document_title: 3D television

question_text: when was the first 3d television first introduced

question_tokens: when was the first 3d television first introduced

text: 3D television

text: History[edit]

text: The stereoscope was first invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1838.[2][3] It showed that when two pictures are viewed stereoscopically, they are combined by the brain to produce 3D depth perception. The stereoscope was improved by Louis Jules Duboscq, and a famous picture of Queen Victoria was displayed at The Great Exhibition in 1851. In 1855 the Kinematoscope was invented. In the late 1890s, the British film pioneer William Friese-Greene filed a patent for a 3D movie process. On 10 June 1915, former Edison Studios chief director Edwin S. Porter and William E. Waddell presented tests in red-green anaglyph to an audience at the Astor Theater in New York City and in 1922 the first public 3D movie The Power of Love was displayed.

text: Stereoscopic 3D television was demonstrated for the first time on 10 August 1928, by John Logie Baird in his company's premises at 133 Long Acre, London.[4] Baird pioneered a variety of 3D television systems using electro-mechanical and cathode-ray tube techniques. The first 3D TV was produced in 1935, and stereoscopic 3D still cameras for personal use had already become fairly common by the Second World War. Many 3D movies were produced for theatrical release in the US during the 1950s just when television started to become popular. The first such movie was Bwana Devil from United Artists that could be seen all across the US in 1952. One year later, in 1953, came the 3D movie House of Wax which also featured stereophonic sound. Alfred Hitchcock produced his film Dial M for Murder in 3D, but for the purpose of maximizing profits the movie was released in 2D because not all cinemas were able to display 3D films. In 1946 the Soviet Union also developed 3D films, with Robinzon Kruzo being its first full-length 3D movie.[5] People were excited to view the 3D movies, but were put off by their poor quality. Because of this, their popularity declined quickly. There was another attempt in the 1970s and 80s to make 3D movies more mainstream with the releases of Friday the 13th Part III (1982) and Jaws 3-D (1983).[6] 3D showings became more popular throughout the 2000s, culminating in the success of 3D presentations of Avatar in December 2009 and January 2010.[7]

text: Though 3D movies were generally well received by the public, 3D television did not become popular until after the CES 2010 trade show, when major manufacturers began selling a full lineup of 3D televisions.[8] According to DisplaySearch, 3D television shipments totaled 41.45 million units in 2012, compared with 24.14 in 2011 and 2.26 in 2010.[9] In late 2013, the number of 3D TV viewers started to decline,[10][11][12][13][14] and as of 2016, development of 3D TV is limited to a few premium models.[15]

text: Technologies[edit]

text: There are several techniques to produce and display 3D moving pictures. The following are some of the technical details and methodologies employed in some of the more notable 3D movie systems that have been developed.

text: The future of 3D television is also emerging as time progresses. New technology like WindowWalls (wall-size displays) and Visible light communication are being implemented into 3D television as the demand for 3D TV increases. Scott Birnbaum, vice president of Samsung's LCD business, says that the demand for 3D TV will skyrocket in the next couple of years, fueled by televised sports. One might be able to obtain information directly onto their television due to new technologies like the Visible Light Communication that allows for this to happen because the LED lights transmit information by flickering at high frequencies.[16]

text: Displaying technologies[edit]

text: The basic requirement is to display offset images that are filtered separately to the left and right eye. Two strategies have been used to accomplish this: have the viewer wear eyeglasses to filter the separately offset images to each eye, or have the light source split the images directionally into the viewer's eyes (no glasses required).[17] Common 3D display technology for projecting stereoscopic image pairs to the viewer include:

text:
With filters/lenses:

Anaglyph 3D – with passive color filters
Polarized 3D system – with passive polarization filters
Active shutter 3D system – with active shutters
Head-mounted display – with a separate display positioned in front of each eye, and lenses used primarily to relax eye focus

Without lenses: Autostereoscopic displays, sometimes referred to commercially as Auto 3D.
Others:

text: In a CEATEC 2011 exhibition, Hitachi released glasses-free 3D projection systems that use a set of 24 projectors, lenses, and translucent half mirrors to superimpose 3D images with a horizontal viewing angle of 60 degrees and a vertical viewing angle of 30 degrees. Besides Hitachi, Sony is also working on similar technologies.[18]

text: Single-view displays project only one stereo pair at a time. Multi-view displays either use head tracking to change the view depending on the viewing angle, or simultaneous projection of multiple independent views of a scene for multiple viewers (automultiscopic). Such multiple views can be created on the fly using the 2D-plus-depth format.

text: Various other display techniques have been described, such as holography, volumetric display, and the Pulfrich effect; which was used in Doctor Who Dimensions in Time, in 1993, by 3rd Rock From The Sun in 1997, and by the Discovery Channel's Shark Week in 2000.

text: Producing technologies[edit]

text: Stereoscopy is the most widely accepted method for capturing and delivering 3D video. It involves capturing stereo pairs in a two-view setup, with cameras mounted side by side and separated by the same distance as is between a person's pupils. If we imagine projecting an object point in a scene along the line-of-sight for each eye, in turn; to a flat background screen, we may describe the location of this point mathematically using simple algebra. In rectangular coordinates with the screen lying in the Y–Z plane, with the Z axis upward and the Y axis to the right, with the viewer centered along the X axis; we find that the screen coordinates are simply the sum of two terms. One accounting for perspective and the other for binocular shift. Perspective modifies the Z and Y coordinates of the object point, by a factor of D/(D–x), while binocular shift contributes an additional term (to the Y coordinate only) of s·x/(2·(D–x)), where D is the distance from the selected system origin to the viewer (right between the eyes), s is the eye separation (about 7 centimeters), and x is the true x coordinate of the object point. The binocular shift is positive for the left-eye-view and negative for the right-eye-view. For very distant object points, it is obvious that the eyes will be looking along essentially the same line of sight. For very near objects, the eyes may become excessively "cross-eyed". However, for scenes in the greater portion of the field of view, a realistic image is readily achieved by superposition of the left and right images (using the polarization method or synchronized shutter-lens method) provided the viewer is not too near the screen and the left and right images are correctly positioned on the screen. Digital technology has largely eliminated inaccurate superposition that was a common problem during the era of traditional stereoscopic films.[19][20]

text: Multi-view capture uses arrays of many cameras to capture a 3D scene through multiple independent video streams. Plenoptic cameras, which capture the light field of a scene, can also be used to capture multiple views with a single main lens.[21] Depending on the camera setup, the resulting views can either be displayed on multi-view displays, or passed along for further image processing.

text: After capture, stereo or multi-view image data can be processed to extract 2D plus depth information for each view, effectively creating a device-independent representation of the original 3D scene. These data can be used to aid inter-view image compression or to generate stereoscopic pairs for multiple different view angles and screen sizes.

text: 2D plus depth processing can be used to recreate 3D scenes even from a single view and convert legacy film and video material to a 3D look, though a convincing effect is harder to achieve and the resulting image will likely look like a cardboard miniature.

text: 3D production[edit]

text: Production of events such as live sports broadcasts in 3D differs from the methods used for 2D broadcasting. A high technical standard must be maintained because any mismatch in color, alignment, or focus between two cameras may destroy the 3D effect or produce discomfort in the viewer. Zoom lenses for each camera of a stereo pair must track over their full range of focal lengths.

text: Addition of graphical elements (such as a scoreboard, timers, or logos) to a 3D picture must place the synthesized elements at a suitable depth within the frame, so that viewers can comfortably view the added elements as well as the main picture. This requires more powerful computers to calculate the correct appearance of the graphical elements. For example, the line of scrimmage that appears as a projected yellow line on the field during an American football broadcast requires about one thousand times more processing power to produce in 3D compared to a 2D image.

text: Since 3D images are effectively more immersive than 2D broadcasts, fewer fast cuts between camera angles are needed. 3D National Football League broadcasts cut between cameras about one-fifth as often as in 2D broadcasting. Rapid cuts between two different viewpoints can be uncomfortable for the viewer, so directors may lengthen the transition or provide images with intermediate depth between two extremes to "rest" the viewers eyes. 3D images are most effective if the cameras are at a low angle of view, simulating presence of the viewer at the event; this can present problems with people or structures blocking the view of the event. While fewer camera locations are required, the overall number of cameras is similar to a 2D broadcast because each position needs two cameras. Other live sport events have additional factors that affect production; for example, an ice rink presents few cues for depth due to its uniform appearance.[22]

text: TV sets[edit]

text: These TV sets were high-end and generally include Ethernet, USB player and recorder, Bluetooth and USB Wi-Fi.

text: 3D-ready TV sets[edit]

text: 3D-ready TV sets are those that can operate in 3D mode (in addition to regular 2D mode) using one of several display technologies to recreate a stereoscopic image. These TV sets usually support HDMI 1.4 and a minimum output refresh rate of 120 Hz; glasses may be sold separately.

text: Philips was developing a 3D television set that would be available for the consumer market by about 2011 without the need for special glasses (autostereoscopy).[23] However it was canceled because of the slow adoption of customers going from 2D to 3D. (Citation needed)

text: In August 2010, Toshiba announced plans to bring a range of autosteroscopic TVs to market by the end of the year.[24]

text: The Chinese manufacturer TCL Corporation has developed a 42-inch (110 cm) LCD 3D TV called the TD-42F, which is currently available in China. This model uses a lenticular system and does not require any special glasses (autostereoscopy). It currently[when?] sells for approximately $20,000.[25][26]

text: Onida, LG, Samsung, Sony, and Philips intended to increase their 3D TV offering with plans to make 3D TV sales account for over 50% of their respective TV distribution offering in 2012. It was expected that the screens will use a mixture of technologies until there is standardization across the industry.[27] Samsung offers the LED 7000, LCD 750, PDP 7000 TV sets and the Blu-ray 6900.[28]

text: Full 3D TV sets[edit]

text: Full 3D TV sets include Samsung Full HD 3D (1920×1080p, 600 Hz) and Panasonic Full HD 3D (1920×1080p, 600 Hz).[citation needed]

text: A September 2011 Cnet review touted Toshiba's 55ZL2 as "the future of television". Because of the demanding nature of auto-stereoscopic 3D technology, the display features a 3840x2160 display; however, there is no video content available at this resolution. That said, it utilizes a multi-core processor to provide excellent upscaling to the "4k2k" resolution. Using a directional lenticular lenslet filter, the display generates nine 3D views. This technology commonly creates deadspots, which Toshiba avoids by using an eye-tracking camera to adjust the image. The reviewers also note that the 3D resolution for a 1080p signal looks more like 720p and lacks parallax, which reduces immersion. [29]

text: Standardization efforts[edit]

text: The entertainment industry is expected to adopt a common and compatible standard for 3D in home electronics. To present faster frame rate in high definition to avoid judder (non-smooth, linear motion), enhancing 3-D film, televisions and broadcasting, other unresolved standards are the type of 3D glasses (passive or active), including bandwidth considerations, subtitles, recording format, and a Blu-ray standard. With improvements in digital technology, in the late 2000s, 3D movies have become more practical to produce and display, putting competitive pressure behind the creation of 3D television standards. There are several techniques for Stereoscopic Video Coding, and stereoscopic distribution formatting including anaglyph, quincunx, and 2D plus Delta.

text: Content providers, such as Disney, DreamWorks, and other Hollywood studios, and technology developers, such as Philips, asked[when?] SMPTE for the development of a 3DTV standard in order to avoid a battle of formats and to guarantee consumers that they will be able to view the 3D content they purchase and to provide them with 3D home solutions for all pockets. In August 2008, SMPTE established the "3-D Home Display Formats Task Force" to define the parameters of a stereoscopic 3D mastering standard for content viewed on any fixed device in the home, no matter the delivery channel. It explored the standards that need to be set for 3D content distributed via broadcast, cable, satellite, packaged media, and the Internet to be played-out on televisions, computer screens and other tethered displays. After six months, the committee produced a report to define the issues and challenges, minimum standards, and evaluation criteria, which the Society said would serve as a working document for SMPTE 3D standards efforts to follow. A follow-on effort to draft a standard for 3D content formats was expected to take another 18 to 30 months.[citation needed]

text: Production studios are developing an increasing number of 3D titles for the cinema and as many as a dozen companies are actively working on the core technology behind the product. Many have technologies available to demonstrate, but no clear road forward for a mainstream offering has emerged.

text: Under these circumstances, SMPTE's inaugural meeting was essentially a call for proposals for 3D television; more than 160 people from 80 companies signed up for this first meeting. Vendors that presented their respective technologies at the task force meeting included SENSIO Technologies,[30] Philips, Dynamic Digital Depth (DDD),[31] TDVision,[32] and Real D, all of which had 3D distribution technologies.

text: There are many active 3D projects in SMPTE for both TV and filmmakers. The SMPTE 35PM40 Working Group decided (without influence from the SMPTE Board or any other external influence) that the good progress being made on 3D standards within other SMPTE groups (including the IMF Interoperable Master Format) means that its "overview" project would be best published as an Engineering Report. Broadcasters and other participants are still very active in 3D development, and SMPTE continues to be the forum where everyone from content creator to consumer manufacturer has a voice.[33]

text: However, SMPTE is not the only 3D standards group. Other organizations such as the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA),[34] 3D@Home Consortium,[35] ITU and the Entertainment Technology Center (ETC),[36] at USC School of Cinematic Arts have created their own investigation groups and have already offered to collaborate to reach a common solution. The Digital TV Group (DTG), has committed to profiling a UK standard for 3DTV products and services. Other standard groups such as DVB, BDA, ARIB, ATSC, DVD Forum, IEC and others are to be involved in the process.[citation needed]

text: MPEG has been researching multi-view, stereoscopic, and 2D plus depth 3D video coding since the mid-1990s;[37] the first result of this research is the Multiview Video Coding extension for MPEG-4 AVC that is currently undergoing standardization. MVC has been chosen by the Blu-ray disc association for 3D distribution. The format offers backwards compatibility with 2D Blu-ray players.[38]

text: HDMI version 1.4, released in June 2009, defines a number of 3D transmission formats. The format "Frame Packing" (left and right image packed into one video frame with twice the normal bandwidth) is mandatory for HDMI 1.4 3D devices. All three resolutions (720p50, 720p60, and 1080p24) have to be supported by display devices, and at least one of those by playback devices. Other resolutions and formats are optional.[39] While HDMI 1.4 devices will be capable of transmitting 3D pictures in full 1080p, HDMI 1.3 does not include such support. As an out-of-spec solution for the bitrate problem, a 3D image may be displayed at a lower resolution, like interlaced or at standard definition.

text: DVB 3D-TV standard[edit]

text: DVB has established the DVB 3D-TV Specification. The following 3D-TV consumer configurations will be available to the public:[40]

text:
3D-TV connected to 3D Blu-ray Player for packaged media.
3D-TV connected to HD Games Console, e.g. PS3 for 3D gaming.
3D-TV connected to HD STB for broadcast 3D-TV.
3D-TV receiving a 3D-TV broadcast directly via a built-in tuner and decoder.

text: For the two broadcast scenarios above, initial requirements are for Pay-TV broadcasters to deliver 3D-TV services over existing HD broadcasting infrastructures, and to use existing receivers (with firmware upgrade, as required) to deliver 3D content to 3D-TV sets, via an HDMI or equivalent connection, if needed. This is termed Frame Compatible. There are a range of Frame Compatible formats. They include the Side by Side (SbS) format, the Top and Bottom (TaB) format, and others.

text: Broadcasts[edit]

text: 3D Channels[edit]

text: As of 2008[update], 3D programming is broadcast on Japanese satellite BS11 approximately four times per day.[41]

text: Cablevision launched a 3D version of its MSG channel on 24 March 2010, which was a limited service that was only available only to Cablevision subscribers on channel 1300.[42][43] The channel was dedicated primarily to sports broadcasts, including MSG's 3D broadcast of a New York Rangers-New York Islanders game, limited coverage of the 2010 Masters Tournament, and (in cooperation with YES Network) a game between the New York Yankees and Seattle Mariners.[44]

text: The first Australian program broadcast in high-definition 3D was Fox Sports coverage of the soccer game Australia-New Zealand on 24 May 2010.[45]

text: Also in Australia, the Nine Network and Special Broadcasting Service will be bringing the State of Origin (matches on 26 May, 16 June and 7 July 2010) (Nine) and FIFA World Cup (SBS) in 3D on Channel 40 respectively.[46]

text: In early 2010, Discovery Communications, Imax, and Sony announced plans to launch a 3D TV channel in the US with a planned launch in early 2011. At the same time, a Russian company Platform HD and its partners – General Satellite and Samsung Electronics – announced about their 3D television project, which would be the first similar project in Russia.

text: In Brazil Rede TV! became the first Terrestrial television to transmit 3D signal freely for all 3D enabled audience on 21 May.[47][48][49][50]

text: Starting on 11 June 2010, ESPN launched a new channel, ESPN 3D, dedicated to 3D sports with up to 85 live events a year in 3D.[51]

text: On 1 January 2010, the world's first 3D channel, SKY 3D, started broadcasting nationwide in South Korea by Korea Digital Satellite Broadcasting. The channel's slogan is "World No.1 3D Channel". This 24/7 channel uses the Side by Side technology at a resolution of 1920x1080i. 3D contents include education, animation, sport, documentary and performances.[52]

text: A full 24-hour broadcast channel was announced at the 2010 Consumer Electronics show as a joint venture from IMAX, Sony, and the Discovery channel.[53] The intent is to launch the channel in the United States by year end 2010.

text: DirecTV and Panasonic plan to launch 2 broadcast channels and 1 Video on demand channel with 3D content[54] in June 2010. DirecTV previewed a live demo of their 3D feed at the Consumer Electronics Show held 7–10 January 2010.[55]

text: In Europe, British Sky Broadcasting (Sky) launched a limited 3D TV broadcast service on 3 April 2010. Transmitting from the Astra 2A satellite at 28.2° east, Sky 3D broadcast a selection of live English Premier League football matches to over 1000 British pubs and clubs equipped with a Sky+HD Digibox and 3D Ready TVs, and preview programmes provided for free to top-tier Sky HD subscribers with 3D TV equipment. This was later expanded to include a selection of films, sports, and entertainment programming launched to Sky subscribers on 1 October 2010.[56]

text: On 28 September 2010, Virgin Media launched a 3D TV on Demand service.[57]

text: Several other European pay-TV networks are also planning 3D TV channels and some have started test transmissions on other Astra satellites, including French pay-TV operator Canal+ which has announced its first 3D channel is to be launched in December 2010. Also the Spanish Canal+ has started the first broadcastings on 18 May 2010 and included 2010 FIFA World Cup matches in the new Canal+ 3D channel.[58] Satellite operator SES started a free-to-air 3D demonstration channel on the Astra satellite at 23.5° east on 4 May 2010 for the opening of the 2010 ANGA Cable international trade fair[59] using 3D programming supplied by 3D Ready TV manufacturer Samsung under an agreement between Astra and Samsung to co-promote 3D TV.[60]

text: As of November 2010, there were eight 3D channels broadcasting to Europe from three Astra satellite positions, including demonstrations provided by Astra, pay-TV from BSkyB, Canal+ and others, and the Dutch Brava3D cultural channel, which provides a mix of classical music, opera and ballet free-to-air across Europe from Astra 23.5°E.[61]

text: In April 2011, HIGH TV (a 3D family entertainment channel) launched. Headquartered in NY with offices in Hong Kong and London, the channel broadcasts through eight satellites round the world, covering Europe, Asia, the Nordic region, Russia, South America, Africa, Middle East and North America.

text: 3flow is a 3D channel that began broadcasting on Freebox in France on 1 April 2011. Made up entirely of native stereoscopic programming produced and owned by WildEarth and Sasashani (WildEarth's parent company). Initially the focus was mostly safari and has now widened to include underwater, extreme sports and other 3D content from around the world. WildEarth and Sasashani also distribute 3D series and shows through 3D Content Hub.

text: On 1 January 2012, China's first 3D Test Channel launched on China Central Television and 5 other networks.[62]

text: On 1 February 2012: The Extreme Sports Channel – the home of Extreme Sports launched in Italy on Sky Italia marking its international début in high definition (HD).[63]

text: The channel's HD feed will be a simulcast of the standard definition feed launched in 1999, which now broadcasts to subscribers in 66 territories and in 12 languages across Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA). The inaugural launch on Italy's Sky platform sees the channel's entrance into the HD market and from there it will begin rolling out to operators across the EMEA region.

text: In February 2012 Telecable de Tricom, a major Dominican cable TV provider, announced the launch of the first 3D TV programming package in Latin America. As of 3 July 2012, the only 3D channels available are 3flow and HIGH TV 3D.[64]

text: In July 2013 the BBC announced that it would be indefinitely suspending 3D programming due to a lack of uptake. Only half of the estimated 1.5 million households in the UK with a 3D-enabled television watched the 2012 summer's Olympics opening ceremony in 3D.[65]

text: In 2013, in the US, ESPN 3D was shut down due to lack of demand, followed by Xfinity 3D and all DirecTV 3D programming in 2014.

text: List of 3D Channels[edit]

text:
Channel
Country(s)
Note(s)
Status

3flow
Worldwide
Wildlife and Entertainment
Active

HIGH TV 3D
Worldwide
Entertainment
Active

Penthouse 3D HD
United States
Porn

n3D
United States
DirecTV only
Defunct

Cinema 3D
United States
DirecTV only
Defunct

3net
United States
DirecTV only
Defunct

MSG 3D
United States
Cablevision only
Limited service

ESPN 3D
United States
Sport
Defunct

Xfinity 3D
United States
Comcast only
Defunct

Sky 3D
United Kingdom and Ireland
Sky only
Active

Foxtel 3D
Australia
Foxtel only
Defunct

HD1
Belgium (and other European countries)
Free-to-air

Sky 3D
Germany and Austria
Sky Deutschland only
Defunct

Anixe 3D
German-speaking countries
Free-to-air
Defunct

Nova 3D
Greece
Entertainment

Sport 5 3D
Israel
Sport
Defunct

Sky 3D
Italy
Sky Italia only

Brava3D
Europe
Free-to-air
Defunct

Hustler HD 3D
Italy
Porn

Canal+ 3D
France
Canal+ only
Defunct

LaTV3D
Worldwide – France
LaTV3D OTT
Active

Canal+ 3D España
Spain
Canal+ only
Active

CANAL+ 3D
Poland
CYFRA+ only

NEXT Man 3D
Poland

NEXT Lejdis 3D
Poland

NEXT Young 3D
Poland

nShow 3D
Poland
ITI Group only
Defunct

Viasat 3D
Sweden
Viasat only
Defunct[66]

Teledünya 3D
Turkey
Teledünya only

Digitürk 3D
Turkey
Digitürk only

Smart 3D
Turkey
Presentations

Sky 3D
South Korea
SkyLife only

SBS 3D
South Korea
Free-to-air

TV Azteca 3D
Mexico
Free-to-air

Sukachan 3D169
Japan
Sky PerfecTV! only
Defunct

BS11
Japan

RedeTV!
Brazil

Active 3D
India
Videocon d2h only

MOBILESTAR 3D TV
India
First HD 3D Channel in India

Zhongguo 3D dianshi shiyan pindao
China
Made up by 6 different TV companies

text: Standard HD channels have also broadcast in 3D. BBC HD occasionally broadcast high-profile events in 3D including the Wimbledon men's & ladies' singles finals and the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics. However the BBC abandoned 3D broadcasting following the 2013 Wimbledon tennis championships.[67]

text: 3D episodes and shows[edit]

text: There have been several notable examples in television where 3D episodes have been produced, typically as one-hour specials or special events.

text: The first-ever 3D broadcast in the UK was an episode of the weekly science magazine The Real World, made by Television South and screened in the UK in February 1982. The program included excerpts of test footage shot by Philips in the Netherlands. Red/green 3D glasses were given away free with copies of the TV Times listings magazine, but the 3D sections of the programme were shown in monochrome. The experiment was repeated nationally in December 1982, with red/blue glasses allowing colour 3D to be shown for the first time. The programme was repeated the following weekend followed by a rare screening of the Western Fort Ti starring George Montgomery and Joan Vohs.

text: In 1985 Portugal's national TV channel RTP 1 broadcast the movie Creature from the Black Lagoon in anaglyph format. Red/cyan 3D glasses were sold with magazines.[68][69]

text: In November 1993, the BBC announced a one-off week of 3D programming filmed using the pioneering Pulfrich 3D technique. 3D glasses were sold in shops around the UK, a percentage of the sales going to the Children In Need charity. The week's programming concluded with a screening of the 3D Doctor Who special Dimensions In Time as well as specially shot segments of Noel's House Party and the annual Children In Need charity appeal.

text: 3D television episodes were a brief fad on U.S. television during the May 1997 sweeps. The sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun showed a two-part episode, "Nightmare On Dick Street", where several of the characters' dreams are shown in 3D. The episode cued its viewers to put on their 3D glasses (which used the Pulfrich effect) by including "3D on" and "3D off" icons in the corner of the screen as a way to alert them as to when the 3D sequences would start and finish. Customers were given free glasses courtesy of a joint venture between Little Caesars pizza and Barq's Root Beer. Also in May 1997, ABC had a special line-up of shows that showcased specific scenes in 3D. The shows included Home Improvement, Spin City, The Drew Carey Show, Ellen, Family Matters, Step by Step, Sabrina, The Teenage Witch, and America's Funniest Home Videos. Similar to 3rd Rock, an icon alerted viewers when to put on the 3D glasses. Customers were given free anaglyph glasses at Wendy's for the promotion. Nickelodeon had a special lineup of shows in 1997 that also showcased specific scenes in 3D promoted as Nogglevision; ChromaDepth was the technology of choice for Nickelodeon's 3D .

text: Recent uses of 3D in television include the drama Medium and the comedy Chuck (Season 2, episode 12).

text: Channel 4 in the UK ran a short season of 3D programming in November 2009 including Derren Brown and The Queen in 3D. Unlike previous British 3D TV experiments, the programmes were transmitted in ColorCode 3D. [70]

text: In May 2006 Portugal's national TV channel RTP 1 broadcast several shows in anaglyph format ("Real 3D") for a week. Red/cyan 3D glasses were sold exclusively by a hypermarket chain.[68]

text: On 31 January 2010, BSKYB became the first broadcaster in the world to show a live sports event in 3D when Sky Sports screened a football match between Manchester United and Arsenal to a public audience in several selected pubs.[71]

text: On 31 January 2010, the 52nd Grammy Awards featured a Michael Jackson Tribute Sequence in 3D, using anaglyph format.

text: The very first stereoscopic indie live action comedy one-hour show called Safety Geeks : SVI : 3D specifically for 3DTV and 3D VOD was produced and released in March 2010 through Digital Dynamic Depth / Yabazam and their Yabazam website portal.[72] Safety Geeks:SVI is the comic adventures of an elite force of safety experts, the P.O.S.H. (Professional Occupational Safety Hazard) team. Obsessed with making the world safer, the CSI-like team investigates accidents to find out what went wrong and who is to blame. It won the Los Angeles 3D film Festival in 2010 as best pilot or series in 3D.

text: In April 2010, the Masters Tournament was broadcast in live 3D on DirecTV, Comcast, and Cox.

text: The Roland Garros tennis tournament in Paris, from 23 May to 6 June 2010, was filmed in 3D (center court only) and broadcast live via ADSL and fiber to Orange subscribers throughout France in a dedicated Orange TV channel.[73]

text: Fox Sports broadcasts the first program in 3D in Australia when the Socceroos played The New Zealand All Whites at the MCG on 24 May 2010.

text: The Nine Network broadcasts the first Free-to-air 3D telecast when the Queensland Maroons faced the New South Wales Blues at ANZ Stadium on 26 May 2010.

text: On 29 May 2010, Sky broadcasts Guinness Premiership Final in 3D in selected pubs and clubs.[74]

text: 25 matches in the FIFA World Cup 2010 were broadcast in 3D.

text: The Inauguration of Philippine President Noynoy Aquino on 30 June 2010 was the first presidential inauguration to telecast in live 3D by GMA Network. However, the telecast was only available in select places.

text: The 2010 Coke Zero 400 was broadcast in 3D on 3 July on NASCAR.com and DirecTV along with Comcast, Time Warner, and Bright House cable systems.

text: Astro broadcast the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final on 11 July 2010 in 3-D on their B.yond service.

text: Satellite delivered Bell TV in Canada began to offer a full-time pay-TV, 3D channel to its subscribers on 27 July 2010.

text: The 2010 PGA Championship was broadcast in 3D for four hours on 13 August 2010, from 3–7 pm EDT. The broadcast was available on DirecTV, Comcast, Time Warner Cable, Bright House Networks, Cox Communications, and Cablevision.[75]

text: In September 2010, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's first 3D broadcast was a special about the Canadian monarch, Elizabeth II, and included 3-D film footage of the Queen's 1953 coronation as well as 3D video of her 2010 tour of Canada. This marks the first time the historical 3D images have been seen anywhere on television as well as the first broadcast of a Canadian produced 3D programme in Canada.[76]

text: FioS and the NFL partnered to broadcast 2 September 2010, pre-season game between the New England Patriots and the New York Giants in 3D. The game was only broadcast in 3D in the northeast.[77]

text: The 2010 AFL Grand Final, on 25 September 2010, was broadcast in 3D from the Seven Network.

text: Rachael Ray aired a 3D Halloween Bash on 29 October 2010.

text: The first Japanese television series in 3D, Tokyo Control, premiered on 19 January 2011.[78]

text: In May 2011, 3net released the first docu-reality TV series entitled Bullproof filmed in native 3D made by Digital Revolution Studios.

text: The 2011 3D Creative Arts Awards "Your World in 3D" was the first award show filmed in native 3D and televised on 3net 3D channel broadcast on DirectTV. The production was filmed at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.

text: On 16 July 2011 – The Parlotones (South African Rock Act) became the first band to broadcast a Live Rock Opera to Terrestrial CInema in 3D, a Live 3D feed to DIRECT TV in the USA and Facebook pay per view. It was called "Dragonflies & Astronauts".

text: The semi-finals, Bronze Final and Final matches of the 2011 Rugby World Cup will be broadcast in 3D.

text: Singapore based Tiny Island Productions is currently producing Dream Defenders, which will be available in both autostereoscopic and stereoscopic 3D formats.[79] 3net, which acquired the series, describes it as the first stereoscopic children's series and will air on 25 September 2011.[80]

text: In July 2011, the BBC announced that the grand final of Strictly Come Dancing in December 2011 will air in 3-D.

text: The BBC broadcast the 2011 finals of the Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Championships in 3D.[81]

text: In February 2012 Telecable de Tricom, a major Dominican cable TV provider, announced the launch of the first 3D TV programming package in Latin America. As of 10 August 2012 the only 3D channels available are Wildearth, 3 Flow 3D, and High TV 3D.[82]

text: Avi Arad is currently developing a 3D Pac-Man TV show.[83]

text: The Xbox Live broadcasts of the 2012 Miss Universe and Miss USA beauty pageants were available in RealD 3D.

text: In 2013, in Brazil, NET HD pay-per-view broadcastes of the thirteenth season of Big Brother Brasil were available in 3D.[84][85]

text: In July 2013, the BBC announced that they were putting 3D broadcasts on hold due to lack of audience interest, even from those who owned 3D TV displays.[86]

text: As one of their final 3D broadcasts, 23 November 2013, the BBC aired a special 3D episode of Doctor Who in celebration of that show's fiftieth anniversary. That episode, The Day of the Doctor, was filmed and produced in 3D, and broadcast in 2D and 3D in the UK, with simultaneous showings in 3D in cinemas around the world. It has since been made available on 3D Blu-ray.[87]

text: The Fall of 3D Television[edit]

text: As early as 2013, 3D televisions were being seen as a fad.[88][89] DirecTV had stopped broadcasting 3D programs in 2012, while ESPN stopped in 2013.[1]

text: Fewer and fewer 3D TVs were sold and soon TV manufactures stopped making them. Vizio stopped production in 2014 and was followed by others.[90] In January 2017, the last two major television manufacturers still producing 3D televisions, Sony and LG, announced they would stop all 3D support.[1]

text: World record[edit]

text: The 2011 UEFA Champions League Final match between Manchester United and Barcelona was broadcast live in 3D format on a Ukrainian-produced EKTA screen in Gothenburg, Sweden. The screen made it to The Guinness Book of World Records as the world's biggest screen.[91][92] The live 3D broadcast was provided by the company Viasat.[93]

text: Health effects[edit]

text: Some viewers have complained of headaches, seizures and eyestrain after watching 3D films.[94][95] There have been several warnings, especially for the elderly.[96] Motion sickness, in addition to other health concerns,[97] is more easily induced by 3D presentations.

text: There are primarily two effects of 3D TV that are unnatural for the human vision: crosstalk between the eyes caused by imperfect image separation and the mismatch between convergence and accommodation caused by the difference between an object's perceived position in front of or behind the screen and the real origin of that light on the screen.[98]

text: It is believed that approximately 12% of people are unable to properly see 3D images, owing to a variety of medical conditions.[99][100] According to another experiment, up to 30% of people have very weak stereoscopic vision preventing depth perception based on stereo disparity. This nullifies or greatly decreases immersion effects of digital stereo to them.[101]


document_title: To the nines

question_text: where did the expression dressed to the nines originate

root

text: To the nines

text: "To the nines" is an English idiom meaning "to perfection" or "to the highest degree" or to dress "buoyantly and high class". In modern English usage, the phrase most commonly appears as "dressed to the nines" or "dressed up to the nines".[1][2]

tag: p

text: Origin[edit]

text: The phrase is said to be Scots in origin.[2] The earliest written example of the phrase is from the 1719 Epistle to Ramsay by the Scottish poet William Hamilton:

text:
The bonny Lines therein thou sent me,
How to the nines they did content me.

text: Robert Burns' "Poem on Pastoral Poetry", published posthumously in 1800, also uses the phrase:

text:
Thou paints auld nature to the nines,
In thy sweet Caledonian lines.


document_title: List of Tokyo Ghoul episodes

question_text: when does episode 2 of tokyo ghoul re come out

text: List of Tokyo Ghoul episodes

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Tokyo Ghoul[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Original air date[1]

English air date[2]

1
"Tragedy""Higeki" (悲劇) July 4, 2014March 26, 2017[3]
Ken Kaneki is a young man who befriends the beautiful and enigmatic Rize Kamishiro, unaware that she is a ghoul. Rize reveals her intentions to eat Kaneki but by a stroke of luck Kaneki survives her attack but is mortally wounded. He is saved by an emergency operation, transferring Rize's organs into himself. This subsequently turns him into a half-ghoul half-human hybrid and Kaneki struggles to survive and cope by himself.
2
"Incubation""Fuka" (孵化) July 11, 2014April 2, 2017
Kaneki struggles to adapt to his new nature with no success, until another ghoul, Nishiki Nishio, attempts to prey on his friend, Hideyoshi Nagachika, and he must fight to protect him.
3
"Dove""Shirohato" (白鳩) July 18, 2014April 9, 2017
After saving his friend, Kaneki is taken in by Yoshimura, a ghoul who runs the Cafe "Anteiku", who teaches him to blend in human society while hiding his true nature. However, he gets bullied by another ghoul named Touka.
4
"Supper""Bansan" (晩餐) July 25, 2014April 23, 2017[a]
A ghoul named Tsukiyama approaches Kaneki with unknown intentions and the two start hanging out. However, Tsukiyama has prepared a mortal trap where Kaneki is to be killed and eaten. Kaneki finds himself in an arena facing a giant ghoul executioner, Taro, but Tsukiyama intervenes and kills Taro as he wants Kaneki for himself.
5
"Scars""Zankon" (残痕) August 1, 2014April 30, 2017
Intending to consume Kaneki himself, Tsukiyama prepares another trap, using Nishio's human girlfriend Nishino Kimi as a hostage. Kaneki confronts Tsukiyama and is assisted by Nishio and then Touka. They are no match for Tsukiyama as their kagune are not as strong because they do not consume human flesh, so Touka bites Kaneki, restoring her kagune.
6
"Cloudburst""Shūu" (驟雨) August 8, 2014May 7, 2017
Tsukiyama is defeated by Touka with Nishio's help. Meanwhile, recent developments in the 20th ward draw the attention of the Commission of Counter Ghoul (CCG), who sends two of their investigators, Kureo Mado & Kōtarō Amon to hunt down all ghouls in the area. They find Hinami's father, Fueguchi and kill him. They then use some of Fueguchi's blood to attract ghouls and trap Hinami and her mother, Ryouko.
7
"Captivity""Yūshū" (幽囚) August 15, 2014May 14, 2017
Hinami's mother Ryouka is killed by Mado. An angry and vengeful Touka attacks members of the CCG. She kills Kusaba and attacks Amon, but Mado intervenes, using his kagune-like quinque and wounds Touka. Kaneki tells Touka that he wants to fight the ghoul investigators, much to Touka's chagrin, and is given his mask by Uta.
8
"Circular""Enkan" (円環) August 22, 2014May 21, 2017
Mado lures Hinami into a trap, but she is followed by Kaneki and Touka. Touka attacks Mado while Kaneki confronts Amon. During the fight with Amon, Kaneki realizes that he's the only one that understands the plight of both humans and ghouls. Kaneki bites Amon, releasing his kagune, but then tells Amon to escape, to his surprise. Meanwhile as Mado fights Touka, he reveals that the quinque used by the CCG are made from the kagune of dead ghouls. Hinami eventually uses her kagune to save Touka fatally wounding Mado, but refusing to kill him.
9
"Birdcage""Torikago" (鳥籠) August 29, 2014June 4, 2017[b]
Amon recalls his early days in the CCG when he was partnered with the experienced Mado. Meanwhile, Touka looks after Hinami above the cafe. Still mourning the loss of his partner, Amon is relocated to the 11th ward, where the CCG have trouble facing dangerous ghouls who do not fear them.
10
"Aogiri" (青桐) September 5, 2014June 11, 2017
In the 11th ward, Aogiri Tree ghouls attack a CCG branch and kill all the investigators, to the concern of Yoshimura and Yomo. Banjou Kazuichi from the 11th Ward comes to the cafe looking for Rize, then Touka's brother Ayato arrives, and then Yamori (Jason) who brutally beats and then kidnaps Kaneki. While the CCG plan an attack on the Aogiri Tree, Touka, Nishio and Hinami prepare to rescue Kaneki.
11
"High Spirits""Shōten" (衝天) September 12, 2014June 18, 2017
As Kaneki is tortured mercilessly by Yamori, the CCG storm the Aogiri Tree hideout.  Meanwhile the Anteiku group infiltrate the building to rescue Kaneki. The CCG gain the upper hand, but are then confronted by the One-Eyed Owl, the leader of Aogiri Tree.
12
"Ghoul""Kushu" (喰種) September 19, 2014June 25, 2017
During the physical and mental tortures he suffers at the hands of Jason, Kaneki's hair turns white and he sees a vision of Rize. Eventually he comes to accept his ghoul-half and fights back and mortally wounds Yamori.

tag: table

text: Tokyo Ghoul √A[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Original air date[6]

English air date[2]

1
"New Surge""Shinkō" (新洸) January 9, 2015July 9, 2017
An all-out battle takes place between the CCG and the Aogiri led by the One-Eyed Owl. Shinohara and Iwa take on the One-Eyed Owl using new quinque armour called aratas, but are unable to defeat him. As the building collapses, the CCG lose about half of their troops and suspect that it was a trap. Meanwhile, Touka fights her brother Ayato but she is badly injured and saved by Kaneki. To her surprise, Kaneki leaves the Anteiku group to join the Aogiri Tree.
2
"Dancing Flowers""Buka" (舞花) January 16, 2015July 16, 2017
The 9th and 10th wards are lost to the Aogiri, apparently led by a ghoul with an eyepatch.  Meanwhile Mado's daughter Akira, is assigned to become Amon's new partner. She suggests that a ghoul organization is in control of the 20th ward, but also causes some friction among the investigators because of her abrupt manner. Kaneki has now joined the Aogiri.
3
"Hangman""Tsurushibito" (吊人) January 23, 2015July 23, 2017
Kaneki and Ayato lead an Aogiri attack on a CCG convoy to rescue Naki, one of Jason's old cohorts who is being taken to the maximum security prison for ghouls known as Cochlea. During the mission, they are attacked by two one-eyed ghouls in black and white striped masks. Touka pays a visit to the university which Kaneki used to attend, where she has an encounter with Hideyoshi Nagachika (Hide) who is now working as a messenger for the CCG.
4
"Deeper Layers""Shinsō" (深層) January 30, 2015July 30, 2017
While Amon and Akira visit Cochlea prison to learn more about Aogiri's plan from Donato Porpora, the Aogiri commence their invasion of Cochlea and free a majority of the imprisoned ghouls. The two one-eyed ghouls, Kurona and Nashiro Yasuhisa, meet up with the idiosyncratic inspector Juzo Suzuya. Kaneki frees the powerful ghoul Matasaka Kamishiro, but is attacked by him and badly beaten.
5
"Rift""Sakeme" (裂目) February 6, 2015August 6, 2017
The battle at Cochlea intensifies on several fronts. Juzo defeats Kurona and Nashiro Yasuhisa, and Shinohara in his arata armour almost kills Ayato. Kaneki undergoes a transformation, generating an additional kagune after consuming dead ghouls,  however he is beaten by Amon. Amon recalls the time Kaneki spared him and so he hesitates, reluctant to kill Kaneki. At that moment, the One-Eyed-Owl arrives, grabs Ayato and Kaneki, then departs.
6
"Thousand Paths""Senro" (千路) February 13, 2015August 13, 2017
Juzo recalls the time when he was known as Rei, an arena executioner for the ghoul Big Madam, and then his acceptance into the CCG by Shinohara. Amon and Akira spend some time together and develop a better understanding of each other. Meanwhile the CCG prepare a task force to combat the One-Eyed-Owl and the Aogiri. Kaneki painfully tries to gain control his new kagune.
7
"Permeation""Tōka" (透過) February 20, 2015August 20, 2017
Hinami misses Kaneki but is uncertain what to do about it. Sen Takatsuki, Kaneki's and Hinami's favourite author, shows up at the Anteiku coffee shop and tells Hinami that in her current state, she cannot help her Onii-chan (Kaneki). Takatsuki visits the CCG, and tells Shinohara about Anteiku so he pays a visit with Juzo and meets Yoshimura. Later, Kaneki appears at Anteiku and although Touka rushes there to see him, she beats him up instead of revealing her true feelings for him.
8
"Old Nines""Kyūkyū" (旧九) February 27, 2015August 27, 2017
Yoshimura tells Kaneki about his early life as the killer Kuzen and that the One-Eyed-Owl is actually his child, Eto, with a human woman, Ukina. Yoshimura then sends Touka and Hinami to safety with Yomo, suspecting that the CCG has discovered the truth about Anteiku and is planning an attack.
9
"City In Waiting""Gaibō" (街望) March 6, 2015September 10, 2017[c]
The CCG staff prepare their testamentary notes in their own personal ways in preparation for a potentially fatal full scale assault on Anteiku.  They launch the attack using conventional and specialized weapons and are greeted by the Devil Apes and Black Dober groups with Yoshimura and his friends - Yoshimura pretending to be the One-Eyed Owl. Despite being warned of the danger, Touka and Kaneki head to the 20th ward to assist their friends.
10
"Last Rain""Shūu" (終雨) March 13, 2015September 17, 2017
Kaneki's friends from Anteiku are defeated one by one but he arrives to help them. Juzo, Shinohara and a few other investigators finally defeat Yoshimura after a long, fierce battle. Amon faces off against Kaneki, but with victory in sight for the CCG the real One-Eyed Owl appears before the investigators.
11
"Deluge of Flowers""Itsuka" (溢花) March 20, 2015September 24, 2017
The One-Eyed Owl easily defeats Shinohara and Juzo, and when the Aogiri Tree joins the battle, the CCG is driven into a corner. Kaneki and Amon face off, and reluctantly engage in battle. Eventually the strongest investigator, Kishō Arima appears and attacks the One-Eyed Owl giving the CCG renewed hope to fight on. Badly wounded, the One-Eyed Owl consumes Yoshimura's body and escapes. Also wounded, Kaneki struggles towards Anteiku. He wakes up in the cafe and finds Hide trying to make coffee for him. In a post-credits scene, the Owl regurgitates a still alive Yoshimura behind an alley and goes back to her original form, revealing herself to be both Sen Takatsuki and the Owl/Eto.
12
"Ken" (研) March 27, 2015October 1, 2017
Kaneki thinks back to happier times in Anteiku. Hide reveals that he knew Kaneki was a ghoul after Nishiki attacked the two of them. As they talk, Hide collapses from loss of blood and passes out in Kaneki's arms, having been mortally wounded on the battlefield. Touka sobs when she arrives to see Anteiku burning down. She chases after Kaneki when she sees him walking out, but is stopped by Yomo, who states that Yoshimura's last request to him was for him to protect her. Kaneki walks toward the CCG, carrying Hide's body in his arms, and comes face-to-face with Arima. At the next morning, both Kaneki and Amon have disappeared. After the credits, it is shown that Touka has opened up a new café.

text: Tokyo Ghoul:re[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Original air date[8]

1
"START: Those Who Hunt""Karu Monotachi START" (狩る者たち　START) April 3, 2018
Quinx squad leader Kuki Urie and his frustrating underling Ginshi Shirazu are surveying Tokyo in search of the ghoul serial killer Torso, who has been killing women and eating their torsos but leaving the rest of their bodies. Eventually, they meet with photographer Chie Hori, who gives them valuable information in exchange for the underpants of senior Quinx Haise Sasaki. Hinami, now an Aogiri Tree member, warns Torso to be careful because they are close to catching him. Learning that the culprit is a taxi driver, Toru Mutsuki discovers him and is brutally attacked in his car. However, this allows Ginshi and Urie to locate the killer and lure him into a roadblock trap. While they face the killer, however, a mysterious and exceptionally strong ghoul named Orochi attacks, massacring all of the officers maintaining the roadblock, and allowing the taxi driver to escape. Sasaki appears and faces Orochi, but then suffers a hallucination of Ken Kaneki telling him to "accept" him in order to kill Orochi brutally. Sasaki then unleashes his kagune.
2
"member: Fragments""Kakera member" (欠片 member) April 10, 2018
When Sasaki removes Orochi's mask during their fight he is shocked to see the face of Nishio underneath, who calls him "Kaneki", prompting his memories to flicker back and forth and drive him insane. To prevent Sasaki from killing his fellow CCG agents, Akira Mado tranquilizes him. After returning to his senses, Sasaki demotes Urie for endangering his squadmates and promotes Ginshi to Quinx Squad leader. Sasaki then spars with Kisho Arima, before telling him that he was worried that the memories of his past self "Kaneki" were returning and that they might drive him away from his family with the Quinx Squad. Later, Torso meets with The Rabbit (Ayato Kirishima), to become a member of Aogiri Tree. Sasaki, Ginshi, and Mutsuki then begin investigating a ghoul nicknamed "Nutcracker" who has been crushing the testicles of her victims and stop by in the coffee shop :re. While at the shop, Sasaki recognizes and is recognized by Touka. After tasting the coffee she makes for him, he begins to cry, subconsciously recalling his time at Anteiku. He then thinks to himself that he had never before seen anyone so beautiful.
3
"fresh: Eve""Zen'yasai fresh" (前夜祭 fresh) April 17, 2018
Kanae von Rosewald brings Shu Tsukiyama the underwear that Chie Hori had collected from Haise Sasaki, but the latter falls into despair after realizing that he couldn't recognize the scent as Kaneki's. Later, the Quinx Squad continue their investigation of Nutcracker and cross-dress to disguise themselves at a nightclub where she had been sighted. At the nightclub, two members of the Clowns recognize Sasaki as Kaneki and note that "for Kaneki to come out, Sasaki will have to ‘die.’" The squad, alongside Juzo Suzuya, then follow up on a lead that takes them to the auction where the Nutcracker had been selling her victims to the gourmets.

Note: This episode features an insert song by popular American youtuber and singer Amanda Lee
4
"MAIN: Auction""Ōkushon MAIN" (オークション　MAIN) April 24, 2018
Kidnapped and entered into a circus-themed gourmet auction, Toru is sold off to Big Madam. However, Suzuya initiates an assault on the auction in which many ghouls and CCG operatives are killed. Eto watches the chaos from afar in amusement, and sends in a mysterious ghoul called Takizawa, who brutally kills a squad leader. During the fray, Torso and Kanae fight over who gets to keep Toru.
5
"PresS: Night of Scattering""Chiri Yuku Yoru Press" (散りゆく夜　Press) May 1, 2018
Takizawa, revealed to be former Investigator Takizawa, now a crazed one-eyed ghoul, slaughters an entire squad of CCG operatives, while another squad is killed by Nutcracker. Meanwhile, Sasaki and the Quinx Squad face off against Kanae, who furiously blames him for Tsukiyama's reduced mental state, but is critically injured and rescued by a mysterious ghoul named Matsumae. Big Madam and the other auctioneers are attacked by Suzuya and Urie, but mid-way through the fight, Urie is critically injured and swallowed by Big Madam. The episode ends with Takizawa leaping from above and attacking Sasaki, who is forced by his superiors to fight the SS-rated one-eyed ghoul alone.
6
"turn: In the End""Sono, Hate ni turn" (その、果てに turn) May 8, 2018
Sasaki suffers multiple hallucinations of Ken Kaneki, while Takizawa is beating him inside the auction room. Meanwhile, the Nutcracker is killed by Quinx Squad members Ginshi Shirazu and Saiko Yonebayashi. Big Madam fights both Urie, who nearly goes insane, and Mutsuki, who unleashes his kagune. She comes face to face with Juzo, who despite that he was tortured by her, is unable to kill her. She is eventually wounded by fellow Suzuya squad member Hanbee Abara, who covers Juzo's ears while the CCG investigators kill her. Meanwhile, Hinami, realizing that Sasaki is Kaneki, and Saiko hearing Sasaki's screams, they both rush into the auction room, where Hinami fights Takizawa in order to save Sasaki. Sasaki fearfully accepts his Kaneki side and fights Takizawa. They both pierce each other with their kagunes and fall down.
7
"mind: Days of Recollections""Kokorooboe Arishi Hibi mind" (心覚え在りし日々 mind) May 15, 2018
Hinami is arrested by CCG operators led by Kisho Arima. Sasaki, having survived his encounter with Takizawa, saves her from execution by asking to take her into custody. She is imprisoned in Cochlea ghoul prison. In the following weeks after the operation, the members of the Quinx Squad are being promoted while Sasaki becomes senior investigator. At the next morning, he hallucinates that an investigator is Yamori. The same night, Eto delivers him a package with Kaneki's old mask and a book signed by her in it. He goes to the :re cafe where he is served coffee by Touka. After he leaves, Touka, Uta, Yomo and Nishio discuss about Kaneki. Sasaki starts searching about Kaneki and then suffers a hallucination of Yoshimura and Anteiku. On the same night, Tsukiyama is in terrible pain despite eating many people.
8
"TAKe: One Who Writhes""Ugomeku Mono TAKe" (蠢くモノ TAKe) May 22, 2018
Tsukiyama is always hungry and can't control his kagune.In the meantime, Tatara refuses Ayato's request to rescue Hinami from Cochlea. Sasaki is approached by the ghoul investigators Nimura Furuta and Shiki Kijima who tell him that he is going to work them on the upcoming Rose Investigation. In CCG HQ, Sasaki and the Quinx Squad are informed by the investigator Kori Ui about the Rose ghoul gang (actually members of the Tsukiyama crime family), who attack Furuta and Kijima. They are saved by the investigator Hairu Ihei. Gang member Yuuma is arrested and tortured by Kijima in Cochlea. Sasaki visits Uta to learn more about the mask and Takatsuki's book. Uta lies about both of them. Sasaki then asks him to make him a new mask. Chie Hori delivers Sasaki's photos to Kanae von Rosewald and Tsukiyama recognizes him to be Kaneki.
9
"play: Departed Spirit""Bōrei play" (亡霊 play) May 29, 2018
Tsukiyama wants to make Sasaki remember that he is Kaneki. He and Kanae find him on the street, along with the Quinx Squad, and Tsukiyama runs towards him but fells down. Sasaki hears him saying "Kaneki" but he doesn't recognise him. Sasaki goes to Uta's shop and orders masks for the entire Quinx Squad, in order to impersonate ghouls for the upcoming Rose Investigation. Kori Ui rejects the plan, knowing that Sasaki is a ghoul. In the meantime, Kijima's video of him torturing Yuuma brutally and provoking Rose gang to kill him has gone viral. Tsukiyama plans to release him and to use Kaneki/Sasaki as a key person by restoring his memories. Tsukiyama makes many failed attempts to speak to Sasaki, so Kanae bribes some Aogiri members to attack the Squad in order to isolate Sasaki. However, Yamori's old gang attacks Sasaki by accident and Mutsuki battles with Torso but he is attacked by the ghoul Grave Robber. Sasaki kills his attackers with his kagune. Saiko is almost killed but she is saved by Amon Kotaru who is revealed to be alive. Eto watches the entire scene.
10
"think: Sway""Yureru think" (ゆれる think) June 5, 2018
Kanae comes face to face with Eto who first toys with him and then attacks him with her full power. It's revealed that Kanae loves Tsukiyama but he doesn't, so Kanae wishes he could kill Sasaki. Eto tells him that she will "be his god" and captures him. Back on the CCG HQ, Sasaki asks Ui to reconsider his plan about ghoul impersonation and Ui agrees. The same night, Sasaki wears Kaneki's mask and along with the Quinx Squad start a patrol. Sasaki is recognised by ghouls as Eyepatch, so he starts finding information about him. He learns that the Eyepatch was the one who "killed" Amon and he sees again a Kaneki hallucination crying about killing Amon. Tsukiyama meets again with Sasaki who asks him if he is a ghoul and if he knows Ken Kaneki. Tsukiyama refuses to tell him. CCG's chairman, Tsuneyoshi Washu, gives Ui permission to kill Tsukiyama's family. On the same night, Tsukiyama's father drugs him in order to keep him safe. The CCG are at the front of the Tsukiyama mansion ready to attack. Tsukiyama's father allows himself to be arrested while Tsukiyama takes control of the family as the CCG arrives in his hideout. In the meantime, Kanae is tortured and mutilated by Eto.
11
"writE: The Absent One""Ketsuraku-sha write" (欠落者 writE) June 12, 2018
Kijima, Nimura Furuta, Sasaki, and the Quinx Squad are killing ghouls on the Tsukiyama hideout. In the meantime, Tsukiyama says goodbye to his friends who tell him to go to the rooftop where a helicopter is going to take him away. Kori Ui sends Sasaki on the roof. Tsukiyama arrives there too and comes face to face with Sasaki. Sasaki tells Tsukiyama to surrender but Tsukiyama attacks him. Meanwhile, Kanae is now insane and attacks CCG investigators on the hideout. Hariu Ihei is wounded badly by Matsumae and makes a final stand but Matsumae decapitates her. Kijima arrives on the scene but Matsumae slices him up and cuts him in two with his own quinque killing him. Furuta protects himself from one of Matsumae's attacks by using another agent as a human shield, and then kills Matsumae with Kijima's quinque. The Quinx Squad come face to face with Noro. Sasaki fights with Tsukiyama and in a moment of weakness, he loses his hand by Kanae. Noro is destroyed by Ginshi Shirazu but he doesn't die. Kanae tries to kill Sasaki, who starts to remember that Arima was mocking him for his defeat at his hands. Sasaki escapes Kanae who is revealed to be a woman named Karren. Eto arrives on the scene with her form as the One-Eyed Owl.
12
"Beautiful Dream: Daybreak""Yoake Beautiful Dream" (夜明け Beautiful Dream) June 19, 2018
As the battle on the hideout still continues, Sasaki is attacked by Eto who reveals her identity as Sen Takatsuki to him and calls him Kaneki. She watches as Karren brutally attacks Sasaki and kicks him in the head multiple times. Inside his head, Sasaki sees a child version of Kaneki whom he strangles. As the child curses him, Sasaki realizes that he is Kaneki as he sees a memory of his mother abusing him. He remembers Hide and his battle with Arima who pierced him in the head with his quinque. With his memories back, and his hair completely black again, Kaneki ditches his Sasaki identity and cuts off Karren's arm. Meanwhile, Kori Ui and the rest of CCG find Furuta, who killed all the other CCG investigators that were there with him, claiming to be the sole survivor. Kaneki fights with Karen, piercing her mercilessly with his kagune as Tsukiyama watches. Although Kaneki recognizes Tsukiyama he stabs him. Meanwhile, Shirazu still fights Noro who remembers when Yoshimura gave him Eto to take care of her. Urie and Shirazu kill Noro but Shirazu also dies due to his injuries. Kaneki and Eto fight and Kaneki calls her a piece of trash who doesn't deserve to be saved. They run from the windows towards the roof of the hideout and Kaneki destroys her kakuja and her Owl form and she licks her blood from his face. Kaneki rips her apart and she falls from the building while declaring her love for him. Kori Ui finds Kaneki devouring Eto's kakuja on the roof. Kaneki pretends to still be Sasaki and throws Tsukiyama from the building. Karren falls along with him in order to save him. She does save him, however she falls down to her death. Kaneki meets the Quinx Squad and sees Shirazu's body. Kaneki coldly blames Urie for Shirazu's death and calls him weak. Tsukiyama is saved by Touka, Yomo and Chie Hori. Naki and other Aogiri Tree members steal Shirazu's corpse.

text: OVA[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Release date

1
"Tokyo Ghoul: JACK""Tōkyō Gūru [JACK]" (東京喰種トーキョーグール [JACK]) September 30, 2015
The story features a serious young Special Investigator Kishou Arima at high school where he first meets the carefree Taishi Fura who joins him in hunting ghouls in the 13th ward. Later, they both become Special Investigators in the CCG, but retain their original opposite attitudes.
2
"Tokyo Ghoul: PINTO""Tōkyō Gūru [PINTO]" (東京喰種トーキョーグール [PINTO]) December 25, 2015
The story features Shuu Tsukiyama the "Gourmet" during his high school years and Chie Hori. They meet when she photographs Tsukiyama killing a jogger and then about to eat him because of the tone of his body. She being uninterested in exposing him as a Ghoul and seems completely lost in a world of her own, photographing anything that takes her interest.

text: Home release[edit]

text: The series was released to DVD and Blu-Ray format in four volumes.[9]

text: Tokyo Ghoul[edit]

text:
TC Entertainment (Japan, Region 2/A)

Episodes

DVD/Blu-ray Release date[9]

Volume 1

1-3

September 26, 2014

Volume 2

4-6

October 31, 2014

Volume 3

7-9

November 28, 2014

Volume 4

10-12

December 26, 2014

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul did not air on Toonami the weekend of April 15–16, 2017 due to special scheduling.[4]

Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul did not air on Toonami the weekend of May 27–28, 2017 due to a Samurai Jack marathon.[5]

Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul √A did not air on the weekend for September 2–3, 2017 due to a Dragon Ball Z Kai marathon.[7]

tag: ol


document_title: Technical foul

question_text: who has the most technical fouls in an nba season

text: Technical foul

text: Infractions[edit]

text: Many infractions can result in the calling of a technical foul. One of the most common is the use of profane language toward an official or another player. This can be called on either players who are currently active in the play of the game, or seated on a team's bench. It can also be assessed to a coach or another person associated with the team in an official capacity such as a trainer or an equipment manager. Additionally, coaches or players can be assessed a technical foul for disputing an official's call too vehemently, with or without the use of profanity. This verbal unsporting technical foul may be assessed regardless of whether the ball is dead or alive.

text: Other offenses can result in technical fouls, such as:

text:
Allowing players to lock arms in order to restrict the movement of an opponent (usually a team technical)
Baiting or taunting an opponent
Disrespectfully addressing or contacting an official or gesturing in such a manner as to indicate resentment
Faking being fouled (flopping)
Fighting or threatening to fight
Goaltending a free throw
Grasping either basket during pre-game or halftime warm-ups during the time of the officials' jurisdiction, including attempting to dunk or stuff a dead ball (whether successful or not) prior to or during the game or during any intermission of the game. Beginning in 2015–16, dunking is permitted during warmup periods in NCAA play, although hanging on the rim remains illegal.
Illegal substitution or entering the game at an impermissible time
Intentionally hanging on the basket at any time (except to prevent an injury)
Kicking or striking the basketball at any time using the foot (in an unsportsmanlike manner; unintentional kicking is a violation only)
Knowingly attempting a free throw or accepting a foul to which the player was not entitled
Lifting or jumping onto a teammate to gain a height advantage
Remaining out of bounds to gain an advantage
Removing the jersey or pants within the visual confines of the playing area
Use of television monitoring or replay equipment, computers, or electronics such as megaphones for coaching purposes during the game
Using tobacco or smokeless tobacco

tag: ul

text: Violations of the rules for delaying the game (in the NBA, NCAA, and NFHS) usually incur a team warning for a first offense, followed by a team technical, or sometimes a player technical, if the same team delays a second time, to include:

text:
Going out of bounds during an opponent's throw-in without contact (warning, then a technical foul), or touching an opposing thrower-in (intentional foul on the violator in NFHS, and is the warning for being out-of-bounds) or the ball (a technical on the offender in NFHS, and is the warning for being out-of-bounds) as it is held entirely in out-of-bounds
Huddling at the foul line for an excessive time (warning, then a technical in NFHS)
Not being ready to start play after a time-out, or to begin a quarter or half, or to shoot a free throw(s) at such times (a special protocol, known as the "resumption-of-play procedure", is used in NFHS, where violations instead of technicals are initially called in some such situations)
Refusing to immediately pass the ball to the nearer official when a whistle blows
Failing as the free thrower to be in the free-throw semicircle when the official is ready to administer the free throw (unless the resumption-of-play procedure is in effect in NFHS, supra)
Throwing the ball into the stands or otherwise preventing a ball from being made live promptly after a made goal to allow one's team to set up on defense (if a blatantly unsportsmanlike act, a technical foul against the player; otherwise, a warning to that team and team technicals thereafter). This includes throwing the ball to an official when such act is not required—such would likely incur a warning. In addition, throwing the ball at an opponent's head may also be considered a technical foul.

text: and more technical issues, such as:

text:
Beginning the game with a starting player not so designated
Failure to supply the scorer with names and numbers of team players prior to the start of the scheduled contest, or at least 10 minutes prior to the contest in some jurisdictions
Having too many players on the court, or too few (NBA; NCAA and NFHS if intentional)
If the coach leaves his box, especially to argue. There are times when a coach may go to the scorer's table to correct a game error.
Failing, as the coach, to replace a disqualified player within the allotted time (charged to the coach)
(NBA only) playing a "scratched" player (a rule adopted in 2005 where up to two "scratches" are permissible on a 14-man roster)
Refusing to occupy the proper bench
Remaining in or returning to the game after being disqualified

In the NBA, a player may not be ejected if assessed a seventh or subsequent personal foul because of being forced to remain in the game because there are no eligible players on the bench. Each such extra personal foul, though, also includes a technical foul penalty.

Requesting an excess time-out
Uniform violations, including illegal insignia or numbers; having 2 or more players with the same number; or having the wrong number for a player in the official scorebook

text: Until 2001, the NBA also had a unique rule, the illegal defense, which was designed to stop defenders from dropping back into a zone and thus preventing drives to the basket. The penalty, after a warning, was a technical foul charged to the offending team and one shot for the offense, except that if the first violation occurred within 24 seconds of the end of a period, the technical was assessed without warning.

text: Beginning with the 2001–02 season, the NBA changed the illegal defense rule to the "defensive 3-second rule," which prohibits a defender from being in the shooting lane for three seconds, unless guarding an opponent within arm's reach (or the man with the ball, regardless of distance). The penalty is the same as it was for an illegal defense, except that no warning is issued. The WNBA implemented this rule in 2013.

text: Additionally, home teams can be assessed technical fouls resulting from their partisans' misconduct for excessive use of artificial noise, the playing of music by their band, or for dangerous offenses such as throwing items (particularly ice or coins) onto the court.

text: Usually a fight or lesser altercation between players results in a "double technical", in which a technical foul is issued to both players involved. If any player leaves the team bench during a fight, he can be charged with a technical foul and ejected, as can any coach that does so without the beckoning of an official. Rules against fighting vary from high school to college to the (W)NBA, but all levels penalize severely for such conduct, to include suspensions and (in the [W]NBA) heavy fines. NFHS and NCAA require the automatic ejection of bench personnel leaving the team area during a fight, whether or not these players actually participate in the fight.

text: Beginning with the 2010–11 season, the NBA began to crack down on general complaining. Technical fouls can now be issued for the following:[1]

text:
Making aggressive gestures anywhere on the court
Disagreement in which a player demonstrates how he was fouled
Running toward an official to complain about a call
Excessive inquiries about a call

text: Penalty[edit]

text: In college basketball, NFHS, and lower divisions, the penalty for technical fouls has increased over the years. Initially, the opposing team was awarded one free throw. This later increased to one free throw and possession of the ball. For a while, "bench technicals" assessed on a non-active player, assistant coach, or anyone else on the team bench were considered more serious and resulted in the award of two shots. (Coaches have their own technical fouls, although they may be ejected and/or suspended if they have a mix of technicals totaling two or three fouls, depending on seriousness.)

text: Today, high school basketball (NFHS in the United States) provides for two free throws and possession of the ball at the division line opposite the scorer's table, regardless of circumstances, for a technical foul. International basketball provides a similar penalty. Before the 2015–16 season, college basketball awarded two shots for all technical fouls, with the ball then put in play at the point of interruption (POI), the spot and circumstances where play was stopped for the technical. Since 2015–16, the NCAA awards only one free throw for so-called "Class B" technicals, such as hanging on the rim or delay of game; "Class A" technical fouls still result in two free throws. In the NBA and WNBA, the penalty remains one free throw for the opposing team, with play resuming from the point of interruption. The shot clock is reset to 14 seconds if it read less than such at the time of the foul. The team awarded the foul shots for a technical may select the player(s) to shoot them (this rule differs slightly from level to level and internationally), as opposed to personal fouls, where the player fouled, unless injured, must shoot his own foul shots.

text: In the NBA, technical fouls are split into two classes, unsportsmanlike and non-unsportsmanlike. A player assessed an unsportsmanlike technical foul is fined, and accumulating sixteen unsportsmanlike technical fouls during the regular season will result in a one-game suspension.[2] For every two additional unsportsmanlike technical fouls received during that regular season, the player or coach will be automatically suspended for an additional game.[2] Penalties for unsportsmanlike technical fouls are even higher for playoffs games. Players and coaches will be fined for every unsportsmanlike technical foul they receive. Those who accumulate seven unsportsmanlike technical fouls will be suspended for one game. For every two additional unsportsmanlike technical fouls received, the player or coach will be automatically suspended for an additional game.[3]

text: Non-unsportsmanlike conduct technical fouls are defined per NBA Rule 12, Section V, Paragraph c, and none count towards a fine, ejection or suspension. These fouls are assessed for excessive time-outs, defensive three seconds, scratched player dressing and playing, excessive personal fouls because team is out of players, shattering backboards, or delay of game. An offensive player who intentionally hangs on the backboard, unless it is legal for safety reasons, is fined $500 but is only assessed a non-unsportsmanlike conduct technical foul.

text: Notable instances[edit]

text: One of the most famous technical fouls ever assessed was called on Chris Webber of the University of Michigan late in the 1993 NCAA championship game. Down by two points to North Carolina with only seconds remaining, Webber called a time-out when Michigan had none left. The resulting excessive time-out technical foul, for which North Carolina guard Donald Williams made both foul shots, ended any hopes Michigan had of claiming the championship.

text: In what has been called the greatest game ever played,[4] Game 5 of the 1976 NBA Finals between the Phoenix Suns and Boston Celtics, the Suns found themselves one point down with one second left in double overtime, no time-outs remaining and possession of the ball under their defensive basket after a John Havlicek bucket. Faced with the near-impossibility of sinking an 80-foot desperation shot, Suns guard Paul Westphal hit upon an unusual solution. He intentionally called a time-out the Suns did not have. While this gave the Celtics a free throw, which Jo Jo White successfully converted to increase the lead to two, it gave the Suns possession at halfcourt, and enabled Gar Heard to sink an 18-footer as time expired to force a third overtime. NBA rules were changed the following year to prevent a repeat occurrence.

text: An instance where many technical fouls could have been called, but were not (instead, the game was abandoned, a remedy available to the officials when too many players would have or have been disqualified or ejected for the game to continue, or when a team continually commits technical fouls in order to make a travesty of proceedings), was the Pacers–Pistons brawl involving players and spectators on November 19, 2004, in an NBA game between the Indiana Pacers and Detroit Pistons. Ron Artest of the Pacers and Ben Wallace of the Pistons began scuffling after Artest fouled Wallace hard. This escalated into a brawl where players from both teams became involved, and grew worse after Artest retreated to the scorer's table and was hit by a cup thrown by a spectator. Artest and several teammates and opponents then ran into the stands and fought with fans. Had technical fouls been formally assessed, the result would likely have been the ejection of both teams' entire squads (except for Pistons player Tayshaun Prince, who was the only player from either team to remain on the bench for the entire incident). In the end, nine players were suspended for a total of 146 games, including Artest for the remainder of the season.[5]

text: In a 2007 game against the Dallas Mavericks, San Antonio's Tim Duncan was charged a technical foul by referee Joe Crawford for laughing at him while sitting on the bench ("gesturing in such a manner as to indicate resentment," as indicated above). As he had already picked up a technical foul on the previous play, also while sitting on the bench, this led to his ejection. Upon further review it was determined that this technical foul was inconsistent with the league's game management, and NBA commissioner David Stern suspended Crawford for the rest of the season. Duncan was fined $25,000 for the incident.[6]

text: The most technical fouls ever charged to a team in a single professional game is 6 (all in the second half), to Aris Thessaloniki in a game against Olympiacos of the Greek A1 League on February 10, 2008.

text: Rasheed Wallace holds the record for the most technical fouls received during one season in the NBA. In the 2000–01 season, he received 41 technical fouls in 80 regular season and postseason games played. Wallace also holds the all-time mark for most technical fouls by a player in a career with 317, a record previously held by Dennis Rodman.[7][8]

text: There have been a few instances in the NBA when a team's entire bench has either been injured or fouled out, and one of the five remaining eligible players fouls out, resulting in the technical foul that effectively acts as a bonus free throw situation. The Atlanta Hawks' Cliff Levingston (fouled out, but one of the five remaining players was ejected) and the Los Angeles Lakers' Robert Sacre (fouled out) have both taken advantage[clarification needed] of the disqualified player rule. Under NBA Rule 3-I-a (player fouls out) and 3-I-b (player injured or ejected), the player was assessed with a technical foul for remaining in the game or returning to the game after fouling out.


document_title: Salt Lake Sector-V Metro Station

question_text: nearest metro station to salt lake city kolkata

text: Salt Lake Sector-V Metro Station

text:
Salt Lake Sector-V
Kolkata Metro station
Under Construction Sector V Metro Station of Kolkata Metro Line 2Location
Sector-V, Salt Lake Bidhannagar, Kolkata - 700091Coordinates
22°34′53″N 88°25′47″E / 22.581318°N 88.429822°E / 22.581318; 88.429822Platforms
Side platform (Line 2)  Side platform (Line 6)Tracks
2ConstructionStructure type
Elevated ( Line 2 )Elevated ( Line 6)HistoryOpened
Under construction. Expected to open in October 2018.Services

Preceding station

Kolkata Metro

Following station

TerminusLine 2Karunamoyee Metro Stationtoward Howrah Maidan

Bidhannagar Limittoward Kavi SubhashLine 6Nicco Parktoward Jai Hind

text: Salt Lake Sector-V is a station of the Kolkata Metro in Sector-V Salt Lake City of Kolkata, India. This metro station will be for Kolkata Metro Line 2 and Kolkata Metro Line 6. The construction of station for the Line 2 is complete and it is supposed to open in October 2018 while that of Line 6 is in progress.[1]. The station of Line 2 and Line 6 will be connected by over-bridge.[2]


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders

question_text: who has the most assist in the nba

question_tokens: who has the most assist in the nba

text: Assist Leaders[edit]

text: This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season assists recorded.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration [1]

§
1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 [2]

text:
Rank
Player
Position(s)
Team(s) played for (years)[3]
Total assists
Games
played
Assists
per game
average[4]

1
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
PG
Utah Jazz (1984–2003)
15,806
1,504
10.5

2
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd*
PG
Dallas Mavericks (1994–1996, 2008–2012)
Phoenix Suns (1996–2001)
New Jersey Nets (2001–2008)
New York Knicks (2012–2013)
12,091
1,391
8.7

3
Nash, SteveSteve Nash*
PG
Phoenix Suns (1996–1998, 2004–2012)
Dallas Mavericks (1999–2004)
Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2014)
10,335
1,217
8.5

4
Jackson, MarkMark Jackson
PG
New York Knicks (1987–1992, 2001–2002)
Los Angeles Clippers (1992–1994)
Indiana Pacers (1994–1996, 1997–2000)
Denver Nuggets (1996–1997)
Toronto Raptors (2000–2001)
Utah Jazz (2002–2003)
Houston Rockets (2003–2004)
10,334
1,296
8.0

5
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
PG
Los Angeles Lakers (1979–1991, 1996)
10,141
906
11.2

6
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
PG
Cincinnati Royals (1960–1970)
Milwaukee Bucks (1970–1974)
9,887
1,040
9.5

7
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas*
PG
Detroit Pistons (1981–1994)
9,061
979
9.3

8
Payton, GaryGary Payton*
PG
Seattle SuperSonics (1990–2003)
Milwaukee Bucks (2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)
Boston Celtics (2004–2005)
Miami Heat (2005–2007)
8,966
1,335
6.7

9
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^
PG
New Orleans(/Oklahoma City) Hornets (2005–2011)
Los Angeles Clippers (2011–2017)
Houston Rockets (2017–present)
8,708
892
9.8

10
Miller, AndreAndre Miller†
PG
Cleveland Cavaliers (1999–2002)
Los Angeles Clippers (2002–2003)
Denver Nuggets (2003–2006, 2011–2013)
Philadelphia 76ers (2006–2009)
Portland Trail Blazers (2009–2011)
Washington Wizards (2013–2015)
Sacramento Kings (2015)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2015–2016)
San Antonio Spurs (2016)
8,524
1,304
6.5

11
James, LeBronLeBron James^
SF
Cleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–present)
Miami Heat (2010–2014)
8,208
1,143
7.2

12
Strickland, RodRod Strickland
PG
New York Knicks (1988–1990)
San Antonio Spurs (1990–1992)
Portland Trail Blazers (1992–1996, 2001)
Washington Bullets/Wizards (1996–2001)
Miami Heat (2001–2002)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2002–2003)
Orlando Magic (2003–2004)
Toronto Raptors (2004)
Houston Rockets (2005)
7,987
1,094
7.3

13
Cheeks, MauriceMaurice Cheeks*
PG
Philadelphia 76ers (1978–1989)
San Antonio Spurs (1989–1990)
New York Knicks (1990–1991)
Atlanta Hawks (1991–1992)
New Jersey Nets (1993)
7,392
1,101
6.7

14
Wilkens, LennyLenny Wilkens*
PG
St. Louis Hawks (1960–1968)
Seattle SuperSonics (1968–1972)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1972–1974)
Portland Trail Blazers (1974–1975)
7,211
1,077
6.7

15
Porter, TerryTerry Porter
PG
Portland Trail Blazers (1985–1995)
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–1998)
Miami Heat (1999)
San Antonio Spurs (1999–2002)
7,160
1,274
5.6

16
Hardaway, TimTim Hardaway
PG
Golden State Warriors (1989–1993, 1994–1996)
Miami Heat (1996–2001)
Dallas Mavericks (2001–2002)
Denver Nuggets (2002)
Indiana Pacers (2003)
7,095
867
8.2

17
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
PG
Boston Celtics (1950–1963)
Cincinnati Royals (1969–1970)
6,955
924
7.5

18
Rodgers, GuyGuy Rodgers*
PG
Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors (1958–1966)
Chicago Bulls (1966–1967)
Cincinnati Royals (1967–1968)
Milwaukee Bucks (1968–1970)
6,917
892
7.8

19
Parker, TonyTony Parker^
PG
San Antonio Spurs (2001–present)
6,829
1,198
5.7

20
Williams, DeronDeron Williams
PG
Utah Jazz (2005–2011)
New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets (2011–2015)
Dallas Mavericks (2015–2017)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2016–2017)
6,819
845
8.1

21
Bogues, MuggsyMuggsy Bogues
PG
Washington Bullets (1987–1988)
Charlotte Hornets (1988–1997)
Golden State Warriors (1997–1999)
Toronto Raptors (1999–2001)
6,726
889
7.6

22
Johnson, KevinKevin Johnson
PG
Cleveland Cavaliers (1987–1988)
Phoenix Suns (1988–1998, 2000)
6,711
735
9.1

23
Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^
PG
Boston Celtics (2006–2014)
Dallas Mavericks (2014–2015)
Sacramento Kings (2015–2016)
Chicago Bulls (2016–2017)
New Orleans Pelicans (2017–present)
6,608
779
8.5

24
Harper, DerekDerek Harper
PG
Dallas Mavericks (1983–1994, 1996–1997)
New York Knicks (1994–1996)
Orlando Magic (1997–1998)
Los Angeles Lakers (1999)
6,577
1,199
5.5

25
Archibald, NateNate Archibald*
PG
Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City(-Omaha) Kings (1970–1976)
New York Nets (1976–1977)
Buffalo Braves (1977–1978)
Boston Celtics (1978–1983)
Milwaukee Bucks (1983–1984)
6,476
876
7.4

26
Marbury, StephonStephon Marbury
PG
Minnesota Timberwolves (1996–1999)
New Jersey Nets (1999–2001)
Phoenix Suns (2001–2004)
New York Knicks (2004–2009)
Boston Celtics (2009)
6,471
846
7.6

27
Lucas II, JohnJohn Lucas II
PG
Houston Rockets (1976–1978, 1984–1986, 1989–1990)
Golden State Warriors (1978–1981)
Washington Bullets (1981–1983)
San Antonio Spurs (1983–1984)
Milwaukee Bucks (1986–1988)
Seattle SuperSonics (1988–1989)
6,454
928
7.0

28
Theus, ReggieReggie Theus
SG/PG
Chicago Bulls (1978–1984)
Kansas City/Sacramento Kings (1984–1988)
Atlanta Hawks (1988–1989)
Orlando Magic (1989–1990)
New Jersey Nets (1990–1991)
6,453
1,026
6.3

29
Nixon, NormNorm Nixon
PG
Los Angeles Lakers (1977–1983)
San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers (1983–1986, 1989)
6,386
768
8.3

30
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)
6,306
1,346
4.7

31
West, JerryJerry West*
PG
Los Angeles Lakers (1960–1974)
6,238
932
6.7

32
Pippen, ScottieScottie Pippen*
SF
Chicago Bulls (1987–1998, 2003–2004)
Houston Rockets (1999)
Portland Trail Blazers (1999–2003)
6,135
1,178
5.2

33
Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
SG
Portland Trail Blazers (1983–1995)
Houston Rockets (1995–1998)
6,125
1,086
5.6

34
Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek*
SF/SG
Boston Celtics (1962–1978)
6,114
1,270
4.8

35
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^
PG
Oklahoma City Thunder (2008–present)
6,113
748
8.2

36
Davis, BaronBaron Davis
PG
Charlotte Hornets/New Orleans Hornets (1999–2005)
Golden State Warriors (2005–2008)
Los Angeles Clippers (2008–2011)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2011)
New York Knicks (2011–2012)
6,025
835
7.2

37
Blaylock, MookieMookie Blaylock
PG
New Jersey Nets (1989–1992)
Atlanta Hawks (1992–1999)
Golden State Warriors (1999–2002)
5,972
889
6.7

38
Cassell, SamSam Cassell
PG
Houston Rockets (1993–1996)
Phoenix Suns (1996)
Dallas Mavericks (1996–1997)
New Jersey Nets (1997–1999)
Milwaukee Bucks (1999–2003)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2003–2005)
Los Angeles Clippers (2005–2008)
Boston Celtics (2008)
5,939
993
6.0

39
Johnson, AveryAvery Johnson
PG
Seattle SuperSonics (1988–1990)
Denver Nuggets (1990, 2001–2002)
San Antonio Spurs (1991, 1992–1993, 1994–2001)
Houston Rockets (1992)
Golden State Warriors (1993–1994, 2003–2004)
Dallas Mavericks (2002–2003)
5,846
1,054
5.5

40
Van Exel, NickNick Van Exel
PG/SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1993–1998)
Denver Nuggets (1998–2002)
Dallas Mavericks (2002–2003)
Golden State Warriors (2003–2004)
Portland Trail Blazers (2004–2005)
San Antonio Spurs (2005–2006)
5,777
880
6.6

41
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
SF/PF
Boston Celtics (1979–1992)
5,695
897
6.3

42
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[5]
C
Milwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)
Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)
5,660
1,560
3.6

43
Billups, ChaunceyChauncey Billups
PG/SG
Boston Celtics (1997–1998)
Toronto Raptors (1998)
Denver Nuggets (1999, 2008–2011)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2000–2002)
Detroit Pistons (2002–2008, 2013–2014)
New York Knicks (2011)
Los Angeles Clippers (2011–2013)
5,636
1,043
5.4

44
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
SG
Chicago Bulls (1984–1993, 1995–1998)
Washington Wizards (2001–2003)
5,633
1,072
5.3

45
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
SG/PG
Philadelphia 76ers (1996–2006, 2009–2010)
Denver Nuggets (2006–2008)
Detroit Pistons (2008–2009)
Memphis Grizzlies (2009)
5,624
914
6.2

46
Bibby, MikeMike Bibby
PG
Vancouver Grizzlies (1999–2001)
Sacramento Kings (2001–2008)
Atlanta Hawks (2008–2011)
Washington Wizards (2011)
Miami Heat (2011)
New York Knicks (2011–2012)
5,517
1,001
5.5

47
Johnson, DennisDennis Johnson*
PG/SG
Seattle SuperSonics (1976–1980)
Phoenix Suns (1980–1983)
Boston Celtics (1983–1990)
5,499
1,100
5.0

48
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett†
PF/C
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)
Boston Celtics (2007–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)
5,445
1,462
3.7

49
Terry, JasonJason Terry^
SG/PG
Atlanta Hawks (1999–2004)
Dallas Mavericks (2004–2012)
Boston Celtics (2012–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Houston Rockets (2014–2016)
Milwaukee Bucks (2016–present)
5,415
1,410
3.8

50
Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^
SG
Miami Heat (2003–2016, 2018–present)
Chicago Bulls (2016–2017)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–2018)
5,400
982
5.5

text: Progressive List of Assist Leaders[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of assist leaders showing how the record increased through the years.[6]

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[1]

§
1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 [2]

text:
Team Abbreviations
Team listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

BOS
Boston Celtics
DEN
Denver Nuggets
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
PHI
Philadelphia 76ers
SAS
San Antonio Spurs

BUF
Buffalo Braves
DET
Detroit Pistons
MIA
Miami Heat
PHO
Phoenix Suns
SDC
San Diego Clippers

CHI
Chicago Bulls
FTW
Fort Wayne Pistons
MIL
Milwaukee Bucks
PHW
Philadelphia Warriors
SEA
Seattle SuperSonics

CHS
Chicago Stags
HOU
Houston Rockets
NJN
New Jersey Nets
POR
Portland Trail Blazers
SFW
San Francisco Warriors

CIN
Cincinnati Royals
IND
Indiana Pacers
NOH
New Orleans Hornets
PRO
Providence Steamrollers
UTA
Utah Jazz

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
KCO
Kansas City-Omaha Kings
NYK
New York Knicks
ROC
Rochester Royals
WAS
Washington Wizards

DAL
Dallas Mavericks
LAC
Los Angeles Clippers
OKC
Oklahoma City Thunder
SAC
Sacramento Kings
WSB
Washington Bullets

text:
Assists Leaders and Records at the end of every season

Season
Year-by-Year Leader
Ast
Active Player Assist Leader
Ast
Career Assist Record
Ast
Single Season Assist Record
Ast
Season

1946–47
Ernie Calverley000PRO
202
Ernie Calverley000PRO
202
Ernie Calverley000PRO
202
Ernie Calverley000PRO
202
1946–47

1947–48
Howie Dallmar000PHW
120
321
321
1947–48

1948–49
Bob Davies*000ROC
321
572
572
Bob Davies*000ROC
321
1948–49

1949–50
Dick McGuire*000NYK
386
Andy Phillip*
000CHS 1949–50
000PHW 1950–52
000FTW 1952–56
000BOS 1956–57
770
Andy Phillip*
000CHS 1949–50
000PHW 1950–52
000FTW 1952–56
000BOS 1956–57
770
Dick McGuire*000NYK
386
1949–50

1950–51
Andy Phillip*000PHW
414
1,184
1,184
Andy Phillip*000PHW
414
1950–51

1951–52
539
1,723
1,723
539
1951–52

1952–53
Bob Cousy*000BOS
547
2,120
2,120
Bob Cousy*000BOS
547
1952–53

1953–54
518
2,569
2,569
1953–54

1954–55
557
3,060
3,060
557
1954–55

1955–56
642
3,470
3,470
642
1955–56

1956–57
478
3,638
3,638
1956–57

1957–58
463
Bob Cousy*000BOS
3,987
Bob Cousy*000BOS
3,987
1957–58

1958–59
557
4,544
4,544
1958–59

1959–60
715
5,259
5,259
715
1959–60

1960–61
Oscar Robertson*000CIN
690
5,846
5,846
1960–61

1961–62
899
6,430
6,430
Oscar Robertson*000CIN
899
1961–62

1962–63
Guy Rodgers*000SFW
825
6,945
6,945
1962–63

1963–64
Oscar Robertson*000CIN
868
Guy Rodgers*000SFW
3,444
1963–64

1964–65
861
Oscar Robertson*
000CIN 1964–70
000MIL 1970–74
4,076
1964–65

1965–66
847
4,923
1965–66

1966–67
Guy Rodgers*000CHI
908
5,768
Guy Rodgers*000CHI
908
1966–67

1967–68
Wilt Chamberlain*000PHI
702
6,401
1967–68

1968–69
Oscar Robertson*000CIN
772
7,173
Oscar Robertson*
000CIN 1968–70
000MIL 1970–74
7,173
1968–69

1969–70
Lenny Wilkens*000SEA
683
7,731
7,731
1969–70

1970–71
Norm Van Lier000CIN
832
8,399
8,399
1970–71

1971–72
Lenny Wilkens*000SEA
766
8,890
8,890
1971–72

1972–73
Tiny Archibald*000KCO
910
9,441
9,441
Tiny Archibald*000KCO
910
1972–73

1973–74
Ernie DiGregorio000BUF
663
9,887
9,887
1973–74

1974–75
Kevin Porter000WSB
650
Lenny Wilkens*000POR
7,211
1974–75

1975–76
Slick Watts000SEA
661
John Havlicek*000BOS
5,386
1975–76

1976–77
Don Buse000IND
685
5,786
1976–77

1977–78
Kevin Porter
0DET & NJN 1977–78
0DET 1978–79
837
6,114
1977–78

1978–79
1,099
Norm Van Lier000MIL
5,217
Kevin Porter000DET
1,099
1978–79

1979–80
Micheal Ray Richardson000NYK
832
Walt Frazier*000CLE
5,040
1979–80

1980–81
Kevin Porter000WSB
734
Tiny Archibald*
000BOS 1980–83
000MIL 1983–84
5,366
1980–81

1981–82
Johnny Moore000SAS
762
5,907
1981–82

1982–83
Magic Johnson*000LAL
829
6,316
1982–83

1983–84

Isiah Thomas*00DET
Norm Nixon000SDC
914
6,476
1983–84

1984–85
Isiah Thomas*000DET
1,123
Norm Nixon000LAC
5,471
Isiah Thomas*000DET
1,123
1984–85

1985–86
Magic Johnson*000LAL
907
6,047
1985–86

1986–87
977
Magic Johnson*000LAL
6,179
1986–87

1987–88
John Stockton*000UTA
1,128
7,037
John Stockton*000UTA
1,128
1987–88

1988–89
1,118
8,025
1988–89

1989–90
1,134
8,932
1,134
1989–90

1990–91
1,164
9,921
Magic Johnson*000LAL
9,921
1,164
1990–91

1991–92
1,126
Isiah Thomas*000DET
7,991
1991–92

1992–93
987
8,662
1992–93

1993–94
1,031
John Stockton*000UTA
9,383
1993–94

1994–95
1,011
10,394
John Stockton*000UTA
10,394
1994–95

1995–96
916
11,310
11,310
1995–96

1996–97
Mark Jackson000DEN & IND
935
12,170
12,170
1996–97

1997–98
Rod Strickland000WAS
801
12,713
12,713
1997–98

1998–99
Jason Kidd*000PHO
539
13,087
13,087
1998–99

1999–00
Gary Payton*000SEA
732
13,790
13,790
1999–00

2000–01
Jason Kidd*000PHO
753
14,503
14,503
2000–01

2001–02
Andre Miller†000CLE
882
15,177
15,177
2001–02

2002–03
Jason Kidd*000NJN
711
15,806
15,806
2002–03

2003–04
Stephon Marbury000PHO
719
Mark Jackson000HOU
10,334
2003–04

2004–05
Steve Nash*000PHO
861
Gary Payton*
000BOS 2004–05
000MIA 2005–07
8,508
2004–05

2005–06
826
8,765
2005–06

2006–07
884
8,966
2006–07

2007–08
Chris Paul^000NOH
925
Jason Kidd*
000NJN 2007–08
000DAL 2008–12
000NYK 2012–13
9,497
2007–08

2008–09
861
10,199
2008–09

2009–10
Steve Nash*000PHO
892
10,923
2009–10

2010–11
855
11,578
2010–11

2011–12
664
11,842
2011–12

2012–13
Greivis Vásquez000NOH
704
12,091
2012–13

2013–14
John Wall^000WAS
721
Steve Nash*000LAL
10,335
2013–14

2014–15
Chris Paul^000LAC
838
Andre Miller†
000SAC 2014–15
000MIN 2015–16
000SAS 2016
8,437
2014–15

2015–16
Rajon Rondo^000SAC
839
8,524
2015–16

2016–17
James Harden^000HOU
907
Chris Paul^
000LAC 2016–17
000HOU 2017–18
8,251
2016–17

2017–18
Russell Westbrook^000OKC
820
8,708
2017–18

Season
Year-by-Year Leader
Ast
Active Player Assist Leader
Ast
Career Assist Record
Ast
Single Season Assist Record
Ast
Season


document_title: Sibling-in-law

question_text: how do you call your brother in law wife

text: Sibling-in-law

text: This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. In particular, the first paragraph mentions both 'spouse' and 'sibling' excessively, and it can be difficult to understand what the paragraph means. Please help us clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
JesseNitzevetSaulKasey

DavidMichalJonathan

text: David and Jonathan, sworn friends and confidants, became brothers-in-law when David married Jonathan's sister Michal.[1]

text: One's sibling-in-law is one's spouse's sibling, or one's sibling's spouse, or ones's spouse's sibling's spouse. By gender, this is specified as brother-in-law for one's spouse's brother, one's sibling's husband, or one's spouse's sibling's husband, and sister-in-law for the one's spouse's sister, one's sibling's wife, or one's spouse's sibling's wife.[2]

text: Just like other affines, or "in-laws", siblings-in-law are related by a type of kinship called affinity. Just like the children of one's siblings, the children of one's siblings-in-law are called simply nieces and nephews  – if necessary, specified whether "by marriage", as opposed to "by blood" or "by adoption".

text: One study, examining the issue of envy in the triadic system of sibling, sibling-in-law and spouse, concluded that "The sibling-in-law relationship shared similarities with both spousal and sibling relationships" and that "Relational closeness and satisfaction for all relationships in the triad were correlated."[3]

text: In Islamic law (shariʿa)[4] and Jewish law (halakhah)[5] sexual relations between siblings-in-law are prohibited as incestuous, unless the spouse is no longer married. Conversely, in Judaism there was the custom of yibbum, whereby a man had a non-obligatory duty to wed his deceased brother's childless widow so she might have progeny by him.[6]

text: If one pair of siblings is married to another pair of siblings, the siblings-in-law are thus doubly-related, each of the four both through one's spouse and through one's sibling, while the children of the two couples are double cousins.