document_title: List of American Civil War battles

question_text: where was the first battle of civil war fought

text: List of American Civil War battles

text: Battles rated by CWSAC[edit]

text: The American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP) was established within the United States National Park Service to classify the preservation status of historic battlefield land. In 1993, the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission (CWSAC) reported to Congress and the ABPP on their extensive analysis of significant battles and battlefields. Of the estimated 8,000 occasions in which hostilities occurred in the American Civil War, this table and related articles describe the 384 battles that were classified in CWSAC's Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields. In addition to the status of battlefield land preservation (not included in this table) CWSAC rated the military significance of the battles into four classes, as follows:[1]

text:
Class A – Decisive: A general engagement involving field armies in which a commander achieved a vital strategic objective.  Such a result might include an indisputable victory on the field or be limited to the success or termination of a campaign offensive. Decisive battles had a direct, observable impact on the direction, duration, conduct, or outcome of the war.

Class B – Major: An engagement of magnitude involving field armies or divisions of the armies in which a commander achieved an important strategic objective within the context of an ongoing campaign offensive. Major battles had a direct, observable impact on the direction, duration, conduct, or outcome of the campaign.

Class C – Formative: An engagement involving divisions or detachments of the field armies in which a commander accomplished a limited campaign objective of reconnaissance, disruption, defense, or occupation. Formative battles had an observable influence on the direction, duration, or conduct of the campaign.

Class D – Limited: An engagement, typically involving detachments of the field armies, in which a commander achieved a limited tactical objective of reconnaissance, defense, or occupation. Limited battles maintained contact between the combatants without observable influence on the direction of the campaign.

text:
Battle
Date
State
CWSAC
Outcome

Battle of Fort Sumter
April 12–14, 1861
South Carolina
A
Confederate victory: Beauregard takes Charleston Federal fort, first battle of American Civil War.

Battle of Sewell's Point
May 18–19, 1861
Virginia
D
Inconclusive: Union gunboats fight inconclusive battle with Confederate artillery.

Battle of Aquia Creek
May 29 – June 1, 1861
Virginia
D
Inconclusive: Confederate artillery hit by naval bombardment, later withdrawn.

Battle of Philippi (West Virginia)
June 3, 1861
West Virginia(Virginiaat the time)[A]
D
Union victory: Union forces rout a small Confederate detachment in Western Virginia.

Battle of Big Bethel
June 10, 1861
Virginia
C
Confederate victory: Union attack on Confederate positions near a church repelled.

Battle of Boonville (Missouri)
June 17, 1861
Missouri
C
Union victory: Union forces defeat pro-Confederate governor's Missouri State Guard.

Battle of Hoke's Run
July 2, 1861
West Virginia(Virginiaat the time)[A]
D
Union victory: Robert Patterson defeats Jackson's Confederates but fails to capitalize on his victory.

Battle of Carthage
July 5, 1861
Missouri
C
Confederate victory: Confederate victory in Missouri during U.S. Civil War.

Battle of Rich Mountain
July 11, 1861
West Virginia(Virginiaat the time)[A]
B
Union victory: Confederate forces under Gen. Robert S. Garnett split in half mid-battle by Union forces under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan. One half surrenders; the other escapes.

Battle of Blackburn's Ford
July 18, 1861
Virginia
C
Confederate victory: Irvin McDowell's  recon-in-force defeated at Manassas.

First Battle of Bull Runor First Manassas
July 21, 1861
Virginia
A
Confederate victory: McDowell loses to J.E. Johnston, Beauregard; Jackson named "Stonewall".

Battle of Wilson's Creek or Oak Hills
August 10, 1861
Missouri
A
Confederate victory: Union forces under Nathaniel Lyon and Samuel D. Sturgis lose to Confederates under Sterling Price and Benjamin McCulloch. Lyon is killed. First major battle west of the Mississippi.

Battle of Kessler's Cross Lanes
August 26, 1861
West Virginia(Virginiaat the time)[A]
D
Confederate victory: Confederates under John B. Floyd surprise and defeat Union forces under Erastus B. Tyler.

Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries
August 28–29, 1861
North Carolina
C
Union victory: Union forces capture two North Carolina forts.

Battle of Dry Wood Creek
September 2, 1861
Missouri
D
Confederate victory: Union cavalry from Kansas defeated by Missouri State Guard.

Battle of Carnifex Ferry
September 10, 1861
West Virginia(Virginiaat the time)[A]
B
Union victory: Confederates withdraw by night after several hours of fighting.

Battle of Cheat Mountain
September 12–15, 1861
West Virginia(Virginiaat the time)[A]
B
Union victory: 300 Union troops withstand uncoordinated Confederate attacks.

First Battle of Lexington
September 13–20, 1861
Missouri
C
Confederate victory: Union forces badly defeated by Missouri State Guard.

Battle of Liberty
September 17, 1861
Missouri
D
Confederate victory: Minor Missouri State Guard victory.

Battle of Barbourville
September 19, 1861
Kentucky
D
Confederate victory:Zollicoffer raided a Federal recruitment camp and brought a counter-thrust.

Battle of Greenbrier River
October 3, 1861
West Virginia(Virginiaat the time)[A]
D
Inconclusive: Confederates withdraw after inconclusive battle.

Battle of Santa Rosa Island
October 9, 1861
Florida
C
Union victory: Union forces repel Confederate attempt to capture island.

Battle of Camp Wildcat
October 21, 1861
Kentucky
C
Union victory: Confederates chased from Cumberland Gap

Battle of Fredericktown
October 21, 1861
Missouri
D
Union victory: Missouri State Guard defeated.

Battle of Ball's Bluff or Leesburg
October 21, 1861
Virginia
B
Confederate victory: 550 Union soldiers captured.

First Battle of Springfield
October 25, 1861
Missouri
D
Union victory: Union forces capture town.

Battle of Belmont
November 7, 1861
Missouri
C
Inconclusive: Grant captures and destroys Confederate supplies near Cairo, Illinois.

Battle of Ivy Mountain
November 8, 1861
Kentucky
D
Union victory:

Battle of Round Mountain
November 19, 1861
Oklahoma(Indian Territoryat the time)
D
Confederate victory: Opothleyahola's Unionist Creeks and Seminoles defeated near present-day Stillwater.

Battle of Chusto-Talasah
December 9, 1861
Oklahoma(Indian Territoryat the time)
D
Confederate victory: Opothleyahola defeated near present-day Tulsa.

Battle of Camp Allegheny
December 13, 1861
West Virginia(Virginiaat the time)[A]
C
Inconclusive: Confederates withstand Union attack.

Battle of Rowlett's Station
December 17, 1861
Kentucky
D
Inconclusive: Union soldiers hold area, but do not launch any counter thrusts. Confederates and Texas Rangers retreat.

Battle of Dranesville
December 20, 1861
Virginia
C
Union victory: Union defeats Confederate forces under J.E.B. Stuart.

Battle of Chustenahlah
December 26, 1861
Oklahoma(Indian Territoryat the time)
B
Confederate victory: Opothleyahola defeated, flees to Kansas.

Battle of Mount Zion Church
December 28, 1861
Missouri
D
Union victory: Union victory in Northeastern Missouri.

Battle of Cockpit Point
January 3, 1862
Virginia
C
Inconclusive: Inconclusive Civil War battle in Virginia.

Battle of Hancock
January 5–6, 1862
Maryland
D
Inconclusive: Unsuccessful Confederate attack on Maryland town.

Battle of Roan's Tan Yard
January 8, 1862
Missouri
D
Union victory: Confederates routed.

Battle of Middle Creek
January 10, 1862
Kentucky
C
Union victory: Union forces under James A. Garfield defeat Confederates under Humphrey Marshall.

Battle of Mill Springs
January 19, 1862
Kentucky
B
Union victory: Felix Zollicoffer killed.

Battle of Fort Henry
February 6, 1862
Tennessee
B
Union victory: Ulysses S. Grant and Foote's gunboats gain control of Tennessee River by defeating Lloyd Tilghman

Battle of Roanoke Island
February 7–8, 1862
North Carolina
B
Union victory: Union forces under Ambrose E. Burnside capture island from Henry A. Wise

Battle of Fort Donelson
February 11–16, 1862
Tennessee
A
Union victory: Confederate army under Simon Bolivar Buckner surrenders to Grant, Union gains control of Cumberland River

Battle of Valverde
February 20–21, 1862
New Mexico(New Mexico Territoryat the time)
B
Confederate victory: Union forces routed in New Mexico Territory.

Battle of Island Number Ten(Battle of New Madrid)
February 28 –April 8, 1862
Missouri
A
Union victory: Union victory by Pope over John P. McCown.

Battle of Pea Ridge or Elkhorn Tavern
March 6–8, 1862
Arkansas
A
Union victory: Union victory by Samuel Ryan Curtis over Earl Van Dorn ensured continued Union control of Missouri.

Battle of Hampton Roads
March 8–9, 1862
Virginia
B
Inconclusive: USS Monitor battles CSS Virginia, battle ends in a draw.

Battle of New Bern
March 14, 1862
North Carolina
B
Union victory: Union troops disembark from ships and capture the town.

First Battle of Kernstown
March 23, 1862
Virginia
B
Union victory: Union forces defeat Confederates under "Stonewall" Jackson.

Battle of Fort Macon
March 23 – April 26, 1862
North Carolina
C
Union victory: Confederate fort surrenders after Union artillery bombardment.

Battle of Glorieta Pass
March 26–28, 1862
New Mexico(New Mexico Territoryat the time)
A
Confederate tactical victory. Union strategic victory. Dubbed the "Gettysburg of the West".

Siege of Yorktown (1862)(Battle of Yorktown)
April 5 – May 4, 1862
Virginia
B
Inconclusive: Union troops win skirmish near site of decisive Revolutionary War battle.

Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing
April 6–7, 1862
Tennessee
A
Union victory: Grant and reinforcements under Buell repulse Albert Sidney Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard, but the Union lost more men.

Battle of Fort Pulaski
April 10–11, 1862
Georgia
B
Union victory: Union blockade closes Savannah, Georgia. Parrott rifle makes masonry forts obsolete.

Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip
April 18–28, 1862
Louisiana
A
Union victory: Decisive battle for possession of New Orleans.

Battle of South Mills
April 19, 1862
North Carolina
D
Inconclusive: Confederates thwart attempt to destroy a canal.

Capture of New Orleans
April 25 – May 1, 1862
Louisiana
B
Union victory: Union forces capture city.

Siege of Corinth
April 29 – May 30, 1862
Mississippi
A
Union victory: Union forces capture town, Beauregard tricks Union in order to escape to Tupelo.

Battle of Williamsburg
May 5, 1862
Virginia
B
Inconclusive: McClellan and Longstreet fight inconclusive battle.

Battle of Eltham's Landing
May 7, 1862
Virginia
D
Inconclusive: Inconclusive Civil War battle in Virginia.

Battle of McDowell
May 8, 1862
Virginia
C
Confederate victory: Stonewall Jackson's Confederates defeat Union forces.

Battle of Drewry's Bluff
May 15, 1862
Virginia
B
Confederate victory: Union naval attack repelled by Confederate artillery.

Battle of Princeton Court House
May 15–17, 1862
West Virginia(Virginiaat the time)[A]
C
Confederate victory:

Battle of Front Royal
May 23, 1862
Virginia
C
Confederate victory: Stonewall Jackson threatens the Union rear, forces their retreat.

First Battle of Winchester
May 25, 1862
Virginia
A
Confederate victory: Stonewall Jackson defeats Nathaniel P. Banks.

Battle of Hanover Court House
May 27, 1862
Virginia
C
Union victory: Union victory during U.S. Civil War.

Battle of Seven Pines
May 31 – June 1, 1862
Virginia
B
Inconclusive: J.E. Johnston attacks Union forces, wounded, inconclusive

Battle of Tranter's Creek
June 5, 1862
North Carolina
D
Union victory: Confederate forces retreat after Colonel Singletary is killed.

Battle of Memphis
June 6, 1862
Tennessee
B
Union victory: Union forces capture the city.

First Battle of Chattanooga
June 7–8, 1862
Tennessee
D
Union victory: Union forces bombard the town.

Battle of Cross Keys
June 8, 1862
Virginia
B
Confederate victory: John C. Fremont defeated by elements of Stonewall Jackson's force.

Battle of Port Republic
June 9, 1862
Virginia
B
Confederate victory: Costly victory for Stonewall Jackson.

Battle of Secessionville
June 16, 1862
South Carolina
B
Confederate victory: Union repulsed, Union commander later court-martialed for disobeying orders.

Battle of Saint Charles
June 17, 1862
Arkansas
C
Union victory: The USS Mound City is hit by Confederate shore gun and explodes.

Battle of Simmon's Bluff
June 21, 1862
South Carolina
D
Union victory

Battle of Oak Grove
June 25, 1862
Virginia
D
Inconclusive: (Seven Days Battles) Indecisive battle between McClellan and Lee.

Battle of Beaver Dam Creek or Mechanicsville
June 26, 1862
Virginia
B
Union victory: (Seven Days) Robert E. Lee defeated.

Battle of Gaines' Mill or Chickahominy River
June 27, 1862
Virginia
A
Confederate victory: (Seven Days) Lee defeats McClellan.

Battle of Garnett's & Golding's Farm
June 27–28, 1862
Virginia
D
Inconclusive: (Seven Days) Indecisive battle between Lee and McClellan.

Battle of Savage's Station
June 29, 1862
Virginia
C
Inconclusive: (Seven Days) Union forces withdraw.

Battle of Tampa
June 30 – July 1, 1862
Florida
D
Confederate victory: Union gunboat attacks, but later withdraws.

Battle of Glendale
June 30, 1862
Virginia
B
Inconclusive: (Seven Days) McClellan retreats from Lee's Confederates.

Battle of White Oak Swamp
June 30, 1862
Virginia
C
Inconclusive: Indecisive artillery duel.

Battle of Malvern Hill
July 1, 1862
Virginia
A
Union victory: (Seven Days) McClellan defeats Lee but withdraws after battle.

Battle of Cotton Plant (Battle of Hill's Plantation)
July 7, 1862
Arkansas
D
Union victory: Union victory in Arkansas.

First Battle of Murfreesboro
July 13, 1862
Tennessee
C
Confederate victory.

Battle of Baton Rouge
August 5, 1862
Louisiana
B
Union victory: Union troops repulse attempt to recapture Baton Rouge.

Battle of Kirksville
August 6–9, 1862
Missouri
D
Union victory: Union forces capture town.

First Battle of Donaldsonville
August 9, 1862
Louisiana
D
Union victory:

Battle of Cedar Mountain
August 9, 1862
Virginia
B
Confederate victory: Union forces repelled by Confederate counter-attack.

First Battle of Independence
August 11, 1862
Missouri
D
Confederate victory: Confederate victory near Kansas City.

Battle of Lone Jack
August 15–16, 1862
Missouri
D
Confederate victory: Confederate victory, Union commander killed. Rebels forced to withdraw after battle.

Battle of Fort Ridgely
August 21–22, 1862
Minnesota
C
* Dakota War of 1862: Failed Santee Sioux attack on Union controlled fort.

First Battle of Rappahannock Station
August 22–25, 1862
Virginia
D
Inconclusive: Union supplies destroyed during skirmish.

Battle of Manassas Station Ops.
August 25–27, 1862
Virginia
B
Confederate victory: Jackson turns into Pope's rear area; destroys Manassas Station.

Second Battle of Bull Runor Second Manassas
August 28–30, 1862
Virginia
A
Confederate victory: Lee defeats Pope's Army of Virginia

Battle of Thoroughfare Gap
August 28, 1862
Virginia
C
Confederate victory: Longstreet defeats small Union force to arrive at Manassas battlefield.

Battle of Richmond (Kentucky)
August 30, 1862
Kentucky
B
Confederate victory: Edmund Kirby Smith routs Union army under Brig. Gen. William "Bull" Nelson.

Battle of Chantilly or Ox Hill
September 1, 1862
Virginia
B
Inconclusive: Union forces nearly being cut off, Isaac Stevens and Philip Kearny are killed.

Battle of Harpers Ferry
September 12–15, 1862
West Virginia(Virginiaat the time)[A]
B
Confederate victory: Stonewall Jackson captures Union garrison under Dixon S. Miles

Battle of Munfordville
September 14–17, 1862
Kentucky
B
Confederate victory: Union force surrenders.

Battle of South Mountain or Boonsboro
September 14, 1862
Maryland
B
Union victory: McClellan defeats Lee.

Battle of Antietam or Sharpsburg
September 17, 1862
Maryland
A
Tactically inconclusive; strategic Union victory: McClellan ends Lee's first invasion of North, bloodiest single day of the war.

Battle of Shepherdstown
September 19–20, 1862
West Virginia(Virginiaat the time)[A]
C
Confederate victory: Confederate brigades counterattack and defeat pursuing Union brigades.

Battle of Iuka
September 19, 1862
Mississippi
C
Union victory: Rosecrans is victorious over Price near Mississippi town.

Battle of Wood Lake
September 23, 1862
Minnesota
C
* Dakota War of 1862: Overwhelming defeat of Santee Sioux forces during the Dakota War of 1862.

First Battle of Sabine Pass
September 24, 1862
Texas
C
Union victory:

First Battle of Newtonia
September 30, 1862
Missouri
C
Confederate victory: Union forces panic under bombardment from Confederate artillery.

Battle of Saint John's Bluff
October 1–3, 1862
Florida
D
Union victory:

Second Battle of Corinth (Battle of Corinth)
October 3–4, 1862
Mississippi
B
Union victory: Confederate attack fails.

Battle of Galveston Harbor (1862)(First Battle of Galveston)
October 4, 1862
Texas
D
Union  victory:

Battle of Hatchie's Bridge
October 5, 1862
Tennessee
C
Inconclusive: Confederate force under Earl Van Dorn escapes across river.

Battle of Perryville or Chaplin Hills
October 8, 1862
Kentucky
A
Inconclusive: Tactical indecisive battle that ended Bragg's Kentucky campaign.

Battle of Old Fort Wayne
October 22, 1862
Oklahoma(Indian Territoryat the time)
D
Union victory:

Battle of Georgia Landing
October 27, 1862
Louisiana
C
Union victory:

Battle of Clark's Mill
November 7, 1862
Missouri
D
Confederate victory: Union force surrenders to larger Confederate force.

Battle of Cane Hill
November 28, 1862
Arkansas
C
Confederate victory: Small Confederate force delays Union while larger force escapes.

Battle of Prairie Grove
December 7, 1862
Arkansas
B
Union victory: Union secures NW Arkansas.

Battle of Hartsville
December 7, 1862
Tennessee
C
Confederate victory: Disguised in Union uniforms, Confederates infiltrate and defeat Union forces.

Battle of Fredericksburg
December 13, 1862
Virginia
A
Confederate victory: Lee beats back repeated frontal assaults by Burnside.

Battle of Kinston
December 14, 1862
North Carolina
D
Union victory: Union forces under John G. Foster defeat Confederates under Nathan Evans.

Battle of White Hall
December 16, 1862
North Carolina
D
Inconclusive: Foster fights indecisive battle with Beverly Robertson.

Battle of Goldsboro Bridge
December 17, 1862
North Carolina
C
Union victory: Foster defeats Confederates and destroys the bridge.

Battle of Jackson, Tennessee
December 19, 1862
Tennessee
D
Union victory: Confederate feint to distract Union forces.

Battle of Chickasaw Bayou
December 26–29, 1862
Mississippi
B
Confederate victory: (Vicksburg Campaign) Pemberton defeats Sherman; Union attack on Confederate right flank thwarted.

Battle of Parker's Cross Roads
December 31, 1862
Tennessee
C
Confederate victory: Confederates repel Union double-pronged assault.

Battle of Stones River (Second Battle of Murfreesboro)
December 31, 1862 –January 2, 1863
Tennessee
A
Union victory: Bragg forced to withdraw after losing 11,739 men.

Battle of Galveston(Second Battle of Galveston)
January 1, 1863
Texas
B
Confederate victory: John B. Magruder expels occupying Union troops from Galveston, Texas.

Second Battle of Springfield
January 8, 1863
Missouri
D
Union victory: Confederates enter town, but are unable to take nearby fort.

Battle of Arkansas Post (Battle of Fort Hindman)
January 9, 1863
Arkansas
C
Union victory: Part of Vicksburg Campaign, fight for control of mouth of Arkansas River.

Battle of Hartville
January 9–11, 1863
Missouri
D
Confederate victory: Confederates are victorious, but unable to continue raid.

Bear River Massacre
January 29, 1863
Idaho(Washington Territoryat the time)
C
American Indian Wars: Shoshone forces massacred by Union troops.

Battle of Dover
February 3, 1863
Tennessee
D
Union victory: Failed Confederate attack on town.

Battle of Fort McAllister (1863)
March 5, 1863
Georgia
C
Confederate victory:

Battle of Thompson's Station
March 5, 1863
Tennessee
C
Confederate victory:

Battle of Fort Anderson
March 13–15, 1863
North Carolina
D
Union victory: Daniel H. Hill leads unsuccessful Confederate attack on New Bern.

Battle of Kelly's Ford
March 17, 1863
Virginia
C
Confederate victory: Indecisive cavalry battle during Civil War.

Battle of Vaught's Hill
March 20, 1863
Tennessee
D
Union victory: Union forces withstand attack by John Hunt Morgan's Confederates.

Battle of Brentwood
March 25, 1863
Tennessee
D
Confederate victory: Union force surrenders.

Battle of Washington, NC
March 30 – April 20, 1863
North Carolina
D
Inconclusive: Hill unable to take North Carolina town from Union forces.

First Battle of Charleston Harbor
April 7, 1863
South Carolina
C
Confederate victory:

Battle of Franklin (1863)
April 10, 1863
Tennessee
D
Union victory: Confederates withdraw after rearguard defeat.

Battle of Suffolk (Hill's Point)(Battle of Fort Huger)
April 11 – May 4, 1863
Virginia
C
Inconclusive

Battle of Suffolk (Norfleet House);Siege of Suffolk
April 11 – May 4, 1863
Virginia
C
Inconclusive: Twin battles fought over Suffolk.

Battle of Fort Bisland
April 12–13, 1863
Louisiana
D
Union victory:

Battle of Irish Bend
April 14, 1863
Louisiana
C
Union victory:

Battle of Vermillion Bayou
April 17, 1863
Louisiana
D
Union victory:

Battle of Cape Girardeau
April 26, 1863
Missouri
D
Union victory: Confederate attack fails.

Battle of Grand Gulf
April 29, 1863
Mississippi
C
Confederate victory: Unsuccessful naval attack by Grant's forces.

Battle of Snyder's Bluff
April 29 – May 1, 1863
Mississippi
D
Confederate victory: Union feint during Vicksburg Campaign.

Battle of Day's Gap
April 30, 1863
Alabama
C
Union victory: Union victory during a raid in Alabama.

Battle of Chancellorsville
April 30 – May 6, 1863
Virginia
A
Confederate victory: Lee defeats Hooker's Army of Potomac, Jackson mortally wounded.

Battle of Port Gibson
May 1, 1863
Mississippi
B
Union victory: in Vicksburg campaign, Grant defeats Confederates

Battle of Chalk Bluff
May 1–2, 1863
Arkansas
D
Confederate victory: Confederates win but can't continue raid.

Second Battle of Fredericksburg
May 3, 1863
Virginia
B
Union victory: Union forces under John Sedgwick defeat Confederate forces left to guard the town by Lee.

Battle of Salem Church
May 3–4, 1863
Virginia
B
Confederate victory: Lee defeats Sedgwick.

Battle of Raymond
May 12, 1863
Mississippi
B
Union victory: Failed Confederate attempt to protect Vicksburg from approaching Federals.

Battle of Jackson, Mississippi
May 14, 1863
Mississippi
B
Union victory: Sherman, McPherson defeat Johnston

Battle of Champion Hill
May 16, 1863
Mississippi
A
Union victory: Grant defeats Pemberton.

Battle of Big Black River Bridge
May 17, 1863
Mississippi
B
Union victory: Confederate forces trapped in Vicksburg.

Siege of Vicksburg
May 18 – July 4, 1863
Mississippi
A
Union victory: the siege ends; Grant accepts surrender of second Confederate army under Pemberton.

Battle of Plains Store
May 21, 1863
Louisiana
C
Union victory: Union victory near Baton Rouge.

Siege of Port Hudson
May 21 – July 9, 1863
Louisiana
A
Union victory: last Confederate stronghold on Mississippi surrenders; Gardner surrenders to Banks.

Battle of Milliken's Bend
June 7, 1863
Louisiana
C
Union victory: In the largest battle fought between Confederate and Black troops, after nearly two days of close combat, the Confederates were defeated in their attempt to raise the siege of Vicksburg.

Battle of Brandy Station
June 9, 1863
Virginia
B
Inconclusive: Pleasonton surprises J.E.B. Stuart's cavalrymen in their camps near Brandy Station.

Battle of Lake Providence
June 9, 1863
Louisiana
D
Union victory.

Second Battle of Winchester
June 13–15, 1863
Virginia
B
Confederate victory: Confederate victory paves way for Lee's invasion of the North.

Battle of Aldie
June 17, 1863
Virginia
C
Inconclusive: Indecisive battle during Robert E. Lee's march north.

Battle of Middleburg
June 17–19, 1863
Virginia
C
Inconclusive: J.E.B. Stuart retreats from engagement with Union cavalry.

Battle of LaFourche Crossing
June 20–21, 1863
Louisiana
D
Union victory:

Battle of Upperville
June 21, 1863
Virginia
C
Inconclusive: Indecisive cavalry battle during Lee's invasion.

Battle of Hoover's Gap
June 24–26, 1863
Tennessee
C
Union victory: Union victory prevents Confederates in Tennessee from coming to the aid of Vicksburg.

Second Battle of Donaldsonville
June 28, 1863
Louisiana
D
Union victory:

Battle of Goodrich's Landing
June 29–30, 1863
Louisiana
D
Inconclusive: Confederates drive Union Black Regiments off of several plantations.

Battle of Hanover
June 30, 1863
Pennsylvania
C
Inconclusive: J.E.B. Stuart forced to change his route, delaying his efforts to unite with Lee's force outside Gettysburg.

Battle of Cabin Creek
July 1–2, 1863
Oklahoma(Indian Territoryat the time)
C
Union victory:

Battle of Gettysburg
July 1–3, 1863
Pennsylvania
A
Union victory: Lee loses to Meade, Pickett's Charge fails, ends second invasion of North. Confederate army arrived in Gettysburg to resupply army, unaware of Union army nearby.

Battle of Helena
July 4, 1863
Arkansas
B
Union victory: Confederate assault on river port fails securing eastern Arkansas for Union.

Battle of Williamsport
July 6–16, 1863
Maryland
C
Inconclusive: Meade and Lee fight indecisive battle.

Battle of Boonsboro
July 8, 1863
Maryland
D
Inconclusive: Indecisive action at rearguard of Lee's retreat.

Battle of Corydon
July 9, 1863
Indiana
C
Confederate victory: Confederate raid results in civilian casualties, including a Lutheran minister.

Battle of Fort Wagner
July 11, 1863
South Carolina
D
Confederate victory: first of two Union attempts to take Ft. Wagner.

Battle of Kock's Plantation
July 12–13, 1863
Louisiana
C
Confederate victory:

Battle of Grimball's Landing
July 16, 1863
South Carolina
D
Inconclusive:

Battle of Honey Springs
July 17, 1863
Oklahoma(Indian Territoryat the time)
B
Union victory: In Indian Territory, two largely Black and American Indian forces meet. Union victory.

Second Battle of Fort Wagner(Battle of Fort Wagner, Morris Island)
July 18, 1863
South Carolina
B
Confederate victory: second of two Union attempts to take Ft. Wagner fails, heroism of the 54th Massachusetts.

Battle of Buffington Island
July 19, 1863
Ohio
C
Union Victory:

Battle of Manassas Gap
July 23, 1863
Virginia
D
Inconclusive: Indecisive battle by day, Confederates withdraw by night.

Battle of Big Mound
July 24–25, 1863
North Dakota(Dakota Territoryat the time)
C
* Dakota War of 1862: Union forces defeat Santee and Teton Sioux forces.

Battle of Dead Buffalo Lake
July 26, 1863
North Dakota(Dakota Territoryat the time)
D
* Sioux Wars/Dakota War of 1862: Sibley defeats Sioux forces.

Battle of Salineville
July 26, 1863
Ohio
D
Union victory: Confederate Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan surrenders in Ohio. The northernmost battle in the Civil War.

Battle of Stony Lake
July 28, 1863
North Dakota(Dakota Territory at the time)
D
* Dakota War of 1862: Sioux forces escape Union forces in pursuit.

Second Battle of Fort Sumter
August 17 –September 9, 1863
South Carolina
B
Confederate victory: Union's massive bombardment and naval attack fails to retake the fort.

Second Battle of Charleston Harbor
August 17 –September 8, 1863
South Carolina
B
Inconclusive:

Second Battle of Chattanooga
August 21 –September 8, 1863
Tennessee
D
Union victory: Union captures town.

Lawrence Massacre (Quantrill's Raid)
August 23, 1863
Kansas
C
Confederate victory: Quantrill's Raiders pillage the city.

Battle of Devil's Backbone
September 1, 1863
Arkansas
C
Union victory: Union victory after heavy fighting.

Battle of Whitestone Hill
September 3–5, 1863
North Dakota(Dakota Territory at the time)
D
* Sioux Wars/Dakota War of 1862: Union forces defeat several American Indian tribes including the Sioux and Blackfeet.

Second Battle of Sabine Pass
September 8, 1863
Texas
B
Confederate victory: Confederate forces place stakes in river to help aim their guns at Union ships.

Battle of Bayou Fourche
September 10, 1863
Arkansas
B
Union victory: Union victory allows for capture of Little Rock.

Battle of Davis's Cross Roads
September 10–11, 1863
Georgia
C
Union victory: Union forces establish defensive positions prior to Chickamauga.

Battle of Chickamauga
September 19–20, 1863
Georgia
A
Confederate victory: Bragg defeats Rosecrans, George Thomas of US anointed "The Rock of Chickamauga"

Battle of Blountville(Battle of Blountsville)
September 22, 1863
Tennessee
D
Union victory: Union forces capture town.

Battle of Stirling's Plantation
September 29, 1863
Louisiana
D
Confederate victory:

Battle of Baxter Springs
October 6, 1863
Kansas
C
Confederate victory: Quantrill's Raiders massacre Union Black Troops during U.S. Civil War.

Battle of Blue Springs
October 10, 1863
Tennessee
D
Union victory: Confederate forces overrun.

First Battle of Auburn
October 13, 1863
Virginia
D
Union victory: J.E.B. Stuart escapes by hiding in a ravine.

Battle of Bristoe Station
October 14, 1863
Virginia
B
Union victory: Meade defeats elements of Lee's forces, but Confederates destroy railroad during retreat.

Second Battle of Auburn
October 14, 1863
Virginia
D
Inconclusive: Confederates attack Union rearguard, indecisive.

Battle of Fort Brooke
October 16–18, 1863
Florida
D
Union victory:

Battle of Buckland Mills
October 19, 1863
Virginia
D
Confederate victory: Union cavalry caught in ambush, defeated.

Battle of Pine Bluff
October 25, 1863
Arkansas
D
Union victory: Confederate attack fails.

Battle of Wauhatchie
October 28–29, 1863
Tennessee
B
Union victory: Longstreet defeated by Union forces.

Battle of Collierville
November 3, 1863
Tennessee
D
Union victory: Abortive Confederate attack on the town.

Battle of Droop Mountain
November 6, 1863
West Virginia
C
Union victory:

Second Battle of Rappahannock Station
November 7, 1863
Virginia
B
Union victory: Union forces surge across river, forcing Lee to retreat.

Battle of Campbell's Station
November 16, 1863
Tennessee
D
Union victory: Confederate double-envelopment attempt fails.

Chattanooga Campaign
November 23–25, 1863
Tennessee
A
Union victory: Grant defeats Braxton Bragg and relieves Union forces besieged in Chattanooga.

Battle of Mine Run
November 27 –December 2, 1863
Virginia
B
Inconclusive: Meade bombards Lee's Confederates but then withdraws.

Battle of Ringgold Gap
November 27, 1863
Georgia
B
Confederate victory: Confederates under Patrick Cleburne defeat Union forces under Joseph Hooker.

Battle of Fort Sanders
November 29, 1863
Tennessee
B
Union victory: Longstreet unable to take fort due to poor quality gunpowder.

Battle of Bean's Station
December 14, 1863
Tennessee
D
Confederate victory: Union forces withdraw a short distance.

Battle of Mossy Creek
December 29, 1863
Tennessee
D
Union victory: Confederate cavalry forced back.

Battle of Dandridge
January 17, 1864
Tennessee
C
Confederate victory: Union forces withdraw.

Battle of Athens
January 26, 1864
Alabama
D
Union victory: Union victory in Northern Alabama.

Battle of Fair Garden
January 27, 1864
Tennessee
C
Inconclusive: Union victory followed by withdrawal.

Battle of Morton's Ford
February 6–7, 1864
Virginia
D
Inconclusive: Diversionary Union attack.

Battle of Middle Boggy Depot
February 13, 1864
Oklahoma(Indian Territoryat the time)
D
Union victory:

Battle of Meridian
February 14–20, 1864
Mississippi
C
Union victory: Sherman occupies town.

Battle of Olustee
February 20, 1864
Florida
B
Confederate victory: Union fails to take Florida.

Battle of Okolona
February 22, 1864
Mississippi
B
Confederate victory: Confederate cavalry, commanded by Maj. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, routed 7,000 cavalry under the command of Brig. Gen. William Sooy Smith.

First Battle of Dalton
February 22–27, 1864
Georgia
C
Confederate victory: After several days of intense skirmishing, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas's army withdrew upon realizing Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's troops could repel any assault. However, the intelligence garnered from the Battle of Dalton helped pave the way for a Union victory in the summer.

Battle of Walkerton
March 2, 1864
Virginia
C
Confederate victory: controversy surrounding the Dahlgren Affair.

Battle of Fort De Russy
March 12–14, 1864
Louisiana
B
Union victory: Fort DeRussy fell and the Red River to Alexandria was open.

Battle of Paducah
March 25, 1864
Kentucky
C
Confederate victory: Confederate raid by Forrest successful.

Battle of Elkin's Ferry
April 3–4, 1864
Arkansas
C
Union victory: Confederates unable to prevent Union river crossing.

Battle of Mansfield or Sabine Cross Roads
April 8, 1864
Louisiana
A
Confederate victory: Banks Union Red River Campaign halted by the Confederates.

Battle of Prairie D'Ane
April 9–13, 1864
Arkansas
B
Union victory: Frederick Steele defeats Sterling Price.

Battle of Pleasant Hill
April 9, 1864
Louisiana
B
Union victory: Confederate attack fails.

Battle of Fort Pillow
April 12, 1864
Tennessee
B
Confederate victory: N.B. Forrest takes fort, massacres black soldiers.

Battle of Blair's Landing
April 12–13, 1864
Louisiana
C
Union victory:

Battle of Plymouth
April 17, 1864
North Carolina
C
Confederate victory: Confederate land forces, supported by naval ram, retake two Union forts near Plymouth, North Carolina.

Battle of Poison Spring
April 18, 1864
Arkansas
C
Confederate victory: Part of Red River Campaign in Arkansas, black troops massacred.

Battle of Monett's Ferry
April 23, 1864
Louisiana
C
Union victory: Confederate forces driven back.

Battle of Marks' Mills
April 25, 1864
Arkansas
D
Confederate victory: Part of Red River Campaign in Arkansas.

Battle of Jenkins' Ferry
April 30, 1864
Arkansas
C
Union victory: Part of Red River Campaign in Arkansas.

Battle of Albemarle Sound
May 5, 1864
North Carolina
C
Inconclusive: Indecisive naval battle during U.S. Civil War.

Battle of the Wilderness
May 5–7, 1864
Virginia
A
Inconclusive: Grant and Lee meet inconclusively.

Battle of Port Walthall Junction
May 6–7, 1864
Virginia
C
Union victory: Union forces destroy railroad

Battle of Rocky Face Ridge
May 7–13, 1864
Georgia
C
Union victory: Due to a flanking movement by Union troops under Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, Confederates led by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston were forced to evacuate their strong position near Atlanta.

Battle of Spotsylvania Court House
May 8–21, 1864
Virginia
A
Inconclusive: Grant and Lee meet inconclusively, Grant writes to Halleck "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer".

Battle of Swift Creek
May 9, 1864
Virginia
C
Inconclusive: Union forces damage railroad, but are stopped by Confederate forces.

Battle of Cloyd's Mountain
May 9, 1864
Virginia
C
Union victory: Union victory, Confederate General Albert G. Jenkins killed.

Battle of Chester Station
May 10, 1864
Virginia
D
Inconclusive: Union forces under Benjamin Butler pushed back.

Battle of Cove Mountain
May 10, 1864
Virginia
D
Union victory: Union victory after brief battle.

Battle of Yellow Tavern
May 11, 1864
Virginia
C
Union victory: Union forces win cavalry battle, J.E.B. Stuart is mortally wounded.

Battle of Proctor's Creek
May 12–16, 1864
Virginia
B
Confederate victory: Beauregard defeats Butler.

Battle of Resaca
May 13, 1864
Georgia
C
Inconclusive: Sherman defeats Johnston

Battle of New Market
May 15, 1864
Virginia
B
Confederate victory: Confederate forces halt Union army under Franz Sigel from advance up the Shenandoah Valley.

Battle of Mansura
May 16, 1864
Louisiana
C
Union victory:

Battle of Adairsville
May 17, 1864
Georgia
C
Union victory: Failed Confederate attempt to destroy part of the Union force approaching Atlanta.

Battle of Yellow Bayou
May 18, 1864
Louisiana
C
Union victory:

Battle of Ware Bottom Church
May 20, 1864
Virginia
C
Confederate victory: Beauregard boxes Butler in.

Battle of North Anna
May 23–26, 1864
Virginia
B
Inconclusive: Lee outmaneuvers Grant, but because of illness, he is unable to capitalize.

Battle of Wilson's Wharf
May 24, 1864
Virginia
D
Union victory: Confederates under Fitzhugh Lee defeated by two Union black regiments.

Battle of New Hope Church
May 25–26, 1864
Georgia
C
Confederate victory: Hooker's forces defeated.

Battle of Dallas (Georgia)
May 26 – June 4, 1864
Georgia
C
Union victory: Confederate withdrawal in Georgia.

Battle of Pickett's Mill
May 27, 1864
Georgia
C
Confederate victory: Unsuccessful attack by Sherman on Johnston.

Battle of Haw's Shop
May 28, 1864
Virginia
C
Union victory: Union advance halted.

Battle of Totopotomoy Creek
May 28–30, 1864
Virginia
B
Inconclusive: Union forces pushed back.

Battle of Old Church
May 30, 1864
Virginia
C
Union victory: Union forces drive Confederates back to Cold Harbor.

Battle of Cold Harbor
May 31 –June 12, 1864
Virginia
A
Confederate victory: Lee repulses Grant, Confederate general says "This is not war, this is murder".

Battle of Piedmont
June 5, 1864
Virginia
B
Union victory: Union forces under David Hunter defeat Confederate defenses on march to Staunton, Virginia, upper Shenandoah Valley.

Battle of Old River Lake
June 6, 1864
Arkansas
D
Union victory:

Battle of Marietta
June 6 – July 3, 1864
Georgia
B
Union victory: Sherman defeats Johnston.

First Battle of Petersburg
June 9, 1864
Virginia
D
Confederate victory: Beauregard defeats Butler.

Battle of Brice's Crossroads
June 10, 1864
Mississippi
B
Confederate victory: N.B. Forrest routs Union force almost three times as large.

Battle of Cynthiana
June 11–12, 1864
Kentucky
C
Union victory: Union Brig. Gen. Stephen Gano Burbridge defeated Confederate Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan. Most Confederate soldiers were casualties, though Morgan escaped.

Battle of Trevilian Station
June 11–12, 1864
Virginia
B
Confederate victory: Confederate victory, George Armstrong Custer nearly surrounded and has to be rescued by Sheridan.

Second Battle of Petersburg
June 15–18, 1864
Virginia
A
Confederate victory: Lee repulses Grant at back door to Richmond.

Battle of Lynchburg
June 17–18, 1864
Virginia
B
Confederate victory: Fake Confederate reinforcements lead to Union retreat.

Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road
June 21–24, 1864
Virginia
B
Inconclusive: Union siege lines extended for Siege of Petersburg.

Battle of Kolb's Farm
June 22, 1864
Georgia
C
Union victory: Confederate attack fails due to poor terrain conditions.

Battle of Saint Mary's Church
June 24, 1864
Virginia
D
Inconclusive: Union forces fight a successful delaying action.

Battle of Staunton River Bridge
June 25, 1864
Virginia
C
Confederate victory:

Battle of Kennesaw Mountain
June 27, 1864
Georgia
B
Confederate victory: Johnston repulses Sherman.

Battle of Sappony Church
June 28, 1864
Virginia
D
Confederate victory:

First Battle of Ream's Station
June 29, 1864
Virginia
C
Confederate victory: Maj. Gen. William Mahone and Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee defeated Union cavalry raiding Confederate railroads south of Petersburg, Virginia.

Battle of Monocacy(Battle of Monocacy Junction)
July 9, 1864
Maryland
B
Confederate victory: Union Gen. Lew Wallace slows up Jubal Early, saving DC.

Battle of Fort Stevens
July 11–12, 1864
District of Columbia
B
Union victory: Failed Confederate attempt to capture Washington, D.C., President Lincoln, observing the battle, comes under Confederate fire.

Battle of Tupelo
July 14–15, 1864
Mississippi
B
Union victory: Confederate forces under Stephen D. Lee are defeated and Nathan Bedford Forrest is wounded in action.

Battle of Cool Spring
July 18–19, 1864
Virginia
C
Confederate victory:

Battle of Peachtree Creek
July 20, 1864
Georgia
B
Union victory: (Atlanta Campaign) First Confederate attack against Union forces north of Atlanta fails.

Battle of Rutherford's Farm
July 20, 1864
Virginia
D
Union victory: Confederates under Jubal Early caught by surprise and defeated.

Battle of Atlanta
July 22, 1864
Georgia
B
Union victory: (Atlanta Campaign) Sherman turns back Hood's attack east of Atlanta.

Second Battle of Kernstown
July 24, 1864
Virginia
B
Confederate victory: Jubal Early defeats Union forces.

First Battle of Deep Bottom
July 27–29, 1864
Virginia
C
Confederate victory:

Battle of Ezra Church
July 28, 1864
Georgia
B
Union victory: (Atlanta Campaign) Confederate attack on Union army northwest of Atlanta fails to gain element of surprise, finding entrenched Union forces. Union victory.

Battle of Killdeer Mountain
July 28–29, 1864
North Dakota(Dakota Territory at the time)
C
* Sioux Wars/Dakota War of 1862: Union forces defeat Sioux.

Battle of the Crater
July 30, 1864
Virginia
A
Confederate victory: Lee defeats Burnside.

Battle of Folck's Mill
August 1, 1864
Maryland
D
Inconclusive: Indecisive Civil War battle.

Battle of Mobile Bay
August 2–23, 1864
Alabama
A
Union victory: David Farragut takes port, says "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead".

Battle of Utoy Creek
August 5–7, 1864
Georgia
C
Inconclusive: (Atlanta Campaign) Indecisive battle on Union right flank near Atlanta.

Battle of Moorefield
August 7, 1864
West Virginia
C
Union victory:

Second Battle of Dalton
August 14–15, 1864
Georgia
D
Union victory: Union forces withstand attack until relieved.

Second Battle of Deep Bottom
August 14–20, 1864
Virginia
B
Confederate victory: The Confederates drove back the Union threat, but at a cost of diluting their forces as the Union had hoped.

Battle of Guard Hill
August 16, 1864
Virginia
C
Inconclusive:

Battle of Globe Tavern
August 18–21, 1864
Virginia
B
Union victory: Confederate forces lose control of railroads at Petersburg.

Battle of Lovejoy's Station
August 20, 1864
Georgia
D
Confederate victory: Confederates repel Union raiders attacking the station.

Second Battle of Memphis
August 21, 1864
Tennessee
C
Union victory: Partially successful Confederate raid.

Battle of Summit Point
August 21, 1864
West Virginia
D
Inconclusive:

Second Battle of Ream's Station
August 25, 1864
Virginia
B
Confederate victory: Union lines overrun by Confederates.

Battle of Smithfield Crossing
August 25–29, 1864
West Virginia
D
Inconclusive:

Battle of Jonesborough
August 31 –September 1, 1864
Georgia
A
Union victory: William J. Hardee's Confederates defeated, resulting in Atlanta's fall the following day.

Battle of Berryville
September 3–4, 1864
Virginia
C
Inconclusive: At the same time Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early sent Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw's division to attack Colonel Joseph Thoburn's division of the VIII Corps, and Kershaw initially routed Thoburn's left flank. Darkness ended the fighting. The next morning, Early, seeing the strength of the Union's entrenched line, retreated behind Opequon Creek.

Battle of Opequon(Third Battle of Winchester)
September 19, 1864
Virginia
A
Union victory: Sheridan defeats Early, several officers killed or wounded on both sides.

Battle of Fisher's Hill
September 2–22, 1864
Virginia
B
Union victory: Successful Union frontal assault.

Battle of Fort Davidson
September 27, 1864
Missouri
B
Union victory: Union forces detonate their own fort after losing to Confederates.

Battle of Chaffin's Farm (New Market Heights)
September 29–30, 1864
Virginia
B
Union victory: Union forces victorious, but fail to capture several forts.

Battle of Peebles' Farm
September 30 – October 2, 1864
Virginia
B
Union victory: Union victory near Petersburg.

First Battle of Saltville
October 1–3, 1864
Virginia
C
Confederate victory: Confederates defeat Union Black Cavalry, war crimes committed against captured blacks.

Battle of Allatoona
October 5, 1864
Georgia
B
Union victory: Union fortifications hold.

Battle of Darbytown and New Market
October 7, 1864
Virginia
C
Union victory:

Battle of Tom's Brook
October 9, 1864
Virginia
C
Union victory: Union cavalry defeats Confederates.

Battle of Darbytown Road
October 13, 1864
Virginia
D
Confederate victory: Federal assault on Confederate fortifications repulsed with heavy casualties.

Battle of Glasgow
October 15, 1864
Missouri
C
Confederate victory: Union forces surrender.

Second Battle of Lexington
October 19, 1864
Missouri
D
Confederate victory: Union forces driven out of town.

Battle of Cedar Creek
October 19, 1864
Virginia
A
Union victory: Sheridan defeats Early, drives Confederates from Shenandoah Valley.

Battle of Little Blue River
October 21, 1864
Missouri
D
Confederate victory: Confederate victory in Missouri.

Battle of Byram's Ford
October 22–23, 1864
Missouri
B
Union victory: Confederates under Marmaduke defeated.

Second Battle of Independence
October 22, 1864
Missouri
C
Confederate victory: Union forces occupy town.

Battle of Westport
October 23, 1864
Missouri
A
Union victory: Union forces win decisive battle to take control of Missouri.

Battle of Marais des Cygnes
October 25, 1864
Kansas
C
Union victory: Price's Confederates pursued into Kansas.

Battle of Mine Creek
October 25, 1864
Kansas
C
Union victory: Price's army crushed, flees back into Missouri.

Battle of Marmiton River
October 25, 1864
Missouri
D
Union victory: Price escapes Union pursuit.

Battle of Decatur
October 26–29, 1864
Alabama
C
Union victory: Confederates unable to cross river.

Battle of Boydton Plank Road
October 27–28, 1864
Virginia
B
Inconclusive: Union forces take control of road, but withdraw after battle.

Battle of Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road
October 27–28, 1864
Virginia
C
Confederate victory:

Second Battle of Newtonia
October 28, 1864
Missouri
B
Union victory: James G. Blunt defeats Joseph O. Shelby.

Battle of Johnsonville
November 4–5, 1864
Tennessee
B
Confederate victory: Confederates bombard Union forces during the night after a fire starts near union positions.

Battle of Bull's Gap
November 11–13, 1864
Tennessee
D
Confederate victory: Minor Confederate victory during U.S. Civil War.

Battle of Griswoldville
November 22, 1864
Georgia
B
Union victory: Sherman's march to the sea continued.

Battle of Columbia
November 24, 1864
Tennessee
C
Confederate victory: Confederates divert attention.

Battle of Buck Head Creek
November 28, 1864
Georgia
C
Union victory:

Battle of Spring Hill
November 29, 1864
Tennessee
B
Union victory: Confederate mistakes allow Federal forces to redeploy, leading to the Battle of Franklin.

Sand Creek massacre
November 29, 1864
Colorado(Colorado Territoryat the time)
B
* Colorado War: U.S. forces massacre Cheyenne and Arapaho.

Battle of Honey Hill
November 30, 1864
South Carolina
C
Confederate victory: The third battle of Sherman's March to the Sea was a failed Union Army expedition under Maj. Gen. John P. Hatch that attempted to cut off the Charleston and Savannah Railroad in support of Sherman's projected arrival in Savannah.

Battle of Franklin (1864)
November 30, 1864
Tennessee
A
Union victory: Hood attacks Schofield but suffers crushing losses; Pickett's Charge of the West.

Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia
December 4, 1864
Georgia
C
Union victory: Kilpatrick stops Wheeler from attacking Sherman.

Third Battle of Murfreesboro
December 5–7, 1864
Tennessee
D
Union victory: Confederate raid mostly unsuccessful.

First Battle of Fort Fisher
December 7–27, 1864
North Carolina
C
Confederate victory: Failed Union attempt to take fort.

Second Battle of Fort McAllister
December 13, 1864
Georgia
B
Union victory:

Battle of Nashville
December 15–16, 1864
Tennessee
A
Union victory: Thomas attacks and virtually destroys Hood's Confederate Army of Tennessee.

Battle of Marion
December 17–18, 1864
Virginia
D
Union victory:

Second Battle of Saltville
December 20–21, 1864
Virginia
C
Union victory: Confederate forces retreated, and General George Stoneman's troops entered the town and destroyed the saltworks.

Second Battle of Fort Fisher
January 13–15, 1865
North Carolina
A
Union victory: Union takes fort.

Battle of Rivers' Bridge
February 3, 1865
South Carolina
D
Union victory: Union forces capture river crossing.

Battle of Hatcher's Run
February 5–7, 1865
Virginia
B
Union victory: Union force launch unexpected attack.

Battle of Wilmington (North Carolina)
February 22, 1865
North Carolina
D
Union victory: Last Confederate port falls.

Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia
March 2, 1865
Virginia
B
Union victory: Remnants of Confederate Army of the Valley are destroyed.

Battle of Natural Bridge
March 6, 1865
Florida
C
Confederate victory: Confederate victory in Florida prevents the capture of Tallahassee.

Battle of Wyse Fork
March 7–10, 1865
North Carolina
D
Union victory: Confederate attacks repelled by Union artillery.

Battle of Monroe's Cross Roads
March 10, 1865
North Carolina
D
Inconclusive:

Battle of Averasborough
March 16, 1865
North Carolina
C
Inconclusive: Union and Confederate forces attack one another in turn, both attacks fail.

Battle of Bentonville
March 19–21, 1865
North Carolina
A
Union victory: Sherman defeats Confederates

Battle of Fort Stedman
March 25, 1865
Virginia
A
Union victory: Lee attempts to break siege.

Battle of Spanish Fort
March 27 – April 8, 1865
Alabama
B
Union victory: Union forces capture fort just east of Mobile.

Battle of Lewis's Farm
March 29, 1865
Virginia
C
Union victory: Union forces capture Confederate earthworks.

Battle of White Oak Road
March 31, 1865
Virginia
B
Union victory: Confederate forces under Richard H. Anderson defeated.

Battle of Dinwiddie Court House
March 31, 1865
Virginia
C
Confederate victory: Pickett defeats Sheridan.

Battle of Five Forks
April 1, 1865
Virginia
A
Union victory: Sheridan routs Confederates.

Battle of Selma
April 2, 1865
Alabama
B
Union victory: Wilson defeats Forrest.

Third Battle of Petersburg
April 2, 1865
Virginia
A
Union victory: Grant defeats Lee.

Battle of Sutherland's Station
April 2, 1865
Virginia
C
Union victory: Lee's supply lines are cut.

Battle of Namozine Church
April 3, 1865
Virginia
D
Confederate victory: Several Confederates captured, Custer's brother earns Medal of Honor.

Battle of Amelia Springs
April 5, 1865
Virginia
C
Inconclusive:

Battle of Rice's Station
April 6, 1865
Virginia
D
Union victory:

Battle of Sayler's Creek(or Sailor's Creek)
April 6, 1865
Virginia
B
Union victory: Lee realizes his army is on the verge of defeat.

Battle of High Bridge
April 6–7, 1865
Virginia
C
Inconclusive: Union forces thwart Lee's attempts to burn bridges and to resupply, Grant proposes that Lee surrender, but he refuses.

Battle of Cumberland Church
April 7, 1865
Virginia
C
Confederate victory: Union forces attack Confederate rearguard, but darkness cuts the attack short.

Battle of Appomattox Station
April 8, 1865
Virginia
B
Union victory: Union forces thwart Lee's final attempt to resupply.

Battle of Appomattox Court House
April 9, 1865
Virginia
A
Union victory: Lee's forces surrounded. He subsequently surrenders.

Battle of Fort Blakeley
April 9, 1865
Alabama
A
Union victory: Union forces capture fort east of Mobile.

Battle of Palmito Ranch
May 12–13, 1865
Texas
D
Confederate victory: Last battle in Texas during final phases of the Civil War.

text: Other USA/CSA battles[edit]

text: Other non-Indian wars battles and skirmishes not rated by CWSAC.

text:
Battle
Date
State
Outcome

Battle of Gloucester Point
May 7, 1861
Virginia
Inconclusive: Earliest exchange of gunfire between the Union Navy and organized Rebel forces after the surrender of Fort Sumter

Battle of Pig Point
June 5, 1861
Virginia
Confederate victory: Early skirmish between Union gunboat USS Harriet Lane and a shore battery and rifle company of CSA defenders at Pig Point in Portsmouth, Virginia near Hampton Roads, Virginia.

Battle of Cole Camp
June 19, 1861
Missouri
Confederate victory: Pro-Confederate Missouri State Guard defeat pro-Union Missouri Home Guard at Cole Camp

Battle of Mathias Point
June 27, 1861
Virginia
Confederate victory: Confederates repulse the Union attack and kill Commander James H. Ward of the Union Potomac Flotilla,  the first Union Navy officer killed during the Civil War.

Battle of Corrick's Ford
July 13, 1861
West Virginia(Virginiaat the time)[A]
Union victory: Confederate Brig. Gen. Robert S. Garnett is the first general killed in the Civil War.

First Battle of Mesilla
July 25, 1861
New Mexico(New Mexico Territoryat the time)
Confederate victory: Confederate victory secures the southern part of the New Mexico Territory for the CSA.

Battle of Athens
August 5, 1861
Missouri
Union victory: Union victory in small skirmish in Missouri

Battle of Charleston (1861) (Missouri)
August 19, 1861
Missouri
Union victory: Union force destroys Confederate camp.

Battle of Canada Alamosa
September 24–25, 1861
New Mexico(New Mexico Territoryat the time)
Confederate victory: One of several small cavalry skirmishes in Confederate Arizona near the border with Union New Mexico Territory.

Battle of Cockle Creek
October 5, 1861
Virginia
Union victory: ends Confederate smuggling up the Chincoteague Bay.

Battle of the Head of Passes
October 12, 1861
Louisiana
Confederate victory: Naval forces square-off at the mouth of the Mississippi River.

Battle of Port Royal
November 7, 1861
South Carolina
Union victory: Union fleet under S. F. Du Pont capture Confederate forts at Hilton Head, South Carolina.

Skirmish at Blackwater Creek
December 19, 1861
Missouri
Union victory: Union forces under General Pope capture a newly recruited Missouri State Guard regiment.

Battle of Elizabeth City
February 10, 1862
North Carolina
Union victory: Destruction of the Mosquito Fleet.

Stanwix Station
March 30, 1862
Arizona(New Mexico Territoryat the time)
Union victory: Westernmost skirmish of the war.

Battle of Peralta
April 14, 1862
New Mexico(New Mexico Territoryat the time)
Union victory: Union forces defeat the 5th Texas Mounted Volunteers.

Battle of Picacho Pass
April 15, 1862
Arizona(New Mexico Territoryat the time)
Confederate victory: Confederate pickets defeat Union cavalry patrol.

Battle of Whitney's Lane
May 19, 1862
Arkansas
Union victory: Union campaign towards Little Rock, Arkansas halted.

Capture of Tucson (1862)
May 20, 1862
Arizona(New Mexico Territoryat the time)
Union victory: A Union force of 2,000 took the city from ten Tucson militiamen without a shot fired.

First Battle of Pocotaligo
May 29, 1862
South Carolina
Union victory: Mission objective fulfilled – Charleston & Savannah railroad bridge damaged.

Battle of Compton's Ferry
August 11, 1862
Missouri
Union victory:

Battle of Charleston (1862)
September 13, 1862
West Virginia(Virginiaat the time)[A]
Confederate victory: Confederate troops occupy Charleston during Kanawha Valley offensive.

Battle of Crampton's Gap
September 14, 1862
Maryland
Union victory: Union broke the Confederate line and drove through the gap. Confederates were strategically successful in stalling the Union advance and protecting the rear of their forces engaged at Harpers Ferry.

Battle of Pocotaligo
October 22, 1862
South Carolina
Confederate victory: Union troops repulsed after minimally damaging the Charleston & Savannah railroad.

Skirmish at Island Mound
October 27–29, 1862
Missouri
Union victory:

Yazoo Pass Expedition
February 3 – April 12, 1863
Mississippi
Confederate victory: Elaborate amphibious Union flanking maneuver is thwarted by Confederates at Fort Pemberton during the Vicksburg campaign.

Battle of Crooked Creek
April 30, 1863
Alabama
Nathan Bedford Forrest and Union Col. Abel Streight fight Cavalry action for several hours.

Battle of Portland Harbor
June 27, 1863
Maine
Union victory: Naval engagement.

Battle of Sporting Hill
June 30, 1863
Pennsylvania
Inconclusive: Small skirmish during the Gettysburg Campaign was the northernmost engagement of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia during the Civil War.

Battle of Carlisle
July 1, 1863
Pennsylvania
Inconclusive: Small, but strategically important skirmish during the Gettysburg Campaign.

Battle of Hunterstown
July 2, 1863
Pennsylvania
Inconclusive: Minor cavalry engagement during the Gettysburg Campaign

Battle of Fairfield
July 3, 1863
Pennsylvania
Confederate victory: Cavalry engagement during the Gettysburg Campaign secured the important Hagerstown Road.

Jackson Expedition
July 5–25, 1863
Mississippi
Union victory: Forces under General William T. Sherman clear General Joseph E. Johnston's relief effort from the Vicksburg area.

Battle of Funkstown
July 10, 1863
Maryland
Inconclusive: Action during Lee's retreat to Virginia after the Battle of Gettysburg.

Draft Riots
July 13–16, 1863
New York
–

Battle of Bayou Meto (Battle of Reed's Bridge)
August 27, 1863
Arkansas
Confederate Victory: Confederate forces delay the Union advance on Little Rock.

Battle of Bayou Bourbeux
November 3, 1863
Louisiana
Confederate victory: Confederate District of Western Louisiana troops attack the isolated rear guard during Union withdrawal from Opelousas.

Battle of Laredo
March 18, 1864
Texas
Confederate victory: Union force sent to destroy 05,000 bales of cotton

Battle of Salyersville
April 13–14, 1864
Kentucky
Union victory: Confederates were driven into Salyersville with heavy losses.

Battle of Cherbourg (1864)(Sinking of CSS Alabama)
June 19, 1864
(Naval engagement) Cherbourg, France
Union victory: USS Kearsarge sinks CSS Alabama

Battle of Camden Point
July 13, 1864
Missouri
Union victory:

Battle of Brown's Mill
July 30, 1864
Georgia
Confederate victory: cavalry engagement during Atlanta campaign

Battle of Fort Smith
July 31, 1864
Arkansas
Union victory: Federal troops maintain control of western Arkansas

Battle of Gainesville
August 17, 1864
Florida
Confederate victory:

Battle of Sulphur Creek Trestle
September 23–25, 1864
Alabama
Confederate victory: Raid to disrupt Sherman's supply line

Battle of Marianna
September 27, 1864
Florida
Union victory: Cavalry raid into Florida panhandle.

St. Albans raid
October 19, 1864
Vermont
Confederate victory: Northernmost land action of the American Civil War

Battle of Anthony's Hill (Battle of King's Hill)
December 24, 1864
Tennessee
Confederate victory: Forrest turns back Union pursuers after the Battle of Nashville.

Battle of Broxton Bridge
February 2, 1865
South Carolina
–[2]

Battle of Aiken
February 11, 1865
South Carolina
Cavalry action between Union Maj. Gen. Hugh Judson Kilpatrick and Confederate Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler.

Battle of Fort Myers
February 20, 1865
Florida
Union victory: Southernmost land battle of the war.

Battle of Morrisville
April 13–15, 1865
North Carolina
Union victory: Last cavalry battle of the War.

Battle of West Point
April 16, 1865
Georgia
Union victory: Union victory during final phase of U.S. Civil War.

Battle of Columbus (1865) (Battle of Girard)
April 16, 1865
Georgia
Union victory: during final phase of war.

Battle of Anderson
May 1, 1865
South Carolina
Inconclusive: Minor skirmish.

text: Other battles in the American Indian Wars[edit]

text: Other battles and skirmishes, not rated by CWSAC, of the American Indian Wars between either USA or CSA forces and the Apache, Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche, Dakota, Kiowa, Navajo, and Shoshone which occurred during the American Civil War – including: the Apache Wars, Colorado War, Dakota War of 1862, Navajo Wars, and Texas–Indian wars.

text:
Battle
Date
State
Outcome

Siege of Tubac
August 1861
Arizona(New Mexico Territoryat the time)
Apache victory. Confederate militia and townspeople flee to Tucson.

First Battle of Dragoon Springs
May 5, 1862
Arizona(New Mexico Territoryat the time)
Apache victory. Westernmost Confederate battle fatalities.

Second Battle of Dragoon Springs
May 9, 1862
Arizona(New Mexico Territoryat the time)
Confederate victory. Livestock recaptured.

Battle of Apache Pass
July 15–16, 1862
Arizona(New Mexico Territoryat the time)
Apache Wars: Union soldiers fight with Apache warriors.

Battles of New Ulm
August 19 and 23, 1862
Minnesota
Dakota War of 1862: Two battles in the Dakota War of 1862.

Battle of Birch Coulee
September 2, 1862
Minnesota
Dakota War of 1862: Worst defeat of Union forces during the Dakota War of 1862.

Battle of Bear River
January 29, 1863
Idaho (Washington Territory at the time)
Also known as the Bear River Massacre.  Resulted in the scattering of several Shoshoni bands and ended Shoshoni control of northern Utah Territory.

Battle of Canyon de Chelly
January 12–14, 1864
Arizona(Arizona Territoryat the time)
US victory

First Battle of Adobe Walls
November 25, 1864
Texas
Texas–Indian wars: Kit Carson fights Kiowa forces to a draw, but manages to destroy their settlement.

Battle of Dove Creek
January 8, 1865
Texas
Kickapoo victory: Texas State Militia and CS troops are defeated by Kickapoo Indians.

Battle of Fort Buchanan
February 17, 1865
Arizona(Arizona Territoryat the time)
Apache victory. Fort Buchanan destroyed.

text: Troop engagements[edit]

text: This is a chronological summary and record of every engagement between the troops of the Union and of the Confederacy, showing the total losses and casualties in each engagement. It was collated and compiled from the Official Records of the War Department.

text: This summary has been divided by year:

text:
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865


document_title: Eight-hour day

question_text: when did the 8 hour work day start in australia

root

text: Eight-hour day

text: Asia[edit]

text: Iran[edit]

text: In Iran in 1918, the work of reorganizing the trade unions began in earnest in Tehran during the closure of the Iranian constitutional parliament Majles. The printers' union, established in 1906 by Mohammad Parvaneh as the first trade union, in the Koucheki print shop on Nasserieh Avenue in Tehran, reorganized their union under leadership of Russian-educated Seyed Mohammad Dehgan, a newspaper editor and an avowed Communist. In 1918, the newly organised union staged a 14-day strike and succeeded in reaching a collective agreement with employers to institute the eight-hours day, overtime pay, and medical care. The success of the printers' union encouraged other trades to organize. In 1919 the bakers and textile-shop clerks formed their own trade unions.

tag: p

text: However the eight-hours day only became as code by a limited governor's decree on 1923 by the governor of Kerman, Sistan and Balochistan, which controlled the working conditions and working hours for workers of carpet workshops in the province. In 1946 the council of ministers issued the first labor law for Iran, which recognized the eight-hour day.

text: Japan[edit]

text: The first company to introduce an eight-hour working day in Japan was the Kawasaki Dockyards in Kobe (now the Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation). An eight-hour day was one of the demands presented by the workers during pay negotiations in September 1919. After the company resisted the demands, a slowdown campaign was commenced by the workers on 18 September. After ten days of industrial action, company president Kōjirō Matsukata agreed to the eight-hour day and wage increases on 27 September, which became effective from October. The effects of the action were felt nationwide and inspired further industrial action at the Kawasaki and Mitsubishi shipyards in 1921.[7]

text: The eight-hour day did not become law in Japan until the passing of the Labor Standards Act in April 1947. Article 32 (1) of the Act specifies a 40-hour week and paragraph (2) specifies an eight-hour day, excluding rest periods.[8]

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In Indonesia, the first policy regarding working time regulated in Law No. 13 of 2003 about employment. In the law, it stated that a worker should work for 7 hours a day for 6 days a week or 8 hours a day for 7 days a week, excluding rest periods.[9]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Belgium[edit]

text: The 8-hour work day was introduced in Belgium on September 9, 1924.

text: Finland[edit]

text: The 8-hour work day was first introduced in 1907. Within the next few decades, the 8-hour system spread gradually across technically all branches of work. A worker receives 150% payment from the first two extra hours, and 200% salary if the work day exceeds 10 hours.

text: France[edit]

text: The eight-hour day was enacted in France by Georges Clemenceau, as a way to avoid unemployment and diminish communist support. It was succeeded by a strong French support of it during the writing of the International Labour Organization Convention of 1919.[10]

text: Germany[edit]

text: The first German company to introduce the eight-hour day was Degussa. The eight-hour day was signed into law during the German Revolution of 1918.

text: Poland[edit]

text: In Poland, the eight-hour day was introduced November 23, 1918 by decree of the gabinet of the Prime Minister Jędrzej Moraczewski[11].

text: Portugal[edit]

text: In Portugal a vast wave of strikes occurred in 1919, supported by the National Workers' Union, the biggest labour union organisation at the time. The workers achieved important objectives, including the historic victory of an eight-hour day.

text: Russia[edit]

text: In Russia, the eight-hour day was introduced in 1917, four days after the October Revolution, by a Decree of the Soviet government.

text: Spain[edit]

text: In the region of Alcoy, Spain, a workers strike in 1873 for the eight-hour day followed much agitation from the anarchists. In 1919 in Barcelona, Catalonia, after a 44-day general strike with over 100,000 participants had effectively crippled the Catalan economy, the Government settled the strike by granting all the striking workers demands that included an eight-hour day, union recognition, and the rehiring of fired workers.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The Factory Act of 1833 limited the work day for children in factories. Those aged 9–13 could work only eight hours, 14–18 12 hours. Children under 9 were required to attend school.

text: In 1884, Tom Mann joined the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) and published a pamphlet calling for the working day to be limited to eight hours. Mann formed an organisation, the Eight Hour League, which successfully pressured the Trades Union Congress to adopt the eight-hour day as a key goal. The British socialist economist Sidney Webb and the scholar Harold Cox co-wrote a book supporting the "Eight Hours Movement" in Britain.[12]

text: North America[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013)

tag: table

text: The labour movement in Canada tracked progress in the US and UK.  In 1890, the Federation of Labour took up this issue, hoping to organise participation in May Day.[13]

text: Mexico[edit]

text: The Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920 produced the Constitution of 1917, which contained Article 123 that gave workers the right to organise labour unions and to strike. It also provided protection for women and children, the eight-hour day, and a living wage. See Mexican labour law.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, Philadelphia carpenters went on strike in 1791 for the ten-hour day. By the 1830s, this had become a general demand. In 1835, workers in Philadelphia organised the first general strike in North America, led by Irish coal heavers. Their banners read, From 6 to 6, ten hours work and two hours for meals.[14] Labour movement publications called for an eight-hour day as early as 1836. Boston ship carpenters, although not unionised, achieved an eight-hour day in 1842.

text: In 1864, the eight-hour day quickly became a central demand of the Chicago labour movement. The Illinois legislature passed a law in early 1867 granting an eight-hour day but had so many loopholes that it was largely ineffective. A citywide strike that began on 1 May 1867 shut down the city's economy for a week before collapsing.

text: On 25 June 1868, Congress passed an eight-hour law for federal employees[15][16] which was also of limited effectiveness.   It established an eight-hour workday for labourers and mechanics employed by the Federal Government. President Andrew Johnson had vetoed the act but it was passed over his veto. Johnson told a Workingmen's party delegation that he couldn't directly commit himself to an eight-hour day, he nevertheless told the same delegation that he greatly favoured the "shortest number of hours consistent with the interests of all." According to Richard F. Selcer, however, the intentions behind the law were "immediately frustrated" as wages were cut by 20%.[17]

text: On 19 May 1869, President Ulysses Grant issued a National Eight Hour Law Proclamation.[18]

text: In August 1866, the National Labor Union at Baltimore passed a resolution that said, "The first and great necessity of the present to free labour of this country from capitalist slavery, is the passing of a law by which eight hours shall be the normal working day in all States of the American Union. We are resolved to put forth all our strength until this glorious result is achieved."

text: During the 1870s, eight hours became a central demand, especially among labour organisers, with a network of Eight-Hour Leagues which held rallies and parades. A hundred thousand workers in New York City struck and won the eight-hour day in 1872, mostly for building trades workers. In Chicago, Albert Parsons became recording secretary of the Chicago Eight-Hour League in 1878, and was appointed a member of a national eight-hour committee in 1880.

text: At its convention in Chicago in 1884, the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions resolved that "eight hours shall constitute a legal day's labour from and after May 1, 1886, and that we recommend to labour organisations throughout this jurisdiction that they so direct their laws as to conform to this resolution by the time named."

text: The leadership of the Knights of Labor, under Terence V. Powderly, rejected appeals to join the movement as a whole, but many local Knights assemblies joined the strike call including Chicago, Cincinnati and Milwaukee. On 1 May 1886, Albert Parsons, head of the Chicago Knights of Labor, with his wife Lucy Parsons and two children, led 80,000 people down Michigan Avenue, Chicago, in what is regarded as the first modern May Day Parade, with the cry, "Eight-hour day with no cut in pay."  In support of the eight-hour day. In the next few days they were joined nationwide by 350,000 workers who went on strike at 1,200 factories, including 70,000 in Chicago, 45,000 in New York, 32,000 in Cincinnati, and additional thousands in other cities. Some workers gained shorter hours (eight or nine) with no reduction in pay; others accepted pay cuts with the reduction in hours.

text: On 3 May 1886, August Spies, editor of the Arbeiter-Zeitung (Workers Newspaper), spoke at a meeting of 6,000 workers, and afterwards many of them moved down the street to harass strikebreakers at the McCormick plant in Chicago. The police arrived, opened fire, and killed four people, wounding many more. At a subsequent rally on 4 May to protest this violence, a bomb exploded at the Haymarket Square. Hundreds of labour activists were rounded up and the prominent labour leaders arrested, tried, convicted, and executed giving the movement its first martyrs. On 26 June 1893 Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld set the remaining leader free, and granted full pardons to all those tried claiming they were innocent of the crime for which they had been tried and the hanged men had been the victims of "hysteria, packed juries and a biased judge".

text: The American Federation of Labor, meeting in St Louis in December 1888, set 1 May 1890 as the day that American workers should work no more than eight hours. The International Workingmen's Association (Second International), meeting in Paris in 1889, endorsed the date for international demonstrations, thus starting the international tradition of May Day.

text: The United Mine Workers won an eight-hour day in 1898.

text: The Building Trades Council (BTC) of San Francisco, under the leadership of P. H. McCarthy, won the eight-hour day in 1900 when the BTC unilaterally declared that its members would work only eight hours a day for $3 a day. When the mill resisted, the BTC began organising mill workers; the employers responded by locking out 8,000 employees throughout the Bay Area. The BTC, in return, established a union planing mill from which construction employers could obtain supplies – or face boycotts and sympathy strikes if they did not. The mill owners went to arbitration, where the union won the eight-hour day, a closed shop for all skilled workers, and an arbitration panel to resolve future disputes. In return, the union agreed to refuse to work with material produced by non-union planing mills or those that paid less than the Bay Area employers.

text: By 1905, the eight-hour day was widely installed in the printing trades – see International Typographical Union (section) – but the vast majority of Americans worked 12- to 14-hour days.

text: In the 1912 Presidential Election Teddy Roosevelts Progressive Party campaign platform included the eight-hour work day.

text: On 5 January 1914, the Ford Motor Company took the radical step of doubling pay to $5 a day and cut shifts from nine hours to eight, moves that were not popular with rival companies, although seeing the increase in Ford's productivity, and a significant increase in profit margin (from $30 million to $60 million in two years), most soon followed suit.[19][20][21][22]

text: In the summer of 1915, amid increased labour demand for World War I, a series of strikes demanding the eight-hour day began in Bridgeport, Connecticut. They were so successful that they spread throughout the Northeast.[23]

text: The United States Adamson Act in 1916 established an eight-hour day, with additional pay for overtime, for railroad workers. This was the first federal law that regulated the hours of workers in private companies. The United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Act in Wilson v. New, 243 U.S. 332 (1917).

text: The eight-hour day might have been realised for many working people in the US in 1937, when what became the Fair Labor Standards Act (29 U.S. Code Chapter 8) was first proposed under the New Deal. As enacted, the act applied to industries whose combined employment represented about twenty percent of the US labour force. In those industries, it set the maximum workweek at 40 hours,[24] but provided that employees working beyond 40 hours a week would receive additional overtime bonus salaries.[25]

text: Puerto Rico[edit]

text: In Puerto Rico in May 1899, while under US administration, General George W. Davis acceded to Island demands and decreed freedom of assembly, speech, press, religion and an eight-hour day for government employees.

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: The Australian gold rushes attracted many skilled tradesmen to Australia. Some of them had been active in the chartism movement, and subsequently became prominent in the campaign for better working conditions in the Australian colonies. The eight-hour day began in 1856 in the month of May.

text: The Stonemasons' Society in Sydney issued an ultimatum to employers on 18 August 1855 saying that after six months masons would work only an eight-hour day. Due to the rapid increase in population caused by the gold rushes, many buildings were being constructed, so skilled labour was scarce. Stonemasons working on the Holy Trinity Church and the Mariners' Church (an evangelical mission to seafarers), decided not to wait and pre-emptively went on strike, thus winning the eight-hour day. They celebrated with a victory dinner on 1 October 1855 which to this day is celebrated as a Labour Day holiday in the state of New South Wales. When the six-month ultimatum expired in February 1856, stonemasons generally agitated for a reduction of hours. Although opposed by employers, a two-week strike on the construction of Tooth's Brewery on Parramatta Road proved effective, and stonemasons won an eight-hour day by early March 1856, but with a reduction in wages to match.[26]

text: Agitation was also occurring in Melbourne where the craft unions were more militant. Stonemasons working on Melbourne University organised to down tools on 21 April 1856 and march to Parliament House with other members of the building trade. The movement in Melbourne was led by veteran chartists and mason James Stephens, T.W. Vine and James Galloway. The government agreed that workers employed on public works should enjoy an eight-hour day with no loss of pay and Stonemasons celebrated with a holiday and procession on Monday 12 May 1856, when about 700 people marched with 19 trades involved. By 1858 the eight-hour day was firmly established in the building industry and by 1860 the eight-hour day was fairly widely worked in Victoria. From 1879 the eight-hour day was a public holiday in Victoria. The initial success in Melbourne led to the decision to organise a movement, to actively spread the eight-hour idea, and secure the condition generally.

text: In 1903 veteran socialist Tom Mann spoke to a crowd of a thousand people at the unveiling of the Eight Hour Day monument, funded by public subscription, on the south side of Parliament House on Spring St. It was relocated in 1923 to the corner of Victoria and Russell Streets outside Melbourne Trades Hall.

text: It took further campaigning and struggles by trade unions to extend the reduction in hours to all workers in Australia. In 1916 the Victoria Eight Hours Act was passed granting the eight-hour day to all workers in the state. The eight-hour day was not achieved nationally until the 1920s. The Commonwealth Arbitration Court gave approval of the 40-hour five-day working week nationally beginning on 1 January 1948. The achievement of the eight-hour day has been described by historian Rowan Cahill as "one of the great successes of the Australian working class during the nineteenth century, demonstrating to Australian workers that it was possible to successfully organise, mobilise, agitate, and exercise significant control over working conditions and quality of life. The Australian trade union movement grew out of eight-hour campaigning and the movement that developed to promote the principle."

text: The intertwined numbers 888 soon adorned the pediment of many union buildings around Australia. The Eight Hour March, which began on 21 April 1856, continued each year until 1951 in Melbourne, when the conservative Victorian Trades Hall Council decided to forgo the tradition for the Moomba festival on the Labour Day weekend. In capital cities and towns across Australia, Eight Hour day marches became a regular social event each year, with early marches often restricted to those workers who had won an eight-hour day.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: Promoted by Samuel Duncan Parnell as early as 1840, when carpenter Samuel Parnell refused to work more than eight hours a day when erecting a store for merchant George Hunter. He successfully negotiated this working condition and campaigned for its extension in the infant Wellington community. A meeting of Wellington carpenters in October 1840 pledged "to maintain the eight-hour working day, and that anyone offending should be ducked into the harbour".

text: Parnell is reported to have said: "There are twenty-four hours per day given us; eight of these should be for work, eight for sleep, and the remaining eight for recreation and in which for men to do what little things they want for themselves." With tradesmen in short supply the employer was forced to accept Parnell's terms. Parnell later wrote, "the first strike for eight hours a day the world has ever seen, was settled on the spot".[27][28]

text: Emigrants to the new settlement of Dunedin, Otago, while onboard ship decided on a reduction of working hours. When the resident agent of the New Zealand Company, Captain Cargill, attempted to enforce a ten-hour day in January 1849 in Dunedin, he was unable to overcome the resistance of trades people under the leadership of house painter and plumber, Samuel Shaw.  Building trades in Auckland achieved the eight-hour day on 1 September 1857 after agitation led by Chartist painter, William Griffin. For many years the eight-hour day was confined to craft tradesmen and unionised workers. Labour Day, which commemorates the introduction of the eight-hour day, became a national public holiday in 1899.

text: South America[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2014)

text: A strike for the eight-hour day was held in May 1919 in Peru. In Uruguay, the eight-hour day was put in place in 1915 of several reforms implemented during the second term of president José Batlle y Ordóñez. It was introduced in Chile on 8 September 1924 at the demand of then-general Luis Altamirano as part of the Ruido de sables that culminated in the September Junta.


document_title: Robert Anderson Van Wyck

question_text: who was the van wyck expressway named after

text: Robert Anderson Van Wyck

text: Early life and education[edit]

text: Robert Anderson Van Wyck was the son of William Van Wyck and Lydia Ann Maverick. He was one of seven children, including two brothers Augustus and Samuel Maverick, a Confederate Regimental Surgeon.[3][4] He studied at the Wilson Academy in North Carolina, and later graduated from Columbia University, where he was valedictorian of his class. His sister Lydia married Robert Hoke of North Carolina, a Confederate general during the American Civil War and businessman.

text: Career[edit]

text: Van Wyck began working in business, then studied law and became an attorney. He enjoyed a large practice for many years before entering politics.

text: His business life depended on his social connections as well. Van Wyck was a member of the Holland Society, of which he became President. He belonged to many of the social clubs of the city, and was prominent in Masonic circles, being a member of The Ancient Lodge, New York City.

text: Political career[edit]

text: For many years Van Wyck took an active interest in Democratic Party matters, attending many conventions, state and national. Later, Van Wyck was elected Judge of the City Court of New York. He advanced to Chief Justice.

text: Van Wyck resigned as justice to accept the Democratic Party nomination for Mayor of New York City. He was elected in 1897 by a very large majority. He served as mayor of New York City between 1898 and 1901, as the first mayor to govern New York City after its five boroughs had been consolidated into a single city.

text: As Mayor, he brought together the innumerable municipal corporations comprising the greater city, adjusting their finances and bringing order out of almost total chaos. He directed construction of the Interborough Rapid Transit, the first subway in Manhattan, and provided for the construction of the proposed Brooklyn Tunnel.

text: Van Wyck is generally regarded as a colorless mayor, selected by the leaders of Tammany Hall as a man who would do little to interfere with their running of the city. Initially highly popular as a result of his reversal of the various reforms introduced by the preceding Fusion administration, Van Wyck's administration foundered on the so-called 'Ice Trust' scandal of 1900. The New York World reported that the American Ice Company of Charles W. Morse planned to double the price of ice, from 30 to 60 cents per hundred pounds (from 66 cents to 1.32 dollars per 100 kilograms). In the era before refrigeration, this had potentially fatal effects, as ice was the only preservative available to keep food, milk, and medicines fresh. The high price would have put ice beyond reach of many of the city's poor – Tammany's main power base in the years of waves of immigration.

text: American Ice was forced to reverse its decision due to the public outcry. Van Wyck's political rivals forced an investigation into the issue. It revealed that American Ice had secured an effective monopoly over the supply of its product to the city – it was the only company with rights to land ice at New York piers – and would have dramatically increased its profits at the new price. In addition, Van Wyck, whose salary as mayor was only $15,000, owned, and had apparently not paid for, $680,000 worth of American Ice stock.

text: The Ice Trust Scandal destroyed Van Wyck's political career and was generally reckoned to have cost Tammany the elections of 1901, which was won by the Fusion reformist slate led by Seth Low. Two years later, the New York Times characterized the Van Wyck administration as one mired in "black ooze and slime". Governor Theodore Roosevelt initiated an investigation, which determined that Van Wyck had not been personally implicated in the Ice Trust Scandal.[5]

text: Later years[edit]

text: Van Wyck and his wife enjoyed traveling. In 1906, they moved to Paris, France. He died there at the age of 69 on November 14, 1918. The funeral was held at American Holy Trinity Church. His body was returned to New York and he was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.[6]

text: Legacy[edit]

text:
MS 217 in Queens is the Robert A. Van Wyck Middle School
The Jamaica – Van Wyck station of the New York City Subway in Queens
The Van Wyck Expressway runs in a north-south direction through Queens from John F. Kennedy International Airport in the south to the Whitestone Expressway in the north

tag: ul


document_title: No Secrets (Adult Protection)

question_text: 5.the no secrets document was produced by the department of health in what year

text: No Secrets (Adult Protection)

text: History of No Secrets[edit]

text: The No Secrets (England) and In Safe Hands (Wales) documents were issued as guidance in 2000, under section 7 of the Local Authority Social Services Act 1970. Section 7 guidance does not carry the same status as legislation; instead local authorities have their compliance assessed as part of a statutory inspection process. With ‘good reason’ a local authority can ignore such guidance, but may be called upon to justify their actions in a judicial review.

text: When a referral is made to the local authority under adult protection / safeguarding, the case is allocated to a qualified social worker or specially trained care manager to undertake and investigate the allegation of abuse. The investigation can be a single agency led investigation, often led by the social worker or care manager or multi agency led, either with another statutory body such as the police, trading standards or a healthcare professional.

text: Training of safeguarding social workers[edit]

text: There is no current national guidance or minimal standards relating to the training of social workers in the UK who investigate Adult Protection / Adult Safeguarding matters. However, in 2011, Keele University developed a master's degree in Adult Safeguarding. The MA in Safeguarding Adults: Law, Policy and Practice [4] is offered by the School of Law.

text: Recent adult protection failures[edit]

text: There have been several notable cases where severe harm and even death have occurred as a result of local agencies not acting in accordance with the "No Secrets" guidelines such as the murder of a young man with learning difficulties (Developmental delay).[5] The Cornwall Adult protection committee serious case review[6] into Mr Hoskins death referred to No Secrets saying "What is striking about the responses of services to Steven’s circumstances is that each agency focused on single issues within their own sectional remits and did not make the connections deemed necessary for the protection of vulnerable adults and proposed by No Secrets" (Home Office/ Department of Health 2000).[5]

text: Reasons for such failures[edit]

text: The main reason for these and other failings (Stafford Hospital scandal,[7] Margaret Panting,[8] are the fact that these are the only Government documents addressing the development of multi-disciplinary structures for adult protection, and they are only guidelines. although the Association of Directors of Social Services [9] brought out what was essentially a best practice guide called ‘Safeguarding Adults'[10] in 2005. Existing legislation only relates to paid social care. The majority of abuse happens in people’s own homes, often perpetrated by family, friends or neighbors. The majority of elder abuse occurs within the community, and specifically within people’s own homes and is often perpetrated by family members and relatives. In legislative terms however the primary thrust of Government protective policy has focused upon the much smaller number of people in receipt of social care, and this has been regulated primarily through the Care Standards Act 2000 and more latterly the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006. Abuse within the community, unless perpetrated by paid domiciliary workers, is addressed through the No Secrets guidance.

text: More reasons for failure[edit]

text: The guidance has been effective in facilitating the creation of some form of adult protection system in all local authority areas, it has failed to deliver on a number of important issues, e.g.there is a lack of consistency and equality across areas in terms of the construction and level of adult protection systems provided, there is variable collaboration across statutory agencies, there are significant funding and staffing deficiencies in many areas, there is no consistency in the timing and duration of investigations, and there is no power to ensure access to victims, or to ensure safe outcomes. Lack of legislative underpinning - major reason for the inconsistent application of the ‘No Secrets’ guidance. ?Organizations and individuals firstly do what is legally required of them (their statutory duty), and only as a secondary activity consider those matters that fall into the category of a ‘statutory power’ i.e. what they are authorized but not compelled to do. It is argued that there is insufficient funding, and Adult protection work minimal. Some statutory agencies may invest what is necessary to maintain a skeleton response, with other agencies perceiving the work to be optional.

text: Final criticisms and a proposed way forward[edit]

text: Another criticism is personalisation -empowering people’s choice and control over care through the provision of direct payments or individual budgets[11] – no effective safeguards being pre-planned or proposed -by accepting a personalisation package someone loses the automatic safeguards of the Care Standards Act 2000 and the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 systems become optional.

text: There are still many discrepancies with some agencies providing clear policies and procedures[12] and others only functioning at a very basic level.

text: Current arrangements[edit]

text: On the 1st April 2015 the 'No Secrets' guidance document was repealed by the Care Act 2014. This act contains replacement and mandatory requirements specifically around adult safeguarding and guidance now issued has statutory force and effect.[2]


document_title: Losing streak

question_text: what college football team has the longest losing streak

text: Losing streak

text: Existence and causation[edit]

text: Most quantitative studies of winning and losing streaks, and the associated concept of psychological momentum, have failed to find any evidence that "streaks" actually exist, except as a matter of random chance.[1]  A team with low ability is more likely to lose frequently, and a team with high ability is more likely to win, but once ability is controlled for, there is no evidence that a "winning" or "losing" streak affects the result of the match.[2]  In fact, one study of European association football matches using a Monte Carlo methodology found that once ability was accounted for, a team was actually slightly less likely to win or lose when it had experienced the same result in the previous match.[2]

text: Despite the apparent nonexistence of streaks in quantitative terms, many scholars in the field have pointed to the importance of understanding qualitative, psychological aspects of streaks.[1]  A series of losses can have a negative effect on team morale even if it has no direct effect on the outcome of the next game.[3]

text: Studies in sports management suggest that some managers are able to interrupt losing streaks (and prolong winning streaks) through managerial strategies such as changing the lineup or rotation of players.[4]  Similarly, effective mental strategies may enable individual athletes to resist the psychological effects of a "losing streak" by staying focused on the task at hand.[5]  In team sports, effective strategies for combating negative momentum may include team cohesion activities and increasing the use of positive body language.[6]

text: To the extent that they exist, losing streaks may arise from the loser effect: an increased probability of losing at time T, based on losing at time T−1, T−2, etc. This means that one has a slightly higher probability of losing the next match because one lost the previous one.[7] The outcome of a match does not solely depend on the strength of the opponents, but also on how much effort one or the other is willing to invest. The loser effect rises from the tendency to hold back on the next match after losing. On the other hand, the winner effect encourages the opponent who won the previous match to invest more in the next fight. This phenomenon is well known in the study of animal behavior, where the winner and loser effects help to keep the level of conflicts low in group living animals.[8]

text: Distinction from winless streak[edit]

text: A losing streak and a winless streak are distinctively different, as a winless streak may include:

text:
tie games or draws
in first-class cricket, unfinished matches
in association football, ice hockey and some field hockey leagues, and depending on the definition of “loss” used by the observer, overtime or shootout losses.

tag: ol

text: Tie games can also be included in an unbeaten streak, as in soccer.

text: Longest losing streaks[edit]

text: List of the longest individual losing streaks of all time in each sport:

text: American football[edit]

text:
NFL football:
29 games — Chicago Cardinals: (1942–1945, counts ten losses the team incurred as half of the merged Card-Pitt franchise in 1944)
26 games — Tampa Bay Buccaneers: (1976–1977, post-merger era record and record for one continuous team)
NCAA Football Division I (FBS): 34 games — Northwestern Wildcats: (1979–1982)[9][10]
NCAA Football Division I (FCS): 80 games — Prairie View A&M Panthers: (1989–1998)[10]
NCAA Football Division II: 52 games — Lock Haven Bald Eagles: (2007–2012)[11]
NCAA Football Division III: 53 games — Earlham College: (2013–present)[10]
Sprint football: 106 games — Princeton Tigers (1999–2015). Streak includes at least four forfeits, and ended upon the program being shut down.[12]
Semi-professional football: 59 games — York Lions (1990–1995)[13]

text: Association football[edit]

text:
MLS soccer: 12 games — New York/New Jersey MetroStars: (1999)
USL Pro Soccer: 26 games — Antigua Barracuda FC: (2013)
Thai League: 27 games — Super Power Samut Prakan F.C.: (2017)[14]
Premier League: 15 games — Sunderland: (2002/2003)[15]

text: Australian rules football[edit]

text:
VFL/AFL: 51 matches — University in 1912–1914 (dropped out of league and folded at end of 1914) [16]
SANFL: 56 matches — Glenelg in 1921–1924 [17]
WAFL: 27 games — West Perth in 1938–1939 and Peel Thunder in 1997–1998 and 1998–2000 [18]

text: Auto racing[edit]

text: NASCAR Cup Series: 653 races — J. D. McDuffie (died in a fatal crash on the fifth lap of the 1991 Budweiser at The Glen)[19]

text: Canadian football[edit]

text:
CFL Football: 16 games — Hamilton Tigers/Tiger-Cats: (1948–1950)[20]
CIS Football: 49 games — Toronto Varsity Blues: (2001–2008)

text: Baseball[edit]

text:
MLB Baseball:
American Association: 26 games — Louisville Colonels: (1889)[21]
National League: 24 games — Cleveland Spiders: (1899)[21]
American League: 21 games — Baltimore Orioles: (1988)[21]
Federal League: 9 games — Baltimore Terrapins: (1915)[22]
Baseball Pitcher
National League: 27 consecutive losing decisions — Anthony Young: (1992–1993)
Japanese Baseball League: 16 games — Dai Tokyo: (1936)
Nippon Professional Baseball:
Central League: 16 games — Yakult Atoms: (1970)
Pacific League: 18 games — Chiba Lotte Marines: (1993)
KBO League: 18 games — Sammi Superstars: (1985)

text: Basketball[edit]

text:
Professional Basketball
NBA Basketball: 28 games — Philadelphia 76ers: (2014-15, 2015-16)[23]
WNBA Basketball: 20 games — Tulsa Shock
Korean Basketball League: 32 games — Daegu Tongyang Orions: (1998-99)
Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional: 32 games — Volcanes del Estado de México: (2011-12)
Collegiate Basketball
NCAA Basketball:
Division I, men: 41 games — Towson Tigers: (2011–2012)[24]
Division I, women: 59 games — Chicago State Lady Cougars: (2016-2018)[25]
Division II, men: 46 games — Olivet Comets: (1959–1961); Southwest Minnesota State Mustangs (1971–1973)
Division II, women: 70 games — Notre Dame de Namur Argonauts
Division III, men: 207 games — Caltech Beavers: (1996–2007) (record for all divisions, men or women)[26]
Division III, women: 83 games — Schreiner Mountaineers, (all-division record for women)[27]
Note: New Jersey Institute of Technology Highlanders lost 51 games (2007–2009) while in the process of becoming a Division I program, but is not an official record.[28]
NAIA Basketball
Division I, men: 100 games — STLCOP Eutectics[29][30]

text: Cricket[edit]

text:
Test Cricket: 21 matches — Bangladesh – (2001–2004)
One Day International cricket: 23 matches — Bangladesh – (1999–2002)
Twenty20 International: 12 matches — Bangladesh – (2007–2012)
Combined international cricket: 28 matches — Bangladesh – (10 tests, 18 ODIs, 2003–2004)
Twenty20 club or domestic: 19 matches (tie) — Quetta Bears – (2005–present); Sydney Thunder – (December 2011–January 2014)

text: Hockey[edit]

text: NHL hockey: 17 games (tie) — Washington Capitals: (1974–75); San Jose Sharks: (1992–93)[31]

text: Lacrosse[edit]

text:
NCAA Lacrosse Division I: 29 games — Wagner College:
NCAA Lacrosse Division III: 92 games — City College of New York:

text: Rugby League[edit]

text:
NSWRL and NRL rugby league: 42 games — Sydney University rugby league team
Rugby League in England: 61 games — Runcorn Highfield (1989–1991). The run consisted of 55 Division Two, 2 Challenge Cup, 2 Regal Trophy, and 2 Lancashire Cup-ties.[32]

text: Tennis[edit]

text:
NCAA Men's Tennis Division 1: 59 matches — Wagner College (2007–2012)
ATP: 21 consecutive matches — Vince Spadea[33]

text: eSports[edit]

text: Overwatch League: 40 matches — Shanghai Dragons (2018–)

text: Wrestling[edit]

text: Curt Hawkins: 220 matches — WWE (2016—)