document_title: List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

question_text: who is currently the youngest sitting supreme court justice

text: Current justices of the Supreme Court[edit]

text: There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court; listed in order of seniority, they are:

text: John Roberts,Chief Justicesince September 29, 2005Age 7004232860000000000♠63[12]

text:
Clarence Thomas,Associate Justicesince October 23, 1991Age 7004256950000000000♠70[13]

Ruth Bader Ginsburg,Associate Justicesince August 10, 1993Age 7004312740000000000♠85[14]

Stephen Breyer,Associate Justicesince August 3, 1994Age 7004292950000000000♠80[15]

Samuel Alito,Associate Justicesince January 31, 2006Age 7004250480000000000♠68[16]

text:
Sonia Sotomayor,Associate Justicesince August 8, 2009Age 7004235020000000000♠64[17]

Elena Kagan,Associate Justicesince August 7, 2010Age 7004213680000000000♠58[18]

Neil Gorsuch,Associate Justicesince April 10, 2017Age 7004186890000000000♠51[19]

Brett Kavanaugh,Associate Justicesince October 6, 2018Age 7004196170000000000♠53[20]

text: All justices of the Supreme Court[edit]

text: Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 114 persons have served on the Court. The length of service on the Court for the 105 non-incumbent justices ranges from William O. Douglas's 36 years, 211 days to the 163-day tenure of Thomas Johnson. As of October 29, 2018, the length of service for the nine incumbent justices ranges from Clarence Thomas' 7003986800000000000♠27 years, 6 days to Brett Kavanaugh's 7001230000000000000♠23 days. Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice, and later appointed chief justice separately: John Rutledge,[a] Edward Douglass White,[b] Charles Evans Hughes,[a] Harlan F. Stone,[b] and William Rehnquist.[b] While listed twice, each of them has been assigned only one index number. The justices of the Supreme Court are:[21][22]

text:
Justice

State[c]

Position

Replacing

Date confirmed(Vote)

Tenure

Tenure length[d]

Appointed by

1

John Jay(1745–1829)

NY

ChiefJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

October 19, 1789–June 29, 1795(Resigned)

7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days

George Washington

2

John Rutledge(1739–1800)

SC

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

February 15, 1790–March 4, 1791(Resigned)

7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days

3

William Cushing(1732–1810)

MA

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

February 2, 1790–September 13, 1810(Died)

7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days

4

James Wilson(1742–1798)

PA

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

October 5, 1789–August 21, 1798(Died)

7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days

5

John Blair(1732–1800)

VA

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

February 2, 1790–October 25, 1795(Resigned)

7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days

6

James Iredell(1751–1799)

NC

AssociateJustice

New seat

February 10, 1790(Acclamation)

May 12, 1790–October 20, 1799(Died)

7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days

7

Thomas Johnson(1732–1819)

MD

AssociateJustice

J. Rutledge

November 7, 1791(Acclamation)

August 6, 1792[e]–January 16, 1793(Resigned)

7002163000000000000♠163 days

8

William Paterson(1745–1806)

NJ

AssociateJustice

T. Johnson

March 4, 1793(Acclamation)

March 11, 1793–September 8, 1806(Died)

7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days

2

John Rutledge(1739–1800)

SC

ChiefJustice

Jay

December 15, 1795(10–14)[f]

August 12, 1795[e]–December 28, 1795(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)

7002138000000000000♠138 days

9

Samuel Chase[g](1741–1811)

MD

AssociateJustice

Blair

January 27, 1796(Acclamation)

February 4, 1796–June 19, 1811(Died)

7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days

10

Oliver Ellsworth(1745–1807)

CT

ChiefJustice

J. Rutledge

March 4, 1796(21–1)

March 8, 1796–December 15, 1800(Resigned)

7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days

11

Bushrod Washington(1762–1829)

VA

AssociateJustice

Wilson

December 20, 1798(Acclamation)

November 9, 1798[e]–November 26, 1829(Died)

7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days

John Adams

12

Alfred Moore(1755–1810)

NC

AssociateJustice

Iredell

December 9, 1799(Acclamation)

April 21, 1800–January 26, 1804(Resigned)

7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days

13

John Marshall(1755–1835)

VA

ChiefJustice

Ellsworth

January 27, 1801(Acclamation)

February 4, 1801–July 6, 1835(Died)

7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days

14

William Johnson(1771–1834)

SC

AssociateJustice

Moore

March 24, 1804(Acclamation)

May 7, 1804–August 4, 1834(Died)

7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days

Thomas Jefferson

15

Henry Brockholst Livingston(1757–1823)

NY

AssociateJustice

Paterson

December 17, 1806(Acclamation)

January 20, 1807–March 18, 1823(Died)

7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days

16

Thomas Todd(1765–1826)

KY

AssociateJustice

New seat

March 2, 1807(Acclamation)

March 3, 1807–February 7, 1826(Died)

7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days

17

Gabriel Duvall(1752–1844)

MD

AssociateJustice

S. Chase

November 18, 1811(Acclamation)

November 23, 1811–January 12, 1835(Resigned)

7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days

James Madison

18

Joseph Story(1779–1845)

MA

AssociateJustice

Cushing

November 18, 1811(Acclamation)

February 3, 1812–September 10, 1845(Died)

7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days

19

Smith Thompson(1768–1843)

NY

AssociateJustice

Livingston

December 9, 1823(Acclamation)

September 1, 1823[e]–December 18, 1843(Died)

7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days

James Monroe

20

Robert Trimble(1776–1828)

KY

AssociateJustice

Todd

May 9, 1826(25–5)

June 16, 1826–August 25, 1828(Died)

7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days

John Quincy Adams

21

John McLean(1785–1861)

OH

AssociateJustice

Trimble

March 7, 1829(Acclamation)

January 11, 1830–April 4, 1861(Died)

7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days

Andrew Jackson

22

Henry Baldwin(1780–1844)

PA

AssociateJustice

Washington

January 6, 1830(41–2)

January 18, 1830–April 21, 1844(Died)

7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days

23

James Moore Wayne(1790–1867)

GA

AssociateJustice

W. Johnson

January 9, 1835(Acclamation)

January 14, 1835–July 5, 1867(Died)

7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days

24

Roger B. Taney(1777–1864)

MD

ChiefJustice

J. Marshall

March 15, 1836(29–15)

March 28, 1836–October 12, 1864(Died)

7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days

25

Philip Pendleton Barbour(1783–1841)

VA

AssociateJustice

Duvall

March 15, 1836(30–11)

May 12, 1836–February 25, 1841(Died)

7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days

26

John Catron(1786–1865)

TN

AssociateJustice

New seat

March 8, 1837(28–15)

May 1, 1837–May 30, 1865(Died)

7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days

27

John McKinley(1780–1852)

AL

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 25, 1837(Acclamation)

January 9, 1838–July 19, 1852(Died)

7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days

Martin Van Buren

28

Peter Vivian Daniel(1784–1860)

VA

AssociateJustice

Barbour

March 2, 1841(25–5)

January 10, 1842–May 31, 1860(Died)

7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days

29

Samuel Nelson(1792–1873)

NY

AssociateJustice

Thompson

February 14, 1845(Acclamation)

February 27, 1845–November 28, 1872(Retired)

7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days

John Tyler

30

Levi Woodbury(1789–1851)

NH

AssociateJustice

Story

January 31, 1846(Acclamation)

September 23, 1845[e]–September 4, 1851(Died)

7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days

James K. Polk

31

Robert Cooper Grier(1794–1870)

PA

AssociateJustice

Baldwin

August 4, 1846(Acclamation)

August 10, 1846–January 31, 1870(Retired)

7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days

32

Benjamin Robbins Curtis(1809–1874)

MA

AssociateJustice

Woodbury

December 20, 1851(Acclamation)

October 10, 1851[e]–September 30, 1857(Resigned)

7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days

Millard Fillmore

33

John Archibald Campbell(1811–1889)

AL

AssociateJustice

McKinley

March 22, 1853(Acclamation)

April 11, 1853–April 30, 1861(Resigned)

7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days

Franklin Pierce

34

Nathan Clifford(1803–1881)

ME

AssociateJustice

Curtis

January 12, 1858(26–23)

January 21, 1858–July 25, 1881(Died)

7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days

James Buchanan

35

Noah Haynes Swayne(1804–1884)

OH

AssociateJustice

McLean

January 24, 1862(38–1)

January 27, 1862–January 24, 1881(Retired)

7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days

Abraham Lincoln

36

Samuel Freeman Miller(1816–1890)

IA

AssociateJustice

Daniel

July 16, 1862(Acclamation)

July 21, 1862–October 13, 1890(Died)

7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days

37

David Davis(1815–1886)

IL

AssociateJustice

Campbell

December 8, 1862(Acclamation)

December 10, 1862[e]–March 4, 1877(Resigned)

7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days

38

Stephen Johnson Field(1816–1899)

CA

AssociateJustice

New seat

March 10, 1863(Acclamation)

May 10, 1863–December 1, 1897(Retired)

7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days

39

Salmon P. Chase(1808–1873)

OH

ChiefJustice

Taney

December 6, 1864(Acclamation)

December 15, 1864–May 7, 1873(Died)

7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days

40

William Strong(1808–1895)

PA

AssociateJustice

Grier

February 18, 1870(No vote recorded)

March 14, 1870–December 14, 1880(Retired)

7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days

Ulysses S. Grant

41

Joseph Philo Bradley(1813–1892)

NJ

AssociateJustice

New seat

March 21, 1870(46–9)

March 23, 1870–January 22, 1892(Died)

7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days

42

Ward Hunt(1810–1886)

NY

AssociateJustice

Nelson

December 11, 1872(Acclamation)

January 9, 1873–January 27, 1882(Retired)

7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days

43

Morrison Waite(1816–1888)

OH

ChiefJustice

S. P. Chase

January 21, 1874(63–0)

March 4, 1874–March 23, 1888(Died)

7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days

44

John Marshall Harlan(1833–1911)

KY

AssociateJustice

Davis

November 29, 1877(Acclamation)

December 10, 1877–October 14, 1911(Died)

7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days

Rutherford B. Hayes

45

William Burnham Woods(1824–1887)

GA

AssociateJustice

Strong

December 21, 1880(39–8)

January 5, 1881–May 14, 1887(Died)

7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days

46

Stanley Matthews(1824–1889)

OH

AssociateJustice

Swayne

May 12, 1881(24–23)

May 17, 1881–March 22, 1889(Died)

7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days

James Garfield

47

Horace Gray(1828–1902)

MA

AssociateJustice

Clifford

December 20, 1881(51–5)

January 9, 1882–September 15, 1902(Died)

7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days

Chester A. Arthur

48

Samuel Blatchford(1820–1893)

NY

AssociateJustice

Hunt

March 22, 1882(Acclamation)

April 3, 1882–July 7, 1893(Died)

7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days

49

Lucius QuintusCincinnatus Lamar II(1825–1893)

MS

AssociateJustice

Woods

January 16, 1888(32–28)

January 18, 1888–January 23, 1893(Died)

7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days

Grover Cleveland

50

Melville Fuller(1833–1910)

IL

ChiefJustice

Waite

July 20, 1888(41–20)

October 8, 1888–July 4, 1910(Died)

7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days

51

David Josiah Brewer(1837–1910)

KS

AssociateJustice

Matthews

December 18, 1889(53–11)

January 6, 1890–March 28, 1910(Died)

7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days

Benjamin Harrison

52

Henry Billings Brown(1836–1913)

MI

AssociateJustice

Miller

December 29, 1890(Acclamation)

January 5, 1891–May 28, 1906(Retired)

7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days

53

George Shiras, Jr.(1832–1924)

PA

AssociateJustice

Bradley

July 26, 1892(Acclamation)

October 10, 1892–February 23, 1903(Retired)

7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days

54

Howell Edmunds Jackson(1832–1895)

TN

AssociateJustice

L. Lamar

February 18, 1893(Acclamation)

March 4, 1893–August 8, 1895(Died)

7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days

55

Edward Douglass White(1845–1921)

LA

AssociateJustice

Blatchford

February 19, 1894(Acclamation)

March 12, 1894–December 18, 1910(Continued as chief justice)

7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days

Grover Cleveland

56

Rufus Wheeler Peckham(1838–1909)

NY

AssociateJustice

H. Jackson

December 9, 1895(Acclamation)

January 6, 1896–October 24, 1909(Died)

7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days

57

Joseph McKenna(1843–1926)

CA

AssociateJustice[h]

Field

January 21, 1898(Acclamation)

January 26, 1898–January 5, 1925(Retired)

7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days

William McKinley

58

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.(1841–1935)

MA

AssociateJustice[i]

Gray

December 4, 1902(Acclamation)

December 8, 1902–January 12, 1932(Retired)

7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days

Theodore Roosevelt

59

William R. Day(1849–1923)

OH

AssociateJustice

Shiras

February 23, 1903(Acclamation)

March 2, 1903–November 13, 1922(Retired)

7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days

60

William Henry Moody(1853–1917)

MA

AssociateJustice

Brown

December 12, 1906(Acclamation)

December 17, 1906–November 20, 1910(Retired)

7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days

61

Horace Harmon Lurton(1844–1914)

TN

AssociateJustice

Peckham

December 20, 1909(Acclamation)

January 3, 1910–July 12, 1914(Died)

7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days

William Howard Taft

62

Charles Evans Hughes(1862–1948)

NY

AssociateJustice

Brewer

May 2, 1910(Acclamation)

October 10, 1910–June 10, 1916(Resigned)

7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days

55

Edward Douglass White(1845–1921)

LA

ChiefJustice

Fuller

December 12, 1910(Acclamation)

December 19, 1910–May 19, 1921(Died)

7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days

63

Willis Van Devanter(1859–1941)

WY

AssociateJustice

E. D. White

December 15, 1910(Acclamation)

January 3, 1911[j]–June 2, 1937(Retired)

7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days

64

Joseph Rucker Lamar(1857–1916)

GA

AssociateJustice

Moody

December 15, 1910(Acclamation)

January 3, 1911[j]–January 2, 1916(Died)

7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days

65

Mahlon Pitney(1858–1924)

NJ

AssociateJustice

J. Harlan

March 13, 1912(50–26)

March 18, 1912–December 31, 1922(Resigned)

7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days

66

James Clark McReynolds(1862–1946)

TN

AssociateJustice

Lurton

August 29, 1914(44–6)

October 12, 1914–January 31, 1941(Retired)

7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days

Woodrow Wilson

67

Louis Brandeis(1856–1941)

KY

AssociateJustice

J. Lamar

June 1, 1916(47–22)

June 5, 1916–February 13, 1939(Retired)

7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days

68

John Hessin Clarke(1857–1945)

OH

AssociateJustice

Hughes

July 24, 1916(Acclamation)

October 9, 1916–September 18, 1922(Retired)

7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days

69

William Howard Taft(1857–1930)

CT

ChiefJustice

E. D. White

June 30, 1921(Acclamation)

July 11, 1921–February 3, 1930(Retired)

7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days

Warren G. Harding

70

George Sutherland(1862–1942)

UT

AssociateJustice

Clarke

September 5, 1922(Acclamation)

October 2, 1922–January 17, 1938(Retired)

7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days

71

Pierce Butler(1866–1939)

MN

AssociateJustice

Day

December 21, 1922(61–8)

January 2, 1923–November 16, 1939(Died)

7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days

72

Edward Terry Sanford(1865–1930)

TN

AssociateJustice

Pitney

January 29, 1923(Acclamation)

February 19, 1923–March 8, 1930(Died)

7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days

73

Harlan F. Stone(1872–1946)

NY

AssociateJustice[k]

McKenna

February 5, 1925(71–6)

March 2, 1925–July 2, 1941(Continued as chief justice)

7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days

Calvin Coolidge

62

Charles Evans Hughes(1862–1948)

NY

ChiefJustice

Taft

February 13, 1930(52–26)

February 24, 1930–June 30, 1941(Retired)

7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days

Herbert Hoover

74

Owen Josephus Roberts(1875–1955)

PA

AssociateJustice

Sanford

May 20, 1930(Acclamation)

June 2, 1930–July 31, 1945(Resigned)

7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days

75

Benjamin N. Cardozo(1870–1938)

NY

AssociateJustice

Holmes

February 24, 1932(Acclamation)

March 14, 1932–July 9, 1938(Died)

7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days

76

Hugo Black(1886–1971)

AL

AssociateJustice[l]

Van Devanter

August 17, 1937(63–16)

August 19, 1937–September 17, 1971(Retired)

7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days

Franklin D. Roosevelt

77

Stanley Forman Reed(1884–1980)

KY

AssociateJustice

Sutherland

January 25, 1938(Acclamation)

January 31, 1938–February 25, 1957(Retired)

7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days

78

Felix Frankfurter(1882–1965)

MA

AssociateJustice

Cardozo

January 17, 1939(Acclamation)

January 30, 1939–August 28, 1962(Retired)

7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days

79

William O. Douglas(1898–1980)

CT

AssociateJustice

Brandeis

April 4, 1939(62–4)

April 17, 1939–November 12, 1975(Retired)

7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days

80

Frank Murphy(1890–1949)

MI

AssociateJustice

Butler

January 16, 1940(Acclamation)

February 5, 1940–July 19, 1949(Died)

7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days

73

Harlan F. Stone(1872–1946)

NY

ChiefJustice

Hughes

June 27, 1941(Acclamation)

July 3, 1941–April 22, 1946 (Died)

7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days

81

James F. Byrnes(1882–1972)

SC

AssociateJustice

McReynolds

June 12, 1941(Acclamation)

July 8, 1941–October 3, 1942(Resigned)

7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days

82

Robert H. Jackson(1892–1954)

NY

AssociateJustice

Stone

July 7, 1941(Acclamation)

July 11, 1941–October 9, 1954(Died)

7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days

83

Wiley Blount Rutledge(1894–1949)

IA

AssociateJustice

Byrnes

February 8, 1943(Acclamation)

February 15, 1943–September 10, 1949(Died)

7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days

84

Harold Hitz Burton(1888–1964)

OH

AssociateJustice

O. Roberts

September 19, 1945(Acclamation)

October 1, 1945–October 13, 1958(Retired)

7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days

Harry S. Truman

85

Fred M. Vinson(1890–1953)

KY

ChiefJustice

Stone

June 20, 1946(Acclamation)

June 24, 1946–September 8, 1953 (Died)

7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days

86

Tom C. Clark(1899–1977)

TX

AssociateJustice

Murphy

August 18, 1949(73–8)

August 24, 1949–June 12, 1967(Retired)

7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days

87

Sherman Minton(1890–1965)

IN

AssociateJustice

W. Rutledge

October 4, 1949(48–16)

October 12, 1949–October 15, 1956(Retired)

7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days

88

Earl Warren(1891–1974)

CA

ChiefJustice

Vinson

March 1, 1954(Acclamation)

October 5, 1953[e]–June 23, 1969(Retired)

7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days

Dwight D. Eisenhower

89

John Marshall Harlan II(1899–1971)

NY

AssociateJustice

R. Jackson

March 16, 1955(71–11)

March 28, 1955–September 23, 1971(Retired)

7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days

90

William J. Brennan(1906–1997)

NJ

AssociateJustice

Minton

March 19, 1957(Acclamation)

October 16, 1956[e]–July 20, 1990(Retired)

7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days

91

Charles Evans Whittaker(1901–1973)

MO

AssociateJustice

Reed

March 19, 1957(Acclamation)

March 25, 1957–March 31, 1962(Resigned)

7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days

92

Potter Stewart(1915–1985)

OH

AssociateJustice

Burton

May 5, 1959(70–17)

October 14, 1958[e]–July 3, 1981(Retired)

7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days

93

Byron White(1917–2002)

CO

AssociateJustice

Whittaker

April 11, 1962(Acclamation)

April 16, 1962–June 28, 1993(Retired)

7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days

John F. Kennedy

94

Arthur Goldberg(1908–1990)

IL

AssociateJustice

Frankfurter

September 25, 1962(Acclamation)

October 1, 1962–July 25, 1965(Resigned)

7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days

95

Abe Fortas(1910–1982)

TN

AssociateJustice

Goldberg

August 11, 1965(Acclamation)

October 4, 1965–May 14, 1969(Resigned)

7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days

Lyndon B. Johnson

96

Thurgood Marshall(1908–1993)

NY

AssociateJustice

Clark

August 30, 1967(69–11)

October 2, 1967–October 1, 1991(Retired)

7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days

97

Warren E. Burger(1907–1995)

VA

ChiefJustice

Warren

June 9, 1969(74–3)

June 23, 1969–September 26, 1986(Retired)

7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days

Richard Nixon

98

Harry Blackmun(1908–1999)

MN

AssociateJustice

Fortas

May 12, 1970(94–0)

June 9, 1970–August 3, 1994(Retired)

7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days

99

Lewis F. Powell Jr.(1907–1998)

VA

AssociateJustice

Black

December 6, 1971(89–1)

January 7, 1972[m]–June 26, 1987(Retired)

7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days

100

William Rehnquist(1924–2005)

AZ

AssociateJustice

J. Harlan II

December 10, 1971(68–26)

January 7, 1972[m]–September 26, 1986(Continued as chief justice)

7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days

101

John Paul Stevens(born 1920)

IL

AssociateJustice[n]

Douglas

December 17, 1975(98–0)

December 19, 1975–June 29, 2010(Retired)

7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days

Gerald Ford

102

Sandra Day O'Connor(born 1930)

AZ

AssociateJustice

Stewart

September 21, 1981(99–0)

September 25, 1981–January 31, 2006(Retired)

7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days

Ronald Reagan

100

William Rehnquist(1924–2005)

VA

ChiefJustice

Burger

September 17, 1986(65–33)

September 26, 1986–September 3, 2005(Died)

7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days

103

Antonin Scalia(1936–2016)

VA

AssociateJustice

Rehnquist

September 17, 1986(98–0)

September 26, 1986–February 13, 2016(Died)

7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days

104

Anthony Kennedy(born 1936)

CA

AssociateJustice

Powell

February 3, 1988(97–0)

February 18, 1988–July 31, 2018(Retired)

7004111210000000000♠30 years, 163 days

105

David Souter(born 1939)

NH

AssociateJustice

Brennan

October 2, 1990(90–9)

October 9, 1990–June 29, 2009(Retired)

7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days

George H. W. Bush

106

Clarence Thomas(born 1948)

GA

AssociateJustice

T. Marshall

October 15, 1991(52–48)

October 23, 1991–Incumbent

7003986800000000000♠27 years, 6 days[o]

107

Ruth Bader Ginsburg(born 1933)

NY

AssociateJustice

B. White

August 3, 1993(96–3)

August 10, 1993–Incumbent

7003921100000000000♠25 years, 80 days[o]

Bill Clinton

108

Stephen Breyer(born 1938)

MA

AssociateJustice

Blackmun

July 29, 1994(87–9)

August 3, 1994–Incumbent

7003885300000000000♠24 years, 87 days[o]

109

John Roberts(born 1955)

MD

ChiefJustice

Rehnquist

September 29, 2005(78–22)

September 29, 2005–Incumbent

7003477800000000000♠13 years, 30 days[o]

George W. Bush

110

Samuel Alito(born 1950)

NJ

AssociateJustice

O'Connor

January 31, 2006(58–42)

January 31, 2006–Incumbent

7003465400000000000♠12 years, 271 days[o]

111

Sonia Sotomayor(born 1954)

NY

AssociateJustice

Souter

August 6, 2009(68–31)

August 8, 2009–Incumbent

7003336900000000000♠9 years, 82 days[o]

Barack Obama

112

Elena Kagan(born 1960)

MA

AssociateJustice

Stevens

August 5, 2010(63–37)

August 7, 2010–Incumbent

7003300500000000000♠8 years, 83 days[o]

113

Neil Gorsuch(born 1967)

CO

AssociateJustice

Scalia

April 7, 2017(54–45)

April 10, 2017–Incumbent

7002567000000000000♠1 year, 202 days[o]

Donald Trump

114

Brett Kavanaugh(born 1965)

MD

AssociateJustice

Kennedy

October 6, 2018(50–48)

October 6, 2018–Incumbent

7001230000000000000♠23 days[o]

Justice

State[c]

Position

Replacing

Date confirmed(Vote)

Tenure

Tenure length

Appointed by

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Served on the Supreme Court twice, first as associate justice, and then, after a period of years off the Court, as chief justice.

^ Jump up to: a b c Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court. Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process.

^ Jump up to: a b State of residence at the time of appointment. For example, in 1971, Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona, but in 1986, when elevated to chief justice, he was appointed from Virginia.[23]

Jump up ^ The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed judicial oath of office, with the end date being the date of the justice's death, resignation, or retirement.[22]

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Recess appointment

Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate. Rutledge remains the only "recess appointed" justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate.

Jump up ^ Was impeached, but not convicted, and remained in office.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, May 19 – July 11, 1921.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, February 3–24, 1930.

^ Jump up to: a b While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date, their seniority (precedence) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions—Van Devanter received and accepted his first—in accordance with XIII Rev. Stat. 9 § 674.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, June 30 – July 3, 1941.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, April 22 – June 24, 1946, and again, under 62 Stat. 869, September 8 – October 5, 1953.

^ Jump up to: a b While  Lewis Powell and William Rehnqust were sworn in as associate justice on the same date, their seniority (precedence) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions—Powell received and accepted his first—in accordance with 62 Stat. 869.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869, September 3–29, 2005.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i As of October 29, 2018.

text: Timeline of justices[edit]

text: This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court. Information regarding each justice's predecessors, successors and fellow justices, as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned (and comparisons between justices drawn) from it. Additionally, The progression of presidents, along with the number of justices each nominated, is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context. There are no formal names or numbers for the individual seats of the associate justices, which are listed in the table below simply by number. Note that, due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789, two of the seats chronicled—"5" and "7"—have been abolished, both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866.


document_title: The Doors (film)

question_text: who did billy idol play in the doors movie

root

text: The Doors (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film opens during the recording of Jim's An American Prayer and quickly moves to a childhood memory of his family driving along a desert highway in 1949, where a young Jim sees an elderly Native American dying by the roadside. In 1965, Jim arrives in California and is assimilated into the Venice Beach culture. During his tenure studying at UCLA, he meets his future girlfriend Pamela Courson, and meets Ray Manzarek for the first time, as well as Robby Krieger and John Densmore; who would found The Doors.

tag: p

text: Jim convinces his bandmates to travel to Death Valley and experience the effects of psychedelic drugs. Returning to Los Angeles, they play several shows at the famous nightclub Whisky a Go Go and develop a rabid fan base. Jim's onstage antics and occasionally improvised lyrics raise the ire of club owners; however, the band's popularity continues to expand.

text: As the Doors become very successful, Jim becomes increasingly infatuated with his own image as "The Lizard King" and degenerates into alcoholism and drugs. Jim meets Patricia Kennealy, a rock journalist involved in witchcraft, and participates with her in mystical ceremonies. He joins her in a handfasting ceremony. An elder spirit watches these events.

text: The rest of the band grows weary of Jim's missed recording sessions and absences at concerts. Jim arrives late to a Miami, Florida concert, becoming increasingly confrontational towards the audience and allegedly exposing himself onstage. The incident is a low point for the band, resulting in criminal charges against Jim, cancellations of shows, breakdowns in Jim's personal relationships, and resentment from the other band members.

text: In 1970, following a lengthy trial, Jim is found guilty of indecent exposure and ordered to serve time in prison. However, he is allowed to remain free on bail pending the results of an appeal. Patricia tells Jim that she is pregnant with his child, but Jim convinces her to have an abortion. Jim visits his fellow bandmates for the last time, attending a party thrown by Ray where he wishes the band luck in their future endeavours and gives each of them a copy of An American Prayer. As Jim plays in the front garden with the children, he sees that one of the children is his childhood self. Jim comments: "This is the strangest life I've ever known."

text: In 1971, Pam finds Jim dead in a bathtub in Paris, France, at the age of 27. The final scenes of the film before the credits roll are of Jim's gravesite in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris while "The Severed Garden (Adagio)" plays in the background. Just before the credits, the screen whites out and text appears saying "Jim Morrison is said to have died of heart failure. He was 27. Pam joined him three years later."

text: During the credits, the band is shown recording the song "L.A. Woman" in the studio.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Val Kilmer as Jim Morrison
Kevin Dillon as John Densmore
Kyle MacLachlan as Ray Manzarek
Kathleen Quinlan as Patricia Kennealy
Meg Ryan as Pamela Courson
Frank Whaley as Robby Krieger
Charlie Spradling as Makeup artist
Josh Evans as Bill Siddons
Crispin Glover as Andy Warhol
Kelly Hu as Dorothy
Billy Idol as Cat
Patricia Kennealy-Morrison as Celtic Pagan priestess
Michael Madsen as Tom Baker
Costas Mandylor as Italian Count
Debi Mazar as Whiskey girl
Mimi Rogers as Magazine photographer
Jennifer Rubin as Edie
Sean Stone as young Jim
Jerry Sturm and Gretchen Becker as Mr. and Mrs. Morrison
Floyd Red Crow Westerman as a Native American Spirit
Paul Williams as Warhol PR
Michael Wincott as Paul Rothchild
Eric Burdon in a cameo appearance in the London Fog
Paul Rothchild in a cameo appearance in the London Fog
Sky Saxon in a cameo appearance in the Whiskey a Go Go
Oliver Stone as UCLA film professor
Jennifer Tilly as Okie girl
John Densmore as Studio Engineer
William Kunstler as Jim's lawyer

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Film directors Brian De Palma, Martin Scorsese, and William Friedkin flirted with making a Doors biopic over the years.[2] In 1985, Columbia Pictures acquired the rights from the Doors and the Morrison estate to make a film. Producer Sasha Harari wanted filmmaker Oliver Stone to write the screenplay but never heard back from his agent. After two unsatisfactory scripts were produced, Imagine Films replaced Columbia. Harari contacted Stone again and the director met with the surviving band members. He told them he wanted to keep a particularly wild scene from one of the early drafts. The group was offended and exercised their right of approval over the director and rejected Stone. By 1989, Mario Kassar and Andrew Vajna, who owned Carolco Pictures, acquired the rights to the project and they wanted Stone to direct it.[2] The Doors had seen Platoon and were impressed with what Stone had done.[3] He agreed to make it after his next project, Evita. After spending years working on it and courting Madonna and Meryl Streep to play the lead role, the film fell apart over salary negotiations with Streep. Stone quickly moved over to The Doors and went into pre-production.[3] Guitarist Robby Krieger had always opposed a Doors biopic until Stone signed on to direct.[4] Historically, keyboardist Ray Manzarek had been the biggest advocate of immortalizing the band on film but opposed Stone's involvement.[4] He was not happy with the direction that Stone was going to take with the film and refused to give his approval. According to actor Kyle MacLachlan, "I know that he and Oliver weren't speaking. I think it was hard for Ray, he being the keeper of the Doors myth for so long".[5] According to Krieger, "when the Doors broke up Ray had his idea of how the band should be portrayed and John and I had ours".[4] Manzarek claims that he was not asked to consult on the film and wanted it to be about all four band members equally rather than the focus being on Morrison.[6] Stone claimed that he repeatedly tried to get Manzarek involved, but "all he did was rave and shout. He went on for three hours about his point of view ... I didn't want Ray to be dominant, but Ray thought he knew better than anybody else".[7]

text: Screenplay[edit]

text: Stone first heard the Doors in 1967, when he was a 21-year-old soldier in Vietnam.[8] Before filming started, Stone and his producers had to negotiate with the three surviving band members and the parents of Morrison and his girlfriend Pamela Courson, and the band's label Elektra Records. Morrison's parents would only allow themselves to be depicted in a dream-like flashback sequence at the beginning of the film. The Coursons wanted there to be no suggestion in any way that Pamela caused Morrison's death. Stone found the Coursons the most difficult to deal with because they wanted Pamela to be portrayed as "an angel".[8] While researching the film, Stone read through transcripts of interviews with over 100 people.[9] He then wrote his own script in the summer of 1989. Stone said, "The Doors script was always problematic. Even when we shot, but the music helped fuse it together".[10] Stone picked the songs he wanted to use and then wrote "each piece of the movie as a mood to fit that song".[10] The Coursons did not like his script and tried to slow the production down by refusing to allow any of Morrison's later poetry to be used in the film. (When Morrison died, Courson got the rights to his poetry and when she died, her parents got the rights.)[10]

text: Casting[edit]

text: For nearly 10 years prior to production, the project went through development hell after being considered by many studios and directors. Several actors including Tom Cruise, Johnny Depp, John Travolta, and Richard Gere were each considered for the role of Morrison when the project was still in development in the 1980s.[11] Even Bono from U2 and Michael Hutchence of INXS expressed an interest in the role, however Stone offered the role to Ian Astbury of The Cult. He declined the role because he was not happy with the way Morrison was represented in the film.[2] When Stone began talking about the project in 1988, he had Val Kilmer in mind to play Morrison after seeing him in the Ron Howard fantasy film Willow.[8][12] Kilmer had the same kind of singing voice as Morrison and to convince Stone that he was right for the role, spent several thousand dollars of his own money and made his own eight-minute video, singing and looking like Morrison at various stages of his life.[13] To prepare for the role, Kilmer lost weight and spent six months rehearsing Doors songs every day. The actor learned 50 songs, 15 of which are actually performed in the film. Kilmer also spent hundreds of hours with Paul Rothchild, who told him, "anecdotes, stories, tragic moments, humorous moments, how Jim thought, what were my interpretation of Jim's lyrics," the music producer said.[13] Rothchild also took Kilmer into the studio and helped him in "some pronunciations, idiomatic things that Jim would do that made the song sound like Jim".[13] Kilmer also met with Krieger and Densmore but Manzarek refused to talk to him.[13] When the Doors heard Kilmer singing they could not tell whether the voice was Kilmer's or Morrison's.[14]

text: Stone auditioned approximately 60 actresses for the role of Pamela Courson.[15] The part required nudity and the script featured some wild sex scenes which generated a fair amount of controversy. Casting director Risa Bramon felt that Patricia Arquette auditioned very well and should have gotten the part.[15] To prepare for the role, Meg Ryan talked to the Coursons and people that knew Pamela.[8] Before doing the film, she was not familiar with Morrison and "liked a few songs" and said, "I had to reexamine all my beliefs about it [the 1960s] in order to do this movie".[16] In doing research, she encountered several conflicting views of Pamela.[15]

text: Krieger acted as a technical adviser on the film and this mainly involved showing his cinematic alter ego, Frank Whaley, where to put his fingers on the fretboard.[4] Densmore also acted as a consultant on the film, tutoring Kevin Dillon who played him in the film.[11]

text: Principal photography[edit]

text: With a budget set at $32 million, The Doors was filmed over 13 weeks predominantly in and around Los Angeles, California; Paris, France; New York City, New York and the Mojave Desert.[6][17] Stone originally hired Paula Abdul to choreograph the film's concert scenes but she dropped out because she did not understand Morrison's on-stage actions and was not familiar with the time period. She recommended Bill and Jacqui Landrum. They watched hours of concert footage before working with Kilmer. The Landrums got him to do dance exercises to loosen up his upper body and jumping routines to develop his stamina.[18] During the concert scenes, Kilmer did the actual singing and Stone used the Doors' master tapes without Morrison's lead vocals to avoid lip-synching.[19] Kilmer's endurance was put to the test during the concert sequences which took several days to film. Stone said, "his voice would start to deteriorate after two or three takes. We had to take that into consideration".[20] One sequence, filmed inside the Whisky a Go Go, was harder than others due to all the smoke and sweat - a result of the body heat and intense camera lights. For five days, Kilmer performed "The End" and, after the 24th take Stone got what he wanted, his actor was completely exhausted.[20]

text: Controversy arose during filming when a memo linked to Kilmer circulated among cast and crew members listing rules of how the actor was to be treated for the duration of principal photography.[21] These included people being forbidden to approach him on the set without good reason, not to address him by his own name while he was in character, and no one could "stare" at him on the set. An upset Stone contacted Kilmer's agent and the actor claimed it was all a huge misunderstanding and that the memo was for his own people and not the film crew.[21]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The film's soundtrack contains over two dozen of The Doors' songs; in the film, original recordings of the band are combined with vocal performances by Kilmer himself. In addition to the many themed Doors songs featured, two songs by The Velvet Underground are also heard throughout the film.[22]

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: The film is based mostly on real people and actual events, but some parts are clearly Stone's vision and dramatization of those people and events. For example, when Morrison is asked to change the infamous lyric in "Light My Fire" for his appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, he is depicted as blatantly ignoring their request. The film depicts a defiant Morrison shouting the word "higher! Yeah!" into the TV camera, while in fact during the broadcast Morrison had simply sung the vocal with the same emphasis as on the record. Morrison later said the inclusion of "higher" in the live version was an accident, that he meant to change the lyric but was so nervous about performing on live television that he simply forgot to change it. Ray Manzarek said that The Doors pretended to agree to the change of words, and deliberately played the song as they always had, though, without any added emphasis on the offending word.[23] For the Ed Sullivan Show performance, Kilmer as Morrison is shown wearing a black shirt; however, during Morrison's actual performance on the show in September 1967, he wore a white shirt and a black leather jacket.

text: Another inaccuracy is the character of a seductive female magazine photographer played by Mimi Rogers, who appears to be based on 16 magazine editor Gloria Stavers (the dialogue in this scene is based on a conversation Stavers had with Morrison during a photo session in her Manhattan apartment). This character is portrayed as having taken the famous 'Young Lion' picture of Jim Morrison in New York City in 1967, when in fact this particular photograph (as well as nearly all the other publicity photographs for the Doors first album) were taken by a male photographer, Joel Brodsky, in Los Angeles in November 1966.

text: Morrison is also depicted as locking Pamela Courson in a closet and setting it on fire. Later, he is seen having a violent argument with Courson at a Thanksgiving celebration where they both threaten each other with a knife; and in another scene, Morrison is shown angrily throwing a television set at Ray Manzarek for licensing the use of "Light My Fire" in a Buick television commercial.[24] Even though Manzarek was frank about Morrison's tendency to go into senseless rages[25], participants in the film agree Stone took many liberties in fabricating events and that none of these incidents actually occurred.

text: Dialogue that took place between Kennealy and Morrison is reassigned to Courson, and Courson is depicted as saying hostile things to Kennealy, when by all reports their interactions were polite. Kennealy is also portrayed as being the girl Jim Morrison was with in the bathroom stall just before the December 1967 New Haven concert, when this was not in fact the case. What's more, the New Haven venue is presented in the film as a gorgeous amphitheater with a large balcony and a packed audience, when in reality it was a rather decrepit, half-empty hockey rink. Similarly, in an earlier scene of a press conference set in New York City in 1967, when Kennealy is first introduced to Morrison, the singer is asked a question regarding "the dreadful reviews your new poetry book has received"; at that time, Morrison had not yet published any volumes of his poetry.

text: The band's drummer John Densmore is portrayed as hating Morrison as the singer's personal and drug problems begin to dominate his behavior. In truth, as Densmore writes in Riders on the Storm, he never directly confronted Morrison about his behavior. Other questionable portrayals include those of Andy Warhol, who is presented as a leering homosexual caricature, and German singer Nico, whose dress and behavior in the film are more akin to a prostitute than a professional entertainer.

text: Krieger, Densmore, and Kennealy are all credited as technical advisors for the film; however, they have all commented that although they may have given advice, Stone often chose to ignore it in favor of his own vision of the story. The settings for the film, particularly the concert sequences, are depicted in mostly chronological order, although the crowd scenes contain many blatant exaggerations, such as portrayals of public nudity, bonfires, and group revelries that did not occur.

text: In the film's climactic scene of the infamous concert at the Dinner Key Auditorium in Miami, Morrison is shown as leaving the stage to join the audience for a singalong medley of "Break on Through" and "Dead Cats, Dead Rats", a portrayal which is likewise exaggerated and inaccurate. Another glaring inaccuracy: prior to the Miami concert in March 1969, a hippie reporter on the scene makes a derogatory comment about the band's fourth studio album The Soft Parade, which had not yet been completed and would not be released until July of that year.

text: The surviving Doors members were all to one degree or another unhappy with the final product, and were said to have heavily criticized Stone's portrayal of Morrison as an "out of control sociopath." In a 1991 interview with Gary James, Manzarek criticized Stone for exaggerating Morrison's alcohol consumption in the movie, saying, "Jim with a bottle all the time. It was ridiculous . . . It was not about Jim Morrison. It was about Jimbo Morrison, the drunk. God, where was the sensitive poet and the funny guy? The guy I knew was not on that screen."[26] In the afterword of his book Riders on the Storm, Densmore says that the movie is based on "the myth of Jim Morrison". In the same place, he criticizes the film for portraying Morrison's ideas as "muddled through the haze of the drink [alcohol]." In a 1994 interview, Krieger said that the film doesn't give the viewer "any kind of understanding of what made Jim Morrison tick." Krieger also commented about the film in the same interview: "They left a lot of stuff out. Some of it was overblown, but a lot of the stuff was very well done, I thought."[27]

text: In the book The Doors, Manzarek says, "that Oliver Stone thing did real damage to the guy I knew: Jim Morrison, the poet." In this book, Densmore says of the movie, "a third of it's fiction." In the same volume, Krieger joins Manzarek and Densmore in describing the movie as inaccurate, but also says, referring to the film's inaccuracy, "it could have been a lot worse."

text: As the credits point out and as Stone emphasizes on his DVD commentary, some characters, names, and incidents in the film are fictitious or amalgamations of real people. Stone states in particular in the 1997 documentary, The Road of Excess, that Quinlan's character, Patricia Kennealy, is a composite, and in retrospect should have been given a fictitious name. Kennealy in particular was hurt by her portrayal in the film and strongly objected to a scene in the film where Morrison states that he did not take their Wiccan marriage ceremony seriously.

text: Ryan's character, Pamela Courson, involves liberties of a different sort. The former Doors do not think the movie depiction of her is very accurate, as their book The Doors describes the version of Courson in the movie as "a cartoon of a girlfriend." Courson's parents had inherited Morrison's poems when their daughter died, and Stone had to agree to restrictions about his portrayal of her in exchange for the rights to use the poetry. In particular, Stone agreed to avoid any suggestion that Courson may have been responsible for Morrison's death. However, Alain Ronay and Courson herself had both said that she was responsible. In Riders on the Storm, Densmore says Courson said she felt terribly guilty because she had obtained drugs that she believed had either caused or contributed to Morrison's death.

text: Manzarek did not approve of how Morrison was portrayed by Stone. In Manzarek's biography of the Doors, Light My Fire, he often criticizes Stone and also includes myriad details that discredit Stone's account of Morrison. For example, in Stone's "re-creation" of Morrison's student film at UCLA, he has Morrison watching a D-Day sequence on TV and shouting profanities in German, with a near-nude German exchange student dancing on top of the TV sporting a swastika armband. According to Manzarek, the only similarity between Stone's version and Morrison's was that the girl in question was indeed German.[28]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. According to Q magazine, "few people emerged from seeing the film having raised their opinions of that band and especially its singer Jim Morrison." The problem, as critic Keith Cameron has put it, wasn't so much that "Stone dwelled upon Morrison the inebriate, the philanderer, or the pretentious Lizard King... No, blame clichéd Hollywood devices for sucking the wonder from the pioneering band: actors with fake hair saying silly things..." and "a self-important director's turgid attempts to make grand statements about America."[29]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 54% approval rating, based on 59 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's consensus states: "Val Kilmer delivers a powerhouse performance as one of rock's most incendiary figures, but unfortunately, Oliver Stone is unable to shed much light on the circus surrounding the star."[30] Metacritic reports a 62 out of 100 rating, based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[31] Rolling Stone gave the film four out of four stars.[32] The film was entered into the 17th Moscow International Film Festival.[33]


document_title: Garden Party (The Office)

question_text: who plays andy's dad in the office

question_tokens: who plays andy 's dad in the office

text: Garden Party (The Office)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) decides to throw a garden party at Schrute Farms to impress his parents and Robert California (James Spader), and exhaustively explains party manners to the office workers. Andy is jealous at the amount of attention his younger brother Walter Bernard, Jr. (Josh Groban) receives from his father, and thinks that by throwing an elaborate party he can ensure his father's blessings. At first, the party goes along smoothly. Andy makes a toast to Robert in order to get his fellow employees to toast him, as if to show to his parents and California that he is valued by his employees. His plan backfires, however, and instead more people toast Robert. To get everybody's mind off of Robert, Andy decides to sing "More Than Words" as a duet with his father. This too goes awry as his father corrects his playing and singing, and ultimately decides to sing a duet with Walter Jr. instead of Andy. Upset, Andy takes his guitar and storms off. His father confronts him privately about his outburst, and when Andy admits to trying to win his father's affection, he reacts with annoyance. This conversation is overheard by the other staff on the baby monitor Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) brought for their daughter, and Pam quickly turns off the monitor to let Andy save face. Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) and Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez) confide to the camera that they now understand why Andy feels he needs to prove himself to everyone. After his family leaves, a dejected Andy, feeling unwanted by his family and co-workers, says goodbye to the office staff as they turn the garden party into a barbecue. Darryl and Oscar, however, convince Andy to stay with a cheeseburger and a beer.

text: Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) wants to make the garden party a classy event to expand Schrute Farms' clientelle. He thoroughly reads a book called The Ultimate Guide to Throwing A Garden Party that he bought online, actually written by Jim under the pseudonym "James Trickington". The book gives outlandish advice such as announcing each guest's name as they arrive in an extremely loud manner, imitating The Last Supper in the middle of a meal, dancing with his party staff, and a fire court dance as the closing ceremonies, all of which Dwight follows to the letter.

text: Also, Pam feuds with co-worker Angela Lipton (Angela Kinsey) over baby names. Pam and Angela learn they've both chosen the name Phillip for their soon-to-be-born sons, with Pam naming her child after her deceased grandfather and Angela after her favorite cat. Angela, annoyed that Pam does not relinquish the name, makes a toast to "my son Phillip" at the garden party—only to have Pam make the same toast but describe in great detail how the name honors her grandfather. Angela, unwilling to reveal her feline-centric reasons for the name, grouses to the camera that Pam is always copying her.

text: Meanwhile, Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling) keeps hinting how cold she is, hoping Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) will offer his jacket. However, Ryan instantly offers his jacket to Robert, who is not even cold. Gabe Lewis (Zach Woods) also offers his, hinting at a rivalry between them in terms of sucking up to Robert, later evidenced in "Pool Party". Dwight's cousin Mose (Michael Schur) has fun being a valet, lining them up to perform a motorcycle stunt. However, he fails to get his motorcycle up the ramp, and instead runs across the cars.

text: Production[edit]

text: The episode was written by co-executive producer Justin Spitzer, his 10th writing credit for the series. It was directed by series editor David Rogers, his 4th directing credit for the series. Beginning with this episode, Mindy Kaling was promoted to executive producer.[3] Before this, it was speculated that she might not return to the series as a writer.[4] The episode features guest appearance from Stephen Collins, Dee Wallace and Josh Groban as Andy's father, mother and brother, respectively. Collins and Wallace were reported to appear on the series by Joyce Eng of TV Guide.[1] Josh Groban was later reported to appear on the series the next day.[2] Writer Mindy Kaling had sent Groban a message through Twitter asking if he would want to appear on the series.[5] He responded yes with the filming week of the episode lining up with his Los Angeles concert for his Straight to You Tour.[5]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: In its original American broadcast on October 13, 2011, "Garden Party" was viewed by an estimated 6.050 million viewers and received a 3.2 rating/8% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49.[6] This means that it was seen by 3.2% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 8% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. Although seeing a 3.8% increase in viewership, the episode matched the 18–49 demo rating from the previous episode, "Lotto".[7] The episode ranked third in its timeslot beating Person of Interest which received a 2.7 rating/7% share in the 18–49 demographic and The Secret Circle which received a 0.8 rating/2% share, but was defeated by Grey's Anatomy which received a 3.4 rating/9% share and The X Factor which received a 3.6 rating/10% share.[6]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: The episode received mixed reviews from critics. HitFix writer Alan Sepinwall stated that the episode "offered more laughs than some of this season's other episodes". Despite this, he criticized the episode's main plot with Andy, commenting that "where giving Michael Scott power made him a funnier character than he would have been were he just another salesman, Andy has somehow become less funny since the promotion".[8] Chris Plante of New York called the episode "funny, weird, touching, and unpredictable. A gem, really".[9] National Post writer Barry Hertz compared the episode to "Booze Cruise", "Beach Games" and "The Search".[10] M. Giant of Television Without Pity gave the episode a B-.[11] Several critics praised the return of former Office writer, Michael Schur as Mose Schrute.[8][12] Barry Hertz said that "the sight gag of him running atop a field of cars like a watered-down Evel Knievel was enough to give this episode an easy A".[10]

text: Despite this, the episode received some negative reviews. The A.V. Club reviewer Myles McNutt was more negative towards the episode writing that "Here, we have a case where an episode could have signaled at least some sense of what else the show might be interested in other than Andy as the well-meaning but hapless boss and Pam and Angela's dueling pregnancies, and all we got were variations on those storylines with no new angle either narratively". He gave the episode a C.[12] IGN writer Cindy White considered the episode superior to previous "external" episodes "Christening" and "Phyllis' Wedding", but considered it inferior to the "Niagara" and the "classic" "Booze Cruise". She criticized the main plot for rehashing previous plot lines and ultimately gave the episode a 7.0/10.[13]


document_title: Big Jake

question_text: where was the movie big jake filmed at

question_tokens: where was the movie big jake filmed at

text: Big Jake

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1909, there is a raid on the McCandles family ranch by a gang of ruthless outlaws led by John Fain. They massacre the ranch hands and kidnap Little Jake, the grandson, leaving a ransom note and heading back for Mexico, where they have been hiding out. Martha, the head of the family, is offered the help of both the army and the Texas Rangers in hunting the gang. She replies that this will be "a harsh and unpleasant kind of business and will require an extremely harsh and unpleasant kind of person to see it through." In consequence, she sends for her estranged husband, the aging Jacob "Big Jake" McCandles, a near-legendary gunfighter who wanders the west with his Rough Collie, simply named Dog.

text: When Jake arrives by train, he and Martha discuss a plan to take the ransom to the kidnappers, a million dollars in a big red strongbox, although Jake warns that, "Pay or not, we run the risk of never seeing the boy again". Then his son Michael rides up on a motorcycle, bringing word that he has seen the kidnappers in the Chilicothe Canyon. The Texas Ranger captain is present and offers the services of his men, equipped with three REO touring cars. They, however, are ambushed and their cars put out of action. Jake, preferring the old ways, has followed on horseback, accompanied by an old Apache associate, Sam Sharpnose. He is now joined by his sons, Michael and James, with whom his relations are tense because of his desertion of the family ten years before.

text: That night, Fain rides into their camp to make arrangements for the handover, telling Jake that they will “send the boy's body back in a basket" if anything should go wrong. Both men deny any personal stake in the business, each claiming to be "just a messenger boy". The family party crosses into Mexico the next day and checks into a hotel. Knowing that they have been followed by another gang intent on stealing the strongbox, Jake sets a trap for them and they are all killed. During the attack, the chest is blasted open, revealing clipped bundles of newspaper instead of money. Michael and James become suspicious of Jake and the three slug it out, but Jake assures them that it was both his and Martha's idea. James fears for Little Jake's life, but Jake tells them they'll have to go in anyway.

text: A thunderstorm breaks and Pop Dawson, one of the outlaws, arrives to give them the details of the exchange. He warns them that a sniper will have a gun trained on the boy in case of a double-cross. Jake arranges for Michael to follow after them to take care of the sharp shooter and convinces Dawson that he had been killed in the fight. At the hideout, Jake is led in alone to where Fain and four other gang members are waiting, one of them holding a shotgun on the boy. Jake tosses the key of the chest to Fain, who opens it up to discover that he has been tricked.

text: Fain orders his brother Will to kill the boy but he is shot by Jake. Dog is wounded by the sniper and Jake is wounded in the leg before Michael kills him. Jake tells the boy to escape but Little Jake is hunted by the machete wielding John Goodfellow, who has already hacked Sam to death. Dog comes to the rescue and is himself killed before Big Jake arrives and impales Goodfellow on a pitchfork. Fain rides up and is preparing to finish off the two of them when Michael arrives from where he had been waiting in ambush and blasts him off his horse. Before he dies, Fain asks, "Who are you?" When Jake answers, "Jacob McCandles," Fain says, "I thought you was dead," as have other characters during the course of the film. “Not hardly," Jake replies.

text: With Little Jake rescued, and the broken family bonded, they prepare to head home.

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
John Wayne as Jacob McCandles
Richard Boone as John Fain (Leader of Fain's Gang)
Maureen O'Hara as Martha McCandles
Patrick Wayne as James McCandles
Christopher Mitchum as Michael McCandles
Bruce Cabot as Sam Sharpnose
Bobby Vinton as Jeff McCandles
Glenn Corbett as O'Brien, aka Breed (John Fain's Gang)
John Doucette as Texas Ranger Capt. Buck Duggan
Jim Davis as Head of lynching party
John Agar as Bert Ryan
Harry Carey Jr. as Pop Dawson (as Harry Cary, Jr.) (John Fain's Gang)
Gregg Palmer as John Goodfellow (John Fain's Gang)
Jim Burk as Trooper (John Fain's Gang)
Dean Smith as James William "Kid" Duffy (John Fain's Gang)
Robert Warner as Will Fain (John Fain's Brother, John Fain's Gang)
Jeff Wingfield as Billy Devries (John Fain's Gang)
Everett Creach as Walt Devries (John Fain's Gang)
Roy Jenson as Gunman at bathhouse in Escondero
Virginia Capers as Delilah
Hank Worden as Hank
Ethan Wayne as Little Jake McCandles
William Walker as Moses Brown
George Fenneman as Narrator
Tom Hennesy as Mr. Sweet
Chuck Roberson as Texas Ranger
Bernard Fox as the Scottish Shepherd

text: Production[edit]

text: Written as The Million Dollar Kidnapping, which was used as the shooting title, it was filmed from early October to early December 1970, in the Mexican states of Durango and Zacatecas,[3] including scenes shot at the El Saltito waterfall and Sierra De Organos (in the municipality of Sombrerete, Zacatecas).[4]

text: John Wayne's real-life son, Patrick Wayne, portrays James McCandles in the film, while Robert Mitchum's son, Christopher Mitchum plays Michael McCandles. Wayne's youngest son Ethan Wayne is seen as his grandson, Little Jake, in the movie.

text: DVD[edit]

text: Big Jake was released to DVD by Paramount Home Entertainment on April 29, 2003 as a Region 1 widescreen DVD and on May 31, 2011 as a Region 1 widescreen Blu-ray DVD.


document_title: The Bridge on the River Kwai

question_text: where did they film bridge on the river kwai

text: The Bridge on the River Kwai

text: Plot[edit]

text: In early 1943, British POWs arrive by train at a Japanese prison camp in Burma. The commandant, Colonel Saito, informs them that all prisoners, regardless of rank, are to work on the construction of a railway bridge over the River Kwai that will connect Bangkok and Rangoon. The senior British officer, Lieutenant Colonel Nicholson, informs Saito that the Geneva Conventions exempt officers from manual labour. He later informs his officers that he had no intention of attempting an escape and forbids them from doing so, not because it's supposedly impossible, as Saito claims, but because they had been ordered by headquarters to surrender and an escape attempt could be seen as a treasonous defiance of orders.

text: At the following morning's assembly, Nicholson orders his officers to remain behind when the enlisted men are sent off to work. Saito slaps him across the face with his copy of the conventions and threatens to have them shot, but Nicholson refuses to back down. When Major Clipton, the British medical officer, intervenes, telling Saito there are too many witnesses for him to get away with murdering the officers, Saito leaves the officers standing all day in the intense tropical heat. That evening, the officers are placed in a punishment hut, while Nicholson is locked in an iron box.

text: Meanwhile, three prisoners attempt to escape. Two are shot dead, but United States Navy Commander Shears gets away, although badly wounded. He stumbles into a village of natives who nurse him back to health and then help him leave by boat.

text: Nicholson refuses to compromise. Meanwhile, the prisoners are working as little as possible and sabotaging whatever they can. Should Saito fail to meet his deadline, he would be obliged to commit ritual suicide. Desperate, Saito uses the anniversary of Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War as an excuse to save face and announces a general amnesty, releasing Nicholson and his officers from manual labour.

text: Nicholson conducts an inspection and is shocked by the poor job being done by his men. Over the protests of some of his officers, he allows Captain Reeves and Major Hughes to design and build a proper bridge, despite its military value to the Japanese, for the sake of maintaining his men's morale. The Japanese engineers had chosen a poor site, so the original construction is abandoned and a new bridge is begun downstream.

text: Shears is enjoying his hospital stay in Ceylon with a beautiful nurse, when British Major Warden informs him that the U.S. Navy has transferred him over to the British to join a commando mission to destroy the bridge before it's completed. Shears is appalled at the idea of returning to a place from which he nearly died during escape. He confesses he is not an officer, but merely had appropriated an officer's uniform prior to his capture, expecting that this revelation will invalidate the transfer order. However, Warden responds he already knew the truth and tells Shears that the American Navy's desire to avoid dealing with the embarrassment of his actions is the very reason they agreed to his transfer. Assured that he will be allowed to retain the privileges of being an officer and accepting that he actually has no choice, Shears relents and "volunteers" for the mission. The commando team consists of four men.

text: Meanwhile, Nicholson drives his men hard to complete the bridge on time. For him, its completion will exemplify the ingenuity and hard work of the British Army for generations, long after the war's end. When he asks that their Japanese counterparts join in as well, a resigned Saito replies that he has already given the order.

text: The commandos parachute in, with one man killed on landing, leaving three to complete the mission. Later, Warden is wounded in an encounter with a Japanese patrol and has to be carried on a litter. He, Shears, and Canadian Lieutenant Joyce reach the river in time with the assistance of Siamese women bearers and their village chief, Khun Yai. Under cover of darkness, Shears and Joyce plant explosives on the bridge towers below the water line.

text: A train carrying soldiers and important dignitaries is scheduled to be the first use of the bridge the following day, so Warden waits to destroy both. However, at daybreak the commandos are horrified to see that the water level has dropped, exposing the wire connecting the explosives to the detonator. Making a final inspection, Nicholson spots the wire and brings it to Saito's attention. As the train is heard approaching, they hurry down to the riverbank to investigate. The commandos are shocked that their own man is about to uncover the plot.

text: Joyce, manning the detonator, breaks cover and stabs Saito to death. Aghast, Nicholson yells for help, while attempting to stop Joyce from reaching the detonator. As he wrestles with Nicholson, Joyce tells Nicholson that he is a British officer under orders to destroy the bridge. When Joyce is shot dead by Japanese fire, Shears swims across the river, but is fatally wounded as he reaches Nicholson. Recognising the dying Shears, Nicholson exclaims, "What have I done?" Warden fires his mortar, mortally wounding Nicholson. The dazed colonel stumbles towards the detonator and collapses on the plunger just in time to blow up the bridge and send the train hurtling into the river below. Witnessing the carnage, Clipton shakes his head muttering, "Madness! ... Madness!"

text: Cast[edit]

text:
William Holden as Commander Shears
Alec Guinness as Lieutenant Colonel Nicholson
Jack Hawkins as Major Warden
Sessue Hayakawa as Colonel Saito
James Donald as Major Clipton
Geoffrey Horne as Lieutenant Joyce
André Morell as Colonel Green
Peter Williams as Captain Reeves
John Boxer as Major Hughes
Percy Herbert as Private Grogan
Harold Goodwin as Private Baker
Ann Sears as Nurse
Henry Okawa as Captain Kanematsu
K. Katsumoto as Lieutenant Miura
M.R.B. Chakrabandhu as Yai

text: Production[edit]

text: Screenplay[edit]

text: The screenwriters, Carl Foreman and Michael Wilson, were on the Hollywood blacklist and, even though living in exile in England, could only work on the film in secret. The two did not collaborate on the script; Wilson took over after Lean was dissatisfied with Foreman's work. The official credit was given to Pierre Boulle (who did not speak English), and the resulting Oscar for Best Screenplay (Adaptation) was awarded to him. Only in 1984 did the Academy rectify the situation by retroactively awarding the Oscar to Foreman and Wilson, posthumously in both cases. Subsequent releases of the film finally gave them proper screen credit. David Lean himself also claimed that producer Sam Spiegel cheated him out of his rightful part in the credits since he had had a major hand in the script.[10]

text: The film was relatively faithful to the novel, with two major exceptions. Shears, who is a British commando officer like Warden in the novel, became an American sailor who escapes from the POW camp. Also, in the novel, the bridge is not destroyed: the train plummets into the river from a secondary charge placed by Warden, but Nicholson (never realising "what have I done?") does not fall onto the plunger, and the bridge suffers only minor damage. Boulle nonetheless enjoyed the film version though he disagreed with its climax.[11]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Laurence Olivier was offered the part of Colonel Nicholson but turned it down in order to direct The Prince and the Showgirl. He later said that it was a sensible decision to go off and do love scenes with Marilyn Monroe rather than duke it out with Lean in the jungles of Ceylon. Spiegel persuaded Spencer Tracy to play Nicholson, but Tracy, who was American like Spiegel and had read the book, empathically told him that the part should be played by an Englishman.

text: Lean offered Charles Laughton the part of Nicholson, but Laughton later refused, deciding that he couldn't handle the heat of Ceylon and the somewhat warlike, militant nature of the story.Higham, Charles (1976). "Charles Laughton: an intimate biography". Doubleday. ISBN 9780385094030.  Missing or empty |url= (help)</ref> Ronald Colman, Ray Milland, Noël Coward and James Mason were among the actors that were considered to replace Laughton in the role.[12] Alec Guinness, who had worked with Lean on Oliver Twist, eventually got the role.

text: Spiegel approached Cary Grant for the part of Shears. Grant had read the book and was interested in playing Shears, but admitted having hemmed and hawed too much over script changes and the fact that he would have to go to Ceylon to shoot the film. Spiegel also approached Humphrey Bogart, who died before the film's release.[13] Rock Hudson was also considered, but he turned the down role to star in A Farewell to Arms.[14]

text: Montgomery Clift was either considered for the role of Shears or Joyce. Spiegel offered him a role at dinner which went horribly wrong due to Clift's poor health condition on account of drug use.[15]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Many directors were considered for the project, among them: John Ford, William Wyler, Howard Hawks, Fred Zinnemann, and Orson Welles (who was also offered a starring role).[16][17]

text: The film was an international co-production between companies in Britain and the United States.[18]

text: Director David Lean clashed with his cast members on multiple occasions, particularly Alec Guinness and James Donald, who thought the novel was anti-British. Lean had a lengthy row with Guinness over how to play the role of Nicholson; Guinness wanted to play the part with a sense of humour and sympathy, while Lean thought Nicholson should be "a bore." On another occasion, Lean and Guinness argued over the scene where Nicholson reflects on his career in the army. Lean filmed the scene from behind Guinness, and exploded in anger when Guinness asked him why he was doing this. After Guinness was done with the scene, Lean said "Now you can all fuck off and go home, you English actors. Thank God that I'm starting work tomorrow with an American actor (William Holden)."[19]

text: The film was made in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). The bridge in the film was near Kitulgala.

text: Alec Guinness later said that he subconsciously based his walk while emerging from "the Oven" on that of his eleven-year-old son Matthew,[20] who was recovering from polio at the time, a disease that left him temporarily paralyzed from the waist down.[21] Guinness later reflected on the scene, calling it the "finest piece of work" he had ever done.[22]

text: Lean nearly drowned when he was swept away by the river current during a break from filming.[23]

text: The filming of the bridge explosion was to be done on 10 March 1957, in the presence of S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike, then Prime Minister of Ceylon, and a team of government dignitaries. However, cameraman Freddy Ford was unable to get out of the way of the explosion in time, and Lean had to stop filming. The train crashed into a generator on the other side of the bridge and was wrecked. It was repaired in time to be blown up the next morning, with Bandaranaike and his entourage present.[23]

text: The producers nearly suffered a catastrophe following the filming of the bridge explosion. To ensure they captured the one-time event, multiple cameras from several angles were used. Ordinarily, the film would have been taken by boat to London, but due to the Suez crisis this was impossible; therefore the film was taken by air freight. When the shipment failed to arrive in London, a worldwide search was undertaken. To the producers' horror the film containers were found a week later on an airport tarmac in Cairo, sitting in the hot sun. Although it was not exposed to sunlight, the heat-sensitive colour film stock should have been hopelessly ruined; however, when processed the shots were perfect and appeared in the film.[24]

text: Music & soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Bridge on the River Kwai (Original Soundtrack Recording)

First edition vinyl cover

Soundtrack album by Various

Released
1957

Recorded
October 21, 1957

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
44:49

Label
Columbia

Producer
Various

tag: table

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[25]

Discogs
[26]

text: British composer Malcolm Arnold recalled that he had "ten days to write around forty-five minutes worth of music" - much less time than he was used to. He described the music for The Bridge on the River Kwai as the "worst job I ever had in my life" from the point of view of time.[27]

text: A memorable feature of the film is the tune that is whistled by the POWs—the first strain of the march "Colonel Bogey"—when they enter the camp.[28] Gavin Young[29] recounts meeting Donald Wise, a former prisoner of the Japanese who worked on the Burma Railway. Young: "Donald, did anyone whistle Colonel Bogey ... as they did in the film?" Wise: "I never heard it in Thailand. We hadn't much breath left for whistling. But in Bangkok I was told that David Lean, the film's director, became mad at the extras who played the prisoners—us—because they couldn't march in time. Lean shouted at them, 'For God's sake, whistle a march to keep time to.' And a bloke called George Siegatz ... —an expert whistler—began to whistle Colonel Bogey, and a hit was born."

text: The march was written in 1914 by Kenneth J. Alford, a pseudonym of British Bandmaster Frederick J. Ricketts. The Colonel Bogey strain was accompanied by a counter-melody using the same chord progressions, then continued with film composer Malcolm Arnold's own composition, "The River Kwai March," played by the off-screen orchestra taking over from the whistlers, though Arnold's march was not heard in completion on the soundtrack. Mitch Miller had a hit with a recording of both marches.

text: In many tense, dramatic scenes, only the sounds of nature are used. An example of this is when commandos Warden and Joyce hunt a fleeing Japanese soldier through the jungle, desperate to prevent him from alerting other troops. Arnold won an Academy Award for the film's score.

text:
The Bridge on the River Kwai (Original Soundtrack Recording)

No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Overture" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra)
Malcolm Arnold
4:24

2.
"Colonel Bogey March" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra)
Malcolm Arnold
2:52

3.
"Shear's Escape" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra)
Malcolm Arnold
3:58

4.
"Nicholson's Victory" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra)
Malcolm Arnold
4:45

5.
"Sunset" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra)
Malcolm Arnold
3:54

6.
"Working on the Bridge" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra)
Malcolm Arnold
2:58

7.
"Trek to the Bridge" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra)
Malcolm Arnold
8:28

8.
"Camp Concert Dance" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra)
Malcolm Arnold
2:36

9.
"Finale" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra)
Malcolm Arnold
2:12

10.
"River Kwai March" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra)
Malcolm Arnold
2:58

11.
"I Give My Heart (To No One But You)" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra)
Malcolm Arnold
3:16

12.
"Dance Music"
Malcolm Arnold
4:54

13.
"The River Kwai March/Colonel Bogey March" (feat. Mitch Miller & his orchestra)
Malcolm Arnold
2:28

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: The plot and characters of Boulle's novel and the screenplay were almost entirely fictional.[30]

text: The conditions to which POW and civilian labourers were subjected by the Japanese military on the historical Burma Railway were far worse than the film depicted.[31]According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission:

text: The notorious Burma-Siam railway, built by Commonwealth, Dutch and American prisoners of war, was a Japanese project driven by the need for improved communications to support the large Japanese army in Burma. During its construction, approximately 13,000 prisoners of war died and were buried along the railway. An estimated 80,000 to 100,000 civilians also died in the course of the project, chiefly forced labour brought from Malaya and the Dutch East Indies, or conscripted in Siam (Thailand) and Burma. Two labour forces, one based in Siam and the other in Burma, worked from opposite ends of the line towards the centre.[32]

text: Lieutenant Colonel Philip Toosey of the British Army was the real senior Allied officer at the bridge in question. Toosey was very different from Nicholson and was certainly not a collaborator who felt obliged to work with the Japanese. Toosey in fact did as much as possible to delay the building of the bridge. While Nicholson disapproves of acts of sabotage and other deliberate attempts to delay progress, Toosey encouraged this: termites were collected in large numbers to eat the wooden structures, and the concrete was badly mixed.[7][8] Some consider the film to be an insulting parody of Toosey.[7] On a BBC Timewatch programme, a former prisoner at the camp states that it is unlikely that a man like the fictional Nicholson could have risen to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and, if he had, due to his collaboration he would have been "quietly eliminated" by the other prisoners. Julie Summers, in her book The Colonel of Tamarkan, writes that Boulle, who had been a prisoner of war in Thailand, created the fictional Nicholson character as an amalgam of his memories of collaborating French officers.[7] He strongly denied the claim that the book was anti-British, although many involved in the film itself (including Alec Guinness) felt otherwise.[33] Ernest Gordon, a survivor of the railway construction and POW camps described in the novel/film, stated in a 1962 book, Through the Valley of the Kwai: "In Pierre Boulle's book The Bridge over the River Kwai and the film which was based on it, the impression was given that British officers not only took part in building the bridge willingly, but finished in record time to demonstrate to the enemy their superior efficiency. This was an entertaining story. But I am writing a factual account, and in justice to these men—living and dead—who worked on that bridge, I must make it clear that we never did so willingly. We worked at bayonet point and under bamboo lash, taking any risk to sabotage the operation whenever the opportunity arose."[6]

text: A 1969 BBC-TV documentary, Return to the River Kwai, made by former POW John Coast,[9] sought to highlight the real history behind the film (partly through getting ex-POWs to question its factual basis, for example Dr Hugh de Wardener and Lt-Col Alfred Knights), which angered many former POWs. The documentary itself was described by one newspaper reviewer when it was shown on Boxing Day 1974 (The Bridge on the River Kwai had been shown on BBC1 on Christmas Day 1974) as "Following the movie, this is a rerun of the antidote."[34]

text: Some of the characters in the film use the names of real people who were involved in the Burma Railway. Their roles and characters, however, are fictionalised. For example, a Sergeant-Major Risaburo Saito was in real life second in command at the camp. In the film, a Colonel Saito is camp commandant. In reality, Risaburo Saito was respected by his prisoners for being comparatively merciful and fair towards them. Toosey later defended him in his war crimes trial after the war, and the two became friends.

text: The major railway bridge described in the novel and film didn't actually cross the river known at the time as the Kwai. However, in 1943 a railway bridge was build by Allied POWs over the Mae Klong river – renamed as a result of the film Khwae Yai in the 1960s – at Tha Ma Kham, five kilometres from Kanchanaburi, Thailand.[35] Boulle had never been to the bridge. He knew that the railway ran parallel to the Kwae for many miles, and he therefore assumed that it was the Kwae which it crossed just north of Kanchanaburi. This was an incorrect assumption. The destruction of the bridge as depicted in the film is also entirely fictional. In fact, two bridges were built: a temporary wooden bridge and a permanent steel/concrete bridge a few months later. Both bridges were used for two years, until they were destroyed by Allied bombing. The steel bridge was repaired and is still in use today.[35]

text: Japanese viewers disliked the film's "glorification" of a fictitious and undemonstrable "superiority of Western civilization". In particular, they resented the implication in the film that Japanese military engineers were less capable than their British counterparts. [36] [37] In fact, Japanese engineers had been surveying the route of the railway since 1937 and were highly organized.

text: The film contains a scene where Colonel Nicholson, while inspecting the bridge construction progress, refers to the Japanese overseeing them as "barbarians".[38] In the version of the movie releases on DVD in 2000, the reference is overdubbed with a water splash sound.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text: Variety reported that this film was the No. 1 moneymaker of 1958, with a US take of $18,000,000.[39] The second highest moneymaker of 1958 was Peyton Place at $12,000,000; in third place was Sayonara at $10,500,000.[39]

text: The film was re-released in 1964 and earned an estimated $2.6 million in North American rentals.[40]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)

text: The film initially received generally positive reviews, with Guinness being widely praised for his performance.

text: Public opinion[edit]

text: Channel 4 (UK) held a poll in 2005 to find the 100 Greatest War Movies: The Bridge on the River Kwai came in at #10, behind Black Hawk Down and in front of The Dam Busters.

text: Film industry[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Date of ceremony
Award / Film festival
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)

March 26, 1958
Academy Awards
Best Picture
Sam Spiegel
Won

Best Director
David Lean
Won

Best Actor
Alec Guinness
Won

Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Sessue Hayakawa
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Michael Wilson, Carl Foreman, Pierre Boulle
Won

Best Music, Scoring
Malcolm Arnold
Won

Best Film Editing
Peter Taylor
Won

Best Cinematography
Jack Hildyard
Won

1958
British Academy Film Awards
Best British Film
David Lean and Sam Spiegel
Won

Best Film from any Source
David Lean and Sam Spiegel
Won

Best British Actor
Alec Guinness
Won

1957
Directors Guild of America
Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures
David Lean, Assistants: Gus Agosti & Ted Sturgis
Won

February 22, 1958
Golden Globe Awards
Best Motion Picture – Drama
David Lean and Sam Spiegel
Won

Best Director
David Lean
Won

Best Actor – Drama
Alec Guinness
Won

Best Supporting Actor
Sessue Hayakawa
Nominated

May 4, 1959
Grammy Awards
Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album, Dramatic Picture Score or Original Cast
Malcolm Arnold
Won

1957
New York Film Critics Circle Awards
New York Film Critics Circle Awards for Best Film
N/A
Won

New York Film Critics Circle Awards for Best Director
David Lean
Won

New York Film Critics Circle Awards for Best Actor
Alec Guinness
Won

text:
1998 — AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies — #13
2001 — AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills — #58
2006 — AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers — #14
2007 — AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) — #36

text: The film has been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

text: The British Film Institute placed The Bridge on the River Kwai as the 11th greatest British film.

text: First TV broadcast[edit]

text: The 167-minute film was first telecast, uncut, by ABC-TV in colour on the evening of 25 September 1966, as a three hours-plus ABC Movie Special. The telecast of the film lasted more than three hours because of the commercial breaks. It was still highly unusual at that time for a television network to show such a long film in one evening; most films of that length were still generally split into two parts and shown over two evenings. But the unusual move paid off for ABC—the telecast drew huge ratings.[41] On the evenings of 28 and 29 January 1973, ABC broadcast another David Lean colour spectacular, Lawrence of Arabia, but that broadcast was split into two parts over two evenings, due to the film's nearly four-hour length.[42]

text: Restorations[edit]

text: The film was restored in 1992 by Columbia Pictures. The separate dialogue, music and effects were located and remixed with newly recorded "atmospheric" sound effects.[43] The image was restored by OCS, Freeze Frame, and Pixel Magic with George Hively editing.[44]

text: On 2 November 2010 Columbia Pictures released a newly restored The Bridge on the River Kwai for the first time on Blu-ray. According to Columbia Pictures, they followed an all-new 4K digital restoration from the original negative with newly restored 5.1 audio.[45] The original negative for the feature was scanned at 4k (roughly four times the resolution in High Definition), and the colour correction and digital restoration were also completed at 4k. The negative itself manifested many of the kinds of issues one would expect from a film of this vintage: torn frames, embedded emulsion dirt, scratches through every reel, colour fading. Unique to this film, in some ways, were other issues related to poorly made optical dissolves, the original camera lens and a malfunctioning camera. These problems resulted in a number of anomalies that were very difficult to correct, like a ghosting effect in many scenes that resembles colour mis-registration, and a tick-like effect with the image jumping or jerking side-to-side. These issues, running throughout the film, were addressed to a lesser extent on various previous DVD releases of the film and might not have been so obvious in standard definition.[46]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
Balu Mahendra, the Tamil film director, saw the shooting of this film at Kitulgala, Sri Lanka during his school trip and was inspired to become a film director.[47]
In 1962, Spike Milligan and Peter Sellers, with Peter Cook and Jonathan Miller, released the LP record Bridge On the River Wye (Parlophone LP PMC 1190, PCS 3036 (November 1962)). This spoof of the film was based on the script for the 1957 Goon Show episode "An African Incident". Shortly before its release, for legal reasons, producer George Martin edited out the 'K' every time the word 'Kwai' was spoken.[48]
The comedy team of Wayne and Shuster performed a sketch titled "Kwai Me a River" on their 27 March 1967 TV show, in which an officer in the British Dental Corps is captured by the Japanese and, despite being comically unintimidated by any abuse the commander of the POW camp inflicts on him, is forced to build a (dental) "bridge on the river Kwai" for the commander and plans to include an explosive in the appliance to detonate in his mouth.[49]