document_title: Osteopathic medicine in the United States

question_text: how many osteopathic medical schools are there in the united states

text: Osteopathic medicine in the United States

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: Physicians and surgeons who graduate from osteopathic medical schools are known as osteopathic physicians or osteopathic medical doctors.[2] Upon graduation, they are conferred a professional doctorate, the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.).[13][14][15]

text: Osteopathic curricula in other countries differ from those in the United States. European-trained practitioners of osteopathic manipulative techniques are referred to as "osteopaths": their scope of practice excludes most medical therapies and relies more on osteopathic manipulative medicine and alternative medical modalities.[16] While it was once common for D.O. graduates in the United States to refer to themselves as 'osteopaths,' this term is now considered archaic and those holding the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree are commonly referred to as 'osteopathic medical physicians.'[17]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Currently in 2018 there are 34 medical schools that offer DO Degrees in 49 locations and 34 states[19] across the United States. There are 141 accredited U.S. M.D. medical schools.[20]

text:
In 1960, there were 13,708 physicians who were graduates of the 5 osteopathic medical schools.
In 2002, there were 49,210 physicians from 19 osteopathic medical schools.
Between 1980 and 2005, the number of osteopathic graduates per year increased over 250 percent from about 1,000 to 2,800. This number is expected to approach 5,000 by 2015.[21]
In 2016, there were 33 colleges of osteopathic medicine in 48 locations, in 31[22] states.[23] One in four medical students in the United States is enrolled in an osteopathic medical school.[24]
As of 2016, there are more than 129,000 osteopathic medical physicians (DOs) and osteopathic medical students in the United States.[25]

text: Osteopathic physicians are not evenly distributed in the United States. States with the highest concentration of osteopathic medical physicians are Oklahoma, Iowa, and Michigan where osteopathic medical physicians comprise 17-20% of the total physician workforce.[28] The state with the greatest number of osteopathic medical physicians is Pennsylvania, with 7,260 DOs in active practice in 2011.[29] The states with the lowest concentrations of DOs are Louisiana, Massachusetts and Vermont where only 1–3% of physicians have an osteopathic medical degree.[27][28] Public awareness of osteopathic medicine likewise varies widely in different regions. People living in the midwest states are the most likely to be familiar with osteopathic medicine.[30] In the Northeastern United States, osteopathic medical physicians provide more than one third of general and family medicine patient visits.[31]

text: Between 2010 and 2015 twelve states experienced greater than 50% growth in the number of DOs—Virginia, South Carolina, Utah, Tennessee, North Dakota, Kentucky, South Dakota, Wyoming, Oregon, North Carolina, Minnesota, Washington.[25]

text: Osteopathic principles[edit]

text: Osteopathic medical students take the Osteopathic Oath, similar to the Hippocratic oath, to maintain and uphold the "core principles" of osteopathic medical philosophy. Revised in 1953, and again in 2002, the core principles are:

text:
The body is a unit; a person is a unit of body, mind, and spirit.
The body is capable of self-regulation, self-healing, and health maintenance.
Structure and function are reciprocally interrelated.
Rational treatment is based on an understanding of these principles: body unity, self-regulation, and the interrelationship of structure and function.

text: Contemporary osteopathic physicians practice evidence-based medicine, indistinguishable from their MD colleagues.[32]

text: Significance[edit]

text: There are different opinions on the significance of these principles. Some note that the osteopathic medical philosophy is akin to the tenets of holistic medicine,[33] suggestive of a kind of social movement within the field of medicine, one that promotes a more patient-centered, holistic approach to medicine, and emphasizes the role of the primary care physician within the health care system.[34][35] Others point out that there is nothing in the principles that would distinguish D.O. from M.D. training in any fundamental way. One study, published in The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association found a majority of M.D. medical school administrators and faculty saw nothing objectionable in the core principles listed above, and some endorse them generally as broad medical principles.[32]

text: History[edit]

text: 19th century, a new movement within medicine[edit]

text: Frontier physician Andrew Taylor Still, M.D., D.O., founded the American School of Osteopathy (now the A.T. Still University-Kirksville (Mo.) College of Osteopathic Medicine) in Kirksville, MO, in 1892 as a radical protest against the turn-of-the-century medical system. A. T. Still believed that the conventional medical system lacked credible efficacy, was morally corrupt, and treated effects rather than causes of disease.[36] He founded osteopathic medicine in rural Missouri at a time when medications, surgery, and other traditional therapeutic regimens often caused more harm than good. Some of the medicines commonly given to patients during this time were arsenic, castor oil, whiskey, and opium. In addition, unsanitary surgical practices often resulted in more deaths than cures.[37]

text:
"To find health should be the object of the doctor.
Anyone can find disease."

Andrew Taylor Still, 1874

text: Dr. Still intended his new system of medicine to be a reformation of the existing 19th-century medical practices. He imagined that someday "rational medical therapy" would consist of manipulation of the musculoskeletal system, surgery, and very sparingly used drugs. He invented the name "osteopathy" by blending two Greek roots osteon- for bone and -pathos for suffering in order to communicate his theory that disease and physiologic dysfunction were etiologically grounded in a disordered musculoskeletal system. Thus, by diagnosing and treating the musculoskeletal system, he believed that physicians could treat a variety of diseases and spare patients the negative side-effects of drugs.

text: The new profession faced stiff opposition from the medical establishment at the time. The relationship of the osteopathic and medical professions was often "bitterly contentious"[18] and involved "strong efforts" by medical organizations to discredit osteopathic medicine.[38] Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, the policy of the American Medical Association labeled osteopathic medicine as a cult. The AMA code of ethics declared it unethical for a medical physician to voluntarily associate with an osteopath.[34][39]

text:
"To ask a doctor's opinion of osteopathy is equivalent to going to Satan for information about Christianity."

Mark Twain, 1901

text: One notable advocate for the fledgling movement was Mark Twain. Manipulative treatments had purportedly alleviated the symptoms of his daughter Jean's epilepsy as well as Twain's own chronic bronchitis. In 1909, he spoke before the New York State Assembly at a hearing regarding the practice of osteopathy in the state." I don't know as I cared much about these osteopaths until I heard you were going to drive them out of the state, but since I heard that I haven't been able to sleep." Philosophically opposed to the American Medical Association's stance that its own type of medical practice was the only legitimate one, he spoke in favor of licensing for osteopaths. Physicians from the New York County Medical Society responded with a vigorous attack on Twain, who retorted with "[t]he physicians think they are moved by regard for the best interests of the public. Isn't there a little touch of self-interest back of it all?" "... The objection is, people are curing people without a license and you are afraid it will bust up business."[40]

text:
Evolution of osteopathic medicine's mission and identity[1]

Years
Identity & Mission

1892 to 1950
Manual medicine

1951 to 1970
Family practice / manual therapy

1971 to present
Full service care / multispeciality orientation

text: 1916–1966, federal recognition[edit]

text: Recognition by the U.S. federal government was a key goal of the osteopathic medical profession in its effort to establish equivalency with its M.D. counterparts. Between 1916 and 1966, the profession engaged in a "long and tortuous struggle" for the right to serve as physicians and surgeons in the U.S. Military Medical Corps. On May 3, 1966 Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara authorized the acceptance of osteopathic physicians into all the medical military services on the same basis as MDs. The first osteopathic physician to take the oath of office to serve as a military physician was Harry J. Walter.[41] The acceptance of osteopathic physicians was further solidified in 1996 when Ronald Blanck, DO was appointed to serve as Surgeon General of the Army, the only osteopathic physician to hold the post.[39]

text: 1962, California[edit]

text: In the 1960s in California, the American Medical Association (AMA) spent nearly $8 million to end the practice of osteopathic medicine in the state. In 1962, Proposition 22, a statewide ballot initiative in California, eliminated the practice of osteopathic medicine in the state. The California Medical Association (CMA) issued M.D. degrees to all DOs in the state of California for a nominal fee. "By attending a short seminar and paying $65, a doctor of osteopathy (D.O.) could obtain an M.D. degree; 86 percent of the DOs in the state (out of a total of about 2000) chose to do so."[42] Immediately following, the AMA re-accredited the University of California at Irvine College of Osteopathic Medicine as the University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, an M.D. medical school. It also placed a ban on issuing physician licenses to DOs moving to California from other states.[43] However, the decision proved to be controversial. In 1974, after protests and lobbying by influential and prominent DOs, the California Supreme Court ruled in Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons of California v. California Medical Association, that licensing of DOs in that state must be resumed.[44] Four years later, in 1978, the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific opened in Pomona, and in 1997 Touro University California opened in Vallejo. As of 2012, there were 6,368 D.O.s practicing in California.[45]

text: 1969, AMA House of Delegates approval[edit]

text: In 1969, the American Medical Association (AMA) approved a measure allowing qualified osteopathic physicians as full and active members of the Association. The measure also allowed osteopathic physicians to participate in AMA-approved intern and residency programs. However, the American Osteopathic Association rejected this measure, claiming it was an attempt to eliminate the distinctiveness of osteopathic medicine. In 1970, AMA President Dwight L. Wilbur, M.D. sponsored a measure in the AMA's House of Delegates permitting the AMA Board of Trustees' plan for the merger of D.O. and M.D. professions. Today, a majority of osteopathic physicians are trained alongside MDs, in residency programs governed by the ACGME, an independent board of the AMA.[48]

text: 1993, first African-American woman to serve as dean of a U.S. medical school[edit]

text: In 1993, Barbara Ross-Lee, DO was appointed to the position of dean of the Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine; she was the first African-American woman to serve as the dean of a U.S. medical school.[49] Ross-Lee now is the dean of the NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University in Jonesboro, Arkansas.

text: Non-discrimination policies[edit]

text: Recent years have seen a professional rapprochement between the two groups. DOs have been admitted to full active membership in the American Medical Association since 1969. The AMA has invited a representative of the American Osteopathic Association to sit as a voting member in the AMA legislative body, the house of delegates.[50]

text: 2006, American Medical Student Association[edit]

text: In 2006, during the presidency of an osteopathic medical student, the American Medical Student Association (AMSA) adopted a policy regarding the membership rights of osteopathic medical students in their main policy document, the "Preamble, Purposes and Principles."

text: AMSA RECOGNIZES the equality of osteopathic and allopathic medical degrees within the organization and the healthcare community as a whole. As such, DO students shall be entitled to the same opportunities and membership rights as allopathic students.

text: 2007, AMA[edit]

text: In recent years, the largest M.D. organization in the U.S., the American Medical Association, adopted a fee non-discrimination policy discouraging differential pricing based on attendance of an M.D. or D.O. medical school.[52]

text: In 2006, calls for an investigation into the existence of differential fees charged for visiting D.O. and M.D. medical students at American medical schools were brought to the American Medical Association. After an internal investigation into the fee structure for visiting D.O. and M.D. medical students at M.D. medical schools, it was found that one institution of the 102 surveyed charged different fees for D.O. and M.D. students.[53] The house of delegates of the American Medical Association adopted resolution 809, I-05 in 2007.

text: Our AMA, in collaboration with the American Osteopathic Association, discourages discrimination against medical students by institutions and programs based on osteopathic or allopathic training.

text: State licensing of practice rights[edit]

text: In the United States, laws regulating physician licenses are governed by the states. Between 1901 and 1989, osteopathic physicians lobbied state legislatures to pass laws giving those with a D.O. degree the same legal privilege to practice medicine as those with an M.D. degree. In many states, the debate was long and protracted. Both the AOA and the AMA were heavily involved in influencing the legislative process. The first state to pass such a law was California in 1901, the last was Nebraska in 1989.[43]

text: Current status[edit]

text:
Osteopathic medical schools

Region
School
Website

Midwest
& Plains
AT Still Kirksville
[2]

Des Moines COM
[3]

Kansas City COM
[4]

Marian
[5]

Michigan State
[6]

Midwestern Chicago COM
[7]

Ohio COM
[8]

Oklahoma State
[9]

University of North Texas
[10]

University of the Incarnate Word
[11]

Northeast
Lake Erie COM
[12]

New England COM
[13]

NYIT COM
[14]

Philadelphia COM
[15]

Rowan SOM
[16]

Touro Harlem
[17]

Touro Middletown
[18]

Southeast
Alabama COM
[19]

Arkansas COM
[20]

Campbell
[21]

Lake Erie COM Bradenton
[22]

LUCOM
[23]

Lincoln Memorial
[24]

Nova Southeastern
[25]

Philadelphia COM Georgia
[26]

Pikeville KYCOM
[27]

Edward Via COM
[28]

West Virginia SOM
[29]

William Carey COM
[30]

West
Burrell COM
[31]

AT Still Arizona
[32]

Midwestern Arizona
[33]

Pacific Northwest
[34]

Rocky Vista
[35]

Touro California
[36]

Touro Nevada
[37]

Western
[38]

Western - Oregon
[39]

text: Education and training[edit]

text: According to Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, "the training, practice, credentialing, licensure, and reimbursement of osteopathic physicians is virtually indistinguishable from those of (MD) physicians, with 4 years of osteopathic medical school followed by specialty and subspecialty training and [board] certification."[8]

text: D.O.-granting U.S. medical schools have curricula similar to those of M.D.-granting schools. Generally, the first two years are classroom-based, while the third and fourth years consist of clinical rotations through the major specialties of medicine.[4] Some schools of Osteopathic Medicine have been criticized by the osteopathic community for relying too heavily on clinical rotations with private practitioners, who may not be able to provide sufficient instruction to the rotating student.[54] Other D.O.-granting and M.D.-granting schools place their students in hospital-based clinical rotations where the attending physicians are faculty of the school, and who have a clear duty to teach medical students while treating patients.

text: Graduate medical education[edit]

text: Upon graduation, most osteopathic medical physicians pursue residency training programs. Depending on state licensing laws, osteopathic medical physicians may also complete a one-year rotating internship at a hospital approved by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA).

text: Osteopathic physicians may apply to residency programs accredited by either the AOA or the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Currently, osteopathic physicians participate in more ACGME programs than in programs approved by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA).[48] By June 30, 2020, all AOA residencies will also be required to have ACGME accreditation, and the AOA will cease accreditation activities.[56]

text: Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT)[edit]

text: Within the osteopathic medical curriculum, manipulative treatment is taught as an adjunctive measure to other biomedical interventions for a number of disorders and diseases. However, a 2001 survey of osteopathic physicians found that more than 50% of the respondents used OMT on less than 5% of their patients. The survey follows many indicators that osteopathic physicians have become more like M.D. physicians in every respect —few perform OMT, and most prescribe medications or suggest surgery as the first line of treatment.[57] The American Osteopathic Association has made an effort in recent years to support scientific inquiry into the effectiveness of osteopathic manipulation as well as to encourage osteopathic physicians to consistently offer manipulative treatments to their patients. However, the number of osteopathic physicians who report consistently prescribing and performing manipulative treatment has been falling steadily. Medical historian and sociologist Norman Gevitz[34] cites poor educational quarters and few full-time OMT instructors as major factors for the decreasing interest of medical students in OMT. He describes problems with "the quality, breadth, nature, and orientation of OMM instruction," and he claims that the teaching of osteopathic medicine has not changed sufficiently over the years to meet the intellectual and practical needs of students.[58]

text: In their assigned readings, students learn what certain prominent DOs have to say about various somatic dysfunctions. There is often a theory or model presented that provides conjectures and putative explanations about why somatic dysfunction exists and what its significance is. Instructors spend the bulk of their time demonstrating osteopathic manipulative (OM) techniques without providing evidence that the techniques are significant and efficacious. Even worse, faculty members rarely provide instrument-based objective evidence that somatic dysfunction is present in the first place.[32]

text: At the same time, recent studies show an increasingly positive attitude of patients and physicians (M.D. and D.O.) towards the use of manual therapy as a valid, safe and effective treatment modality.[59] One survey, published in the Journal of Continuing Medical Education, found that a majority of physicians (81%) and patients (76%) felt that manual manipulation (MM) was safe, and over half (56% of physicians and 59% of patients) felt that manipulation should be available in the primary care setting. Although less than half (40%) of the physicians reported any educational exposure to MM and less than one-quarter (20%) have administered MM in their practice, most (71%) respondents endorsed desiring more instruction in MM.[60] Another small study examined the interest and ability of M.D. residents in learning osteopathic principles and skills, including OMT. It showed that after a 1-month elective rotation, the M.D. residents responded favorably to the experience.[61]

text: Professional attitudes[edit]

text: In 1998, a New York Times article described the increasing numbers, public awareness, and mainstreaming of osteopathic medical physicians, illustrating an increasingly cooperative climate between the D.O. and M.D. professions.[34]

text: In 2005, during his tenure as president of the American Association of Medical Colleges, Jordan Cohen described a climate of cooperation between D.O. and M.D. practitioners:

text: "We now find ourselves living at a time when osteopathic and allopathic graduates are both sought after by many of the same residency programs; are in most instances both licensed by the same licensing boards; are both privileged by many of the same hospitals; and are found in appreciable numbers on the faculties of each other's medical schools".[18][dead link][62]

text: Elsewhere, he has remarked that osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMT) "can be an aid to the physician in fostering a relationship with the patient."[34]

text: International practice rights[edit]

text: Each country has different requirements and procedures for licensing or registering osteopathic physicians and osteopaths. The only osteopathic practitioners that the U.S. Department of Education recognizes as physicians are graduates of osteopathic medical colleges in the United States.[63] Therefore, osteopaths who have trained outside the United States are not eligible for medical licensure in the United States. On the other hand, U.S.-trained DOs are currently able to practice in 45 countries with full medical rights and in several others with restricted rights.

text: The Bureau on International Osteopathic Medical Education and Affairs (BIOMEA) is an independent board of the American Osteopathic Association. The BIOMEA monitors the licensing and registration practices of physicians in countries outside of the United States and advances the recognition of American-trained DOs. Towards this end, the BIOMEA works with international health organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) as well as other groups.[64]

text: The procedure by which countries consider granting physician licensure to foreigners varies widely. For U.S. trained physicians, the ability to qualify for "unlimited practice rights" also varies according to one's degree, M.D. or D.O.[65] Many countries recognize U.S.-trained MDs as applicants for licensure, granting successful applicants "unlimited" practice rights. The American Osteopathic Association has lobbied the governments of other countries to recognize U.S.-trained DOs similarly to their M.D. counterparts, with some success.

text:
Osteopathic Medicine & Osteopathy

Osteopathy in Australia & New Zealand

Osteopathic medicine in Canada

Osteopathy in Europe · Osteopathy in the UK

Osteopathic medicine in the United States

This box:

view
talk
edit

text: In over 65 countries, U.S.-trained DOs have unlimited practice rights.[66] In 2005, after one year of deliberations, the General Medical Council announced that U.S.-trained DOs will be accepted for full medical practice rights in the United Kingdom. According to Josh Kerr of the AOA, "some countries don’t understand the differences in training between an osteopathic physician and an osteopath."[66] The American Medical Student Association strongly advocates for U.S.-trained D.O. international practice rights "equal to that" of M.D. qualified physicians.[51]

text: Osteopathic medicine and primary care[edit]

text: Osteopathic physicians have historically entered primary care fields at a higher rate than their M.D. counterparts. Some osteopathic organizations make claims to a greater emphasis on the importance of primary care within osteopathic medicine. However, the proportion of osteopathic students choosing primary care fields, like that of their M.D. peers, is declining.[68] Currently, only one in five osteopathic medical students enters a family medicine residency (the largest primary care field).[69] In 2004, only 32% of osteopathic seniors planned careers in any primary care field; this percentage was down from a peak in 1996 of more than 50%.[67]

text: Criticism and internal debate[edit]

text: OMT[edit]

text: Traditional osteopathic medicine, specifically OMT, has been criticized for many techniques such as cranial and cranio-sacral manipulation. A study performed in the early 2000s questioned the therapeutic utility of osteopathic manipulative treatment modalities.[70] Also, New York University health information website claims that "it is difficult to properly ascertain the effectiveness of a hands-on therapy like OMT."[71]

text: Research emphasis[edit]

text: Another area of criticism has been the relative lack of research and lesser emphasis on scientific inquiry at D.O. schools in comparison with M.D. schools.[72][73][74]

text: The inability to institutionalize research, particularly clinical research, at osteopathic institutions has, over the years, weakened the acculturation, socialization, and distinctive beliefs and practices of osteopathic students and graduates.[72]

text: Identity crisis[edit]

text: There is currently a debate within the osteopathic community over the feasibility of maintaining osteopathic medicine as a distinct entity within U.S. health care.[1][32][75][76][77][78][79][80][81] JD Howell, author of The Paradox of Osteopathy,[42] notes claims of a "fundamental yet ineffable difference" between MD and DO qualified physicians are based on practices such as "preventive medicine and seeing patients in a sociological context" that are "widely encountered not only in osteopathic medicine but also in allopathic medicine."[82] Studies have confirmed the lack of any "philosophic concept or resultant practice behavior" that would distinguish a D.O. from an M.D.[83][84] Howell summarizes the questions framing the debate over the future of osteopathic distinctiveness thus:

text: If osteopathy has become the functional equivalent of allopathy [meaning the MD profession], what is the justification for its continued existence? And if there is value in therapy that is uniquely osteopathic, why should its use be limited to osteopaths?[42]

text: Rapid expansion[edit]

text: As the number of osteopathic schools has increased, the debate over distinctiveness has often seen the leadership of the American Osteopathic Association at odds with the community of osteopathic physicians.

text: within the osteopathic community, the growth is drawing attention to the identity crisis faced by [the profession]. While osteopathic leaders emphasize osteopaths' unique identity, many osteopaths would rather not draw attention to their uniqueness.[50]

text: The rapid expansion has raised concerns about the number of available faculty at osteopathic schools and the role that those faculty play in maintaining the integrity of the academic program of the schools. Norman Gevitz, author of the leading text on the history of osteopathic medicine, recently published,

text: DO schools are currently expanding their class sizes much more quickly than are their MD counterparts. Unlike MD colleges, where it is widely known that academic faculty members—fearing dilution of quality as well as the prospect of an increased teaching workload—constitute a powerful inhibiting force to expand the class size, osteopathic faculty at private osteopathic schools have traditionally had little or no input on such matters. Instead, these decisions are almost exclusively the responsibility of college administrators and their boards of trustees, who look at such expansion from an entrepreneurial as well as an educational perspective. Osteopathic medical schools can keep the cost of student body expansion relatively low compared with that of MD institutions. Although the standards of the Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ensure that there will be enough desks and lab spaces to accommodate all new students, they do not mandate that an osteopathic college must bear the expense of maintaining a high full-time-faculty:student ratio.[5]

text: The president of the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine commented on the current climate of crisis within the profession.

text: The simultaneous movement away from osteopathic medicine’s traditionally separate training and practice systems, when coupled with its rapid growth, has created a sense of crisis as to its future. The rapid rate of growth has raised questions as to the availability of clinical and basic science faculty and clinical resources to accommodate the increasing load of students.[4]


document_title: Jewish leadership

question_text: what is the name given to the chief religious leader of a synagogue

root

text: Jewish leadership

text: Historic leadership[edit]

text: Biblical leadership (before 70 CE)[edit]

text: During the era of the Tanakh, various forms of leadership developed. There were the heads of the original Hebrew tribes, and then also prophets such as Moses, Jeremiah and Samuel and whose words inspire people to this day, judges such as Samson, kings such as David and Solomon, priests of the Temple in Jerusalem, and the Sanhedrin which was the judiciary.

tag: p

text: Mishnaic, Talmudic, Middle Ages leadership (70 to 17th century)[edit]

text: With the demise of ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah and coinciding with the revolt of the Maccabees against ancient Greece and later Jewish-Roman wars, the sages of the Mishnah and subsequently the Talmud, referred to as the Oral Law in Judaism, took on a growing and central leadership role. After the destruction of the Second Temple and the subsequent exile for almost two thousand years, the Jews scattered throughout the world turned to their most learned rabbis for local leadership and council.

text: During Bar Kokhba's revolt against Roman Empire (132-135), the supreme religious authority Rabbi Akiva sanctioned Simon bar Kokhba to be a war leader, whereas during the 2nd century Judah haNasi was not only the supreme temporal leader sanctioned by Rome, but also edited the original work of the Mishnah which became the "de facto constitution" of the world's Jewry. The final editions of the Talmud became the core curriculum of the majority of Jews.

text: In Babylonia the Exilarch was almost always a rabbinical personality. The Geonim such as Saadia Gaon (892-942) were not only great sages but also political guides. The writings and rulings of those such as Rashi (1040–1105), Maimonides (1135–1204), Yosef Karo (1488–1575) who published the most widely accepted code of Jewish law the Shulkhan Arukh, Isaac Luria (1534–1572), the Vilna Gaon (1720–1797), the Chafetz Chaim (1838–1933) and many others have shaped Jewish law for almost two thousand years, as their religious rulings were published, distributed, studied, and observed until the present time.

text: Early modern leadership (18th and 19th centuries)[edit]

text: The loose collection of learned rabbis that governed the dispersed Jewish community held sway for a long time. Great parts of Central Europe accepted the leadership of the rabbinical Council of Four Lands from the 16th to the late 18th centuries. In the Eastern Europe, in spite of the rivalry between the schools of thought of the Vilna Gaon (or the GRA, Rabbi Elijah ben Solomon, 1720–1797) of the Mitnagdim, who spoke against Hasidic Judaism and Baal Shem Tov (Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer, 1700–1760), the founder of Hasidic Judaism, rabbis were regarded as the final arbiters of community decisions. Tens of thousands of Responsa and many works were published and studied wherever Jews lived in organized communities. In Western Europe, especially in monarchies, where no equal rights were granted for the Jewish population, radical Maskilim defined the new role of religion as an education of just citizens — like Moses Mendelssohn in his book Jerusalem or On Religious Power and Judaism which was a response to the Prussian reformer Christian Wilhelm von Dohm. The radical tendency of the pedagogic movement went so far, that Mendelssohn's student David Friedländer identified Judaism with the seclusion of modern European culture and secular Judaism could end up in conversion to the religion of the unsecularized state. In contradiction to his teacher early modern leadership turned out to be misled leadership, whose followers ended up as "Jewish citizens without any conscience".

text: Modern religious leadership (after 19th century)[edit]

text: Decline of rabbinical influence[edit]

text: With the growth of the Renaissance and the development of the secular modern world, and as Jews were welcomed into non-Jewish society particularly during the times of Napoleon in the 18th and 19th centuries, Jews began to leave the Jewish ghettos in Europe, and simultaneously rejected the traditional roles of the rabbis as communal and religious leaders. New leaders such as Israel Jacobson, father of the German Reform Judaism movement, launched an egalitarian, modernist stance that challenged the Orthodoxy. The resulting fractures in Jewish society has translated into a situation whereby there is no single religious governing body for the entire Jewish community at the present time.

text: Modern Synagogue leadership[edit]

text: In individual religious congregations or synagogues, the spiritual leader is generally the rabbi. Rabbis are expected to be taught in both the Talmud and the Shulkhan Arukh (Code of Jewish Law) as well as many other classical texts of Jewish scholarship. Rabbis go through formal training in Rabbinical texts and responsa, either at a yeshiva or similar institution. "Rabbi" is not a universal term however, as many Sephardic rabbinic Jewish communities refer to their leaders as hakham ("wise man"). Among Yemenite Jews, known as Teimanim, the term mori ("my teacher") is used. Each religious tradition has its own qualifications for rabbis; for more information, see Semicha ("ordination"). In addition to the rabbi, most synagogues have a hazzan (cantor) who leads many parts of the prayer service.

text: Orthodox and Haredi rabbinic leadership[edit]

text: In Israel the office of Chief Rabbi has always been very influential. Various Orthodox movements, such as Agudath Israel of America and the Shas party in Israel strictly follow the rulings of their Rosh yeshivas who are often famous Talmud scholars. The last Rebbe of Lubavitch, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the late Rabbi Elazar Menachem Shach, and Rabbi Ovadia Yosef in Israel are examples of powerful contemporary Haredi rabbis. The Haredi Agudah movements receive and follow the policy guidelines of their own Council of Torah Sages. In the Hassidic movements, leadership is usually hereditary.

text: Reform, Progressive, Liberal, Conservative, and Reconstructionist leadership[edit]

text: Template:See also 2 In both the Reform and Conservative of Judaism, rabbis are often trained at religious universities, such as the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York City for the Conservative movement, Hebrew Union College for the American Reform movement, and Leo Baeck College for the UK Liberal and Reform Movements. The Reform, Conservative, and Reconstructionist traditions each have their own governing group or individual leaders. Membership in these governing groups are selected by representatives of the Jewish community they serve, with Jewish scholarship considered to be the key factors for determining leaders. These governing bodies make decisions on the nature of religious practice within their tradition, as well as ordaining and assigning rabbis and other religious leaders.

text: The body of Conservative rabbis is the Rabbinical Assembly, which maintains a Committee on Jewish Law and Standards. The body of Reform rabbis is the Central Conference of American Rabbis.

text: Secular leadership[edit]

text: Following the Renaissance and the Enlightenment in Europe (with its Jewish "extension" the Haskalah movement, which led to much modern-day assimilation into the cultures of their native countries), the variety of Jewish practice grew, with a widespread adoption of secular values and life-styles. Many modern Jewish communities are served by a variety of secular organizations at the local, national, and international levels. These organizations have no official role in religious life, but often play an important part in the Jewish community. Most of the largest groups, such as Hadassah and the United Jewish Communities, have an elected leadership. No one secular group represents the entire Jewish community, and there is often significant internal debate among Jews about the stances these organizations take on affairs dealing with the Jewish community as a whole, such as antisemitism and Israeli policies.

text: In the United States and Canada today, the mainly secular United Jewish Communities (UJC), formerly known as the United Jewish Appeal (UJA), represents over 150 Jewish Federations and 400 independent communities across North America. Every major American city has its local "Jewish Federation", and many have sophisticated community centers and provide services, mainly health care-related. They raise record sums of money for philanthropic and humanitarian causes in North America and Israel. Additional local organizations include Jewish Family Services, Jewish nursing homes and Jewish community foundations. Other organizations such as the Anti-Defamation League, American Jewish Congress, American Jewish Committee, and the B'nai B'rith represent different segments of the American Jewish community on a variety of issues.

text: Karaite leadership[edit]

text: A Karaite synagogue is run by a board of directors, and its spiritual leader is often called a Hakham, the equivalent of a "rabbi", and matches one in function. The Gabbai is the treasurer, the Shammash is the custodian, the Hazzan leads prayers, and in some the Ba'al Qeri'ah leads in the reading of the Torah. In America, Karaites are represented by the Karaite Jews of America, and in Israel they are represented.


document_title: Alidade

question_text: working edge of an alidate is known as

question_tokens: working edge of an alidate is known as

text: Alidade

text: Origins[edit]

text: The word in Arabic (الحلقة العضدية al-ʿđ̣udiyyah, "the ruler"), signifies the same device. In Greek and Latin, it is respectively called διοπτρα, "dioptra", and linea fiduciae, "fiducial line".

text: The earliest alidades consisted of a bar, rod or similar component with a vane on each end. Each vane (also called a pinnule or pinule) has a hole, slot or other indicator through which one can view a distant object. There may also be a pointer or pointers on the alidade to indicate a position on a scale. Alidades have been made of wood, ivory, brass and other materials.

text: Examples of old alidade types[edit]

text: The figure on the left displays drawings that attempt to show the general forms of various alidades that can be found on many antique instruments. Real alidades of these types could be much more decorative, revealing the maker's artistic talents as well as his technical skills. In the terminology of the time, the edge of an alidade at which one reads a scale or draws a line is called a fiducial edge.

text: Alidade B in the diagram shows a straight, flat bar with a vane at either end. No pointers are used. The vanes are not centred on the bar but offset so that the sight line coincides with the edge of the bar.

text: The vanes have a rectangular hole in each with a fine wire held vertically in the opening. To use the alidade, the user sights an object and lines it up with the wires in each vane. This type of alidade could be found on a plane table, graphometer or similar instrument.

text: Alidades A and C are similar to B but have a slit or circular hole without a wire. In the diagram, the openings are exaggerated in size to show the shape; they would be smaller in a real alidade, perhaps 2 mm or so in width. One can look through the openings and line the openings up with the object of interest in the distance. With a small opening, the error in sighting the object is small. However, if a dim object such as a star is observed through a small hole, the image is difficult to see.

text: This form is shown in the diagram as having pointers. These can be used to read off an angle on a scale that is engraved around the outer edge (or limb) of the instrument. Alidades of this form are found on astrolabes, mariner's astrolabes and similar instruments.

text: Alidade D has vanes without any openings. In this case, the object is viewed and the alidade is rotated until the two opposite vanes simultaneously eclipse the object. With skill, this sort of alidade can yield very precise measures. In this example, pointers are shown.

text: Alidade E is a representation of a very interesting design by Johannes Hevelius. Hevelius was following in Tycho Brahe's footsteps and cataloging star positions with high accuracy. He did have access to the telescopic sights that were being used by astronomers in other countries, however, he chose to use naked-eye observations for his positional instruments. Due to the design of his instruments and the alidades, as well as his diligent practices, he was able to yield very precise measures.

text: Hevelius' design[2] featured a pivot point with a vertical cylinder and a vane at the observer's end. The vane had two narrow slits that were spaced precisely the same distance apart as the diameter of the cylinder (in the diagram, the portion of the vane between the slits is removed for clarity; the left and right edges of the opening represent the slits). If the observer could sight a star on only one side of the cylinder, as seen in F, the alignment was off. By carefully moving the vane so that the star could just barely be seen on either side of the cylinder (G), the alidade was aligned with the position of the star. This could not be used with a closely located object. A star, being so far away as to exhibit no parallax to the naked-eye, would be observable as a point source simultaneously on both sides.

text: Modern alidade types[edit]

text:
The alidade is the part of a theodolite that rotates around the vertical axis, and that bears the horizontal axis around which the telescope (or visor, in early telescope-less instruments) turns up or down.
In a sextant the alidade is the turnable arm carrying a mirror and an index to a graduated circle in a vertical plane. Today it is more commonly called an index arm.
Alidade tables have also long been used in fire towers for sighting the bearing to a forest fire. A topographic map of the local area, with a suitable scale, is oriented, centered and permanently mounted on a leveled circular table surrounded by an arc calibrated to true north of the map and graduated in degrees (and fractions) of arc. Two vertical sight apertures are arranged opposite each other and can be rotated along the graduated arc of the horizontal table. To determine a bearing to a suspected fire, the user looks through the two sights and adjusts them until they are aligned with the source of the smoke (or an observed lightning strike to be monitored for smoke). See Osborne Fire Finder.

tag: ul


document_title: List of Major League Baseball single-season records

question_text: who has the highest batting average in a single season

text: Batting records[edit]

text: Home runs[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Home runs
Season

Barry Bonds
San Francisco Giants
73
2001

Mark McGwire
St. Louis Cardinals
70
1998

Sammy Sosa
Chicago Cubs
66
1998

Mark McGwire
St. Louis Cardinals
65
1999

Sammy Sosa
Chicago Cubs
64
2001

Sammy Sosa
Chicago Cubs
63
1999

Roger Maris
New York Yankees
61
1961

Babe Ruth
New York Yankees
60
1927

tag: table

text: Hits[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Hits
Season

Ichiro Suzuki
Seattle Mariners
262
2004

George Sisler
St. Louis Browns
257
1920

Bill Terry
New York Giants
254
1930

Lefty O'Doul
Philadelphia Phillies
254
1929

text: Batting average[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Average
Season

Nap Lajoie
Philadelphia Athletics
.426
1901

Rogers Hornsby
St. Louis Cardinals
.424
1924

George Sisler
St. Louis Browns
.420
1922

Ty Cobb
Detroit Tigers
.420
1911

text: Runs batted in[edit]

text:
Player
Team
RBIs
Season

Hack Wilson
Chicago Cubs
191
1930

Lou Gehrig
New York Yankees
184
1931

Hank Greenberg
Detroit Tigers
183
1911

Jimmie Foxx
Boston Red Sox
175
1938

Lou Gehrig
New York Yankees
175
1927

text: Hitting streak[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Streak
Season

Joe DiMaggio
New York Yankees
56
1941

Pete Rose
Cincinnati Reds
44
1978

Bill Dahlen
Chicago Colts
42
1894

George Sisler
St. Louis Browns
41
1922

Ty Cobb
Detroit Tigers
40
1911

text: Runs scored[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Runs
Season

Babe Ruth
New York Yankees
179
1921

Lou Gehrig
New York Yankees
167
1936

Lou Gehrig
New York Yankees
163
1931

Babe Ruth
New York Yankees
163
1928

Chuck Klein
Philadelphia Phillies
158
1930

text: Doubles[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Doubles
Season

Earl Webb
Boston Red Sox
67
1931

George Burns
Cleveland Indians
64
1926

Joe Medwick
St. Louis Cardinals
64
1936

Hank Greenberg
Detroit Tigers
63
1934

Paul Waner
Pittsburgh Pirates
62
1932

text: Triples[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Triples
Season

Chief Wilson
Pittsburgh Pirates
36
1912

Sam Crawford
Detroit Tigers
26
1914

Kiki Cuyler
Pittsburgh Pirates
26
1925

Joe Jackson
Cleveland Naps
26
1912

text: At bats[edit]

text:
Player
Team
At bats
Season

Jimmy Rollins
Philadelphia Phillies
716
2007

Willie Wilson
Kansas City Royals
705
1980

Ichiro Suzuki
Seattle Mariners
704
2004

Juan Samuel
Philadelphia Phillies
701
1984

Dave Cash
Philadelphia Phillies
699
1975

Juan Pierre
Chicago Cubs
699
2006

text: Stolen bases[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Stolen bases
Season

Rickey Henderson
Oakland Athletics
130
1982

Lou Brock
St. Louis Cardinals
118
1974

Vince Coleman
St. Louis Cardinals
110
1985

Vince Coleman
St. Louis Cardinals
109
1987

Rickey Henderson
Oakland Athletics
108
1983

text: Pitching records[edit]

text: Wins[edit]

text: All-time[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Wins
Season

Jack Chesbro
New York Yankees
41
1904

Ed Walsh
Chicago White Sox
40
1908

Christy Mathewson
New York Giants
37
1908

Walter Johnson
Washington Senators
36
1913

Joe McGinnity
New York Giants
35
1904

text: Live-ball era (post-1920)[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Wins
Season

Lefty Grove
Philadelphia Athletics
31
1931

Denny McLain
Detroit Tigers
31
1968

Dizzy Dean
St. Louis Cardinals
30
1934

Hal Newhouser
Detroit Tigers
29
1944

Dazzy Vance
Brooklyn Dodgers
28
1924

Lefty Grove
Philadelphia Athletics
28
1930

Dizzy Dean
St. Louis Cardinals
28
1935

Robin Roberts
Philadelphia Phillies
28
1952

text: Earned run average[edit]

text:
Player
Team
ERA
Season

Dutch Leonard
Boston Red Sox
0.96
1914

Mordecai Brown
Chicago Cubs
1.04
1906

Bob Gibson
St. Louis Cardinals
1.12
1968

text: Strikeouts[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Strikeouts
Season

Nolan Ryan
California Angels
383
1973

Sandy Koufax
Los Angeles Dodgers
382
1965

Randy Johnson
Arizona Diamondbacks
372
2001

Nolan Ryan
Los Angeles Angels
367
1974

Randy Johnson
Arizona Diamondbacks
364
1999

text: Shutouts[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Shutouts
Season

Jack Coombs
Philadelphia Athletics
13
1910

Bob Gibson
St. Louis Cardinals
13
1968

Pete Alexander
Philadelphia Phillies
12
1915

text: Saves[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Saves
Season

Francisco Rodríguez
Los Angeles Angels
62
2008

Bobby Thigpen
Chicago White Sox
57
1990

John Smoltz
Atlanta Braves
55
2002

Éric Gagné
Los Angeles Dodgers
55
2003

text: Balks[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Balks
Season

Dave Stewart
Oakland Athletics
16
1988

John Dopson
Boston Red Sox
15
1989

Bob Welch
Oakland Athletics
13
1988

John Candelaria
New York Yankees
12
1988

Juan Guzmán
Texas Rangers
12
1988

text: Wild pitches[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Wild pitches
Season

Red Ames
New York Giants
30
1905

Tony Cloninger
Atlanta Braves
27
1966

Larry Cheney
Chicago Cubs
26
1914

Juan Guzmán
Toronto Blue Jays
26
1993

text: Team records[edit]

text: Hits[edit]

text:
Team
Hits
Season

Philadelphia Phillies
1,783
1930

text: Home runs[edit]

text:
Team
Home runs
Season

Seattle Mariners
264
1997

Texas Rangers
260
2005

Toronto Blue Jays
257
2010

Baltimore Orioles
257
1996

text: Runs batted in[edit]

text:
Team
Runs Batted In
Season

New York Yankees
997
1936

text: Runs scored[edit]

text:
Team
Runs Scored
Season

New York Yankees
1,067
1931


question_text: who played the pirate in sponge out of water

text: Plot[edit]

text: A pirate named Burger Beard travels to Bikini Atoll, where he obtains a magical book with the power to make any text written upon it real. The book tells the story of SpongeBob SquarePants and his adventures in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom. SpongeBob loves his job as a fry cook at the Krusty Krab fast food restaurant, where he cooks burgers called Krabby Patties and works for Mr. Krabs. He has spent years guarding the secret Krabby Patty formula from Plankton, the owner of a competing restaurant called the Chum Bucket.

text: One day, Plankton attacks the Krusty Krab in an attempt to steal the formula. After a military battle involving giant foods and condiments, Plankton feigns surrender. He uses a decoy of himself to give Mr. Krabs a fake penny, which the real Plankton then hides inside in order to gain access to Krabs' vault. As the decoy distracts Mr. Krabs, Plankton steals the formula, leaving a fake in its place. SpongeBob catches Plankton and the two engage in a tug of war over the formula, which magically vanishes before anyone can claim it.

text: Without the secret formula, Krabby Patties cannot be made, causing customers to become ravenous. SpongeBob is the only one who believes Plankton is innocent and creates a giant soap bubble for them to fly away in. Bikini Bottom is immediately reduced to an apocalyptic wasteland due to the absence of the much-relied-on Krabby Patty. A page of the book is discarded in the ocean and lands on Sandy Cheeks' treedome and assumes the page is a sign from the "sandwich gods". SpongeBob proposes he and Plankton team up to find the formula. SpongeBob tries to explain the concept of teamwork to Plankton, who does not quite understand. Together, they travel back in time to the moment before the formula disappeared, and the two head to the Chum Bucket to rescue Karen, whom they intend to help power a time machine. They assemble the machine and end up traveling far into the future, where they meet Bubbles, a magical dolphin who acts as an overseer of the galaxy, and inadvertently get him fired. SpongeBob and Plankton succeed in retrieving the formula, but it turns out to be the fake one Plankton had left.

text: Burger Beard converts his pirate ship into a food truck to sell Krabby Patties at a beach community. Sandy suggests a sacrifice be made to appease the gods. As the town attempts to sacrifice SpongeBob, he and Mr. Krabs smell Krabby Patties. The townsfolk follow the scent, which leads to the surface. Bubbles returns and, revealing that he hated his job, repays SpongeBob by granting him and his sea creature friends the ability to breathe on land; Plankton also joins by stowing away in SpongeBob's sock. Bubbles launches SpongeBob and the others out of his blowhole to the surface.

text: The team soon lands on a beach and finds the source of the Krabby Patty scent: Burger Beard's food truck. Burger Beard reveals he stole the formula by using the book to rewrite the story and then uses it to banish the gang to Pelican Island. SpongeBob uses the book's page to transform himself and the others into superheroes with special powers—The Invincibubble (SpongeBob), Mr. Superawesomeness (Patrick), Sour Note (Squidward), The Rodent (Sandy), and Sir Pinch-a-Lot (Mr. Krabs). They return and find Burger Beard, who runs away with the formula, forcing the team to give chase. During the ensuing battle, the team manages to destroy the book, but Burger Beard overpowers them one by one.

text: Having been left on Pelican Island, Plankton becomes a muscle-bound hero named Plank-Ton and comes to assist them. Plankton and SpongeBob create one final attack to defeat Burger Beard and retrieve the formula. After sending Burger Beard flying to Bikini Atoll, Plankton returns the formula to Mr. Krabs, having learned the value of teamwork. The gang uses the final page's magic to return home to Bikini Bottom. With Krabby Patties back, the city is finally returned to normal and Plankton re-assumes his role as business rival, thus returning everything to the status quo.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Kenny as the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants / The Invincibubble[7][9] and Gary the Snail
Antonio Banderas as Burger Beard the Pirate
Clancy Brown as the voice of Mr. Krabs / Sir Pinch-a-Lot, SpongeBob and Squidward's boss
Rodger Bumpass as the voice of Squidward Tentacles / Sour Note, SpongeBob's coworker
Bill Fagerbakke as the voice of Patrick Star / Mr. Superawesomeness, SpongeBob's neighbor and best friend[9]
Mr. Lawrence as the voice of Plankton / Plank-Ton, Mr. Krabs' arch-rival and Karen's husband
Jill Talley as the voice of Karen, Plankton's sentient computer sidekick and wife
Carolyn Lawrence as the voice of Sandy Cheeks / The Rodent, a squirrel from Texas
Mary Jo Catlett as the voice of Mrs. Puff, SpongeBob's boating school teacher
Lori Alan as the voice of Pearl Krabs, a teenage whale who is Mr. Krabs' daughter
Matt Berry as the voice of Bubbles, a time-traveling dolphin
Riki Lindhome and Kate Micucci as the voices of Popsicles
Dee Bradley Baker as the voice of Perch Perkins and other fish characters
Nolan North as the voice of Pigeon Cabbie
Paul Tibbitt (US), Joe Sugg (UK) and Robert Irwin (Australia)[10] as the voice of Kyle the Seagull
Peter Shukoff as Painty the Pirate

text: The seagulls were voiced by Peter Shukoff, Lloyd Ahlquist, Carlos Alazraqui, Eric Bauza, Tim Conway, Eddie Deezen, Nolan North, Rob Paulsen, Kevin Michael Richardson, April Stewart, Cree Summer, Billy West, Alan Carr (UK), Caspar Lee (UK) and Stacey Solomon (UK). Slash also appeared in a trailer for the film. His scene was ultimately cut from the final product, but it was presented among the special features for the Blu-ray release of the film.[11]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Following the release of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie in 2004, producer Julia Pistor stated that a sequel film was unlikely, despite the film's successful box office performance.[12] In a 2009 interview with Digital Spy, SpongeBob SquarePants writer and executive producer Paul Tibbitt was asked about the possibility of a sequel.[13] He said, "I think that they are talking about doing that, but I haven't signed up for anything. We just feel like we've told so many stories, and SpongeBob exists so well in this short 11-minute form."[13] He further stated that making another film was "a huge challenge."[13] However, Tibbitt denied that a sequel is not impossible to emerge, saying "I wouldn't say no, but I don't know if there will be another one."[13] In 2010, Nickelodeon reportedly had been approaching the crews of the show to make another film adaptation.[14] The network had long wanted to partner with Paramount Pictures to release another SpongeBob SquarePants film to help reinvigorate the series from its declining ratings.[15] However, internal disagreement delayed collaborations.[14][15]

text: On March 4, 2011, in an article by the Los Angeles Times, it was first reported that Paramount had "another SpongeBob picture" in development.[16] Several months later, in July, Paramount formed its new animation unit, Paramount Animation, in the wake of the commercial and critical success of the 2011 computer-animated film Rango, and the departure of DreamWorks Animation upon completion of their distribution contract in 2012.[17] Philippe Dauman, the president and CEO of Paramount and Nickelodeon's parent company Viacom, officially announced on February 28, 2012 that a sequel film was in development and slated for an unspecified 2014 release, saying that "We will be releasing a SpongeBob movie at the end of 2014."[18][19][20] Dauman added that the film "will serve to start off or be one of our films that starts off our new animation effort."[18] Nickelodeon expected the film to do much better in foreign box office than the 2004 feature, given its increasingly global reach.[15][21] Dauman said, "This will continue to propel SpongeBob internationally."[15]

text: Production was announced on June 10, 2014 under the title The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie 2,[22][23] which some trade publications began referring to as SpongeBob SquarePants 2.[7] The film's executive producer is series creator Stephen Hillenburg, who departed from the show as its showrunner in 2004 following the release of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. He no longer writes or runs the show on a day-to-day basis, but reviews each episode and delivers suggestions.[24][25] However, in a 2012 interview with Thomas F. Wilson, Hillenburg stated that he was helping in writing the film.[26] Tibbitt later revealed on Twitter in late 2013 that "Steve [Hillenburg] and I wrote the new movie together and he has been in the studio everyday working with us."[27] Production on the film was expected to finish in November 2014.[28] After production on the film finished, Hillenburg returned to the show as an executive producer, now having greater creative input and attending crew meetings.[29][30]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The regular series main cast members returned to reprise their roles from the series and the previous 2004 film.[7] In August 2013, casting directors from Marty Siu Casting began casting calls for the background extras for the live action scenes.[31][32] On September 21, 2013, it was reported that Spanish actor Antonio Banderas had been cast for a live-action role as Burger-Beard the pirate.[33][34][35]

text: Animation[edit]

text: The animation for the film was handled overseas by Rough Draft Korea in South Korea.[36] Creative supervisor Vincent Waller said, "We're getting animation back that is looking terrific."[37] The sequel is a combination of traditional animation and live action as its predecessor was,[38][39] and also used computer-generated imagery (CGI) handled by Iloura VFX in Melbourne, Australia to render the characters in 3D.[40][41] Sherm Cohen returned to work on the sequel, when he previously worked on The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie as a character designer and the lead storyboard artist and left the show in 2005.[42] Series animation directors Tom Yasumi and Alan Smart worked on the film's exposure sheets.[43] Most of the character layout crew of the film are from the series.[44]

text: In a preview of upcoming Paramount films held in 2012, it first exhibited the film as a "3D feature film" with "CGI-like animation".[45] Following the release of the SpongeBob SquarePants 4-D: The Great Jelly Rescue, a 3D short film released in early 2013 at the Nickelodeon Suites Resort Orlando, executives also talked of perpetuating the 3D stereoscopy in the film.[46] Director Tibbitt was asked on Twitter concerning what animation technique the film would have, and responded, "[I] don't wanna spoil anything but [it is] mostly 2D."[47]

text: The film contains a stop-motion animation sequence by Screen Novelties.[48][49] The company had previously produced a clay animation scene for the first film, the mixed-media opening for "Truth or Square", and the entirety of the stop-motion special It's a SpongeBob Christmas![50]

text: In March 2014, Paramount screened live-action footage from the film during the National Association of Theatre Owners' CinemaCon. News websites report that the film would be CGI-animated,[51] with an Internet Movie Database staff commenting, "When Paramount announced there would be a new SpongeBob SquarePants movie, the assumption was that it would be animated (like all other incarnations of SpongeBob). The very brief footage from tonight's presentation suggested otherwise—it looked as though this was a CGI/live-action hybrid akin to Alvin and the Chipmunks, Yogi Bear, The Smurfs, etc."[52] In an article published by ComingSoon.net, author Edward Douglas wrote: "The CGI animation just looks weird."[53] Philippe Dauman said that the CGI elements are intended to "refresh and give another boost" to the characters.[54]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film features live-action scenes directed by Mike Mitchell.[55] Filming began on September 30, 2013 and lasted through November 5, 2013, on various locations in Savannah, Georgia and Tybee Island.[56][57][58] The Savannah Film Office first announced that the film would shoot live action scenes in Savannah for 40 days on July 11, 2013.[39] Will Hammargren, location specialist for the Savannah Film Office, said the film was expected to contribute $8 million to the city's economy, including booking at least 5,600 hotel room nights.[59][60]

text: On September 30, 2013, the start of production filming was interrupted when Jay Self was dismissed.[61][62] According to a memorandum from Joe Shearouse, bureau chief of the leisure services department of Savannah, Self was fired for his "failure to properly plan and manage the arrangement for the movie."[61][63] It accused Self of shortcomings surrounding the filming and also cited complaints from local residents of Savannah.[61][63][64][65] Another reported reason for Self's dismissal was a disagreement between Paramount and the Savannah Film Office, about the deal of granting the local businesses to negotiate with Paramount for potential business losses during filming.[66]

text: In preparing the filming location in the downtown, the film crew painted storefronts along Broughton Street to resemble a "beach community" called "Salty Shoals".[59][67][68][69] Jay Self said, "They're trying to make it look like it's right at the seaside."[68] The Jen Library and Trustees Theater, a landmark situated on Broughton Street, of the Savannah College of Art and Design (SCAD) was converted into a sea museum.[67] Paramount first approached SCAD to utilize the Jen Library for a scene back in August 2013.[70] Once SCAD approved, the studio's art department transformed the buildings in choice for the film.[70] It remained open to students during filming, while the "SCAD" letters atop Trustees remained untouched.[70] Other establishments, like flower shops, convenience stores and coffeehouses, were converted to surfing, fudge and buoy shops, respectively.[71] Self said, "The changes are temporary with all buildings scheduled to be restored to their original colors after filming is complete."[68][72]

text: Filming began on October 9 in the downtown where parts of the Broughton Street between Montgomery Street and Habersham Street were closed through October 18.[67][73][74] Prior to October 9, residents were given yellow flyers handed out by the production crew to detail the inconveniences of the filming would have on them.[75] Actor Antonio Banderas appeared as a pirate and was filmed on a pirate ship with wheels for a car chase scene.[67][75][76] At one point, a film crew member caused an accident that damaged a downtown building and rushed a woman to the Candler Hospital.[77][78] William Hammargren, with the Savannah Film Services office, said that Paramount was issued a permit to use motorized vehicles within certain areas closed for filming, but the permit did not extend to the lanes.[77]

text: Filming in the downtown ended on October 18, when a raffle was also held, with City Mayor Edna Jackson announcing the winners.[79] The prizes include: a SpongeBob SquarePants-themed party, bicycles, a vacation at Marshall House, dinner at Savannah Bistro, gift certificates, and a 60-inch television.[79] After filming in the downtown, the production received mixed response from local businesses located in filming areas.[66] A concern raised by business owners was the choice in dates for shooting as October is "a big month for merchants along Broughton."[66] Some merchants suggested February, July, or August as prime filming dates.[66]

text: Filming for the scenes resumed on October 21 on Tybee Island.[79][80] The producers of the film were permitted to film on Tybee Island after meetings held at the Tybee Island City Hall with businesses and residents that imposed concerns about the possible effects of the filming, and also apprehensions about sea turtle safety.[81][82] Musician Slash of the band Guns N' Roses was seen on set at the Tybee Pier for filming, although he does not appear in the final film.[83] The film crew later moved to Strand Avenue for a chase scene with extras on bicycles.[83]

text: Music[edit]

text: Soundtrack EP[edit]

text:
Music from The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water

EP by Various artists

Released
January 27, 2015

Recorded
2014

Genre
Hip hop

Length
10:28

Label

Nickelodeon
Columbia
i Am Other

Producer
Pharrell Williams, Chad Hugo

SpongeBob SquarePants chronology

It's a SpongeBob Christmas! Album
(2012)It's a SpongeBob Christmas! Album2012
Music from "The SpongeBob Movie Sponge Out of Water"
(2015)
SpongeBob SquarePants, The New Musical
(2017)SpongeBob SquarePants, The New Musical2017

text: It was announced that Pharrell Williams would write a song for the film with his band N.E.R.D, which is titled "Squeeze Me".[84] A five-song EP was released digitally on January 27, 2015.[85]

text:
Music from "The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water" - EP

No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Squeeze Me"
N.E.R.D
2:34

2.
"Patrick Star"
N.E.R.D
1:46

3.
"Sandy Squirrel"
N.E.R.D
3:01

4.
"Team Work"
Tom Kenny & Mr. Lawrence
1:07

5.
"Thank Gosh It's Monday"
Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke & Clancy Brown
2:40

text: Original Motion Picture Score[edit]

text: The original score for the film was composed by John Debney.[86] On February 16, 2015, Debney announced via Twitter that Varèse Sarabande would release his score to the film digitally on March 23, 2015 in the UK and March 24, 2015 in the US, along with a physical release on March 31, 2015.[87]

text:
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Film score by John Debney

Released
March 23, 2015

Recorded
2014

Genre
Film score

Length
48:49

Label
Varèse Sarabande

John Debney chronology

Stonehearst Asylum
(2014) Stonehearst Asylum2014
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water
(2015) The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water2015
Careful What You Wish For
(2015) Careful What You Wish For2015

text:
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water (Original Motion Picture Score)

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Burger Beard on Island"
3:09

2.
"Burger Beard Starts to Read Story"
0:35

3.
"Plankton Attack / Tank Defeat / Giant Robot / Trying to Steal Formula"
4:07

4.
"Torturing Plankton / Refund"
3:18

5.
"Escaping in a Bubble"
2:33

6.
"The End / Get Him"
5:06

7.
"Going to Sleep / Inside SpongeBob's Brain"
2:09

8.
"Getting the Key / Plankton Rescues Karen"
1:53

9.
"Intro Bubbles"
2:08

10.
"Stealing Formula Back / Pirate Ship and Food Truck"
2:53

11.
"My Very Own Food Truck / Sandy Proposes Sacrifice"
1:49

12.
"Bubbles to the Rescue / Beach Search for Krabby Patties"
3:56

13.
"Beachfront Antics / Bike Path Encounters / Home of the Krabby Patty"
2:54

14.
"Story Rewrites / Invincibubble"
2:50

15.
"Chasing Burger Beard / Team Worked"
4:04

16.
"Not So Fast Burger Beard / PlankTON / Real Teamwork"
5:47

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In March 2012, in regards to consumer products for the film, Dauman stated, "This will be a Nickelodeon-branded movie. We'll license the toys, but we own it."[15] The film's first teaser poster was released on June 10, 2014, along with the announcement of its new title, The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water.[40] The poster is a nod to the famous Coppertone sunscreen advertisements from the 1950s, in which a dog is seen pulling the bikini bottom off of a blonde girl.[88][89]

text: At the San Diego Comic-Con International held on July 25, 2014, Paramount Pictures released the first footage from the film, as part of their presentation at Hall H, with Tom Kenny, SpongeBob's voice actor, hosting the panel.[90] The film's trailer was released on July 31, 2014.[91] Throughout the year, trailers and 15 second teaser posters of the movie were shown.

text: Theatrical release[edit]

text: The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water was originally planned for a 2014 release to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the first film.[18] However, Paramount Pictures announced on August 1, 2013, in an article in The Hollywood Reporter, that the film would instead have its official wide release in theaters on February 13, 2015 in North America to avoid competition of the 2014 reboot of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.[7][92][93] On June 5, 2014, the film's release date was moved up one week to February 6, 2015 in order to avoid competition with 20th Century Fox's Kingsman: The Secret Service and Universal Pictures' Fifty Shades of Grey, which premiered the following week.[94] The film premiered on January 28, 2015 in Belgium and the Netherlands, and on January 30, 2015 in Iceland, Mexico, and Taiwan.[95]

text: International releases[edit]

text: It was announced on February 24 that Paramount Pictures, in partnership with TG4, would release the film in the Irish language, alongside the English release.[96] This marked the first time a major film studio released an Irish-language version of a movie.[97] SpongeBob - An Scannán: Spúinse as Uisce premiered in Ireland on March 27, 2015.[96]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water was released on Digital HD on May 19, 2015. It was released on Blu-ray (2D and 3D) and DVD on June 2, 2015.[98] The cover of the home media releases (excluding the Blu-ray 3D release) and digital releases is the principal theatrical poster. The only difference is that Plankton is on the cover as his super hero alter-ego, Plank-Ton.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water grossed $162.9 million in North America and $162.1 million in other territories for a total gross of $325.1 million worldwide, against a budget of $74 million.[5] It outgrossed the first SpongeBob movie, which made $140.2 million worldwide,[99] and is the second-highest-grossing film based off an animated television show, behind The Simpsons Movie ($527.1 million).[100]

text: Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $99.8 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.[101]

text: North America[edit]

text: The film was originally expected to gross around $35 million in its opening weekend;[102][103][104] however, the film exceeded expectations on its opening day.[105][106] In its opening weekend the film grossed $55.4 million, playing in 3,641 theaters, with a $15,206 per-theater average and finishing in first place at the box office. It beat out American Sniper, which grossed $23.3 million, marking the first time in four weeks a film other than American Sniper was the top-grossing film. In its second weekend, The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water earned $31.4 million, marking a 43.2% decline, and was overtaken by Fifty Shades of Grey and Kingsman: The Secret Service, dropping to number three. On its third weekend, the film stayed at number three, grossing $16.5 million. In its fourth weekend, the film was number three again, with $10.8 million.[107]

text: Other territories[edit]

text: A week ahead of North America release, the film was released in five markets for the three-day weekend of January 30 in other territories, and earned a gross of $8 million. Six-point-seven million dollars of that came from a strong debut in Mexico.[108] For its second weekend of February 6, 2015, the film earned itself a gross of $16.2 million playing in theaters of 25 markets. The film opened at #1 in Brazil and Spain by grossing $4.6 million and $1.9 million, respectively, while maintaining the top spot at the box office of Mexico by earning $2.4 million.[109] In the UK the film was released on March 27 in time for the Easter school holidays and opened at #3 behind Cinderella and Home.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film scored an approval rating of 80% based on 100 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. The site's critical consensus read, "The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water won't win over many viewers who aren't fans of the show, but for the converted, it's another colorful burst of manic fun."[110] On Metacritic, the film scored of 62 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[111] According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[112]

text: Andrew Barker of Variety praised the film for "never even feigning a lick of seriousness". Although he felt the film was too long and the CGI sequences to be inferior to the traditionally animated ones, he said the film would prove "popular among the franchise's key grade-schooler and head-shop-owner demographics."[113] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter was more negative, saying the film's two animation styles failed "to create a cohesive whole in spite of all the inspired non sequiturs," stating "the live action/CG stuff never satisfyingly jibes with the traditional nautical nonsense down below." He opined that although the film was inferior to the first one, it would likely be a box office success.[114] Barbara VanDenburgh of The Arizona Republic gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of five, saying "The plot is straightforward, predictable and slight, no more intricate a plot than a 15-minute TV episode would have. It's the freewheeling madness of its execution that makes the movie such a trip—as in acid trip."[115] Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film four out of five stars, saying "The spirit of the series remains true: cheerfully random jokes, blink-and-you'll-miss-them references and, above all, a silly, stubbornly sentimental streak that only the crabbiest cynic could dismiss."[116] Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film three out of five stars, saying "The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water weaves a silly—and often funny—spell. It's a scrappy little B-movie that zips along rather entertainingly."[117] Jen Chaney of The Washington Post gave the film two out of four stars, saying "There's something about this project that, despite checking all of the requisite plot and sensibility boxes, doesn't convey as an organic work of SpongeBob-ishness."[118]

text: Nicolas Rapold of The New York Times gave the film a positive review, saying "While less fluid and fresh than its 2004 predecessor, the new film displays enough nutty writing and sheer brio to confirm the stamina of its enduring and skillfully voiced characters."[119] Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club gave the film a B+, saying "The visual effects and fast and furious quips combine for that rarest of releases: one that both parents and kids can enjoy (just like the show), leaving viewers of any age hoping that the next SpongeBob movie isn't an entire decade off."[120] Alonso Duralde of The Wrap gave the film a positive review, saying "The jokes are consistently hilarious, with enough variety to tickle the funny bones of old salts and young fishies alike."[121] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two out of four stars, saying "The live-action elements—mostly in the person of Antonio Banderas as cranky pirate Burger Beard, who spends most of his time addressing a flock of seagulls—don't mesh seamlessly with the animated sequences. It almost feels like two movies awkwardly melded together."[122] John Semley of The Globe and Mail gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four, saying "The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water mostly nails what has always made the character, and his brightly coloured underwater world, so endearing: the abundant innocence, the welcome lack of cynicism and the out-and-out stupidity."[123] Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.com gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four, saying "The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water remains true to the surrealism of its animated television roots. But it also tries to force a live-action element which isn't as comfortable a fit as a certain pair of symmetrical trousers."[124]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Animated Movie
Paul Tibbitt
Nominated

Nickelodeon Mexico Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Movie
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water
Nominated

British Academy Children's Awards
BAFTA Kids' Vote - Feature Film
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water
Nominated

43rd Annie Awards[125]
Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Brice Mallier, Paul Buckley, Brent Droog, Alex Whyte, Jonothan Freisler
Nominated

Voice Acting in an Animated Feature
Tom Kenny
Nominated

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game featuring a plot set directly after the film, titled SpongeBob HeroPants, was released in North America on February 3, 2015 for the Nintendo 3DS, Xbox 360, and PlayStation Vita.[126] The game is published by Activision. A mobile game, titled The SpongeBob Movie Game: Sponge on the Run, was released on January 22, 2015 for iOS and Android. It is an endless running game based on the film, featuring several mini games.[127]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In a February 2015 interview discussing the film's financial success, Megan Collison, president of worldwide distribution and marketing at Paramount, stated the possibility of a third film was "a good bet".[128] In another interview, Paramount vice chairman Rob Moore remarked, "Hopefully, it won't take 10 years to make another film."[129] On April 30, 2015, via Twitter, Viacom announced a third SpongeBob SquarePants film was in development.[130] On August 3, 2015, via Twitter, Vincent Waller confirmed that the sequel is in pre-production and that Paul Tibbitt was confirmed to return as director from a story by him and Kyle McCulloch.[131] It was announced in November 2015, the film will be released on February 8, 2019,[132] but the release date was moved to an unspecified date for March 2019.[133] On November 11, 2015, Waller confirmed via Twitter that the film will be mostly traditionally animated with CGI/live-action sequences.[134] Screenwriters Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger said in a January 2016 interview that they are working on the third SpongeBob movie.[135] Storyboard artist Bob Camp said in an April 2016 interview that cartoonist John Kricfalusi is developing a new Ren & Stimpy cartoon to precede the movie;[136] however, Kricfalusi denied on Twitter that he's making a cartoon.[137] In March 2017 at CinemaCon, it was announced that the movie has been delayed to August 2, 2019.[8] On March 28, 2017, Yahoo! Movies reported on its Twitter feed that the movie had been given the final title of The SpongeBob Movie;[138] current showrunner Waller later suggested that this was a placeholder title.[139]