document_title: ATP synthase

question_text: where are atp synthase complexes located in plant cells

text: ATP synthase

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: The F1 fraction derives its name from the term "Fraction 1" and FO (written as a subscript letter "o", not "zero") derives its name from being the binding fraction for oligomycin, a type of naturally-derived antibiotic that is able to inhibit the FO unit of ATP synthase.[3][4] These functional regions consist of different protein subunits — refer to tables. This enzyme is used in synthesis of ATP through aerobic respiration.

text: Structure and function[edit]

text:
Located within the thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane, ATP synthase consists of two regions  FO and F1.  FO causes rotation of  F1 and is made of  c-ring and subunits a, b, d,  F6.   F1 is made of

α
,
β
,
γ
,
δ

{\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta }

 subunits. F1 has a water-soluble part that can hydrolyze ATP.  FO on the other hand has mainly hydrophobic regions.  FO  F1 creates a pathway for protons movement across the membrane.[7]

text: F1 region[edit]

text:
The  F1 portion of ATP synthase is hydrophilic and responsible for hydrolyzing ATP. This portion is located through the intermembrane space between the inter membrane space of the mitochondria. Subunits

α

{\displaystyle \alpha }

 and

β

{\displaystyle \beta }

 make a hexamer with 6 binding sites. Three of them are catalytically inactive and they bind ADP.

text:
Other three subunits catalyze the ATP synthesis. The other  F1 subunits

γ
,
δ
,
ϵ

{\displaystyle \gamma ,\delta ,\epsilon }

 are a part of a rotational motor mechanism.

γ

{\displaystyle \gamma }

 subunit allows

β

{\displaystyle \beta }

 to go through conformational changes, i.e. closed, half open and open states allows for ATP to be bound and released once synthesized. The F1 particle is large and can be seen in the transmission electron microscope by negative staining.[8] These are particles of 9 nm diameter that pepper the inner mitochondrial membrane.

text:
F1 - Subunits

Subunit
Human Gene

alpha
ATP5A1, ATPAF2

beta
ATP5B, ATPAF1, C16orf7

gamma
ATP5C1

delta
ATP5D

epsilon
ATP5E

text: FO region[edit]

text: Fo is  a water insoluble protein with eight subunits and a transmembrane ring. The ring has a tetramer shape with a helix loop helix protein that goes though conformational changes when protonated and deprotonated, pushing neighboring subunits to rotate, causing the spinning of  FO which then also affects conformation of  F1, resulting in switching of states of alpha and beta subunits. The FO region of ATP synthase is a proton pore that is embedded in the mitochondrial membrane. It consists of three main subunits a, b, and c, and (in humans) six additional subunits, d, e, f, g, F6, and 8 (or A6L). An atomic model for the dimeric yeast FO region was determined by cryo-EM at an overall resolution of 3.6 Å [10] This part of the enzyme is located inside the inter membrane space and is actually the portion that catalyzes the reaction between ADP and the inorganic phosphate.

text:
FO-Main subunits

Subunit
Human Gene

a
ATP6

b
ATP5F1

c
ATP5G1, ATP5G2, ATP5G3

text: Binding model[edit]

text: In the 1960s through the 1970s, Paul Boyer, a UCLA Professor, developed the binding change, or flip-flop, mechanism theory, which postulated that ATP synthesis is dependent on a conformational change in ATP synthase generated by rotation of the gamma subunit. The research group of John E. Walker, then at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, crystallized the F1 catalytic-domain of ATP synthase. The structure, at the time the largest asymmetric protein structure known, indicated that Boyer's rotary-catalysis model was, in essence, correct. For elucidating this, Boyer and Walker shared half of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

text: The crystal structure of the F1 showed alternating alpha and beta subunits (3 of each), arranged like segments of an orange around a rotating asymmetrical gamma subunit. According to the current model of ATP synthesis (known as the alternating catalytic model), the transmembrane potential created by (H+) proton cations supplied by the electron transport chain, drives the (H+) proton cations from the intermembrane space through the membrane via the FO region of ATP synthase. A portion of the FO (the ring of c-subunits) rotates as the protons pass through the membrane. The c-ring is tightly attached to the asymmetric central stalk (consisting primarily of the gamma subunit), causing it to rotate within the alpha3beta3 of F1 causing the 3 catalytic nucleotide binding sites to go through a series of conformational changes that lead to ATP synthesis. The major F1 subunits are prevented from rotating in sympathy with the central stalk rotor by a peripheral stalk that joins the alpha3beta3 to the non-rotating portion of FO. The structure of the intact ATP synthase is currently known at low-resolution from electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) studies of the complex. The cryo-EM model of ATP synthase suggests that the peripheral stalk is a flexible structure that wraps around the complex as it joins F1 to FO. Under the right conditions, the enzyme reaction can also be carried out in reverse, with ATP hydrolysis driving proton pumping across the membrane.

text: The binding change mechanism involves the active site of a β subunit's cycling between three states.[11] In the "loose" state, ADP and phosphate enter the active site; in the adjacent diagram, this is shown in pink. The enzyme then undergoes a change in shape and forces these molecules together, with the active site in the resulting "tight" state (shown in red) binding the newly produced ATP molecule with very high affinity. Finally, the active site cycles back to the open state (orange), releasing ATP and binding more ADP and phosphate, ready for the next cycle of ATP production.[12]

text: Physiological role[edit]

text: Like other enzymes, the activity of F1FO ATP synthase is reversible. Large-enough quantities of ATP cause it to create a transmembrane proton gradient, this is used by fermenting bacteria that do not have an electron transport chain, but rather hydrolyze ATP to make a proton gradient, which they use to drive flagella and the transport of nutrients into the cell.

text:
In respiring bacteria under physiological conditions, ATP synthase, in general, runs in the opposite direction, creating ATP while using the proton motive force created by the electron transport chain as a source of energy. The overall process of creating energy in this fashion is termed oxidative phosphorylation.
The same process takes place in the mitochondria, where ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and the F1-part projects into mitochondrial matrix. The consumption of ATP by ATP-synthase pumps proton cations into the matrix.

text: Evolution[edit]

text: The evolution of ATP synthase is thought to have been modular whereby two functionally independent subunits became associated and gained new functionality.[13][14]  This association appears to have occurred early in evolutionary history, because essentially the same structure and activity of ATP synthase enzymes are present in all kingdoms of life.[13]  The F-ATP synthase displays high functional and mechanistic similarity to the V-ATPase.[15] However, whereas the F-ATP synthase generates ATP by utilising a proton gradient, the V-ATPase generates a proton gradient at the expense of ATP, generating pH values of as low as 1.[16]

text: The F1 region also shows significant similarity to hexameric DNA helicases, and the FO region shows some similarity to H+-powered flagellar motor complexes.[15] The α3β3 hexamer of the F1 region shows significant structural similarity to hexameric DNA helicases; both form a ring with 3-fold rotational symmetry with a central pore. Both have roles dependent on the relative rotation of a macromolecule within the pore; the DNA helicases use the helical shape of DNA to drive their motion along the DNA molecule and to detect supercoiling, whereas the α3β3 hexamer uses the conformational changes through the rotation of the γ subunit to drive an enzymatic reaction.[17]

text: The H+ motor of the FO particle shows great functional similarity to the H+ motors that drive flagella.[15] Both feature a ring of many small alpha-helical proteins that rotate relative to nearby stationary proteins, using a H+ potential gradient as an energy source. This link is tenuous, however, as the overall structure of flagellar motors is far more complex than that of the FO particle and the ring with about 30 rotating proteins is far larger than the 10, 11, or 14 helical proteins in the FO complex.

text: The modular evolution theory for the origin of ATP synthase suggests that two subunits with independent function, a DNA helicase with ATPase activity and a H+ motor, were able to bind, and the rotation of the motor drove the ATPase activity of the helicase in reverse.[13][17] This complex then evolved greater efficiency and eventually developed into today's intricate ATP synthases. Alternatively, the DNA helicase/H+ motor complex may have had H+ pump activity with the ATPase activity of the helicase driving the H+ motor in reverse.[13] This may have evolved to carry out the reverse reaction and act as an ATP synthase.[14][18][19]

text: In different species[edit]

text: E. coli[edit]

text: E. coli ATP synthase is the simplest known form of ATP synthase, with 8 different subunit types.[20]

text: Yeast[edit]

text: Yeast ATP synthase is one of the best-studied eukaryotic ATP synthases; and five F1, eight FO subunits, and seven associated proteins have been identified.[7] Most of these proteins have homologues in other eukaryotes.[21][22][23]

text: Plant[edit]

text: In plants, ATP synthase is also present in chloroplasts (CF1FO-ATP synthase). The enzyme is integrated into thylakoid membrane; the CF1-part sticks into stroma, where dark reactions of photosynthesis (also called the light-independent reactions or the Calvin cycle) and ATP synthesis take place. The overall structure and the catalytic mechanism of the chloroplast ATP synthase are almost the same as those of the mitochondrial enzyme. However, in chloroplasts, the proton motive force is generated not by respiratory electron transport chain but by primary photosynthetic proteins.

text: Bovine[edit]

text: The ATP synthase isolated from bovine heart mitochondria (Bos taurus) is, in terms of biochemistry and structure, the best-characterized ATP synthase.  Beef heart is used as a source for the enzyme because of the high concentration of mitochondria in cardiac muscle.[24][25][26]

text: Human[edit]

text: The following is a list of humans genes that encode components of ATP synthases:

text:
ATP5A1, ATP5AL1
ATP5B, ATP5BL1
ATP5C2, ATP5D, ATP5E, ATP5F1, ATP5G1, ATP5G2, ATP5G3, ATP5H, ATP5HP1, ATP5I, ATP5J, ATP5J2, ATP5L, ATP5L2, ATP5O, ATP5S
ATP6, ATP6AP1, ATP6AP2
ATPSBL1, ATPSBL2
MT-ATP6, MT-ATP8


document_title: UK Singles Chart records and statistics

question_text: what song has stayed number one for the longest

question_tokens: what song has stayed number one for the longest

root

text: UK Singles Chart records and statistics

text: Most number ones[edit]

text: The following is a list of all the acts who are on five or more UK number one songs with an individual credit (meaning, the main artist or named separately as a featured artist – being part of a group does not count towards an individual's total).[1]

tag: p

text: Simply playing or singing on a single without credit will not count, or the top positions would almost certainly belong to session musicians such as Clem Cattini who is reported to have played drums on over 40 number ones.[2]

text:
Total
Artist

21
Elvis Presley

17
The Beatles

14
Cliff Richard

Westlife

13
Madonna

12
The Shadows

Take That

9
ABBA

Rihanna

Spice Girls

8
Eminem

Calvin Harris

Oasis

The Rolling Stones

7
Michael Jackson

Elton John

McFly

George Michael

Kylie Minogue

Tinie Tempah

U2

Robbie Williams

6
Justin Bieber

Blondie

Boyzone

David Guetta

Queen

Slade

Sam Smith

Britney Spears

Rod Stewart

Sugababes

5
All Saints

Bee Gees

Beyoncé

The Black Eyed Peas

David Bowie

Cheryl

Jess Glynne

JLS

Bruno Mars

Ne-Yo

Katy Perry

The Police

Dizzee Rascal

Flo Rida

will.i.am

tag: table

text: Progression of the record[edit]

text: Al Martino was the first act to have a number one single, with "Here in My Heart" in November 1952. Seven months later Eddie Fisher became the first act to have two number one singles, with "I'm Walking Behind You" following "Outside of Heaven". In November 1953 Frankie Laine scored a third number one single with "Answer Me" and a fourth with "A Woman in Love" in October 1956. In 1960 "It's Now or Never" gave Elvis Presley his fifth number-one single. He increased the record ten times until June 1965 when "Crying in the Chapel" became his 15th number one. The Beatles then took the record with a 16th, "Get Back", and 17th, "The Ballad of John and Yoko", their last number one to date. After his death in August 1977, Elvis scored a 17th chart topper with "Way Down" to tie.

text: In 2002, having been used in a Nike World Cup advertisement, a 1968 Elvis song "A Little Less Conversation" was remixed as Elvis vs JXL and went straight to the top for 4 weeks, giving Elvis his 18th number one single. Celebrating the 70th anniversary of his birthday, all of Elvis' 18 number ones were re-issued in 2005. Despite being re-issues, they were given different catalogue numbers and therefore count as separate singles, giving Elvis 21 number one singles.[3]

text: ^ Note: The Shadows, or The Drifters as they were originally called, are credited on twelve #1 singles. Seven of these share credit with Cliff Richard and some lists recognise only their 5 chart-topping singles without Richard.

text: Most combined weeks at number one on the UK singles charts[edit]

text:
Rank
Artist
Weeks at #1

1
Elvis Presley
80

2
The Beatles
69

3
Cliff Richard
46

4
The Shadows
44

5
Frankie Laine
32

6
ABBA
31

7
Justin Bieber
30

8

Madonna
29

Take That

10
Rihanna
25

11

Elton John
23

Wet Wet Wet

text: Most weeks at number one[edit]

text: The record for most non-consecutive weeks at number one is 18 by Frankie Laine's "I Believe" in 1953. It spent nine weeks at number one, dropped down for a week, returned to number one for six weeks, dropped down for a further week and returned to number one for a third time for three weeks. It is one of five singles to return to number one more than once, the others being "Singing the Blues" by Guy Mitchell in 1957, "Happy" by Pharrell Williams in 2014, "What Do You Mean?" by Justin Bieber in 2015 and "Despacito" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber in 2017.[4]

text: The longest unbroken run at number one is "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" by Bryan Adams, which spent 16 consecutive weeks in 1991.

text: Below is a table of all singles that have spent 10 or more weeks at the top of the charts:

text:
Position
Artist
Single
Year
Weeks

1
Frankie Laine
"I Believe"*
1953
18 weeks

2
Bryan Adams
"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You"
1991
16 weeks

3
Wet Wet Wet
"Love Is All Around"
1994
15 weeks

Drake (feat. Wizkid and Kyla)
"One Dance"
2016

5
Queen
"Bohemian Rhapsody"*
1975/76 & 1991/92
14 weeks

Ed Sheeran
"Shape of You"*
2017

7
Slim Whitman
"Rose Marie"
1955
11 weeks

Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee (feat. Justin Bieber)
"Despacito"*
2017

9
David Whitfield
"Cara Mia"
1954
10 weeks

Whitney Houston
"I Will Always Love You"
1992

Rihanna (feat. Jay-Z)
"Umbrella"
2007

text: * not consecutive weeks at the top of the charts[5]

text: Number ones by different artists[edit]

text: Currently two songs have reached number one four times by different artists: "Unchained Melody" and "Do They Know It's Christmas?". Three of the versions of "Unchained Melody" sold over a million copies, while two of the versions of "Do They Know It's Christmas?" achieved this. The lyrics of the Band Aid 30 version were changed to give it relevance to the 2014 Ebola crisis. Numerous artists appear on more than one version of "Do They Know It's Christmas?".

text: Four artists

text:
"Unchained Melody" — Jimmy Young (1955), The Righteous Brothers (1990), Robson & Jerome (1995) and Gareth Gates (2002)
"Do They Know It's Christmas?" — Band Aid (1984), Band Aid II (1989), Band Aid 20 (2004) and Band Aid 30 (2014)

tag: ul

text: Three artists

text:
"Spirit in the Sky" – Norman Greenbaum (1971), Doctor and the Medics (1986) and Gareth Gates and The Kumars (2003)
"You'll Never Walk Alone" — Gerry & The Pacemakers (1963), The Crowd (1985) and Robson & Jerome (1996)
"With a Little Help from My Friends" — Joe Cocker (1968), Wet Wet Wet (1988) and Sam & Mark (2004)

text: Two artists

text:
"Answer Me" — David Whitfield and Frankie Laine (1953)
"Cherry Pink (and Apple Blossom White)" — Perez Prado and Eddie Calvert (1955)
"Singing the Blues" — Guy Mitchell and Tommy Steele (1957)
"Young Love" — Tab Hunter (1957) and Donny Osmond (1973)
"Mary's Boy Child" — Harry Belafonte (1957) and Boney M. (1978)
"Living Doll" — Cliff Richard and The Drifters (1959) and Cliff Richard and The Young Ones feat. Hank Marvin (1986)
"Can't Help Falling in Love" — Elvis Presley (1962) and UB40 (1993)
"I Got You Babe" — Sonny & Cher (1965) and UB40 and Chrissie Hynde (1985)
"Somethin' Stupid" — Frank Sinatra and Nancy Sinatra (1967) and Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman (2001)
"Baby Come Back" — The Equals (1967) and Pato Banton feat. UB40 (1994)
"What a Wonderful World" — Louis Armstrong (1968) and Katie Melua and Eva Cassidy (2007)
"Dizzy" — Tommy Roe (1969) and Vic Reeves and The Wonder Stuff (1991)
"Bridge over Troubled Water" — Simon and Garfunkel (1970) and Artists for Grenfell (2017)
"Without You" — Harry Nilsson (1972) and Mariah Carey (1994)
"Seasons in the Sun" — Terry Jacks (1974) and Westlife (1999)
"Everything I Own" — Ken Boothe (1974) and Boy George (1987)
"Tragedy" — Bee Gees (1979) and Steps (1999)
"The Tide Is High" — Blondie (1980) and Atomic Kitten (2002)
"Uptown Girl" — Billy Joel (1983) and Westlife (2001)
"The Power of Love" — Frankie Goes to Hollywood (1984) and Gabrielle Aplin (2012)
"He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother" - The Hollies (1988) and The Justice Collective (2012)
"Eternal Flame" — The Bangles (1989) and Atomic Kitten (2001)
"You Are Not Alone" – Michael Jackson (1995) and The X Factor finalists 2009 (2009)
"Lady Marmalade" — All Saints (1998) and Christina Aguilera, Lil' Kim, Mýa and Pink (2001)
"Mambo No. 5" — Lou Bega (1999) and Bob the Builder (2001)
"Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" — Mariah Carey feat. Westlife (2000) and Steve Brookstein (2005)
"Wake Me Up" — Avicii (2013) and Gareth Malone's All Star Choir (2014)

text: Most number ones from chart debut[edit]

text: In 1963, Gerry & the Pacemakers became the first act to have their first three singles reach number one when "How Do You Do It?", "I Like It" & "You'll Never Walk Alone" all hit the top spot.

text: The record was equalled by Frankie Goes to Hollywood in 1984 and five years later by Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers.

text: During 1996 and 1997, the Spice Girls took their first six singles to number one from "Wannabe" to "Too Much".

text: Westlife became the first act to have their first seven singles ("Swear It Again", "If I Let You Go", "Flying Without Wings", "I Have a Dream / Seasons in the Sun", "Fool Again", "Against All Odds" & "My Love") reach number one in 2000. [5]

text: Biggest-selling singles[edit]

text:
Best-selling singles in the UK

No.
Single
Artist
Record label[a]
Released[a]
Chart
peak[a]
Sales[b]

1
"Candle in the Wind 1997" / "Something
About the Way You Look Tonight"
Elton John
Rocket
000000001997-09-01-0000September 1997
1
4,920,000

2
"Do They Know It's Christmas?"
Band Aid
Mercury
000000001984-11-01-0000November 1984
1
3,750,000

3
"Bohemian Rhapsody"
Queen
EMI
000000001975-10-01-0000October 1975
1
2,440,000

4
"Mull of Kintyre" / "Girls' School"
Wings
Parlophone
000000001977-11-01-0000November 1977
1
2,080,000

5
"You're the One That I Want"
John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John
RSO
000000001978-05-01-0000May 1978
1
2,050,000

6
"Relax"
Frankie Goes to Hollywood
ZTT
000000001984-01-01-0000January 1984
1
2,030,000

7
"Rivers of Babylon" / "Brown Girl in the Ring"
Boney M.
Atlantic / Hansa
000000001978-04-01-0000April 1978
1
2,020,000

8
"She Loves You"
The Beatles
Parlophone
000000001963-08-01-0000August 1963
1
1,930,000

9
"Love Is All Around"
Wet Wet Wet
PolyGram
000000001994-05-01-0000May 1994
1
1,860,000

10
"Mary's Boy Child – Oh My Lord"
Boney M.
Atlantic / Hansa
000000001978-11-01-0000November 1978
1
1,860,000

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c The record labels, dates and chart peaks are those given by the OCC.[6]
Jump up ^ The sales are those given by the OCC as of 27 June 2013[update], except where a more recent OCC figure is available.[7][8]

tag: ol

text: Posthumous number ones[edit]

text: The first artist to score a number one single after their death was Buddy Holly in April 1959 with "It Doesn't Matter Anymore". Singer Eddie Cochran later made no. 1 after being killed in a taxi crash with "Three Steps to Heaven" in June 1960. Jim Reeves scored a no. 1 single with "Distant Drums" in September 1966, two years after his death in a plane crash.

text: Dying in 1970, Jimi Hendrix scored his only chart-topping single with "Voodoo Child" two months after his death, in November. After this the only other artists to receive one posthumous number one single were:

text:
Jackie Wilson, who died of pneumonia in 1984 and hit the top with "Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl in Town)"
Freddie Mercury, with "Living on My Own" in 1993 (also Queen topped the chart a few weeks after Mercury's death in 1991 with "Bohemian Rhapsody"/"These Are the Days of Our Lives")
Aaliyah, who died aged 22 in a plane crash and hit the top with "More Than a Woman" in 2002
George Harrison, who died of lung cancer in 2001 and hit the top in 2002 with "My Sweet Lord", which had previously been a no. 1 single for him in 1971
Tupac Shakur, with "Ghetto Gospel" in 2005
The Notorious B.I.G., with "Nasty Girl" in 2006
Eva Cassidy featuring Katie Melua, with "What a Wonderful World" in 2007

text: Harrison took over from Aaliyah at the top, marking the only time in UK chart history one posthumous act has replaced a different posthumous act at number one.

text: Elvis Presley and John Lennon have both accumulated three or more posthumous chart toppers. John Lennon did not have any solo no. 1 singles during his lifetime, but after his death "(Just Like) Starting Over" and 1975 song "Imagine" went to number one. Lennon became the second act to replace themselves at the top of the UK charts when "Woman" took over for a two-week spell at the top. Shortly after this Roxy Music's version of "Jealous Guy" also reached no. 1, meaning that from December 1980 to March 1981 four out of six chart toppers were written by Lennon.

text: Presley holds the record for the most posthumous chart toppers. Following his death in August 1977, "Way Down" instantly shot to the top for five weeks. Twenty-five years later, an old song called "A Little Less Conversation" was remixed by JXL and used in a Nike World Cup advert. It became so popular that it shot straight to the top of the charts and remained there for four weeks. Then in 2005, RCA decided to re-issue all 18 of his no. 1 singles for his 70th birthday anniversary. "Jailhouse Rock", "One Night/I Got Stung" and "It's Now or Never" became three more chart toppers for the superstar, giving him 21 in total of which five were posthumous. In 2007, the 30th anniversary of his death, one of Presley's albums reached the top spot.

text: American rapper Tupac Shakur died in September 1996. His rival, the Notorious B.I.G., was killed a few months later in 1997. Neither reached the top of the UK charts during their lifetimes, but in 2005, Tupac reached number one with "Ghetto Gospel" sharing the credit with Elton John. A few months later, in 2006 the Notorious B.I.G. matched this feat with "Nasty Girl" (sharing the credit with Diddy, Nelly, Jagged Edge & Avery Storm).[citation needed]

text: Lowest selling number one[edit]

text: The lowest weekly sale for a number one single is 17,694 copies held by Orson's "No Tomorrow" in 2006.[9]

text: The addition of downloads to the UK charts meant that singles could reach number one with no physical copy being released. The first single to achieve this was Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy" in early 2006. Since 2014, audio streaming has been included in the calculation of chart position, so it is now possible for a single to reach number one without selling any copies (if it were only available on streaming services). In the week ending 24 September 2015, "What Do You Mean?" by Justin Bieber became the first number one with over half of its chart sales made up of streaming points, with sales of 30,000 and 36,000 points from 3.6 million streams.

text: Since the incorporation of streaming into the singles chart, the Official Charts Company have continued to compile a sales only chart. In week ending 27 April 2017 "Sign of the Times" became the first number one in the sales only chart to sell less than "No Tomorrow" by Orson, with 16,686 copies.[10]

text: Self replacement at number one[edit]

text: Since the inception of the UK Singles Chart in 1952 only four acts have replaced themselves at the top of the UK charts with exactly the same billing (as opposed to any named artist, for example 'Cliff Richard and the Shadows' and 'The Shadows' have had back to back number ones on four occasions):

text:
The Beatles — "I Want to Hold Your Hand" replaced "She Loves You" in 1963
John Lennon — "Woman" replaced "Imagine" in 1981
Elvis Presley — "One Night/I Got Stung" replaced "Jailhouse Rock" in 2005
Justin Bieber — "Love Yourself" replaced "Sorry" in 2015[1]; "Despacito" replaced "I'm the One" in 2017

text: Fastest selling single[edit]

text: The fastest selling single in chart history is "Candle in the Wind 1997" by Elton John which sold 1.55 million copies in its first week (it sold 658,000 on the first day of release, 13 September 1997).[11]

text: The fastest selling debut single is "Anything Is Possible/Evergreen" by Will Young, which sold 1.11 million copies in its first week on sale.[12] Publicity had built up due to the televised talent contest Pop Idol with 8.7 million people phoning in to vote for the finalists.[13]

text: Biggest selling single not to top the chart[edit]

text: The record is held by Wham! with their 1984 Christmas release, "Last Christmas" / "Everything She Wants", which peaked at number two, being kept off the top by Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?".[14] It has sold 1.77 million copies following first week sales of half a million.[15]

text: The biggest selling single to peak at number three is New Order's "Blue Monday", which has sold over a million copies.[14] However, it garnered its total sales via two further remixes of the track, meaning its one million sales are attributed over all three releases. The biggest selling single to peak at number three without re-issues is Ed Sheeran's "The A Team", which has sold over 1,067,000 copies since its 2011 release.[16] The biggest selling single to never make the top 5 is "Chasing Cars" by Snow Patrol, which peaked at number 6 and has sold more copies than "The A Team".[17]

text: Downloads[edit]

text: Downloads grew steadily in popularity after first being integrated into the chart in 2005. Although Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy" gained considerable attention for being the first song to enter at number one on downloads alone in 2006, this eventually received a physical CD release. The first number one to chart without ever receiving a UK physical release was Coldplay's "Viva la Vida" in June 2008. As of 2012, very few songs are given a physical release, and almost the entire chart is released solely on digital download.

text: On 22 June 2008, both songs in the top two were there on downloads alone:[18]

text:
"Viva la Vida" by Coldplay
"Closer" by Ne-Yo

text: On 31 August 2008, the top three were download-only at the time:[19]

text:
"I Kissed a Girl" by Katy Perry
"Pjanoo" by Eric Prydz
"Disturbia" by Rihanna

text: On 1 March 2009, the top four were all download-only:[20]

text:
"My Life Would Suck Without You" by Kelly Clarkson
"Love Story" by Taylor Swift
"Poker Face" by Lady Gaga
"Dead and Gone" by T.I. (feat. Justin Timberlake)

text: By 13 February 2010, the whole top 9 consisted of download-only songs:[21]

text:
"Fireflies" by Owl City
"Under Pressure (Ice Ice Baby)" by Jedward (feat. Vanilla Ice)
"If We Ever Meet Again" by Timbaland (feat. Katy Perry)
"Don't Stop Believin'" by Glee Cast
"Empire State of Mind (Part II) Broken Down" by Alicia Keys
"Replay" by Iyaz
"Starstrukk" by 3OH!3 (feat. Katy Perry)
"One Shot" by JLS
"Don't Stop Believin'" by Journey

text: Non-English language number-ones[edit]

text:
"Je t'aime... moi non plus" – Serge Gainsbourg and Jane Birkin (French – 11 October 1969 for one week)
"Chanson D'Amour" – The Manhattan Transfer (French/English – 12 March 1977 for three weeks)
"Begin the Beguine" – Julio Iglesias (Spanish/English – 5 December 1981 for one week)
"Rock Me Amadeus" – Falco (German/English – 10 May 1986 for one week)
"La Bamba" – Los Lobos (Spanish – 1 August 1987 for two weeks)
"Sadeness (Part I)" – Enigma (French/Latin/English – 19 January 1991 for one week)
"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)" – Las Ketchup (Spanish/English – 19 October 2002 for one week)
"We No Speak Americano" – Yolanda Be Cool and DCUP (Neapolitan/English – 31 July 2010 for one week)
"Gangnam Style" – Psy (Korean/English – 6 October 2012 for one week)
"Despacito" – Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber (Spanish/English – 18 May 2017 for eleven non-consecutive weeks)

text: Most weeks on UK Singles Chart by decade[edit]

text: [citation needed]

text:
Shakin' Stevens 254 weeks
Madonna 252 weeks
Michael Jackson 241 weeks
Cliff Richard 234 weeks
UB40 222 weeks
Madness 217 weeks
Kool & the Gang 196 weeks

text:
Oasis 282 weeks
Madonna 258 weeks
Mariah Carey 219 weeks
Celine Dion 215 weeks
Boyzone 201 weeks
Janet Jackson 177 weeks
Michael Jackson 175 weeks
East 17/E17 170 weeks
Whitney Houston 169 weeks
Bryan Adams 163 weeks

text:
Kanye West 320 weeks
Rihanna 300 weeks
Justin Timberlake 289 weeks
Beyoncé 287 weeks
Akon 280 weeks
Britney Spears 278 weeks
Pink 268 weeks
Sugababes 265 weeks
Girls Aloud 255 weeks
Eminem 250 weeks

text: 2010's (up to and including week ending 17 November 2016)[edit]

text:
Rihanna 782 weeks
Ed Sheeran 526 weeks
David Guetta 507 weeks
Justin Bieber 481 weeks
Drake 414 weeks
Tinie Tempah 406 weeks
Calvin Harris 397 weeks
Bruno Mars 385 weeks
Nicki Minaj 365 weeks
Chris Brown 361 weeks

text: Top chart acts per year by total weeks on the singles chart[edit]

text:
Year
Artist
Weeks on chart

1952
Frankie Laine
13

1953
84

1954
66

1955
Ruby Murray
85

1956
Bill Haley & His Comets
110

1957
Elvis Presley
118

1958
Pat Boone
76

1959
Russ Conway
81

1960
The Shadows
107

1961
118

1962
92

1963
116

1964
75

1965
54

1966
Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich
51

1967
Engelbert Humperdinck
97

1968
Tom Jones
58

1969
Marvin Gaye
60

1970
Elvis Presley
59

1971
66

1972
T. Rex
58

1973
David Bowie
55

1974
The Wombles
65

1975
Mud
45

1976
Rod Stewart
48

1977
Elvis Presley
49

1978
John Travolta
60

1979
Donna Summer
46

1980
Madness
46

1981
Adam & The Ants
91

1982
Soft Cell
49

1983
Michael Jackson
60

1984
Frankie Goes to Hollywood
68

1985
Madonna
84

1986
59

1987
41

1988
Kylie Minogue
54

1989
Bobby Brown
52

1990
New Kids on the Block
56

1991
R.E.M
36

1992
Michael Jackson
38

1993
Whitney Houston
50

1994
Mariah Carey
45

1995
Oasis
64

1996
134

1997
Spice Girls
57

1998
Aqua
52

1999
Steps
76

2000
Craig David
58

2001
Shaggy
54

2002
Gareth Gates/Ja Rule
57

2003
Sean Paul
58

2004
Kelis
47

2005
Elvis Presley
81

2006
The Pussycat Dolls
71

2007
Amy Winehouse
119

2008
Rihanna
129

2009
Lady Gaga
150

2010
123

2011
Rihanna
224

2012
151

2013
will.i.am
100

2014
Ed Sheeran
159

2015
173

text: Totals include all instances where an artist is actually credited as part of the act. Therefore, for example, The Shadows score for their own hits as well as those where they backed Cliff Richard, and Diana Ross scores for both her solo hits and those as Diana Ross & the Supremes. However, Paul McCartney, for example, is not credited for any of The Beatles' hits as he does not have a separate credit, (although his hits with Wings do count towards his total as they are classed together in the Guinness Book of Hit Singles).

text: Age records[edit]

text: Youngest[edit]

text:
The youngest artist to have a number 1 single is Jimmy Osmond, who was nine years old in 1972, with "Long Haired Lover from Liverpool".
The youngest artist to have a number 1 single in three decades is Britney Spears who was 31 years old when "Scream & Shout" became her sixth number one single in 2012. She had scored one number one in the 1990s and four in the 2000s.
The youngest artist to enter at number 1 is Billie Piper who was 15 with "Because We Want To".

text: Oldest[edit]

text:
The oldest artist to have a number 1 single is Tom Jones, who was 68 when "(Barry) Islands in the Stream" reached the top in 2009.
The oldest female solo artist to have a number 1 single is Cher, who was 52 when her single "Believe" reached number 1. It spent 7 weeks at the top and became the best selling single by a female artist in the UK.
The oldest artist to achieve their first number 1 is TV actor Clive Dunn with "Grandad" in 1971 on the week of his 51st birthday.[citation needed]

text: Other records[edit]

text: General[edit]

text: NB: In the following statistics, Elvis Presley's 17 re-issues in 2005, which all made the Top 5, count as separate hits.

text:
Most Top 75 hits: Elvis Presley (152). Runner-up: Cliff Richard (131)
Most Top 40 hits: Elvis Presley (128). Runner-up: Cliff Richard (120)
Most Top 20 hits: Elvis Presley (100). Runner-up: Cliff Richard (95)
Most Top 10 hits: Elvis Presley (77). Runner-up: Cliff Richard (66)
Most Top 5 hits: Elvis Presley (54). Runner-up: Madonna (44)
Most Consecutive Top 5 hits: Westlife (22). Runner-up: Elvis Presley (20)
Most Consecutive Top 10 hits: Madonna (35). Runner-up: Ronan Keating (30)
Most Consecutive Top 10 hits by a female group: Girls Aloud (20). Runner-up: Destiny's Child (11)
Most Consecutive Top 10 hits including debut single by male solo: Rick Astley (8)
Most Top 40 hits by a female group: The Supremes (30). Runner-up: Bananarama (25) and Sugababes (25)
Most successful songwriter: Paul McCartney 1695 weeks. Runner-up: John Lennon 1424 weeks
Most number ones written; Paul McCartney and John Lennon (33). Runner-up: Madonna (13)
Most weeks on singles chart: Elvis Presley (1277 wks). Runner-up: Cliff Richard (1166 weeks)

text: Most hits without reaching...[edit]

text:
Most Top 75 hits without reaching No 1: Glee Cast (100)
Most Top 40 hits without reaching No 1: Depeche Mode (40)
Most Top 10 hits without reaching No 1: Bon Jovi (18)
Most No 2 hits without a No 1: Sash! (5)
Most Top 75 hits without reaching Top 5: Chris Rea (32)
Most Top 40 hits without reaching Top 5: Gloria Estefan (27)
Most Top 10 hits without reaching Top 5: Gloria Estefan (5)
Most Top 75 hits without reaching Top 10: Super Furry Animals (21)
Most Top 40 hits without reaching Top 10: Super Furry Animals (19)
Most Top 20 hits without reaching Top 10: The Levellers and Super Furry Animals (8)
Most Top 75 hits without reaching Top 20: PJ Harvey (15)
Most Top 40 hits without reaching Top 20: The Almighty (8)
Most Top 75 hits without reaching Top 40: Gorky's Zygotic Mynci (8)

text: Weeks on chart by individual singles[edit]

text: Most weeks in the chart by a single:

text:
Top 100: "Chasing Cars" by Snow Patrol and "Mr Brightside" by The Killers (180 weeks)
Top 75: "My Way" by Frank Sinatra (124 weeks) (122 weeks when only a top 50 was compiled followed by two more in the top 75)
Top 40: "My Way" (75 weeks)[23]

text: Longest consecutive run in the chart by a single*

text:
Top 100: "Thinking Out Loud" by Ed Sheeran (95 weeks)
Top 75: "Rather Be" by Clean Bandit and "Thinking Out Loud" by Ed Sheeran (73 weeks)
Top 40: "Thinking Out Loud" by Ed Sheeran (54 weeks)[24]

text:
Fewest weeks in Top 40 by a No. 1 single (2 weeks): "Wake Me Up" by Gareth Malone's All Star Choir
Fewest weeks in Top 75 by a Top 10 single (1 week)

"Weightless" by Wet Wet Wet
"Leeds Leeds Leeds (Marching On Together)" by Leeds United Team
"Forever Yours" by Alex Day
"Payphone" by Precision Tunes

Fewest weeks in Top 75 by a Top 20 single: 1 week. Notable acts to have achieved this include The Wedding Present 6 times, Garbage, The Chemical Brothers, Elvis Presley and Red 'N' White Machines.

text: Most singles in a year[edit]

text:
Most Top 75 singles in a year: 51 by Glee Cast (2011)
Most singles simultaneously in Top 75: 27 by Michael Jackson (21 solo, 1 with Janet Jackson, 3 as part of The Jackson 5 and 2 as part of The Jacksons) (July 2009).
Most weeks spent on the Top 75 in a calendar year by solo artist: 224 by Rihanna (includes 26 with David Guetta, 18 with Eminem, 18 with Kanye West & Drake, 12 with Nicki Minaj and 2 with Coldplay (2011)).
Most weeks spent on the Top 75 in a calendar year by a group: 134 by Oasis (1996).

text: Simultaneously charting song[edit]

text:
"Unchained Melody" is the only song to have four versions by different artists charting in the Top 20 at the same time (Al Hibbler, Les Baxter, Jimmy Young and Liberace in June 1955).[25]
"Hallelujah" charted in the same week in December 2008 with three artists (Alexandra Burke at No. 1, Jeff Buckley at No. 2, Leonard Cohen at No. 36). It is also the second time in UK single chart where different versions hold the top two spots (the first being Singing the Blues).[26]

text: Longest time between number one hit singles for an artist[edit]

text: The Hollies went 23 years between their first top hit "I'm Alive" in 1965 and their next top hit, the re-release of "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" in 1988. They had eleven other singles in the top 10 in that interim time, including three singles to reach the number 2 spot.

text: Album with most original number-one hits[edit]

text: There are two albums which have produced four number-one original hits: Spice by Spice Girls ("Wannabe", "Say You'll Be There", "2 Become 1" and "Mama" / "Who Do You Think You Are") and B*Witched by B*Witched ("C'est la Vie", "Rollercoaster", "To You I Belong" and "Blame It on the Weatherman").

text: Biggest drop out of the Top 10[edit]

text:
Ten biggest drops out of the Top 10

No.
Artist
Single
Top 10
position
Chart position the
following week
Total drop
in places
Week-ending
date

1
Carey, MariahMariah Carey
"All I Want For Christmas Is You"
5
Outside the Top 200
>195
000000002017-01-12-000012 January 2017

2
Wham!
"Last Christmas"
7
Outside the Top 200
>193
000000002017-01-12-000012 January 2017

3
Day, AlexAlex Day
"Forever Yours"
4
112
108
000000002012-01-07-00007 January 2012

4
Leeds United Team & Supporters
"Leeds Leeds Leeds (Marching On Together)"
10
112
102
000000002010-05-30-000030 May 2010

5
Pogues, TheThe Pogues
"Fairytale of New York"
9
107
98
000000002008-01-12-000012 January 2008

6
Wet Wet Wet
"Weightless"
10
96
86
000000002008-02-23-000023 February 2008

7
Captain SKA
"Liar Liar GE2017"
4
88
84
000000002017-06-09-00009 June 2017

8
Prince
"Purple Rain"
6
88
82
000000002016-05-06-00006 May 2016

9
AC/DC
"Highway to Hell"
4
81
77
000000002014-01-04-00004 January 2014

10
Precision Tunes
"Payphone"
9
85
76
000000002012-06-23-000023 June 2012

text: Some singles have been deleted from the charts due to technicalities, and have thus "dropped" out of the Top 10 and the singles chart entirely. Such singles include: "Mrs. Robinson" by Simon & Garfunkel (1969), "Crazy" by Gnarls Barkley (2006) and "Maneater" by Nelly Furtado (2006).

text: Singles to have stalled at Number 2 twice[edit]

text: This unlucky feat has only been achieved three times in chart history:

text:
"Honey" by Bobby Goldsboro on 1 June 1968 then, on reissue, on 26 April 1975
"Crazy for You" by Madonna on 29 June 1985 then, on reissue on 2/9 March 1991
"One for Sorrow" by Steps on 5 September 1998 then, on reissue on 6 October 2001

text: Longest playing singles to reach Number 1[edit]

text: [citation needed]

text: 11 songs have reached number 1 with a longer playing time than "Bohemian Rhapsody" (5:55):

text:
"All Around the World" by Oasis 9:38
"Mirrors" by Justin Timberlake 8:05
"I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That)" by Meat Loaf 7:48
"D'You Know What I Mean?" by Oasis 7:21
"Hey Jude" by The Beatles 7:11
"We Are the World" by USA for Africa 7:05
"Jesus to a Child" by George Michael 6:51
"Belfast Child" by Simple Minds 6:39
"Innuendo" by Queen 6:30
"Frozen" by Madonna 6:12
"I'm Not in Love" by 10cc 6:04

text: Shortest playing single to reach Number 1[edit]

text: "What Do You Want?" by Adam Faith 1:35 (1959) [27]

text: First to...[edit]

text:
Eden Kane (real name Richard Sarstedt) and Peter Sarstedt are the first pair of siblings to score no. 1s as solo artists. Eden Kane scored a no. 1 with "Well I Ask You" in 1961 and Peter Sarstedt got a no. 1 with "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)" in 1969. A third brother Robin Sarstedt (real name Clive Sarstedt) made the Top 3 in 1976 with "My Resistance Is Low" making them the only set of three brothers to have separate solo Top Three singles.
The first song recorded completely in a foreign language to reach number-one on the UK Singles Charts is "Je t'aime... moi non plus" by Serge Gainsbourg and Jane Birkin in 1969 (French). There are only five other foreign language number-one songs which are "Rock Me Amadeus" by Falco released in 1986 (German), "La Bamba" by Los Lobos released in 1987 (Spanish), "Sadeness (Part I)", by Enigma released in 1990 (Latin/French), "We No Speak Americano", by Yolanda Be Cool Vs DCUP, released in 2010 (Italian/Neapolitan) and "Gangnam Style" by Psy released in 2012 (Korean). (Yolanda Be Cool and DCUP, both being Australian, both spoke English as their first languages, and "We No Speak Americano" even had a title largely in English, but the song was based entirely on a sample of the Italian language "Tu vuò fà l'americano" by Renato Carasone and as a result was completely Neapolitan.)
The first artist to reach No.1 on the UK Official Singles Chart based on both sales and streaming figures was Ariana Grande with "Problem" on 6 July 2014.
The first artist to have singles debut at numbers 1 and 2 simultaneously was Ed Sheeran on 13 January 2017 with Shape of You and Castle on the Hill.
The first artist to have every song from their album enter the top 20 on the singles chart was Ed Sheeran with ÷


document_title: 2016 Miami Open

question_text: who has won the 2016 miami open men’s singles title

question_tokens: who has won the 2016 miami open men 's singles title

text: 2016 Miami Open

text: Points and prize money[edit]

text: Point distribution[edit]

text:
Event
W
F
SF
QF
Round of 16
Round of 32
Round of 64
Round of 128
Q
Q2
Q1

Men's Singles
1000
600
360
180
90
45
25*
10
16
8
0

Men's Doubles
0
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Women's Singles
650
390
215
120
65
35*
10
30
20
2

Women's Doubles
10
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: Players with byes receive first round points.

text: Prize money[edit]

text:
Event
W
F
SF
QF
Round of 16
Round of 32
Round of 64
Round of 128
Q2
Q1

Men's Singles
$1,028,300
$501,815
$251,500
$128,215
$67,590
$36,170
$19,530
$11,970
$3,565
$1,825

Women's Singles[2][3]

Men's Doubles
$336,920
$164,420
$82,410
$42,000
$22,140
$11,860
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Women's Doubles[4]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: ATP singles main draw entrants[edit]

text: Seeds[edit]

text: The following are the seeded players. Rankings and seedings are based on ATP rankings as of March 21, 2016.

text:
Seed
Rank
Player
Points before
Points defending
Points won
Points after
Status

1
1
 Novak Djokovic
16,540
1,000
1,000
16,540
Champion, defeated  Kei Nishikori [6]

2
2
 Andy Murray
8,370
600
45
7,815
Third round lost to  Grigor Dimitrov [26]

3
3
 Roger Federer
7,695
0
0
7,695
Withdrew before second round [5]

4
4
 Stan Wawrinka
6,405
45
10
6,370
Second round lost to  Andrey Kuznetsov [5]

5
5
 Rafael Nadal
4,990
45
10
4,955
Second round retired vs.  Damir Džumhur [5]

6
6
 Kei Nishikori
4,070
180
600
4,490
Runner-up, lost to  Novak Djokovic [1]

7
7
 Tomáš Berdych
3,810
360
180
3,630
Quarterfinals lost to  Novak Djokovic [1]

8
8
 David Ferrer
3,505
180
45
3,370
Third round lost to  Lucas Pouille [6]

9
9
 Jo-Wilfried Tsonga
3,130
45
45
3,130
Third round lost to  Roberto Bautista Agut [17]

10
10
 Richard Gasquet
2,795
(45)
90
2,840
Fourth round lost to  Tomáš Berdych [7]

11
11
 Marin Čilić
2,725
0
45
2,770
Third round lost to  Gilles Simon [18] [6]

12
12
 Milos Raonic
2,650
90
180
2,740
Quarterfinals lost to  Nick Kyrgios [24]

13
13
 John Isner
2,585
360
10
2,235
Second round lost to  Tim Smyczek [Q]

14
14
 Dominic Thiem
2,510
180
90
2,420
Fourth round lost to  Novak Djokovic [1]

15
15
 David Goffin
2,290
90
360
2,560
Semifinals lost to  Novak Djokovic [1]

16
16
 Gaël Monfils
2,130
90
180
2,220
Quarterfinals lost to  Kei Nishikori [6]

17
18
 Roberto Bautista Agut
1,935
10
90
2,015
Fourth round lost to  Kei Nishikori [6]

18
19
 Gilles Simon
1,810
90
180
1,900
Quarterfinals lost to  David Goffin [15]

19
21
 Viktor Troicki
1,580
45
45
1,580
Third round lost to  David Goffin [15] [6]

20
22
 Benoît Paire
1,571
(20)
45
1,596
Third round lost to  Richard Gasquet [10]

21
23
 Feliciano López
1,540
10
10
1,540
Second round lost to  Yoshihito Nishioka [Q]

22
24
 Jack Sock
1,525
45
45
1,525
Third round lost to  Milos Raonic [12]

23
25
 Pablo Cuevas
1,475
10
45
1,510
Third round lost to  Gaël Monfils [16]

24
26
 Nick Kyrgios
1,405
0
360
1,765
Semifinals lost to  Kei Nishikori [6]

25
27
 Martin Kližan
1,405
25
0
1,380
Withdrew before start of tournament

26
28
 Grigor Dimitrov
1,385
45
90
1,430
Fourth round lost to  Gaël Monfils [16]

27
29
 Alexandr Dolgopolov
1,330
90
45
1,285
Third round lost to  Kei Nishikori [6]

28
31
 Jérémy Chardy
1,255
45
10
1,220
Second round lost to  Fernando Verdasco

29
34
 Sam Querrey
1,210
25
10
1,195
Second round lost to  Adrian Mannarino

30
35
 Thomaz Bellucci
1,200
45
10
1,165
Second round retired vs.  Mikhail Kukushkin

31
36
 Steve Johnson
1,190
10
45
1,225
Third round lost to  Tomáš Berdych [7]

32
37
 Guillermo García-López
1,150
45
10
1,115
Second round lost to  Lucas Pouille

33
38
 João Sousa
1,146
10
45
1,181
Third round lost to  Novak Djokovic [1]

text: Other entrants[edit]

text: The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:

text:
Roberto Carballés Baena
 Nicolás Jarry
 Michael Mmoh
 Andrey Rublev
 Elias Ymer

text: The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:

text:
Benjamin Becker
 Bjorn Fratangelo
 Taylor Fritz
 Alejandro González
 Marcel Granollers
 Pierre-Hugues Herbert
 Tatsuma Ito
 Mikhail Kukushkin
 Yoshihito Nishioka
 Dennis Novikov
 Tommy Paul
 Tim Smyczek

text: The following players received entry as lucky losers:

text:
Jared Donaldson
 Rogério Dutra Silva
 Horacio Zeballos

text: Withdrawals[edit]

text:
Nicolás Almagro →replaced by  Mikhail Youzhny
 Kevin Anderson →replaced by  Lucas Pouille
 Pablo Andújar →replaced by  Evgeny Donskoy
 Roger Federer (gastroenteritis) →replaced by  Horacio Zeballos
 Fabio Fognini →replaced by  Illya Marchenko
 Robin Haase (knee injury) →replaced by  Jared Donaldson
 Andreas Haider-Maurer →replaced by  Dušan Lajović
 Ivo Karlović →replaced by  Ernests Gulbis
 Martin Kližan (foot injury) →replaced by  Rogério Dutra Silva
 Philipp Kohlschreiber →replaced by  Rajeev Ram
 Paolo Lorenzi →replaced by  Damir Džumhur
 Daniel Muñoz de la Nava →replaced by  Diego Schwartzman
 Tommy Robredo →replaced by  Sam Groth
 Janko Tipsarević →replaced by  Kyle Edmund
 Bernard Tomic →replaced by  Ivan Dodig

text: Rajeev Ram (illness)

text: Retirements[edit]

text:
Aljaž Bedene (right wrist injury)
 Thomaz Bellucci (dehydration)
 Ivan Dodig (back injury)
 Rafael Nadal (illness)
 Sergiy Stakhovsky (back injury)

text: ATP doubles main draw entrants[edit]

text: Seeds[edit]

text:
Country
Player
Country
Player
Rank1
Seed

 NED
Jean-Julien Rojer
 ROU
Horia Tecău
7
1

 CRO
Ivan Dodig
 BRA
Marcelo Melo
10
2

 GBR
Jamie Murray
 BRA
Bruno Soares
10
3

 USA
Bob Bryan
 USA
Mike Bryan
11
4

 FRA
Pierre-Hugues Herbert
 FRA
Nicolas Mahut
19
5

 IND
Rohan Bopanna
 ROU
Florin Mergea
24
6

 FRA
Édouard Roger-Vasselin
 SRB
Nenad Zimonjić
31
7

 CAN
Vasek Pospisil
 USA
Jack Sock
37
8

text: 1 Rankings as of March 21, 2016.

text: Other entrants[edit]

text: The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:

text:
Eric Butorac /  Scott Lipsky
 Omar Jasika /  John-Patrick Smith

text: The following pair received entry as alternates:

text:
Thomaz Bellucci /  André Sá
 Leonardo Mayer /  João Sousa

text: Withdrawals[edit]

text:
Juan Martín del Potro (illness)
 David Goffin (migraine)

text:
Roberto Bautista Agut (dehydration)
 Rafael Nadal (illness)

text: WTA singles main draw entrants[edit]

text: Seeds[edit]

text: The following are the seeded players. Seedings are based on WTA rankings as of March 7, 2016. Rankings and points before are as of March 21, 2016.

text:
Seed
Rank
Player
Points before
Points defending
Points won
Points after
Status

1
1
 Serena Williams
9,505
1,000
120
8,625
Fourth round lost to  Svetlana Kuznetsova [15]

2
3
 Angelique Kerber
5,700
65
390
6,025
Semifinals lost to  Victoria Azarenka [13]

3
2
 Agnieszka Radwańska
5,775
120
120
5,775
Fourth round lost to  Timea Bacsinszky [19]

4
4
 Garbiñe Muguruza
4,776
65
120
4,831
Fourth round lost to  Victoria Azarenka [13]

5
5
 Simona Halep
3,960
390
215
3,785
Quarterfinals lost to  Timea Bacsinszky [19]

6
6
 Carla Suárez Navarro
3,800
650
10
3,160
Second round lost to  Coco Vandeweghe

7
10
 Belinda Bencic
3,450
120
10
3,340
Second round retired vs.  Kristýna Plíšková [Q]

8
7
 Petra Kvitová
3,698
0
65
3,763
Third round lost to  Ekaterina Makarova [30]

9
9
 Roberta Vinci
3,540
10
65
3,595
Third round lost  Madison Keys [22]

10
13
 Venus Williams
3,092
215
10
2,887
Second round lost to  Elena Vesnina [Q]

11
15
 Lucie Šafářová
2,768
10
10
2,768
Second round lost to  Yanina Wickmayer

12
16
 Elina Svitolina
2,695
65
120
2,750
Fourth round lost to  Ekaterina Makarova [30]

13
8
 Victoria Azarenka
3,595
65
1,000
4,530
Champion, defeated  Svetlana Kuznetsova [15]

14
18
 Sara Errani
2,530
120
10
2,420
Second round lost to  Naomi Osaka [WC]

15
19
 Svetlana Kuznetsova
2,480
120
650
3,010
Runner-up, lost to  Victoria Azarenka [13]

16
17
 Ana Ivanovic
2,531
65
65
2,531
Third round lost to  Timea Bacsinszky [19]

17
14
 Karolína Plíšková
2,795
215
10
2,590
Second round lost to  Tímea Babos

18
26
 Jelena Janković
1,975
10
10
1,975
Second round retired vs.  Magda Linette [Q]

19
20
 Timea Bacsinszky
2,345
0
390
2,735
Semifinals lost to  Svetlana Kuznetsova [15]

20
22
 Sloane Stephens
2,105
215
10
1,900
Second round lost to  Heather Watson [WC]

21
21
 Andrea Petkovic
2,110
390
10
1,730
Second round lost to  Caroline Garcia

22
24
 Madison Keys
2,005
10
215
2,210
Quarterfinals lost to  Angelique Kerber [2]

23
25
 Caroline Wozniacki
1,991
120
65
1,936
Third round lost to  Elina Svitolina [12]

24
23
 Johanna Konta
2,028
(18)
215
2,225
Quarterfinals lost to  Victoria Azarenka [13]

25
28
 Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova
1,865
35
10
1,840
Second round lost to  Kiki Bertens [Q]

26
27
 Samantha Stosur
1,900
65
10
1,845
Second round lost to  Julia Görges

27
29
 Kristina Mladenovic
1,780
65
10
1,725
Second round lost to  Nicole Gibbs [WC]

28
30
 Anna Karolína Schmiedlová
1,690
35
10
1,665
Second round lost to  Madison Brengle

29
37
 Sabine Lisicki
1,302
215
10
1,097
Second round lost to  Irina-Camelia Begu

30
31
 Ekaterina Makarova
1,571
120
215
1,666
Quarterfinals lost to  Svetlana Kuznetsova [15]

31
34
 Daria Gavrilova
1,379
120
10
1,269
Second round lost to  Zarina Diyas

32
33
 Monica Niculescu
1,410
35
120
1,495
Fourth round lost to  Johanna Konta [24]

text: Other entrants[edit]

text:
Paula Badosa Gibert
 Catherine Bellis
 Nicole Gibbs
 Beatriz Haddad Maia
 Naomi Osaka
 Laura Robson
 Heather Watson
 Sofya Zhuk

text:
Kiki Bertens
 Jana Čepelová
 Samantha Crawford
 Lourdes Domínguez Lino
 Magda Linette
 Pauline Parmentier
 Kristýna Plíšková
 Maria Sakkari
 Aliaksandra Sasnovich
 Francesca Schiavone
 Anna Tatishvili
 Elena Vesnina

text: Withdrawals[edit]

text:
Mona Barthel →replaced by Carina Witthöft
 Varvara Lepchenko →replaced by Irina Falconi
 Maria Sharapova (provisional suspension) →replaced by Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Retirements[edit]

text:
Belinda Bencic (low back injury)
 Kiki Bertens
 Jelena Janković (right shoulder injury)

text: WTA doubles main draw entrants[edit]

text: Seeds[edit]

text:
Country
Player
Country
Player
Rank1
Seed

  SUI
Martina Hingis
 IND
Sania Mirza
2
1

 TPE
Chan Hao-ching
 TPE
Chan Yung-jan
11
2

 USA
Bethanie Mattek-Sands
 CZE
Lucie Šafářová
16
3

 HUN
Tímea Babos
 KAZ
Yaroslava Shvedova
17
4

 CZE
Andrea Hlaváčková
 CZE
Lucie Hradecká
22
5

 FRA
Caroline Garcia
 FRA
Kristina Mladenovic
26
6

 SLO
Andreja Klepač
 SLO
Katarina Srebotnik
46
7

 CHN
Xu Yifan
 CHN
Zheng Saisai
47
8

text: 1 Rankings as of March 7, 2016.

text: Other entrants[edit]

text:
Simona Halep /  Daniela Hantuchová
 Madison Keys /  Sloane Stephens
 Svetlana Kuznetsova /  Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova
 Monica Puig /  Heather Watson

text: Belinda Bencic /  Stephanie Vogt

text: Withdrawals[edit]

text: Simona Halep

text: Champions[edit]

text: Men's Singles[edit]

text: Novak Djokovic def.  Kei Nishikori, 6–3, 6–3

text: Women's Singles[edit]

text: Victoria Azarenka def.  Svetlana Kuznetsova, 6–3, 6–2

text: Men's Doubles[edit]

text: Pierre-Hugues Herbert /  Nicolas Mahut def.  Raven Klaasen /  Rajeev Ram, 5–7, 6–1, [10–7]

text: Women's Doubles[edit]

text: Bethanie Mattek-Sands /  Lucie Šafářová def.  Tímea Babos /  Yaroslava Shvedova, 6–3, 6–4


document_title: Orbital effects on climate

question_text: how would seasons on earth be different if earth's orbit were less elliptical

question_tokens: how would seasons on earth be different if earth 's orbit were less elliptical

text: Orbital effects on climate

text: Overview[edit]

text: Climate in general is an extremely complex system, dealing with temperature and weather conditions over an extended period of time. There are many things which influence Earth's climate. Among these many things, are various solar effects. Earth’s climate is affected by a number of factors dealing with the Earth as a whole, in relation to its position in the space relative to the sun. These factors include the angle of Earth’s axial tilt (also known as Earth’s obliquity), the eccentricity of Earth’s orbit (how circular/elliptical Earth’s orbit is), and Earth’s position in time in the precession of the solstices and equinoxes (with different Earth-Sun distances during any given season).[2]

text: Although these are the primary three factors in shaping Earths climate, there are other, external, factors that can help shape Earth’s climate. These external factors usually affect Earth climate on a very different time scale than the other three, and include factors such as meteors striking Earth and geomagnetic storms.[3] These external forces usually contribute to climate change on a time scale, as meteorites strike the earth, on average, every 50 to 100 million years, where as geomagnetic storms occur periodically through the sun’s eleven-year activity cycle. With all of these factors affecting climate in their own way, it becomes easy to see that Earth’s climate is in fact, largely dependent on various solar effects/circumstances.

text: Earth's axial tilt[edit]

text: Perhaps one of the most apparent factors contributing to Earth climate change is the angle at which the earth is tilted. This is the angle at which Earth’s axis of rotation is from the vertical, also known as Earth’s obliquity. Earth’s current tilt angle is approximately 23.5 degrees. The axial tilt angle affects climate largely by determining which parts of the earth get more sunlight during different stages of the year. This is the primary cause for the different seasons Earth experiences throughout the year, as well as the intensity of the seasons for higher latitudes. For example, in the Northern Hemisphere, if there were no axial tilt, i.e. Earth’s obliquity would be zero degrees, then there would be no change in the seasons from year to year. This would be because there would be no difference in the amount of solar irradiation received, year-round, anywhere on Earth. On the other hand, if Earth’s axial tilt angle was great (45+ degrees), the seasonality of each hemisphere, individually, would be highly exaggerated. Summers would be extremely hot, with substantially more hours of daylight than night each day. Winters would be extremely cold, with substantially more hours of night than daylight each day. This is because, during summer for the northern hemisphere, if the earth is tilted more (pointed towards the sun more), there would be more available hours in which the suns rays can strike any certain place, thereby increasing the number of daylight hours at any given place, with more and more daylight hours at higher latitudes. Also, because the northern hemisphere would be tilted much more towards the sun, it would be physically closer to the sun, thereby increasing the intensity of the sun’s rays hitting the northern hemisphere, thereby causing the northern hemisphere to become hotter. Likewise, during winter for the northern hemisphere, there would be fewer hours of daylight because the northern hemisphere would essentially be pointed away from the sun. Fewer daylight hours means less solar radiation hitting the northern hemisphere, especially at higher latitudes, and therefore causing the northern hemisphere to become colder. The same things can also be said about the southern hemisphere, particularly at high latitudes. In either case, the climate around the equator is not affected nearly as much as the higher latitudes, thereby creating a sizable difference in how obliquity affects different latitudes. This is all, of course, dependent on what the actual tilt angle is at any given point in time. The thing is, though, that Earth does in fact change obliquity over time in a cyclic pattern. Earth’s obliquity does not change much, though, as obliquity has been determined to cycle between the small range of 22.2 degrees to 24.5 degrees, in a cycle that lasts approximately 41,000 years.[2][4] Therefore with the small tilt variation over time, the Earth has always been thought to have had a seasonal climate, at least in the high latitudes due to the solar affect of changing Earth obliquity.

text: Earth's eccentricity[edit]

text: Earth’s eccentricity can also play a large role in Earth climate change. The role is perhaps not as large of an impact as Earth’s Obliquity, but still large nonetheless. Eccentricity is defined as the difference in shape between an ellipse and a perfect circle. It is also known by a simpler definition as simply being a measurement of how elliptical something is. In the case of climate, eccentricity is applied to the shape of Earth’s orbit. In a similar fashion to Earth’s obliquity, the more uniform Earth’s orbit is (more like a perfect circle), the less difference there is in climate change throughout the year. Unlike obliquity, eccentricity affects the entire planet approximately the same, instead of primarily changing polar climate. The base idea with eccentricity is this: “How far away is the earth as a whole from the sun?” If there is no eccentricity to Earth’s orbit, then Earth will remain at the same distance from the sun throughout the year, therefore producing no climate change, seeing as how the Earth’s orbit would be perfectly circular around the sun. On the other hand, if Earth’s orbit has a very high eccentricity, Earth would be very close to the sun (compared to a perfectly circular orbit) during two opposite seasons, and very far away from the sun during the other two opposite seasons. This effect can be seen by analyzing any ellipse, and observing how flat or how skinny the ellipse becomes as its eccentricity increases.

text: Mathematically, the eccentricity of an ellipse is given by the following equation:

text: ∈=√(a2-b2 )/a.

text: where “a” is the ellipse’s semi-major axis (half of the longest diameter of the ellipse) and “b” is the ellipse’s semi-minor axis (half of the shortest diameter of the ellipse). Thus, for example, if summer and winter are on the part of the orbital ellipse that is furthest away from the sun, then Earth will have the least yearly solar radiation received during those two seasons, and the most yearly solar irradiation received during spring and autumn. With this difference in solar irradiation received, climate should noticeably change throughout the year, each year. Currently, Earth’s eccentricity is approximately 0.0167, which is closer to the circular side of the eccentricity range Earth cycles through. Earth’s eccentricity has always varied over time, and varies within the range of 0.005 to 0.0607 in one eccentricity cycle with a time period of about 100,000 years. There is another eccentricity cycle with a period of approximately 413,000 years, however, it’s primarily only noticed as small variations within the 100,000 year eccentricity cycle.[2][5][6] When this climate effect is considered with Earth’s obliquity, they merge to offset the magnitude fraction of solar irradiation received in a given hemisphere, thus wonderfully adding to the complexity of the Earth climate system.

text: Precession of solstices and equinoxes[edit]

text: The precession of solstices and equinoxes is the third factor that plays a role in Earth climate change that deals directly with the earth itself. The basis of the precession of solstices and equinoxes is that it causes the seasons to occur at different times in Earth’s revolution around the sun throughout a cycle recurring about every 23,000 years.

text: In the Northern Hemisphere, when the Earth is at its furthest point from the sun (aphelion) the variation in temperature between winter and summer are less extreme. When the earth is closest to the sun (perihelion), about 5,750 years later, then the variations are at their most extreme. At present the Earth is at its furthest, so the northern hemisphere summers and winters are less extreme and the southern hemisphere climate is more extreme.

text: This precession movement is the result of two other processes. The first is Earth’s slow Axial precession (also known as Earth’s wobbling motion), Ruddiman likens it to a top, how the top spins rapidly, revolves around a point on the surface it’s spinning on, and also ‘wobbles’ at the top of the top. The second process is referred to as apsidal precession - or the precession of the ellipse. In this second process, the entire ellipse of Earth’s orbital path rotates around the sun.

text: When these two processes are put together, they cause the solstices and equinoxes to effectively move around the earth’s orbital path to change how much solar irradiation the hemispheres get during any given season.[2][7] For details and other subtle effects on the motion, see Precession of the equinoxes#Cause

text: External/Celestial forces[edit]

text: There are also forces external to Earth itself that affect Earth’s climate. Two examples of these external forces are meteors/asteroids becoming meteorites and striking the surface of the earth, and geomagnetic storms from the sun affecting the earth. Asteroids only about two kilometers in diameter, according to Young’s paper referencing original author Michael Paine, can cause craters in Earth’s surface about 40 kilometers in diameter. Such an impact could throw enormous quantities of dust into the sky, blocking out the sun and causing significant climate changes, somewhat similar in effect to a gigantic volcanic eruption. Among other things, meteorites striking Earth also “affect sea level, rainfall, temperature, ocean currents, and atmospheric circulation”. Asteroids and meteors are not, however, the only external forces to affect Earth climate change. Variations in solar output can also bring about climate change on the Earth. More specifically, varying amounts of sun activity, including sunspots, solar flares, solar wind, and massive solar radiation, can all be grouped together as geomagnetic storms, which together, act to affect Earth’s climate.

text: Our sun has a solar activity cycle of about 11 years. During which time, the sun gets sunspots, shoots off solar flares, and blasts earth with solar wind and geomagnetic activity. Despite the appearance that these events seem random, they do overall follow a fairly steady cycle of approximately 11 years. The difference in average solar irradiation received by the earth due to these ‘random’ events, though, is only about 0.1 percent. Overall, the total irradiation generated by the sun, and received by the earth is a major factor affecting Earth climate. The total solar irradiation received by Earth’s surface can be calculated mathematically. This can be done through the following equation:

text: Gt=GND+Gd+GR

text: where GND is direct irradiation from the sun, Gd is diffuse irradiation from nearby surroundings being heated up by the sun, and GR is the reflected irradiation from other nearby surfaces. If all that is to be considered is the flat surface of the Earth, then the equation turns into the following:

text: Gt=GND (sin β+C)

text: where β is the solar altitude angle, which is basically the angle the sun appears to be above the horizon from wherever the solar irradiation is to be calculated, and C is a dimensionless ratio equal to anywhere between 0.103 and 0.138 depending on what day of the year it is where the irradiation is to be calculated. The specific day helps determine for the equation where along Earth’s orbit the location being measured is.[8][9] With this calculation, it is easier to realize just how much the sun’s solar radiation contributes to Earth’s climate as a whole.

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: In summary, Earth’s climate is determined by a compilation of many things and factors. It can be somewhat easy to overlook the solar effects on Earth’s climate, however to overlook these would be a tragedy, seeing as how solar factors actually can have a huge impact and influence over Earth’s climate. These effects include effects from the primary factors of Earth’s axial tilt angle, Earth’s orbital eccentricity, and the precession of solstices and equinoxes, as well as some secondary, external effects, such as meteorite/asteroid impacts on the earth’s surface and solar activity from the sun, including sunspots, solar flares, and solar winds/geomagnetic storms. Overall, the Earth climate system is an amazingly, wonderfully complex design with many factors and components. Including things such as the ever so important solar effects on Earth’s climate, how those solar effects can affect mankind in everyday life, as well as how those effects can stretch their influence throughout the ages, even until the end of time.