document_title: History of the Americas

question_text: what is the oldest civilization in north america

text: History of the Americas

text: Pre-colonization[edit]

text: Migration into the continents[edit]

text: The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion.[1] The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska around 40,000 – 17,000 years ago, when sea levels were significantly lowered due to the Quaternary glaciation.[1][2] These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets.[3] Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific Northwest coast to South America.[4] Evidence of the latter would since have been covered by a sea level rise of a hundred meters following the last ice age.[5]

text: Archaeologists contend that the Paleo-Indian migration out of Beringia (eastern Alaska), ranges from 40,000 to around 16,500 years ago.[6][7][8] This time range is a hot source of debate. The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from Central Asia, with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the last glacial period, or more specifically what is known as the late glacial maximum, around 16,000 – 13,000 years before present.[8][9]

text: The American Journal of Human Genetics released an article in 2007 stating "Here we show, by using 86 complete mitochondrial genomes, that all Indigenous American haplogroups, including Haplogroup X (mtDNA), were part of a single founding population."[10] Amerindian groups in the Bering Strait region exhibit perhaps the strongest DNA or mitochondrial DNA relations to Siberian peoples. The genetic diversity of Amerindian indigenous groups increase with distance from the assumed entry point into the Americas.[11][12] Certain genetic diversity patterns from West to East suggest, particularly in South America, that migration proceeded first down the west coast, and then proceeded eastward.[13] Geneticists have variously estimated that peoples of Asia and the Americas were part of the same population from 42,000 to 21,000 years ago.[14]

text: New studies shed light on the founding population of indigenous Americans, suggesting that their ancestry traced to both east Asian and western Eurasians who migrated to North America directly from Siberia. A 2013 study in the journal Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy in Mal’ta Siberia suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought"[15] Professor Kelly Graf said that "Our findings are significant at two levels. First, it shows that Upper Paleolithic Siberians came from a cosmopolitan population of early modern humans that spread out of Africa to Europe and Central and South Asia. Second, Paleoindian skeletons with phenotypic traits atypical of modern-day Native Americans can be explained as having a direct historical connection to Upper Paleolithic Siberia." A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis.[16]

text: On October 3, 2014, the Oregon cave where the oldest DNA evidence of human habitation in North America was found was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The DNA, radiocarbon dated to 14,300 years ago, was found in fossilized human coprolites uncovered in the Paisley Five Mile Point Caves in south central Oregon.[17]

text: Lithic stage (before 8000 BCE)[edit]

text: The Lithic stage or Paleo-Indian period, is the earliest classification term referring to the first stage of human habitation in the Americas, covering the Late Pleistocene epoch. The time period derives its name from the appearance of "Lithic flaked" stone tools. Stone tools, particularly projectile points and scrapers, are the primary evidence of the earliest well known human activity in the Americas. Lithic reduction stone tools are used by archaeologists and anthropologists to classify cultural periods.

text: Archaic stage (8000 BCE – 1000 BCE)[edit]

text: Several thousand years after the first migrations, the first complex civilizations arose as hunter-gatherers settled into semi-agricultural communities. Identifiable sedentary settlements began to emerge in the so-called Middle Archaic period around 6000 BCE. Particular archaeological cultures can be identified and easily classified throughout the Archaic period.

text: In the late Archaic, on the north-central coastal region of Peru, a complex civilization arose which has been termed the Norte Chico civilization, also known as Caral-Supe. It is the oldest known civilization in the Americas and one of the five sites where civilization originated independently and indigenously in the ancient world, flourishing between the 30th and 18th centuries BC. It pre-dated the Mesoamerican Olmec civilization by nearly two millennia. It was contemporaneous with the Egypt following the unification of its kingdom under Narmer and the emergence of the first Egyptian hieroglyphics.

text: Monumental architecture, including earthwork platform mounds and sunken plazas have been identified as part of the civilization. Archaeological evidence points to the use of textile technology and the worship of common god symbols. Government, possibly in the form of theocracy, is assumed to have been required to manage the region. However, numerous questions remain about its organization. In archaeological nomenclature, the culture was pre-ceramic culture of the pre-Columbian Late Archaic period. It appears to have lacked ceramics and art.

text: Ongoing scholarly debate persists over the extent to which the flourishing of Norte Chico resulted from its abundant maritime food resources, and the relationship that these resources would suggest between coastal and inland sites.

text: The role of seafood in the Norte Chico diet has been a subject of scholarly debate. In 1973, examining the Aspero region of Norte Chico, Michael E. Moseley contended that a maritime subsistence (seafood) economy had been the basis of society and its early flourishing. This theory, later termed "maritime foundation of Andean Civilization" was at odds with the general scholarly consensus that civilization arose as a result of intensive grain-based agriculture, as had been the case in the emergence of civilizations in northeast Africa (Egypt) and southwest Asia (Mesopotamia).

text: While earlier research pointed to edible domestic plants such as squash, beans, lucuma, guava, pacay, and camote at Caral, publications by Haas and colleagues have added avocado, achira, and corn (Zea Mays) to the list of foods consumed in the region. In 2013, Haas and colleagues reported that maize was a primary component of the diet throughout the period of 3000 to 1800 BC.[18]

text: Cotton was another widespread crop in Norte Chico, essential to the production of fishing nets and textiles. Jonathan Haas noted a mutual dependency, whereby "The prehistoric residents of the Norte Chico needed the fish resources for their protein and the fishermen needed the cotton to make the nets to catch the fish."

text: In the 2005 book 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, journalist Charles C. Mann surveyed the literature at the time, reporting a date "sometime before 3200 BC, and possibly before 3500 BC" as the beginning date for the formation of Norte Chico. He notes that the earliest date securely associated with a city is 3500 BC, at Huaricanga in the (inland) Fortaleza area.

text: The Norte Chico civilization began to decline around 1800 BC as more powerful centers appeared to the south and north along its coast, and to the east within the Andes Mountains.

text: Mesoamerica, the Woodland Period, and Mississippian culture (2000 BCE – 500 CE)[edit]

text: After the decline of the Norte Chico civilization, several large, centralized civilizations developed in the Western Hemisphere: Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari, Quitus, Cañaris, Chimu, Pachacamac, Tiahuanaco, Aymara and Inca in the Central Andes (Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia); Muisca in Colombia ; Taínos in Dominican Republic (Hispaniola, Española) and part of Caribbean; and the Olmecs, Maya, Toltecs, Mixtecs, Zapotecs, Aztecs and Purepecha in southern North America (Mexico, Guatemala).

text: The Olmec civilization was the first Mesoamerican civilization, beginning around 1600-1400 BC and ending around 400 BC. Mesoamerica is considered one of the six sites around the globe in which civilization developed independently and indigenously. This civilization is considered the mother culture of the Mesoamerican civilizations. The Mesoamerican calendar, numeral system, writing, and much of the Mesoamerican pantheon seem to have begun with the Olmec.

text: Some elements of agriculture seem to have been practiced in Mesoamerica quite early. The domestication of maize is thought to have begun around 7,500 to 12,000 years ago. The earliest record of lowland maize cultivation dates to around 5100 BC.[19] Agriculture continued to be mixed with a hunting-gathering-fishing lifestyle until quite late compared to other regions, but by 2700 BC, Mesoamericans were relying on maize, and living mostly in villages. Temple mounds and classes started to appear. By 1300/ 1200 BC, small centres coalesced into the Olmec civilization, which seems to have been a set of city-states, united in religious and commercial concerns. The Olmec cities had ceremonial complexes with earth/clay pyramids, palaces, stone monuments, aqueducts and walled plazas. The first of these centers was at San Lorenzo (until 900 bc). La Venta was the last great Olmec centre. Olmec artisans sculpted jade and clay figurines of Jaguars and humans. Their iconic giant heads - believed to be of Olmec rulers - stood in every major city.

text: The Olmec civilization ended in 400 BC, with the defacing and destruction of San Lorenzo and La Venta, two of the major cities. It nevertheless spawned many other states, most notably the Mayan civilization, whose first cities began appearing around 700-600 BC. Olmec influences continued to appear in many later Mesoamerican civilizations.

text: Cities of the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas were as large and organized as the largest in the Old World, with an estimated population of 200,000 to 350,000 in Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec empire. The market established in the city was said to have been the largest ever seen by the conquistadors when they arrived. The capital of the Cahokians, Cahokia, located near modern East St. Louis, Illinois, may have reached a population of over 20,000. At its peak, between the 12th and 13th centuries, Cahokia may have been the most populous city in North America. Monk's Mound, the major ceremonial center of Cahokia, remains the largest earthen construction of the prehistoric New World.

text: These civilizations developed agriculture as well, breeding maize (corn) from having ears 2–5 cm in length to perhaps 10–15 cm in length. Potatoes, tomatoes, pumpkins, beans, avocados, and chocolate are now the most popular of the pre-Columbian agricultural products. The civilizations did not develop extensive livestock as there were few suitable species, although alpacas and llamas were domesticated for use as beasts of burden and sources of wool and meat in the Andes. By the 15th century, maize was being farmed in the Mississippi River Valley after introduction from Mexico. The course of further agricultural development was greatly altered by the arrival of Europeans.

text: Classic stage (800 BCE – 1533 CE)[edit]

text: Cahokia was a major regional chiefdom, with trade and tributary chiefdoms located in a range of areas from bordering the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.

text: The Iroquois League of Nations or "People of the Long House", based in present-day upstate and western New York, had a confederacy model from the mid-15th century.  It has been suggested that their culture contributed to political thinking during the development of the later United States government. Their system of affiliation was a kind of federation, different from the strong, centralized European monarchies.[20][21][22]

text: Leadership was restricted to a group of 50 sachem chiefs, each representing one clan within a tribe; the Oneida and Mohawk people had nine seats each; the Onondagas held fourteen; the Cayuga had ten seats; and the Seneca had eight. Representation was not based on population numbers, as the Seneca tribe greatly outnumbered the others. When a sachem chief died, his successor was chosen by the senior woman of his tribe in consultation with other female members of the clan; property and hereditary leadership were passed matrilineally. Decisions were not made through voting but through consensus decision making, with each sachem chief holding theoretical veto power. The Onondaga were the "firekeepers", responsible for raising topics to be discussed. They occupied one side of a three-sided fire (the Mohawk and Seneca sat on one side of the fire, the Oneida and Cayuga sat on the third side.)[22]

text: Elizabeth Tooker, an anthropologist, has said that it was unlikely the US founding fathers were inspired by the confederacy, as it bears little resemblance to the system of governance adopted in the United States. For example, it is based on inherited rather than elected leadership, selected by female members of the tribes, consensus decision-making regardless of population size of the tribes, and a single group capable of bringing matters before the legislative body.[22]

text: Long-distance trading did not prevent warfare and displacement among the indigenous peoples, and their oral histories tell of numerous migrations to the historic territories where Europeans encountered them. The Iroquois invaded and attacked tribes in the Ohio River area of present-day Kentucky and claimed the hunting grounds. Historians have placed these events as occurring as early as the 13th century, or in the 17th century Beaver Wars.[23]

text: Through warfare, the Iroquois drove several tribes to migrate west to what became known as their historically traditional lands west of the Mississippi River. Tribes originating in the Ohio Valley who moved west included the Osage, Kaw, Ponca and Omaha people. By the mid-17th century, they had resettled in their historical lands in present-day Kansas, Nebraska, Arkansas and Oklahoma. The Osage warred with Caddo-speaking Native Americans, displacing them in turn by the mid-18th century and dominating their new historical territories.[23]

text: Oasisamerica[edit]

text:
Ancestral Puebloan archeological sites

The Great Kiva of Chetro Ketl at the Chaco Culture National Historical Park, UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Taos Pueblo, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is an Ancient Pueblo belonging to a Native American tribe of Pueblo people, marking the cultural development in the region during the Pre-Columbian era.

White House Ruins, Canyon de Chelly National Monument

text: The Pueblo people of what is now the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico, living conditions were that of large stone apartment like adobe structures. They live in Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, and possibly surrounding areas.

text: Aridoamerica[edit]

text: Chichimeca was the name that the Mexica (Aztecs) generically applied to a wide range of semi-nomadic peoples who inhabited the north of modern-day Mexico, and carried the same sense as the European term "barbarian". The name was adopted with a pejorative tone by the Spaniards when referring especially to the semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer peoples of northern Mexico.

text: Mesoamerica[edit]

text: The Zapotec emerged around 1500 years BCE. Their writing system influenced the later Olmec. They left behind the great city Monte Alban.

text: The Olmec civilization emerged around 1200 BCE in Mesoamerica and ended around 400 BCE. Olmec art and concepts influenced surrounding cultures after their downfall. This civilization was thought to be the first in America to develop a writing system. After the Olmecs abandoned their cities for unknown reasons, the Maya, Zapotec and Teotihuacan arose.

text: The Purepecha civilization emerged around 1000 CE in Mesoamerica . They flourished from 1100 CE to 1530 CE. They continue to live on in the state of Michoacán. Fierce warriors, they were never conquered and in their glory years, successfully sealed off huge areas from Aztec domination.

text: Maya history spans 3,000 years. The Classic Maya may have collapsed due to changing climate in the end of the 10th century.

text: The Toltec were a nomadic people, dating from the 10th - 12th century, whose language was also spoken by the Aztecs.

text: Teotihuacan (4th century BCE - 7/8th century CE) was both a city, and an empire of the same name, which, at its zenith between 150 and the 5th century, covered most of Mesoamerica.

text: The Aztec having started to build their empire around 14th century found their civilization abruptly ended by the Spanish conquistadors. They lived in Mesoamerica, and surrounding lands. Their capital city Tenochtitlan was one of the largest cities of all time.

text: South America[edit]

text: The oldest known civilization of the Americas was established in the Norte Chico region of modern Peru. Complex society emerged in the group of coastal valleys, between 3000 and 1800 BCE. The Quipu, a distinctive recording device among Andean civilizations, apparently dates from the era of Norte Chico's prominence.

text: The Chavín established a trade network and developed agriculture by as early as (or late compared to the Old World) 900 BCE according to some estimates and archaeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called Chavín in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 meters. Chavín civilization spanned from 900 BCE to 300 BCE.

text:
Holding their capital at the great city of Cusco, the Inca civilization dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533.
Known as Tahuantinsuyu, or "the land of the four regions", in Quechua, the Inca culture was highly distinct and developed. Cities were built with precise, unmatched stonework, constructed over many levels of mountain terrain. Terrace farming was a useful form of agriculture. There is evidence of excellent metalwork and even successful trepanation of the skull in Inca civilization.

text: European colonization[edit]

text: Around 1000, the Vikings established a short-lived settlement in Newfoundland, now known as L'Anse aux Meadows. Speculations exist about other Old World discoveries of the New World, but none of these are generally or completely accepted by most scholars.

text: Spain sponsored a major exploration led by Italian explorer Christopher Columbus in 1492; it quickly led to extensive European colonization of the Americas. The Europeans brought Old World diseases which are thought to have caused catastrophic epidemics and a huge decrease of the native population. Columbus came at a time in which many technical developments in sailing techniques and communication made it possible to report his voyages easily and to spread word of them throughout Europe. It was also a time of growing religious, imperial and economic rivalries that led to a competition for the establishment of colonies.

text: Colonial period[edit]

text: 15th to 19th century colonies in the New World:

text:
Spanish colonization of the Americas (1492)
Viceroyalty of New Spain (1535 to 1821)
Viceroyalty of Peru (1542–1824)
Spanish Main
Spanish West Indies
Captaincy General of Guatemala
British America / Thirteen Colonies (1497/1584/1607 to 1776/20th century)
Danish West Indies
New Netherland
New France
Captaincy General of Venezuela
Portuguese colonization of the Americas (1499 to 1822)
Colonial Brazil (1500 to 1815)

text: Decolonization[edit]

text: The formation of sovereign states in the New World began with the United States Declaration of Independence of 1776. The American Revolutionary War lasted through the period of the Siege of Yorktown — its last major campaign — in the early autumn of 1781, with peace being achieved in 1783.

text: The Spanish colonies won their independence in the first quarter of the 19th century, in the Spanish American wars of independence. Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín, among others, led their independence struggle. Although Bolivar attempted to keep the Spanish-speaking parts of Latin America politically allied, they rapidly became independent of one another as well, and several further wars were fought, such as the Paraguayan War and the War of the Pacific. (See Latin American integration.) In the Portuguese colony Dom Pedro I (also Pedro IV of Portugal), son of the Portuguese king Dom João VI, proclaimed the country's independence in 1822 and became Brazil's first Emperor. This was peacefully accepted by the crown in Portugal, upon compensation.

text: Effects of slavery[edit]

text: Slavery has had a significant role in the economic development of the New World after the colonization of the Americas by the Europeans. The cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane harvested by slaves became important exports for the United States and the Caribbean countries.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: North America[edit]

text: As a part of the British Empire, Canada immediately entered World War I when it broke out in 1914. Canada bore the brunt of several major battles during the early stages of the war, including the use of poison gas attacks at Ypres. Losses became grave, and the government eventually brought in conscription, despite the fact this was against the wishes of the majority of French Canadians. In the ensuing Conscription Crisis of 1917, riots broke out on the streets of Montreal. In neighboring Newfoundland, the new dominion suffered a devastating loss on July 1, 1916, the First day on the Somme.

text: The United States stayed out of the conflict until 1917, when it joined the Entente powers. The United States was then able to play a crucial role at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that shaped interwar Europe. Mexico was not part of the war, as the country was embroiled in the Mexican Revolution at the time.

text: The 1920s brought an age of great prosperity in the United States, and to a lesser degree Canada. But the Wall Street Crash of 1929 combined with drought ushered in a period of economic hardship in the United States and Canada. From 1936 to 1949, there was a popular uprising against the anti-Catholic Mexican government of the time, set off specifically by the anti-clerical provisions of the Mexican Constitution of 1917.

text: Once again, Canada found itself at war before its neighbors, however even Canadian contributions were slight before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The entry of the United States into the war helped to tip the balance in favour of the allies. Two Mexican tankers, transporting oil to the United States, were attacked and sunk by the Germans in the Gulf of Mexico waters, in 1942. The incident happened in spite of Mexico's neutrality at that time. This led Mexico to enter the conflict with a declaration of war on the Axis nations. The destruction of Europe wrought by the war vaulted all North American countries to more important roles in world affairs, especially the United States, which emerged as a "superpower".

text: The early Cold War era saw the United States as the most powerful nation in a Western coalition of which Mexico and Canada were also a part. In Canada, Quebec was transformed by the Quiet Revolution and the emergence of Quebec nationalism. Mexico experienced an era of huge economic growth after World War II, a heavy industrialization process and a growth of its middle class, a period known in Mexican history as "El Milagro Mexicano" (the Mexican miracle). The Caribbean saw the beginnings of decolonization, while on the largest island the Cuban Revolution introduced Cold War rivalries into Latin America.

text: The civil rights movement in the U.S. ended Jim Crow and empowered black voters in the 1960s, which allowed black citizens to move into high government offices for the first time since Reconstruction. However, the dominant New Deal coalition collapsed in the mid 1960s in disputes over race and the Vietnam War, and the conservative movement began its rise to power, as the once dominant liberalism weakened and collapsed. Canada during this era was dominated by the leadership of Pierre Elliot Trudeau. In 1982, at the end of his tenure, Canada enshrined a new constitution.

text: Canada's Brian Mulroney not only ran on a similar platform but also favored closer trade ties with the United States. This led to the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in January 1989. Mexican presidents Miguel de la Madrid, in the early 1980s and Carlos Salinas de Gortari in the late 1980s, started implementing liberal economic strategies that were seen as a good move. However, Mexico experienced a strong economic recession in 1982 and the Mexican peso suffered a devaluation. In the United States president Ronald Reagan attempted to move the United States back towards a hard anti-communist line in foreign affairs, in what his supporters saw as an attempt to assert moral leadership (compared to the Soviet Union) in the world community. Domestically, Reagan attempted to bring in a package of privatization and regulation to stimulate the economy.

text: The end of the Cold War and the beginning of the era of sustained economic expansion coincided during the 1990s. On January 1, 1994, Canada, Mexico and the United States signed the North American Free Trade Agreement, creating the world's largest free trade area. In 2000, Vicente Fox became the first non-PRI candidate to win the Mexican presidency in over 70 years. The optimism of the 1990s was shattered by the 9/11 attacks of 2001 on the United States, which prompted military intervention in Afghanistan, which also involved Canada. Canada did not support the United States' later move to invade Iraq, however.

text: In the U.S. the Reagan Era of conservative national policies, deregulation and tax cuts took control with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980. By 2010, political scientists were debating whether the election of Barack Obama in 2008 represented an end of the Reagan Era, or was only a reaction against the bubble economy of the 2000s (decade), which burst in 2008 and became the Late-2000s recession with prolonged unemployment.

text: Central America[edit]

text:
Area

560,988 km²

Population

50,807,778

Countries

 Belize Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama El Salvador Dominican Republic

text: Despite the failure of a lasting political union, the concept of Central American reunification, though lacking enthusiasm from the leaders of the individual countries, rises from time to time. In 1856–1857 the region successfully established a military coalition to repel an invasion by United States adventurer William Walker. Today, all five nations fly flags that retain the old federal motif of two outer blue bands bounding an inner white stripe. (Costa Rica, traditionally the least committed of the five to regional integration, modified its flag significantly in 1848 by darkening the blue and adding a double-wide inner red band, in honor of the French tricolor).

text: In 1907, a Central American Court of Justice was created. On December 13, 1960, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua established the Central American Common Market ("CACM"). Costa Rica, because of its relative economic prosperity and political stability, chose not to participate in the CACM. The goals for the CACM were to create greater political unification and success of import substitution industrialization policies. The project was an immediate economic success, but was abandoned after the 1969 "Football War" between El Salvador and Honduras. A Central American Parliament has operated, as a purely advisory body, since 1991. Costa Rica has repeatedly declined invitations to join the regional parliament, which seats deputies from the four other former members of the Union, as well as from Panama and the Dominican Republic.

text: South America[edit]

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, the governments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay were overthrown or displaced by U.S.-aligned military dictatorships. These dictatorships detained tens of thousands of political prisoners, many of whom were tortured and/or killed (on inter-state collaboration, see Operation Condor). Economically, they began a transition to neoliberal economic policies. They placed their own actions within the United States Cold War doctrine of "National Security" against internal subversion. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Peru suffered from an internal conflict (see Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement and Shining Path). Revolutionary movements and right-wing military dictatorships have been common, but starting in the 1980s a wave of democratization came through the continent, and democratic rule is widespread now. Allegations of corruption remain common, and several nations have seen crises which have forced the resignation of their presidents, although normal civilian succession has continued.

text: International indebtedness became a notable problem, as most recently illustrated by Argentina's default in the early 21st century. In recent years, South American governments have drifted to the left, with socialist leaders being elected in Chile, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, and a leftist president in Argentina and Uruguay. Despite the move to the left, South America is still largely capitalist. With the founding of the Union of South American Nations, South America has started down the road of economic integration, with plans for political integration in the European Union style.

text:
Country orterritory with flag

Area(km²)[24] (per sq mi)

Population(July 2009 est.)[24]

Population densityper km²

Capital

 Argentina

2,766,890 km2 (1,068,300 sq mi)

40,482,000

14.3/km² (37/sq mi)

Buenos Aires

 Bolivia

1,098,580 km2 (424,160 sq mi)

9,863,000

8.4/km² (21.8/sq mi)

La Paz[25]

 Brazil

8,514,877 km2 (3,287,612 sq mi)

191,241,714

22.0/km² (57/sq mi)

Brasília

 Chile[26]

  756,950 km2 (292,260 sq mi)

16,928,873

22/km² (57/sq mi)

Santiago

 Colombia

1,138,910 km2 (439,740 sq mi)

45,928,970

40/km² (103.6/sq mi)

Bogotá

 Ecuador

  283,560 km2 (109,480 sq mi)

14,573,101

53.8/km² (139.3/sq mi)

Quito

 Falkland Islands (United Kingdom)[27]

   12,173 km2 (4,700 sq mi)

3,140[28]

0.26/km² (0.7/sq mi)

Stanley

 French Guiana (France)

   91,000 km2 (35,000 sq mi)

221,500[29]

2.7/km² (5.4/sq mi)

Cayenne

 Guyana

  214,999 km2 (83,012 sq mi)

772,298

3.5/km² (9.1/sq mi)

Georgetown

 Paraguay

  406,750 km2 (157,050 sq mi)

6,831,306

15.6/km² (40.4/sq mi)

Asunción

 Peru

1,285,220 km2 (496,230 sq mi)

29,132,013

22/km² (57/sq mi)

Lima

 South Georgia andSouth Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom)[30]

    3,093 km2 (1,194 sq mi)

20

0/km² (0/sq mi)

Grytviken

 Suriname

  163,270 km2 (63,040 sq mi)

472,000

3/km² (7.8/sq mi)

Paramaribo

 Uruguay

  176,220 km2 (68,040 sq mi)

3,477,780

19.4/km² (50.2/sq mi)

Montevideo

 Venezuela

  916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi)

26,814,843

30.2/km² (72/sq mi)

Caracas

Total

7007178245130000000♠17,824,513

7008385742554000000♠385,742,554

21.5/km²


document_title: Marlon (TV series)

question_text: who plays marlins wife on the show marlon

root

text: Marlon (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Despite their inability to coexist, divorced couple Marlon Wayne and his ex-wife Ashley try to stay friends for the sake of their two children, Marley and Zack.

tag: p

text: The premise of the show is loosely based on star Marlon Wayans' own life.[4]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Marlon Wayans as Marlon Wayne[1] – A loving but often inappropriate divorced father of two, Marlon often acts the most childish of the house and is therefore the more youth-relatable parent. The typical clingy ex, Marlon is always doing things out of the ordinary. Deep down he loves his family, he just has an odd way of showing it.
Essence Atkins as Ashley Wayne[1] – Always keeping things calm in the house, Ashley is usually the peacemaker in the family and has to get things back to normal after Marlon hypes things up. Ashley is trying to move on from the divorce but things are complicated.
Notlim Taylor as Marley Wayne[1] – Marley is the calm one in the family. She is very intelligent and responsible, and rarely ever gets in trouble. She's a quick-thinker and a role-model.
Amir O'Neil as Zack Wayne[1] – Zack is the troublesome kid in the family and always makes a mess in the house. He doesn't really care about feelings or emotions because he is usually busy being silly and air-headed.
Bresha Webb as Yvette[1] – Ashley's best friend who is often busy trying to find the right guy. Yvette is a God-loving woman with a packed past, of which Marlon always tries his best to make fun. She has a petty feud with him and they're always going back and forth.
Diallo Riddle as Stevie Noggle[1] – Stevie took it upon himself to shack up in Marlon's apartment, much to Marlon's annoyance. Despite being well-educated, he is perpetually unemployed. He considers himself Marlon's best friend, and even though Marlon disagrees with this, Stevie is arguably his only friend.

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)11"Pilot"Andy AckermanTeleplay by: Christopher MoynihanStory by: Christopher Moynihan & Marlon WayansAugust 16, 2017 (2017-08-16)5.27[5]
Internet star Marlon Wayne (Marlon Wayans) and ex-wife Ashley (Essence Atkins) try to become friends for their kids' sake following their divorce. Ashley's friend Yvette (Bresha Webb) tries to set her up on her first date since the split, which makes Marlon jealous. Meanwhile, Marley encounters a bully at school and gets questionable advice from Dad on how to handle it.
22"Cleaning Out The Closet"Robbie CountrymanCraig Wayans & Mitchell MarchandAugust 16, 2017 (2017-08-16)4.05[5]
Ashley receives news that she is being evicted from the storage facility that she and Marlon share, but discovers that Marlon had not cleaned it out following their divorce. Ashley, Yvette and Stevie (Diallo Riddle) think Marlon is becoming a hoarder, and hold an intervention for him.
33"Boys Only Want One Thing"Phill LewisRic SwartzlanderAugust 23, 2017 (2017-08-23)4.59[6]
Marlon becomes an overprotective father when Marley brings home Eugene (Christopher Meyer), a handsome 15-year old football player, for a study date. Despite Ashley's advice to stay out of it, Marlon suspects that Eugene is just playing on Marley's affections to help him pass a geometry test, and that he will break her heart after.
44"Exes with Benefits"Eric Dean SeatonTeri Schaffer & Raynelle SwillingAugust 23, 2017 (2017-08-23)3.68[6]
During a game of "Have You Ever...", it's revealed that Marlon and Ashley have never had sex since their divorce, which surprises Yvette. Ashley thinks it might be fun to try, but Stevie warns Marlon that it could rekindle Ashley's desire for a relationship. On the night of the hookup, Marlon realizes he didn't consider how this could affect his own feelings.
55"Project Kids"Phill LewisCraig Wayans & Mitchell MarchandAugust 30, 2017 (2017-08-30)5.12[7]
Ashley shows Marlon their kids high priced phone and Internet bills. Fearing that they don't appreciate what they have, Marlon tries to teach the kids his "old school" ways by making them live like he did while growing up in the projects.
66"Surprises"Eric Dean SeatonBritt Matt & Julian KianiAugust 30, 2017 (2017-08-30)3.84[7]
After Ashley insists she doesn't want a surprise party for her 40th birthday, she reveals she wants to have breast augmentation surgery, causing Marlon to try and talk her out of it. Meanwhile, Stevie begins to torment Yvette about guessing her age.
77"Hospital Party"Robbie CountrymanRegina HicksSeptember 6, 2017 (2017-09-06)4.98[8]
When Zack prepares for minor surgery, Marlon and Ashley have polar opposite ways to help him cope with it. Ashley begins to get annoyed with Marlon when he goes over the top.
88"Coach Marlon"Phill LewisTeri Schaffer & Raynelle SwillingSeptember 6, 2017 (2017-09-06)3.57[8]
During Zack's basketball game, Marlon tries psychological tactics to cover for the fact that his team isn't very talented, but this backfires. Meanwhile, Ashley determines that Marlon does not respect boundaries when she finds out that he's been sleeping at her house instead of his, and she revokes his house key.
99"Appropriate Marlon"Phill LewisRyan NoggleSeptember 13, 2017 (2017-09-13)4.89[9]
Marlon believes he can act appropriately to help Ashley get into a social club that prefers couples. Stevie fits in perfectly among the bourgeois clients at the club, which surprises Yvette.
1010"End of the Road"Andrew D. WeymanAseem BatraSeptember 13, 2017 (2017-09-13)3.63[9]
Ashley is perplexed when Marlon still wants to celebrate the anniversary of their first date, even after their divorce. After some arguing, the two mutually agree that they should make the date a celebration of their family.

Special Guests: Boyz II Men

tag: table

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle [10]Directed byWritten byOriginal air date [10]U.S. viewers(millions)111"Model Parent"Robbie CountrymanRyan NoggleJune 14, 2018 (2018-06-14)2.93[11]
Marlon and Ashley agree for Zack to be a spokesmodel for a kids athletic clothing line. Later on, they are shocked to discover that the photos they took contain a racist phrase on Zack's shirt and are forced to pull the ad.
122"Wingman"Kevin Charles SullivanMitchell MarchandJune 14, 2018 (2018-06-14)2.39[11]
After Ashley has a bad night at a nightclub, Marlon offers to be her wingman on her next trip to the club. While Marlon is successful and sets up Ashley with a handsome guy, she still gets jealous when she sees Marlon connecting with another woman. Meanwhile, Yvette uses Stevie in order to make her ex-boyfriend jealous.
133"Sisters"Phill LewisTeri Schaffer & Raynelle SwillingJune 21, 2018 (2018-06-21)2.81[12]
When Marlon’s two sisters (Kym Whitley and Sherri Shepherd) come to visit, he asks Ashley to pretend they are still married because he fears his sisters would be disappointed if they know he is divorced.
144"Divorce Counseling"Phill LewisBritt MattJune 21, 2018 (2018-06-21)2.41[12]
Ashley asks Marlon to go to divorce counseling, fearing that they are reverting back to the old habits that led to their divorce in the first place. Meanwhile, Stevie announces he wants to be a massage therapist. Yvette is skeptical until Stevie gives her an intense foot massage.
155"Keepin' It 100"Robbie CountrymanRic SwartzlanderJune 28, 2018 (2018-06-28)2.89[13]
Ashley takes it upon herself to redecorate Marlon's apartment, much to his dismay. He suggests that now that he and Ashley are divorced, they should "keep it 100" and be completely honest with each other. But when Marlon hosts a party in his house to woo the landlords into selling the property to him, his and Ashley's 100% honesty causes problems.
166"Man Code"Jean SagalCraig WayansJune 28, 2018 (2018-06-28)2.43[13]
Ashley turns to various hobbies now that her best friend Yvette has begun dating former boyfriend Demetrius again. Meanwhile, Marlon and Stevie choose not to violate the man code when they see Demetrius kissing another woman at an L.A. Lakers game. Things change, however, when Yvette announces that Demetrius proposed to her.
177"Homecoming"Robbie CountrymanKenny SmithJuly 5, 2018 (2018-07-05)2.96[14]
During homecoming week, Marlon and Stevie visit the college where they met. Stevie becomes deeply hurt when he learns that Marlon was one of the people who voted to keep him out of a fraternity. Meanwhile, Ashley and Yvette are determined to relive their youth and meet some guys, but they instead become the target of a prank wherein young college men try to land "cougars".
188"Driving Miss Marley"Robbie CountrymanJulian KianiJuly 5, 2018 (2018-07-05)2.33[14]
The family is at odds when 16-year old Marley seems to have no interest in driving. Marlon insists that it's time for Marley to learn, while Ashley admits that she likes driving Marley around because it's one of the few opportunities they have to bond anymore. Meanwhile, Yvette is taken aback by her low Uber rating, so she asks Stevie to teach her how to be a better passenger.
199"Career Day"Beth McCarthy-MillerRaynelle Swilling & Teri SchafferJuly 12, 2018 (2018-07-12)2.91[15]
On Zack's career day, Ashley and Yvette do a presentation on the design business, then Marlon follows with an over-the-top presentation on non-traditional careers. This backfires when numerous parents gather at Ashley's house to complain that their kids have ditched their original career choices to do something "fun" like Marlon does.
2010"Funeral Party"Eric Dean SeatonSydney CastilloJuly 12, 2018 (2018-07-12)2.38[15]
Marlon is disappointed when his family members all have something "better" to do on the day of his birthday. Feeling unappreciated, he is inspired by a friend's funeral to hold a "funeral party" for himself, forcing people to say nice things about him while he's still alive. Unfortunately, the family, Stevie and Yvette misinterpret Marlon's intentions, and they use the opportunity to roast him with humorous insults instead.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 50% approval rating with an average rating of 5.3/10 based on 10 reviews.[16]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)

1

"Pilot"

August 16, 2017
1.3/5
5.28[5]

2

"Cleaning Out The Closet"

August 16, 2017
1.0/4
4.05[5]

3

"Boys Only Want One Thing"

August 23, 2017
1.1/5
4.59[6]

4

"Exes with Benefits"

August 23, 2017
1.0/4
3.68[6]

5

"Project Kids"

August 30, 2017
1.1/5
5.12[7]

6

"Surprises"

August 30, 2017
0.9/4
3.84[7]

7

"Hospital Party"

September 6, 2017
1.2/5
4.98[8]

8

"Coach Marlon"

September 6, 2017
0.9/4
3.57[8]

9

"Appropriate Marlon"

September 13, 2017
1.2/5
4.89[9]

10

"End of the Road"

September 13, 2017
1.0/4
3.63[9]

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Model Parent"

June 14, 2018
0.7/3
2.93[11]
0.2
0.58
0.9
3.51[17]

2

"Wingman"

June 14, 2018
0.6/3
2.39[11]
0.2
0.57
0.8
2.95[17]

3

"Sisters"

June 21, 2018
0.6/3
2.81[12]
0.2
0.56
0.8
3.36[18]

4

"Divorce Counseling"

June 21, 2018
0.6/3
2.41[12]
0.2
0.59
0.8
3.00[18]

5

"Keeping' It 100"

June 28, 2018
0.6/3
2.89[13]
0.2
0.56
0.8
3.45[19]

6

"Man Code"

June 28, 2018
0.6/3
2.43[13]
0.2
0.62
0.8
3.05[19]

7

"Homecoming"

July 5, 2018
0.6/3
2.96[14]
0.2
0.45
0.8
3.41[20]

8

"Driving Miss Marley"

July 5, 2018
0.6/3
2.33[14]
0.2
0.52
0.8
2.85[20]

9

"Career Day"

July 12, 2018
0.6/3
2.91[15]
0.2
0.58
0.8
3.48[21]

10

"Funeral Party"

July 12, 2018
0.6/3
2.38[15]
0.3
0.67
0.9
3.04[21]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee

Result

Ref.

2018

Young Artist Awards

Best Performance in a TV Series — Supporting Young Actor

Amir O'Neil

Nominated

Best Performing in a TV Series — Supporting Teen Actress

Notlim Taylor

Nominated


document_title: Furious 7

question_text: when did they start filming fast and furious 7

text: Furious 7

text: Plot[edit]

text: After defeating Owen Shaw and his crew and securing amnesty for their past crimes (depicted in Fast & Furious 6), Dominic "Dom" Toretto, Brian O'Conner and the rest of their team have returned to the United States to live normal lives again. Brian begins to accustom himself to life as a father, while Dom tries to help Letty Ortiz regain her memory. Meanwhile, Owen's older brother, Deckard Shaw, breaks into the secure hospital that the comatose Owen is being held in and swears vengeance against Dom and his team, before breaking into Luke Hobbs' Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) office to extract profiles of Dom's crew. After revealing his identity, Shaw engages Hobbs in a fight, and escapes when he detonates a bomb that severely injures Hobbs. Dom later learns from his sister Mia that she is pregnant again and convinces her to tell Brian. However, a bomb, disguised in a package sent from Tokyo, explodes and destroys the Toretto house just seconds after Han, a member of Dom's team, is killed by Shaw in Tokyo. Dom later visits Hobbs in a hospital, where he learns that Shaw is a rogue special forces assassin seeking to avenge his brother. Dom then travels to Tokyo to claim Han's body, and meets and races Sean Boswell, a friend of Han's who gives him personal items found at Han's crash site.

text: Back at Han's funeral in Los Angeles, Dom notices a car observing them, and after a chase, confronts its driver, who is revealed to be Shaw. Both prepare to fight, but Shaw flees when a covert ops team arrives and opens fire, led by Mr. Nobody. Nobody says that he will assist Dom in stopping Shaw if he helps him obtain God's Eye, a computer program that uses digital devices to track down a person, and save its creator, a hacker named Ramsey, from a mercenary named Mose Jakande. Dom, Brian, Letty, Roman Pearce, and Tej Parker then airdrop their cars over the Caucasus Mountains in Azerbaijan, ambush Jakande's convoy, and rescue Ramsey. The team then heads to Abu Dhabi, where a billionaire has acquired the flash drive containing God's Eye, and manages to steal it from the owner. With God's Eye near telecommunications repeaters, the team tracks down Shaw, who is waiting at a remote factory. Dom, Brian, Nobody and his team attempt to capture Shaw, but are ambushed by Jakande and his men and forced to flee while Jakande obtains God's Eye. At his own request, the injured Nobody is left behind to be evacuated by helicopter while Brian and Dom continue without him. To reduce their disadvantage, the crew returns to Los Angeles to fight Shaw, Jakande and his men. Meanwhile, Brian promises Mia that once they deal with Shaw, he will retire and fully dedicate himself to their family.

text: While Jakande pursues Brian and the rest of the team with a stealth helicopter and an aerial drone, Ramsey attempts to hack into God's Eye. Hobbs, seeing the team in trouble, leaves the hospital and destroys the drone with an ambulance. Brian engages Jakande's henchman Kiet and throws him down an elevator shaft, allowing Ramsey to regain control of God's Eye and shut it down. Dom and Shaw engage in a one-on-one brawl on top of a public parking garage, before Jakande intervenes and attacks them both. Shaw is defeated when part of the parking garage collapses beneath him. Dom then launches his vehicle at Jakande's helicopter, tossing Shaw's bag of grenades onto its skids, before injuring himself when his car lands and crashes. Hobbs then shoots the bag of grenades from ground level, destroying the helicopter and killing Jakande. Dom is pulled from the wreckage of his car, believed to be dead. As Letty cradles Dom's body in her arms, she reveals that she has regained her memories, and that she remembers their wedding. Dom regains consciousness soon after, remarking, "It's about time".

text: Shaw is taken into custody by Hobbs and locked away in a secret, high-security prison. At a beach, Brian and Mia play with their son while Dom, Letty, Roman, Tej, and Ramsey observe, acknowledging that Brian is better off retired with his family. Dom silently leaves, Ramsey asks if he's gonna say goodbye. Dom says, "It's never goodbye." He drives away, but Brian catches up with him at a crossroad. As Dom remembers the times that he had with Brian, they bid each other farewell and drive off in separate directions.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Vin Diesel as Dominic Toretto, a former criminal and professional street racer who has retired and settled down with his wife, Letty.
Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner, a former FBI agent turned criminal and professional street racer who has retired and settled down with his girlfriend, Mia, and their son, Jack. This was Walker's last role in a film before his death in a single-vehicle crash on November 30, 2013.
Caleb and Cody Walker, Paul's younger brothers, were used among others as stand-ins  to complete his remaining scenes following their brother's death.[6]
Dwayne Johnson as Luke Hobbs, a DSS agent who allied with Dom and his team after their outings in Rio de Janeiro and Europe. Johnson initially said that if Universal Pictures pursued the accelerated development of a seventh film beginning in the summer, he would be unable to participate due to scheduling conflicts with filming on Hercules.[8] However, as production for the film would commence in September, he confirmed his return for the film, as Hercules would complete production in time to enable him to film a significant part.[9]
Michelle Rodriguez as Letty Ortiz, Dom's wife and a professional street racer, who was revealed to have suffered from amnesia after being presumed dead in Fast & Furious.
Tyrese Gibson as Roman Pearce, a former criminal and childhood friend of Brian from Barstow, and a member of Dom's team.
Chris "Ludacris" Bridges as Tej Parker, a mechanic from Miami and a member of Dom's team.
Jordana Brewster as Mia Toretto, Dom's younger sister and a former member of his team who has settled down with her boyfriend, Brian, and their son, Jack.
Djimon Hounsou as Mose Jakande, a Somali mercenary and terrorist who leads a private military company that allies with Shaw and uses the God's Eye to track its creator and use her to track down his enemies.[10]
Tony Jaa as Kiet, a member of Jakande's team who possesses great agility, athleticism and fighting prowess. Thai martial arts actor Jaa was confirmed to have joined the cast in August 2013, making his Hollywood debut.[11][12]
Ronda Rousey as Kara, the Head of Security for an Abu Dhabi billionaire. Rousey's involvement was confirmed in August 2013. Having committed to The Expendables 3 at the same time (along with Russell, who later pulled out, and Statham), Rousey was forced to shoot both films back-to-back in order to allow herself 45 days to focus on training for her UFC championship rematch against Miesha Tate. Her participation in the film was similar to that of Gina Carano making the transition from mixed martial arts fighting to acting, following Carano's involvement in Fast & Furious 6.[13]
Nathalie Emmanuel as Ramsey, a British computer hacktivist and the creator of the God's Eye, who allies with Dom and his team after being saved from Jakande and helps them to regain control of her program.[10]
Kurt Russell as Mr. Nobody, the leader of a covert ops team who agrees to help Dom stop Shaw if he can help him prevent Jakande from obtaining a computer program called the God's Eye.
Jason Statham as Deckard Shaw, a rogue special forces assassin seeking to avenge his comatose younger brother after his hospitalization at the hands of Dom and his team in Spain.
Sung Kang as Han, a member in Dominic's crew, appearing in archive footage.
Gal Gadot as Gisele, a member in Dominic's crew, appearing in archive footage.
Lucas Black as Sean Boswell, an American street racer who lives in Tokyo whom Dom meets when he travels to Tokyo to claim the body of Han, a mutual friend of theirs killed by Shaw. In September, it was confirmed that Black had signed on to reprise his role as Boswell for Furious 7 and two more installments.[14][15]
Elsa Pataky as Elena Neves, a DSS agent and former Rio police officer who moved to the United States to become Hobbs' new partner at the DSS.
Noel Gugliemi as Hector, a street race organizer, reprising his role from the first film.
John Brotherton as Sheppard, Mr. Nobody's right-hand man.[10][16][17][18]
Ali Fazal plays Safar, a friend of Ramsey to whom she sent the God's Eye for safekeeping. Fazal described his role as a cameo.[19]
Luke Evans briefly reprises his role from the previous film as Owen Shaw, the comatose younger brother of the film's primary antagonist.[20]
Australian rapper Iggy Azalea makes a cameo appearance as a Race Wars fan and a female racer; she contributed to the soundtrack.[21][22][23] American singer-rapper T-Pain appears as himself as he DJs a party in Abu Dhabi.[24][25] Klement Tinaj cameos as a Race Wars Racer.[26]
Bow Wow and Nathalie Kelley appear in archive footage from The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift as Twinkie and Neela, respectively.
Tego Calderón and Don Omar appear as Tego Leo and Rico Santos, respectively, in archive footage from Fast Five.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On October 21, 2011, the Los Angeles Times reported that Universal Studios was considering filming two sequels—Fast Six and Fast Seven—back-to-back with a single storyline running through both films. Both would be written by Chris Morgan and directed by Justin Lin, who had been the franchise's writer and director, respectively, since The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006).[27] On December 20, 2011, following the release of Fast Five, Vin Diesel stated that Fast Six would be split into two parts, with writing for the two films occurring simultaneously. On the decision, Diesel said:[28]

text: We have to pay off this story, we have to service all of these character relationships, and when we started mapping all that out it just went beyond 110 pages ... The studio said, 'You can't fit all that story in one damn movie!'[28]

text: However, in an interview on February 15, 2012, Dwayne Johnson stated that the two intended sequels would no longer be filmed simultaneously because of weather issues in filming locations, and that production on Fast Seven would only begin after the completion of Fast Six.[29]

text: In April 2013, during post-production of the retitled Fast & Furious 6, Lin announced that he would not return to direct a seventh film, as the studio wanted to produce the film on an accelerated schedule for release in summer 2014. This would have required Lin to begin pre-production on the sequel while performing post-production on Fast & Furious 6, which he considered would affect the quality of the final product. Despite the usual two-year gap between the previous installments, Universal chose to pursue a sequel quicker due to having fewer reliable franchises than its competitor studios.[30] However, subsequent interviews with Lin have suggested that the sixth film was always intended to be the final installment under his direction.[31]

text: In April 2013, Australian director James Wan, predominantly known for horror films, was announced as the sequel's director, with Neal H. Moritz and Michael Fottrell returning to produce and Morgan returning to write the script, his fifth in the franchise. On April 16, 2013, Diesel announced that the sequel would be released on July 11, 2014.[32] In May 2013, Diesel said that the sequel would feature Los Angeles, Tokyo, and the Middle East as locations.[33][34]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began in early September 2013 in Atlanta, Georgia, with a casting call issued.[35][36] Abu Dhabi was also a filming location;[37] the production crew chose it over Dubai, as they would benefit from the Emirate's 30% rebate scheme.[38] Pikes Peak Highway in Colorado was closed in September to film some driving sequences.[39]

text: On September 16, the production filmed with Paul Walker and the Kimsey twins, playing his son, Jack,[40] in front of an Atlanta elementary school.[41] Han's funeral scene was filmed at Oakland Cemetery,[42] with extras needed for the scene being "hot, hip and trendy cool types of all ethnicities between the ages of 18 and 45".[43] On the evening of September 19, Lucas Black joined the production[44] for his sole scene with Diesel, in an Atlanta parking garage. Separate scenes with Walker also shot in the same location on the same night,[45] including one half of a phone conversation between his character and Jordana Brewster's. The day after, Diesel posted a picture from the night shoot with Black on his Facebook page.[46]

text: On October 24, over a month into the film's production, Johnson tweeted he had started shooting for the film after wrapping up on Hercules.[47] Five days later, Diesel posted the first photo of Johnson on the set, in the hospital scene.[48]

text: On November 30, 2013, while on a break for the Thanksgiving holiday, Walker, who portrayed Brian O'Conner, died in a single-vehicle accident.[49][50] The next day, Universal announced that production would continue after a delay that would allow the filmmakers to rework the film.[51] On December 4, 2013, Universal put production on hold indefinitely.[52] Wan later confirmed that the film had not been cancelled.[53][54][55] On December 22, 2013, Diesel announced on his Facebook page that the film would be released on April 10, 2015.[56] On February 27, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter reported that filming would resume on April 1, and that the cast and crew had headed to Atlanta to prepare for about eight more weeks of shooting.[57] Principal photography ended on July 10, 2014.[4]

text: Stunts[edit]

text: The "air drop" sequence was conceived by stunt coordinator, Spiro Razatos, who also supervised on the franchise's two previous installments; Fast Five and Fast & Furious 6.[61][62] Razatos told Business Insider that he wanted to rely more on real stunts rather than CGI because he wanted the whole sequence to "feel real" and fulfill audience's expectations.[61] The stunt took months of prep-solving problems. Cameras needed to be mounted onto cars in a way that they would not be destroyed when the cars landed, and the crew had to figure out a safe way to get the cars out of the plane. They performed a dry run with a single car falling out of a plane[61] and did this six times.[62] Cars were dropped from a Lockheed C-130 Hercules high above the Arizona desert, but close up shots that show the cars landing on a mountain road were filmed in Colorado.[62] There were two airplanes, flying at a height of 12,000 feet, each dropping two cars apiece.[61] BRS parachutes enabled with GPS were secured to each of the cars before dropping off the C-130 plane. At about 5,000 feet, the parachutes deployed.[62] Over 10 cameras were used for the sequence. In addition to cameras on the ground, there were cameras remotely operated inside the plane and another three mounted outside each car. Additional cameras were on a helicopter, where Razatos was stationed watching monitors. Three skydivers used in the shoot wore helmet cameras to help shoot the sequence from multiple angles. Sky divers would either jump out before cars or after them.[61] While all the cars landed on their drop zones, 70% landed perfectly and 30% didn't.[62] For the close-up scenes which show the actors inside their cars, a giant gimbal with a 360-degree range of movement were attached to each of the cars and was filmed against a green screen to reproduce their tumble through the sky.[63] The last part of the scene, which shows the cars hitting the road was shot separately. To get that right, the team set up a pulley system that had cars six to ten feet above the ground. When they were dropped from the cranes, the stuntmen who were sitting in the driver's seats raced their engines at about 35 to 40 miles per hour and slid to the ground at full speed. Those cranes were then later removed from the film with computers.[62][63] Razatos admits that the air drop sequence was "all real" and that it would be "hard to top".[61][62]

text: The scene featuring Brian jumping off a bus off a cliff was performed by a stuntman and was all done without any computer graphics.[64] The shooting for this particular sequence along with the scene in which Dom and his team are pursuing to rescue Ramsey almost didn't happen due to the absence of tax break in Colorado.[64] The studio originally wanted to shoot the sequence in Georgia which provides tax breaks for film productions, and then they'd add woods in the background later in post production to which Razatos denied saying, "the audience is going to know [it's CGI] and aren't going to feel good about it."[64] Shooting finally took place in Colorado.[64]

text: A total of 340 cars were used in the film,[63] and more than 230 cars were destroyed in the making of the film, including several black Mercedes-Benzes, a Ford Crown Victoria, and a Mitsubishi Montero.[65] The film featured the most expensive car destroyed in the franchise so far: a Lykan HyperSport by W Motors, valued at $3.4 million.[66] The mountain-highway chase scene on Colorado's Monarch Pass proved to be the most damaging sequence with over 40 vehicles being destroyed.[65][67] Only 10 percent of the action sequences in the film were computer-generated, and even then, much of the CGI was employed simply to erase the wires and other contraptions that were used to film real cars and drivers or to add a background.[63] It took more than 3,500 man-days to complete the various stunts of the film.[63] For safety reasons, stunt coordinator, Joel Kramer said that he doesn't let his drivers go above 50 miles per hour.[68]

text: Redevelopment of Walker's character[edit]

text:
"When I first heard the news, I was shell-shocked like everyone, and it took me days to come to terms with it. And then after that, heartbreaks started sinking in and we realized that Paul [Walker] wasn’t going to be around with us anymore moving forward, and it was a really hard one. And finishing the movie was the last thing on my mind at that point. It was more the idea of... picking up the pieces, going back on set, rallying the team, the cast, and the crew, and as the director, having to put on the brave face and champion and push everyone along. The idea of that was very daunting for me, but it became very apparent to all of us that we needed to finish this movie to honour Paul's legacy and to basically honour his memories... it was about making this movie for Paul."
—James Wan, director of Furious 7[69]

tag: div

text: In January 2014, Time reported that Walker's character, Brian O'Conner, would be retired instead of killed, and that new scenes would be developed in order to allow the franchise to continue without him.[70] To recreate Walker's likeness, the filmmakers hired Peter Jackson's Weta Digital visual effects house (which had previously produced the imagery of Gollum in The Lord of the Rings franchise and Caesar in the Planet of the Apes franchise).[71] Initially, what Weta could do was severely constrained by the quality of the reference materials available for Walker's physical appearance.[71]  In April 2014, it was reported that Walker's brothers Caleb and Cody had been hired as stand-ins.[72]  Their cooperation, along with their strong resemblance to their late brother, enabled the filmmakers to use Walker's likeness throughout the finished film.[71] That is, Weta Digital no longer needed to recreate Walker's entire body from scratch, and could focus on accurately modeling his face.[71] The final film showed Walker's face superimposed over the bodies of his brothers or actor John Brotherton in 350 visual effects shots.[71]  260 used a computer-generated face, while 90 repurposed actual footage of Walker's face borrowed from outtakes or older footage.[71]

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score was composed by Brian Tyler, who scored the third, fourth, and fifth installments of the series.[73] "There's an emotional component to Fast & Furious 7 that is unique", said Tyler about his experience scoring. "I think people are really going to be amazed by it."[74] A soundtrack album to the film was released by Atlantic Records on March 17, 2015.[75]

text: Songs featured in the film include:

text:
"Go Hard or Go Home" (Wiz Khalifa & Iggy Azalea)[76]
"Ride Out" (Kid Ink, Tyga, Wale, YG & Rich Homie Quan)[77]
"See You Again" (Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth)
"My Angel" (Prince Royce)
"Hamdulillah" (Narcy feat. Shadia Mansour)
"Get Low" (Dillon Francis and DJ Snake)
"Ay Vamos" (J Balvin feat. Nicky Jam and French Montana)
"Tempest" (Deftones)
"Meneo" (Fito Blanko)
”Payback” (Juicy J, Kevin Gates, Future and Sage the Gemini)

text: Release[edit]

text: The film, which began principal photography in September 2013, was originally designed as a Summer 2014 release. It was put on hold following the fatal car crash that claimed Paul Walker's life on November 30, 2013. The production resumed in April 2014. In October 2014, Universal revealed that the film was officially titled Furious 7,[78] and that the debut trailer would be released during an interactive fan event over social media. In the days leading up to the event, seven-second, behind-the-scenes videos were released, titled "7 Seconds of 7".[78] On February 1, 2015, a new trailer featuring all-new footage debuted during Super Bowl XLIX.

text: The film was originally scheduled for release on April 10, 2015, but it was announced that the film's release date had been brought forward a week to April 3, 2015 (the same release date from the 2009 film Fast & Furious). The official announcement in change of date was made in July 2014.[79] Furious 7 premiered at the SXSW Film Festival at 12:07 a.m. at Austin's Paramount Theatre on March 16, 2015.[80] On March 27, 2015, a free standalone expansion for the video game Forza Horizon 2, titled Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious, was released to help promote the film.[81] For its global premiere at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles on April 1, 2015, IMAX Corporation installed a new laser projection which was the first such installation in the U.S. and the second worldwide, following The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, which opened at Scotiabank Theatre in Toronto in December 2014.[82]

text: Unauthorized distribution[edit]

text: According to infringement tracking site Excipio, the film was downloaded illegally 2.59 million times in four days (April 2–6) through various torrent sites with India being the top country for the illegal downloading with 578,000 downloads followed by Pakistan (321,000), China (289,000), the U.S. (251,000) and the UK (101,000).[83] A survey revealed that most Indians tended to resort to copyright violation due to lack of availability, pricing concerns, soaring internet costs and censorship, but the main reason being that most of the films are released months after their US dates.[84] It was illegally downloaded 44,794,877 times in 2015, making it the most pirated film released that year and the second most pirated film overall, behind Interstellar which saw over 46.7 million illegal downloads the same year.[85]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Furious 7 was released on 7 September 2015 in the UK and was released via DVD and Blu-ray on September 15, 2015 in other countries. The Blu-ray edition features an all new extended edition, deleted scenes, stunts, behind-the-scenes, and the music video for Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth's "See You Again". The Blu-ray and DVD version include behind-the-scene footage of the "Race Wars" scene including rapper Iggy Azalea and making of the cars featured in the film.[86] In the U.S. and Canada, it sold roughly 2.5 million units on Blu-ray and DVD in its first week of release, making it the highest-selling home entertainment live-action film of 2015.[87] This record was later surpassed by Jurassic World the following month,[88] which in turn was surpassed by Star Wars: The Force Awakens by the end of the year.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Furious 7 made $353 million in the United States and Canada and $1.163 billion in other countries, for a worldwide total of $1.516 billion, against its $190 million production budget.[3] Worldwide, it is the seventh highest-grossing film of all time,[89] the third highest-grossing film of 2015,[90] the highest-grossing film in The Fast and the Furious franchise and the second highest-grossing Universal Pictures film.[91] It was also the fastest film to reach the $1 billion mark at the time, doing so in 17 days;[92][93][94] It is also the 20th film to gross over $1 billion. It also became the first film to pass 1 million in 4DX admissions worldwide.[95] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $354.03 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.[96]

text: Worldwide, Furious 7 was released across 810 IMAX theaters, which was the largest worldwide rollout in IMAX's history,[97][98] Its worldwide opening of $397.6 million was the fifth-highest opening of all time.[99] The film had an IMAX opening weekend total of $20.8 million.[100] Furious 7 also became the first of three films distributed by Universal Pictures with Jurassic World and Minions to earn more than $1 billion in its original run.

text: North America[edit]

text: Predictions for the opening weekend of Furious 7 in the United States and Canada were continuously revised upwards, starting from $115 million to $150 million.[101][102] It opened on Friday, April 3, 2015, across 4,004 theaters, including 365 IMAX theaters, which made it the widest opening for a Fast and Furious film and Universal's widest opening release ever (until first surpassed by Jurassic World and Minions).[103][104][105] and earned $67.3 million, marking the tenth-biggest opening day.[106][107] The film's Friday gross included a $15.8 million late-night run (which began at 7 p.m.), from 3,069 theaters, marking Universal's highest late-night run, of which $2.2 million came from IMAX showings, marking the third largest IMAX preview gross ever.[108][109] Based on pure Friday gross (with the omission of revenues from Thursday shows), it earned $51.5 million, marking the fifth-biggest of all time.[110][111] Through Sunday, April 5, it had an opening weekend total of $147.1 million, breaking the record for the biggest April opening (the record was later broken in 2018 by Avengers: Infinity War with $257.7 million),[112] the biggest opening in the Fast & Furious franchise, the biggest Easter opening (the record was broken a year later by Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice's opening gross of $166 million),[113] the fourth-biggest opening of 2015, the third biggest pre-summer opening ever,[114] and the thirteenth-biggest opening of all time.[115] It earned an IMAX opening weekend total of $13.3 million, marking the second-biggest of all time for a 2D movie.[116][117] Premium large format comprised 8% ($11.5 million) of the total opening gross from 400 PLF screens, which is the biggest 2D PLF opening.[118] It was Universal's fastest film to reach the $200 million mark at the time, doing so in eight days.[119][120]

text: In its second weekend, the film expanded to 4,022 theaters, thereby breaking its own record of being the widest Universal Pictures release ever, and earned an estimated $59.6 million, declining by 60%, which is the third best second weekend holdover for a pre-summer film release.[121][122] It became the highest-grossing film in the Fast & Furious franchise, doing so only in ten days (the previous record which was held by Fast & Furious 6 took fifteen weeks to reach its entire lifetime gross of $238.67 million).[121][123] It also set the record for the biggest second-weekend April gross.[124] It topped the box office for four consecutive weekends,[125] becoming the first film to top the box office for four consecutive weekends since The Hunger Games in March 2012 and one of only 29 films since 1985 to have had four straight box office wins during their theatrical runs, although this highly depends on many factors, including the release time and the competition around.[126][127] It ended its theatrical run on July 24, 2015, playing in theaters for a total of 112 days[3] and became the thirty-first highest-grossing film of all time,[128] the fifth highest-grossing film of 2015,[129] the highest-grossing film in The Fast and the Furious franchise,[130] the second highest-grossing Universal film of 2015 (behind Jurassic World and Minions),[131] and the fifth highest-grossing film distributed by Universal.[131]

text: Outside North America[edit]

text:
Outside the US and Canada, the film became the third highest-grossing film,[132]
the highest-grossing Universal distributed film,[132] and the highest-grossing 2015 film.[133] On April 26, 2015, it became the third film in cinematic history to earn over $1 billion overseas.[134] It opened on Wednesday, April 1, 2015, in 12 countries, earning $16.9 million (including previews from 22 countries).[135] It opened in 33 more countries on Thursday, April 2, for a total of 45 countries, earning $43 million from 8,407 screens, marking Universal Pictures overseas' highest-grossing Thursday ever, and for a two-day total of $60 million.[136] It added 20 more countries on Friday, April 3, earning $59.2 million from 9,935 screens in 63 countries, for a three-day total of $120.6 million.[137][138] The film set all-time opening-day records in 15 countries including Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, India, Indonesia, the Middle East and Thailand,[136][139][140][141][142] and opening day records for Universal Pictures in 40 countries including Australia, Brazil, Germany, Italy and Mexico.[137] Through Sunday, April 5, it earned a 4-day opening weekend total of $250.4 million from 10,683 screens in 64 countries, which is the fourth-highest international opening ever, in all which it reached first place at the box office[100][116][143][144] It earned an IMAX opening weekend total of $7.5 million from 175 IMAX screens, breaking the record for the biggest April IMAX gross, previously held by The Winter Soldier ($6.43 million).[100] It set opening weekend records in 29 countries including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Egypt, Malaysia, Mexico, Middle East, Romania, Taiwan, Thailand, Venezuela and Vietnam.[100][143] In its second weekend, it held the top spot and fell gradually by 20.4% to $198.7 million (including China's opening day gross) from 18,374 screens in 66 territories as a result of minor competition, and remaining at number one in all 63 territories where it was released the previous week. It added three new countries in its second weekend; China, Russia and Poland.[145] Earning $167.9 million in its third weekend, it topped the box office outside of North America for three consecutive weekends,[146] until surpassed by Avengers: Age of Ultron in its fourth weekend.[147]

text: The film was a massive box office hit in China. It opened there on April 12 and set an all-time midnight run record with $8.05 million[145][148] and an opening day record with $68.8 million.[145][149] Its opening day included a record breaking $5 million from IMAX run (also breaking Transformers 4's former record of $3.4 million).[145] Through its opening week (April 12–19), it earned $245.9 million.[146][150] For the weekend alone, it took in $88.7 million from 5,454 screens (Friday to Sunday) and $182.4 million (Monday to Sunday) at the Chinese box office. It grossed CN¥1 billion in five days—the fastest time in which that has been achieved—and soon became the highest-grossing foreign film ever in China.[146][150][151] In 15 days, its gross in China surpassed those in Canada and the United States[152] and became the first film in China to make more than 2 billion renminbi.[153] Its success has been credited to China Film Group Corporation, the state-owned film distributor, which had invested considerably in the film, reportedly taking a 10% stake.[154]

text: The largest openings outside North America and China occurred in Mexico ($21.5 million), the UK, Ireland and Malta ($18.7 million), Germany ($15.9 million), Russia and the CIS ($15.9 million), Brazil ($11.4 million), France ($11.4 million), Australia ($11.3 million), Taiwan ($10.3 million), Argentina ($9.3 millon), Korea ($8.9 million), India ($8.7 million), Italy ($8.2 million), Malaysia ($7.3 million), Spain ($6.3 million), Venezuela ($6 million), Thailand ($6 million), and Colombia ($5.2 million).[143][145] In the UAE, where parts of the film was shot, it opened with $4.8 million.[143] Out of the 68 countries it was released in, the only country not to open at number one was Japan (locally released with the title, Wild Speed: Skymission) where it earned $6.2 million in its opening weekend, behind Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F' ($7.6 million).[146] and Detective Conan: Sunflowers of Inferno ($7.4 million).[155] It became the highest-grossing film of all time in Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Indonesia, Malaysia, South Africa, the UAE, Uruguay, Trinidad and Vietnam and Universal Pictures' highest-grossing film of all time in 29 countries including Argentina, China, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Thailand, Turkey, UAE and Vietnam.[146] In Latin America, it became the second highest-grossing film ($200 million), the first time Universal has reached the milestone and the second film in history to earn more than $200 million after The Avengers.[156] In total earnings, the largest countries outside the U.S. and Canada are China ($391.2 million), the UK, Ireland and Malta ($60 million), Mexico ($50.9 million), Brazil, ($46.5 million) and Germany ($40.3 million).[157][158][159] It grossed a total of $39 million in IMAX ticket sales in China, the biggest ever in the market.[160]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Furious 7 received positive reviews, with critics praising the film's action set pieces, performances, and its poignant tribute to Walker.[161] Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 80% rating based on 241 reviews, and an average rating of 6.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Serving up a fresh round of over-the-top thrills while adding unexpected dramatic heft, Furious 7 keeps the franchise moving in more ways than one."[162] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[163] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave Furious 7 an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[164]

text: The film received highly positive reviews upon release at a secret screening at the 2015 SXSW Film Festival on March 16, 2015. Ramin Setoodeh of Variety noted that fans started lining up outside four hours before the film was scheduled to start. The film closed with a tribute to Walker, which left many in the theater "holding back tears".[165] Critic Dave Palmer gave the film 7/10, saying, "Furious 7 is the type of movie Michael Bay has spent his entire career trying to make: filled with shots of scantily clad women, fast cars, and clever one liners".[166]

text: A.O. Scott of The New York Times gave the film two and a half stars out of five and said, "Furious 7 extends its predecessors’ inclusive, stereotype-resistant ethic. Compared to almost any other large-scale, big-studio enterprise, the Furious brand practices a slick, no-big-deal multiculturalism, and nods to both feminism and domestic traditionalism."[167]

text: John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the film however, describing it as "stupidly diverting", saying the running time was "overinflated"; he compared watching the film to a morbid game, in addition to criticizing the screenplay.[168]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award / Film Festival

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

Ref(s)

2015

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Movie: Action

Won

[169]

Choice Movie Actor: Action

Vin Diesel

Nominated

Paul Walker

Won

Choice Movie Actress: Action

Michelle Rodriguez

Nominated

Jordana Brewster

Nominated

Choice Movie: Villain

Jason Statham

Nominated

Choice Movie: Chemistry

Vin Diesel, Paul Walker, Michelle Rodriguez, Tyrese Gibson, Dwayne Johnson, Ludacris

Nominated

Choice Music: Song from a Movie or TV Show

"See You Again" by Wiz Khalifa ft. Charlie Puth

Won

2016

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Movie

Won

[170]

Favorite Action Movie

Won

Favorite Action Movie Actor

Vin Diesel

Nominated

Favorite Action Movie Actress

Michelle Rodriguez

Nominated

Critics' Choice Awards

Best Original Song

"See You Again"

Won

[171]

Best Action Movie

Nominated

Golden Globe Awards

Best Original Song

"See You Again"

Nominated

[172]

Houston Film Critics Society

Best Original Song

"See You Again"

Nominated

[173]

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture

Nominated

[174][175]

Las Vegas Film Critics Society

Best Original Song

"See You Again"

Won

[176]

MTV Movie Awards

Best Action Performance

Vin Diesel

Nominated

[177]

Ensemble Cast

Nominated

Satellite Awards

Best Original Song

"See You Again"

Nominated

[178]

Saturn Award

Best Action or Adventure Film

Won

[179]

Best Editing

Christian Wagner, Dylan Highsmith, Kirk Morri, and Leigh Folsom Boyd

Nominated

Best DVD or Blu-ray Special Edition Release

Furious 7 (Extended Edition)

Nominated

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association

Best Original Song

"See You Again"

Runner-up

[180]

Visual Effects Society

Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature

Mike Wassel, Karen Murphy, Martin Hill, Kevin McIlwain, Dan Sudick

Nominated

[181]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Regarding a possible sequel, Vin Diesel said:

text: I was trying to keep it close to the vest throughout the release. Paul Walker used to say that [an eighth film] was guaranteed. And in some ways, when your brother guarantees something, you sometimes feel like you have to make sure it comes to pass... so if fate has it, then you’ll get this when you hear about it. [Furious 7] was for Paul, [the eighth film] is from Paul.[182]

text: Diesel further hinted at an eighth film on Jimmy Kimmel Live! when he stated that Kurt Russell's character would span multiple films. He also stated that the film would take place in New York City.[183] Chris Morgan wrote his sixth script in the franchise, while Neal H. Moritz returned to produce. Moritz later stated, "[The story] is going to have to be something enticing for all of us... it has to be as good as or better [than Furious 7]".[184]

text: At the 2015 CinemaCon in Las Vegas, Diesel announced the film for an April 14, 2017 release date.[185][186] On August 16, 2015, at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards (where Furious 7 received the award for Choice Movie – Action and Walker received the award for Choice Movie Actor – Action), Diesel gave the film the initial title Fast 8.[187] In September 2015, Diesel stated that the script had almost been completed,[188] and expressed interest in Rob Cohen, who directed the first film, to direct the eighth installment.[189] On October 14, 2015, Diesel announced on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon that Straight Outta Compton director F. Gary Gray would direct the film.[190][191]

text: In July 2015, Moritz said that Walker's character, Brian O'Conner, would not appear in the film, following the use of CGI in the previous film after Walker died in a single-vehicle accident on November 30, 2013, with Moritz stating that his character had "moved on".[192] It had previously been reported that Paul's younger brother, Cody Walker, would either join the cast in a new role,[193] or replace his older brother in the role of O'Conner;[194] however, it was later announced that the character will not return to the franchise.[195] Moritz also said that the film would shift the focus of the franchise from a series of heist films to a spy caper, following a similar change in focus from street racing in Fast Five (2011).[196] In December 2016, the film was retitled The Fate of the Furious.[197]


document_title: List of Indian Premier League records and statistics

question_text: who has the highest batting average in ipl

text: Team records

text: Results summary

text:
Team
Span
Mat
Won
Lost
Tie+W
Tie+L
NR
Win %
Titles

Mumbai Indians
2008–2018
171
97
73
1
0
0
57.01
3

Royal Challengers Bangalore
2008–2018
167
78
84
1
1
3
48.17
0

Kolkata Knight Riders
2008–2018
162
85
75
0
2
0
53.08
2

Kings XI Punjab
2008–2018
162
74
86
2
0
0
46.29
0

Delhi Daredevils
2008–2018
161
67
91
0
1
2
42.45
0

Chennai Super Kings
2008–2018
148
90
56
0
1
1
61.56
3

Rajasthan Royals
2008–2018
132
68
60
2
1
1
53.05
1

Sunrisers Hyderabad
2013–2018
93
51
41
1
0
0
55.37
1

Deccan Chargers
2008–2012
75
29
46
0
0
0
38.66
1

Pune Warriors India
2011–2013
46
12
33
0
0
1
26.66
0

Rising Pune Supergiants
2016–2017
30
15
15
0
0
0
50.00
0

Gujarat Lions
2016–2017
30
13
16
0
1
0
45.00
0

Kochi Tuskers Kerala
2011–2011
14
6
8
0
0
0
42.85
0

text: Note:

text:
Defunct Teams
Tie+W and Tie+L indicates matches tied and then won or lost by "Super Over"
The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a win
The total matches does not include matches played for Champions League T20

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Highest totals

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

7002264166666666669♠263/5 [a]
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors India
2013

248/3
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Gujarat Lions
2016

7002247166666666670♠246/5
Chennai Super Kings
Rajasthan Royals
2010

7002245166666666670♠245/6
Kolkata Knight Riders
Kings XI Punjab
2018

7002241166666666670♠240/5
Chennai Super Kings
Kings XI Punjab
2008

7002235166666666670♠235/1
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Mumbai Indians
2015

text: Last updated: 12 May 2018

text: Lowest totals

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

7001680909090909090♠49
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Kolkata Knight Riders
2017

7001680909090909090♠58
Rajasthan Royals
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2009

7001680909090909090♠66
Delhi Daredevils
Mumbai Indians
2017

7001680909090909090♠67
Delhi Daredevils
Kings XI Punjab
2017

7001680909090909090♠67
Kolkata Knight Riders
Mumbai Indians
2008

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Highest successful run chases

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

217/7
Rajasthan Royals
Deccan Chargers
2008

214/3
Delhi Daredevils
Gujarat Lions
2017

211/4
Kings XI Punjab
Sunrisers Hyderabad
2014

208/5
Chennai Super Kings
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2012

207/5
Chennai Super Kings
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2018

text: Last updated: 21 May 2018

text: Lowest scores defended

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Opponent score
Season

116/9
Chennai Super Kings
Kings XI Punjab
92/8
2009

118
Sunrisers Hyderabad
Mumbai Indians
87
2018

119/8
Kings XI Punjab
Mumbai Indians
116/7
2009

Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors India
108/10
2013

120/9
Mumbai Indians
Pune Warriors India
119/6
2012

126/8
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Chennai Super Kings
112/8
2008

Sunrisers Hyderabad
Pune Warriors India
104/10
2013

text: Largest victories (by runs)

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

146
Mumbai Indians
Delhi Daredevils
2017

144
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Gujarat Lions
2016

140
Kolkata Knight Riders
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2008

138
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Kings XI Punjab
2015

130
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors
2013

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Batting records

text: Most runs

text:
Batsman
Inns
Runs
Span

 Suresh Raina (CSK,GL)
172
4985
2008–2018

 Virat Kohli (RCB)
155
4948
2008–2018

 Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma (DC, MI)
168
4493
2008–2018

 Gambhir, GautamGautam Gambhir (DD, KKR)
152
4217
2008–2018

 Robin Uthappa (KKR, MI, PWI, RCB)
159
4129
2008–2018

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Highest individual score

text:
Batsman
Runs
Balls
Opp
Season

 Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle (RCB)
7002175000000000000♠175*
66
PWI
2013

 McCullum, BrendonBrendon McCullum (KKR)
7002158000000000000♠158*
73
RCB
2008

 Villiers, AB deAB de Villiers (RCB)
7002133000000000000♠133*
59
MI
2015

 Villiers, AB deAB de Villiers (RCB)
7002129000000000000♠129*
52
GL
2016

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
7002128000000000000♠128*
62
DD
2012

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Most sixes (overall)

text:
Batsman
Inn
6's
Span

 Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB, KXIP)
111
292
2009–2018

 AB de Villiers (DD, RCB)
129
187
2008-2018

 MS Dhoni (CSK, RPS)
158
186
2008–2018

 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
172
185
2008–2018

 Rohit Sharma (DC, MI)
168
184
2008–2018

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Most sixes (innings)

text:
Batsman
6's
Opponent
Season

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
17
PWI
2013

 Brendon McCullum (KKR)
13
RCB
2008

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
DD
2012

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
12
KXIP
2015

 AB de Villiers (RCB)
GL
2016

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Fastest centuries

text:
Batsman
Balls
Opp
Season

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
30
PWI
2013

 Yusuf Pathan (RR)
37
MI
2010

 David Miller (KXIP)
38
RCB
2013

 Adam Gilchrist (DC)
42
MI
2008

 AB de Villiers (RCB)
43
GL
2016

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Fastest fifties

text:
Batsman
Balls
Opp
Season

 K. L. Rahul (KXIP)
14
DD
2018

 Sunil Narine (KKR)
15
RCB
2017

 Yusuf Pathan (KKR)
SRH
2014

 Suresh Raina (CSK)
16
KXIP
2014

 Sunil Narine (KKR)
17
RCB
2018

 Ishan Kishan (MI)
KKR
2018

 Kieron Pollard (MI)
KKR
2016

 Chris Morris (DD)
GL
2016

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
PWI
2013

 Adam Gilchrist (DC)
DD
2009

 Jos Buttler (RR)
18
DD
2018

text: Last updated: 8 April 2018

text: Best strike rate

text:
Batsman
SR
Span

 Russell, AndreAndre Russell (DD, KKR)
177.29
2012–2018

 Sunil Narine (KKR)
168.81
2012–2018

 Chris Morris (CSK, DD, RR)
166.66
2013–2018

 Rishabh Pant (DD)
162.71
2016–2018

 Maxwell, GlennGlenn Maxwell (DD, KXIP, MI)
161.13
2012–2018

text: Minimum balls faced – 125

text: Last updated: 28 May 2017

text: Bowling records

text: Most wickets

text:
Bowler
Inn
Wkts
Span

 Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga (MI)
110
154
2009–2017

 Mishra, AmitAmit Mishra (DC, DD, SRH)
136
146
2008–2018

 Piyush Chawla (KXIP, KKR)
143
140
2008–2018

 Dwayne Bravo (CSK, GL, MI)
119
136
2008–2018

 Harbhajan Singh (MI,CSK)
146
134
2008–2018

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Best bowling figures in an innings

text:
Player
Ovr
BBI
Opp
Season

 Sohail TanvirSohail Tanvir (RR)
4.0
7000706666666666670♠6-14
CSK
2008

 Zampa, AdamAdam Zampa (RPS)
4.0
7000616666666666670♠6-19
SRH
2016

 Kumble, AnilAnil Kumble (RCB)
3.1
7000616666666666670♠5-5
RR
2009

 Sharma, IshantIshant Sharma (DC)
3.0
7000607692307692310♠5-12
KTK
2011

 Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga (MI)
3.4
7000607142857142860♠5-13
DD
2011

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Best bowling averages

text:
Player
Mat
Average
Span

 Andrew Tye (KXIP,GL)
20
16.36
2017–2018

 Doug Bollinger (CSK)
27
18.72
2010–2012

 Mascarenhas, DimitriDimitri Mascarenhas (KXIP, RR)
13
18.73
2008–2013

 Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga (MI)
110
19.01
2009–2017

 Farveez Maharoof (DC)
20
19.25
2008–2010

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Best economy rates

text:
Player
Mat
Econ
Span

 Narine, SunilSunil Narine (KKR)
98
6.54
2012–2018

 Shaun Pollock (MI)
13
6.54
2008–2008

 Kumble, AnilAnil Kumble (RCB)
42
6.57
2009–2010

 Glenn Mcgrath (DD)
14
6.61
2008–2008

 Muttiah Muralitharan (CSK,KTK,RCB)
66
6.67
2008–2014

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Most runs conceded in an innings

text:
Bowler
Overs
Wkts
Runs
Opp
Season

 Basil Thampi (SRH)
4.0
0
70
RCB
2018

 Ishant Sharma (SRH)
4.0
0
66
CSK
2013

 Umesh Yadav (DD)
4.0
0
65
RCB
2013

 Sandeep Sharma (KXIP)
4.0
1
65
SRH
2014

 Varun Aaron (DD)
4.0
2
63
CSK
2012

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Most dot balls bowled

text:
Player
Inns
Dot Balls

 Harbhajan Singh
145
1128

 Praveen Kumar
119
1075

 Lasith Malinga
110
1060

 Amit Mishra
136
1027

 Piyush Chawla
143
1020

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Most maiden overs bowled

text:
Player
Inns
Maidens

 Praveen Kumar
119
14

 Irfan Pathan
101
10

 Lasith Malinga
110
8

 Sandeep Sharma
68
8

 Dhawal Kulkarni
79
7

 Dale Steyn
90
7

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: List of hat-tricks

text:
No.
Bowler
Opp
Season

1
 Lakshmipathy Balaji (CSK)
KXIP
2008

2
 Amit Mishra (DD)
DC
2008

3
 Makhaya Ntini (CSK)
KKR
2008

4
 Yuvraj Singh (KXIP)
RCB
2009

5
 Rohit Sharma (DC)
MI
2009

6
 Yuvraj Singh (KXIP)
DC
2009

7
 Praveen Kumar (RCB)
RR
2010

8
 Amit Mishra (DC)
KXIP
2011

9
 Ajit Chandila (RR)
PWI
2012

10
 Sunil Narine (KKR)
KXIP
2013

11
 Amit Mishra (SRH)
PWI
2013

12
 Pravin Tambe (RR)
KKR
2014

13
 Shane Watson (RR)
SRH
2014

14
 Axar Patel (KXIP)
GL
2016

15
 Samuel Badree (RCB)
MI
2017

16
 Andrew Tye (GL)
RPS
2017

17
 Jaydev Unadkat (RPS)
SRH
2017

text: Hat-tricks in IPL[1]

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Wicketkeeping and fielding records

text: Most dismissals

text:
Wicket Keeper
Dis
Ct
St
Span

 Karthik, DineshDinesh Karthik (DD, KXIP, MI, RCB,KKR,GL)
124
94
30
2008–2018

 MS Dhoni (CSK, RPS)
116
83
33
2008–2018

 Uthappa, RobinRobin Uthappa (KKR, MI, PWI, RCB)
90
58
32
2008–2018

 Naman Ojha (DD, RR, SRH)
75
65
10
2008–2018

 Patel, ParthivParthiv Patel (CSK, DC, KTK, MI, RCB, SRH)
74
60
14
2008–2018

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Most catches (fielder)

text:
Player
Ct
Span

 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
95
2008–2018

 Rohit Sharma (DC, MI)
79
2008–2018

 AB de Villiers (DD, RCB)
78
2008–2018

 Kieron Pollard (MI)
74
2010–2018

 Dwayne Bravo (CSK, MI,Gujarat Lions)
69
2008–2018

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Miscellaneous records

text:
Records
Player /
Team
Stats
Season /
Span

Team

Most wins[2]
Mumbai Indians
97
(2008–2018)

Most defeats[2]
Delhi Daredevils
91
(2008–2018)

Highest win%[2]
Chennai Super Kings
61.56
(2008–2018)

Largest victory (runs)[3]
Mumbai Indians v Delhi Daredevils
146
2017

Most consecutive wins
(season)[4]
Kolkata Knight Riders
9
2014

Most consecutive wins
(overall)
Kolkata Knight Riders
10
(2014–2015)

Most consecutive defeats
(season)[5]
Delhi Daredevils
Pune Warriors
9
2014
2012

Most consecutive defeats
(overall)
Delhi Daredevils
Pune Warriors
11
(2014–2015)
(2012–2013)

Batting

Most 100s[6]
 Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB, KXIP)
6
(2008–2018)

Most 50s[7]
 David Warner (DD, SRH)
36
(2009–2017)

Highest Partnership[8]
 Virat Kohli (RCB)
 AB de Villiers (RCB)
229
2016

Most ducks[9]
 Harbhajan Singh (MI)
13
(2008–2018)

Bowling

Most 4 wicket hauls[10][11]
 Sunil Narine (KKR)
6
(2012–2018)

Most 5 wicket hauls[12]
 James Faulkner (KXIP, PWI, RR )
2
(2011–2017)

Most hat-tricks[1]
 Amit Mishra (DC, DD, SRH)
3
(2008–2018)

Other Miscellaneous

Most matches[13]
 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
176
(2008–2018)

Most matches as captain[14]
 MS Dhoni (CSK, RPS)
159
(2008–2018)

Most man of the matches[15]
 Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB, KXIP)
20
(2008–2018)

Most matches as umpire[16]
 Sundaram Ravi
97
(2009–2018)

text: ☢ Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Awards