winning team were given keepsakes, such as a pin or pocketwatch fob.[3] The first World Series ring was given to the members of the New York Giants following their victory in the 1922 World Series over the New York Yankees.[2] When the Yankees won the 1923 World Series, players were given a commemorative pocketwatch. The Yankees first gave rings to their players following the 1927 World Series.[4] Rings became an annual tradition in the 1930s,[5] as every World Series-winning team has given rings to its players since 1932.[6] In past years, players often requested other items in place of rings, including cufflinks and tie clips. Frankie Crosetti and Tommy Henrich requested shotguns from the Yankees following World Series championships.[7] Grover Cleveland Alexander reportedly pawned his 1926 World Series ring.[6]

text: Members of the 1973 World Series champion Oakland Athletics were upset when team owner Charlie O. Finley, following salary disputes with his players, presented his team with rings that were identical to the ones received after winning the 1972 World Series, except without the one-carat diamond. Reggie Jackson referred to them as "trash rings".[7][8][9] The first ring to contain more than one diamond was the 1977 World Series ring commissioned by the Yankees, which had over a dozen diamonds.[8] Over time, ring designs have become larger and more elaborate, with Yogi Berra saying in 2009, "They're so much bigger now, they're like weapons. You can't even wear them."[7]  Whereas older rings were 10 carat and between 20 and 25 pennyweight, modern rings are typically 14 carat and 50 pennyweight.[7][disputed  – discuss] The rings commissioned by the Florida Marlins after the 2003 World Series are believed to be among the most expensive World Series rings ever made; made of 14-carat white gold, the 3.5-ounce (99 g) ring featured 229 diamonds, including one teal diamond, and 13 rubies. The rings cost $20,000 apiece due to the quantity of the purchase, though they retailed at $40,000 each.[8][10][11]  After breaking their long championship drought in 2016, the Chicago Cubs commissioned rings said to be worth up to $70,000, consisting of 214 diamonds at 5.5 karats, 3 karats of rubies, and 2.5 karats of sapphires.[12][13]

text: Teams have also increasingly added distinctive touches to make their rings unique from previous versions.  For their 2007 World Series rings, the Boston Red Sox commissioned a special version for players who were on both the 2004 and 2007 championship teams, and for 2013, they included the Boston Strong logo on the side.[14][15] The St. Louis Cardinals had the Rally Squirrel engraved into their 2011 World Series championship rings.[16] For their 2014 World Series rings, the San Francisco Giants included three diamonds on the top bezel and five on the bottom, representing their three titles in five years, and eight championships overall.[17] The 2016 World Series rings for the Chicago Cubs each contain 108 diamonds around the bezel, one for each year that the team went without a championship, and also include an image of a goat on the inner band.[18][13] Companies that have been commissioned to create World Series rings include Jostens, Tiffany & Co., Dieges & Clust, and the L.G. Balfour Company.[19][20][21]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Players typically receive their rings in pregame ceremonies early in the next season.[16][19][22][23]  Since the rings are commissioned by the team, many non-players affiliated with the team, including front office executives, coaches, scouts, broadcasters,[24] locker room staff, and groundskeepers also receive rings at the team's discretion.[25][3][7][26] After the 2004 World Series, the Red Sox ordered over 500 rings;[27] the Cardinals commissioned 400 rings in 2006;[1] and the Kansas City Royals distributed about 700 rings after their 2015 title.[28]  Players who were only briefly on the team's roster during a championship season and those no longer affiliated with the winning team also often receive rings.[29][30][31] Arthur Rhodes, Bengie Molina, and Lonnie Smith played in the World Series against a team they played for earlier in the season, guaranteeing them World Series rings regardless of the series outcome.[32]  As both the physical size and number of rings given out has increased, teams have started producing both "A" and "B" versions, and sometimes "C" versions, that are similar in appearance but smaller in size and use cheaper materials.[33]  The most expensive "A" rings are typically reserved for full-time players, coaches, and executives, while bit players and other team employees receive the cheaper "B" and "C" rings.[34][28]

text:
I've seen it called "tacky" and it is, but here's the thing about these rings: They're not supposed to be understated. They're always over the top. When they're worn, they're done so obnoxiously. There's nothing humble or particularly beautiful about them. In fact, they're always kind of ugly, no matter the team. They're full of jewels and they're shiny, but it's always too much.
David Brown, Yahoo! Sports[16]

tag: div

text: Rings as trophies[edit]

text: In modern years, the importance of World Series rings to players has increased.[35] Alex Rodriguez said his 2009 World Series ring "means the world" to him, and that he would wear it daily.[36] Sergio Romo of the 2010 World Series champion San Francisco Giants said of his ring: "In all reality, this is why we play right here."[3] Jon Jay said his 2011 World Series ring "...represents last year and all the hard work. Ever since I was a kid I dreamed of something like this."[37]  Former player and current Giants broadcaster Duane Kuiper said, "It's not a hug. It's not a handshake. It's not a pat on the back. It's a ring. It's the one thing every professional athlete wants: something they can hold onto, something they can show off."[26] Players' names and uniform numbers are often individually inscribed in their ring.[7] Many players prefer to display their rings as trophies as opposed to wearing them.[7]

text: Memorabilia[edit]

text: World Series rings are considered valuable sports memorabilia. In 2007, Casey Stengel's 1951 World Series ring sold for $180,000.[38] When Lenny Dykstra went through bankruptcy in 2009, his 1986 World Series ring sold for $56,762.50 through Heritage Auctions, three times as much as was expected.[39] Others have sold their rings on eBay. Doug Baker of the 1984 World Series champion Detroit Tigers had a new ring made after his original was stolen, and when he recovered the original ring, he sold it for $12,322.[40] Cucho Rodriguez, a scout for the Red Sox, sold his 2004 World Series ring for over $53,000[41][42] and in 2011, Scott Williamson auctioned off his 2004 ring for $89,000.[29] However, the ring that once belonged to disgraced pitcher Brandon Puffer, when offered for sale on the August 15, 2013, episode of Pawn Stars could not be sold. The shop declined to make an offer, claiming Puffer's off-field problems destroyed the resale value of the ring.[29]

text: The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum contains an exhibit on World Series rings.[43] The New York Yankees Museum, located in Yankee Stadium, has an exhibit with replicas of all Yankees' World Series rings, including the pocket watch given after the 1923 World Series.[44] Yogi Berra won the most World Series rings with 10, as a player.  Frankie Crosetti won 17 as a player and as a coach.[6] Yogi Berra Museum and Learning Center.[7]


document_title: Hart of Dixie

question_text: who does lemon marry in hart of dixie

question_tokens: who does lemon marry in hart of dixie

text: Hart of Dixie

text: Plot[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The first season mostly revolves around Zoe Hart adjusting to life in the small town of Bluebell, Alabama and the practice she inherited from the father she never knew, with whom Zoe's mother had an affair while she was engaged to the man Zoe knew as her dad. She struggles to bring in 30% of the patients to her practice, a clause she needs to adhere to if she wishes to keep half of the practice from Brick Breeland. She finds this difficult, as she is at odds with most of the local residents due to her city persona. Zoe also struggles with her growing feelings towards local attorney George Tucker, feelings of which his fiancée, Lemon Breeland is fully aware, leading her to make it her mission to ensure Zoe leaves Bluebell. Other story lines include Wade's feelings for Zoe (which may or may not be returned); Zoe's friendship with the mayor, Lavon, and his past with Lemon; and Zoe's unresolved issues regarding her family.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: The season begins with Zoe confused with her feelings for both George and Wade (she slept with Wade the night of George and Lemon's aborted wedding at the end of season one). She later decides that George isn't ready for another relationship yet and decides to see Wade. Lavon's former high school sweetheart Ruby Jeffries (played by Golden Brooks) returns to Bluebell and reveals she is opposing for mayor. George begins dating again, first seeing newcomer Shelby Sinclair; however, he later dumps her, and Shelby begins dating Brick Breeland. George later starts a relationship with Wade's ex-wife, Tansy Truitt. As the season progresses, Ruby leaves after Lemon's jealousy destroys her and Lavon. Wade and Zoe continue to date, though they face their share of setbacks. At the end of the season, Zoe is faced deciding between a summer in New York working at a hospital at her dream job - only to have confess his feelings for her, and she unable to return them. Meanwhile, Annabeth begins having feelings for Lavon, and later the two sleep together, leaving Lemon devastated by her best friend's betrayal.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: The season begins with Zoe returning to Bluebell after a summer in NYC - along with her new boyfriend Joel (played by Josh Cooke). George struggles to rebuild his life following his break up with Tansy, but finds love with Lavon's younger cousin. Lemon finds herself in a scandalous relationship, while Annabeth hopes her relationship with Lavon will grow into something more. Zoe learns more about her family roots in Bluebell, breaks up with Joel, and reunites with Wade.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: The final season deals with Zoe's pregnancy and her relationship with Wade. George, Lemon, Lavon, and Annabeth enter a tumultuous love affair, while Brick has to deal with his past in order to move forward as Lemon and Magnolia meet their half-sister from their estranged mother who left the family. In the end, George and Annabeth move in together, George changes careers to become a music manager, Zoe and Wade get married (in a rushed ceremony, due to Zoe's inhibitions about marriage and having gone into labor - they recite their vows while rushing towards the delivery room - delivering a baby boy), Lemon and Lavon get married.

text: The final scene shows the town in harmony in the town square, Wade and Zoe with their son - and an old love triangle re-fueled between 3 elderly members of the community; Zoe asks if all small towns are like Bluebell, to which Wade answers that they probably aren't. Zoe agrees, and they get up to walk their son and join their friends.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast and characters[edit]

text:
Rachel Bilson as Zoe Hart, a medical doctor; Zoe aspired to become a heart surgeon like her father, however after four years of residency at a New York hospital she is refused a position at the hospital and told she needs more experience dealing with patients and their families. Zoe moves to Bluebell, Alabama after learning her biological father was really a respected physician in the small town. She inherits his half of a general medical practice, and constantly bumps heads with the co-owner of the practice, Brick Breeland. However, she becomes a regular in helping the town through its never ending dilemmas. In Season 2, she begins dating Wade Kinsella.. However, he ends up cheating on her when he loses Battle of the Bands, and she ends their relationship. In the Season 2 finale, Zoe sleeps with Wade, and she decides to go back to New York to get over everything. In the Season 3 premiere six months have passed and Zoe returns to Bluebell with her new boyfriend Joel, who is a writer and moves with her to Bluebell. For the rest of season 3, she remains in a relationship with Joel until one of his books is made into a movie and he moves to Los Angeles, California to assist with the production of the film. In the season 3 finale, Zoe realizes she is still in love with Wade, and tells him that she is going to do everything she can to win him back. In the Season 4 premiere, Zoe is still trying to prove to Wade that they should be together, and she seduces him, resulting in her getting pregnant. They eventually get back together and get married in the series finale as Zoe is giving birth to their son.
Scott Porter as George Tucker; A local lawyer in Bluebell that starts out engaged to Lemon Breeland (season 1) but calls off their wedding after learning about Lemon's affair with Lavon, combined with his own romantic feelings for Zoe. Zoe turns him down, and George starts to date other women, and ends up with Wade's ex-wife Tansy in Season 2. In Season 3, he begins dating Lavon's cousin Lynly. George goes into partnership with his former fiance, Lemon, by helping her invest in Fancie's Restaurant, but eventually pulls out his part of the restaurant when it burns down. Although he is the town lawyer, George seems to have a lot of time to experience in other opportunities, such as touring for a summer, as a singer with Lily Ann, and becoming the Talent Manager for both The Truitt Brothers and Meatball. George lives on a house boat owned by AnnaBeth, who he finally starts dating during Season 4. George has parents that tend to meddle in his life when they come for the occasional visit.
Jaime King as Lemon Breeland, the daughter of town physician Brick Breeland. She was engaged to George Tucker, but had a relationship with Lavon while George was living in New York. Prideful, conservative and somewhat uptight, Lemon begins a deep rivalry with Zoe when they first meet, because she feels that Zoe is interfering in her "perfect" life, and they often clash, owing to their different ways of thinking. Over the course of seasons 2–4, although she wouldn't admit it to anyone, she does seem to come around to being civil with Zoe. During Season 2, she becomes co-owner of Rammer Jammer with Wade. She later becomes the owner of Fancie's, the town's "best" dinner restaurant. Lemon has a reputation of being persistent and somewhat scheming when it comes to getting what she wants. After her wedding to George is called off, she finds herself without a true profession and a place to live. At one point, in order to move out of her father's house, she accepts the opportunity to live on AnnaBeth's house boat, only to discover she suffers from seasickness. She eventually trades living arrangements with her former fiance, George, trading him living on the house boat, for living in what was once his apartment in town. Throughout the series, Lemon is seen having issues with her mother who abandoned her and her sister Magnolia (whom she raised like her own daughter). However, in Season 4, she finally confronts her mother, with whom she remains hostile, but she does come around to accept that she has a little maternal half sister, Scarlett, and makes extra efforts to come to know her.
Cress Williams as Lavon Hayes, Mayor of Bluebell and a former linebacker for ten years in the NFL; he has a pet alligator named Burt Reynolds. It is revealed in season 1 that Lavon had an intimate relationship with Lemon, who was engaged to George. Lavon develops a close friendship with Zoe, and often gives her meaningful advice on the town's traits. During Seasons 2–3, he has relationships with his former high school sweetheart, Ruby, and with AnnaBeth, although during each of these, he still has true feelings for Lemon. He has close friendships with Wade and George, although at times his and George's relationship is strained due to his love for George's former fiance, Lemon. Lavon is a big fan of the television personality, Don Todd, and eventually gets to closely know him. The knowing of Don Todd helps him later on when it comes to negotiations with rival Fillmore Mayor, Todd Gainey, Sr.
Wilson Bethel as Wade Kinsella, a bartender and Zoe's neighbor. He has an eccentric personality. Initially, he appears to be an immature, unambitious, womanizing and sarcastic bartender who doesn’t care about anyone but himself. But slowly it is revealed that he cares deeply about the people around him (though he always puts his best efforts into hiding his feelings). He falls deeply in love with Zoe, and tries to change his lifestyle and ambitions for her. For the most of Season 2, he is in a monogamous relationship with Zoe until he is caught cheating on her. Wade has always dreamed of owning his own bar, and eventually gets that chance, by becoming co-owner of the local Rammer Jammer, with Lemon Breeland. During Season 3, he has a serious relationship with Vivian Wilkes, Zoe's cousin, who finally breaks his heart by reconciling and moving away with her estranged husband. At the beginning of Season 4, he sleeps with Zoe, which leads to her becoming pregnant, causing him to finally come around and do his best to mend his "flirtatious" ways and grow up, in preparation of his new role as family man with Zoe. In episode 10 Zoe goes into labor, and at the hospital she and Wade get married before their baby is born. Eventually Zoe gives birth to a baby boy in the series finale.
Tim Matheson as Dr. Bertram "Brick" Breeland (recurring, episodes 1–14; starring, episode 15–present), Magnolia and Lemon's father, who is also a doctor, and shares half of the local Bluebell practice with Zoe. He is often very critical of Zoe's medical diagnoses and inexperience of Southern hospitality. Also, he is portrayed as an antagonist when he attempts to buy out Zoe's share of the business. Brick eventually has a close on again, off again, on again, relationship, with local talent personality, Shelby, who at one time, actually dated his daughter's former fiance, George. One of Brick's main goals is to be voted as "Man of The Year (MOTY), an honor bestowed upon outstanding male town personalities, by the local Fraternal Order of The Owl. Brick is also well known as the repeated winner of the annual town Gumbo competition.
Kaitlyn Black as Annabeth Nass (Seasons 3-4; recurring, seasons 1–2); a member of the Belles and best friends with Lemon. She is occasionally nicknamed "A.B." as an abbreviation of her first name. In season 2, she develops feelings for Lavon, but decides not to pursue a relationship with him because of Lemon. Lemon gives her blessing, so Annabeth and Lavon start dating. She is also a good friend to Zoe. During Season 3, she dates the nephew, of the rival town's mayor, Davis, who proposes to her, but she declines, telling Lemon she did so, because she is still in love with Lavon. During Season 4, she realizes she no longer loves Lavon, and starts dating George Tucker. In Season 3 and the beginning of Season 4, she becomes the receptionist to Brick's and Zoe's medical practice, which eventually leads to her wish to go to nursing school.

tag: ul

text: Development and production[edit]

text: On February 1, 2011, it was announced that The CW had ordered a pilot for Hart of Dixie.[9][10] On May 17, 2011, the network officially picked up Hart of Dixie to series, set to air in fall 2011.[11] The series marks the second time executive producer, Josh Schwartz, and series star, Rachel Bilson, have worked together on television.[11] The first time the duo worked together was on the Fox teen drama The O.C., created by Schwartz.[12] The show's executive producer, Josh Schwartz, compared the show to The WB classics such as Felicity, Everwood, and Gilmore Girls.[13]

text: With the reveal of The CW's fall 2011 schedule, it was announced that Hart of Dixie would air on Monday at 9:00 pm Eastern/8:00 pm Central, following Gossip Girl.[14] It premiered on Monday, September 26, 2011.[15] On October 12, 2011 the series was picked up for a full season, which will consist of twenty-two episodes. Along with pick-up for all other CW dramas, Mark Pedowitz said "We believe in the creative strength of these dramas, and by giving them back nine orders we can give our audience the chance to enjoy complete seasons of all three of them."[16] On May 11, 2012, The CW renewed the show for a second season,[17] which premiered on October 2, 2012. The CW renewed the show for a third season on April 26, 2013.[18]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On February 8, 2011, TVLine reported that Rachel Bilson was nearing a deal to star in the series.[19] Her role was later confirmed by The CW in a press release.[20] Soon after, Wilson Bethel joined the cast as Wade Kinsella, Zoe's "gorgeous bad-boy" neighbor.[21] Scott Porter was later cast as good-looking lawyer George Tucker, a potential love-interest for Bilson's character.[22]

text: On May 20, 2011, it was announced that Nancy Travis would not continue with the series due to her commitments with the 20th Century Fox-produced ABC sitcom Last Man Standing.[23] Travis was written out after the first two episodes.[24] Meredith Monroe appeared in one episode as Lemon's estranged mother.[25] JoBeth Williams appeared in three episodes as Candice Hart, the mother of Bilson's character. On July 26, 2013, it was announced that Kaitlyn Black was upgraded to series regular status for season three.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Hart of Dixie's first season has received mixed reviews, scoring a 43 out of 100 on the review aggregator Metacritic.[27]

text: TVGuide.com described the show as "Southern Exposure"[12] and, in a later review, stated that the actors are better than the "cutesy" material, although Bilson is not convincing as a heart surgeon.[28] Both TVGuide.com and Robert Bianco of USA Today stated that the show is potentially offensive to the South.[28][29] Bianco also wrote that the show is shallow and far-fetched, with Bilson giving an unconvincing performance, such as acting surprised when calling herself a doctor.[29] Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter stated that the series is predictable and superficial, but "surprisingly touching".[30] Goodman and Brian Lowry of Variety stated that Bilson does not look like a doctor, with Goodman writing that she looked too much "like a high-priced call girl"[30] and Lowry writing that she looked like she belonged in "Barbie's medical dream house."[31]

text: Writing for The New York Times, critic Neil Genzlinger wrote, "...the premiere, at least, doesn’t find a convincing way to balance the clashing strands: the city-mouse disorientation, the medical emergencies, the girlfights, the daddy issues, the young-pretty-and-available stuff."[32] Los Angeles Times reviewer Mary McNamara described the show as, "a stack of familiar scenarios stitched together to form a pretty if not terribly substantial quilt."[33] TVLine described the show as "Everwood-esque".[34] TVLine later said: "Beautifully filmed with warm, cozy tones, the Southern setting utterly envelops the glowing Bilson", adding that Porter's appearance "wins us over and makes you forget that clunky intro" and despite the "rom-coms clichés, the pilot is super-efficient at introducing us to those who will be the key players in Zoe’s story, laying the framework for storytelling places to go."[35] Tv Times magazine gave Hart of Dixie its lowest score of 2011–2012: 12 out of 100.

text: Awards and accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Outcome

2011
E! Golden Tater Awards[36]
New Fall Show You're Most Excited For
Hart of Dixie
Nominated

2012
People's Choice Awards[37]
Favorite New TV Drama
Hart of Dixie
Nominated

ASCAP Award[38]
Top Television Series (Composers and Songwriters)
Jeremy Adelman
Won

2013
ASTRA Awards[39]
Favourite Program – International Drama
Hart of Dixie
Nominated

2014
ASTRA Awards[40]
Favourite Program – International Drama
Hart of Dixie
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[41]
Choice TV Show: Drama
Hart of Dixie
Nominated

Choice TV Actress: Drama
Rachel Bilson
Nominated

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
No. of
episodes
Premiered
Ended
TV season
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

Date
Premiere viewers
(in millions)
Date
Finale viewers
(in millions)

1
Monday 9pm
22
September 26, 2011 (2011-09-26)
1.88[42]
May 14, 2012 (2012-05-14)
1.60[43]
2011–2012
#182
1.77[44]

2
Tuesday 8pm
22
October 2, 2012 (2012-10-02)
1.53[45]
May 7, 2013 (2013-05-07)[46]
1.19[45]
2012–2013
#142
1.70[47]

3
Monday 8pm (2013–14)
Friday 9pm (2014)
22
October 7, 2013 (2013-10-07)
1.03 [48]
May 16, 2014 (2014-05-16)[49]
0.88[50]
2013–2014
#166
1.37[51]

4
Monday 8pm (2014)
Friday 8pm (2015)
10
December 15, 2014 (2014-12-15)
1.22 [52]
March 27, 2015 (2015-03-27)[53]
1.33[54]
2014–2015
#175
1.61[55]

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text:
Country
Network(s)
Series premiere
Timeslot
Source(s)

 Australia
Fox8
January 7, 2012
Mondays at 8:30 pm AEDT
[56]

 Canada
CHCH-DT
September 26, 2011
Mondays at 8 pm ET
[57]

 Ireland
TV3
May 13, 2012
Sundays at 6:30 pm
[58]

 New Zealand
TV2
August 5, 2012
Sundays at 5:30 pm
[59]

 Philippines
2nd Avenue
September 29, 2011
Thursdays at 8 pm
[60]

 Thailand
TrueSeries
July 13, 2012
Fridays at 9 pm
[61]

 United Kingdom
Really
April 30, 2012
Mondays at 8 pm
[62]


document_title: Criminal Minds (season 6)

question_text: who played the prince of darkness in criminal minds

text: Criminal Minds (season 6)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Joe Mantegna as David Rossi
Paget Brewster as Emily Prentiss
Shemar Moore as Derek Morgan
Matthew Gray Gubler as Dr. Spencer Reid
A. J. Cook as Jennifer "JJ" Jareau
Kirsten Vangsness as Penelope Garcia
Rachel Nichols as Ashley Seaver
Thomas Gibson as Aaron "Hotch" Hotchner

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jayne Atkinson as Erin Strauss
Cade Owens as Jack Hotchner
Timothy V. Murphy as Ian Doyle
Sebastian Roché as Clyde Easter
Siena Goines as Tsia Mosely
Nicholas Brendon as Kevin Lynch
A. J. Cook as Jennifer "JJ" Jareau

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: In the season premiere "The Longest Night", Tim Curry reprised his role as one of the series' most notorious criminals, Billy Flynn, also known as "The Prince of Darkness". Robert Davi reprised his role as Detective Adam Kurzbard, who led the investigation of the murders. In the episode "J.J.", Chris Marquette guest-starred as James Barrett, a man who abducted and attempted to murder Kate Joyce. In the episode "Remembrance of Things Past", Daniel J. Travanti guest-starred as Lee Mullens, a serial killer who suffers from alzheimer's disease. In the episode "Compromising Positions", Craig Sheffer guest-starred as James Thomas, an impotent serial killer who murders married couples.

text: In the episode "Safe Haven", Sterling Beaumon guest-starred as Jeremy Sayers, a juvenile delinquent and family annihilator who has been hated by his mother ever since he was born. Mare Winningham guest-starred as Nancy Riverton, a mother who allows Jeremy to stay in their home for the night. In the episode "Devil's Night", Leonard Roberts guest-starred as Kaman Scott, a disfigured serial killer who burns his victims alive during Devil's Night, the notorious pre-Halloween celebration. In the episode "Middle Man", Steve Talley, Michael Grant Terry, and Jake Thomas guest-starred as Michael Kosina, Christopher Salters, and Scott Kagan, aka "The Johnson County Brotherhood", a trio of serial rapists and killers who abduct exotic dancers. Melissa Claire Egan guest starred as Tara Dice, an exotic dancer who is questioned by Prentiss and Reid.

text: In the episode "Reflection of Desire", Robert Knepper guest-starred as Rhett Walden, also known as "The Hill Ripper", a schizophrenic abductor who idolizes the movie Reflection of Desire, a film his deceased mother starred in. Sally Kirkland guest-starred as May Walden, a famous actress from Hollywood's Golden Age who, because of her pregnancy, made only one motion picture, and her career was ruined afterwards. Whitney Able guest-starred as Penny Hanley, a woman Walden abducts after Kelly Landis' murder. In the episode "Into the Woods", Gattlin Griffith guest-starred as Robert Brooks, a young boy who is abducted and raped by Shane Wyland. Emily Alyn Lind guest-starred as Anna Brooks, Robert's younger sister who is also abducted by Wyland.

text: In the episode "What Happens at Home", Kenneth Mitchell guest-starred as Drew Jacobs, a serial killer who murders several women, including his own wife. Madison Leisle guest starred as Jacobs' daughter, Heather. In the episode "25 to Life", Kyle Secor guest-starred as Donald Sanderson, a man who was framed and imprisoned for the murder of his family, and Philip Casnoff guest-starred as James Stanworth, the man responsible for framing Sanderson and murdering his family. Angus Macfadyen guest-starred as Sean McCallister, Emily Prentiss' former boss at Interpol who is murdered by one of the series most notorious criminals, Ian Doyle, played by Timothy V. Murphy. In the episode "The Thirteenth Step", Jonathan Tucker and Adrianne Palicki guest-starred as Raymond Donovan and Sydney Manning, two young lovers who go on a killing spree.

text: In the episode "Today I Do", Rebecca Field guest-starred as Jane Gold, a stalker and abductor who acts as a caretaker so she can be appreciated. Rachel Miner guest-starred as Molly Grandin, a woman who Gold abducts and holds captive in her house. In the episode "Coda", Lew Temple guest-starred as Bill Thomas, a man who abducts the parents of Sammy Sparks, a boy who has autism. Mimi Kennedy guest-starred as Sammy's social worker Mrs. Rogers. In the episode "Lauren", Patrick Fischler guest-starred as Jack Fahey, an Irish mobster and an associate of Ian Doyle. In the episode "With Friends Like These", Bug Hall guest-starred as Ben Foster, a schizophrenic spree killer who, after burning down a church, begins hallucinating three people who died there.

text: In the episode "Hanley Waters", Kelli Williams guest-starred as Shelly Chamberlain, a spree killer who is unable to come to terms with the death of her son, who died in a car crash. In the episode "Out of the Light", Jeffrey Meek guest-starred as Robert Bremmer, a serial killer who raped his stepdaughter, Rose, and began abducting, raping, and murdering women who resemble Rose. In the season finale "Supply and Demand", Angela Sarafyan guest-starred as Lucy, the leader of a human trafficking ring who poses as one of the victims. Amy Price-Francis guest-starred as Supervisory Special Agent Andi Swann, the Unit Chief of the Domestic Trafficking Task Force and Sarah Foret guest-starred as Renee Matlin, an FBI undercover agent who is held captive within the ring.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

115
1
"The Longest Night"
Edward Allen Bernero
Edward Allen Bernero
September 22, 2010 (2010-09-22)
601
14.13[3]

With Detective Spicer dead and the "Prince of Darkness" (Tim Curry) still at large in Los Angeles, California, the BAU sets out to capture him and save Spicer's daughter before he can take another life.

116
2
"JJ"
Charles S. Carroll
Erica Messer
September 29, 2010 (2010-09-29)
602
14.57[4]

While contemplating a major job promotion that she cannot ignore, J.J. assists the team in aiding a couple whose daughter mysteriously vanished. The case becomes further complicated when the only two suspects in the case are able to pass a polygraph test, despite being last seen with the victim and having a viable motive to take her. Based on the disappearance of Natalee Holloway.

117
3
"Remembrance of Things Past"
Glenn Kershaw
Janine Sherman Barrois
October 6, 2010 (2010-10-06)
604
13.87[5]

Still reeling from J.J.'s departure, the team travels to Bristol, Virginia to help with a case of murdered young women that bears the hallmarks of an uncaught serial killer Rossi investigated 25 years ago, called "The Butcher." Though the new string of killings appear to be copycat crimes, Rossi is convinced it may be the work of the original killer (Daniel J. Travanti).

118
4
"Compromising Positions"
Guy Norman Bee
Breen Frazier
October 13, 2010 (2010-10-13)
603
14.00[6]

The BAU travels to Akron, Ohio to investigate a series of murders of couples, who are forced to have sex before being murdered. Meanwhile, Hotch looks for someone to fill J.J.'s role on the team.

119
5
"Safe Haven"
Andy Wolk
Alicia Kirk
October 20, 2010 (2010-10-20)
605
14.46[7]

The BAU team is called to Omaha, Nebraska to investigate the murders of entire families. Profiling becomes a somewhat difficult task for the team after concluding that each family member is killed differently from the next. With the unsub hunting for another family, the BAU must hurry. Also, Morgan receives a visit from someone unexpected from a previous case.

120
6
"Devil's Night"
Charlie Haid
Randy Huggins
October 27, 2010 (2010-10-27)
606
13.94[8]

After several people are found burned alive once a year before Halloween, the BAU is called in to Detroit to investigate. The team later finds out that the victims chosen by the unsub are not random.

121
7
"Middle Man"
Rob Spera
Rick Dunkle
November 3, 2010 (2010-11-03)
607
14.58[9]

When the bodies of exotic dancers are found murdered in the corn fields near Edinburgh, Indiana two days after being kidnapped, the BAU must race against time when they realize they only have two days to find the latest victim who has just been kidnapped. The unsub's true nature is revealed after he watches the reports of his killings on the news.

122
8
"Reflection of Desire"
Anna Foerster
Simon Mirren
November 10, 2010 (2010-11-10)
608
12.56[10]

After Kelly Landis, a woman missing for three days, is found dead, the BAU is called in when the D.C. Police cannot connect the death to any previous cases. They call in the BAU because of the unsub's style of killing: cutting off his victim's lips. The unsub is easier to identify after Garcia reveals some of her personal life.

123
9
"Into the Woods"
Glenn Kershaw
Kimberly Ann Harrison
November 17, 2010 (2010-11-17)
609
14.39[11]

The BAU team has to go deep into the forests of the Appalachian Trail after a young boy is found murdered near Hot Springs, North Carolina. The unsub appears to be a man who targets young boys in the wilderness. Soon enough, another boy is abducted and the BAU must act fast before a life is lost.

124
10
"What Happens at Home"
Jan Eliasberg
Edward Allen Bernero
December 8, 2010 (2010-12-08)
610
14.23[12]

The BAU searches for a killer targeting women in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Meanwhile, Hotch looks into a FBI trainee with an interesting past to help them during the investigation.

125
11
"25 to Life"
Charles S. Carroll
Erica Messer
December 15, 2010 (2010-12-15)
611
13.77[13]

Morgan testifies that a convicted murderer should be released on parole but regrets his decision when, only days later, the man apparently kills somebody. However, when the team reviews his past and the newest victim, they learn some surprising details that could prove that the man did not actually commit the crime that he was put behind bars for.

126
12
"Corazon"
John Gallagher
Katarina Wittich
January 19, 2011 (2011-01-19)
612
12.02[14]

As the BAU investigates a series of ritual murders in Miami, Reid suffers from multiple blinding headaches.

127
13
"The Thirteenth Step"
Doug Aarniokoski
Janine Sherman Barrois
January 26, 2011 (2011-01-26)
613
12.77[15]

Two young lovers embark on a murderous rampage in Miles City, Montana that sends the BAU team to investigate and stop them before they claim more victims. Also, Prentiss receives shocking news from her previous boss at Interpol.

128
14
"Sense Memory"
Rob Spera
Randy Huggins
February 9, 2011 (2011-02-09)
614
13.67[16]

The BAU is summoned to Los Angeles to investigate a series of unusual murders and Prentiss sheds some light on her past before she joined the BAU.

129
15
"Today I Do"
Ali Selim
Alicia Kirk
February 16, 2011 (2011-02-16)
615
12.85[17]

The team tracks down a bogus self-motivational coach who tortures and kills her patients in Syracuse, New York. Meanwhile, Prentiss also receives some disturbing news about one of her former colleagues.

130
16
"Coda"
Rob Hardy
Rick Dunkle
February 23, 2011 (2011-02-23)
616
13.15[18]

As Reid tries to make a connection with an autistic child to help in finding the boy's missing parents in Lafayette, Louisiana, Prentiss enlists two former Interpol colleagues, one of whom being her former Unit Chief (Sebastian Roché), in hunting an old nemesis.

131
17
"Valhalla"
Charles S. Carroll
Simon Mirren & Erica Messer
March 2, 2011 (2011-03-02)
617
14.37[19]

Prentiss begins to feel the heat after she and Morgan assist in solving a series of suspicious murders that involves Prentiss's old Interpol nemesis, Ian Doyle.

132
18
"Lauren"
Matthew Gray Gubler
Breen Frazier
March 16, 2011 (2011-03-16)
618
13.73[20]

When Prentiss disappears to face off against her archenemy, Ian Doyle, the BAU call in J.J. hoping she can help them find Emily and capture Doyle before it is too late.

133
19
"With Friends Like These..."
Anna J. Foerster
Janine Sherman Barrois
March 30, 2011 (2011-03-30)
619
13.05[21]

The BAU is called to Portland, Oregon, to assist in catching a pack of killers who enjoys targeting victims. However, as the investigation deepens, they learn that the crimes aren't what they seem to be.

134
20
"Hanley Waters"
Jesse Warn
Alicia Kirk & Randy Huggins
April 6, 2011 (2011-04-06)
620
14.08[22]

As the BAU investigates targeted killings in Tampa, Florida, they deal with their own feelings about the loss of Prentiss.

135
21
"The Stranger"
Nelson McCormick
Kimberly Ann Harrison & Rick Dunkle
April 13, 2011 (2011-04-13)
621
13.59[23]

The BAU hunts a stalker in San Diego who is targeting college students. Meanwhile, the team comes under Strauss' scrutiny in the wake of the loss of Prentiss.

136
22
"Out of the Light"
Doug Aarniokoski
Roger Hedden
May 4, 2011 (2011-05-04)
622
12.90[24]

The BAU is called to the small town of Sharpsburg, North Carolina, after a woman is found badly injured and another woman is missing. On arrival, the team discovers these two women are not the only victims.

137
23
"Big Sea"
Glenn Kershaw
Jim Clemente & Breen Frazier
May 11, 2011 (2011-05-11)
623
13.29[25]

The discovery of bodies buried in the ocean floor off Jacksonville, Florida, prompts the BAU to intervene; Morgan's aunt suspects her missing daughter may be among the dead.

138
24
"Supply & Demand"
Charles S. Carroll
Erica Messer
May 18, 2011 (2011-05-18)
624
12.84[26]

The team tries to close a challenging case involving two bodies and a human trafficking organization in Hudson, Wisconsin. In addition, Hotch warns the team of possible changes in the team while a familiar face unexpectedly returns to their ranks.

text: Home media[edit]

text:
The Complete Sixth Season

Set details
Special features

24 episodes
6-disc set
Aspect Ratio: 1.85:1
Subtitles: English
English: Dolby Digital 5.1

Making Criminal Minds Season 6
Crime Scenes
From Script to Screen: Agent Down
Greg St. Johns' CMS6 Yearbook
Gag Reel
Deleted Scenes

DVD release date

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

September 6, 2011 (2011-09-06)[27]
November 28, 2011 (2011-11-28)[28]
November 30, 2011 (2011-11-30)[29]