document_title: Red panda

question_text: when did the red panda first become endangered

text: Red panda

text: Physical characteristics

text: The head and body length of a red panda measures 50 to 64 cm (20 to 25 in), and its tail is 28 to 59 cm (11 to 23 in). Males weigh 3.7 to 6.2 kg (8.2 to 13.7 lb) and females 3 to 6.0 kg (6.6 to 13.2 lb).[6][7][8] They have long, soft, reddish-brown fur on the upper parts, blackish fur on the lower parts, and a light face with tear markings and robust cranio-dental features. The light face has white badges similar to those of a raccoon, but each individual can have distinctive markings. Their roundish heads have medium-sized upright ears, black noses, and blackish eyes. Their long, bushy tails with six alternating transverse ochre rings provide balance and excellent camouflage against their habitat of moss- and lichen-covered trees. The legs are black and short with thick fur on the soles of the paws. This fur serves as thermal insulation on snow-covered or icy surfaces and conceals scent glands, which are also present on the anus.[9]

text: The red panda is specialized as a bamboo feeder with strong, curved and sharp semi-retractile claws[6] standing inward for grasping narrow tree branches, leaves, and fruit. Like the giant panda, it has a “false thumb”, which is an extension of the wrist bone. When descending a tree head-first, the red panda rotates its ankle to control its descent, one of the few climbing species to do so.[10]

text: Distribution and habitat

text: The red panda is endemic to the temperate forests of the Himalayas, and ranges from the foothills of western Nepal to China in the east.[11] Its easternmost limit is the Qinling Mountains of the Shaanxi Province in China. Its range includes southern Tibet, Sikkim and Assam in India, Bhutan, the northern mountains of Burma, and in south-western China, in the Hengduan Mountains of Sichuan and the Gongshan Mountains in Yunnan. It may also live in south-west Tibet and northern Arunachal Pradesh, but this has not been documented. Locations with the highest density of red pandas include an area in the Himalayas that has been proposed as having been a refuge for a variety of endemic species in the Pleistocene. The distribution range of the red panda should be considered disjunct, rather than continuous.[6] A disjunct population inhabits the Meghalaya Plateau of north-eastern India.[12]

text: During a survey in the 1970s, signs of red pandas were found in Nepal's Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve.[13] Their presence was confirmed in spring 2007 when four red pandas were sighted at elevations ranging from 3,220 to 3,610 m (10,560 to 11,840 ft).[14] The species' westernmost limit is in Rara National Park located farther west of the Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve.[15] Their presence was confirmed in 2008.[16]

text: The red panda lives between 2,200 and 4,800 m (7,200 and 15,700 ft) altitude, inhabiting areas of moderate temperature between 10 and 25 °C (50 and 77 °F) with little annual change. It prefers mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests, especially with old trees and dense understories of bamboo.[6][11]

text: The red panda population in Sichuan Province is larger and more stable than the Yunnan population, suggesting a southward expansion from Sichuan into Yunnan in the Holocene.[17]

text: The red panda has become extirpated from the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Gansu, Shaanxi, and Qinghai.[18]

text: Distribution of subspecies

text: Distribution of the red panda is disjointed, with two extant subspecies:

text:
Western red panda A. f. fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) lives in the western part of its range, in Nepal, Assam, Sikkim, and Bhutan.
Styan's red panda A. f. styani lives in the east-north-eastern part of its range, in southern China and northern Burma.[19]

text: A. f. styani has been described by Thomas in 1902 based on one skull from a specimen collected in Sichuan.[2] Pocock distinguished A. f. styani from A. f. fulgens by its longer winter coat and greater blackness of the pelage, bigger skull, more strongly curved forehead, and more robust teeth. His description is based on skulls and skins collected in Sichuan, Myitkyina close to the border of Yunnan, and Upper Burma.[9]

text: Styan's red panda is supposedly larger and darker in color than the Western member of the species, but with considerable variation in both subspecies, and some individuals may be brown or yellowish brown rather than red.[11]

text: The Brahmaputra River is often considered the natural division between the two subspecies, where it makes a curve around the eastern end of the Himalayas, although some authors suggest A. f. fulgens extends farther eastward, into China.

text: Biology and behavior

text: Behavior

text: The red panda is territorial; it is solitary except during mating season. The species is generally quiet except for some twittering, tweeting, and whistling communication sounds. It has been reported to be both nocturnal and crepuscular, sleeping on tree branches or in tree hollows during the day and increasing its activity in the late afternoon and early evening hours. It sleeps stretched out on a branch with legs dangling when it is hot, and curled up with its tail over the face when it is cold.[6] This animal is very heat-sensitive, with an optimal “well-being” temperature between 17 and 25 °C (63 and 77 °F), and cannot tolerate temperatures over 25 °C (77 °F)[citation needed].

text: Shortly after waking, red pandas clean their fur somewhat like a cat would, licking their front paws and then rubbing their backs, torsos, and sides. They also rub their backs and bellies along the sides of trees or rocks. Then they patrol their territories, marking with urine and a weak musk-smelling secretion from their anal glands. They search for food running along the ground or through the trees. Red pandas may use their forepaws alternately to bring food to their mouths or place food directly into their mouths.[6]

text: Predators of the red panda include the snow leopard, mustelids, and humans. If they feel threatened or sense danger, they may try to escape by climbing a rock column or tree. If they can no longer flee, they stand on their hind legs to make themselves appear larger and use the sharp claws on their front paws to defend themselves. A red panda, Futa, became a visitor attraction in Japan for his ability to stand upright for ten seconds at a time[citation needed]. (See also: facultative biped)

text: Diet

text: Red pandas are excellent climbers, and forage largely in trees. They eat mostly bamboo, and may eat small mammals, birds, eggs, flowers, and berries. In captivity, they were observed to eat birds, flowers, maple and mulberry leaves, and bark and fruits of maple, beech, and mulberry.[6]

text: Like the giant panda, they cannot digest cellulose, so they must consume a large volume of bamboo to survive. Their diets consist of about two-thirds bamboo, but they also eat mushrooms, roots, acorns, lichens, and grasses. Occasionally, they supplement their diets with fish and insects. They do little more than eat and sleep due to their low-calorie diets.[20][21]

text: Bamboo shoots are more easily digested than leaves, exhibiting the highest digestibility in summer and autumn, intermediate digestibility in the spring, and lowest digestibility in the winter. These variations correlate with the nutrient contents in the bamboo. Red pandas process bamboo poorly, especially the cellulose and cell wall components. This implies microbial digestion plays only a minor role in their digestive strategy. To survive on this poor-quality diet, they have to eat the high-quality sections of the bamboo plant, such as the tender leaves and shoots, in large quantities, over 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) of fresh leaves and 4 kg (8.8 lb) of fresh shoots daily. This food passes through the digestive tract fairly rapidly (about 2–4 hr) so as to maximize daily nutrient intake.[22] Red pandas can taste artificial sweeteners, such as aspartame, and are the only nonprimates known to be able to do so.[23]

text: Reproduction

text: Red pandas are able to reproduce at around 18 months of age, and are fully mature at two to three years. Adults rarely interact in the wild except to mate. Both sexes may mate with more than one partner during the mating season from mid-January to early March.[24] A few days before birth, females begin to collect material, such as brushwood, grass, and leaves, to build a nest, which is normally located in a hollow tree or a rock crevice. After a gestation period of 112 to 158 days, the female gives birth in mid-June to late July to one to four (usually 1–2) blind and deaf cubs weighing 110 to 130 g (3.9 to 4.6 oz) each.[6]

text: After birth, the mother cleans the cubs, and can then recognize each by its smell. At first, she spends 60% to 90% of her time with the cubs. After the first week, the mother starts spending more time outside the nest, returning every few hours to nurse and groom the cubs. She moves the young frequently among several nests, all of which she keeps clean. The cubs start to open their eyes at about 18 days of age. By about 90 days, they achieve full adult fur and coloring, and begin to venture out of the nest. They also start eating solid foods at this point, weaning at around six to eight months of age. The cubs stay with their mother until the next litter is born in the following summer. Males rarely help raise the young, and only if they live in pairs or in small groups.[6]

text: A red panda's average lifespan is between eight and 10 years, but individuals have been known to reach 15 years[citation needed].

text: Threats

text: The primary threats to red pandas are direct harvest from the wild, live or dead, competition with domestic livestock resulting in habitat degradation, and deforestation resulting in habitat loss or fragmentation. The relative importance of these factors is different in each region, and is not well understood.[11] For instance, in India, the biggest threat seems to be habitat loss followed by poaching, while in China, the biggest threat seems to be hunting and poaching.[1] A 40% decrease in red panda populations has been reported in China over the last 50 years, and populations in western Himalayan areas are considered to be lower.[18]

text: Deforestation can inhibit the spread of red pandas and exacerbate the natural population subdivision by topography and ecology, leading to severe fragmentation of the remaining wild population. Fewer than 40 animals in four separate groups share resources with humans in Nepal's Langtang National Park, where only 6% of 1,710 km2 (660 sq mi) is preferred red panda habitat. Although direct competition for food with domestic livestock is not significant, livestock can depress bamboo growth by trampling.[25]

text: Small groups of animals with little opportunity for exchange between them face the risk of inbreeding, decreased genetic diversity, and even extinction. In addition, clear-cutting for firewood or agriculture, including hillside terracing, removes old trees that provide maternal dens and decreases the ability of some species of bamboo to regenerate.[11]

text: In south-west China, red pandas are hunted for their fur, especially for the highly valued bushy tails, from which hats are produced. In these areas, the fur is often used for local cultural ceremonies. In weddings, the bridegroom traditionally carries the hide. The "good-luck charm" red panda-tail hats are also used by local newly-weds.[18] This practice may be quite old, as the red panda seems to be depicted in a 13th-century Chinese pen-and-ink scroll showing a hunting scene. Little or no mention of the red panda is made in the culture and folklore of Nepal.[26]

text: In the past, red pandas were captured and sold to zoos. Angela Glatston reported she had personally handled 350 red pandas in 17 years.[27]

text: Due to CITES, this zoo harvest has decreased substantially in recent years, but poaching continues, and red pandas are often sold to private collectors at exorbitant prices. In some parts of Nepal and India, red pandas are kept as pets.[28]

text: The red panda has a naturally low birth rate (usually one single or twin birth per year), and a high death rate in the wild[citation needed].

text: Conservation

text: The red panda is listed in CITES Appendix I.[29] The species has been classified as endangered in the IUCN Red List since 2008 because the global population is estimated at about 10,000 individuals, with a decreasing population trend; only about half of the total area of potential habitat of 142,000 km2 (55,000 sq mi) is actually being used by the species. Due to their shy and secretive nature, and their largely nocturnal habits, observation of red pandas is difficult. Therefore, population figures in the wild are determined by population density estimates and not direct counts.[1]

text: Worldwide population estimates range from fewer than 2,500[24] to between 16,000 and 20,000 individuals.[12] In 1999, the total population in China was estimated at between 3,000 and 7,000 individuals.[18] In 2001, the wild population in India was estimated at between 5,000 and 6,000 individuals.[12] Estimates for Nepal indicate only a few hundred individuals.[30] No records from Bhutan or Burma exist.

text: Reliable population numbers are hard to find, partly because other animals have been mistaken for the red panda. For instance, one report from Burma stated that red pandas were still fairly common in some areas; however, the accompanying photographic proof of the "red panda" is in fact a species of civet.[31]

text: The red panda is protected in all range countries, and hunting is illegal.[1] Beyond this, conservation efforts are highly variable between countries:

text:
China has 35 protected areas, covering about 42.4% of red panda habitat.[1]
India has 20 protected areas with known or possible red panda populations in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and West Bengal such as Khangchendzonga, Namdapha and Singalila National Parks, and a coordinated conservation policy for the red panda.[1]
In Nepal, known populations occur in Langtang, Sagarmatha, Makalu Barun and Rara National Parks, Annapurna Conservation Area, Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, and Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve.[32]
Bhutan has five protected areas that support red panda populations.[1]
Burma has 26 protected areas, of which at least one hosts red panda populations.[1]

text: In situ initiatives

text: A community-managed forest in Ilam District of eastern Nepal is home to 15 red pandas which generate household income through tourism activities, including homestays. Villagers in the high-altitude areas of Arunachal Pradesh have formed the Pangchen Red Panda Conservation Alliance comprising five villages with a community-conserved forest area of 200 km2 (77 sq mi) at an altitude of 2,500 m (8,200 ft) to over 4,000 m (13,000 ft).[33]

text: In captivity

text: The red panda is quite adaptable to living in captivity, and is common in zoos worldwide. By 1992, more than 300 births had occurred in captivity, and more than 300 individuals lived in 85 institutions worldwide.[34] By 2001, 182 individuals were in North American zoos alone.[35] As of 2006, the international studbook listed more than 800 individuals in zoos and parks around the world. Of these, 511 individuals of subspecies A. f. fulgens were kept in 173 institutions[36] and 306 individuals of subspecies A. f. styani were kept in 81 institutions.[37]

text: The international studbook is currently managed at the Rotterdam Zoo in the Netherlands. In cooperation with the International Red Panda Management Group, they coordinate the Species Survival Plan in North America, the European Endangered Species Programme in Europe, and other captive-breeding programs in Australia, India, Japan, and China.[37][38] In 2009, Sarah Glass, curator of red pandas and special exhibits at the Knoxville Zoo in Knoxville, Tennessee, was appointed as coordinator for the North American Red Panda Species Survival Plan. The Knoxville Zoo has the largest number of captive red panda births in the Western Hemisphere (101 as of August 2011). Only the Rotterdam Zoo has had more captive births worldwide.[36][37]

text: The Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park in Darjeeling, India, successfully released four captive-bred red pandas to the wild in August and November 2003.[38]

text: As pets

text: The most often cited example of keeping red pandas as pets is the case of former Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi. Pandas were presented to her family as a gift, and they were then housed in "a special tree house".[39]

text: Phylogenetics

text: The taxonomic classification of the red panda has been controversial since it was discovered. French zoologist Frédéric Cuvier initially described the red panda in 1825, and classified it as a close relative of the raccoon (Procyonidae), though he gave it the genus name Ailurus, (from Ancient Greek αἴλουρος, "cat"), based on superficial similarities with domestic cats. The specific epithet is the Latin adjective fulgens ("shining").[40]

text: At various times, it has been placed in the Procyonidae, Ursidae, with Ailuropoda (giant panda) in the Ailuropodinae (until this family was moved into the Ursidae), and into its own family, the Ailuridae. This uncertainty comes from difficulty in determining whether certain characteristics of Ailurus are phylogenetically conservative or are derived and convergent with species of similar ecological habits.[6]

text: Evidence based on the fossil record, serology, karyology, behavior, anatomy, and reproduction reflect closer affinities with Procyonidae than Ursidae. However, ecological and foraging specializations and distinct geographical distribution in relation to modern procyonids support classification in the separate family Ailuridae.[3][6][41]

text: Recent molecular systematic DNA research also places the red panda into its own family, Ailuridae, a part of the broad superfamily Musteloidea that also includes the skunk, raccoon, and weasel families.[5][41][42]

text: It is not a bear, nor closely related to the giant panda, nor a raccoon, nor a lineage of uncertain affinities. Rather it is a basal lineage of musteloid, with a long history of independence from its closest relatives (skunks, raccoons, and otters/weasels/badgers).

text: The two subspecies are A. f. fulgens and A. f. styani. However, the name Ailurus fulgens refulgens is sometimes incorrectly used for A. f. styani. This stems from a lapsus made by Henri Milne-Edwards in his 1874 paper "Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères comprenant des considérations sur la classification de ces animaux",[43] making A. f. refulgens a nomen nudum.[9][19] The most recent edition of Mammal Species of the World still shows the subspecies as A. f. refulgens.[3] This has been corrected in more recent works, including A guide to the Mammals of China[44] and Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 1: Carnivores.[45]

text: Evolutionary history

text: The red panda is considered a living fossil and only distantly related to the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), as it is naturally more closely related to the other members of the superfamily Musteloidea to which it belongs. The common ancestor of both pandas (which also was an ancestor for all living bears; pinnipeds like seals and walruses; and members of the family Musteloidea like weasels and otters) can be traced back to the Early Tertiary period tens of millions of years ago, with a wide distribution across Eurasia.

text: Fossils of the extinct red panda Parailurus anglicus have been unearthed from China in the east to Britain in the west.[46] In 1977, a single tooth of Parailurus was discovered in the Pliocene Ringold Formation of Washington. This first North American record is almost identical to European specimens and indicates the immigration of this species from Asia.[47] In 2004, a tooth from a red panda species never before recorded in North America was discovered at the Gray Fossil Site in Tennessee. The tooth dates from 4.5–7 million years ago. This species, described as Pristinailurus bristoli, indicates that a second, more primitive ailurine lineage inhabited North America during the Miocene. Cladistic analysis suggests that Parailurus and Ailurus are sister taxa.[46][48] Additional fossils of Pristinailurus bristoli were discovered at the Gray Fossil Site in 2010 and in 2012.[49][50] The frequency with which panda fossils are being found at Gray Fossil Site suggests the species played a large role in the overall ecosystem of the area.

text: The discovery in Spain of the postcranial remains of Simocyon batalleri, a Miocene relative to the red panda, supports a sister-group relationship between red pandas and bears. The discovery suggests the red panda's "false thumb" was an adaptation to arboreal locomotion — independent of the giant panda's adaptation to manipulate bamboo — one of the most dramatic cases of convergent evolution among vertebrates.[51]

text: Taxonomic history

text: The first known written record of the red panda occurs in a 13th-century Chinese scroll depicting a hunting scene between hunters and the red panda.[26][34]

text: Major General Thomas Hardwicke’s 1821 presentation of an article titled "Description of a new Genus of the Class Mammalia, from the Himalaya Chain of Hills Between Nepaul and the Snowy Mountains" at the Linnean Society in London is usually regarded as the moment the red panda became a bona fide species in Western science. Hardwicke proposed the name "wha" and explained: "It is frequently discovered by its loud cry or call, resembling the word ‘Wha’, often repeating the same: hence is derived one of the local names by which it is known. It is also called Chitwa." Hardwicke's paper was not published until 1827, by which time Frédéric Cuvier had published his description and a figure. Hardwicke's originally proposed taxonomic name was removed from the 1827 publication of his paper with his permission, and naming credit is now given to Cuvier.[52]

text: Frédéric Cuvier had received the specimen he described from his brother's stepson, Alfred Duvaucel, who had sent it "from the mountains north of India".[53] He was the first to use both the binomial name Ailurus fulgens and the vernacular name panda in his description of the species published in 1825 in Histoire naturelle des mammifères.[54][55] Ailurus is adopted from the ancient Greek word αἴλουρος (ailouros), meaning "cat".[56] The specific epithet fulgens is Latin for "shining, bright".[57] Panda is a Roman goddess of peace and travellers, who was called upon before starting a difficult journey.[58] Whether this is the origin of the French vernacular name panda remains uncertain. Later publications claim the name was adopted from a Himalayan language.

text: In 1847, Hodgson described a red panda under the name Ailurus ochraceus, of which Pocock concluded it represents the same type as Ailurus fulgens, since the description of the two agree very closely. He subordinated both types to the Himalayan red panda subspecies Ailurus fulgens fulgens.[9]

text: Names

text: Names in its native range

text: The red panda's local names differ from place to place. The Lepcha call it sak nam. In Nepal, it is called bhalu biralo (bear-cat) and habre. The Sherpa people of Nepal and Sikkim call it ye niglva ponva and wah donka.[59] The word wậː is Sunuwari meaning bear; in Tamang language, a small, red bear is called tāwām.[60] In the Kanchenjunga region of eastern Nepal, the Limbus know red pandas as kaala (literally "dark") because of their underside pelage; villagers of Tibetan origin call them hoptongar.[61]

text: Additionally, Pocock lists the vernacular names ye and nigálya ponya (Nepal); thokya and thongwa (Limbu); oakdonga or wakdonka and woker (Bhotia); saknam sunam (Lepcha).[9] Nigálya may originate from the Nepali word निङालो niṅālo or nĩgālo, a small bamboo, Arundinaria intermedia, but also refers to a kind of small leopard, or cat-bear.[62] The word pónya may originate from the Nepali पञ्जा pajā ("claw") or पौँजा paũjā ("paw").[63] Nigálya pónya may translate to "bamboo claw/paw". Nigálya pónya, nyala ponga,[64] and poonya are also said to mean "eater of bamboo".[65] The name panda could originate from panjā.[66]

text: In modern Chinese, the red panda is called xiăoxióngmāo (小熊猫/小熊貓, lesser or small panda),[67] or 红熊猫/紅熊貓 (hóngxióngmāo, red panda).[68] In contrast, the giant panda is called dàxióngmāo (大熊猫/大熊貓, giant or big panda), or simply xióngmāo (熊猫/熊貓, panda, literally bear-cat).

text: English names

text: In English, the red panda is also called lesser panda (since it is smaller than the giant panda),[69] though "red" is more commonly used nowadays. As it was known in the West decades before the giant panda, initially it was the red panda that was simply called "panda".[70][71] When distinction became necessary, the red panda was still considered the true panda and common panda.[69][72]

text: Other English names used in the past include fire fox, fire cat, red cat, fox bear, bright panda, and Himalayan raccoon.[73][34]

text: Names in other languages

text: Many other languages also use "red" or variations of "shining/gold" or "lesser/small" in their names for this species. For instance, червена панда in Bulgarian, panda roux in French, panda rojo in Spanish, and Roter Panda in German all mean "red panda". Since at least as far back as 1855, one of its French names has been panda éclatant (shining panda).[74] In Finnish, it is called kultapanda (gold panda).

text: Variations of "lesser panda" occur in French petit panda (small panda), German Kleiner Panda (small panda), Spanish panda menor (lesser panda), Dutch kleine panda (small panda), Russian малая панда (malaya panda, "small panda"), Korean 애기판다 (aeki panda, "baby panda"), and Japanese レッサーパンダ (ressā panda, a transliteration of English "lesser panda")[citation needed].

text: Cultural depictions

text: The red panda was recognized as the state animal of Sikkim in the early 1990s,[75] and was the mascot of the Darjeeling Tea Festival.[26]

text: In 2005, Babu, a male red panda at Birmingham Nature Centre in Birmingham, England, escaped[76] and briefly became a media celebrity,[76][77] before being recaptured. He was subsequently voted "Brummie of the Year", the first animal to receive this honor.[76][77] Rusty, a male red panda at the National Zoo in Washington, DC, similarly attracted media attention when he briefly escaped in 2013.[78][79]

text: The name of the open-source Firefox web browser is said to have been derived from a nickname of the red panda: "fire fox".[80][81]

text: An anthropomorphic red panda was featured as Master Shifu, the kungfu teacher, in the 2008 film Kung Fu Panda, and its sequels Kung Fu Panda 2 in 2011 and Kung Fu Panda 3 in 2016.[82] The red panda Futa inspired the character of Pabu, the so-called "fire ferret" animal companion (primarily of Bolin), in the U.S. animated TV series The Legend of Korra.[83]


document_title: Isosceles triangle

question_text: where is the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle

root

text: Isosceles triangle

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The compound is made from "isos"(equal) and skelos (leg).

tag: p

text: Terminology[edit]

text: In an isosceles triangle that has exactly two equal sides, the equal sides are called legs and the third side is called the base. The angle included by the legs is called the vertex angle and the angles that have the base as one of their sides are called the base angles.[1] The vertex opposite the base is called the apex.

text: Euclid defined an isosceles triangle as one having exactly two equal sides,[2] but modern treatments prefer to define them as having at least two equal sides, making equilateral triangles (with three equal sides) a special case of isosceles triangles.[3] In the equilateral triangle case, since all sides are equal, any side can be called the base, if needed, and the term leg is not generally used.

text: Symmetry[edit]

text: A triangle with exactly two equal sides has exactly one axis of symmetry, which goes through the vertex angle and also goes through the midpoint of the base. Thus the axis of symmetry coincides with (1) the angle bisector of the vertex angle, (2) the median drawn to the base, (3) the altitude drawn from the vertex angle, and (4) the perpendicular bisector of the base.[4]

text: Acute, right and obtuse[edit]

text: Whether the isosceles triangle is acute, right or obtuse depends on the vertex angle. In Euclidean geometry, the base angles cannot be obtuse (greater than 90°) or right (equal to 90°) because their measures would sum to at least 180°, the total of all angles in any Euclidean triangle. Since a triangle is obtuse or right if and only if one of its angles is obtuse or right, respectively, an isosceles triangle is obtuse, right or acute if and only if its vertex angle is respectively obtuse, right or acute.

text: Euler line[edit]

text: The Euler line of any triangle goes through the triangle's orthocenter (the intersection of its three altitudes), its centroid (the intersection of its three medians), and its circumcenter (the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of its three sides, which is also the center of the circumcircle that passes through the three vertices). In an isosceles triangle with exactly two equal sides, the Euler line coincides with the axis of symmetry. This can be seen as follows. Since as pointed out in the previous section the axis of symmetry coincides with an altitude, the intersection of the altitudes, which must lie on that altitude, must therefore lie on the axis of symmetry; since the axis coincides with a median, the intersection of the medians, which must lie on that median, must therefore lie on the axis of symmetry; and since the axis coincides with a perpendicular bisector, the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors, which must lie on that perpendicular bisector, must therefore lie on the axis of symmetry.

text: If the vertex angle is acute (so the isosceles triangle is an acute triangle), then the orthocenter, the centroid, and the circumcenter all fall inside the triangle. If the vertex angle, and therefore the triangle, is obtuse, then the centroid still falls in the triangle's interior, but the circumcenter falls outside it (beyond the base), and the orthocenter also falls outside the triangle (beyond the apex).

text: In an isosceles triangle the incenter (the intersection of its angle bisectors, which is the center of the incircle, that is, the circle which is internally tangent to the triangle's three sides) lies on the Euler line.

text: Steiner inellipse[edit]

text: The Steiner inellipse of any triangle is the unique ellipse that is internally tangent to the triangle's three sides at their midpoints. In an isosceles triangle, if the legs are longer than the base then the Steiner inellipse's major axis coincides with the triangle's axis of symmetry; if the legs are shorter than the base, then the ellipse's minor axis coincides with the triangle's axis of symmetry.

text: Formulas[edit]

text:
For an isosceles triangle with equal sides of length a and base of length b, the general triangle formulas for (1) the length of the triangle-interior portion of the angle bisector of the vertex angle, (2) the length of the median drawn to the base, (3) length of the altitude drawn to the base, and (4) the length of the triangle-interior portion of the perpendicular bisector of the base all simplify to

1
2

4

a

2

−

b

2

.

{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}{\sqrt {4a^{2}-b^{2}}}.}

text: For any isosceles triangle with area T and perimeter p, we have[5]:Eq.(1)

text: Area[edit]

text:
The area of an isosceles triangle can be derived using the Pythagorean Theorem: The sum of the squares of half the base

b

{\displaystyle b}

 and the height

h

{\displaystyle h}

 is the square of either of the other two sides of length

a

{\displaystyle a}

:

text: By substituting the height, the formula for the area of an isosceles triangle can be derived from the general formula one-half the base times the height:

text: This is what Heron's formula reduces to in the isosceles case.

text:
If the apex angle

(
θ
)

{\displaystyle (\theta )}

 and leg lengths

(
a
)

{\displaystyle (a)}

 of an isosceles triangle are known, then the area of that triangle is:

text:
This is derived by drawing a perpendicular line from the base of the triangle, which bisects the vertex angle and creates two right triangles. The bases of these two right triangles are both equal to the hypotenuse times the sine of the bisected angle by definition of the term "sine". For the same reason, the heights of these triangles are equal to the hypotenuse times the cosine of the bisected angle. Using the trigonometric identity

sin

θ
=
2
sin

(

θ
2

)

cos

(

θ
2

)

{\displaystyle \sin \theta =2\sin {\left({\frac {\theta }{2}}\right)}\cos {\left({\frac {\theta }{2}}\right)}}

, we get

text: which is a special case of the general triangle area formula one-half the product of two sides times the sine of the included angle.

text: The isosceles triangle theorem[edit]

text: The theorem which states that the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal appears as Proposition I.5 in Euclid.[6] This result has been called the pons asinorum (the bridge of asses). Some say that this is probably because of the diagram used by Euclid in his demonstration of the result. Others claim that the name stems from the fact that this is the first difficult result in Euclid, and acts to separate those who can understand Euclid's geometry from those who can't.[7]

text: Partitioning into isosceles triangles[edit]

text:
For any integer

n
≥
4

{\displaystyle n\geq 4}

, any triangle can be partitioned into

n

{\displaystyle n}

 isosceles triangles.[8]

text: In a right triangle, the median from the hypotenuse (that is, the line segment from the midpoint of the hypotenuse to the right-angled vertex) divides the right triangle into two isosceles triangles. This is because the midpoint of the hypotenuse is the center of the circumcircle of the right triangle, and each of the two triangles created by the partition has two equal radii as two of its sides.[9]:p.24

text: The golden triangle is isosceles and has a ratio of either leg to the base equal to the golden ratio, and has angles 72°, 72°, and 36° in the ratios 2:2:1. It can be partitioned into another golden triangle and a golden gnomon, also isosceles, with ratio of base to leg equaling the golden ratio and with angles 36°, 36°, and 108° in the ratios 1:1:3.[9]:p.30–31

text: Miscellaneous[edit]

text: If a cubic equation has two complex roots and one real root, then when these roots are plotted in the complex plane they are the vertices of an isosceles triangle whose axis of symmetry coincides with the horizontal (real) axis. This is because the complex roots are complex conjugates and hence are symmetric about the real axis.

text: Either diagonal of a rhombus divides it into two congruent isosceles triangles.

text: The Calabi triangle, which is isosceles, is the unique non-equilateral triangle in which the largest square that fits in its interior can be positioned in any of three different ways.

text: If an isosceles triangle ABC with equal legs AB and BC has a segment drawn from A to a point D on ray BC, and if the reflection of AD around AC intersects ray BC at E, then BC2 = BD × BE.[10]

text:
There are exactly two distinct isosceles triangles with given area T and perimeter p if the isoperimetric inequality holds strictly as

p

2

>
12

3

T
.

{\displaystyle p^{2}>12{\sqrt {3}}T.}

 If the inequality is replaced by the corresponding equality, there is only one such triangle, which is equilateral.[5]:Thm.2

text:
If the two equal sides have length a and the other side has length c, then the internal angle bisector t from one of the two equal-angled vertices satisfies[11]:p.169,#

η

{\displaystyle \eta }

44

text: as well as[12]

text: and conversely, if the latter condition holds, an isosceles triangle parametrized by a and t exists.

text: Fallacy of the isosceles triangle[edit]

text: A well known fallacy is the false proof of the statement that all triangles are isosceles. This argument has been attributed to Lewis Carroll,[13] but W.W. Rouse Ball claims priority in this matter.[14] The fallacy is rooted in Euclid's lack of recognition of the concept of betweenness and the resulting ambiguity of inside versus outside of figures.[15]


document_title: Lucy-Jo Hudson

question_text: who did lucy jo hudson play in hollyoaks

text: Lucy-Jo Hudson

text:
Lucy-Jo HudsonBorn
4 May 1983 (1983-05-04) (age 35)Leeds, West Yorkshire, EnglandOccupation
ActressYears active
2002–2012, 2016–presentTelevision
Coronation Street (2002–2005)Wild at Heart (2006–09, 2012) Hollyoaks  (2018-)Spouse(s)
Alan Halsall (m. 2009)Children
1

tag: table

text: Lucy-Jo Hudson (born 4 May 1983) is an English  actress, best known for her roles as  Katy Harris in Coronation Street, Donna-Marie Quinn in Hollyoaks and Rosie Trevanion in the ITV drama Wild at Heart from 2006–09. Her recurring role of Rhiannon Davis in Doctors in 2016 earned her 2017 British Soap Award for Villain of the Year.

text: Hudson attended Garforth Community College in Leeds, England, now known as Garforth Academy.[citation needed]

text: Before landing her role in Coronation Street she appeared in theatre including West Yorkshire Playhouse. She was a regular panellist on Loose Women during 2005.

text: Wild at Heart debuted in January 2006 and Hudson starred in it until departing during Series 4 in 2009. She rejoined the cast for Series 7 and the show's finale, which was broadcast on 30 December 2012.[1]

text: Hudson's brother, Ryan is a former rugby league footballer, and former captain of the Castleford Tigers. She has a younger sister, Amy-Lou, who is a self-employed dance teacher. Her parents separated before her teens and she lived with her mother in Garforth, moving there from nearby Rothwell. Her father was adopted and is not aware of his true background. She is close friends with X Factor contestant Carolynne Poole.

text: Hudson is married to Coronation Street actor Alan Halsall who plays the role of Tyrone Dobbs.[2] On 18 February 2013, the couple announced via Twitter that they were expecting their first child.[3] On 8 September 2013, Hudson gave birth to their daughter, Sienna Rae.[4] The couple announced they were splitting up in March 2016, however they rekindled their relationship several weeks later.[5]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Type

Role

Notes

2002–2005

Coronation Street

TV

Katy Harris

Regular role, 281 episodes

2005

Loose Women

TV

Herself - Panellist

Series Regular, 8 episodes

2006–2009, 2012–2013

Wild at Heart

TV

Rosie Trevanion

Regular role, 38 episodes

2009

Looking for Eric

Film

Sam

2010

Casualty

TV

Deena Richards

Episode titled "Winter Wonderland", 1 episode

2016

Doctors

TV

Rhiannon Davis

Recurring role, 14 episodes

2017

Dance Dance Dance

TV

Herself

Contestant, runner-up

2018-present

Hollyoaks

TV

Donna-Marie Quinn

Regular role


document_title: Ryan Eggold

question_text: ryan eggold character on young and the restless

text: Ryan Eggold

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Eggold was born in Lakewood, California, the son of Karen (née Benik) and James Frederick Eggold.[1][2] Eggold graduated from Santa Margarita Catholic High School in 2002, where he participated in many school theater performances, and later from the University of Southern California's theater arts department in 2006.

text: In 2006, Eggold made his professional television debut by way of a guest appearance on the show Related. He made his film debut the same year in the short film Con: The Corruption of Helm.[3] Besides his success as an actor, Eggold writes music, plays guitar and piano, and sings in the band Eleanor Avenue.[4]

text: Career[edit]

text: Eggold had recurring roles on CBS's The Young and the Restless, HBO's Entourage, Cartoon Network's Out of Jimmy's Head, ABC's Brothers & Sisters, and the UPN/CW series Veronica Mars, before obtaining his first series regular role on the FX's Dirt.[citation needed]

text: In addition to his work in television, Eggold made his professional stage debut in the 2006 Ahmanson Theatre/Center Theatre Group production Dead End, directed by Nick Martin, and has since appeared in productions of Leipzig, the LA Weekly Theater Award-winning production of Marat/Sade, and an original production titled Amy and Elliot which he wrote, directed, and starred in at the Stella Adler Theatre with Alexandra Breckenridge.[5]

text: Eggold portrayed English teacher Ryan Matthews in 90210, the CW spin-off of FOX's Beverly Hills, 90210,[5] despite the fact that he is less than one year older than several of the other actors who played his students. In January 2012, he played Mischa Barton's love interest in Mark Edwin Robinson's supernatural romance thriller Into the Dark.[6] Since the fall of 2013, he has regularly appeared as Tom Keen, a main character on NBC's hit drama The Blacklist.[7] In January 2015, Eggold appeared on the History Channel's three-night miniseries Sons of Liberty as Dr. Joseph Warren, a friend of Sam Adams and Paul Revere.

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Film

Year
Title
Role
Notes

2006
Con: The Corruption of Shawn Helm
Shawn Helm
Short film

2008
Bloom
Doug
Short film

2010
First Dates
Tom
Direct-to-DVD

2011
Driving by Braille
Xander West

2011
Queen
Nikki Holiday
Short film

2011
Trophy Kids
Max

2011
Sironia
Mason Jones

2012
Into the Dark
Adam Hunt

2013
B-Side
Mike Zumsteg

2013
Scent of a Woman
Dan
Short film

2013
Lucky Them
Lucas Stone

2013
Beside Still Waters
Daniel

2014
Single Moms Club, TheThe Single Moms Club
Peter

2014
Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby: Them, TheThe Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby: Them
Guy from club

2014
Fathers and Daughters
John

2015
Battle Scars
Nicky Stephens
In post-production

2016
Lovesong
Leif

2017
Literally, Right Before Aaron

Writer, director and producer

2018
Black Klansman
Walter Breachway
Filming

text:
Television

Year
Title
Role
Notes

2006
Related
Lloyd
Episode: "The Cape"

2006
Brothers & Sisters
Randy Stewart
Episode: "Family Portrait"

2006
Veronica Mars
Charlie Stone
Episode: "Charlie Don't Surf"

2006
War at Home, TheThe War at Home
Bruce
Episode: "Gaza Strip"

2007
Young and the Restless, TheThe Young and the Restless
Barista
3 episodes

2007
Nick Cannon Presents: Short Circuitz
Jerry
Episode: "Suge Knight Light"

2007
Out of Jimmy's Head
Mike Werewolfowitz
5 episodes

2007
Entourage
Five Towns cast member
2 episodes

2008
Dirt
Farber Kauffman
7 episodes

2008–2011
90210
Ryan Matthews
44 episodes

2008
Entourage
Himself
Episode: "Fantasy Island"

2009
United States of Tara
Tevin
Episode: "Possibility"

2009–2010
Melrose Place (2009)
Ryan Matthews
20 episodes

2013–2017
Blacklist, TheThe Blacklist
Tom Keen/Jacob Phelps/Christopher Hargrave
88 episodes

2015
Sons of Liberty
Joseph Warren
3 episodes

2017
The Blacklist: Redemption
Tom Keen/Jacob Phelps/Christopher Hargrave
8 episodes

text:
Web

Year
Title
Role
Notes

2012
Daybreak
Ben Wilkins
5 episodes


document_title: Long drive

question_text: who holds the world record for the longest golf drive

text: Long drive

text: Distance[edit]

text: Professional long drivers can average over 355 yards (320 m) in competition,[1] compared with 305 yard (274 m) averages from the top PGA Tour drivers[2] and 225 yards (201 m) for an average amateur.[3] Some shots in competitions surpass 400 yards (366 m).[4] The world record recognized by Guinness World Records as the longest drive in a competition is 516 yards (472 m) by 64-year-old Mike Austin in 1974 at the US Senior National Open Qualifier with a 43.5" steel shafted persimmon wood driver.[5] The record distance achieved in the European Long Drive Championship is 473 yards (433m) by Allen Doyle in September 2005.[6] The record distance achieved in the South African Long Drive Championship is 506 yards (462.9m) by Nico Grobbelaar in September 2012. Fast swingers can swing their club heads at over 150 mph (245 km/h), well beyond the 85 mph (140 km/h) average for an amateur. They train for strength, flexibility, and speed and often perform corporate exhibitions for money, exhibiting a variety of trick shots. Ball speeds are nearly double that of an average golfer (220 mph).

text: There are several well-known names in long drive. Jason Zuback is perhaps the most famous, being one of three people to win multiple World Long Drive Championships, with four consecutive wins from 1996–99 and a win in 2006. Sean "The Beast" Fister is another, winning in 1995, 2001, and 2005. Jamie Sadlowski had back to back wins in 2008–09.

text: Equipment[edit]

text: Long drive clubs, which are always drivers, are different in many ways from consumer clubs. Until the recent club length limitation rules, the shafts were much longer than a normal 45 in (114.3 cm) shaft, sometimes exceeding 55 in (139.7 cm). In 2005, a 50 in (127.0 cm) limitation was introduced (measured vertically). Long drive shafts differ from standard shafts. The main difference is stiffness, as a shaft not stiff enough will lag in an inconsistent manner, causing a loss of control. These shafts are stiffer in flex and almost always made of graphite, which is lighter than steel. In order to be stiff, a shaft is usually heavier and stronger. The kick point or bend point is also higher for a lower trajectory relative to the swing, and the shaft has a lower torque, meaning that it will not twist as much, allowing the clubhead to stay straighter.

text: Clubheads usually approach the 460 cubic centimeter limit, rarely below 400 cc. They must stay within the coefficient of restitution (COR) limit of 0.83, which measures how a ball hits off the surface. Most clubheads only approach the COR in the center of the club, so technology has allowed more area of the club to possess a COR of above 0.80. Thus, mishits are less affected by the newer clubheads. The loft of a long drive club is also much lower than a consumer club, sometimes around 4 or 5 degrees, as opposed to 10.5 degrees for an amateur's driver. The reason for lower lofted driver heads is to greatly reduce back spin. Too much back spin causes the ball to balloon or climb, creating a steep landing angle which does not allow the ball roll out. A flatter landing angle is desired to get the most out of the ball's forward velocity and energy.

text: In November 2016, as part of a move to make its equipment rules more in line with the standard rules of golf, the World Long Drive Association changed the maximum length of clubs in its competitions from 50 to 48 in (120 cm), the maximum length allowed by the USGA.[7][8]

text: Many competitions require golfers to use a specification ball for the tournament. The specific design characteristics of this ball include a dimple design that helps to maintain lower spin rates and a ball compression[definition needed] of 110. The average ball compression in golf varies from the mid-70s to the upper 80s.

text: Notable long drivers[edit]

text:
David Mobley, World Long Drive Champion – 2004 – Ranked #1 in the World by Long Drivers of America in 2003, 2004, and 2005[9]
Bubba Watson, 424 yd. drive [10] (lost Long Drive contest to Jamie Sadlowski)
Alan Shepard, "Miles and miles and miles." Apollo 14, February 5, 1971.[11] (This occurred on the Moon with a 6-iron and is unofficial.)
Mike Austin, He was credited by Guinness World Records with hitting the longest drive in tournament play (471m/515 yards) in 1974
Sean Fister ("The Beast"), World Long Drive Champion 1995, 2001, 2005.[12][13]
Monte Scheinblum, 1992 U.S. National and World Long Drive Champion.[14]
Jason Zuback ("Golfzilla"), World Long Drive Champion 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2006.Seniors World Long Drive Champion 2015.
Sandra Carlborg, Ladies Division WR holder 391,Yards World Long Drive Champion 2011,2012,2014,2015, 2017[15][16]
Phillis Meti 2006 & 2016 Womens World Long Drive Champion. WR for women's longest drive 406 yards [17] and being the youngest female World Champion 19 years, 2 months. Hit 349 yards on the WLD grid in 2008.,,[18][19][20][21]

tag: ul


document_title: American game show winnings records

question_text: who won the most on the price is right

question_tokens: who won the most on the price is right

text: American game show winnings records

text: Daytime game shows[edit]

text: Most daytime game show top prizes were limited to $25,000 during the 1960s and 1970s, a restriction made for both budgetary concerns and to assuage criticism from scandals that arose surrounding prime-time game shows in the 1950s. The single day record for shows in daytime television was set by Michael Larson in 1984, who won $110,237 (equivalent to $260,000 in 2017)[1] on Press Your Luck. Larson achieved his record by memorizing the show's board patterns. He repeatedly hit the board's squares that awarded contestants money and an additional spin. That spin would in turn replace the spin he had just used, effectively allowing him to spin the board in the second round as long as wanted. Because of this, his game had to be split into two episodes (which aired June 8 and June 11, 1984), as his turn caused the game to go well over the show's half-hour allotted time. At the time of the show's airing, CBS only allowed contestants to win up to $50,000 on a game show (contestants would retire after winning $25,000); the winnings limit increased to $75,000 in November of that year, and would increase to $100,000 (and later $125,000) before being eliminated in 2006. In 2003, Game Show Network produced a documentary about the event.[2]

text: In 2006, Larson was succeeded by Vickyann Chrobak-Sadowski, who set the record by winning $147,517 (equivalent to $179,000 in 2017)[1] on the 35th season premiere of The Price Is Right in 2006.[3] Chrobak-Sadowski's record was later broken by Sheree Heil from her appearance on The Price Is Right in 2013. She won $170,345 in cash and prizes on the episode that aired December 30, 2013, including an Audi R8 won in the pricing game "Gas Money", $10,000 cash, and Prada shoes.[3][4][5]

text: On the October 28, 2016 episode of The Price Is Right, which aired during Big Money Week, Christen Freeman won $210,000 in cash during a playing of Cliff Hangers. During the episode, game rules were modified to offer a top prize of $250,000, which was reduced by $10,000 for every step the mountain climber took. In addition to her One Bid prize and an additional $1,000 won during the Showcase Showdown, Freeman's grand total was $212,879, setting a new daytime record.[6]

text: Overall winnings record[edit]

text: While the 1950s had multiple big winners (Herb Stempel and Charles Van Doren of Twenty One being two of the most notable),[7][8] Teddy Nadler set the overall record during the 1956–57 television season, who set a record that would stand for the next two decades by winning $264,000 (equivalent to $2,376,000 in 2017)[1] on The $64,000 Challenge.[9] The quiz show scandals of 1958 and 1959 prompted the cancellation of most of the big-budget game shows and the imposition of strict limits on prize amounts, which meant that through the 1960s and 1970s, game show contestants could not match their 1950s counterparts.

text: It was not until 1980 that Nadler's record fell. During the summer of that year, a U.S. Naval officer named Thom McKee began a run on Tic-Tac-Dough that carried over into the following season. Since champions on Tic Tac Dough played until they were defeated, and games on the show could end in ties with the pot carrying over, McKee was able to keep building his total as long as he kept playing and winning. McKee won $312,700 (equivalent to $929,000 in 2017)[1] in cash and prizes in 43 games, which included eight cars (on Tic Tac Dough and its sister show, The Joker's Wild, a contestant automatically won a car after every fifth game they won).[10]

text: While McKee was the biggest solo winner until 1999, nine couples on The $1,000,000 Chance of a Lifetime won the show's top prize of $1,000,000 (equivalent to $2,154,000 in 2017),[1] in a combination of prizes and a long-term annuity, during the show's run in syndication from January 1986 to September 1987.[11] However, this program had no solo players.

text: 1999–2004: The million-dollar game show boom[edit]

text: In 1999, McKee was passed by Michael Shutterly, who was the biggest winner in the first airing of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire in the United States. Shutterly was the first contestant on the show to get to the 15th and final question, but elected to walk instead with $500,000 (equivalent to $735,000 in 2017),[1] which made him the biggest winner in American game show history at the time. Shutterly had previously won $49,200 as a 4 day champion on Jeopardy! in 1988, making his career winnings total $549,200. [12]

text: During the second season of Millionaire in the United States, the show crowned its first million-dollar winner. On November 19, 1999, John Carpenter won the show's top prize without using any lifelines, save for a phone call on the final question to tell his father he was going to win the million dollars. After Carpenter answered the final question, which concerned Richard Nixon's appearance on Laugh-In in 1968,[13] host Regis Philbin proclaimed Carpenter the show's (and worldwide format's) first top prize winner.

text: Carpenter's record remained intact until the following year. In early 2000, Rahim Oberholtzer, a contestant on the revival of Twenty One, won four games in his appearances on the show, along with $120,000 in the show's "Perfect 21" bonus round, for a total of $1,120,000.[14] For surpassing Carpenter's mark, host Maury Povich proclaimed Oberholtzer "the TV Game Show King."[15]

text: Late in its run, the Fox show Greed brought back some of its previous winners to try for an extra $1,000,000. Curtis Warren, who was part of the first team to win $1,000,000 on the show (of which his share was $400,000, plus $10,000 for winning a terminator round), was one of the contestants brought back to do so on February 11, 2000.[16] Warren was given a question about TV shows that had been made into movies, with eight choices (of which he had to identify the four correct answers). He successfully did so, giving himself $1,410,000 (equivalent to $2,004,000 in 2017)[1] and the record for the time being.[16]

text: Warren's record was even shorter lived than Oberholtzer's had been, lasting only four days. Three days before Warren's win, David Legler, who also appeared on NBC's Twenty One, began a run as champion on the show. Four days after Warren's win, the run continued, with Legler having earned a grand total of $1,765,000 (equivalent to $2,508,000 in 2017)[1] in six wins to surpass Warren's record and become the third contestant in two months to top $1,000,000 on a game show.[17]

text: Legler held the record for well over a year. As 2000 ended and 2001 began, the producers of Millionaire decided that it had been too long (71 games over a five-month period) since their top prize had been won, and instituted an accumulating jackpot which added $10,000 to the grand prize amount for each game it was not won. Kevin Olmstead claimed the top prize on April 10, 2001, winning a jackpot of $2,180,000 (equivalent to $3,013,000 in 2017)[1]. Olmstead became the first contestant to top $2,000,000 in total winnings on a game show and supplanted Legler as the all-time leader.[18]

text: In 2004, ABC launched an ultra high-stakes version of Millionaire entitled Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire, with a $10,000,000 top prize. Two separate Super Millionaire series aired, one in February and one in May of that year. However, despite the higher stakes and the potential for someone to top the all-time record for winnings, the largest prize awarded was $1,000,000 (equivalent to $1,296,000 in 2017)[1] won by Robert Essig.[19]

text: 2004–present: Jennings vs. Rutter[edit]

text: One week after Super Millionaire came to an end, Ken Jennings of Salt Lake City, Utah, became the new champion on Jeopardy! The episode, broadcast on June 2, 2004, was the first in a long winning streak for the software engineer, made possible due to a change at the beginning of that season (the show's twentieth on air in syndication), eliminating the longstanding rule limiting consecutive appearances for a champion to five. With no limit to his appearances, Jennings began to break many game show records. As his streak continued deeper into the 21st season, Jennings was inching closer and closer to Olmstead's record. Jennings topped Olmstead's Millionaire winnings with his 65th consecutive win, finishing the day with $45,099 and a new cumulative total of $2,197,000.[20]

text: Jennings won nine more games before his streak came to an end on November 30, 2004. He had extended his record total to $2,520,700 at the time of his defeat, after which he was awarded an additional $2,000 for finishing in second place per Jeopardy! rules.[21] Shortly after Jennings' defeat, Jeopardy! decided to see how he would fare in tournament play. On February 9, 2005, the show launched its Ultimate Tournament of Champions, inviting back 144 other past champions to compete over the next three months in a five-round single-elimination tournament with a $2,000,000 grand prize. The field included the highest-winning five-time champions and winners of some previous tournaments, though not all invitees were able to participate. Jennings received a bye into the finals of the tournament, where he faced semi-final winners Jerome Vered and Brad Rutter in a three-game, cumulative total match. Vered had set a single-day scoring record during his appearance on the show in 1992,[22] while Rutter had won the 2001 Tournament of Champions[23] and the 2002 Million Dollar Masters tournament and was the show's highest-earning contestant of all-time before Jennings.[24]

text: In the tournament's three-day final, Rutter defeated Jennings and Vered to win the tournament and $2,000,000, and in the process he supplanted Jennings as the winningest all time American game show contestant. Including the $1.18 million he had won in his previous Jeopardy! appearances (five regular season games, a Tournament of Champions win, the Million Dollar Masters win, and three matches in the earlier rounds of the Ultimate Tournament of Champions), Rutter's total stood at $3,255,102,[25] while Jennings was now second with $3,022,700 having gained an additional $500,000 for his second-place finish in the tournament.

text: Jennings slowly began to chip away at Rutter's record, first by winning $714.29 in 2006 as part of the Mob on NBC's 1 vs. 100.[26] A year later, Jennings won the Grand Slam tournament on Game Show Network and the $100,000 top prize by defeating Ogi Ogas in the final round.[27] Finally, on October 10, 2008, Jennings passed Rutter by winning $500,000 on Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?.[28] He extended the record by winning $300,000 in The IBM Challenge, where he and Rutter took on IBM supercomputer Watson in a special 2011 Jeopardy! event. Rutter won $200,000 in the challenge, in which both he and Jennings pledged half of their winnings to charity.[29] He then added $100,000 more later in 2011 when he appeared on Million Dollar Mind Game,[30] raising his total to $3,555,102, second only to Jennings' $3,923,414.29.

text: In 2014, Jennings and Rutter were both invited to play in the Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades, a tournament conducted by the producers of Jeopardy! to celebrate its thirtieth season in syndication. Both men advanced to the two-day tournament final with Roger Craig filling the third position. Needing a win to reclaim his record, Rutter took the top prize in the tournament after Jennings, who needed to answer the second day's Final Jeopardy clue correctly to win (after making a sufficient wager), failed to do so. Rutter won the top prize of $1,000,000 while Jennings won the $100,000 second prize.[31]

text: Jennings later appeared on Millionaire in November 2014. Winning the top prize was the only way he could have reclaimed the record from Rutter; however, Jennings finished with only $100,000, leaving him in second place.[32] Jennings later appeared on the ABC prime time show 500 Questions in 2016; however, as he only lasted four questions, he was unable to add to his total.[33]

text: Top ten winnings list[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Total winnings
Show(s)
Notes

1
Brad Rutter
$4,555,102
Jeopardy!, $4,455,102[31][34]
Rutter's total includes $55,102 during his initial appearance on Jeopardy! in 2001, $100,000 in 2002's Tournament of Champions, two separate $1,000,000 prizes (one for winning the Million Dollar Masters tournament in 2002 and one for winning the Battle of the Decades in 2014), $2,100,000 during the Ultimate Tournament of Champions in 2005, and $200,000 ($100,000 of which was donated to charity) for finishing third in the 2011 Jeopardy! IBM Challenge.

Million Dollar Mind Game, $100,000[30]

2
Ken Jennings
$4,123,414.29
Jeopardy!, $3,422,700[21][29][31][35]
Jennings won $2,522,700 in his original run on Jeopardy!,[21] $500,000 for his second-place finish in the Ultimate Tournament of Champions,[35] $300,000 ($150,000 of which was donated to charity) in the 2011 IBM Challenge,[29] and $100,000 for finishing second in the Battle of the Decades.[31] In addition to his appearances on other shows, Jennings also competed on 500 Questions in 2016; however, he did not add to his total, lasting only four questions.[33]

Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?, $500,000[28]

Grand Slam, $100,000[27]

Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, $100,000[32]

1 vs. 100, $714.29[26]

3
Andrew Kravis
$2,656,550
The Million Second Quiz, $2,600,000[36]
Kravis won $326,346 in the main competition as one of the top four finalists, then won a $2,000,000 grand prize plus an additional $273,654 as champion to bring his total to $2.6 million, surpassing the amount of money won by Jennings during his original run on Jeopardy!.

Wheel of Fortune, $50,550[37]

Jeopardy!, $5,000[38]

Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, $1,000[39]

4
Kevin Olmstead
$2,207,000
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, $2,180,000[40]
Olmstead's primary win occurred during the progressive jackpot shows on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in 2001. Following this win, Olmstead held the record as the biggest winner in American television for over three years until it was broken by Ken Jennings. He also held the record as the biggest winner on a primetime game show in U.S. television history for over twelve years until it was broken by Andrew Kravis on September 19, 2013.

Jeopardy!, $27,000[40]

5
Ed Toutant
$1,871,401
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, $1,860,000[40]
Toutant was another contestant during the progressive jackpot shows on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in 2001. After missing a question which was later revealed to be flawed, Toutant was invited back to continue playing for the jackpot at the same level he was playing for during his original appearance. Toutant was able to complete the remaining questions and win a jackpot of $1.86 million.

Jeopardy!, $11,401[40]

6
Ashlee Register
$1,795,000
Duel, $1,795,000[41]
Register won $75,000 plus an accumulating $1,720,000 jackpot, giving her the record for most winnings by a female contestant on a game show in U.S. television history (equivalent to $2,119,000 in 2017) and the record for the most money won by an American who has only ever appeared on one game show.

7
David Legler
$1,765,000
Twenty One, $1,765,000[17]
Legler won $1,765,000 over six wins on the 2000 revival of Twenty One, making him the show's biggest winner.

8
Curtis Warren
$1,546,988
Greed, $1,410,000[16]
Warren's then-record-setting win came in a Million Dollar Moment on Greed, bringing his total winnings on the show to $1,410,000. Warren also appeared on Sale of the Century, Win Ben Stein's Money, and Jeopardy!, although he failed to win any money while competing on the latter program.[42]

Sale of the Century, $136,288[43]

Win Ben Stein's Money, $700[44]

9
John Carpenter
$1,250,000
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, $1,250,000[45]
Carpenter's winnings include $1,000,000 as first ever top prize winner on the show, and $250,000 ($125,000 of which was donated to charity) in the champions edition of the show.

10
Adam Rose
$1,153,908
The Price Is Right, $1,153,908[3][46]
Rose's total was achieved on a $1,000,000 Spectacular special episode, winning $153,903 in cash and prizes including both of that evening's Showcases, which earned him a $1,000,000 cash bonus.


document_title: Fine-art photography

question_text: when did it become common for photographs to be collected in major fine art museums

text: Fine-art photography

text: List of definitions[edit]

text: Here is a list of definitions of the related terms "art photography", "artistic photography", and "fine art photography".

text: In reference books[edit]

text: Among the definitions that can be found in reference books are:

text:
"Art photography": "Photography that is done as a fine art -- that is, done to express the artist's perceptions and emotions and to share them with others".[2]
"Fine art photography": "A picture that is produced for sale or display rather than one that is produced in response to a commercial commission".[3]
"Fine art photography": "The production of images to fulfill the creative vision of a photographer. ... Synonymous with art photography".[4]
"Art photography": A definition "is elusive," but "when photographers refer to it, they have in mind the photographs seen in magazines such as American Photo, Popular Photography, and Print, and in salons and exhibitions. Art (or artful) photography is salable.".[5]
"Artistic photography": "A frequently used but somewhat vague term.  The idea underlying it is that the producer of a given picture has aimed at something more than a merely realistic rendering of the subject, and has attempted to convey a personal impression".[6]
"Fine art photography": Also called "decor photography," or "photo decor," this "involves selling large photos... that can be used as wall art".[5]

text: In scholarly articles[edit]

text: Among the definitions that can be found in scholarly articles are:

text:
In 1961, Dr S. D.Jouhar founded the Photographic Fine Art Association, and he was its chairman. Their definition of Fine Art was “Creating images that evoke emotion by a photographic process in which one's mind and imagination are freely but competently exercised.”[7]
Two studies by Christopherson in 1974 defined "fine art photographers" as "those persons who create and distribute photographs specifically as 'art.'"[8][9]
A 1986 ethnographic and historical study by Schwartz did not directly define "fine art photography" but did compare it with "camera club photography".[10]  It found that fine art photography "is tied to other media" such as painting; "responds to its own history and traditions" (as opposed to "aspir[ing] to the same achievements made by their predecessors"); "has its own vocabulary"; "conveys ideas" (e.g., "concern with form supersedes concern with subject matter"); "is innovative"; "is personal"; "is a lifestyle"; and "participates in the world of commerce."[10]

text: On the World Wide Web[edit]

text: Among the definitions that can be found on the World Wide Web are:

text:
The Library of Congress Subject Headings use "art photography" as "photography of art," and "artistic photography" (i.e., "Photography, artistic") as "photography as a fine art, including aesthetic theory".[11]
The Art & Architecture Thesaurus states that "fine art photography" (preferred term) or "art photography" or "artistic photography" is "the movement in England and the United States, from around 1890 into the early 20th century, which promoted various aesthetic approaches. Historically, has sometimes been applied to any photography whose intention is aesthetic, as distinguished from scientific, commercial, or journalistic; for this meaning, use 'photography'".[12]
Definitions of "fine art photography" on photographers' static Web pages vary from "the subset of fine art that is created with a camera"[13] to "limited-reproduction photography, using materials and techniques that will outlive the artist".[14]

text: History[edit]

text: One photography historian claimed that "the earliest exponent of 'Fine Art' or composition photography was John Edwin Mayall, "who exhibited daguerrotypes illustrating the Lord's Prayer in 1851".[15]  Successful attempts to make fine art photography can be traced to Victorian era practitioners such as Julia Margaret Cameron, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, and Oscar Gustave Rejlander and others.  In the U.S. F. Holland Day, Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen were instrumental in making photography a fine art, and Stieglitz was especially notable in introducing it into museum collections.

text: In the UK as recently as 1960, photography was not really recognised as a Fine Art. Dr S.D.Jouhar said, when he formed the Photographic Fine Art Association at that time  - "At the moment photography is not generally recognized as anything more than a craft. In the USA photography has been openly accepted as Fine Art in certain official quarters. It is shown in galleries and exhibitions as an Art. There is not corresponding recognition in this country. The London Salon shows pictorial photography, but it is not generally understood as an art. Whether a work shows aesthetic qualities or not it is designated 'Pictorial Photography' which is a very ambiguous term. The photographer himself must have confidence in his work and in its dignity and aesthetic value, to force recognition as an Art rather than a Craft"

text: Until the late 1970s several genres predominated, such as; nudes, portraits, natural landscapes (exemplified by Ansel Adams). Breakthrough 'star' artists in the 1970s and 80s, such as Sally Mann, Robert Mapplethorpe, Robert Farber and Cindy Sherman, still relied heavily on such genres, although seeing them with fresh eyes. Others investigated a snapshot aesthetic approach.

text: American organizations, such as the Aperture Foundation and the Museum of Modern Art, have done much to keep photography at the forefront of the fine arts. MOMA's establishment of a department of photography in 1940 and appointment of Beaumont Newhall as its first curator are often cited as institutional confirmation of photography's status as an art.[16]

text: Framing and print size[edit]

text: Until the mid-1950s it was widely considered vulgar and pretentious to frame a photograph for a gallery exhibition. Prints were usually simply pasted onto blockboard or plywood, or given a white border in the darkroom and then pinned at the corners onto display boards. Prints were thus shown without any glass reflections obscuring them.  Steichen's famous The Family of Man exhibition was unframed, the pictures pasted to panels. Even as late as 1966 Bill Brandt's MoMA show was unframed, with simple prints pasted to thin plywood. From the mid-1950s to about 2000 most gallery exhibitions had prints behind glass. Since about 2000 there has been a noticeable move toward once again showing contemporary gallery prints on boards and without glass. In addition, throughout the twentieth century, there was a noticeable increase in the size of prints.

text: Politics[edit]

text: Fine art photography is created primarily as an expression of the artist’s vision, but as a byproduct it has also been important in advancing certain causes. The work of Ansel Adams in Yosemite and Yellowstone provides an example. Adams is one of the most widely recognized fine art photographers of the 20th century, and was an avid promoter of conservation. While his primary focus was on photography as art, some of his work raised public awareness of the beauty of the Sierra Nevada and helped to build political support for their protection.

text: Such photography has also had effects in the area of censorship law and free expression, due to its concern with the nude body.

text: Current trends[edit]

text: There is now a trend toward a careful staging and lighting of the picture, rather than hoping to "discover" it ready-made.  Photographers such as Gregory Crewdson, and Jeff Wall are noted for the quality of their staged pictures.  Additionally, new technological trends in digital photography have opened a new direction in full spectrum photography, where careful filtering choices across the ultraviolet, visible and infrared lead to new artistic visions.

text: As printing technologies have improved since around 1980, a photographer's art prints reproduced in a finely-printed limited-edition book have now become an area of strong interest to collectors.  This is because books usually have high production values, a short print run, and their limited market means they are almost never reprinted. The collector's market in photography books by individual photographers is developing rapidly.

text: According to Art Market Trends 2004 (PDF link) 7,000 photographs were sold in auction rooms in 2004, and photographs averaged a 7.6 percent annual price rise from 1994 and 2004.[not in citation given] Around 80 percent were sold in the United States. Of course, auction sales only record a fraction of total private sales. There is now a thriving collectors' market for which the most sought-after art photographers will produce high quality archival prints in strictly limited editions. Attempts by online art retailers to sell fine photography to the general public alongside prints of paintings have had mixed results, with strong sales coming only from the traditional "big names" of photography such as Ansel Adams.

text: In addition to the "digital movement" towards manipulation, filtering, or resolution changes, some fine artists deliberately seek a "naturalistic," including "natural lighting" as a value in itself. Sometimes the art work as in the case of Gerhard Richter consists of a photographic image that has been subsequently painted over with oil paints and/or contains some political or historical significance beyond the image itself. The existence of "photographically-projected painting" now blurs the line between painting and photography which traditionally was absolute.

text: Overlap with other genres[edit]

text: Although fine art photography may overlap with many other genres of photography, the overlaps with fashion photography and photojournalism merit special attention.

text: In 1996 it was stated that there had been a "recent blurring of lines between commercial illustrative photography and fine art photography," especially in the area of fashion.[17] Evidence for the overlap of fine art photography and fashion photography includes lectures,[18] exhibitions,[19][20][21] trade fairs such as Art Basel Miami Beach,[22] and books.[17][23]

text: Photojournalism and fine art photography overlapped beginning in the "late 1960s and 1970s, when... news photographers struck up liaisons with art photography and painting".[24]  In 1974 the International Center of Photography opened, with emphases on both "humanitarian photojournalism" and "art photography".[24]  By 1987, "pictures that were taken on assignments for magazines and newspapers now regularly reappear[ed] - in frames - on the walls of museums and galleries".[25]

text: New smartphone apps such as Snapchat sometimes are used for fine-art photography.[26]

text: Attitudes of artists in other fields[edit]

text: The reactions of artists and writers have contributed significantly to perceptions of photography as fine art. Prominent painters, such as Francis Bacon and Pablo Picasso, have asserted their interest in the medium:

text: I have discovered photography. Now I can kill myself. I have nothing else to learn.

text: I have always been very interested in photography. I have looked at far more photographs than I have paintings. Because their reality is stronger than reality itself.

text: Noted authors, similarly, have responded to the artistic potential of photography:

text: ...it does seem to me that Capa has proved beyond all doubt that the camera need not be a cold mechanical device. Like the pen, it is as good as the man who uses it. It can be the extension of mind and heart...


document_title: The Pink Panther 2

question_text: who is the tornado in pink panther 2

question_tokens: who is the tornado in pink panther 2

text: The Pink Panther 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: When the master thief The Tornado steals expensive artifacts from around the world, France assembles a Dream Team of Amateur Detectives to solve the case. Inspector Clouseau is reassigned from his task as a parking officer by Chief Inspector Dreyfus to join the Dream Team in Japan, site of the Tornado's recent heist. At the airport, as soon as he steps over the border and leaves France, news breaks that the Pink Panther diamond has been stolen, prompting Clouseau, who had up to that point been wary of leaving, to say, "I told you".

text: Clouseau travels back to the scene of the crime and joins the other members of the Dream Team: Inspector Pepperidge, from Great Britain; Vincenzo, from Italy; Kenji, an electronics specialist from Japan; and Sonia, a researcher and criminology expert from India. They go to Rome to investigate a black market fence, Alonso Avellaneda, who deals with The Tornado. Assuming he is The Tornado, the Dream Team question him while Clouseau snoops around. Avellaneda vindicates himself by demonstrating that he lacks a bullet-wound to the right shoulder that the Tornado suffered over a decade ago. After they leave, he meets with the real Tornado.

text: That night, Clouseau and his partner, Ponton, spy on Avellaneda, using a wire they planted on him, as he takes a date out for dinner. The mission is compromised when they find Vincenzo and Clouseau's girlfriend, Nicole, together at the restaurant. Having been banned for burning down the restaurant three months earlier, Clouseau disguises himself as a dancer and switches the wire to Nicole's table. In the process, he ends up burning down the restaurant again. At the same time, The Tornado steals the Pope's ring, an act which turns public opinion against the Dream Team.

text: When Clouseau's acts of foolishness aggravate the situation, he is voted off the team; only Sonia sympathizes with him. Shortly afterward, Clouseau is called to an office where they see the Tornado has killed himself and left a suicide note that claims he destroyed the Pink Panther – regarding it as being so beautiful that he could not bring anyone other than himself to own it – and left the other treasures to be recovered. Examining a key they found in the Pope's Chambers, they match the DNA of the victim with DNA of the Tornado acquired when he was shot, and thus believe themselves to have solved the case. However, Clouseau is unconvinced and believes the Tornado was not the thief.

text: For their victory, a celebration is thrown in the Dream Team's honor. Clouseau, who was not invited, discovers something in a license plate of Sonia's car and calls Ponton. He tries to tell Dreyfus the real thief is still at large, but is ignored. Dreyfus relays to the group that Clouseau told him Sonia was the thief, and the group, treating the idea as a joke, work out a plausible explanation for how she could have done it; as the Tornado's ex-lover, she would have in-depth knowledge of his methods, and has set up a situation to draw all attention to the thefts of the other artifacts while leaving her free to sell the Pink Panther. As Sonia leaves, Nicole, beginning to realize that what Clouseau and the group said could be true, asks her to take everything out of her purse. Sonia pulls out a gun, and after initially threatening to shoot Nicole, she shoots Clouseau, but the bullet hits the medal of honor. A chase ensues, with Clouseau and the Dream Team attempting to catch Sonia, while all the members of the team but Clouseau make fools of themselves through various accidents caused by Clouseau's clumsiness.

text: Finally cornered, Sonia threatens to destroy the Pink Panther, and Clouseau goads her to do so. Sonia attempts to escape, but is knocked out by Ponton and arrested by the police. Clouseau reveals that Sonia had destroyed a fake gem; Clouseau had, in fact, kept the real Pink Panther in his possession, having switched them at the museum before he was about to leave France. The Tornado, an expert on gems, would have recognized the Pink Panther to be a fake; therefore, his suicide note was forged, and he was murdered. He reveals that he had given Sonia's car a ticket two days before the Pink Panther was stolen, contradicting her alibi of having been delayed to the crime scene because of her flight, which revealed to him that Sonia was the culprit. Dreyfus tries to claim credit for having appointed Clouseau to his parking job, but Clouseau, remembering Dreyfus told him to deny this to anyone who asked, rebukes the claim.

text: The film ends with Clouseau marrying Nicole in a ceremony hosted by Dreyfus and attended by the Dream Team, but the ceremony ends in complete chaos caused by a raid from the Gas Mask Bandits, with Clouseau and Nicole escaping as the animated Pink Panther watches; he then goes to close the doors and winks at the camera.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Steve Martin as Inspector Jacques Clouseau   A clumsy police officer and now-recognized "Protector of the Pink Panther"
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan as Sonia Solandres  A criminology expert
Jean Reno as Gendarme Gilbert Ponton  Clouseau's assistant and sidekick
Emily Mortimer as Nicole Durant-Clouseau  Clouseau's girlfriend and later wife
Andy García as Vincenzo Roccara Squarcialupi Brancaleon An Italian businessman who joins the Dream Team
Alfred Molina as Randall Pepperidge  A British inspector and deducer who joins the Dream Team and bets that if Clouseau solves the case, he will go around in a tutu for a day, which he does
Yuki Matsuzaki as Kenji Mazuto  A Japanese technology expert who joins the Dream Team

text:
John Cleese as Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus, Clouseau's boss who often gives him meaningless assignments to get him out of his hair.
Lily Tomlin as Mrs. Yvette Berenger, a manners teacher who is brought into the office, often calls in Clouseau to discuss his inappropriate suggestive manners.
Johnny Hallyday as Laurence Millikin, The Tornado.
Jeremy Irons as Alonso Avellaneda, a man the Dream Team checks out as the first suspect.
Geoffrey Palmer as Commissioner Joubert.
Yevgeni Lazarev as The Pope.
Christiane Amanpour as herself.
Sharon Tay as CNN Reporter.

text: Release[edit]

text: The Pink Panther 2 was theatrically released on February 6, 2009 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures and was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 23, 2009 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment and MGM Home Entertainment.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Pink Panther Theme
Habanera Para Baile
Sonia's Love
Finale in C Major
Bridal Chorus

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: Paris, France, Boston, Bedford, Chelsea, Westwood, and Winchester, Massachusetts.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Pink Panther 2 received generally negative reviews from critics.[6] On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 12% based on 132 reviews with an average rating of 3.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Underutilizing its talented cast, The Pink Panther 2 is little more than a series of lame slapstick gags".[7] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 36 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[6] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[8]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Pink Panther 2 grossed $35.9 million in North America and $40 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $75.9 million, against a budget of $70 million.[1] The film made $11.6 million in its opening weekend, finishing fourth at the box office.[9] The film was released in the United Kingdom on February 13, 2009, and only opened on #8.[10]


document_title: Pete's Dragon (1977 film)

question_text: who played pete in pete's dragon 1977

question_tokens: who played pete in pete 's dragon 1977

text: Pete's Dragon (1977 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the early 1900s, Pete flees his abusive hillbilly foster family, the Gogans, with help from Elliott who can make himself invisible.

text: Pete and Elliott visit Passamaquoddy, where the unseen Elliott's clumsiness causes Pete to be labeled a source of ill luck.

text: Lampie stumbles out of a tavern and encounters Pete. Elliott makes himself visible and a terrified Lampie runs into the saloon to warn the townsfolk. In a seaside cave, Pete scolds Elliott for causing trouble. Just as they make up, Nora appears saying due to the ongoing tides from the sea, it is unsafe for Pete to stay, then offers him food and shelter at the lighthouse, which Pete accepts.

text: Pete tells Nora of the abuse he suffers at the hands of the Gogans and, as Nora offers to let him stay the night at the lighthouse, they strike up a friendship. Pete learns the story of Paul, whose ship was reported lost at sea the previous year. Pete promises to ask Elliott about Paul, and Nora accepts, believing Elliott to be an imaginary friend.

text: The next morning, Dr. Terminus and Hoagy arrive and win over the gullible townspeople who are initially angered by their return. The day after that, the local fishermen complain about the scarcity of fish and believe Pete is the cause. Nora tells them the fishing grounds shift and Pete should be welcomed in town. Nora takes him to school, where he is punished unfairly by Miss Taylor as a result of Elliott's antics. An enraged Elliott smashes into the schoolhouse, leaving his shape in the wall, as Pete runs off.

text: Dr. Terminus makes Pete an offer for Elliott, which he refuses. Believing he needs to stop running from the Gogans, Nora and Lampie offer to let Pete live with them permanently, which he accepts. When the Gogans arrive in town and demand Pete back, Nora refuses to hand him over. As the Gogans attempt to chase them in a small boat, Elliott "torpedoes" their boat, saving Pete.

text: Dr. Terminus teams up with the Gogans to capture both Pete and Elliott. Terminus also convinces the superstitious locals helping him capture the dragon will solve their problems. That evening, a storm begins to blow.

text: At sea, a sailing ship is approaching Passamaquoddy with Paul on board. Dr. Terminus lures Pete to the boathouse, while Hoagy does the same to Elliott. Once there, the invisible Elliott is caught in a net, but frees himself and saves Pete, then confronts the Gogans. Lena Gogan yells at Elliott, claiming Pete is their property and waves her Bill of Sale at Elliott, who torches it. Now completely defenseless, the Gogans flee after Elliott frightens them away. Just as Pete and Elliot laugh, Dr. Terminus makes one more effort to harpoon Elliott, but his leg is caught in the rope and he is sent catapulting through the ceiling and screams as he goes through the roof, ending up dangling upside down near a utility pole. In a last-ditch effort, the helpless Dr. Terminus tries to offer buying Elliott's "spare parts", to which he declines and proceeds to destroy Dr. Terminus' traveling wagon, ending his scamming business.

text: Elliott then saves the Mayor, Miss Taylor, and the members of the Town Board from a falling utility pole, revealing himself to the grateful townsfolk. Back at the lighthouse, the lamp has been extinguished by a storm-driven rogue wave. Elliott returns and tries to light it with his own fire. As he does, Nora sees that he is real. The light is ignited and the ship is saved.

text: The next morning, the Mayor and the townsfolk praise Elliott for his help, and Nora reunites with Paul, who was the sole survivor of a shipwreck at Cape Hatteras and suffered amnesia. Now that Pete has a loving family, Elliott tells him he must move on to help another kid in trouble, and is sad the two must part. Pete comforts Elliott by telling him if anyone can help that kid, then he can. Elliott flies away as Pete and his new family wave good-bye to him. The film ends with Pete reminding Elliott once again he is supposed to be invisible.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sean Marshall as Pete, an orphan boy whom the Gogans have purchased and treat like a slave.
Helen Reddy as Nora, Lampie's headstrong but kind daughter who later adopts Pete.
Jim Dale as Dr. Terminus, a scheming quack and showman.
Mickey Rooney as Lampie, Passamaquoddy's lighthouse keeper and Nora's father.
Red Buttons as Hoagy, Dr. Terminus' sidekick.
Shelley Winters as Lena Gogan, the matriarch of the Gogan family.
Jane Kean as Miss Taylor, a strict schoolteacher who reluctantly takes Pete as a student at Nora's suggestion.
Jim Backus as the Mayor of Passamaquoddy, the unnamed cigar-smoking mayor.
Charles Tyner as Merle Gogan, Lena's husband and the patriarch of the Gogan family.
Gary Morgan and Jeff Conaway as Grover and Willie Gogan, Lena and Merle's sons.
Cal Bartlett as Paul, a sailor who has disappeared at sea and Nora's fiancé
Charlie Callas as the voice of Elliott, a dragon that saves Pete from the Gogans.
Walter Barnes as the Captain of the ship on which Paul returns home.

text: Al Checco, Henry Slate, and Jack Collins appear in the film as local fishermen. Robert Easton plays a store proprietor in Passamaquoddy, and Roger Price is seen as a man with a visor. Robert Foulk plays an old sea captain. Ben Wrigley is the egg vendor that Elliott accidentally knocks into the Mayor and Joe Ross plays the cement man whose cement was stepped in by Elliott. Dinah Anne Rogers has an uncredited role as one of the townspeople, as does Dennis Stewart, who plays a fisherman, and Debbie Fresh is also uncredited as a "Child/Dancer/Singer".[3]

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"The Happiest Home in These Hills" – Lena, Merle, Grover, Willie
"Boo Bop Bop Bop Bop (I Love You, Too)" – Pete, Elliott
"I Saw a Dragon" – Lampie, Nora, Townsmen
"It's Not Easy" – Nora, Pete
"Passamaquoddy" – Dr. Terminus, Hoagy, Townsfolk
"Candle on the Water" – Nora
"There's Room for Everyone" – Nora, Pete, Children
"Every Little Piece" – Hoagy, Dr. Terminus
"Brazzle Dazzle Day" – Nora, Lampie, Pete
"Bill of Sale" – Nora, Lena, Merle, Grover, Willie
"I Saw a Dragon (Reprise)" – Townsmen
"Brazzle Dazzle Day (Reprise)" – Pete, Nora, Lampie, Paul

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: The film was based on an unpublished short story by Hollywood Golden Age writer Seton I. Miller and S. S. Field.[4] The Disney studio acquired the rights to the story in the 1950s with the intent of using it on the Disneyland anthology program.

text: In the 1970s, it was adapted as a full feature film by writer Malcolm Marmorstein. This remains his biggest undertaking to date. The production was directed by British filmmaker Don Chaffey, who had made two smaller films for Disney in the early 1960s between directing larger fantasy adventures (Jason and the Argonauts, One Million Years B.C.) for others.

text: Locations[edit]

text: The lighthouse for the film was built on Point Buchon Trail located south of Los Osos, California,[4] substituting for Maine. It was equipped with such a large beacon that Disney had to get special permission from the Coast Guard to operate it, since doing so during filming would have confused passing ships. Pacific Gas and Electric opened the Point Buchon Trail and allows hikers access to where filming took place.

text: Animation[edit]

text: The animators of the film opted to make Elliott look more like an oriental, rather than occidental, dragon because oriental dragons are usually associated with good. The film is the first involving animation in which none of the Nine Old Men – Disney's original team of animators – were involved. One technique used in the movie involved compositing with a yellowscreen that was originally used in Mary Poppins and similar to today's greenscreen compositing, whereby up to three scenes might be overlaid together – for example, a live foreground, a live background, and an animated middle ground containing Elliott. Ken Anderson, who created Elliott, explained that he thought it would be appropriate to make Elliott "a little paunchy" and not always particularly graceful when it comes to flying.[5][6] Don Hahn, who was assistant director to Don Bluth on this film, gained some experience working with a combination of live-action and animation before later going on to work on Who Framed Roger Rabbit.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: In 1978, the film was ranked at seventeen on Variety's hit list.[8] Thomas J. Harris, in Children’s Live-Action Musical Films: A Critical Survey and Filmography, heavily criticizes the story as well as the compositing of the animated Elliott; he also found the "Mary Poppinsish ending" to be "thoroughly unmotivated", because Pete's life before meeting Elliott is never fleshed out.[9] In 2006, Elliott was ranked no. 5 on a top 10 list of movie dragons by Karl Heitmueller for MTV Movie News.[10]

text: Critic Leonard Maltin observed that Disney made several attempts to recreate the appeal and success of Mary Poppins (1964), and that Pete's Dragon did not come close on that score. However, he added that it might please children, and that "the animated title character is so endearing that it almost compensates for the live actors' tiresome mugging."[11]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 50% approval score based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10. The site's consensus states: "Boring and slow, this is a lesser Disney work, though the animation isn't without its charms."[12]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Academy Awards[edit]

text: The film was nominated for two Academy Awards:[13]

text:
Academy Award for Best Original Song – Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn for "Candle on the Water"
Academy Award for Original Song Score – Al Kasha, Joel Hirschhorn and Irwin Kostal

text: Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films Awards[edit]

text: The film was nominated for four Saturn Awards:[13]

text:
Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film
Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor – Red Buttons
Saturn Award for Best Costume
Saturn Award for Best Special Effects

text: Golden Globes[edit]

text: The Hollywood Foreign Press Association nominated the film for one Golden Globe Award:[13]

text: Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score – Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn

text: Alternative versions[edit]

text:
In its original roadshow theatrical release, the film ran 134 minutes. Shortly after, it was edited down to 121 minutes. The most notable change was an alternative version of the song "I Saw a Dragon". The version most watched today is different from the one that was seen in the premiere version.
In 1980, the film was the first Disney feature to be released on VHS and Betamax, with a running time of 121 minutes. It was only available for a very short time.
When the film was theatrically re-released in March 1984, it was cut again from 121 minutes to 104 minutes. When reissued on home video in December 1985, it was restored considerably to 128 minutes. However, there have been VHS copies spotted on eBay with the 1980 packaging and a run time of 128 minutes.
When the film was shown on TV, it was severely edited and time-compressed to 92 minutes, eliminating the "Candle on the Water" number from the film, instead playing portions during the opening credits.
A 129-minute version, five minutes shorter than the original roadshow edition, was released on DVD in 2002, again in 2009 as the "High-Flying Edition", and in 2012 as a 35th anniversary edition on Blu-ray.

text: Home video[edit]

text: Pete's Dragon was released on VHS in early 1980. It was re-released on VHS on October 28, 1994 as a part of Masterpiece Collection. The film was going to be released for the first time on DVD in a Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection line-up on December 5, 2000, but it was pushed back to January 16, 2001. Some bonus features includes two animated shorts Lighthouse Keeping and Man, Monsters and Mysteries, two vintage excerpt episodes "Ken Anderson" from Disney Family Album and "The Plausible Impossible" from Disneyland, and both theatrical trailers for the film.

text: It was re-released in a "High-Flying Edition" DVD on August 18, 2009. This includes the original concept song "Boo Bop Bop Bop Bop (I Love You, Too)". It was released on the 35th-anniversary edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012.

text: Reboot[edit]

text: In March 2013, Disney announced a reboot of the film, written by David Lowery and Toby Halbrooks, the director/writer and co-producer (respectively) of the Sundance hit Ain't Them Bodies Saints (2013). It re-imagines a venerable Disney family and is presented as a straightforward drama as opposed to a musical.[14] Principal photography commenced in January 2015 in New Zealand, with Lowery directing. It was released on 12 August 2016.[15][16]