document_title: List of countries by southernmost point

question_text: what is the lattitude of the south pole

question_tokens: what is the lattitude of the south pole

text: List of countries by southernmost point

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This is a list of countries by southernmost point on land. Where borders are contested, the southernmost point under the control of a nation is listed, excluding points within Antarctica and its outlying islands south of 60°S. A selection of dependent territories is listed, but not ranked.

tag: p

text:
Rank
Country
Southernmost point
Latitude

—
 Antarctica
South Pole
90°00'S

Antarctic Circle
66°33′39"S

1
 United Kingdom
Southern Thule,  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Pednathise Head, Scilly Isles,  United Kingdom
Lizard Point (mainland)
59°42'S
49°52'N
49°57'N

2
 Chile
Islote Águila, Diego Ramírez Islands
Cape Froward (mainland)
56°32'S
53°53'S

3
 Argentina
Southernmost point of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
Monte Dinero (mainland)
55°04'S
52°24'S

4
 Australia
Bishop and Clerk Islets
South East Cape (Tasmania)
South Point (mainland)
55°03'S
43°38'S
39°08'S

—
 Falkland Islands
Beauchene Island
52°53'S

5
 New Zealand
Jacquemart Island
Slope Point (South Island)
52°37'S
46°40'S

6
 France
Îles de Boynes,  French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Lavezzi Islands (Metropolitan France)
Puig de Comanegra (mainland)
50°01'S
41°20'N
42°20'N

7
 South Africa
Marion Island, Prince Edward Islands
Cape Agulhas (mainland)
46°59'S
34°50'S

8
 Uruguay
Isla de Lobos
Punta del Este (mainland)
35°02'S
34°58'S

9
 Brazil
Border with Uruguay, Rio Grande do Sul, just north of Barra del Chuy (Uruguay)
33°45'S

10
 Lesotho
Quthing District
30°40'S

11
 Namibia
near Onseepkans
28°58'S

—
 French Polynesia
Southern Rock, Marotiri
27°55'S

12
 Paraguay
Yacyretá Island
27°43'S

13
 Swaziland
near Lavumisa
27°19'S

14
 Botswana
Bokspits
26°54'S

15
 Mozambique
Coastal border with South Africa near Zitundo
26°52'S

16
 Madagascar
Cape Vohimena
25°37'S

Tropic of Capricorn
23°26′21″S

17
 Bolivia
Border with Chile, Sur Lípez Province
22°54'S

18
 Zimbabwe
Mozambique/South Africa/Zimbabwe tripoint
22°25'S

—
 Réunion
Saint-Joseph
22°23'S

19
 Tonga
ʻAta Island
22°21'S

20
 Fiji
Ceva-I-Ra atoll
21°44'S

21
 Mauritius
Near Souillac
20°32'S

22
 Vanuatu
Anatom
20°15'S

23
 Peru
Border with Chile on the Pacific coast of Tacna Province
18°21'S

24
 Zambia
Border with Zimbabwe, Kalomo District
18°05'S

25
 Angola
Border with Namibia near Dirico, Cuando Cubango Province
18°02'S

26
 Malawi
Nsanje District
17°07'S

27
 United States
Rose Atoll ("unincorporated territory")
Palmyra Island ("incorporated Territory")
Ka Lae, Hawaii (50 states)
Cape Sable, Florida (contiguous states)
14°34'S
5°53'N
18°54'N
25°07'N

28
 Samoa
Nu'ulua Island
14°04'S

29
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Haut-Katanga Province
13°27'S

30
 Comoros
Île Canzouni, Mohéli
12°25'S

31
 Solomon Islands
East Rennell, Rennell Island
11º47'S

32
 Papua New Guinea
Vanatinai
near Suau, Samarai-Murua District (mainland)
11°46'S
10°42'S

33
 Tanzania
Border with Mozambique, south of Ligunga in Namtumbo District
11°45'S

34
 Kiribati
Flint Island, Line Islands
11°26'S

35
 Indonesia
Pamana Island
11°00'S

36
 Tuvalu
Niulakita
10°48'S

37
 Seychelles
Goëlettes Island, Farquhar Atoll
10°13'S

38
 East Timor
Border with Indonesia near Bisae Súnan, Passabe Subdistrict, Oecusse
09°30'S

—
 Tokelau
Fenua Loa, Fakaofo
09°21'S

—
 British Indian Ocean Territory
Southern tip of Diego Garcia
07°26'S

39
 Republic of the Congo
Coastal border with Cabinda Province, Angola, Pointe-Noire Department
05°02'S

40
 Ecuador
Border with Peru, Chinchipe Canton
05°00'S

41
 Kenya
Coastal border with Tanzania, near Lunga Lunga, Kwale County
04°43'S

42
 Burundi
Border with Tanzania at Colline Chibumba, near Mugina
04°28'S

43
 Colombia
Quebrada de San Antonio near Leticia, Amazonas
04°14'S

44
 Gabon
Coastal border with Republic of Congo, Haute-Banio Department
03°59'S

45
 Rwanda
Border with Burundi, Nyaruguru District, southwest of Butare
02°51'S

46
 Somalia
Border with Kenya at Chiamboni, Badhadhe District
01°40'S

47
 Uganda
Border with Tanzania, Kabale District
01°29'S

48
 Equatorial Guinea
Adams Islet, south of Annobón
01°28'S

49
 Maldives
Gan Island in Addu Atoll
00°42'S

50
 Nauru
Nauru International Airport, Yaren
00°33'S

51
 São Tomé and Príncipe
Ilhéu das Rolas
00°01'S

Equator
00°00′00″

52
 Venezuela
Border with Brazil, Río Negro Municipality, Amazonas
00°40'N

53
 Malaysia
Border with Indonesia to the southeast of Tebedu, Sarawak
00°51'N

54
 Federated States of Micronesia
Kapingamarangi
01°01'N

55
 Singapore
Pulau Satumu
01°09'N

56
 Guyana
Border with Brazil near Wai-Wai, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo Region
01°11'N

57
 Cameroon
Border with Republic of Congo, Boumba-et-Ngoko Department, just north of Ouésso (Congo)
01°39'N

58
 Suriname
Border with Brazil, Coeroeni
01°50'N

—
 French Guiana
Border with Brazil, Maripasoula
02°06'N

59
 Central African Republic
Central African Republic/Republic of Congo/Cameroon tripoint, Sangha-Mbaéré
02°13'N

60
 Palau
Transit Reef, Hatohobei
02°47'N

61
 Ethiopia
Border with Kenya east of Moyale, Borena Zone
03°24'N

62
 South Sudan
Border with Uganda south of Nimule
03°29'N

63
 China
James Shoal (disputed)
Southern tip of Hainan (undisputed)
Hai'an, Guangdong (mainland)
03°58'N
18°10'N
20°14'N

64
 Brunei
Border with Malaysia, Melilas
04°00'N

65
 Nigeria
Cape Formoso, Brass, Bayelsa State
04°17'N

66
 Liberia
Cape Palmas
04°21'N

67
 Côte d'Ivoire
Coastal border with Liberia
04°22'N

68
 Marshall Islands
Ebon Atoll
04°34'N

69
 Philippines
Saluag Island, Sibutu, Tawi-Tawi province
04°35'N

70
 Ghana
Cape Three Points, Western Region
04°44'N

71
 Costa Rica
Cocos Island
border with Panama at Punta Burica (mainland)
05°31'N
08°04'N

72
 Thailand
Border with Malaysia in Yarom, Betong District, Yala Province
05°37'N

73
 Sri Lanka
Dondra Head
05°55'N

74
 Togo
Lomé
06°07'N

75
 Benin
Grand-Popo, Mono Department
06°14'N

76
 India
Indira Point, Great Nicobar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin) (mainland)
06°44'N
08°06'N

77
 Sierra Leone
Coastal border with Liberia southeast of Sulima, Pujehun District
06°56'N

78
 Panama
Punta Mariato, Cerro Hoya National Park, Veraguas
07°11'N

79
 Guinea
Border with Liberia on River Mani at Bignamou, Yomou Prefecture
07°12'N

80
 Chad
Border with Central African Republic near Deng, Logone Oriental Region
07°27'N

81
 Vietnam
Amboyna Cay (disputed)
Hon Sao Island
Cape Cà Mau (mainland)
07°51'N
08°25'N
08°35'N

82
 Sudan
Including Kafia Kingi[note 1]
border with South Sudan south of Kurmuk, Blue Nile State
08°41'N
09°30'N

83
 Burkina Faso
Border with Côte d'Ivoire, Kpuere, Noumbiel Province
09°24'N

84
 Myanmar
Christie Island, Myeik Kyunzu
Kawthaung (mainland)
09°36'N
09°59'N

85
 Cambodia
Koh Puolo Wai
border with Vietnam, Kampot Province (mainland)
09°55'N
10°24'N

86
 Trinidad and Tobago
Icacos, Siparia Region, Trinidad Island
10°03'N

87
 Mali
Border with Côte d'Ivoire southeast of Manankoro, Bougouni Cercle
10°09'N

88
 Taiwan
Taiping Island (disputed)
Cape Eluanbi, Kenting National Park (undisputed/mainland)
10°23'N
21°54'N

89
 Nicaragua
Trinidad, Río San Juan
10°43'N

90
 Guinea-Bissau
João Vieira and Poilão Marine National Park
Headland in Cacine, Tombali Region, opposite the coast of Tristan Island (Guinea) (mainland)
10°52'N
10°55'N

91
 Djibouti
Border with Ethiopia southwest of `As `Ela
10°56'N

92
 Niger
Benin/Niger/Nigeria tripoint
11°42'N

93
 Netherlands
Klein Curaçao
border with Belgium south of Kuttingen, Gulpen-Wittem (European Netherlands)
11°59'N
50°45'N

94
 Grenada
Glover Island, Saint George Parish
11°59'N

95
 Yemen
Darsah Island, Socotra archipelago
south of Al Bahiya, Al Madaribah Wa Al Arah District, Lahij Governorate (mainland)
12°06'N
12°36'N

96
 Senegal
Border with Guinea south of Dindefelo, Kédougou Region
12°18'N

97
 Eritrea
Border with Djibouti, Southern Denkalya Subregion, southwest of the town of Dadda'to (Djibouti)
12°22'N

98
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Petit Saint Vincent
12°32'N

99
 Honduras
Pacific coast border with Nicaragua, Choluteca Department
12°59'N

100
 Gambia
Coastal border with Senegal near Kartung, Kombo South
13°02'N

101
 Barbados
South Point, Silver Sands, Christ Church Parish
13°03'N

102
 El Salvador
El Jaguey, La Unión
13°09'N

103
 Saint Lucia
Moule a Chique, near Vieux Fort
13°42'N

104
 Guatemala
Border with El Salvador near Garita Chapina, Jutiapa Department
13°44'N

105
 Laos
Border with Cambodia near Veun Kham, Khong District, Champasak Province
13°55'N

106
 Mexico
Coastal border with Guatemala at the mouth of the Río Suchiate, Chiapas
14°32'N

107
 Mauritania
Border with Senegal at the junction of the Karakoro River and Sénégal Rivers, Guidimaka Region
14°43'N

108
 Cape Verde
Headland southeast of Tantum, Ilha Brava
14°48'N

109
 Dominica
Coast southeast of Scotts Head
15°12'N

110
 Belize
Southwestern border with Guatemala near Chocon (Guatemala)
15°53'N

111
 Saudi Arabia
Border with Yemen south of Muwassam, Jizan Province (mainland)
16°23'N

112
 Oman
Coastal border with Yemen, Dhofar Governorate
16°39'N

—
 Montserrat
Old Fort Point, Soufrière Hills Exclusion Zone
16°40'N

113
 Antigua and Barbuda
Redonda Island
16°56'N

114
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Devil's Cave, Saint John Figtree Parish, Nevis
17°06'N

115
 Dominican Republic
Alto Velo Island, Jaragua National Park
south of Oviedo, Pedernales in Jaragua National Park (mainland)
17°28'N
17°36'N

116
 Jamaica
Portland Point
17°42'N

117
 Haiti
South of Torbeck, Les Cayes Arrondissement
18°01'N

118
 Algeria
Border with Mali, Tin Zaouatine Commune
18°58'N

119
 Libya
Chad/Libya/Sudan tripoint
19°30'N

120
 Cuba
East of Cape Cruz, Desembarco del Granma National Park, Granma
19°50'N

121
 Japan
Okino Torishima Island
Ishigaki Island (southernmost inhabited point)
Cape Sata (four main Islands)
20°25'N
24°44'N
30°59'N

122
 Bangladesh
Chera Dwip, St. Martin's Island
border with Burma at Dakhinpara, Teknaf Upazila, Chittagong Division (mainland)
20°35'N
20°45'N

—
Western Sahara
Cape Blanc (Ras Nouadibhou)
20°47'N

123
 Bahamas
Southeast of Matthew Town, Great Inagua Island
20°55'N

124
 Egypt
Jebel Bartazuga, Bir Tawil (disputed)
border with Sudan
21°44'N
22°00'N

125
 United Arab Emirates
Border with Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi Emirate
22°38'N

Tropic of Cancer
23°26′21″N

126
 Pakistan
Rann of Kachchh, Sindh
23°42'N

127
 Qatar
Border with Saudi Arabia, close to Qatar-UAE Road
24°28'N

128
 Iran
Pasabandar, Sistan va Baluchestan Region
25°04'N

129
 Bahrain
Hawar Islands
25°34"N

130
   Nepal
Border with India near Biratnagar
26°22'N

131
 Bhutan
Border with India
26°43'N

132
 Spain
El Hierro, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands
Punta de Tarifa (mainland)
27°38'N
36°00'N

133
 Morocco*
Border with Western Sahara (disputed)
27°40'N

134
 Kuwait
Border with Saudi Arabia
28°32'N

135
 Iraq
Border with Saudi Arabia
29°04'N

136
 Jordan
Intersection of Amman-Tabuk railway with Jordan/border with Saudi Arabia
29°11'N

137
 Afghanistan
Border with Pakistan
29°23'N

138
 Israel
Near Elat, Hadarom, Red Sea
29°30'N

139
 Portugal
Ilhéu de Fora, Madeira
Cabo de Santa Maria (mainland)
30°03'N
36°57'N

140
 Tunisia
Algeria/Libya/Tunisia tripoint
30°15'N

141
 Syria
Border with Jordan
32°19'N

142
 Lebanon
Border with Israel
33°03'N

143
 South Korea
Marado, Seogwipo, Jeju Province
Ttangkkeut, Haenam County, South Jeolla Province (mainland)
33°06'N
34°17'N

144
 Cyprus
Cape Gata
34°34'N

145
 Greece
Gavdos, Crete
Cape Tenaro (mainland)
34°49'N
36°23'N

146
 Turkmenistan
Border with Afghanistan
35°09'N

147
 Italy
Lampedusa Island, Sicily
Capo Spartivento (mainland)
35°30'N
37°56'N

148
 Malta
Delimara Point, Marsaxlokk
35°47'N

149
 Turkey
Border with Syria, Hatay Region
35°49'N

150
 Tajikistan
Border with Afghanistan
36°40'N

151
 Uzbekistan
Afghanistan/Tajikistan/Uzbekistan tripoint
37°11'N

152
 North Korea
Cape Tungsan, Kangryong
37°40'N

153
 Azerbaijan
Border with Iran
38°24'N

154
 Armenia
Border with Iran
38°50'N

155
 Kyrgyzstan
Border with Tajikistan
39°10'N

156
 Albania
Border with Greece, Sarandë Region
39°39'N

157
 Kazakhstan
Border with Uzbekistan
40°34'N

158
 Macedonia
Border with Greece
40°52'N

159
 Georgia
Border with Azerbaijan
41°03'N

160
 Russia
Border with Azerbaijan, Dagestan
41°11'N

161
 Bulgaria
Border with Greece
41°15'N

162
 Mongolia
Border with China
41°34'N

163
 Canada
Middle Island, Ontario (Lake Erie)
Point Pelee (mainland)
41°41'N
41°57'N

164
 Serbia
including Kosovo[note 2]
41°48'N

165
 Montenegro
Ada Bojana Island, Ulcinj municipality
41°51'N

166
  Vatican City
Border with Italy
41°54'N

167
 Croatia
Islet Galijula in Adriatic Sea
42°23'N

168
 Andorra
Border with Spain
42°26'N

169
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Trebinje; near border with Montenegro
42°34'N

170
 Romania
Border with Bulgaria, Teleorman
43°38'N

171
 Monaco
Fontvieille; coast at border with France
43°44'N

172
 San Marino
Border with Italy
43°54'N

173
 Ukraine
Kiliis'kyi district, Crimea (disputed)
45°20'N

174
 Slovenia
Border with Croatia
45°25'N

175
 Moldova
Giurgiuleşti: Moldova/Romania/Ukraine tripoint
45°28'N

176
 Hungary
Border with Croatia, Beremend
45°45'N

177
  Switzerland
Border with Italy, Pedrinate, Ticino
45°50'N

178
 Austria
Border with Slovenia, Carinthia
46°23'N

—
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Pierre Island
46°45'N

179
 Liechtenstein
Border with Switzerland
47°03'N

180
 Germany
Border with Austria, Bavaria
47°17'N

181
 Slovakia
Border with Hungary, Patince
47°44'N

182
 Czech Republic
Border with Austria near Vyšší Brod
48°33'N

183
 Poland
Border with Ukraine at Opołonek peak
49°00'N

184
 Luxembourg
Border with France
49°27'N

185
 Belgium
Border with France, Luxembourg, Wallonia
49°30'N

—
 England
Pednathise Head, Scilly Isles
Lizard Point (mainland)
49°52'N
49°57'N

186
 Belarus
Nizhnie Zhary, Brahin District, Gomel Region
51°15'N

187
 Ireland
Fastnet Rock, County Cork
Brow Head (mainland)
51°23'N
51°26'N

—
 Wales
Flat Holm
51°23'N

188
 Lithuania
Border with Belarus, Lazdijai
53°54'N

—
 Northern Ireland
Cranfield Point
54°01'N

189
 Denmark
Falster, Storstrom Region
54°34'N

—
 Scotland
Mull of Galloway
54°38'N

190
 Sweden
Smygehuk, Skåne, east of Trelleborg
55°20'N

191
 Latvia
Murani, Daugavpils Region; Belarus/Latvia/Lithuania tripoint
55°40'N

192
 Estonia
Border with Latvia, Karisöödi village, Mõniste Parish, Võru County
57°31'N

193
 Norway
Pysen, Mandal region
Lindesnes (mainland)
57°57'N
58°00'N

194
 Greenland
Islet 2.3 km south of Cape Farewell
mainland
59°46'N
60°08'N

195
 Finland
Bogskär in Föglö municipality, Åland
Tulliniemi in Hanko (mainland)
59°30'N
59°48'N

—
 Faroe Islands
Munkurin
61°20'N

196
 Iceland
Surtsey Island
Kötlutangi (mainland)
63°17'N
63°23'N

Arctic Circle
66°33′39″N

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Sudan occupies an area internationally regarded as part of South Sudan around the town of Kafia Kingi. The second listing for Sudan is the southernmost point of the internationally recognised border.
Jump up ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the Brussels Agreement. Kosovo has received formal recognition as an independent state from 111 out of 193 United Nations member states.

tag: ol

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Lists of countries by geographical rankings

Area

Total
Exclusive Economic Zone
Forest
Irrigated

Extreme points

Elevation

highest
average
lowest

Latitude

Northernmost
Southernmost

Longitude

Easternmost
Westernmost

Perimeter

Coastline length
Land border length
Number of bordering countries

land-only
land and maritime
maritime-only

List of countries and territories by border/area ratio

Other

Freshwater

resources
withdrawal

Time zones

List of international rankings
List of top international rankings by country
Lists by country

text: Lists of countries by geographyGeography-related listsExtreme points by country

text: Articles lacking sources from March 2009All articles lacking sources


document_title: List of countries by number of Internet users

question_text: highest number of internet users in the world

root

text: List[edit]

text:
Country or area
Internet
users
Rank
Percentage
Rank

 China
746,662,194
1
53.20%
109

 India
391,292,635
2
29.55%
143

 United States
245,436,423
3
76.18%
54

 Brazil
123,927,230
4
59.68%
90

 Japan
117,528,631
5
92.00%
15

 Russia
110,003,284
6
76.41%
53

 Mexico
75,937,568
7
59.54%
92

 Germany
73,436,503
8
89.65%
20

 Indonesia
66,244,991
9
25.37%
157

 United Kingdom
62,354,410
10
94.78%
11

 Philippines
57,342,723
11
55.50%
101

 France
55,413,854
12
85.62%
29

 Nigeria
47,743,541
13
25.67%
153

 South Korea
47,094,267
14
92.72%
14

 Turkey
46,395,500
15
58.35%
95

 Vietnam
43,974,618
16
46.50%
120

 Iran
42,731,675
17
53.23%
107

 Egypt
37,519,531
18
39.21%
130

 Spain
37,337,607
19
80.56%
35

 Italy
36,442,438
20
61.32%
86

 Thailand
32,710,169
21
47.50%
116

 Canada
32,602,776
22
89.84%
19

 Argentina
30,758,972
23
70.15%
70

 South Africa
30,248,355
24
54.00%
106

 Pakistan
29,965,859
25
15.51%
179

 Bangladesh
29,738,660
26
18.25%
175

 Colombia
28,287,098
27
58.14%
97

 Poland
28,018,492
28
73.30%
62

 Malaysia
24,572,446
29
78.79%
45

 Saudi Arabia
23,803,319
30
73.75%
61

 Ukraine
23,321,390
31
52.48%
110

 Australia
21,288,648
32
88.24%
23

 Morocco
20,555,783
33
58.27%
96

 Venezuela
18,940,907
34
60.00%
88

 Taiwan
18,786,473
35
79.75%
41

 Algeria
17,440,299
36
42.95%
126

 Ethiopia
15,739,371
37
15.37%
180

 Netherlands
15,358,245
38
90.41%
18

 Uzbekistan
14,713,955
39
46.79%
117

 Peru
14,444,387
40
45.46%
122

 Kazakhstan
13,814,581
41
76.80%
51

 Myanmar
13,258,325
42
25.07%
159

 Kenya
12,600,007
43
26.00%
152

 Chile
11,822,229
44
66.01%
82

 Romania
11,767,959
45
59.50%
93

 Sudan
11,082,072
46
28.00%
147

 Belgium
9,827,270
47
86.52%
28

 Ghana
9,779,273
48
34.67%
134

 Uganda
9,077,567
49
21.88%
167

 Sweden
9,002,326
50
91.51%
16

 Ecuador
8,857,767
51
54.06%
104

 United Arab Emirates
8,398,268
52
90.60%
17

 Czech Republic
8,115,252
53
76.48%
52

 Iraq
7,898,106
54
21.23%
169

 Hungary
7,730,451
55
79.26%
43

 Greece
7,726,829
56
69.09%
74

 Azerbaijan
7,605,244
57
78.20%
47

  Switzerland
7,511,995
58
89.41%
21

 Austria
7,346,074
59
84.32%
30

 Portugal
7,303,699
60
70.42%
69

 Tanzania
7,224,386
61
13.00%
184

 Yemen
6,780,200
62
24.58%
161

 Belarus
6,741,258
63
71.11%
67

 Sri Lanka
6,665,916
64
32.05%
138

 Israel
6,535,440
65
79.78%
40

 Dominican Republic
6,530,903
66
61.33%
85

 Hong Kong
6,375,381
67
87.30%
25

 Ivory Coast
6,286,527
68
26.53%
151

 Serbia
5,914,748
69
67.06%
77

 Jordan
5,890,965
70
62.30%
83

 Syria
5,873,785
71
31.87%
139

 Cameroon
5,859,797
72
25.00%
160

 Tunisia
5,801,972
73
50.88%
112

 Guatemala
5,722,610
74
34.51%
135

   Nepal
5,706,708
75
19.69%
173

 Denmark
5,538,800
76
96.97%
8

 Norway
5,112,817
77
97.30%
7

 Mozambique
5,050,924
78
17.52%
178

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
4,889,515
79
6.21%
200

 Finland
4,826,246
80
87.70%
24

 Lebanon
4,571,675
81
76.11%
55

 Singapore
4,554,189
82
81.00%
34

 Cuba
4,449,238
83
38.77%
131

 Slovakia
4,381,507
84
80.48%
36

 Bolivia
4,322,489
85
39.70%
129

 Bulgaria
4,266,773
86
59.83%
89

 Zambia
4,232,464
87
25.51%
156

 New Zealand
4,123,439
88
88.47%
22

 Cambodia
4,030,438
89
25.57%
155

 Senegal
3,954,620
90
25.66%
154

 Ireland
3,883,418
91
82.17%
31

 Angola
3,745,750
92
13.00%
185

 Zimbabwe
3,733,964
93
23.12%
165

 Afghanistan
3,673,539
94
10.6%
192

 Paraguay
3,453,445
95
51.35%
111

 Costa Rica
3,207,258
96
66.03%
81

 Kuwait
3,176,010
97
78.37%
46

 Oman
3,089,369
98
69.82%
72

 Croatia
3,063,044
99
72.70%
65

 Puerto Rico
2,946,059
100
80.32%
37

 Palestinian Authority
2,930,953
101
61.18%
87

 Moldova
2,882,322
102
71.00%
68

 Honduras
2,733,860
103
30.00%
141

 Burkina Faso
2,603,042
104
13.96%
181

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
2,438,208
105
69.33%
73

 Qatar
2,423,068
106
94.29%
12

 Rwanda
2,383,501
107
20.00%
172

 Uruguay
2,286,820
108
66.40%
79

 Panama
2,178,424
109
54.00%
105

 Lithuania
2,163,155
110
74.38%
59

 Kyrgyzstan
2,054,728
111
34.50%
136

 Mali
1,999,226
112
11.11%
190

 Georgia
1,962,702
113
50.00%
113

 Albania
1,941,925
114
66.36%
80

 El Salvador
1,839,969
115
29.00%
145

 Armenia
1,813,386
116
62.00%
84

 Tajikistan
1,788,044
117
20.47%
170

 Malawi
1,738,600
118
9.61%
194

 Latvia
1,574,256
119
79.89%
39

 Slovenia
1,568,786
120
75.50%
57

 Nicaragua
1,511,037
121
24.57%
162

 Macedonia
1,501,798
122
72.16%
66

 Laos
1,478,051
123
21.87%
168

 Bahrain
1,396,668
124
98.00%
3

 Haiti
1,326,629
125
12.23%
186

 Benin
1,303,589
126
11.99%
187

 Jamaica
1,296,610
127
45.00%
124

 Libya
1,275,642
128
20.27%
171

 Guinea
1,214,801
129
9.80%
193

 Madagascar
1,172,533
130
4.71%
203

 Estonia
1,144,974
131
87.24%
26

 Turkmenistan
1,018,691
132
17.99%
177

 Trinidad and Tobago
1,000,517
133
73.30%
63

 Gabon
951,287
134
48.05%
115

 Niger
893,073
135
4.32%
204

 Cyprus
888,125
136
75.90%
56

 Botswana
885,702
137
27.50%
149

 Sierra Leone
870,532
138
11.77%
188

 Togo
860,280
139
11.31%
189

 South Sudan
819,459
140
6.70%
199

 Papua New Guinea
776,159
141
9.60%
195

 Mauritania
774,183
142
18.00%
176

 Namibia
769,455
143
31.03%
140

 Chad
722,627
144
5.00%
202

 Mongolia
674,201
145
22.27%
166

 Mauritius
671,833
146
53.23%
108

 Lesotho
602,965
147
27.36%
150

 Luxembourg
561,295
148
97.49%
6

 Burundi
544,097
149
5.17%
201

 Macau
499,773
150
81.64%
32

 Montenegro
439,276
151
69.88%
71

 Fiji
418,013
152
46.51%
119

 Republic of the Congo
416,217
153
8.12%
196

 Swaziland
383,723
154
28.57%
146

 The Gambia
377,123
155
18.50%
174

 Liberia
337,732
156
7.32%
198

 Bhutan
333,226
157
41.77%
127

 Malta
331,853
158
77.29%
48

 Iceland
326,622
159
98.24%
1

 Timor Leste
320,339
160
25.25%
158

 Brunei
317,397
161
75.00%
58

 The Bahamas
312,986
162
80.00%
38

 Equatorial Guinea
290,470
163
23.78%
164

 Guyana
275,760
164
35.66%
133

 Somalia
269,178
165
1.88%
207

 Cabo Verde
259,906
166
48.17%
114

 Suriname
253,499
167
45.40%
123

 Maldives
252,761
168
59.09%
94

 Barbados
226,715
169
79.55%
42

 New Caledonia
194,707
170
74.00% year 2015
60

 French Polynesia
191,774
171
68.44%
76

 Central African Republic
183,785
172
4.00%
205

 Belize
163,588
173
44.58%
125

 Guam
125,446
174
77.01%
49

 Djibouti
123,728
175
13.13%
183

 Aruba
98,051
176
93.54%
13

 Saint Lucia
83,186
177
46.73%
118

 Andorra
75,681
178
97.93 %
5

 Antigua and Barbuda
73,702
179
73.00%
64

 Guinea-Bissau
68,270
180
3.76%
206

 Solomon Islands
65,936
181
11.00%
191

 Vanuatu
64,896
182
24.00%
163

 Comoros
63,170
183
7.94%
197

 U.S. Virgin Islands
62,539
184
59.61%
91

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
60,929
185
55.57%
100

 Bermuda
60,432
186
98.00%
4

 Grenada
59,947
187
55.86%
99

 Eritrea
58,465
188
1.18%
208

 Samoa
57,386
189
29.41%
144

 São Tomé and Príncipe
55,974
190
28.00%
148

 Seychelles
53,248
191
56.51%
98

 Dominica
49,296
192
67.03%
78

 Cayman Islands
48,004
193
79.00%
44

 Faroe Islands
46,715
194
95.11%
10

 Tonga
42,795
195
39.95%
128

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
42,113
196
76.82%
50

 Jersey
38,958
197
41.03% year 2012
-

 Greenland
38,642
198
68.50%
75

 Liechtenstein
36,946
199
98.09%
2

 Monaco
36,654
200
95.21%
9

 Micronesia, Federated States of
34,996
201
33.35%
137

 Gibraltar
32,494
202
94.44%
-

 San Marino
16,484
203
54.21% year 2009
103

 Marshall Islands
15,808
204
29.79%
142

 Kiribati
15,672
205
13.70%
182

 British Virgin Islands
14,456
206
37.60% year 2012
132

 Anguilla
12,043
207
81.57%
33

 Tuvalu
5,106
208
46.01%
121

 Saint Helena
2,906
209
37.6% year 2012
-

 Falkland Islands
2,881
210
99.02%
-

 Montserrat
2,833
211
54.60% year 2013
102

 Wallis and Futuna
1,383
212
8.95% year 2012
-

 Niue
1,034
213
86.90% year 2013
27

 Ascension
361
214
41.0% year 2012
-

tag: table


document_title: It's a Wonderful Life

question_text: who played nick the bartender in it's a wonderful life

question_tokens: who played nick the bartender in it 's a wonderful life

text: It's a Wonderful Life

text: Plot[edit]

text: On Christmas Eve 1945, in Bedford Falls, New York, George Bailey contemplates suicide. Prayers for him reach Heaven, where Clarence Odbody, Angel 2nd Class, is assigned to save George, in return for which he will earn his angel wings. To prepare him for his mission, Clarence is shown flashbacks of George's life. The first is from 1919, when 12-year-old George saves his younger brother Harry from drowning at a frozen lake; George loses his hearing in one ear as a result. At his after-school job, George realizes that the druggist, Mr. Gower, distraught over his son's death from the flu, has accidentally added poison to a child's prescription, and intervenes to stop it from causing harm.

text: In 1928, George plans to leave on a world tour and then attend college. At Harry's high-school graduation party, he is reintroduced to Mary Hatch, who has had a crush on him from childhood. Their walk home is interrupted by news that George's father, Peter, has died of a stroke. George postpones his travel so he can sort out the family business, Bailey Brothers' Building and Loan. Henry F. Potter, the richest man in town, wishes to dissolve the Building and Loan to eliminate it as a competitor. The board of directors votes to keep the Building and Loan open, on condition that George stay to run it (along with his absent-minded uncle Billy). George gives his college tuition to Harry on the condition that Harry take over the Building and Loan when he returns.

text: Four years later, Harry returns from college with a job offer from his father-in-law. George tells Harry to take the job, and he will keep running the Building and Loan. George and Mary get married. On their way to their honeymoon, they witness a run on the bank and use their honeymoon savings to keep the Building and Loan solvent until the bank re-opens.

text: Eventually, George establishes Bailey Park, a housing development with small houses financed by the Building and Loan, so that people can own their own homes, rather than paying rent to live in Potter's overpriced slums. Potter attempts to lure George into becoming his assistant, offering him $20,000 (equivalent to $270,000 in 2017[9]) a year; George is momentarily tempted, but rebukes him.

text: During World War II, George is ineligible for service because of his bad ear. Harry becomes a Navy pilot, and earns the Medal of Honor by shooting down a kamikaze plane headed for a troop transport. On Christmas Eve morning 1945, as the town prepares a hero's welcome for Harry, Uncle Billy goes to the bank to deposit $8,000 of the Building and Loan's cash. Potter enters, and Billy taunts Potter by grabbing the newspaper and reading the front-page headline about Harry aloud. Billy gives Mr. Potter his newspaper back, unintentionally wrapping the envelope with the cash in the newspaper. Billy discovers that he has misplaced $8,000 of the Building and Loan's cash when the teller asks him for the cash to complete the deposit (equivalent to $110,000 in 2017[9]). Mr. Potter discovers the envelope with the Building and Loan's $8,000. He says nothing, knowing it will cause problems for the company. When a bank examiner arrives to review the Building and Loan's records, George realizes that criminal charges are possible; he berates Uncle Billy, then goes home and takes out his frustration on his family. He soon apologizes to his wife and children, then leaves.

text: George desperately appeals to Potter for a loan. When George offers his life insurance policy as collateral, Potter, aware of the misplaced currency, says George is worth more dead than alive, and phones the police to have him arrested. George gets drunk at a local bar, and is involved in a fight before he leaves and goes to a nearby bridge, thinking of suicide. The film's narrative catches up to the time of the opening scene. Before he can jump, Clarence dives into the river just before George does, causing George to rescue Clarence, rather than killing himself. George does not believe Clarence's subsequent claim that he is George's guardian angel.

text: When George says he wishes he had never been born, Clarence decides to grant his wish and show George an alternate timeline in which he never existed. Bedford Falls is named Pottersville, and is a less congenial place. Mr. Gower has recently been released from prison for manslaughter, because George was not there to stop him from putting poison in the pills. The Building and Loan has closed down, as George never took over after Peter's passing.

text: George's mother does not recognize him; she reveals that Uncle Billy was institutionalized after the collapse of the Building and Loan. In the cemetery where Bailey Park would have been, George discovers the grave of his brother. Clarence tells him all the soldiers on the transport died, as Harry was never there to save them, because George had never saved Harry from drowning. Mary, who works at the library, never married; when George says he is her husband, she screams for the police, causing George to flee and the local policeman to give chase.

text: George, now convinced that Clarence is really his guardian angel, runs back to the bridge and begs for his life back; the alternate timeline changes back to the original reality. George runs home to await his arrest. Mary and Uncle Billy arrive, having rallied the townspeople, who donate more than enough to cover the missing $8,000 and for Potter's warrant to be torn up. Harry arrives and toasts George calling him "The richest man in town". A bell on the Christmas tree rings, and his daughter recalls a story that says the sound means that an angel has just earned his wings, signifying Clarence's promotion.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Credited cast

James Stewart as George Bailey
Bobby Anderson as Little George Bailey
Donna Reed as Mary Hatch Bailey
Jean Gale as Little Mary Hatch
Henry Travers as Clarence Odbody
Lionel Barrymore as Mr. Henry F. Potter
Thomas Mitchell as Uncle Billy Bailey
Beulah Bondi as Ma Bailey
Frank Faylen as Ernie Bishop, the cab driver
Ward Bond as Bert, the cop
Gloria Grahame as Violet Bick
Jeanine Ann Roose[10] as Little Violet Bick
H. B. Warner as Mr. Emil Gower
Todd Karns as Harry Bailey
George Nokes as Little Harry Bailey
Samuel S. Hinds as father Peter "Pop" Bailey
Lillian Randolph as Annie, maid
Frank Albertson as Sam Wainwright
Ronnie Ralph as Little Sam Wainwright
Virginia Patton as Ruth Dakin Bailey, Harry's wife
Mary Treen as Cousin Tilly, employee
Charles Williams as Cousin Eustace, employee
Sarah Edwards as Mrs. Hatch, Mary's mother
William Edmunds as Mr. Giuseppe Martini
Argentina Brunetti as Mrs. Martini

Harold Landon as Marty Hatch, Mary's brother (uncredited)
Danny Mummert as Little Marty Hatch
Sheldon Leonard as Nick, the bartender
Frank Hagney as Potter's mute aide
Ray Walker as Joe
Charles Lane as Potter's rent collector
Larry Simms as Pete Bailey
Carol Coomes (AKA Carol Coombs) as Janie Bailey
Jimmy Hawkins as Tommy Bailey
Karolyn Grimes as Zuzu Bailey
Uncredited cast

Charles Halton as Mr. Carter, bank examiner
J. Farrell MacDonald as the man whose great-grandfather planted the tree that George drives into
Harry Holman as Mr. Partridge, High School principal
Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer as Freddie (Mary's annoying high school suitor)
Mark Roberts as Mickey (student with the key to open up pool)
Max Wagner as Cashier/Bouncer at Nick's Bar
Dick Elliott as fat man on porch
Tom Fadden as Bridge Caretaker
Stanley Andrews as Mr. Welch, teacher's husband
Al Bridge as Sheriff with arrest warrant
Ellen Corby as Miss Davis
Marian Carr as Jane Wainwright, Sam's wife[11]
Adriana Caselotti as the singer in Martini's Bar[12]
Joseph Granby as Angel Joseph (voice)
Moroni Olsen as the Senior Angel (voice)

text: The contention that James Stewart is often referred to as Capra's only choice to play George Bailey is disputed by film historian Stephen Cox, who indicates that "Henry Fonda was in the running".[13][14] Cary Grant was also considered for the role when RKO still had the rights to the film, before they were sold to Capra.[15]

text: Although it was stated that Jean Arthur, Ann Dvorak, and Ginger Rogers were all considered for the role of Mary before Donna Reed won the part, this list is also disputed by Cox as he indicates that Jean Arthur was first offered the part, but had to turn it down for a prior commitment on Broadway before Capra turned to Olivia de Havilland, Martha Scott, and Ann Dvorak. Ginger Rogers was offered the female lead, but turned it down because she considered it "too bland". In Chapter 26 of her autobiography Ginger: My Story, she questioned her decision by asking her readers: "Foolish, you say?"

text: A long list of actors were considered for the role of Potter (originally named Herbert Potter): Edward Arnold, Charles Bickford, Edgar Buchanan, Louis Calhern, Victor Jory, Raymond Massey, Vincent Price, and even Thomas Mitchell.[14] However, Lionel Barrymore, who eventually won the role, was a famous Ebenezer Scrooge in radio dramatizations of A Christmas Carol at the time, and was a natural choice for the role. Barrymore had also worked with Capra and Stewart on his 1938 Best Picture Oscar winner, You Can't Take It with You.

text: H.B. Warner, who was cast as the drugstore owner Mr. Gower, actually studied medicine before going into acting. He was also in some of Capra's other films, including Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, Lost Horizon, You Can't Take It with You, and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington.[16] In the silent era, he had played the role of Jesus Christ in Cecil B. DeMille's The King of Kings (1927). The name Gower came from Capra's employer Columbia Pictures, which had been located on Gower Street for many years. Also on Gower Street was a drugstore that was a favorite for the studio's employees.[17]

text: Charles Williams, who was cast as Eustace Bailey, and Mary Treen, who was cast as Matilda "Tilly" Bailey, were both B-list actors, as they both had appeared in 90 films each before filming It's a Wonderful Life.[18]

text: Jimmy the raven (Uncle Billy's pet) appeared in You Can't Take It with You and each subsequent Capra film.[13][19]

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The original story "The Greatest Gift" was written by Philip Van Doren Stern in November 1939. After being unsuccessful in getting the story published, he decided to make it into a Christmas card, and mailed 200 copies to family and friends in December 1943.[20][N 2][22] The story came to the attention of RKO producer David Hempstead, who showed it to Cary Grant's Hollywood agent, and in April 1944, RKO Pictures bought the rights to the story for $10,000, hoping to turn the story into a vehicle for Grant.[23] RKO created three unsatisfactory scripts before shelving the planned movie, and Grant went on to make another Christmas movie staple, The Bishop's Wife.[N 3][25]

text: At the suggestion of RKO studio chief Charles Koerner, Frank Capra read "The Greatest Gift", and immediately saw its potential. RKO, anxious to unload the project, in 1945 sold the rights to Capra's production company, Liberty Films, which had a nine-film distribution agreement with RKO, for $10,000,[N 4] and threw in the three scripts for free.[20] Capra, along with writers Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, with Jo Swerling, Michael Wilson, and Dorothy Parker brought in to "polish" the script,[27] turned the story and what was worth using from the three scripts into a screenplay that Capra would rename It's a Wonderful Life.[20] The script underwent many revisions throughout pre-production and during filming.[28] Final screenplay credit went to Goodrich, Hackett, and Capra, with "additional scenes" by Jo Swerling. Capra produced the film with his independent motion picture production company Liberty Films.

text: Dalton Trumbo had written a draft that was different from the final film. In Trumbo's draft, George Bailey is an idealistic politician that slowly grows more cynical as the story progresses, then tries to commit suicide after losing an election. The angel shows him Bedford Falls as it would have been not if he had never been born, but as it would have been if he had gone into business instead of politics.[29]

text: Seneca Falls, New York claims that when Frank Capra visited their town in 1945, he was inspired to model Bedford Falls after it. The town has an annual "It's a Wonderful Life Festival" in December.[30] In mid-2009, The Hotel Clarence opened in Seneca Falls, named for George Bailey's guardian angel. On December 10, 2010, the "It's a Wonderful Life" Museum opened in Seneca Falls, with Karolyn Grimes, who played Zuzu in the movie, cutting the ribbon.[31] Philip Van Doren Stern said in a 1946 interview, "Incidentally, the movie takes place in Westchester County. Actually, the town I had in mind was Califon, N.J." The historic iron bridge in Califon is similar to the bridge that George Bailey considered jumping from in the movie.[32]

text: Both James Stewart (from Indiana, Pennsylvania) and Donna Reed (from Denison, Iowa) came from small towns. Stewart's father ran a small hard-ware store where James worked for years. Reed demonstrated her rural roots by winning an impromptu bet with Lionel Barrymore when he challenged her to milk a cow on set.[33]

text: Filming[edit]

text: |thumb|James Stewart and Gloria Grahame as George Bailey and Violet Bick: “The compassion of Jesus for Mary Magdalene.”[34]]]

text: It's a Wonderful Life was shot at RKO Radio Pictures Studio in Culver City, California, and the 89 acre RKO movie ranch in Encino,[35] where "Bedford Falls" consisted of Art Director Max Ree's Oscar-winning sets originally designed for the 1931 epic film Cimarron that covered 4 acres (1.6 ha), assembled from three separate parts, with a main street stretching 300 yards (three city blocks), with 75 stores and buildings, and a residential neighborhood.[36] For It's a Wonderful Life Capra built a working bank set, added a tree-lined center parkway, and planted 20 full grown oak trees to existing sets.[37]

text: Pigeons, cats, and dogs were allowed to roam the mammoth set to give the "town" a lived-in feel.[19] Due to the requirement to film in an "alternate universe" setting as well as during different seasons, the set was extremely adaptable. RKO created "chemical snow" for the film to avoid the need for dubbed dialogue when actors walked across an earlier movie snow that was made of crushed cornflakes.[38] Filming started on April 15, 1946 and ended on July 27, 1946, exactly on deadline for the 90-day principal photography schedule.[24]

text: RKO's movie ranch in Encino, a filming location of Bedford Falls, was razed in 1954.[N 5] There are only two surviving locations from the film. The first is the swimming pool that was unveiled during the famous dance scene where George courts Mary. It is located in the gymnasium at Beverly Hills High School and is still in operation as of  2013[update]. The second is the "Martini home" in La Cañada Flintridge, California.[40]

text: During filming, in the scene where Uncle Billy gets drunk at Harry and Ruth's welcome home/newlyweds' party, George points him in the right direction home. As the camera focuses on George, smiling at his uncle staggering away, a crash is heard in the distance and Uncle Billy yells, "I'm all right! I'm all right!" Equipment on the set had actually been accidentally knocked over; Capra left in Thomas Mitchell's impromptu ad lib (although the "crashing" noise was augmented with added sound effects).

text: According to Bobby Anderson, H.B. Warner slapped him for real in the scene between Mr. Gower and little George and made his ear bleed, reducing him to tears, but hugged him after the scene was shot.[41]

text: Dimitri Tiomkin had written "Death Telegram" and "Gower's Deliverance" for the drugstore scenes, but in the editing room, Capra elected to go with no music for those scenes. Those changes, along with others, led to a falling out between Tiomkin and Capra. Tiomkin had worked on a lot of Capra's previous films, and was saddened that Capra decided to have the music pared or toned down, moved, or cut entirely. He felt as though his work was being seen as a mere suggestion. In his autobiography Please Don't Hate Me, he said of the incident, "an all around scissors job".[42]

text: The products and advertisements featured in Mr. Gower's drugstore include Coca-Cola, Paterson tobacco pipes, La Unica cigars, Camel cigarettes, Lucky Strike cigarettes, Chesterfield cigarettes, Sweet Caporal cigarettes (with a sign that says "Ask Dad, he knows", which plays a role in the plot), Vaseline hair tonic, Penetro cough syrup, Pepto-Bismol, Bayer Aspirin ("for colds and influenza"), and The Saturday Evening Post.[43]

text: In an earlier draft of the script, the scene where George saves his brother Harry as a child was different. The scene had the boys playing ice hockey on the river (which is on Potter's property) as Potter watches with disdain. George shoots the puck, but it goes astray and breaks the "No Trespassing" sign and lands in Potter's yard. Potter becomes irate, and the gardener releases the attack dogs, which causes the boys to flee. Harry falls in the ice, and George saves him with the same results.[44]

text: Another scene that was in an earlier version of the script had young George visiting his father at his work. After George tells off Mr. Potter and closes the door, he considers asking Uncle Billy about his drugstore dilemma. Billy is talking on the phone to the bank examiner, and lights his cigar and throws his match in the wastebasket. This scene explains that Tilly (short for Matilda) and Eustace are both his cousins (not Billy's kids, though), and Tilly is on the phone with her friend Martha and says, "Potter's here, the bank examiner's coming. It's a day of judgement." As George is about to interrupt Tilly on the phone, Billy cries for help and Tilly runs in and puts the fire out with a pot of coffee. George decides he is probably better off dealing with the situation by himself.[42]

text: Capra had filmed a number of sequences that were subsequently cut, the only remnants remaining being rare stills that have been unearthed.[45] A number of alternative endings were considered, with Capra's first script having Bailey falling to his knees reciting "The Lord's Prayer" (the script also called for an opening scene with the townspeople in prayer). Feeling that an overly religious tone did not have the emotional impact of the family and friends rushing to rescue George Bailey, the closing scenes were rewritten.[46][47][48]

text: Capra found the film's original cinematographer Victor Milner slow and pretentious and re-hired Joseph Walker, who was warned by Harry Cohn to return to Columbia Pictures to shoot a film for one of the studio's female stars. Joseph Biroc was trained by Walker himself to be his replacement. Although having worked with three cinematographers had been difficult for Capra, it turned out very well in Walker's opinion, because the scenes each had shot were so different that he felt that Biroc's didn't have to match his or Milner's visual style.[49]

text: Reception[edit]

text: According to a 2006 book, "A spate of movies appeared just after the ending of the Second World War, including It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and Stairway to Heaven (1946), perhaps tapping into so many people's experience of loss of loved ones and offering a kind of consolation."[50] It's a Wonderful Life premiered at the Globe Theatre in New York on December 20, 1946, to mixed reviews.[24] While Capra thought the contemporary critical reviews were either universally negative, or at best dismissive,[51] Time said, "It's a Wonderful Life is a pretty wonderful movie. It has only one formidable rival (Goldwyn's The Best Years of Our Lives) as Hollywood's best picture of the year. Director Capra's inventiveness, humor, and affection for human beings keep it glowing with life and excitement."[52]

text: Bosley Crowther, writing for The New York Times, complimented some of the actors, including Stewart and Reed, but concluded that "the weakness of this picture, from this reviewer's point of view, is the sentimentality of it—its illusory concept of life. Mr. Capra's nice people are charming, his small town is a quite beguiling place and his pattern for solving problems is most optimistic and facile. But somehow, they all resemble theatrical attitudes, rather than average realities."[53]

text: The film, which went into general release on January 7, 1947, placed 26th ($3.3 million) in box office revenues for 1947[2] (out of more than 400 features released),[54] one place ahead of another Christmas film, Miracle on 34th Street. The film was supposed to be released in January 1947, but was moved up to December 1946 to make it eligible for the 1946 Academy Awards. This move was seen as worse for the film, as 1947 did not have quite the stiff competition as 1946. If it had entered the 1947 Awards, its biggest competition would have been Miracle on 34th Street. The number one grossing movie of 1947, The Best Years of Our Lives, made $11.5 million.[2]

text: The film recorded a loss of $525,000 at the box office for RKO.[55]

text: On May 26, 1947, the FBI issued a memo stating, "With regard to the picture 'It's a Wonderful Life', [redacted] stated in substance that the film represented rather obvious attempts to discredit bankers by casting Lionel Barrymore as a 'scrooge-type' so that he would be the most hated man in the picture. This, according to these sources, is a common trick used by Communists. [In] addition, [redacted] stated that, in his opinion, this picture deliberately maligned the upper class, attempting to show the people who had money were mean and despicable characters."[56] Film historian Andrew Sarris points out as "curious" that "the censors never noticed that the villainous Mr. Potter gets away with robbery without being caught or punished in any way".[8]

text: In 1990, It's a Wonderful Life was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry.[57]

text: In 2002, Britain's Channel 4 ranked It's a Wonderful Life as the seventh greatest film ever made in its poll "The 100 Greatest Films".[58]

text: In June 2008, AFI revealed its 10 Top 10, the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres, after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. It's a Wonderful Life was acknowledged as the third-best film in the fantasy genre.[59][60]

text: Somewhat more iconoclastic views of the film and its content are occasionally expressed. In 1947, film critic Manny Farber wrote, "To make his points [Capra] always takes an easy, simple-minded path that doesn't give much credit to the intelligence of the audience", and adds that there are only a "few unsentimental moments here and there".[61][N 6] Wendell Jamieson, in a 2008 article for The New York Times which was generally positive in its analysis of the film, noted that far from being simply a sweet sentimental story, it "is a terrifying, asphyxiating story about growing up and relinquishing your dreams, of seeing your father driven to the grave before his time, of living among bitter, small-minded people. It is a story of being trapped, of compromising, of watching others move ahead and away, of becoming so filled with rage that you verbally abuse your children, their teacher, and your oppressively perfect wife."[62]

text: “...one of the most profoundly pessimistic tales of human existence ever to achieve a lasting popularity.” — Film historian Andrew Sarris in “You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet.”: The American Talking Film History & Memory, 1927-1949.[8]

tag: div

text: In a 2010 Salon.com piece, Richard Cohen described It's a Wonderful Life as "the most terrifying Hollywood film ever made". In the "Pottersville" sequence, he wrote, George is not seeing the world that would exist had he never been born, but rather "the world as it does exist, in his time and also in our own".[63] Nine years earlier, another Salon writer, Gary Kamiya, had expressed the opposing view that "Pottersville rocks!", adding: "The gauzy, Currier-and-Ives veil Capra drapes over Bedford Falls has prevented viewers from grasping what a tiresome and, frankly, toxic environment it is... We all live in Pottersville now."[64]

text: The film's elevation to the status of a beloved classic came three decades after its initial release, when it became a television staple during Christmas season in 1976.[65] This came as a welcome surprise to Frank Capra and others involved with its production. "It's the damnedest thing I've ever seen", Capra told The Wall Street Journal in 1984. "The film has a life of its own now, and I can look at it like I had nothing to do with it. I'm like a parent whose kid grows up to be president. I'm proud... but it's the kid who did the work. I didn't even think of it as a Christmas story when I first ran across it. I just liked the idea."[66] In a 1946 interview, Capra described the film's theme as "the individual's belief in himself" and that he made it "to combat a modern trend toward atheism".[66]

text: The film's positive reception has continued into the present. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 94% based on 71 reviews, with an average rating of 8.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The holiday classic to define all holiday classics, It's a Wonderful Life is one of a handful of films worth an annual viewing."[67] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a score 89 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[68]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Prior to the Los Angeles release of It's a Wonderful Life, Liberty Films mounted an extensive promotional campaign that included a daily advertisement highlighting one of the film's players, along with comments from reviewers. Jimmy Starr wrote, "If I were an Oscar, I'd elope with It's a Wonderful Life lock, stock and barrel on the night of the Academy Awards". The New York Daily Times published an editorial that declared the film and James Stewart's performance to be worthy of Academy Award consideration.[69]

text: It's a Wonderful Life received five Academy Award nominations:[70]

text:
Award
Result
Nominee / Winner

Best Picture
Nominated
Frank Capra  Winner was Samuel Goldwyn – The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Director
Nominated
Frank Capra  Winner was William Wyler – The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Actor
Nominated
James Stewart  Winner was Fredric March – The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Film Editing
Nominated
William Hornbeck  Winner was Daniel Mandell – The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Sound Recording
Nominated
John Aalberg  Winner was John P. Livadary – The Jolson Story

Technical Achievement Award
Won
Russell Shearman and RKO Radio Studio Special Effects Dept. For the development of a new method of simulating falling snow on motion picture sets.

text: It's a Wonderful Life won just the one Academy Award, in the Technical Achievement category for developing a new method of creating artificial snow.[71] Before It's a Wonderful Life, fake movie snow was mostly made from cornflakes painted white. And it was so loud when stepped on that any snow-filled scenes with dialogue had to be re-dubbed afterwards. RKO studio's head of special effects, Russell Shearman, developed a new compound, utilizing water, soap flakes, foamite and sugar.[72]

text: The Best Years of Our Lives, a drama about servicemen attempting to return to their pre-World War II lives, won most of the awards that year, including four of the five for which It's a Wonderful Life was nominated. (The award for "Best Sound Recording" was won by The Jolson Story.) The Best Years of Our Lives was also an outstanding commercial success, ultimately becoming the highest-grossing film of the decade, in contrast to the more modest initial box office returns of It's a Wonderful Life.[73]

text: It's a Wonderful Life received a Golden Globe Award:

text:
Award
Result
Winner

Best Director
Won
Frank Capra

text: Capra won the "Best Motion Picture Director" award from the Golden Globes, and a "CEC Award" from the Cinema Writers Circle in Spain, for Mejor Película Extranjera (Best Foreign Film). Jimmy Hawkins won a "Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award" from the Young Artist Awards in 1994; the award recognized his role as Tommy Bailey as igniting his career, which lasted until the mid-1960s.[74]

text: American Film Institute lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – 11
AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – 8
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:
Mr. Potter – No. 6 Villain
George Bailey – No. 9 Hero
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
"Buffalo Gal (Won't You Come Out Tonight)" – Nominated[75]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"What is it you want, Mary? What do you want? You want the moon? Just say the word, and I'll throw a lasso around it and pull it down." – Nominated[76]
"To my big brother George, the richest man in town!" – Nominated[76]
"Look, Daddy. Teacher says, 'Every time a bell rings an angel gets his wings.'" – Nominated[76]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – No. 1
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 20
AFI's 10 Top 10 – No. 3 Fantasy Film

tag: ul

text: Release[edit]

text: Ownership and copyright issues[edit]

text: This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Ancillary rights[edit]

text: Liberty Films was purchased by Paramount Pictures, and remained a subsidiary until 1951. In 1955, M. & A. Alexander purchased the movie. This included key rights to the original television syndication, the original nitrate film elements, the music score, and the film rights to the story on which the film is based, "The Greatest Gift".[N 7] National Telefilm Associates (NTA) took over the rights to the film soon thereafter.

text: A clerical error at NTA prevented the copyright from being renewed properly in 1974.[79][80] Despite the lapsed copyright, television stations that aired it still had to pay royalties because—though the film's images had entered the public domain—the film's story was still restricted as a derivative work of the published story The Greatest Gift, whose copyright Philip Van Doren Stern had renewed in 1971.[81][82][N 8] The film became a perennial holiday favorite in the 1980s, possibly due to its repeated showings each holiday season on hundreds of local television stations. It was mentioned during the deliberations on the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998.[81][83]

text: In 1993, Republic Pictures, which was the successor to NTA, relied on the 1990 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Stewart v. Abend (which involved another Stewart film, Rear Window) to enforce its claim to the copyright. While the film's copyright had not been renewed, Republic still owned the film rights to "The Greatest Gift"; thus the plaintiffs were able to argue its status as a derivative work of a work still under copyright.[81][84] NBC, since 1996, is licensed to show the film on U.S. network television, and traditionally shows it twice during the holidays, with one showing on Christmas Eve. Paramount (via parent company Viacom's 1998 acquisition of Republic's then-parent, Spelling Entertainment) once again has distribution rights for the first time since 1955.[81][85]

text: Due to all the above actions, this is one of the few RKO films not controlled by Turner Entertainment/Warner Bros. in the USA. It is also one of two Capra films Paramount owns despite not having originally released it—the other is Broadway Bill (originally from Columbia, remade by Paramount as Riding High in 1950).[81]

text: Colorization[edit]

text: Director Capra met with Wilson Markle about having Colorization, Inc., colorize It's a Wonderful Life based on an enthusiastic response to the colorization of Topper from actor Cary Grant.[86] The company's art director Brian Holmes prepared 10 minutes of colorized footage from It's a Wonderful Life for Capra to view, which resulted in Capra signing a contract with Colorization, Inc., and his "enthusiastic agree[ment] to pay half the $260,000 cost of colorizing the movie and to share any profits" and giving "preliminary approval to making similar color versions of two of his other black-and-white films, Meet John Doe (1941) and Lady for a Day (1933)".[86] However, the film was believed to be in the public domain at the time, and as a result, Markle and Holmes responded by returning Capra's initial investment, eliminating his financial participation, and refusing outright to allow the director to exercise artistic control over the colorization of his films, leading Capra to join in the campaign against the process.[86]

text: Three colorized versions have been produced. The first was released by Hal Roach Studios in 1986. The second was authorized and produced by the film's permanent owner, Republic Pictures, in 1989. Both Capra and Stewart took a critical stand on the colorized editions.[87] The Hal Roach color version was re-released in 1989 to VHS through the cooperation of Video Treasures. A third colorized version was produced by Legend Films and released on DVD in 2007 with the approval of Capra's estate.[citation needed]

text: Home media[edit]

text: VHS[edit]

text: Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, when the film was still under public domain status, It's A Wonderful Life was released on VHS by a variety of home video companies. Among the companies that released the film on home video before Republic Pictures stepped in were Meda Video (which would later become Media Home Entertainment), Kartes Video Communications (under its Video Film Classics label), GoodTimes Home Video and Video Treasures (now Anchor Bay Entertainment). After Republic reclaimed the rights to the film, all unofficial VHS copies of the film in print were destroyed.[84] Artisan Entertainment (under license from Republic) took over home video rights in the mid-1990s. Artisan was later sold to Lions Gate Entertainment, which continued to hold US home video rights until late 2005 when they reverted to Paramount, who also owns video rights throughout Region 4 (Latin America and Australia) and in France. Video rights in the rest of the world are held by different companies; for example, the UK rights are with Universal Studios.

text: Technological first: CD-ROM[edit]

text: In 1993, due in part to the confusion of the ownership and copyright issues, Kinesoft Development, with the support of Republic Pictures, released It's a Wonderful Life as one of the first commercial feature-length films on CD-ROM for the Windows PC (Windows 3.1). Predating commercial DVDs by several years, it included such features as the ability to follow along with the complete shooting script as the film was playing.[88][89][N 9]

text: Given the state of video playback on the PC at the time of its release, It's a Wonderful Life for Windows represented another first, as the longest running video on a computer. Prior to its release, Windows could only play back approx. 32,000 frames of video, or about 35 minutes at 15 frames per second. Working with Microsoft, Kinesoft was able to enhance the video features of Windows to allow for the complete playback of the entire film — all of this on a PC with a 486SX processor and only 8 MB of RAM.[90]

text: Computer Gaming World said in April 1994 that, "The picture quality still has a way to go before it reaches television standards", but was "... a noble effort" that would "please fans of the film".[91]

text: DVD and Blu-ray[edit]

text: The film has seen multiple DVD releases since the availability of the format. In the autumn of 2001, Republic issued the movie twice, once in August, and again with different packaging in September of that same year. On October 31, 2006, Paramount released a newly restored "60th Anniversary Edition". On November 13, 2007, Paramount released a two-disc "special edition" DVD of the film that contained both the original theatrical black-and-white version, and a new, third colorized version, produced by Legend Films using the latest colorization technology. On November 3, 2009, Paramount released a DVD version with a "Collector's Edition" ornament, and a Blu-ray edition.

text: In TV Specials[edit]

text: Viewers of the home video and TV special Elmo Saves Christmas know that from It's A Wonderful Life, some of the footage appears. It appears after the credits on a TV. Elmo then appears on the TV and says "Have a Merry Christmas!" [92]

text: Adaptations in other media[edit]

text: The film was twice adapted for radio in 1947, first on Lux Radio Theater (March 10) and then on The Screen Guild Theater (December 29), then again on the Screen Guild Theater broadcast of March 15, 1951. James Stewart and Donna Reed reprised their roles for all three radio productions. Stewart also starred in the May 8, 1949 radio adaptation presented on the Screen Director's Playhouse.

text: A musical stage adaptation of the film, titled A Wonderful Life, was written by Sheldon Harnick and Joe Raposo. This version was first performed at the University of Michigan in 1986, but a planned professional production was stalled by legal wrangling with the estate of Philip Van Doren Stern. It was eventually performed in Washington, D.C., by Arena Stage in 1991, and had revivals in the 21st century, including a staged concert version in New York City in 2005 and several productions by regional theatres.

text: Another musical stage adaptation of the film, titled It's a Wonderful Life – The Musical, was written by Bruce Greer and Keith Ferguson. This version premiered at the Majestic Theatre, Dallas, Texas, in 1998. It was an annual Christmas show at the theatre for five years. It has since been performed at venues all around the United States.[93]

text: The film was also adapted into a play in two acts by James W. Rodgers. It was first performed on December 15, 1993 at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School. The play opens with George Bailey contemplating suicide and then goes back through major moments in his life. Many of the scenes from the movie are only alluded to or mentioned in the play rather than actually dramatized. For example, in the opening scene Clarence just mentions George having saved his brother Harry after the latter had fallen through the ice.[94]

text: It's a Wonderful Life: A Live Radio Play, a stage adaptation presented as a 1940s radio show, was adapted by Joe Landry and has been produced around the United States since 1997. The script is published by Playscripts, Inc.

text: In 1997, PBS aired Merry Christmas, George Bailey, taped from a live performance of the 1947 Lux Radio Theatre script at the Pasadena Playhouse. The presentation, which benefited the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, featured an all-star cast, including Bill Pullman as George, Nathan Lane as Clarence, Martin Landau as Mr. Potter, Penelope Ann Miller as Mary, and Sally Field as Mother Bailey.[95]

text: Philip Grecian's 2006 radio play based on the film It's a Wonderful Life is a faithful adaptation, now in its third incarnation, that has been performed numerous times by local theatres in Canada.[96]

text: The Last Temptation of Clarence Odbody is a novel written by John Pierson. The novel imagines the future lives of various characters if George had not survived his jump into the river.[97]

text: Remakes[edit]

text: It Happened One Christmas

text: The film was remade as the 1977 television movie It Happened One Christmas. Lionel Chetwynd based the screenplay on the original Van Doren Stern short story and the 1946 screenplay. This remake employed gender-reversal, with Marlo Thomas as the protagonist Mary Bailey, Wayne Rogers as George Hatch, and Cloris Leachman as the angel Clara Oddbody.[N 10] Leachman received her second Emmy nomination for this role. In a significant departure from his earlier roles, Orson Welles was cast as Mr. Potter.[N 11] Following initial positive reviews, the made-for-television film was rebroadcast twice in 1978 and 1979, but has not been shown since on national re-broadcasts, nor issued in home media.[N 12][98]

text: The Christmas Spirit was a retelling of the movie starring Nicollette Sheridan as Charlotte Hart. This was a made-for-TV film aired in December 1, 2013 on the Hallmark Channel executive produced by Sheridan under her company, Wyke Lane Productions, and Brad Krevoy Television. The film was directed and written by Jack Angelo. Spirit was set in the present day, with the Hart character working to save a "quiet New England town from a ruthless real estate developer". The film was planned to kick off a film series centered around the Hart character.[99] The film had 3.372 million viewers overall.[100]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In 1990, another made-for-television film called Clarence starred Robert Carradine in a new tale of the helpful angel.[101][102]

text: Potential[edit]

text: A purported sequel was in development for a 2015 release, and was to be called It's a Wonderful Life: The Rest of the Story. It was to be written by Bob Farnsworth and Martha Bolton and follow the angel of George Bailey's daughter Zuzu (played once again by Karolyn Grimes), as she teaches Bailey's evil grandson how different the world would have been if he had never been born. Producers were considering directors and hoped to shoot the film with a $25–$35 million budget in Louisiana early in 2014.[103]

text: The film had been announced as being produced by Star Partners and Hummingbird Productions, neither of which are affiliated with Paramount, owners of the original film (Farnsworth claimed that It's a Wonderful Life was in the public domain). Later, a Paramount spokesperson claimed that they were not granting permission to make the film, "To date, these individuals have not obtained any of the necessary rights, and we would take all appropriate steps to protect those rights", the spokesperson said.[104] No further developmental plans have since arisen.

text: Antecedent[edit]

text: In a 1997 review, film historian James Berardinelli commented on the parallels between this film and the classic Charles Dickens tale A Christmas Carol. In both stories, a man revisits his life and potential death (or non-existence) with the help of supernatural agents, culminating in a joyous epiphany and a renewed view of his life.[105]

text: Urban legend[edit]

text: It is commonly believed that the characters of Bert and Ernie on Sesame Street were named after Bert the cop and Ernie the cabdriver; however, in a correction for the 1999 "Annual Xmas Quiz" in the San Francisco Chronicle, which made this claim, series writer Jerry Juhl confirmed that, as per producer Jon Stone, the shared names were merely a coincidence.[106] Despite this, the 1996 holiday special Elmo Saves Christmas references the rumor, during a scene where Bert and Ernie walk by a TV set, which is playing the movie. The pair are surprised by the line: "Bert! Ernie! What's the matter with you two guys? You were here on my wedding night!"


document_title: The Gold

question_text: what is the gold by manchester orchestra about

text: The Gold

text: Background and recording[edit]

text: In an interview, Manchester Orchestra lead singer Andy Hull stated that "The Gold" deals with issues of trust and learning to communicate. The song was written by Hull and guitarist Robert McDowell. Producer Catherine Marks, who the band was working with for the first time, allowed the band's songwriters to work on the A Black Mile to the Surface album for three months by themselves, during which they deconstructed and added new layers to "The Gold".[3]

text: Release[edit]

text: The song was released on June 9, 2017. The song was sent for adds to Triple-A radio stations on June 26 and Alternative radio stations on September 12.[4]

text: A video for "The Gold" was released on the same day as the song.[5]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (2017-18)
Peak
position

US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[6]
12

US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard)[7]
2


document_title: Ghost Whisperer (season 4)

question_text: what season does melinda's husband dies in ghost whisperer

question_tokens: what season does melinda 's husband dies in ghost whisperer

text: Ghost Whisperer (season 4)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the fourth season, Melinda meets Eli James (Jamie Kennedy) after a fire at Rockland University who, after his own near-death experience, develops the ability to hear ghosts. Melinda says goodbye to her close friend Rick Payne, who leaves Grandview on a research trip for the university. In this season, Jim is shot and killed. He does not "cross over" because he does not want to leave Melinda, and his spirit later enters the body of a man named Sam Lucas, who died in an unrelated accident in Grandview and crossed over. When Jim/Sam regains consciousness, he has no memory of being Jim. Melinda works to get him to remember his past life and her, and succeeds after much difficulty and skepticism on the part of her friends. They soon discover that Melinda is pregnant and that the date of conception was right before Jim died.

text: At the end of the season, Ned and Eli find the Book of Changes, a book written by the Watchers (a benevolent group of ghosts who keep watch over the living). The book tells them of past and future prominent dates, such as Andrea and Jim's deaths. One date is listed as September 25, 2009; Melinda's due date. Melinda learns from a Watcher named Carl that her child is destined to not only inherit her gift, but be far more powerful than her. Melinda and Jim decide to remarry and have a small ceremony on a snowy night, on the street where they first met.

text: Development[edit]

text: Ghost Whisperer is based on the work of "Spirit Communicator" James Van Praagh,[3] who is co-executive producer[4] and regularly updates a blog about the show through LivingTV.[5] The stories are also said to be based in part on the work of "Spirit Communicator" Mary Ann Winkowski.[6] Development of the show dates back to at least two years before its premiere.[7]

text: The show was produced by Sander/Moses Productions in association with CBS Television Studios (originally Paramount Network Television in season one and ABC Studios (originally Touchstone Television in the first two seasons) and CBS Paramount Network Television in seasons two and three).

text: The show was filmed on the Universal Studios back lot in Los Angeles.[8] One area on the lot is Courthouse Square from the Back to the Future trilogy, though it has been drastically modified to depict Grandview. For example, the clock tower in Back to the Future has been completely covered up. Cast and crew members believe that the set gets visits from real spirits.[9]

text: Sound effects were completed at Smart Post Sound.[10] Visual effects for the pilot and some season one episodes were completed at Flash Film Works.[11] Visual effects for nearly the entire series were created at Eden FX.[12]

text: Creator John Gray grew up in Brooklyn, New York, which is not far from Grandview-On-Hudson, west of the Hudson River. Piermont is often referenced in episodes as the neighboring town, which is accurate to real life as Grandview-On-Hudson is actually located just north of Piermont. Professor Rick Payne worked in the fictional "Rockland University," and perhaps not coincidentally, the actual Grandview, New York is a village located in Rockland County, New York.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jennifer Love Hewitt as Melinda Gordon (23 episodes)
David Conrad as Jim Clancy/Sam Lucas (23 episodes)
Camryn Manheim as Delia Banks (23 episodes)
Jay Mohr as Rick Payne (1 episode)
Christoph Sanders as Ned Banks (13 episodes)
Jamie Kennedy as Eli James (23 episodes)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. in
Series
No. in
Season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

63
1
"Firestarter"
Eric Laneuville
P.K. Simonds
October 3, 2008 (2008-10-03)
9.44[13]

Melinda hears that there has been a fire at the Rockland University Building when Jim is called over there, and hurries over, fearful for Professor Rick Payne, but he is revealed to be alive and well. However, a therapist by the name Eli James dies, and Melinda witnesses his soul being brought back. This 'near-death' experience grants him the ability to hear ghosts. The episode is focused on the ghost of one of Eli's patients,who was possibly more than that, and whether or not she has been starting fires since she was 12. Whilst Melinda is trapped in the archives, she meets a group of seemingly benign ghosts calling themselves the watchers, who warn her that dealing with death may brush off on something she loves.
Note: This was Jay Mohr's last appearance as Professor Payne. First appearance of Jamie Kennedy
Guest Star: Alona Tal as Fiona Raine

64
2
"Big Chills"
Peter Werner
Laurie McCarthy
October 10, 2008 (2008-10-10)
9.69[14]

A woman finds her friend dead and strange things start happening around her. She remembers Melinda's abilities from high school (not that she ever believed it before) and calls on her for help. Mel quickly uncovers the story-Grace, her current boyfriend and the dead friend were in a car accident with a motorcyclist 10 years ago and they left him for dead. The guilt ate away at the dead friend but when he tried to go to the police, the other two stopped him. Melinda must tell the motorcyclists family what happened to him in order for the ghost to move on.

65
3
"Ghost in the Machine"
Steven Robman
Jeannine Renshaw
October 17, 2008 (2008-10-17)
8.97[15]

Melinda watches Ned playing a computer game, and notices one of the Avatars staring right at her, and he appears in her shop, making her realise she has pulled him out of the game. She realises he is a ghost who appears as his Avatar because that is how he remembers himself, he died whilst playing the game. After realising that this Ghost/Avatar-'Phoenix' is usually hanging around with a teenage girl in the game, Mel, Ned and Eli suspect that he is a Predator, and proceed to try and catch him. Melinda sets up an Avatar and enters the game, and eventually discovers that 'Phoenix' is the girls dad, and is actually trying to protect his daughter from the real Predator, who they then have to work together to catch.

66
4
"Save Our Souls"
Gloria Muzio
Mark B. Perry
October 24, 2008 (2008-10-24)
10.14[16]

Melinda and Jim go to a cruise ship that is going to be scrapped soon and meet the newlywed couple staying in the room next to theirs who want to swap because they are having problems with their room and marriage. Mel sees lots of ghosts on the ship and one is very friendly and helpful. Mel realises room M108 is haunted by a ghost who is looking for her fiancé and swaps rooms so she can help her. She figures out the story of how the ghost died and who her fiancé was- he happens to be the owner of the ship, and has to get him to help the ghost cross over.
Guest Star: Solange Knowles as cruise singer.

67
5
"Bloodline"
Ian Sander
Melissa Blake & Joy Blake
October 31, 2008 (2008-10-31)
9.40[17]

A teenager dies while playing tennis with Ned and a friend, and her ghost starts haunting the girl. Mel finds out that the two girls used to be friends until their mothers stopped talking and one family moved away. After the discovery that the blood clot that killed Diana is a genetic condition, it is revealed that the girls were swapped at birth. The ghost tries to stop Melinda revealing the truth.

68
6
"Imaginary Friends and Enemies"
Eric Laneuville
Vivian Lee
November 7, 2008 (2008-11-07)
11.06[18]

Mel and Jim visit an old lodge with an old friend, her daughter and her new fiancé, and Melinda quickly realises that the little girl's imaginary friend is actually a ghost. The ghost seems obsessed with the girl's mother, and wants to play a game with her, but the game ends up hurting the mother. It is later revealed that the mother used to be friends with the ghost (when he was alive and after), and he is trying to warn her about someone, using a clues game they used to play. Melinda has to convince Tricia to play the game and work out the clues. Jim is shot.

69
7
"Threshold"
John Gray
John Gray
November 14, 2008 (2008-11-14)
11.57[19]

Jim meets his brother in the in-between state, but decides that he needs to stay behind to be with Mel, since she's not coping without him. She can't see him even though he's there, because her grief is strengthening the veil, but there is another ghost who wants her help, and she mistakes the signs as being from Jim. Eventually he gets through to her, and she tries to convince him to cross over, but he refuses. The other ghost is revealed to be the recently deceased stepdaughter of the man who shot Jim. At an accident, a man dies and goes into the light, and Jim steps into the body, despite Melinda's warning.

70
8
"Heart & Soul"
Ian Sander
Mark B. Perry & P.K. Simonds
November 21, 2008 (2008-11-21)
11.28[20]

Jim/Sam has no memory of being Jim and very little of being Sam, and Melinda tries to help, wanting the love of her life back. He visits Sam's family but eventually accepts Mel's offer to fix up her garage and live there whilst doing so. Delia doesn't believe Melinda about Jim's spirit stepping into Sam's body.

71
9
"Pieces of You"
Jim Chressanthis
Laurie McCarthy
December 5, 2008 (2008-12-05)
9.71[21]

Jim/Sam is concerned about what might be going on between him and Melinda, thinking they were having an affair, and she assures him she would never cheat on her husband. She starts to tell him about the whole Jim/Sam thing, but his reaction stops her. Delia believes Mel about Jim/Sam after seeing him waiting for Ned at the basketball court, and convinces him to stay. Meanwhile, Mel has to help the ghost of a little girl who is haunting a wishing well.

72
10
"Ball & Chain"
Eric Laneuville
Christina M. Kim & Jeannine Renshaw
December 19, 2008 (2008-12-19)
10.18[22]

Whilst doing work at a house, Jim/Sam hears a car backfire and remembers being shot, which he finds weird, but Mel sees it as a sign of Jim still being in there somewhere. Whilst searching for clues about who he is, he finds an engagement ring Sam was planning on giving his on/off girlfriend, bought a month before his accident. Mel has to unravel the mystery behind a ghost's death, since the ghost is convinced she didn't abandon her family.

73
11
"Life on the Line"
Eric Laneuville
Christina M. Kim & Jeannine Renshaw
January 9, 2009 (2009-01-09)
10.64[23]

Delia is selling a house and she and Mel find it odd that there are still so many family photos and personal effects everywhere. Ned finds the lawnmower and awakens a ghost, who resends an old 911 call made from the house. This leads Melinda to investigate, and she discovers that a 14-year-old boy was killed by the lawnmower there. She must uncover the truth behind the accident and get the family back together for the ghost to move on. Also, Sam remembers medical procedures, indicating that more of Jim's past is coming up. He also tries to find evidence of his fiancé in his personal effects including looking through his sent e-mails.

74
12
"This Joint's Haunted"
Mark Rosman
Mark B. Perry
January 16, 2009 (2009-01-16)
10.58[24]

Delia throws a dinner party for a couple of her high school friends and Eli who quickly hears a ghost about the place. Ned housesits for Mel whilst she goes on a road trip with Sam who is trying to find his fiancé in the hope that she can help with regaining his memory. Mel has to help a few ghosts along the way, all without revealing her abilities to Sam. The ghost in Delia's house is trying to stop her from being so hard on Ned because she blames her own parents for her death. Sam's fiancé comes to see him and finally believes him about the amnesia.

75
13
"Body of Water"
Jennifer Love Hewitt
P.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthy
January 23, 2009 (2009-01-23)
11.18[25]

A girl swims in a lake and is scared away. It is later discovered that there are many dead bodies in the lake and one of them is the girls' father. Mel and Eli have to figure out what happened to the bodies to stop the ghosts from being so angry and helping them move on, and it has something to do with the owner of the funeral home, who now has cancer and won't take his medication. Sam's fiancé Nikki ends up staying with Mel and spending a lot of time with Sam, which worries Delia, who urges Mel to fight for him. The Watchers return and warn Mel again, and she learns that they chose to stay earthbound to help the living. After his past life regression session with Eli, Sam remembers loving Mel, but he thinks he is remembering Nikki.
Note: This episode was Jennifer Love Hewitt's directorial debut.

76
14
"Slow Burn"
Steven Robman
Jeannine Renshaw
February 6, 2009 (2009-02-06)
11.41[26]

Delia asks Sam and Mel to help her chaperone Ned's school dance, and Mel sees a ghost trying to stop a girl leaving with an older boy. She quickly realises the ghost is the girls' mother, and must figure out why she doesn't want the two to be together, with very little help from the ghost herself. Delia and Eli help her. Sam asks her on a date and she accepts, but helping the ghost causes her to miss it, and leads Sam to think she's not ready to date after losing her husband.
Guest Star: Kendall Schmidt as Jeff

77
15
"Greek Tragedy"
Karen Gaviola
Christina M. Kim
February 13, 2009 (2009-02-13)
10.30[27]

A sorority at Rockland University 'hazes' new members with a brutal ritual, and one girl never returns the next day, which is a first. Mel plans a date with Sam and promises Delia no ghost business, but is unable to help herself when she sees a ghost with a bag over her head, immediately thinking it is the missing girl. Eli works with her to figure out how she died, but the ghost is not who they thought she was at all, she died forty years ago after trying to make amends for the horrible things she did as a sorority leader. Mel told Sam she was volunteering at the firehouse, and when he asks about her there he finds that she never signed in, but he sees on her TV at the Rescue mission. He asks her about it and she lies, making him suspicious.

78
16
"Ghost Busted"
John Behring
Mark B. Perry & P.K. Simonds
February 27, 2009 (2009-02-27)
11.54[28]

Melinda's neighbours hire a ghost hunter right when she was about to tell Sam about her gift, and after seeing his sceptical reaction, she holds off on telling him, despite Delia's urging otherwise. Eli hangs out with the ghost hunter and accidentally reveals his own gift, ending up thinking the ghost hunter is legit, and they incorrectly deduce that the ghost is the house's previous owner. Eli lies to Sam when he asks questions about Mel, and Delia tells him to keep an open mind. Mel works out who the ghost really is and helps him move on, finally tells Sam about her gift, and is crushed when he is sceptical.

79
17
"Delusions of Grandview"
Jefery Levy
Laurie McCarthy & Mark B. Perry
March 6, 2009 (2009-03-06)
11.09[29]

Sam wants to see Melinda doing her thing, and follows her to a school where he's been doing work. Mel quickly sees ghosts and works out that they are patients of the mental hospital that the school used to be. One ghost in particular needs her help, she was admitted to the hospital after supposedly drowning her baby. Sam goes into the tunnels with Melinda, and gets freaked out when she has a vision of how the ghost died, which involved electro-shock therapy. Delia and Eli work out that the ghost's doctor was a ghost himself, and she is trying to protect the children in the school from him. Mel finally tells Sam about him being Jim, and he refuses to believe it, instead thinking that Mel needs professional help.

80
18
"Leap of Faith"
Ian Sander
P.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthy
March 13, 2009 (2009-03-13)
10.58[30]

Sam moved out at Melinda's request, but he forgot something, so tries calling her to ask for it, but she won't answer his calls. Mel is scared by a break-in at her shop, especially when Dr Byrd's ghost shows up again. Eli goes to see the guy who broke in and discovers that he is another step-in (like what Jim did to Sam). Mel deduces that Dr Byrd is behind the step-in's, and works out that he wants another body for himself. Mel realises the other step-in is lost and confused somewhere in the tunnels and goes to find and help him, but the water valve has broken and the place is quickly filling with water. Byrd goes to get Eli and Sam is sceptical of his belief in a ghost he doesn't trust, but follows him down anyway. Since Eli can't swim, Sam goes to rescue Mel, and after his bag gets trapped on something, Jim's life flashes before his eyes.

81
19
"Thrilled to Death"
Gloria Muzio
Laurie McCarthy & Jeannine Renshaw
April 10, 2009 (2009-04-10)
10.08[31]

A young woman in Eli's apartment building is being haunted, but claims she doesn't know anyone who has died. Mel and Eli investigate together and figure out who the ghost is, and when they find out that Morgan was lying about knowing him, they wonder what else she's been lying about, and quickly discover that she is ill herself. Meanwhile, Jim misses his job and friends but realises that can't be his life anymore, and he eventually decides he wants to go to Med School. Mel and Eli realise there is much more to Morgan's story, and have to stop the ghost hurting her out of his anger at being lied to.
Guest Star: Hilary Duff as Morgan.

82
20
"Stage Fright"
Eric Laneuville
Mark B. Perry
April 24, 2009 (2009-04-24)
9.23[32]

A TV show is shooting in Grandview and wants to use Melinda's store. Mel, Delia, Jim and Eli go to a Promotional Event, and Mel and Eli quickly pick up that a ghost is haunting the writer of the show and the lead male actor, and is also involving a seemingly random girl in the audience. They discover that they were all in a play together and the ghost was shot on stage when the blank gun malfunctioned. Mel and Eli think he blames the other three for his death and Eli jumps to the conclusion that the ghost is trying to kill someone on the show. They have to unravel the truth behind what happened in the play all those years ago so the ghost can cross over. After an accident shooting a walk-on part, Jim takes Mel to the hospital and they get some great news.
Guest Star: Amelia Heinle as Brook Dennis.

83
21
"Cursed"
Kim Moses
Laurie McCarthy
May 1, 2009 (2009-05-01)
9.79[33]

A little girl comes into the store, searching for a very specific doll, and when the older girl (a cousin) explains that it is for a replica dollhouse of the house the older girl lived in with her family before they died, and that the dolls 'talk' to the little girl, Melinda suspects that the spirits of Emma's family are trapped in the dollhouse. She investigates until she finds out the truth behind their deaths, leading her to think that the little girls mother (and Emma's Aunt) killed the family for their money and wants to hurt Emma. Mel tells Delia she's pregnant, then discovers that she's lost her wedding bands. Jim proposes again.

84
22
"Endless Love"
Ian Sander
P.K. Simonds
May 8, 2009 (2009-05-08)
9.50[34]

Melinda is at Delia's when she realises that one of the girls in Ned's study group is being haunted. After a sleepwalking incident, Mel and Eli try to work out who the ghost is and what he wants. Eli's friend Zoe (who told him about Voodoo in the previous episode) recognises the hauntings as Vampire Myths, leading Mel to wonder if Serena knew the ghost, and whether she was into Vampires. When she tries to ask her about it, Serena ends up thinking Vampires are real, and is surprised when Mel reveals she was talking about a ghost. The ghost leads Serena to his crypt after she says she wants to see him, and Mel has to race against time to get there and get her out of the sealed crypt before all the oxygen runs out. Also, Mel and Jim plan their second wedding-with Jim as Sam.
Guest Star: Alexa Vega as Serena

85
23
"The Book of Changes"
John Gray
John Gray
May 15, 2009 (2009-05-15)
9.15[35]

Melinda's mother hires a wedding planner who completely ignores what the couple want. Someone breaks into the University Library and then Zoe's house, but is interrupted by Eli. The thief only stole one book- called 'The Book of Changes' by the Watchers. It has important dates in it, such as previous deaths and Melinda's due date, which is why Carl the Watcher tells Eli not to let Melinda see or touch the book. Because the collection it was hidden in is being bought, the Watchers are trying to protect it. Melinda keeps getting visions of a faceless girl holding the book and saying that Mel's future is in 'her' hands and that Mel can't save 'her'. Mel is scared for her unborn baby, especially when she learns that it will be able to do much more than her (with their gift). Jim and Mel have a quiet wedding on the street where they first met, with only Delia and Eli in attendance, and Jim calls it a renewal of everything they already had and have. Mel is told she has lots of white light around her-spirits protecting her, but if the balance slips, that could change. Eli becomes 'The Book of Changes' new caretaker.