document_title: Aylesbury duck

question_text: what kind of duck is jemima puddle duck

question_tokens: what kind of duck is jemima puddle duck

text: Aylesbury duck

text: Origins and description[edit]

text: The precise origin of the Aylesbury duck is unclear.[1] Before the 18th century, duck breeds were rarely recorded in England, and the common duck, bred for farming, was a domesticated form of the wild mallard. The common duck varied in colour, and as in the wild, white ducks would occasionally occur.[1] White ducks were particularly prized, as their feathers were popular as a filler for quilts.[2]

text: In the 18th century selective breeding of white common ducks led to a white domestic duck, generally known as the English White.[1] Since at least the 1690s ducks had been farmed in Aylesbury,[3] and raising English Whites became popular in Aylesbury and the surrounding villages.[4] By 1813 it was remarked that "ducks form a material article at market from Aylesbury and places adjacent: they are white, and as it seems of an early breed: they are bred and brought up by poor people, and sent to London by the weekly carriers".[5] The duck farmers of Aylesbury went to great lengths to ensure the ducks retained their white colouring, keeping them clear of dirty water, soil with a high iron content and bright sunlight, all of which could discolour the ducks' feathers.[6] Over time, selective breeding of the English White for size and colour gradually led to the development of the Aylesbury duck.[6]

text: A rather large duck breed,[7] the Aylesbury duck has pure white plumage and bright orange legs and feet.[1] Its legs are placed midway along the body and it stands with its underside parallel to the ground, giving it a body described as "boat-shaped".[1][8] It has a relatively long and thin swan-like neck, and a long pink bill which comes straight out from the head.[1][note 1]

text: An Aylesbury duckling incubates in the egg for 28 days.[9] Until eight weeks after hatching, the time of their first moult, ducks and drakes (females and males) are almost indistinguishable. After moulting, males have two or three curved tail feathers and a fainter, huskier quack than the female. By one year of age, females and males grow to an average weight of 6 and 7 pounds (2.7 and 3.2 kg) respectively, although males can reach around 10 pounds (4.5 kg).[1][7]

text: Unlike the Rouen duck, the other popular meat variety in England in the 19th century, Aylesbury ducks lay eggs from early November.[6] Aylesbury ducks fatten quickly and by eight weeks after hatching weigh up to 5 pounds (2.3 kg), large enough to eat but still young and extremely tender.[10] Consequently, their meat came onto the market from February onwards, after the close of the game season but before the earliest spring chickens were on sale.[6] Rouen ducks, whose mallard-like coloration made them less valuable, lay eggs from early February and take six months to grow large enough to eat.[6] As a consequence, Aylesbury ducks were sold primarily in the spring and summer, and Rouen ducks in the autumn and winter.[6][note 2]

text: Aylesbury duck farming[edit]

text: The white Aylesbury duck is, and deservedly, a universal favourite. Its snowy plumage and comfortable comportment make it a credit to the poultry-yard, while its broad and deep breast, and its ample back, convey the assurance that your satisfaction will not cease at its death. In parts of Buckinghamshire, this member of the duck family is bred on an extensive scale; not on plains and commons, however, as might be naturally imagined, but in the abodes of the cottagers. Round the walls of the living-rooms, and of the bedroom even, are fixed rows of wooden boxes, lined with hay; and it is the business of the wife and children to nurse and comfort the feathered lodgers, to feed the little ducklings, and to take the old ones out for an airing. Sometimes the "stock" ducks are the cottager's own property, but it more frequently happens that they are intrusted to his care by a wholesale breeder, who pays him so much per score for all ducklings properly raised. To be perfect, the Aylesbury duck should be plump, pure white, with yellow feet, and a flesh coloured beak.[11]

text: Unlike most livestock farming in England at this time, the duck breeders and duck rearers of Aylesbury formed two separate groups.[12] Stock ducks—i.e., ducks kept for breeding—were kept on farms in the countryside of the Aylesbury Vale, away from the polluted air and water of the town. This kept the ducks healthy, and meant a higher number of fertile eggs.[10]

text: Stock ducks would be chosen from ducklings hatched in March, with a typical breeder keeping six males and twenty laying females at any given time.[13] The females would be kept for around a year before mating, typically to an older male. They would then generally be replaced, to reduce the problems of inbreeding.[14] Stock ducks were allowed to roam freely during the day, and would swim in local ponds which, although privately owned, were treated as common property among the duck breeders;[13] breeders would label their ducks with markings on the neck or head.[14] The stock ducks would forage for greenery and insects, supplemented by greaves (the residue left after the rendering of animal fat).[14] As ducks lay their eggs at night, the ducks would be brought indoors overnight.[14]

text: Female Aylesbury ducks would not sit still for the 28 days necessary for their eggs to hatch, and as a consequence the breeders would not allow mothers to sit on their own eggs. Instead the fertilised eggs would be collected and transferred to the "duckers" of Aylesbury's Duck End.[15][note 3]

text: Rearing[edit]

text: The duckers of Aylesbury would buy eggs from the breeders,[10] or be paid by a breeder to raise the ducks on their behalf,[11] and would raise the ducklings in their homes between November and August as a secondary source of income. Duckers were typically skilled labourers, who invested surplus income in ducklings. Many of the tasks related to rearing the ducks would be carried out by the women of the household,[10] particularly the care of newly hatched ducklings.[9]

text: The eggs would be divided into batches of 13, and placed under broody chickens.[9][note 4] In the last week of the four-week incubation period the eggs would be sprinkled daily with warm water to soften the shells and allow the ducklings to hatch.[9]

text: Newly hatched Aylesbury ducklings are timid and thrive best in small groups, so the duckers would divide them into groups of three or four ducklings, each accompanied by a hen. As the ducklings grew older and gained confidence, they would be kept in groups of around 30.[9] Originally the ducks would be kept in every room in the ducker's cottage, but towards the end of the 19th century they were kept in outdoor pens and sheds with suitable protection against cold weather.[9]

text: The aim of the ducker was to get every duckling as fat as possible by the age of eight weeks (the first moult, the age at which they would be killed for meat), while avoiding any foods which would build up their bones or make their flesh greasy.[17] In their first week after hatching, the ducklings would be fed on boiled eggs, toast soaked in water, boiled rice and beef liver. From the second week on, this diet would gradually be replaced by barley meal and boiled rice mixed with greaves. (Some larger-scale duckers would boil a horse or sheep and feed this to the ducklings in place of greaves.)[17] This high-protein diet was supplemented with nettles, cabbage and lettuce to provide a source of vitamins.[17][note 5] As with all poultry, ducks require grit in their diet to break up the food and make it digestible. Aylesbury ducklings' drinking water was laced with grit from Long Marston and Gubblecote;[17] this grit also gave their bills their distinctive pinkish colour.[7] Around 85% of ducklings would survive this eight-week rearing process to be sent to market.[9]

text:
It was a very pretty sight to see a flock of young ducklings driven along the village streets to have their one and only swim on a pond; which, taken at the right time, helped them to feather properly. Often the flock spread over the road from side to side and all traffic had perforce to stop, while, quacking much and ambulating slowly, they passed and the road would then be free.[18]

Walter Rose describing ducks in Haddenham, circa 1925

tag: div

text: While ducks are naturally aquatic, swimming can be dangerous to young ducklings, and it can also restrict a duck's growth. Thus, although duckers would ensure the ducklings always had a trough or sink to paddle in, the ducklings would be kept away from bodies of water while they were growing. The exception was shortly before slaughter, when the ducklings would be taken for one swim in a pond, as it helped them to feather properly.[18]

text: Although there were a few large-scale duck rearing operations in Aylesbury, raising thousands of ducklings each season, the majority of Aylesbury's duckers would raise between 400 and 1,000 ducklings each year.[10] Because ducking was a secondary occupation, it was not listed in Aylesbury's census returns or directories and it is impossible to know how many people were engaged in it at any given time.[10] Kelly's Directory for 1864 does not list a single duck farmer in Aylesbury,[10] but an 1885 book comments that:

text: In the early years of the present [19th] century almost every householder at the "Duck End" of the town followed the avocation of ducker. In a living room it was no uncommon sight to meet with young ducks of different ages, divided in pens and monopolizing the greatest space of the apartment, whilst expected new arrivals often were carefully lodged in the bedchamber.[19]

text:
One poor man whom I visited, had before his door a small pit of water, about three yards long and one yard broad: at two corners of this pit are places of shelter for the ducks, thatched with straw: at night the ducks are taken into a house. In one room belonging to this man (the only room he had to live in), were ducks of three growths, on the 14th of January, 1808, fattening for London market: at one corner about seventeen or eighteen four weeks old; at another corner a brood a fortnight old; and at a third corner a brood a week old. In the bed-room were hens brooding ducks' eggs in boxes, to be bought off at different periods.[5]

The Rev. Richard Parkinson St. John Priest, Secretary to the Norfolk Agricultural Society, reporting on Aylesbury to the Board of Agriculture and Internal Improvement, 1813

text: The Duck End was one of the poorer districts of Aylesbury. Until the end of the 19th century it had no sewers or refuse collections.[16] The area had a number of open ditches filled with stagnant water, and outbreaks of malaria and cholera were common.[4] The cottages had inadequate ventilation and lighting,[16] and no running water.[14] Faeces from the duck ponds permeated the local soil and seeped into the cottages through cracks in the floors.[16]

text: Slaughter and sale[edit]

text: When the ducklings were ready for slaughter, the duckers would generally kill them on their own premises. The slaughter would generally take place in the morning, to ensure the ducks would be ready for market in the evening. To keep the meat as white as possible, the ducks would be suspended upside down and their necks broken backwards, and held in this position until their blood had run towards their heads. They were kept in this position for ten minutes before being plucked, as otherwise their blood would collect in those parts of the body from which the feathers had been plucked.[18] The plucking was generally carried out by the women of the household.[18] The plucked carcasses would be sent to market, and the feathers would be sold direct to London dealers.[20]

text: The market for duck meat in Aylesbury itself was small, and the ducks were generally sent to London for sale. By the 1750s Richard Pococke recorded that four cartloads of ducks were sent from Aylesbury to London every Saturday,[21] and in the late 18th and early 19th centuries the ducks continued to be sent over the Chiltern Hills to London by packhorse or cart.[20]

text: On 15 June 1839 the entrepreneur and former Member of Parliament for Buckingham, Sir Harry Verney, 2nd Baronet, opened the Aylesbury Railway.[22] Built under the direction of Robert Stephenson,[23] it connected the London and Birmingham Railway's Cheddington railway station on the West Coast Main Line to Aylesbury High Street railway station in eastern Aylesbury.[24] On 1 October 1863 the Wycombe Railway also built a line to Aylesbury, from Princes Risborough railway station to a station on the western side of Aylesbury (the present-day Aylesbury railway station).[24] The arrival of the railway had a powerful impact on the duck industry, and up to a ton of ducks in a night were being shipped from Aylesbury to Smithfield Market in London by 1850.[20]

text: A routine became established in which salesmen would provide the duckers with labels. The duckers would mark their ducklings with the labels of the firm to whom they wished them to be sold in London. The railway companies would collect ducklings, take them to the stations, ship them to London and deliver them to the designated firms, in return for a flat fee per bird. By avoiding the need for the duckers to travel to market, or the London salesmen to collect the ducklings, this arrangement benefited all concerned, and ducking became very profitable.[20] By 1870 the duck industry was bringing over £20,000 per year into Aylesbury; a typical ducker would make a profit of around £80–£200 per year.[25][note 6]

text: Developments in the late 19th century[edit]

text: In 1845, the first National Poultry Show was held, at the Zoological Gardens in London; one of the classes of poultry exhibited was "Aylesbury or other white variety". The personal interest of Queen Victoria in poultry farming, and its inclusion in the Great Exhibition of 1851, further raised public interest in poultry. From 1853 the Royal Agricultural Society and the Bath and West of England Society, the two most prominent agricultural societies in England, included poultry sections in their annual agricultural shows. This in turn caused smaller local poultry shows to develop across the country.[28]

text: Breeders would choose potential exhibition ducks from among newly hatched ducklings in March and April, and they would be given a great deal of extra attention. They would be fed a carefully controlled diet to get them to the maximum weight, and would be allowed out for a few hours each day to keep them in as good a physical condition as possible. Before the show, their legs and feet would be washed, their bills trimmed with a knife and sandpapered smooth, and their feathers brushed with linseed oil.[28] While most breeders would give the ducks a healthy meal before the show to calm them, some breeders would force-feed the ducks with sausage or worms, to get them to as heavy a weight as possible.[29] Exhibition standards judged an Aylesbury duck primarily on size, shape and colour. This encouraged the breeding of larger ducks, with pronounced exaggerated keels, and loose baggy skin.[29] By the beginning of the 20th century the Aylesbury duck had diverged into two separate strains, one bred for appearance and one for meat.[29]

text: Pekin ducks[edit]

text: In 1873 the Pekin duck was introduced from China to Britain for the first time. Superficially similar in appearance to an Aylesbury duck, a Pekin is white with orange legs and bill, with its legs near the rear, giving it an upright stance while on land.[8] Although not thought to have such a delicate flavour as the Aylesbury,[30] the Pekin was hardier, a more prolific layer,[8] fattened more quickly,[31] and was roughly the same size as an Aylesbury at nine weeks.[8]

text: Aylesbury ducks, meanwhile, were becoming inbred, meaning fertile eggs were scarcer and the ducks were more susceptible to disease.[30][32] Exhibition standards had led to selection for an exaggerated keel by breeders, despite it being unpopular with dealers and consumers.[8] Poultry show judges also admired the long neck and upright posture of Pekin ducks over the boat-like stance of the Aylesbury.[8] Some of the breeders in the Aylesbury area began to cross Pekin ducks with the pure Aylesbury strain. Although the Aylesbury-Pekin cross ducks did not have the delicate flavour of the pure Aylesbury, they were hardier and much cheaper to raise.[8]

text: Until the mid-19th century duck rearing was concentrated on the Duck End, but by the 1860s it had spread to many other towns and villages in the area, particularly Weston Turville and Haddenham.[33] Contamination of Aylesbury's soil by years of duck rearing, and new public health legislation which ended many traditional practices, caused the decline of the duck rearing industry in the Duck End, and by the 1890s the majority of Aylesbury ducks were raised in the villages rather than the town itself.[33] Population shifts and the improved national rail network reduced the need to rear ducks near London, and large duck farms opened in Lancashire, Norfolk and Lincolnshire.[33] Although the number of ducks raised nationwide continued to grow, between 1890 and 1900 the number of ducks raised in the Aylesbury area remained static, and from 1900 it began to drop.[33]

text: Decline[edit]

text: By the time Beatrix Potter's 1908 The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck—about an Aylesbury duck although set in Cumbria—caused renewed interest in the breed, the Aylesbury duck was in steep decline.[7] The duckers of Buckinghamshire had generally failed to introduce technological improvements such as the incubator, and inbreeding had dangerously weakened the breed.[30][32] Meanwhile, the cost of duck food had risen fourfold over the 19th century, and from 1873 onwards competition from Pekin and Pekin cross ducks was undercutting Aylesbury ducks at the marketplace.[8]

text: The First World War devastated the remaining duckers of Buckinghamshire. The price of duck food rose steeply while the demand for luxury foodstuffs fell,[30] and wartime restructuring ended the beneficial financial arrangements with the railway companies.[34] By the end of the war small-scale duck rearing in the Aylesbury Vale had vanished, with duck raising dominated by a few large duck farms.[35] Shortages of duck food in the Second World War caused further disruption to the industry, and almost all duck farming in the Aylesbury Vale ended.[35] A 1950 "Aylesbury Duckling Day" campaign to boost the reputation of the Aylesbury duck had little effect;[36] by the end of the 1950s the last significant farms had closed, other than a single flock in Chesham owned by Mr L. T. Waller,[35] and by 1966 there were no duck breeders or rearers of any size remaining in Aylesbury.[37] As of 2015[update] the Waller family's farm in Chesham remains in business, the last surviving flock of pure Aylesbury meat ducks in the country.[35][38][39]

text: Aylesbury ducks were imported into the United States in 1840, although they never became a popular breed. They were, however, added to the American Poultry Association's Standard of Perfection breeding guidelines in 1876.[40] As of 2013, the breed was listed as critically endangered in the United States by The Livestock Conservancy.[41]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The Aylesbury duck remains a symbol of the town of Aylesbury. Aylesbury United F.C. are nicknamed "The Ducks" and include an Aylesbury duck on their club badge,[42] and the town's coat of arms includes an Aylesbury duck and plaited straw, representing the two historic industries of the town.[43] The Aylesbury Brewery Company, now defunct, featured the Aylesbury duck as its logo, an example of which can still be seen at the Britannia pub.[44] Duck Farm Court is a shopping area of modern Aylesbury located near the historic hamlet of California, close to one of the main breeding grounds for ducks in the town,[45] and there have been two pubs in the town with the name "The Duck" in recent years; one in Bedgrove that has since been demolished[46] and one in Jackson Road that has recently been renamed.[47]


document_title: The Ghost & Mrs. Muir (TV series)

question_text: who played in the ghost and mrs. muir

question_tokens: who played in the ghost and mrs. muir

root

text: The Ghost & Mrs. Muir (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series stars Hope Lange as Carolyn Muir, a young widow and writer who rents Gull Cottage, near the fictional fishing village of Schooner Bay, Maine, along with her two children, a housekeeper (played by Reta Shaw) and their dog. The cottage is haunted by the ghost of its former owner Daniel Gregg, a 19th-century sea captain, played by Edward Mulhare. Charles Nelson Reilly plays wacky local man Claymore Gregg, who rents the cottage to Mrs. Muir without telling her it is haunted by his ancestor.

tag: p

text: The book of the same name, by R.A. Dick, was published in 1945. It was brought to the silver screen in 1947 with Gene Tierney playing Mrs. Muir and Rex Harrison as Captain Gregg. While the movie had been a romantic fantasy combining comic and dramatic elements, the series focused much more on laughs.

text: Production and reception[edit]

text: The story was developed as a TV series by Jean Holloway and filmed at the Hollywood Studios. Hope Lange won two Emmy Awards for Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for 1968–1969 and 1969–1970. Despite Lange's consecutive Emmy wins, the show struggled in the ratings and only ran for two seasons. During its first year on NBC, it followed Get Smart; its Big Three competition was My Three Sons on CBS and The Lawrence Welk Show on ABC.

text: In Spring 1969, NBC canceled the series. ABC picked it up and scheduled it to be shown on Thursday nights at 7:30 P.M. in September 1969, followed by That Girl and Bewitched. The series was again unsuccessful in beating out another hit CBS series, Family Affair. As a result, ABC canceled The Ghost & Mrs. Muir in Spring 1970. The following year, Family Affair was canceled by CBS after a five-year run because it was in the same time slot as the NBC hit variety series The Flip Wilson Show.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Hope Lange as Carolyn Muir, a widowed writer.
Edward Mulhare as Captain Daniel Gregg. The captain is a poltergeist, able to affect things not only in the house but also at a distance, and can appear and disappear at will. He can only be seen and heard by the people he chooses. His bad temper can affect the weather.
Charles Nelson Reilly as Claymore Gregg, the town clerk among other jobs, who is a great nephew of Capt. Gregg (although the captain is often ashamed of this and claims that Claymore is not related to him), and Mrs. Muir's landlord. He is one of the few who knows of the captain's continued presence, and is usually terrified of his ancestor. Reilly made this terror of "The Captain" a running gag during his appearances on The Hollywood Squares.
Reta Shaw as Martha Grant, the housekeeper. Towards the end of the series, the Captain reveals himself to her. But during most of the series, she is unaware of the ghost.
Kellie Flanagan as nine-year-old Candace 'Candy' Muir, Mrs. Muir's daughter; a tomboy with short hair. Starting in the second episode of season two, she can also see and hear the Captain.
Harlen Carraher as Jonathan Muir, Mrs. Muir's son; at the beginning of the series, he can see, hear and talk to the Captain.
Scruffy as Scruffy, the Muirs' Wire Fox Terrier.

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text: DVD release[edit]

text: On April 16, 2014, Madman Entertainment released both seasons on DVD in Region 4 (Australia ) for the very first time. In July 2014 Amazon.com started selling both seasons of the Ghost & Mrs. Muir in the United States.[1][2]


document_title: List of Miss World titleholders

question_text: who all have won miss world from india

question_tokens: who all have won miss world from india

text: List of Miss World titleholders

text: Miss World titleholders[edit]

text:
Year
Country/Territory
Miss World
Date of Birth
City
Country/Territory
Finals Venue
Pageant Date
Nº
Age

1951
 Sweden [1]
Håkansson, KikiKiki Håkansson [b][1]
June 17, 1929
London
 United Kingdom
Lyceum Theatre
July 29, 1951
26
24

1952
Flodin, May-LouiseMay-Louise Flodin [b][2]
September 5, 1934
November 14, 1952
11
20

1953
 France [2]
Perrier, DeniseDenise Perrier [2]
February 13, 1935
October 19, 1953
15
18

1954
 Egypt [2]
Costanda, AntigoneAntigone Costanda [2]
c. 1935
October 18, 1954
16
19

1955
 Venezuela [2]
Duijm, SusanaSusana Duijm [b][2]
August 11, 1936
October 20, 1955
19
19

1956
 Germany [2]
Petra Schürmann [b][2]
September 15, 1935
October 15, 1956
24
19

1957
 Finland [2]
Lindahl, MaritaMarita Lindahl [b][2]
October 17, 1938
October 14, 1957
23
19

1958
 South Africa [2]
Coelen, Penelope AnnePenelope Anne Coelen [2]
April 15, 1940
OCtober 13, 1958
22
18

1959
 Netherlands [2]
Rottschäfer, CorineCorine Rottschäfer [2]
May 8, 1938
November 10, 1959
37
19

1960
 Argentina [2]
Cappagli, NormaNorma Cappagli [b][2]
June 17, 1939
November 8, 1960
39
21

1961
 United Kingdom [2]
Frankland, RosemarieRosemarie Frankland [b][2]
February 1, 1943
November 9, 1961
37
18

1962
 Netherlands [2]
Lodders, CatharinaCatharina Lodders [2]
January 28, 1942
November 8, 1962
33
20

1963
 Jamaica [2]
Crawford, Carole JoanCarole Joan Crawford [2]
February 13, 1943
November 7, 1963
40
20

1964
 United Kingdom [2]
Sidney, AnnAnn Sidney [2]
March 27, 1944
November 12, 1964
42
20

1965
Langley, LesleyLesley Langley [2]
1945
November 19, 1965
48
20

1966
 India [2]
Faria, ReitaReita Faria [2]
August 23, 1943
November 17, 1966
51
23

1967
 Peru [2]
Hartog-Bel, MadelineMadeline Hartog-Bel [2]
June 12, 1946
November 16, 1967
55
21

1968
 Australia [2]
Plummer, PenelopePenelope Plummer [2]
October 26, 1949
November 14, 1968
53
20

1969
 Austria [2]
Rueber-Staier, EvaEva Rueber-Staier [2]
February 20, 1951
Royal Albert Hall
November 27, 1969
50
20

1970
 Grenada [2]
Hosten, JenniferJennifer Hosten [2]
October 31, 1947
November 20, 1970
58
23

1971
 Brazil [2]
Petterle, LúciaLúcia Petterle [2]
October 31, 1949
November 10, 1971
56
22

1972
 Australia [2]
Green, BelindaBelinda Green [2]
May 4, 1952
December 1, 1972
53
20

1973
 United States [2]
Wallace, MarjorieMarjorie Wallace [2]
January 23, 1954
November 23, 1973
54
19

1974
 United Kingdom [2]
Morgan, HelenHelen Morgan (Resigned) [2]
September 29, 1952
November 22, 1974
58
22

 South Africa [2]
Kriel, AnnelineAnneline Kriel (Assumed)[2]
28 July 1955
19

1975
 Puerto Rico [2]
Merced, WilneliaWilnelia Merced [2]
October 12, 1957
November 20, 1975
67
18

1976
 Jamaica
Breakspeare, CindyCindy Breakspeare
October 24, 1954
November 18, 1976
60
22

1977
 Sweden
Stävin, MaryMary Stävin
August 20, 1957
November 17, 1977
62
20

1978
 Argentina
Suárez, SilvanaSilvana Suárez
September 29, 1958
November 16, 1978
68
20

1979
 Bermuda
Swainson, GinaGina Swainson
June 6, 1958
November 15, 1979
69
21

1980
 Germany
Brum, GabriellaGabriella Brum (Resigned)
March 22, 1962
November 13, 1980
67
18

 Guam
Santos, KimberleyKimberley Santos (Assumed)
August 21, 1961
19

1981
 Venezuela
León, PilínPilín León
May 19, 1963
November 12, 1981
67
18

1982
 Dominican Republic
Álvarez, MariaselaMariasela Álvarez
January 31, 1960
November 18, 1982
68
22

1983
 United Kingdom
Hutt, Sarah-JaneSarah-Jane Hutt
October 3, 1964
November 17, 1983
72
19

1984
 Venezuela
Herrera, Astrid CarolinaAstrid Carolina Herrera
June 23, 1963
November 15, 1984
72
21

1985
 Iceland
Karlsdóttir, HólmfríðurHólmfríður Karlsdóttir
June 3, 1963
November 14, 1985
78
22

1986
 Trinidad & Tobago
Laronde, GiselleGiselle Laronde
October 24, 1963
November 13, 1986
77
23

1987
 Austria [2]
Weigerstorfer, UllaUlla Weigerstorfer [2]
August 16, 1967
November 12, 1987
78
20

1988
 Iceland [2]
Pétursdóttir, LindaLinda Pétursdóttir [2]
December 27, 1969
November 17, 1988
84
19

1989
 Poland [2]
Kręglicka, AnetaAneta Kręglicka [2]
March 23, 1965
Hong Kong
 Hong Kong
Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre
November 22, 1989
78
24

1990
 United States [2]
Tolleson, GinaGina Tolleson [2]
March 26, 1969
London
 United Kingdom
London Palladium
November 8, 1990
81
21

1991
 Venezuela
Leal, NinibethNinibeth Leal
November 26, 1971
Atlanta
 United States
Georgia World Congress Center
December 28, 1991
78
20

1992
 Russia [2]
Kourotchkina, JuliaJulia Kourotchkina [2]
August 10, 1974
Sun City
/ South Africa
Sun City Entertainment Centre
December 12, 1992
83
18

1993
 Jamaica [2]
Lisa Hanna [2]
August 20, 1975
November 27, 1993
81
18

1994
 India [2]
Rai, AishwaryaAishwarya Rai [2]
November 1, 1973
November 19, 1994
87
21

1995
 Venezuela
Aguilera, JacquelineJacqueline Aguilera
November 17, 1976
November 18, 1995
84
19

1996
 Greece [2]
Skliva, IreneIrene Skliva [2]
April 4, 1978
Bangalore
 India
Bangalore Cricket Stadium
November 23, 1996
88
18

1997
 India
Hayden, DianaDiana Hayden
May 1, 1973
Mahé
 Seychelles
Plantation Club
November 22, 1997
86
24

1998
 Israel
Abargil, LinorLinor Abargil
February 17, 1980
Lake Berjaya Mahé Resort
November 26, 1998
86
18

1999
 India
Mookhey, YuktaYukta Mookhey
October 7, 1977
London
 United Kingdom
Olympia, London
December 4, 1999
94
22

2000
Chopra, PriyankaPriyanka Chopra
July 18, 1982
Millennium Dome
November 30, 2000
95
18

2001
 Nigeria
Darego, AgbaniAgbani Darego
December 22, 1982
Sun City
 South Africa
Sun City Entertainment Centre
November 16, 2001
93
19

2002
 Turkey
Akın, AzraAzra Akın
December 8, 1981
London
 United Kingdom
Alexandra Palace
December 7, 2002
88
21

2003
 Ireland
Davison, RosannaRosanna Davison
April 17, 1984
Sanya
 China
Crown of Beauty Theatre
December 6, 2003
106
19

2004
 Peru
Mantilla, María JuliaMaría Julia Mantilla
July 10, 1984
December 4, 2004
107
20

2005
 Iceland
Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir, UnnurUnnur Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir
May 25, 1984
December 10, 2005
102
21

2006
 Czech Republic
Kuchařová, TaťánaTaťána Kuchařová
December 23, 1987
Warsaw
 Poland
Palace of Culture and Science
September 30, 2006
104
18

2007
 China
Zilin, ZhangZhang Zilin
March 22, 1984
Sanya
 China
Crown of Beauty Theatre
December 1, 2007
106
23

2008
 Russia
Sukhinova, KseniaKsenia Sukhinova
August 26, 1987
Johannesburg
 South Africa
Sandton Convention Centre
December 13, 2008
109
21

2009
 Gibraltar
Aldorino, KaianeKaiane Aldorino
July 8, 1986
Gallagher Convention Centre
December 12, 2009
112
23

2010
 United States
Mills, AlexandriaAlexandria Mills
February 26, 1992
Sanya
 China
Crown of Beauty Theatre
October 30, 2010
115
18

2011
 Venezuela
Sarcos, IvianIvian Sarcos
July 26, 1989
London
 United Kingdom
Earls Court Exhibition Centre
November 6, 2011
113
22

2012
 China
Wenxia, YuYu Wenxia
August 6, 1989
Ordos City
 China
Dongsheng Fitness Center Stadium
August 18, 2012
116
23

2013
 Philippines
Young, MeganMegan Young
February 27, 1990
Bali
 Indonesia
Bali Nusa Dua Convention Center
September 28, 2013
127
23

2014
 South Africa
Strauss, RoleneRolene Strauss
April 22, 1992
London
 United Kingdom
ExCeL London
December 14, 2014
121
22

2015
 Spain
Lalaguna, MireiaMireia Lalaguna
November 21, 1992
Sanya
 China
Crown of Beauty Theatre
December 19, 2015
114
23

2016
 Puerto Rico
Del Valle, StephanieStephanie Del Valle
December 30, 1996
Washington, D.C.
 United States
MGM National Harbor
December 18, 2016
117
19

2017
 India
Manushi Chhillar
May 14, 1997
Sanya
 China
Sanya City Arena
November 18, 2017
118
20

tag: table

text: Note: b Now deceased

text: Note: Marjorie Wallace, the 1973 winner, became the first titleholder not to complete her reign, when in March 1974, she was fired for "failing to fulfill the basic requirements of the job". Organisers extended an offer to first runner-up Evangeline Pascual of the Philippines to complete the duties of Miss World for the remainder of the year, but without holding the title; when Pascual turned down that offer, organisers next turned to second runner-up Patsy Yuen of Jamaica, who accepted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/275926/2010-miss-universe-bets-compete-miss-world%7Cfirst=Robert R.|last=Requintina|title=2010 Miss Universe bets compete in Miss World|work=Manila pradeep|date=2

text: Note: The 2002 pageant was originally to be held in Abuja, Nigeria but was relocated back to the United Kingdom after a midst of riots in that area.

text: Note: The 2008 pageant was originally to be held in Kiev, Ukraine but was relocated to South Africa after the diplomacy crisis between Russia and Georgia.

text: Countries by winning the title[edit]

text:
Country
Titles
Year(s)

 India
6
1966, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2017

 Venezuela
1955, 1981, 1984, 1991, 1995, 2011

 United Kingdom
5
1961, 1964, 1965, 1974, 1983

 South Africa
3
1958, 1974, 2014

 United States
1973, 1990, 2010

 Iceland
1985, 1988, 2005

 Jamaica
1963, 1976, 1993

 Sweden
1951, 1952, 1977

 Puerto Rico
2
1975, 2016

 China
2007, 2012

 Russia
1992, 2008

 Peru
1967, 2004

 Austria
1969, 1987

 Germany
1956, 1980

 Argentina
1960, 1978

 Australia
1968, 1972

 Netherlands
1959, 1962

 Spain
1
2015

 Philippines
2013

 Gibraltar
2009

 Czech Republic
2006

 Ireland
2003

 Turkey
2002

 Nigeria
2001

 Israel
1998

 Greece
1996

 Poland
1989

 Trinidad and Tobago
1986

 Dominican Republic
1982

 Guam
1980

 Bermuda
1979

 Brazil
1971

 Grenada
1970

 Finland
1957

 Egypt
1954

 France
1953


document_title: Victorian house

question_text: one common feature of a victorian-style house is its

text: Victorian house

text: Great Britain[edit]

text: Early in the Victorian era, up to the 1840s houses were still influenced by the classicism of Regency styles. However the simplicity of Regency classicism fell out of favour as affluence increased and by the 1850s the Italianate style influenced domestic architecture which now incorporated varying quantities of stucco. From the 1850s domestic buildings also became increasingly influenced by the Gothic Revival, incorporating features such as pointed, projecting porches, bay windows, and grey slate.[3]

text: Typical features[edit]

text: In addition to general architectural influences, this progressive change in style resulted from several other factors. In the 1850s, the abolition of tax on glass and bricks made these items cheaper yet a suitable material and the coming of the railway allowed them to be manufactured elsewhere, at low cost and to standard sizes and methods, and brought to site. There was also progressive introduction from the 1850s of various building regulations.[1] There are a number of common themes in Victorian housing:[1]

text:
Sanitation: regulations were introduced progressively from the 1850s to raise the importance of sanitation features, including correct drainage, waste facilities (the "ash pit" or "dust bin"), and toilet facilities either in the form of an outside privy or inside water closet.
Hot and cold water: at the start of the Victorian era, some houses had running tap water and a boiler for hot water. By the turn of the century, hot and cold running water were a common feature.
Lighting powered by gas was available in many towns from the start of the Victorian era.  By the end of the Victorian era, many houses had gas.
A basement with a cellar for the storage of coal, required for open fires and to heat water.
Sash windows but with larger panes of glass, from the 1850s, than the characteristic 6 plus 6 smaller panes seen in Georgian and Regency architecture.
Victorian houses were generally built in terraces or as detached houses.
Building materials were brick or local stone. Bricks were made in factories some distance away, to standard sizes, rather than the earlier practice of digging clay locally and making bricks on site.[1]
The majority of houses were roofed with slate, quarried mainly in Wales and carried by rail. The clay tiles used in some houses would be available locally.
Vegetation and small garden were often incorporated into Victorian homes, as forms of nature were prized by the suburban domestic ideal.[4]

text: Houses for all classes[edit]

text: In Victorian times, population growth, and the Industrial Revolution which saw a migration of workers from the countryside to the cities, resulted in successive housing booms in the 1850s and 1870s that saw the creation of millions of houses.  These catered not only for the rich and the new "middling-classes" but also for the poor.

text: In deprived areas, Victorian houses were often very small, for example, back-to-back houses built in extremely cramped conditions.  Some of these areas became slums or 'rookeries', and were later cleared. Some smaller, two-up two-down houses still survive, for example in Salford, Greater Manchester.

text: Victorian houses for the middle classes and upwards tended to have accommodation for servants, often employed to carry out the considerable labour required to keep the house, including its fireplaces, clean and well stocked.[1]

text: Victorian houses of the middle and upper classes aspired to follow the purest forms of contemporary architecture, for example, the Gothic Revival or Queen Anne styles.

text: Great houses[edit]

text: The Victorian era, together with the Edwardian era was the last sustained period in which great houses were built in large numbers.[5]  Many of these harked back to earlier periods of English architecture, for example:

text:
Waddesdon Manor in Renaissance Revival style
Highclere Castle in Tudorbethan style (link says it's actually Jacobethan)
Harlaxton Manor in Jacobethan style
Canford manor following the medieval style and incorporating a great hall
Penrhyn Castle in Norman style
Mentmore Towers in Jacobethan style
Tyntesfield in Gothic Revival style

text: North America[edit]

text: Victorian-era homes in eastern American cities tend to be three stories and those in western American cities tend to be two-story houses or one-story cottages. This is not representative of a typical Victorian-era home in all regions.[citation needed]

text: Although the general public often incorrectly refers to a Victorian-era house as a Victorian-style house, Victorian era refers to a time period and not to a style. Although architectural historians generally agree that about eight primary architectural styles were prominent in the United States and Canada during the Victorian era, Victorian-era residential architecture in the United States and Canada was a procession of styles borrowed from countries and historical styles.[citation needed]

text: Examples[edit]

text:
"High execution" of U.S. Queen Anne style: The Carson Mansion located in Eureka, California.

John B. Kane Residence, South Los Angeles (Eastlake)

Alamo Square, San Francisco (Painted ladies)

The Farnam Mansion, Oneida, New York. (Italianate)

This is an 1880s photo of 653 W Wrightwood (now 655 W Wrightwood) in Lincoln Park, Chicago, Illinois. Note the wooden sidewalk, dirt road and lack of buildings surrounding the edifice.

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, the Victorian period is generally classified as the years from 1840 to 1890. There were fifteen styles that predominated, of which the following eight were used for homes:[6]

text:
Victorian Georgian
Victorian Regency
Filigree
Italianate
Tudor
Free Gothic
Rustic Gothic
Free Classical

text: (The Arts and Crafts style and Queen Anne style are placed in the Federation period, from 1890 to 1915.)[7]

text: Examples[edit]

text:
The Abbey, Annandale, New South Wales (Free Gothic).

Terrace houses, Woollahra, New South Wales (Filigree)

Glentworth House, Ashfield, New South Wales (Italianate)

Roslyndale, Woollahra, New South Wales (Rustic Gothic)


document_title: Sevagram

question_text: who founded the sevagram ashram near wardha in maharashtra

text: Sevagram

text: Overview[edit]

text: Sevagram is a small village, located about 8 km from Wardha. Mahatma Gandhi set up his ashram in the outskirts of the village when barely 1,000 people lived there. Seth Jamnalal Bajaj of Wardha, a disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, made available to the ashram about 300 acres (1.2 km2) of land. [2] Near the ashram there is a museum where artifacts of India's freedom struggle are preserved.

text: History[edit]

text: When Gandhi started his padayatra (foot march) in 1930 from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi for the Salt Satyagraha, he decided not to return to Sabarmati till India achieved independence. Gandhi was imprisoned for more than two years. On his release he spent sometime travelling around India. He decided to make a village in Central India his headquarters. He came to Wardha in 1934, at the invitation of his follower and industrialist, Jamnalal Bajaj and stayed in one of the rooms at Jamnalal's bungalow (Bajajwadi)[3] at Wardha and in the Prarthana mandir of Mahila Ashram for sometime.[4]

text: In April 1936, Gandhiji established his residence in a village called Segaon[5] at the outskirts of Wardha, which he renamed as Sevagram, which means 'village of service'. Gandhiji was 67 years old when he came to Sevagram. The small homes which were built in the ashram for Gandhi and Kasturba, and his followers were similar to the typical village homes. The ashram employed some harijans in the common kitchen to break the caste barrier. Vinoba Bhave's Param Dham Ashram is located on the banks of the Dhaam river close by. Many decisions on important national matters and movements were taken at Sevagram. It became the central place for a number of institutions for the nation building activities devised by Gandhiji to suit the inherent strength of this country.

text: Sevagram is 8 km from Wardha town in Maharashtra and 75 km from Nagpur. In spite of many practical difficulties, Gandhiji decided to settle here. Though he did not have any intentions of keeping anybody with him except his wife Kasturba, pressure of work necessitated more colleagues with him till Sevagram Ashram became a full-fledged institution. There were no facilities at Sevagram, not even a post or telegraph office. The letters used to be brought from Wardha. There was another village in this region named Shegaon, made famous by the residence of Saint Gajanan Maharaj. So, Gandhiji's letters used to get misdirected. Therefore, it was decided in 1940 to rename this village as Sevagram[6] or 'the village of service'.

text: Transport[edit]

text: Sevagram railway station is 6 km from the main village. Previously the station was named as Wardha East railway station. There is one of the sharpest railway turns near the station.[citation needed] Sevagram is a station on the Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line. Sevagram is well connected by rail, bus and airport; the closest airport is situated around 55 km away.Also many trains from the north side towards south passes through this route. Warud station is nearer but few trains stop there.

text: Education[edit]

text: Sevagram is home to the first rural medical college in India, the Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, and an engineering college, Bapurao Deshmukh College of Engineering which is also run by a rural trust.


document_title: Wage

question_text: what are the major determinant of workers pay

text: Wage

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Personal finance

Credit · Debt

Mortgage
Car loan
Credit card
Unsecured personal loan
Rent-to-own
Student loan
Pawn
Title loan
Payday loan
Refund anticipation loan
Refinancing
Debt consolidation
Bankruptcy

Employment contract

Salary
Wage
Salary packaging
Employee stock option
Employee benefits

Retirement

Pension

Defined benefit
Defined contribution
Social security
Business plan
Corporate action

Personal budget

Financial planner
Financial adviser
Stockbroker
Financial independence
Estate planning

See also

Bank
Cooperative
Credit union

v
t
e

text: A wage is monetary compensation (or remuneration, personnel expenses, labor) paid by an employer to an employee in exchange for work done. Payment may be calculated as a fixed amount for each task completed (a task wage or piece rate), or at an hourly or daily rate (wage labour), or based on an easily measured quantity of work done.

text: Wages are part of the expenses that are involved in running a business.

text: Payment by wage contrasts with salaried work, in which the employer pays an arranged amount at steady intervals (such as a week or month) regardless of hours worked, with commission which conditions pay on individual performance, and with compensation based on the performance of the company as a whole. Waged employees may also receive tips or gratuity paid directly by clients and employee benefits which are non-monetary forms of compensation. Since wage labour is the predominant form of work, the term "wage" sometimes refers to all forms (or all monetary forms) of employee compensation.

text: Origins and necessary components[edit]

text: Wage labour involves the exchange of money for time spent at work (the latter quantity is termed labor power by Marx and subsequent economists). As Moses I. Finley lays out the issue in The Ancient Economy:

text: The wage is the monetary measure corresponding to the standard units of working time (or to a standard amount of accomplished work, defined as a piece rate). The earliest such unit of time, still frequently used, is the day of work. The invention of clocks coincided with the elaborating of subdivisions of time for work, of which the hour became the most common, underlying the concept of an hourly wage.[2][3]

text: Wages were paid in the Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt,[4] Ancient Greece,[5] and Ancient Rome.[5]

text: Determinants of wage rates[edit]

text: Depending on the structure and traditions of different economies around the world, wage rates will be influenced by market forces (supply and demand), legislation, and tradition. Market forces are perhaps more dominant in the United States, while tradition, social structure and seniority, perhaps play a greater role in Japan.[6]

text: Wage differences[edit]

text: Even in countries where market forces primarily set wage rates, studies show that there are still differences in remuneration for work based on sex and race. For example, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2007 women of all races made approximately 80% of the median wage of their male counterparts. This is likely due to the supply and demand for women in the market because of family obligations.[7] Similarly, white men made about 84% the wage of Asian men, and black men 64%.[8] These are overall averages and are not adjusted for the type, amount, and quality of work done.

text: Wages in the United States[edit]

text: Seventy-five million workers earned hourly wages in the United States in 2012, making up 59% of employees.[9] In the United States, wages for most workers are set by market forces, or else by collective bargaining, where a labor union negotiates on the workers' behalf. The Fair Labor Standards Act establishes a minimum wage at the federal level that all states must abide by, among other provisions. Fourteen states and a number of cities have set their own minimum wage rates that are higher than the federal level. For certain federal or state government contacts, employers must pay the so-called prevailing wage as determined according to the Davis-Bacon Act or its state equivalent. Activists have undertaken to promote the idea of a living wage rate which account for living expenses and other basic necessities, setting the living wage rate much higher than current minimum wage laws require. The minimum wage rate is there to protect the well being of the working class.[10]

text: Definitions[edit]

text: For purposes of federal income tax withholding, 26 U.S.C. § 3401(a) defines the term "wages" specifically for chapter 24 of the Internal Revenue Code:

text: "For purposes of this chapter, the term “wages” means all remuneration (other than fees paid to a public official) for services performed by an employee for his employer, including the cash value of all remuneration (including benefits) paid in any medium other than cash;" In addition to requiring that the remuneration must be for "services performed by an employee for his employer," the definition goes on to list 23 exclusions that must also be applied.[11]


document_title: El Clásico

question_text: who has the highest goals in el clasico

question_tokens: who has the highest goals in el clasico

text: El Clásico

text: Rivalry

text: History

text: The conflict between Real Madrid and Barcelona has long surpassed the sporting dimension,[13][14] so that elections to the clubs' presidencies are strongly politicized.[15]

text: As early as the 1930s, Barcelona "had developed a reputation as a symbol of Catalan identity, opposed to the centralising tendencies of Madrid".[16][17] In 1936, when Francisco Franco started the Coup d'état against the democratic Second Spanish Republic, the president of Barcelona, Josep Sunyol, member of the Republican Left of Catalonia and Deputy to The Cortes, was arrested and executed without trial by Franco's troops[15] (Sunyol was exercising his political activities, visiting Republican troops north of Madrid).[16]

text: Barcelona was on top of the list of organizations to be purged by the National faction, just after communists, anarchists, and independentists.[15][18] During the Franco dictatorship, most citizens of Barcelona were in strong opposition to the fascist-like régime. Phil Ball, the author of Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football, says about the match; "they hate each other with an intensity that can truly shock the outsider".[19]

text: During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera and of Francisco Franco, all regional languages and identities in Spain were frowned upon and restrained. In this period, Barcelona gained their motto Més que un club (English: More than a club) because of its alleged connection to Catalan nationalist as well as to progressive beliefs.[20] During Franco's regime, however, Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level, even giving two awards to him.[21] The links between senior Real Madrid representatives and the Francoist regime were undeniable;[15] for most of the Catalans, Real Madrid was regarded as "the establishment club", despite the fact that presidents of both clubs like Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra, suffered at the hands of Franco's supporters in the Spanish Civil War.[16][22][23]

text: The image for both clubs was further affected by the creation of Ultras groups, some of which became hooligans. In 1980, Ultras Sur was founded as a far-right-leaning Real Madrid ultras group, followed in 1981 by the foundation of the initially left-leaning and later on far-right, Barcelona ultras group Boixos Nois. Both groups became known for their violent acts,[15][24][25] and one of the most conflictive factions of Barcelona supporters, the Casuals, became a full-fledged criminal organisation.[26]

text: For many people, Barcelona is still considered as "the rebellious club", or the alternative pole to "Real Madrid's conservatism".[27][28] According to polls released by CIS (Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas), Real Madrid is the favorite team of most of the Spanish residents, while Barcelona stands in the second position. In Catalonia, forces of all the political spectrum are overwhelmingly in favour of Barcelona. Nevertheless, the support of the blaugrana club goes far beyond from that region, earning its best results among young people, sustainers of a federal structure of Spain and citizens with left-wing ideology, in contrast with Real Madrid fans which politically tend to adopt right-wing views.[29][30]

text: 1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals

text: On 13 June 1943, Real Madrid beat Barcelona 11–1 at home in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo, the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco.[31] The first leg, played at Barcelona's Les Corts stadium in Catalonia, had ended with Barcelona winning 3–0. Madrid complained about all the three goals that referee Fombona Fernández had allowed for Barcelona,[32] with the home supporters also whistling Madrid throughout, whom they accused of employing roughhouse tactics, and Fombona for allowing them to. A campaign began in Madrid. Barcelona player Josep Valle recalled: "The press officer at the DND and ABC newspaper wrote all sorts of scurrilous lies, really terrible things, winding up the Madrid fans like never before". While former Real Madrid goalkeeper Eduardo Teus, who admitted that Madrid had "above all played hard", wrote in a newspaper: "the ground itself made Madrid concede two of the three goals, goals that were totally unfair".[33]

text: Barcelona fans were banned from traveling to Madrid. Real Madrid released a statement after the match which former club president (1985–1995) Ramón Mendoza explained, "The message got through that those fans who wanted to could go to El Club bar on Calle de la Victoria where Madrid's social center was. There, they were given a whistle. Others had whistles handed to them with their tickets." The day of the second leg, the Barcelona team were insulted and stones were thrown at their bus as soon as they left their hotel. Barcelona's striker Mariano Gonzalvo said of the incident, "Five minutes before the game had started, our penalty area was already full of coins." Barcelona goalkeeper Lluis Miró rarely approached his line—when he did, he was armed with stones. As Francisco Calvet told the story, "They were shouting: Reds! Separatists!... a bottle just missed Sospedra that would have killed him if it had hit him. It was all set up."[34]

text: Real Madrid went 2–0 up within half an hour. The third goal brought with it a sending off for Barcelona's Benito García after he made what Calvet claimed was a "completely normal tackle". Madrid's José Llopis Corona recalled, "At which point, they got a bit demoralized," while Mur countered, "at which point, we thought: 'go on then, score as many as you want'." Madrid scored in minutes 31', 33', 35', 39', 43' and 44', as well as two goals ruled out for offside, made it 8–0. Basilo de la Morena had been caught out by the speed of the goals. In that atmosphere and with a referee who wanted to avoid any complications, it was humanly impossible to play... If the azulgranas had played badly, really badly, the scoreboard would still not have reached that astronomical figure. The point is that they did not play at all." Both clubs were fined 2,500 pesetas by the Royal Spanish Football Federation and, although Barcelona appealed, it made no difference. Piñeyro resigned in protest, complaining of "a campaign that the press has run against Barcelona for a week and which culminated in the shameful day at Chamartín".[35][36]

text: The match report in the newspaper La Prensa described Barcelona's only goal as a "reminder that there was a team there who knew how to play football and that if they did not do so that afternoon, it was not exactly their fault".[37] Another newspaper called the scoreline "as absurd as it was abnormal".[32] According to football writer Sid Lowe, "There have been relatively few mentions of the game [since] and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid. Indeed, the 11–1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona's history. This was the game that first formed the identification of Madrid as the team of the dictatorship and Barcelona as its victims."[32] Fernando Argila, Barcelona's reserve goalkeeper from the game, said, "There was no rivalry. Not, at least, until that game."[38]

text: Di Stéfano transfer

text: The rivalry was intensified during the 1950s when the clubs disputed the signing of Alfredo Di Stéfano. Di Stéfano had impressed both Barcelona and Real Madrid while playing for Los Millionarios in Bogotá, Colombia, during a players' strike in his native Argentina.[39] Both Real Madrid and Barcelona attempted to sign him and, due to confusion that emerged from Di Stéfano moving to Millonarios from River Plate following the strike, both clubs claimed to own his registration.[39] After intervention from FIFA representative Muñoz Calero, it was decided that both Barcelona and Real Madrid had to share the player in alternate seasons. Barcelona's humiliated president was forced to resign by the Barcelona board, with the interim board cancelling Di Stéfano's contract.[39] This ended the long struggle for Di Stéfano, as he moved definitively to Real Madrid.[39]

text: Di Stéfano became integral in the subsequent success achieved by Real Madrid, scoring twice in his first game against Barcelona. With him, Real Madrid won the initial five European Champions Cup competitions. The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice at the European Cup, Real Madrid winning in 1960 and Barcelona winning in 1961.

text: Luís Figo Transfer

text: In 2000, Real Madrid's then-presidential candidate, Florentino Pérez, offered Barcelona's vice-captain Luís Figo $2.4 million just to sign an agreement binding him to Madrid if he won the elections. If the player broke the deal, he would have to pay Pérez $30 million in compensation. When his agent confirmed the deal, Figo denied everything, insisting, "I'll stay at Barcelona whether Pérez wins or loses." He accused the presidential candidate of "lying" and "fantasizing". He told Barcelona teammates Luis Enrique and Pep Guardiola he was not leaving and they conveyed the message to the Barcelona squad.[40]

text: On 9 July, Sport ran an interview in which he said, "I want to send a message of calm to Barcelona's fans, for whom I always have and always will feel great affection. I want to assure them that Luís Figo will, with absolute certainty, be at the Camp Nou on the 24th to start the new season... I’ve not signed a pre-contract with a presidential candidate at Real Madrid. No. I'm not so mad as to do a thing like that."[40]

text: The only way Barcelona could prevent Figo's transfer to Real Madrid was to pay the penalty clause, $30 million. That would have effectively meant paying the fifth highest transfer fee in history to sign their own player. Barcelona's new president, Joan Gaspart, called the media and told them, "Today, Figo gave me the impression that he wanted to do two things: get richer and stay at Barça." Only one of them happened. The following day, 24 July, Figo was presented in Madrid and handed his new shirt by Alfredo Di Stéfano. His buyout clause was set at $180 million. Gaspart later admitted, "Figo's move destroyed us."[41]

text: On his return to Barcelona in a Real Madrid shirt, banners with "Judas", "Scum" and "Mercenary" were hung around the stadium. Thousands of fake 10,000 peseta notes had been printed and emblazoned with his image, were among the missiles of oranges, bottles, cigarette lighters, even a couple of mobile phones were thrown at him.[42] In his third season with Real Madrid, the 2002 Clásico at Camp Nou produced one of the defining images of the rivalry. Figo was mercilessly taunted throughout; missiles of coins, a knife, a whisky bottle, were raining down from the stands, mostly from areas populated by the Boixos Nois where he had been taking a corner. Among the debris was a pig's head.[43][44]

text: Recent issues

text: During the last three decades, the rivalry has been augmented by the modern Spanish tradition of the Pasillo, where one team is given the guard of honor by the other team, once the former clinches the La Liga trophy before El Clásico takes place. This has happened in three occasions. First, during El Clásico that took place on 30 April 1988, where Real Madrid won the championship on the previous round. Then, three years later, when Barcelona won the championship two rounds before El Clásico on 8 June 1991.[45] The last pasillo, and most recent, took place on 7 May 2008, and this time Real Madrid had won the championship.[46]

text: The two teams met again in the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 2002, with Real Madrid winning 2–0 in Barcelona and a 1–1 draw in Madrid. The match was dubbed by Spanish media as the "Match of the Century".[47]

text: While El Clásico is regarded as one of the fiercest rivalries in world football, there have been rare moments when fans have shown praise for a player on the opposing team. In 1980, Laurie Cunningham was the first Real Madrid player to receive applause from Barcelona fans at Camp Nou; after excelling during the match, and with Madrid winning 2–0, Cunningham left the field to a standing ovation from the locals.[48][49] On 26 June 1983, during the second leg of the Copa de la Liga final at the Santiago Bernabéu in Madrid, having dribbled past the Real Madrid goalkeeper, Barcelona star Diego Maradona ran towards an empty goal before stopping just as the Madrid defender came sliding in an attempt to block the shot and crashed into the post, before Maradona slotted the ball into the net.[48] The manner of Maradona's goal led to many Madrid fans inside the stadium start applauding.[48][50] In November 2005, Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player to receive a standing ovation from Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu.[48] After dribbling through the Madrid defence twice to score two goals in a 3–0 win, Madrid fans paid homage to his performance with applause.[51][52] On 21 November 2015, Andrés Iniesta became the third Barcelona player to receive applause from Real Madrid fans while he was substituted during a 4–0 away win, with Iniesta scoring Barça's third.[53]

text: A 2007 survey by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas showed that 32% of the Spanish population supported Real Madrid, while 25% supported Barcelona. In third place came Valencia, with 5%.[54] According to a poll performed by Ikerfel in 2011, Barcelona is the most popular team in Spain with 44% of preferences, while Real Madrid is second with 37%. Atlético Madrid, Valencia and Athletic Bilbao complete the top five.[55] Both clubs have a global fanbase and are the world's two most followed sports teams on social media—on Facebook, as of March 2016, Barcelona has 91 million fans, Real Madrid has 87 million fans.[11][56]

text: The rivalry intensified in 2011 where, due to the final of the Copa Del Rey and the meeting of the two in the UEFA Champions League, Barcelona and Real Madrid were scheduled to meet each other four times in 18 days. Several accusations of unsportsmanlike behaviour from both teams and a war of words erupted throughout the fixtures which included four red cards. Spain national team coach Vicente del Bosque stated that he was "concerned" that due to the rising hatred between the two clubs, that this could cause friction in the Spain team.[57]

text: In recent years, the rivalry has been "encapsulated" by the rivalry between Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi.[58] Following the star signings of Neymar and Luis Suárez to Barcelona, and Gareth Bale and Karim Benzema to Madrid, the rivalry has been expanded to a battle of the clubs attacking trios, "BBC" (Bale, Benzema, Cristiano) against "MSN" (Messi, Suárez, Neymar).[59]

text: Results

text:
Matches
Wins
Draws
Goals
Home Wins
Home Draws
Away Wins

M
B
M
B
M
B
M
B
M
B

La Liga
176
72
70
34
286
282
52
49
15
19
20
21

Copa del Rey
33
12
14
7
64
63
5
7
5
2
3
5

Copa de la Liga
6
0
2
4
8
13
0
1
2
2
0
1

Supercopa de España
14
8
4
2
30
18
6
4
1
1
2
0

Champions League
8
3
2
3
13
10
1
1
2
1
2
1

All competitions
237
95
92
50
401
386
64
61
25
25
27
28

Friendly
34
4
20
10
44
86
3
11
4
6
1
8

All matches
271
99
112
60
445
472
67
72
29
31
28
36

text: Records

text: Biggest wins (5+ goals)

text:
10
Real Madrid 11–1 Barcelona
19 June 1943
Copa del Rey

6
Real Madrid 8–2 Barcelona
3 February 1935
La Liga

5
Barcelona 7–2 Real Madrid
24 September 1950
La Liga

Barcelona 6–1 Real Madrid
19 May 1957
Copa del Rey

Real Madrid 6–1 Barcelona
18 September 1949
La Liga

Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid
21 April 1935

Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid
25 March 1945

Real Madrid 5–0 Barcelona
5 October 1953

Real Madrid 0–5 Barcelona
17 February 1974

Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid
8 January 1994

Real Madrid 5–0 Barcelona
7 January 1995

Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid
29 November 2010

text: Longest runs

text: Most consecutive wins

text:
Games
Club
Period

6
Barcelona
25 January 1948 – 15 January 1949

6
Real Madrid
30 September 1962 – 28 February 1965

5
Real Madrid
5 March 1933 – 3 February 1935

5
Barcelona
13 December 2008 – 29 November 2010

text: Most consecutive draws

text:
Games
Period

3
11 September 1991 – 7 March 1992

3
1 May 2002 – 20 April 2003

text: Most consecutive matches without a draw

text:
Games
Period

18
25 January 1948 – 21 November 1954

17
23 November 1960 – 19 March 1967

14
4 December 1977 – 4 June 1983

12
19 May 1957 – 27 April 1960

10
5 March 1933 – 28 January 1940

text: Longest undefeated runs

text:
Games
Club
Period

14
Real Madrid
31 January 1931 – 3 February 1935

13
Barcelona
1 November 1917 – 3 June 1928

text: Longest undefeated runs in the league

text:
Games
Club
Period

7 (5 Wins)
Real Madrid
31 January 1932 – 3 February 1935

7 (5 Wins)
Barcelona
13 December 2008 – 10 December 2011

6 (6 Wins)
Real Madrid
30 September 1962 – 28 February 1965

6 (4 Wins)
Barcelona
11 May 1997 – 13 October 1999

6 (3 Wins)
Barcelona
28 November 1971 – 17 February 1974

5 (4 Wins)
Barcelona
30 March 1947 – 15 January 1949

5 (3 Wins)
Barcelona
11 May 1975 – 30 January 1977

text: Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal

text:
Games
Club
Period

5
Barcelona
3 April 1972 – 17 February 1974

3
Barcelona
10 January 1914 – 7 March 1916

3
Real Madrid
29 June 1974 – 11 May 1975

3
Barcelona
29 November 2009 – 29 November 2010

text: Most consecutive games scoring

text:
Games
Club
Period

23
Barcelona
27 April 2011 – 13 August 2017

18
Real Madrid
3 May 2011 – 22 March 2015

17
Barcelona
27 November 1982 – 31 January 1987

14
Real Madrid
15 February 1959 – 21 January 1962

14
Real Madrid
5 December 1990 – 16 December 1993

13
Real Madrid
1 December 1946 – 23 November 1952

13
Real Madrid
22 April 1962 – 9 April 1968

12
Barcelona
26 March 1916 – 26 April 1926

11
Barcelona
11 September 1991 – 7 May 1994

10
Barcelona
30 January 1997 – 13 October 1999

text: Goalscoring

text: Top goalscorers

text: Players in bold are still active

text:
Player
Club
La Liga
Copa
Super Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total

 Lionel Messi
Barcelona
18
—
6
—
2
26[note 1]

  Alfredo Di Stéfano
Real Madrid
14
2
2
—
—
18

 Cristiano Ronaldo
Real Madrid
9
5
4
—
—
18

 Raúl
Real Madrid
11
—
3
—
1
15

 César
Barcelona
12
2
—
—
—
14

 Francisco Gento
Real Madrid
10
2
—
—
2
14

  Ferenc Puskás
Real Madrid
9
2
—
—
3
14

 Santillana
Real Madrid
9
2
—
1
—
12

 Hugo Sánchez
Real Madrid
8
—
2
—
—
10

 Juanito
Real Madrid
8
—
—
2
—
10

 Josep Samitier
Barca / Real
4
6
—
—
—
10

 Estanislao Basora
Barcelona
8
1
—
—
—
9

 Jaime Lazcano
Real Madrid
8
—
—
—
—
8

 Karim Benzema
Real Madrid
6
1
1
—
—
8

 Iván Zamorano
Real Madrid
4
2
2
—
—
8

 Eulogio Martínez
Barcelona
2
5
—
—
1
8

 Luis Suárez
Barcelona
2
4
—
—
2
8

 Santiago Bernabéu
Real Madrid
—
8
—
—
—
8

text: Consecutive goalscoring

text:
Player
Club
Consecutive matches
Total goals in the run
Start
End

 Cristiano Ronaldo
Real Madrid
6
7
2011–12 Copa del Rey (1st leg)
2012–13 La Liga (7th round)

 Iván Zamorano
Real Madrid
5
5
1992–93 La Liga (20th Round)
1993 Supercopa de España (2nd leg)

 Simón Lecue
Real Madrid
4
5
1935–36 La Liga (7th Round)
1939–40 La Liga (9th Round)

 Ronaldinho
Barcelona
4
5
2004–05 La Liga (12th Round)
2005–06 La Liga (31st Round)

 Giovanni
Barcelona
4
4
1997 Supercopa de España (1st leg)
1997–98 La Liga (28th Round)

text: Most hat-tricks

text: Five players have been able to score more than one hat trick: Jaime Lazcano, Santiago Bernabéu, Paulino Alcántara, Lionel Messi and Ferenc Puskás have all scored two hat-tricks in El Clásico history (2).

text: Most assists

text: Lionel Messi has delivered the most assists in El Clásico history (14).[61]

text: Most appearances

text: Players in bold are still active

text:
Appearances
Player
Club

43
Manuel Sanchís
Real Madrid

42
Francisco Gento
Real Madrid

42
Xavi
Barcelona

38
Lionel Messi
Barcelona

38
Sergio Ramos
Real Madrid

38
Andrés Iniesta
Barcelona

37
Fernando Hierro
Real Madrid

37
Raúl
Real Madrid

37
Iker Casillas
Real Madrid

text: Players who played for both clubs

text:
1902:  Alfonso Albéniz
1906:  José Quirante
1911:  Alfonso Albéniz
1911:  Arsenio Comamala
1913:  Walter Rozitsky
1930:  Ricardo Zamora (via Espanyol)
1932:  Josep Samitier
1950:  Alfonso Navarro
1961:  Justo Tejada
1962:  Evaristo
1965:  Fernand Goyvaerts
1988:  Bernd Schuster
1990:  Luis Milla
1992:  Nando
1994:  Michael Laudrup
1995:  Miquel Soler (via Sevilla)
2000:  Luís Figo
2000:  Albert Celades (via Celta Vigo)
2002:  Ronaldo (via Inter Milan)
2007:  Javier Saviola

text:
1905:  Luciano Lizarraga
1939:  Hilario (via Valencia)
1961:  Jesús María Pereda (via Real Valladolid, then Sevilla)
1965:  Lucien Muller
1980:  Lorenzo Amador (via Hércules)
1994:  Gheorghe Hagi (via Brescia)
1994:  Julen Lopetegui (via Logroñés)
1995:  Robert Prosinečki (via Real Oviedo)
1996:  Luis Enrique
1999:  Dani García (via Mallorca)
2000:  Alfonso Pérez (via Real Betis)
2004:  Samuel Eto'o (via Mallorca)

text:
From Barcelona to Madrid
16

From Barcelona to another club before Madrid
4

Total
20

From Madrid to Barcelona
3

From Madrid to another club before Barcelona
9

Total
12

Total Switches
32

text: Honours

text: The rivalry reflected in El Clásico matches comes about as Real Madrid and Barcelona are the most successful football clubs in Spain. As seen below, Barcelona leads Real Madrid 94–91 in terms of official overall trophies.[62] While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup, it was not organised by UEFA. Consequently, UEFA does not consider clubs' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record.[63] However, FIFA does view the competition as a major honour.[64]

text:
Real Madrid
Competition
Barcelona

Domestic

33
La Liga
25

19
Copa del Rey
30

10
Supercopa de España
12

1
Copa Eva Duarte (defunct)
3

1
Copa de la Liga (defunct)
2

64
Aggregate
72

European and Worldwide

13
UEFA Champions League
5

—
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (defunct)
4

2
UEFA Europa League
—

4
UEFA Super Cup
5

—
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (defunct)
3

3
Intercontinental Cup (defunct)
—

2
Latin Cup (defunct)
2

3
FIFA Club World Cup
3

27
Aggregate
22

91
Total Aggregate
94

text: Note: FIFA recognized the winner of the Intercontinental Cup as a World Champion.

text: Note: The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is not recognized in the UEFA records and statistics