document_title: So mote it be

question_text: where does so mote it be come from

question_tokens: where does so mote it be come from

root

text: So mote it be

text: "So mote it be" is a ritual phrase used by Freemasons, in Rosicrucianism, and more recently by Neopagans. It was also used by the old church, and ancient pagans,[citation needed] but is now adapted by Wiccans. It means "so may it be", "so it is required", or "so must it be", and may be said at the end of a prayer in a similar way to "amen". The phrase appears in the Halliwell or Regius Manuscript, the earliest known document relating to a society of Masons in England dating from the first half of the 15th Century.[1] " Amen! amen! so mot hyt be! Say we so all per charyté".[2]

tag: p

text: The phrase has been taken up by neopagans and they use it in a similar way in their ceremonies and rituals.[3]


document_title: Orion (constellation)

question_text: what are the names of the stars in orion

text: Orion (constellation)

text: History and mythology

text: The earliest depiction that has been linked to the constellation of Orion is a prehistoric (Aurignacian) mammoth ivory carving found in a cave in the Ach valley in West Germany in 1979. Archaeologists have estimated it to have been fashioned approximately 32,000 to 38,000 years ago.[2][3][4] The distinctive pattern of Orion has been recognized in numerous cultures around the world, and many myths have been associated with it. Orion has also been used as a symbol in the modern world.

text: Ancient Near East

text: The Babylonian star catalogues of the Late Bronze Age name Orion MULSIPA.ZI.AN.NA,[note 1] "The Heavenly Shepherd" or "True Shepherd of Anu" - Anu being the chief god of the heavenly realms.[5] The Babylonian constellation was sacred to Papshukal and Ninshubur, both minor gods fulfilling the role of 'messenger to the gods'. Papshukal was closely associated with the figure of a walking bird on Babylonian boundary stones, and on the star map the figure of the Rooster was located below and behind the figure of the True Shepherd—both constellations represent the herald of the gods, in his bird and human forms respectively.[6]

text: In ancient Egypt, the stars of Orion were regarded as a god, called Sah. Because Orion rises before Sirius, the star whose heliacal rising was the basis for the Solar Egyptian calendar, Sah was closely linked with Sopdet, the goddess who personified Sirius. The god Sopdu was said to be the son of Sah and Sopdet. Sah was syncretized with Osiris, while Sopdet was syncretized with Osiris' mythological wife, Isis. In the Pyramid Texts, from the 24th and 23rd centuries BC, Sah was one of many gods whose form the dead pharaoh was said to take in the afterlife.[7]

text: The Armenians identified their legendary patriarch and founder Hayk with Orion. Hayk is also the name of the Orion constellation in the Armenian translation of the Bible.[8]

text: The Bible mentions Orion three times, naming it "Kesil" (כסיל, literally - fool). Though, this name perhaps is etymologically connected with "Kislev", the name for the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar (i.e. November–December), which, in turn, may derive from the Hebrew root K-S-L as in the words "kesel, kisla" (כֵּסֶל, כִּסְלָה, hope, positiveness), i.e. hope for winter rains.: Job 9:9 ("He is the maker of the Bear and Orion"), Job 38:31 ("Can you loosen Orion's belt?"), and Amos 5:8 ("He who made the Pleiades and Orion").

text: In ancient Aram, the constellation was known as Nephîlā′, the Nephilim may have been Orion's descendants.[9]

text: Greco-Roman antiquity

text: Orion's current name derives from Greek mythology, in which Orion was a gigantic, supernaturally strong hunter of ancient times,[10] born to Euryale, a Gorgon, and Poseidon (Neptune), god of the sea in the Graeco-Roman tradition. One myth recounts Gaia's rage at Orion, who dared to say that he would kill every animal on the planet. The angry goddess tried to dispatch Orion with a scorpion. This is given as the reason that the constellations of Scorpius and Orion are never in the sky at the same time. However, Ophiuchus, the Serpent Bearer, revived Orion with an antidote. This is said to be the reason that the constellation of Ophiuchus stands midway between the Scorpion and the Hunter in the sky.[11]

text: The constellation is mentioned in Horace's Odes (Ode 3.27.18), Homer's Odyssey (Book 5, line 283) and Iliad, and Virgil's Aeneid (Book 1, line 535)

text: Middle East

text: In medieval Muslim astronomy, Orion was known as al-jabbar, "the giant".[12] Orion's sixth brightest star, Saiph, is named from the Arabic, saif al-jabbar, meaning "sword of the giant".[13]

text: Asian antiquity

text: In China, Orion was one of the 28 lunar mansions Sieu (Xiu) （宿）. It is known as Shen （參）, literally meaning "three", for the stars of Orion's Belt. (See Chinese constellations)

text: The Chinese character 參 (pinyin shēn) originally meant the constellation Orion (Chinese: 參宿; pinyin: shēnxiù); its Shang dynasty version, over three millennia old, contains at the top a representation of the three stars of Orion's belt atop a man's head (the bottom portion representing the sound of the word was added later).[14]

text: The Rig Veda refers to the Orion Constellation as Mriga (The Deer).[15] It is said that two bright stars in the front and two bright stars in the rear are The hunting dogs, the one comparatively less bright star in the middle and ahead of two front dogs is The hunter and three aligned bright stars are in the middle of all four hunting dogs is The Deer (The Mriga) and three little aligned but less brighter stars is The Baby Deer. The Mriga means Deer, locally known as Harnu in folk parlance. There are many folk songs narrating the Harnu. The Malay called Orion' Belt Bintang Tiga Beradik (the "Three Brother Star").[citation needed]

text: European folklore

text: In old Hungarian tradition, "Orion" is known as (magic) Archer (Íjász), or Reaper (Kaszás). In recently rediscovered myths, he is called Nimrod (Hungarian "Nimród"), the greatest hunter, father of the twins "Hunor" and "Magor". The "π" and "o" stars (on upper right) form together the reflex bow or the lifted scythe. In other Hungarian traditions, "Orion's belt" is known as "Judge's stick" (Bírópálca).[16]

text: In Scandinavian tradition, "Orion's belt" was known as Frigg's Distaff (friggerock) or Freyja's distaff.[17]

text: The Finns call the Orion's belt and the stars below it as Väinämöisen viikate (Väinämöinen's scythe).[18] Another name for the asterism of Alnilam, Alnitak and Mintaka is Väinämöisen vyö (Väinämöinen's Belt) and the stars "hanging" from the belt as Kalevanmiekka (Kaleva's sword).

text: In Siberia, the Chukchi people see Orion as a hunter; an arrow he has shot is represented by Aldebaran (Alpha Tauri), with the same figure as other Western depictions.[19]

text: Americas

text: The Seri people of northwestern Mexico call the three stars in the belt of Orion Hapj (a name denoting a hunter) which consists of three stars: Hap (mule deer), Haamoja (pronghorn), and Mojet (bighorn sheep). Hap is in the middle and has been shot by the hunter; its blood has dripped onto Tiburón Island.[20]

text: The same three stars are known in Spain and most of Latin America as "Las tres Marías" (Spanish for "The Three Marys"). In Puerto Rico, the three stars are known as the "Los Tres Reyes Magos" (Spanish for The three Wise Men).[21]

text: The Ojibwa (Chippewa) Native Americans call this constellation Kabibona'kan, the Winter Maker, as its presence in the night sky heralds winter.[citation needed]

text: To the Lakota Native Americans, Tayamnicankhu (Orion’s Belt) is the spine of a bison. The great rectangle of Orion are the bison's ribs; the Pleiades star cluster in nearby Taurus is the bison’s head; and Sirius in Canis Major, known as Tayamnisinte, is its tail. Another Lakota myth mentions that the bottom half of Orion, the Constellation of the Hand, represented the arm of a chief that was ripped off by the Thunder People as a punishment from the gods for his selfishness. His daughter offered to marry the person who can retrieve his arm from the sky, so the young warrior Fallen Star (whose father was a star and whose mother was human) returned his arm and married his daughter, symbolizing harmony between the gods and humanity with the help of the younger generation. The index finger is represented by Rigel; the Orion Nebula is the thumb; the Belt of Orion is the wrist; and the star Beta Eridani is the pinky finger.[22]

text: Contemporary symbolism

text: The imagery of the belt and sword has found its way into popular western culture, for example in the form of the shoulder insignia of the 27th Infantry Division of the United States Army during both World Wars, probably owing to a pun on the name of the division's first commander, Major General John F. O'Ryan.[citation needed]

text: The defunct film distribution company Orion Pictures used the constellation as its logo.[23]

text: In fiction

text: In J. R. R. Tolkien's mythology surrounding Middle-earth, Orion is known as Menelvagor, which is Sindarin for "The Swordsman of the Sky".[24]

text: In the movie Blade Runner, the dying replicant Roy Batty introspectively delivers his "Tears in Rain" soliloquy: "I've seen things you people wouldn't believe. Attack ships on fire off the shoulder of Orion. I watched C-beams glitter in the dark near the Tannhäuser Gate. All those moments will be lost in time, like tears in rain. Time to die."

text: In the sci-fi comedy Men In Black, the last words of a dying alien disguised as a human were 'To prevent war, the Galaxy is on Orion's belt'. It was later revealed that 'Orion's belt' referred to the collar of a cat named 'Orion'.

text: In the sci-fi television series Haven, the Orionid meteor shower is known as the Hunter Meteor Shower. It comes to Haven once every twenty-seven years when the Barn, a space between two worlds, comes to take the mysterious woman away. When the Barn leaves, the Hunter passes safely overhead and The Troubles end, making the town of Haven a haven for the Troubled again.

text: Depictions

text: In artistic renderings, the surrounding constellations are sometimes related to Orion: he is depicted standing next to the river Eridanus with his two hunting dogs Canis Major and Canis Minor, fighting Taurus. He is sometimes depicted hunting Lepus the hare. He sometimes is depicted to have a lion's hide in his hand.

text: There are alternative ways to visualise Orion. From the Southern Hemisphere, Orion is oriented south-upward, and the belt and sword are sometimes called the saucepan or pot in Australia and New Zealand. Orion's Belt is called Drie Konings (Three Kings) or the Drie Susters (Three Sisters) by Afrikaans speakers in South Africa[25] and are referred to as les Trois Rois (the Three Kings) in Daudet's Lettres de Mon Moulin (1866). The appellation Driekoningen (the Three Kings) is also often found in 17th- and 18th-century Dutch star charts and seaman's guides. The same three stars are known in Spain, Latin America, and the Philippines as "Las Tres Marías" (The Three Marys), and as "Los Tres Reyes Magos" (The three Wise Men) in Puerto Rico.[21]

text: Even traditional depictions of Orion have varied greatly. Cicero drew Orion in a similar fashion to the modern depiction. The Hunter held an unidentified animal skin aloft in his right hand; his hand was represented by Omicron2 Orionis and the skin was represented by the 5 stars designated Pi Orionis. Kappa and Beta Orionis represented his left and right knees, while Eta and Lambda Leporis were his left and right feet, respectively. As in the modern depiction, Delta, Epsilon, and Zeta represented his belt. His left shoulder was represented by Alpha Orionis, and Mu Orionis made up his left arm. Lambda Orionis was his head and Gamma, his right shoulder. The depiction of Hyginus was similar to that of Cicero, though the two differed in a few important areas. Cicero's animal skin became Hyginus's shield (Omicron and Pi Orionis), and instead of an arm marked out by Mu Orionis, he holds a club (Chi Orionis). His right leg is represented by Theta Orionis and his left leg is represented by Lambda, Mu, and Epsilon Leporis. Further Western European and Arabic depictions have followed these two models.[19]

text: Characteristics

text: Orion is bordered by Taurus to the northwest, Eridanus to the southwest, Lepus to the south, Monoceros to the east, and Gemini to the northeast. Covering 594 square degrees, Orion ranks twenty-sixth of the 88 constellations in size. The constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 26 sides. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 04h 43.3m and 06h 25.5m, while the declination coordinates are between 22.87° and −10.97°.[26] The constellation's three-letter abbreviation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is "Ori".[27]

text: Orion is most visible in the evening sky from January to March,[28] winter in the Northern Hemisphere, and summer in the Southern Hemisphere. In the tropics (less than about 8° from the equator), the constellation transits at the zenith.

text: In the period May–July (summer in the Northern Hemisphere, winter in the Southern Hemisphere), Orion is in the daytime sky and thus not visible at most latitudes. However, for much of Antarctica in the Southern Hemisphere's winter months, the Sun is below the horizon even at midday. Stars (and thus Orion) are then visible at twilight for a few hours around local noon, low in the North. At the same time of day at the South Pole itself (Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station), Rigel is only 8° above the horizon, and the Belt sweeps just along it. In the Southern Hemisphere's summer months, when Orion is normally visible in the night sky, the constellation is actually not visible in Antarctica because the sun does not set at that time of year south of the Antarctic Circle.[29][30]

text: In countries close to the equator (e.g. Kenya, Indonesia, Colombia, Ecuador), Orion appears overhead in December around midnight and in the February evening sky.

text: Navigational aid

text: Orion is very useful as an aid to locating other stars. By extending the line of the Belt southeastward, Sirius (α CMa) can be found; northwestward, Aldebaran (α Tau). A line eastward across the two shoulders indicates the direction of Procyon (α CMi). A line from Rigel through Betelgeuse points to Castor and Pollux (α Gem and β Gem). Additionally, Rigel is part of the Winter Circle asterism. Sirius and Procyon, which may be located from Orion by following imaginary lines (see map), also are points in both the Winter Triangle and the Circle.[31]

text: Features

text: Orion's seven brightest stars form a distinctive hourglass-shaped asterism, or pattern, in the night sky. Four stars—Rigel, Betelgeuse, Bellatrix and Saiph—form a large roughly rectangular shape, in the centre of which lie the three stars of Orion's Belt—Alnitak, Alnilam and Mintaka. Coincidentally, these seven stars are among the most distant that can easily be seen with the naked eye. Descending from the 'belt' is a smaller line of three stars (the middle of which is in fact not a star but the Orion Nebula), known as the hunter's 'sword'.

text: Many of the stars are luminous hot blue supergiants, with the stars of the belt and sword forming the Orion OB1 Association. Standing out by its red hue, Betelgeuse may nevertheless be a runaway member of the same group.

text: Stars

text:
Betelgeuse, alternatively by its Bayer designation Alpha Orionis, is a massive M-type red supergiant star nearing the end of its life. When it explodes it will even be visible during the day. It is the second brightest star in Orion, and is a semiregular variable star.[32] It serves as the "right shoulder" of the hunter it represents (assuming that he is facing the observer), and is the eighth brightest star in the night sky.[33]
Rigel, also known as Beta Orionis, is a B-type blue supergiant that is the sixth brightest star in the night sky. Similar to Betelgeuse, Rigel is fusing heavy elements in its core and will pass its supergiant stage soon (on an astronomical timescale), either collapsing in the case of a supernova or shedding its outer layers and turning into a white dwarf. It serves as the left foot of Orion, the hunter.[34]
Bellatrix was designated Gamma Orionis by Johann Bayer, but is known colloquially as the "Amazon Star". It is the twenty-seventh brightest star in the night sky.[35] Bellatrix is considered a B-type blue giant, though it is too small to explode in a supernova. Bellatrix's luminosity is derived from its high temperature rather than its radius,[36] a factor that defines Betelgeuse.[32] Bellatrix serves as Orion's left shoulder.[36]
Mintaka garnered the name Delta Orionis from Bayer, even though it is the faintest of the three stars in Orion's Belt.[37] Its name means "the belt".[31] It is a multiple star system, composed of a large B-type blue giant and a more massive O-type main-sequence star. The Mintaka system constitutes an eclipsing binary variable star, where the eclipse of one star over the other creates a dip in brightness. Mintaka is the westernmost of the three stars of Orion's Belt,[37] as well as the northernmost.[31]

tag: ul

text:
Alnilam is designated Epsilon Orionis, a consequence of Bayer's wish to name the three stars in Orion's Belt (from north to south) in alphabetical order.[38] Also called Al Nathin, Alnilam is named for the Arabic phrase meaning "string of pearls".[31] Alnilam is a B-type blue supergiant; despite being nearly twice as far from the Sun as Mintaka and Alnitak, the other two belt stars, its luminosity makes it nearly equal in magnitude. Alnilam is losing mass quickly, a consequence of its size; it is approximately four million years old.[38]
Alnitak, meaning "the girdle",[31] was designated Zeta Orionis by Bayer, and is the easternmost star in Orion's Belt. It is a triple star some 800 light years distant, with the primary star being a hot blue supergiant and the brightest class O star in the night sky.
Saiph was designated Kappa Orionis by Bayer, and serves as Orion's right foot. It is of a similar distance and size to Rigel, but appears much fainter, as its hot surface temperature (46,000 °F / 26,000 °C) causes it to emit most of its light in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum.

text: Of the lesser stars, Meissa (or Lambda Orionis) forms Orion's head, whilst Hatsya (or Iota Orionis) forms the tip of Orion's sword. Iota Orionis is also called Nair al-Saif, Arabic for "the brightest in the sword".[31]

text:
Proper
name
Apparent
magnitude
Approx. distance
(Light years)
Radius
(R☉)

Betelgeuse
0.0 - 1.3
643
887

Rigel
0.05 - 0.18
860
78.9

Bellatrix
1.659 - 1.64
250
5.75

Mintaka
2.23 (3.2/3.3)
1,200
16.5

Alnilam
1.64 - 1.74
2,000
42

Alnitak
1.77 (2.08/4.28/4.01)
1,260
20

Saiph
2.09
650
22.2

tag: table

text: Belt

text: Orion's Belt or The Belt of Orion is an asterism within the constellation. It consists of the three bright stars Zeta (Alnitak), Epsilon (Alnilam), and Delta (Mintaka). Alnitak is around 800 light years away from earth and is 100,000 times more luminous than the Sun; much of its radiation is in the ultraviolet range, which the human eye cannot see.[39] Alnilam is approximately 1340 light years away from Earth, shines with magnitude 1.70, and with ultraviolet light is 375,000 times more luminous than the Sun.[38] Mintaka is 915 light years away and shines with magnitude 2.21. It is 90,000 times more luminous than the Sun and is a double star: the two orbit each other every 5.73 days.[37] Looking for Orion's Belt in the night sky is the easiest way to locate the constellation. In the Northern Hemisphere, Orion's Belt is best visible in the night sky during the month of January around 9:00 pm, when it is approximately around the local meridian.[1]

text: Just southwest of Alnitak lies Sigma Orionis, a multiple star system composed of five stars that have a combined apparent magnitude of 3.7 and lying 1150 light years distant. Southwest of Mintaka lies the quadruple star Eta Orionis.

text: Head

text: Three stars compose a small triangle that marks the head. The apex is marked by Meissa (Lambda Orionis), a hot blue giant of spectral type O8 III and apparent magnitude 3.54, which lies some 1100 light years distant. Phi-1 and Phi-2 Orionis make up the base. Also nearby is the very young star FU Orionis.

text: Club

text: Stretching north from Betelgeuse are the stars that make up Orion's club. Mu Orionis marks the elbow, Nu and Xi mark the handle of the club, and Chi1 and Chi2 mark the end of the club. Just east of Chi1 is the Mira-type variable red giant U Orionis.

text: Shield

text: West from Bellatrix lie six stars all designated Pi Orionis (π1 Ori, π2 Ori, π3 Ori, π4 Ori, π5 Ori and π6 Ori) which make up Orion's shield.

text: Meteor showers

text: Around 20 October each year the Orionid meteor shower (Orionids) reaches its peak. Coming from the border with the constellation Gemini as many as 20 meteors per hour can be seen. The shower's parent body is Halley's Comet.[40]

text: Deep-sky objects

text: Hanging from Orion's belt is his sword, consisting of the multiple stars θ1 and θ2 Orionis, called the Trapezium and the Orion Nebula (M42). This is a spectacular object that can be clearly identified with the naked eye as something other than a star. Using binoculars, its clouds of nascent stars, luminous gas, and dust can be observed. The Trapezium cluster has many newborn stars, including several brown dwarfs, all of which are at an approximate distance of 1,500 light-years. Named for the four bright stars that form a trapezoid, it is largely illuminated by the brightest stars, which are only a few hundred thousand years old. Observations by the Chandra X-ray Observatory show both the extreme temperatures of the main stars—up to 60,000 kelvins—and the star forming regions still extant in the surrounding nebula.[41]

text: M78 (NGC 2068) is a nebula in Orion. With an overall magnitude of 8.0, it is significantly dimmer than the Great Orion Nebula that lies to its south; however, it is at approximately the same distance, at 1600 light-years from Earth. It can easily be mistaken for a comet in the eyepiece of a telescope. M78 is associated with the variable star V351 Orionis, whose magnitude changes are visible in very short periods of time.[42] Another fairly bright nebula in Orion is NGC 1999, also close to the Great Orion Nebula. It has an integrated magnitude of 10.5 and is 1500 light-years from Earth. The variable star V380 Orionis is embedded in NGC 1999.[43]

text: Another famous nebula is IC 434, the Horsehead Nebula, near ζ Orionis. It contains a dark dust cloud whose shape gives the nebula its name.

text: NGC 2174 is an emission nebula located 6400 light-years from Earth.

text: Besides these nebulae, surveying Orion with a small telescope will reveal a wealth of interesting deep-sky objects, including M43, M78, as well as multiple stars including Iota Orionis and Sigma Orionis. A larger telescope may reveal objects such as Barnard's Loop and the Flame Nebula (NGC 2024), as well as fainter and tighter multiple stars and nebulae.

text: All of these nebulae are part of the larger Orion Molecular Cloud Complex, which is located approximately 1,500 light-years away and is hundreds of light-years across. It is one of the most intense regions of stellar formation visible within our galaxy.

text: Future

text: Orion is located on the celestial equator, but it will not always be so located due to the effects of precession of the Earth's axis. Orion lies well south of the ecliptic, and it only happens to lie on the celestial equator because the point on the ecliptic that corresponds to the June solstice is close to the border of Gemini and Taurus, to the north of Orion. Precession will eventually carry Orion further south, and by AD 14000 Orion will be far enough south that it will become invisible from the latitude of Great Britain.[44]

text: Further in the future, Orion's stars will gradually move away from the constellation due to proper motion. However, Orion's brightest stars all lie at a large distance from the Earth on an astronomical scale—much farther away than Sirius, for example. Orion will still be recognizable long after most of the other constellations—composed of relatively nearby stars—have distorted into new configurations, with the exception of a few of its stars eventually exploding as supernovae, for example Betelgeuse, which is predicted to explode sometime in the next million years.[45]


document_title: Game Night (film)

question_text: who plays brooks in the movie game night

text: Game Night (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Married competitive gamer couple Max (Jason Bateman) and Annie (Rachel McAdams) are trying to have a child, but their attempts are unsuccessful due to Max's stress surrounding his feelings of inadequacy when compared to his successful, attractive brother Brooks (Kyle Chandler). During Max and Annie's routine weekend game night with their friends Ryan (Billy Magnussen), and married couple Kevin (Lamorne Morris) and Michelle (Kylie Bunbury), Brooks shows up Max by arriving in a Corvette Stingray (Max's dream car) and sharing an embarrassing childhood story about Max. Brooks offers to host the next game night at a house he's renting while he's in town. Meanwhile, Max and Annie are trying to keep their game nights secret from their neighbor Gary (Jesse Plemons), an awkward police officer after his divorce from their friend Debbie.

text: When the guests, including Ryan's new date, Sarah (Sharon Horgan), arrive at Brooks' house the following week, Brooks says he's initiated an interactive role-playing mystery game, promising the winner his Stingray. A man dressed as an FBI agent (Jeffrey Wright) bursts into the home and informs them of the narrative of the mystery, only for two masked men to break in and assault him and Brooks. The guests believe the assault is part of the game. After Brooks is dragged out of the house, the couples begin to solve the mystery using the clues left behind by the actor.

text: Using his GPS location, Max and Annie track Brooks down to a seedy bar and, using a pistol left behind by Brooks during the struggle (which they believe to be fake), manage to take the keys to the storage closet, where Brooks is being held. After Annie mistakenly fires the gun and shoots Max in the arm, confirming the weapon is real and that they are in actual danger, the three escape. Brooks admits that he actually makes his living buying and selling illegal items on the black market, in particular a Fabergé egg sought by a man known only as the Bulgarian and owned by a man using the alias Marlon Freeman. With his captors in pursuit, Brooks exits the moving car to guarantee Max and Annie's escape.

text: Eventually, the others learn what they've become involved in, avoiding police because of Brooks' warnings. Trying to determine the identities of the Bulgarian (Michael C. Hall) and Marlon Freeman (Danny Huston), they show up at Gary's house, under the false pretense of a game night, in order to use his police computer, where Max discovers the address of Marlon Freeman (real name: Donald Anderton). The group leaves Gary's house and arrives at Anderton's address, where he is hosting an underground fight club. As the others search the house, Ryan spots the egg in a wall safe and is caught trying to steal it. The group escapes with the egg, but accidentally break it. They discover the egg is a worthless fake, but end up finding a list of names that was stored inside of it, realizing this was what the Bulgarian wanted.

text: The group finds Brooks and his captors on an under-construction bridge and move in to rescue him. Before the captors are able to kill them, the group is saved by Gary, who is then shot in the chest. Max and Annie try to encourage him to pull through by promising to invite him to every future game night. Gary then reveals that he faked the entire scenario in an attempt to trick them into letting him join game night again. He is, however, unaware about the egg, and they are immediately attacked by the real Bulgarian, who captures Brooks after he swallows the list, revealed to be people in the witness protection program. Max and Annie use Brooks' Corvette to drive to the airport and stop the Bulgarian from taking off with Brooks in his jet. They knock the Bulgarian out, tie him up, and free Brooks.

text: Three months later, Brooks, now under house arrest for his crimes, has managed to sell the list for $3 million. Meanwhile, Annie has finally become pregnant. While the group (including an inept Gary) are continuing their game night, men with guns get ready to storm the building.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jason Bateman as Max Davis, Annie's husband.
Rachel McAdams as Annie Davis, Max's wife.
Kyle Chandler as Brooks Davis, Max's brother
Billy Magnussen as Ryan, one of Max, Annie friends.
Sharon Horgan as Sarah, Ryan's love interest
Lamorne Morris as Kevin, Michelle's husband.
Kylie Bunbury as Michelle, Kevin's wife.
Jesse Plemons as Gary Kingsbury, Max and Annie's neighbor.
Michael C. Hall as The Bulgarian
Danny Huston as Donald Anderton
Chelsea Peretti as Glenda
Camille Chen as Dr. Chin
Zerrick Williams as Val
Joshua Mikel as Colin
Michael Cyril Creighton as Bill
Olivia as Bastian, Gary Kingsbury’s dog

text: Additionally, the film's directors John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein cameo as Carter and Dan, respectively. Malcolm Hughes appears as Kenny (credited as "Not Denzel"), while Jessica Lee appears as Debbie, Gary's ex-wife. Jeffrey Wright makes an uncredited cameo as an actor playing an FBI Agent.

text: Production[edit]

text: On May 24, 2016, Warner Bros.' New Line Cinema hired Jonathan Goldstein and John Francis Daley to rewrite and direct the film Game Night, which Jason Bateman produced through Aggregate Films.[3] While Daley and Goldstein did not receive screenwriter credit, they later said they rewrote "almost all of the original script’s dialogue, totally overhauled the characters — most notably a creepy cop portrayed by Jesse Plemons — and comprehensively reworked the original script’s third act."[4]

text: In January 2017, Rachel McAdams, Bateman, and Jesse Plemons were cast in the film's lead roles.[5][6] In February 2017, Kylie Bunbury joined the cast, while in March, Lamorne Morris, Billy Magnussen, Kyle Chandler, and Sharon Horgan were also added.[7][8][9][10][11] In April 2017, Jeffrey Wright was cast in the film as an FBI agent, a role he ultimately played uncredited.[12]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began in early April 2017 in Atlanta, Georgia.[13][14]

text: Release[edit]

text: Warner Bros. Pictures had originally scheduled Game Night for release on February 14, 2018.[15] The date was later pushed back to March 2, 2018, before being moved up to February 23, 2018.[16]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  May 28, 2018[update], Game Night has grossed $68.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $47.4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $116.3 million, against a production budget of $37 million.[2]

text: In the United States and Canada, Game Night was released alongside Annihilation and Every Day, and was projected to gross $13–21 million from 3,488 theaters in its opening weekend.[17] The film made $5.6 million on its first day (including $1 million from Thursday night previews). It ended up grossing $16.6 million over the weekend, finishing second, behind holdover Black Panther.[18] The film dropped 38.8% in its second weekend to $10.4 million (above average for a comedy), and finished 4th, behind Black Panther and newcomers Red Sparrow and Death Wish.[19] It made $7.9 million in its third weekend,[20] $5.6 million in its fourth[21] and $4.1 million in its fifth.[22]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 83%, based on 194 reviews, with a weighted average of 6.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "With a talented cast turned loose on a loaded premise — and a sharp script loaded with dark comedy and unexpected twists — Game Night might be more fun than the real thing."[23] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has an average score of 66 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[24] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 78% overall positive score.[18]

text: Alonso Duralde of TheWrap praised the cast, writing "Fast and funny, filled with memorable characters, and able to balance slapstick and violence without spilling too far in either direction, this frenetic R-rated farce is that rare comic gem that lands on all the spaces without ever going to jail."[25] Writing for Variety, Owen Gleiberman gave the film a positive review, saying "Even at 100 minutes, Game Night pushes its premise to the wall of synthetic escapism. Yet the movie manipulates its audience in cunning and puckish ways. It's no big whoop, but you're happy to have been played."[26]


document_title: Benny Beaver

question_text: what is the mascot of oregon state university

text: Benny Beaver

text:
Benny Beaver

Benny (Patrick H.) with former Oregon State Marching Band director Brad Townsend

University
Oregon State University

Conference
Pac-12

Description
Beaver: Aquatic mammal

Origin of name
Abundance in territory

First seen
1942

Related mascot(s)
Bernice Beaver

text: Benny Beaver is the official mascot of Oregon State University and winner of the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write-in campaign. The exact date of when the name was first used as the university's mascot is not known, but photographs in the school's yearbook document its use as early as the 1940s.

text: Mascot history[edit]

text: The university's school newspaper is the first known organization on campus to adopt the beaver as its namesake and did so as early as 1908.[1] The school yearbook's long use of the name, known as "The Beaver" starting in 1916, eventually helped solidify the beaver as the university's official mascot.[2] The popularity of the beaver was also shared by students at University of Oregon. For several early publishings, students at this school also used "The Beaver" as their yearbook's title.[3]

text: Oregon State University's first documented use of "Benny Beaver" was found in a photograph showing students posing next to a statue of a beaver inscribed with the name "Benny Beaver." The photograph appears in the 1942 edition of the yearbook.[4]

text: Prior to the beaver, Oregon State's mascot was an individual known as John Richard Newton Bell (1893–1928). A longtime member of the university's board of regents, Bell became hugely popular among the students for his ritual of marching to the Marys River after each of Oregon State's Civil War victories. He was said to have tossed his top hat into the water as a token of celebration. Earlier mascots include "Jimmie" the Coyote (1892–1893) and "Bulldog" (1906–1910, unofficial and for specific teams only, such as the Wrestling squad). The beaver mascot's name, "Benny," was officially adopted in 1945. Two failed attempts to maintain a live beaver mascot include Bevo Beaver (rescued from Mary's River in 1921 and later stolen[5] ) and Billy Beaver (made mascot in 1935, and later fell ill and died).

text: The early Benny Beaver "cartoon" icon/logo was created by famous graphic illustrator, and former Disney employee, Arthur C. Evans. As the art director for Angelus Pacific Company,[6] Evans submitted his design to OSU and it was approved for use in 1951. His logos were used at hundreds of other universities and high schools throughout the nation. Evans' beaver logo also appeared in the 1985 movie "Teen Wolf."

text: A beaver statue was carted around the stadium and in parades in the 1940s, patterned after an earlier bronze statue, went by the name "Benny." The 1941 yearbook shows the statue with the caption "Bill Beaver" while a 1942 yearbook photo of the same beaver statue gives it the name "Benny Beaver". After the statue's demise, the name stuck with "The Gnawed Log," a sports column in the student newspaper the Daily Barometer.

text: The first live appearance during an athletic event by a mascot named "Benny", was September 18, 1952 and performed by Ken Austin.[7] Austin later founded Newberg, Oregon-based A-dec, the largest privately held dental equipment manufacturer in North America. Austin is now a major Oregon State donor.[8]

text: Between the early 1980s and mid-1990s, Benny was often joined at sporting events by a co-mascot, known as "Bernice Beaver."

text: In 1998 No Dinx, a graphic design shop in Albany, Oregon, redesigned the logo for the first time in nearly 50 years (shown below).

text: In March 2013, working together with Nike, Oregon State University unveiled the latest, newly redesigned version, of the Benny Beaver logo. The new logo replaced the No Dinx design.[9] The Benny Beaver costume also changed to match the new logo in 2001. Benny wears #0 at football games and #0 at basketball games. Past numbers have included #100 (football) and #6 (basketball).

text: In December 2010, Benny Beaver was ranked 13th on a list titled 20 Worst Behaved Mascots Of All Time.[10] Despite the bad press, Benny Beaver won the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write-in campaign, earning the mascot program $1000 and inclusion in the following year's Capital One All-America Mascot Team.[11]

text: Other universities and colleges with a beaver mascot[edit]

text:
Babson College -Wellesley, Massachusetts
Bemidji State University -Bemidji, Minnesota
Blackburn College -Carlinville, Illinois
Bluffton College -Bluffton, Ohio
Buena Vista University -Storm Lake, Iowa
California Institute of Technology (Caltech) -Pasadena, California
Champlain College -Burlington, Vermont
City College of New York -New York, New York
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) -Cambridge, Massachusetts
Minot State University -Minot, North Dakota
University of Maine at Farmington -Farmington, Maine
University of Toronto -Toronto, Ontario, Canada


document_title: Municipal governance in India

question_text: who introduced the system of local boards or local bodies in india

text: Municipal governance in India

text: History

text: According to the 1991 Census of India, there were 3255 urban local bodies (ULBs) in the country; classified into the four major categories of:

text:
Municipal corporation (Nagar Nigam)
Municipality (municipal council, municipal board, municipal committee) (Nagar Parishad)
Town area committee
Notified area committee

tag: ol

text: The municipal corporations and municipalities are fully representative bodies, while the notified area committees and town area committees are either fully or partially nominated bodies.

text: As per the Constitution of India, 74th Amendment Act of 1992, the latter two categories of towns are to be designated as municipalities or nagar panchayats with elected bodies.[2] Until the amendments in state municipal legislations, which were mostly made in 1994, municipal authorities were organised on an ultra vires (beyond the authority) basis and the state governments were free to extend or control the functional sphere through executive decisions without an amendment to the legislative provisions.

text: After the 74th Amendment was enacted there are only three categories of urban local bodies:

text:
Mahanagar nigam (municipal corporation)
Nagar palika (municipality)
Nagar panchayat (notified area council, city council)

text: This article provides that there be a nagar panchayat for transitional areas i.e. an area in transition from rural to urban, a municipality for a smaller urban area, and a municipal corporation for a larger urban area.[3] Article 243Q of the 74th Amendment requires that municipal areas shall be declared having regard to the population of the area, the density of population therein, the revenue generated for local administration, the percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities, the economic importance or such other factors as may be specified by the state government by public notification for this purpose.

text: Among all urban local governments, municipal corporations enjoy a greater degree of fiscal autonomy and functions although the specific fiscal and functional powers vary across the states, these local governments have larger populations, a more diversified economic base, and deal with the state governments directly. On the other hand, municipalities have less autonomy, smaller jurisdictions and have to deal with the state governments through the Directorate of Municipalities or through the collector of a district. These local bodies are subject to detailed supervisory control and guidance by the state governments.

text: Responsibilities of urban local bodies

text: The municipal bodies of India are vested with a long list of functions delegated to them by the state governments under the municipal legislation. These functions broadly relate to public health, welfare, regulatory functions, public safety, public infrastructure works, and development activities.

text: Public health includes water supply, sewerage and sanitation, eradication of communicable diseases etc.; welfare includes public facilities such as education, recreation, etc.; regulatory functions related to prescribing and enforcing building regulations, encroachments on public land, birth registration and death certificate, etc.; public safety includes fire protection, street lighting, etc.; public works measures such as construction and maintenance of inner city roads, etc.; and development functions related to town planning and development of commercial markets. In addition to the legally assigned functions, the sectoral departments of the state government often assign unilaterally, and on an agency basis, various functions such as family planning, nutrition and slum improvement, disease and epidemic control, etc.

text: The Twelfth Schedule of Constitution (Article 243 w) provides an illustrative list of eighteen functions, that may be entrusted to the municipalities.[4]

text: Besides the traditional core functions of municipalities, it also includes development functions like planning for economic development and social justice, urban poverty alleviation programs and promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects. However, conformity legislation enacted by the state governments indicate wide variations in this regard. Whereas Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Manipur, Punjab and Rajasthan have included all the functions as enlisted in the Twelfth Schedule in their amended state municipal laws, Andhra Pradesh has not made any changes in the existing list of municipal functions. Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal states have amended their municipal laws to add additional functions in the list of municipal functions as suggested in the twelfth schedule.

text: There is a lot of difference in the assignment of obligatory and discretionary functions to the municipal bodies among the states. Whereas functions like planning for the social and economic development, urban forestry and protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects are obligatory functions for the municipalities of Maharashtra, in Karnataka these are discretionary functions.

text: Provision of water supply and sewerage in several states has either been taken over by the state governments or transferred to state agencies. For example, in Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, water supply and sewerage works are being carried out by the state level Public Health Engineering Department or Water Supply and Sewerage Boards, while liability for repayment of loans and maintenance are with the municipalities. Besides these state level agencies, City Improvement Trusts and Urban Development Authorities, like Delhi Development Authority (DDA), have been set up in a number of cities. These agencies usually undertake land acquisition and development works, and take up remunerative projects such as markets and commercial complexes, etc. The Municipal bodies in most cases have been left only with the functions of garbage collection, garbage disposal, street lighting, construction and maintenance of roads, etc.

text: In terms of fiscal federalism, functions whose benefits largely confine to municipal jurisdictions and may be termed as the essentially municipal functions. Similarly, functions that involve substantial economics of scale or are of national interest may not be assigned to small local bodies. For valid reasons, certain functions of higher authorities are appropriate to be entrusted with the Municipalities – as if under principal-agent contracts and may be called agency functions that need to be financed by intergovernmental revenues. Thus instead of continuing the traditional distinction between obligatory and discretionary functions the municipal responsibilities may be grouped into essentially municipal, joint and agency functions.

text: Suggested municipal functions

text: The suggested functions to municipal corporations, municipalities and nagar panchayats are listed in the table below.[5]

text:
Essentially Municipal Functions
Municipal Corporation
Municipal Council
Nagar Panchayat

Urban planning including town planning
Yes
Yes
Yes

Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings
Yes
Yes
Yes

Planning for economic and social development
Yes
Yes
Yes

Roads and bridges
Yes
Yes
Yes

Water supply domestic, Industrial and commercial purposes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management
Yes
Yes
Yes

Fire services
Yes
Yes
No

Urban forestry
Yes
Yes
Yes

Preventive Health Care
Yes
Yes
Yes

Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds
Yes
Yes
Yes

Burials and burial grounds, cremations, cremation ghats/grounds and electric crematoria
Yes
Yes
Yes

Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animals
Yes
Yes
Yes

Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths
Yes
Yes
Yes

Street lighting
Yes
No
Yes

Parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences
Yes
Yes
Yes

Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries
Yes
Yes
Yes

Slum improvement and up gradation
Yes
Yes
Yes

Agency Functions

Protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects
Yes
Yes
Yes

Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and the mentally retarded
Yes
Yes
Yes

Urban poverty alleviation
Yes
Yes
Yes

Promotion of cultural, education and aesthetic aspects
Yes
Yes
Yes

Primary Education
Yes
Yes
Yes

Primary Health Care
Yes
Yes
Yes

text: Municipal Corporation (Nagar Nigam/Mahanagar Palika)

text: Nagar Nigam a.k.a. Mahanagar Palika or by some other names in different states(translated in english as Municipal Corporation) in India are state government formed departments that works for the development of a metropolitan city, which has a population of more than 1 million. The growing population and urbanisation in various cities of India were in need of a local governing body that can work for providing necessary community services like health centres, educational institutes and housing and property tax.

text: They are formed under the Corporations Act of 1835 of panchayati raj system which mainly deals in providing essential services in every small town as well as village of a district/city. Their elections are held once in five year and the people choose the candidates. The largest corporations are in the eight metropolitan cities of India, namely Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Pune. These cities not only have a large population, but are also the administrative as well as commercial centres of the country.

text: Municipality (Nagar Palika)

text: In India, a Nagar Palika or Municipality or is an urban local body that administers a city of population 100,000 but less than 1,000,000. However, there are exceptions to that, as previously nagar palikas were constituted in urban centers with population over 20,000 so all the urban bodies which were previously classified as Nagar palika were reclassified as Nagar palika even if their population was under 100,000. Under the Panchayati Raj system, it interacts directly with the state government, though it is administratively part of the district it is located in. Generally smaller district cities and bigger towns have a Nagar palika. Nagar palikas are also a form of local self-government, entrusted with some duties and responsibilities, as enshrined and guided upon by the Constitutional (74th Amendment)Act,1992.

text: The members of the Nagar palika are elected representatives for a term of five years. The town is divided into wards according to its population, and representatives are elected from each ward. The members elect a president among themselves to preside over and conduct meetings. A chief officer, along with officers like an engineer, sanitary inspector, health officer and education officer who come from the state public service are appointed by the state government to control the administrative affairs of the Nagar Palika.

text: Notified Area (Nagar Panchayat)

text: A Nagar Panchayat or Notified Area Council or City Council is a form of an urban political unit in India comparable to a municipality. An urban centre with more than 11,000 and less than 25,000 inhabitants is classified as a "Nagar Panchayat".

text: Each Nagar Panchayat has a committee consisting of a chairman with ward members. Membership consists of a minimum of ten elected ward members and three nominated members. The N.A.C. members of the Nagar Panchayat are elected from the several wards of the Nagar Panchayat on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years. There are seats reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, backward classes and women. The Councillors or Ward Members are chosen by direct election from electoral wards in the Nagar Panchayat.


document_title: List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers

question_text: who has scored the most champions league goals ever

text: All-time top scorers

text:
Player
Country
Goals
Apps
Ratio
Years
Clubs

1
Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
120[a]
153
0.78
2003–
Manchester United
Real Madrid

2
Lionel Messi
 Argentina
100
125
0.8
2005–
Barcelona

3
Raúl
 Spain
71
142
0.5
1995–2011
Real Madrid
Schalke 04

4
Ruud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
56[b]
73
0.77
1998–2009
PSV Eindhoven
Manchester United
Real Madrid

Karim Benzema
 France
56
104
0.54
2006–
Lyon
Real Madrid

6
Thierry Henry
 France
50[c]
112
0.45
1997–2012
Monaco
Arsenal
Barcelona

7
Alfredo Di Stéfano
 Argentina
49
58
0.84
1955–1964
Real Madrid

8
Andriy Shevchenko
 Ukraine
48[d]
100
0.48
1994–2012
Dynamo Kyiv
Milan
Chelsea

Zlatan Ibrahimović
 Sweden
48[e]
120
0.4
2001–2018
Ajax
Juventus
Internazionale
Barcelona
Milan
Paris Saint-Germain
Manchester United

10
Eusébio
 Portugal
47
63
0.75
1961–1974
Benfica

11
Filippo Inzaghi
 Italy
46[f]
81
0.57
1997–2012
Juventus
Milan

12
Robert Lewandowski
 Poland
45
70
0.64
2011–
Borussia Dortmund
Bayern Munich

13
Didier Drogba
 Ivory Coast
44
92
0.48
2003–2015
Marseille
Chelsea
Galatasaray

14
Alessandro Del Piero
 Italy
42[g]
89
0.47
1995–2009
Juventus

Thomas Müller
 Germany
42
97
0.43
2008–
Bayern Munich

16
Ferenc Puskás
 Hungary
35
41[4]
0.85
1956–1966
Budapest Honvéd
Real Madrid

17
Gerd Müller
 West Germany
34
35[4]
0.97
1969–1977
Bayern Munich

18
Francisco Gento
 Spain
32
88
0.36
1955–1969
Real Madrid

Edinson Cavani
 Uruguay
32
52[5]
0.62
2011–
Napoli
Paris Saint-Germain

20
Sergio Agüero
 Argentina
31[h]
61
0.51
2008–
Atlético Madrid
Manchester City

21
Samuel Eto'o
 Cameroon
30[i]
78
0.38
1999–2014
Mallorca
Barcelona
Internazionale
Chelsea

Wayne Rooney
 England
30[j]
85
0.35
2004–2016
Manchester United

Kaká
 Brazil
30
86
0.35
2003–2014
Milan
Real Madrid

Fernando Morientes
 Spain
30[k]
88
0.34
1997–2009
Real Madrid
Monaco
Liverpool
Valencia

25
David Trezeguet
 France
29[l]
58
0.5
1997–2009
Monaco
Juventus

Roy Makaay
 Netherlands
29
61
0.48
2000–2007
Deportivo La Coruña
Bayern Munich

Patrick Kluivert
 Netherlands
29[m]
71
0.41
1994–2006
Ajax
Barcelona

Arjen Robben
 Netherlands
29[n]
106
0.27
2002–
PSV Eindhoven
Chelsea
Real Madrid
Bayern Munich

29
Jean-Pierre Papin
 France
28
37[4]
0.76
1989–1994
Marseille
Milan
Bayern Munich

Ryan Giggs
 Wales
28[o]
141
0.2
1993–2014
Manchester United

31
Neymar
 Brazil
27
47[6]
0.57
2013–
Barcelona
Paris Saint-Germain

Rivaldo
 Brazil
27[p]
73
0.37
1997–2007
Barcelona
Milan
Olympiacos

33
Mario Gómez
 Germany
26[q]
44[7]
0.59
2007–2013
Stuttgart
Bayern Munich

34
Mário Jardel
 Brazil
25[r]
46[8]
0.54
1996–2001
Porto
Galatasaray

Robin van Persie
 Netherlands
25[s]
59
0.42
2002–2014
Arsenal
Manchester United

Hernán Crespo
 Argentina
25[t]
65
0.38
1997–2007
Parma
Lazio
Internazionale
Chelsea
Milan

Giovane Élber
 Brazil
25[u]
69
0.36
1997–2004
Bayern Munich
Lyon

38
José Altafini
 Brazil
24
28[4]
0.86
1959–1976
Milan
Juventus

Marco Simone
 Italy
24[v]
46[9]
0.52
1989–2001
Milan
Paris Saint-Germain
Monaco

Luís Figo
 Portugal
24
103
0.23
1997–2009
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Internazionale

Paul Scholes
 England
24[w]
124
0.19
1994–2013
Manchester United

42
Jari Litmanen
 Finland
23
57
0.4
1993–2003
Ajax
Liverpool

Frank Lampard
 England
23
105
0.22
2001–2015
Chelsea
Manchester City

44
Santillana
 Spain
22
46[10]
0.48
1971–1988
Real Madrid

Gonzalo Higuaín
 Argentina
22
75
0.29
2007–
Real Madrid
Napoli
Juventus

46
José Torres
 Portugal
21
33[11]
0.64
1959–1971
Benfica

Luiz Adriano
 Brazil
21[x]
47[12]
0.45
2008–
Shakhtar Donetsk
Spartak Moscow

Amancio
 Spain
21
52
0.4
1962–1976
Real Madrid

Steven Gerrard
 England
21[y]
73
0.29
2001–2015
Liverpool

Claudio Pizarro
 Peru
21[z]
73
0.29
2001–2014
Bayern Munich
Werder Bremen

text:
Jump up ^ Ronaldo additionally scored one goal[3] in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Van Nistelrooy additionally scored four goals in eight qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Henry additionally scored one goal in three qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Shevchenko additionally scored 11 goals in 16 qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Ibrahimović additionally scored one goal in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Inzaghi additionally scored four goals in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Del Piero additionally scored two goals in three qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Agüero additionally scored six goals in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Eto'o additionally scored three goals in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Rooney additionally scored four goals in three qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Morientes additionally scored six goals in 11 qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Trezeguet additionally scored three goals in three qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Kluivert additionally scored one goal in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Robben additionally scored one goal in one qualification match.
Jump up ^ Giggs additionally scored two goals in 10 qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Rivaldo additionally scored four goals in five qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Gómez additionally scored one goal in two qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Jardel additionally scored three goals in two qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Van Persie additionally scored two goals in nine qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Crespo additionally scored three goals in five qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Élber additionally scored two goals in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Simone additionally scored one goal in two qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Scholes additionally scored one goal in six qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Adriano additionally scored one goal in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Gerrard additionally scored nine goals in 14 qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Pizarro additionally scored three goals in four qualification matches.

text: Top scorers by seasons

text: The table below does not include goals scored in the qualification stage of the competition.[13]

text:
Season
Player
Country
Club
Goals

1955–56
Miloš Milutinović
 Yugoslavia
 Partizan
8

1956–57
Dennis Viollet
 England
 Manchester United
9

1957–58
Alfredo Di Stéfano
 Argentina
 Real Madrid
10

1958–59
Just Fontaine
 France
 Stade Reims
10

1959–60
Ferenc Puskás
 Hungary
 Real Madrid
12

1960–61
José Águas
 Portugal
 Benfica
11

1961–62
Heinz Strehl
 West Germany
 1. FC Nürnberg
8

1962–63
José Altafini
 Italy
 Milan
14

1963–64
Vladica Kovačević
 Yugoslavia
 Partizan
7

Sandro Mazzola
 Italy
 Internazionale

Ferenc Puskás
 Hungary
 Real Madrid

1964–65
Eusébio
 Portugal
 Benfica
9

José Torres
 Portugal
 Benfica

1965–66
Flórián Albert
 Hungary
 Ferencváros
7

Eusébio
 Portugal
 Benfica

1966–67
Jürgen Piepenburg
 East Germany
 Vorwärts Berlin
6

Paul Van Himst
 Belgium
 Anderlecht

1967–68
Eusébio
 Portugal
 Benfica
6

1968–69
Denis Law
 Scotland
 Manchester United
9

1969–70
Mick Jones
 England
 Leeds United
8

1970–71
Antonis Antoniadis
 Greece
 Panathinaikos
10

1971–72
Johan Cruyff
 Netherlands
 Ajax
5

Antal Dunai
 Hungary
 Újpesti Dózsa

Lou Macari
 Scotland
 Celtic

Silvester Takač
 Yugoslavia
 Standard Liège

1972–73
Gerd Müller
 West Germany
 Bayern Munich
11

1973–74
Gerd Müller
 West Germany
 Bayern Munich
8

1974–75
Gerd Müller
 West Germany
 Bayern Munich
5

Eduard Markarov
 Soviet Union
 Ararat Yerevan

1975–76
Jupp Heynckes
 West Germany
 Borussia Mönchengladbach
6

1976–77
Gerd Müller
 West Germany
 Bayern Munich
5

Franco Cucinotta
 Italy
 Zürich

1977–78
Allan Simonsen
 Denmark
 Borussia Mönchengladbach
5

1978–79
Claudio Sulser
 Switzerland
 Grasshopper
11

1979–80
Søren Lerby
 Denmark
 Ajax
10

1980–81
Terry McDermott
 England
 Liverpool
6

Graeme Souness
 Scotland
 Liverpool

Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
 West Germany
 Bayern Munich

1981–82
Dieter Hoeneß
 West Germany
 Bayern Munich
7

1982–83
Paolo Rossi
 Italy
 Juventus
6

1983–84
Viktor Sokol
 Soviet Union
 Dinamo Minsk
6

1984–85
Torbjörn Nilsson
 Sweden
 IFK Göteborg
7

Michel Platini
 France
 Juventus

1985–86
Torbjörn Nilsson
 Sweden
 IFK Göteborg
6

1986–87
Borislav Cvetković
 Yugoslavia
 Red Star Belgrade
7

1987–88
Gheorghe Hagi
 Romania
 Steaua Bucureşti
4

Jean-Marc Ferreri
 France
 Bordeaux

Rabah Madjer
 Algeria
 Porto

Ally McCoist
 Scotland
 Rangers

Míchel
 Spain
 Real Madrid

Rui Águas
 Portugal
 Benfica

1988–89
Marco van Basten
 Netherlands
 Milan
10

1989–90
Romário
 Brazil
 PSV Eindhoven
6

Jean-Pierre Papin
 France
 Marseille

1990–91
Peter Pacult
 Austria
 Tirol Innsbruck
6

Jean-Pierre Papin
 France
 Marseille

1991–92
Sergei Yuran
 Ukraine
 Benfica
7

Jean-Pierre Papin
 France
 Marseille

1992–93
Franck Sauzée
 France
 Marseille
5

1993–94
Hristo Stoichkov
 Bulgaria
 Barcelona
5

1994–95
George Weah
 Liberia
 Paris Saint-Germain
7

1995–96
Jari Litmanen
 Finland
 Ajax
9

1996–97
Milinko Pantić
 Yugoslavia
 Atlético Madrid
5

1997–98
Alessandro Del Piero
 Italy
 Juventus
10

1998–99
Andriy Shevchenko
 Ukraine
 Dynamo Kyiv
8

Dwight Yorke
 Trinidad and Tobago
 Manchester United

1999–00
Mário Jardel
 Brazil
 Porto
10

Rivaldo
 Brazil
 Barcelona

Raúl
 Spain
 Real Madrid

2000–01
Raúl
 Spain
 Real Madrid
7

2001–02
Ruud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
 Manchester United
10

2002–03
Ruud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
 Manchester United
12

2003–04
Fernando Morientes
 Spain
 Monaco
9

2004–05
Ruud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
 Manchester United
8

2005–06
Andriy Shevchenko
 Ukraine
 Milan
9

2006–07
Kaká
 Brazil
 Milan
10

2007–08
Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
 Manchester United
8

2008–09
Lionel Messi
 Argentina
 Barcelona
9

2009–10
Lionel Messi
 Argentina
 Barcelona
8

2010–11
Lionel Messi
 Argentina
 Barcelona
12

2011–12
Lionel Messi
 Argentina
 Barcelona
14

2012–13
Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
 Real Madrid
12

2013–14
Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
 Real Madrid
17

2014–15
Neymar
 Brazil
 Barcelona
10

Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
 Real Madrid

Lionel Messi
 Argentina
 Barcelona

2015–16
Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
 Real Madrid
16

2016–17
Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
 Real Madrid
12

2017–18
Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
 Real Madrid
15

text: By player

text:
Player
Titles
Seasons

 Cristiano Ronaldo
7
2007–08, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18

 Lionel Messi
5
2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2014–15

 Gerd Müller
4
1972–73, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1976–77

 Eusébio
3
1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68

 Jean-Pierre Papin
1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92

 Ruud van Nistelrooy
2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05

 Ferenc Puskás
2
1959–60, 1963–64

 Torbjörn Nilsson
1984–85, 1985–86

 Raúl
1999–00, 2000–01

 Andriy Shevchenko
1998–99, 2005–06

text: By country

text:
Country
Titles
Seasons

 Portugal
13
1960–61, 1964–65,[a] 1964–65,[a] 1965–66, 1967–68, 1987–88, 2007–08, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18

 West Germany
8
1961–62, 1972–73, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1980–81, 1981–82

 France
7
1958–59, 1984–85, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93

 Argentina
6
1957–58, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2014–15

 Yugoslavia
5
1955–56, 1963–64, 1971–72, 1986–87, 1996–97

 Italy
1962–63, 1963–64, 1976–77, 1982–83, 1997–98

 Netherlands
1971–72, 1988–89, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05

 Brazil
1989–90, 1999–2000,[b] 1999–2000,[b] 2006–07, 2014–15

 Hungary
4
1959–60, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1971–72

 Scotland
1968–69, 1971–72, 1980–81, 1987–88

 Spain
1987–88, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2003–04

 England
3
1956–57, 1969–70, 1980–81

 Ukraine
1991–92, 1998–99, 2005–06

 Soviet Union
2
1974–75, 1983–84

 Denmark
1977–78, 1979–80

 Sweden
1984–85, 1985–86

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Two Portuguese players were joint top scorers in this season.
^ Jump up to: a b Two Brazilian players were joint top scorers in this season.