document_title: List of missions to the Moon

question_text: when was the last flight to the moon

question_tokens: when was the last flight to the moon

text: List of missions to the Moon

text: Missions to date[edit]

text:
Spacecraft
Launch Date[1]
Carrier rocket[2]
Operator
Mission
Outcome

Pioneer 0
(Able I)[3]
000000001958-08-17-000017 August 1958
Thor DM-18 Able I[3]
 USAF
Orbiter
Launch failure

First attempted launch beyond Earth orbit; failed to orbit due to turbopump gearbox malfunction resulting in first stage explosion.[3] Reached apogee of 16 kilometres (9.9 mi)[4]

E-1 No.1
000000001958-09-23-000023 September 1958
Luna
 OKB-1
Impactor
Launch failure

Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated due to excessive vibration[3][5]

Pioneer 1
(Able II)[3]
000000001958-10-11-000011 October 1958
Thor DM-18 Able I[3]
 NASA
Orbiter
Launch failure

Failed to orbit; premature second stage cutoff due to accelerometer failure. Later known as Pioneer 1.[3] Reached apogee of 113,800 kilometres (70,700 mi).[6]

E-1 No.2
000000001958-10-11-000011 October 1958
Luna
 OKB-1
Impactor
Launch failure

Failed to orbit; carrier rocket exploded due to excessive vibration.[3][5]

Pioneer 2
(Able III)
000000001958-11-08-00008 November 1958
Thor DM-18 Able I
 NASA
Orbiter
Launch failure

Failed to orbit; premature second stage cutoff due to erroneous command by ground controllers; third stage failed to ignite due to broken electrical connection[3] Reached apogee of 1,550 kilometres (960 mi).[7]

E-1 No.3
000000001958-12-04-00004 December 1958
Luna
 OKB-1
Impactor
Launch failure

Failed to orbit; seal failure in hydrogen peroxide pump cooling system resulted in core stage underperformance[3][5]

Pioneer 3
000000001958-12-06-00006 December 1958
Juno II
 NASA
Flyby
Launch failure

Failed to orbit; premature first stage cutoff.[3] Reached apogee of 102,360 kilometres (63,600 mi).[8]

Mechta
(E-1 No.4)
000000001959-01-02-00002 January 1959
Luna
 OKB-1
Impactor
Launch failure

Carrier rocket guidance problem resulted in failure to impact Moon, flew past in heliocentric orbit, later known as Luna 1[9] Closest approach 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi) on 4 January.[10]

Pioneer 4
000000001959-03-03-00003 March 1959
Juno II
 NASA
Flyby
Partial failure

Second stage overperformance resulted in flyby at greater altitude than expected, out of instrument range, with 58,983 kilometres of distance.[9] Closest approach at 22:25 UTC on 4 March. First U.S. spacecraft to leave Earth orbit.[11]

E-1A No.1
000000001959-06-18-000018 June 1959
Luna
 OKB-1
Impactor
Launch failure

Failed to orbit; guidance system malfunction[9]

Luna 2
(E-1A No.2)
000000001959-09-12-000012 September 1959
Luna
 OKB-1
Impactor
Success

Successful impact at 21:02 on 14 September 1959. First spacecraft to reach lunar surface[12]

Luna 3
(E-2A No.1)
000000001959-10-04-00004 October 1959
Luna
 OKB-1
Flyby
Success

Returned first images of the far side of the Moon[13]

P-3
Able IVB
000000001959-11-26-000026 November 1959
Atlas-D Able
 NASA
Orbiter
Launch failure

Failed to orbit;[14] payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault[9]

E-3 No.1
000000001960-04-15-000015 April 1960
Luna
 OKB-1
Flyby
Launch failure

Failed to orbit; premature third stage cutoff[15]

E-3 No.2
000000001960-04-16-000016 April 1960
Luna
 OKB-1
Flyby
Launch failure

Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated ten seconds after launch[15]

P-30
(Able VA)
000000001960-09-25-000025 September 1960
Atlas-D Able
 NASA
Orbiter
Launch failure

Failed to orbit; second stage oxidiser system malfunction resulting in premature cutoff[15][16] payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault[9]

P-31
(Able VB)
000000001960-12-15-000015 December 1960
Atlas-D Able
 NASA
Orbiter
Launch failure

Failed to orbit;[17] second stage ignited while first stage was still attached and burning, vehicle exploded[15]

Ranger 3
(P-34)
000000001962-01-26-000026 January 1962
Atlas LV-3 Agena-B
 NASA
Impactor
Spacecraft failure

Partial launch failure due to guidance problem; attempt to correct using spacecraft's engine resulted in it missing the Moon by 36,793 kilometres (22,862 mi)[18][19]

Ranger 4
(P-35)
000000001962-04-23-000023 April 1962
Atlas LV-3 Agena-B
 NASA
Impactor
Spacecraft failure

Failed to deploy solar panels, ran out of power ten hours after launch; incidental impact on the far side of the Moon on 26 April[18][20]

Ranger 5
(P-36)
000000001962-10-18-000018 October 1962
Atlas LV-3 Agena-B
 NASA
Impactor
Spacecraft failure

Solar panels erroneously disengaged from power system, failed 8 3⁄4 hours after launch when batteries were depleted.[18] Missed the Moon as course correction was not completed[21]

E-6 No.2
000000001963-01-04-00004 January 1963
Molniya-L
 OKB-1
Lander
Launch failure

Failed to depart Low Earth orbit;[22] guidance system power failure prevented upper stage ignition[23]

E-6 No.3
000000001963-02-03-00003 February 1963
Molniya-L
 OKB-1
Lander
Launch failure

Failed to orbit; guidance failure[23]

Luna 4
(E-6 No.4)
000000001963-04-02-00002 April 1963
Molniya-L
 OKB-1
Lander
Spacecraft failure

Failed to perform mid-course correction,[23] remained in high Earth orbit until given escape velocity by orbital perturbation[24]

Ranger 6
(P-54)
000000001964-01-30-000030 January 1964
Atlas LV-3 Agena-B
 NASA
Impactor
Spacecraft failure

Impacted on 2 February 1964, failed to return images due to power system failure[25][26]

E-6 No.6
000000001964-03-21-000021 March 1964
Molniya-M
 OKB-1
Lander
Launch failure

Failed to orbit; third stage underperformed due to oxidiser valve failure[25]

E-6 No.5
000000001964-04-20-000020 April 1964
Molniya-M
 OKB-1
Lander
Launch failure

Failed to orbit; power failure caused by broken connection resulted in premature third stage cutoff[25]

Ranger 7
000000001964-07-28-000028 July 1964
Atlas LV-3 Agena-B
 NASA
Impactor
Success

Impacted on 30 July 1964 at 13:25:48 UTC[27]

Ranger 8
000000001965-02-17-000017 February 1965
Atlas LV-3 Agena-B
 NASA
Impactor
Success

Impacted on 20 February 1965 at 09:57:37 UTC[28][29]

Kosmos 60
(E-6 No.9)
000000001965-03-12-000012 March 1965
Molniya-L
 Lavochkin
Lander
Launch failure

Upper stage failed to restart due to guidance system short-circuit.[28] Failed to depart low Earth orbit[30]

Ranger 9
000000001965-03-21-000021 March 1965
Atlas LV-3 Agena-B
 NASA
Impactor
Success

Impacted on 24 March 1965 at 14:08:20 UTC[28][31]

E-6 No.8
000000001965-04-10-000010 April 1965
Molniya-L
 Lavochkin
Lander
Launch failure

Third stage failed to ignite due to loss of oxidiser pressure, failed to orbit[28]

Luna 5
(E-6 No.10)
000000001965-05-09-00009 May 1965
Molniya-M
 Lavochkin
Lander
Spacecraft failure

Loss of control after gyroscope malfunction,[28] failed to decelerate for landing and impacted the Moon at 19:10 UTC on 12 May 1965.[32]

Luna 6
(E-6 No.7)
000000001965-06-08-00008 June 1965
Molniya-M
 Lavochkin
Lander
Spacecraft failure

Engine failed to shut down after performing mid-course correction manoeuvre,[28] flew past the Moon in heliocentric orbit.[33]

Zond 3
(3MV-4 No.3)
000000001965-07-18-000018 July 1965
Molniya
 Lavochkin
Flyby
Success

Flew past the Moon on 20 July 1965 at a distance of 9,200 kilometres (5,700 mi).[34] Conducted technology demonstration for future planetary missions.[28]

Luna 7
(E-6 No.11)
000000001965-10-04-00004 October 1965
Molniya
 Lavochkin
Lander
Spacecraft failure

Attitude control failure shortly before landing prevented controlled descent; impacted the lunar surface 22:08:24 UTC on 7 October 1965.[28][35]

Luna 8
(E-6 No.12)
000000001965-12-03-00003 December 1965
Molniya
 Lavochkin
Lander
Spacecraft failure

Landing airbag punctured, resulting in loss of attitude control shortly before planned touchdown,[28] impacted Moon at 21:51:30 UTC on 6 December 1965[36]

Luna 9
(E-6 No.13)
000000001966-01-31-000031 January 1966
Molniya-M
 Lavochkin
Lander
Success

First spacecraft to land successfully on the Moon; touchdown at 18:45:30 UTC on 3 February 1966.[37] Returned data until 22:55 UTC on 6 February.[38]

Kosmos 111
(E-6S No.204)
000000001966-03-01-00001 March 1966
Molniya-M
 Lavochkin
Orbiter
Launch failure

Upper stage lost attitude control and failed to ignite;[38] spacecraft never left low Earth orbit[39]

Luna 10
(E-6S No.206)
000000001966-03-31-000031 March 1966
Molniya-M
 Lavochkin
Orbiter
Success

Entered orbit at 18:44 UTC on 3 April 1966, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon.[40] Continued to return data until 30 May.[38]

Surveyor 1
000000001966-05-30-000030 May 1966
Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D
 NASA
Lander
Success

Landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 06:17:36 UTC on 2 June 1966.[38] Returned data until loss of power on 13 July.[41]

Explorer 33
(AIMP-D)
000000001966-07-01-00001 July 1966
Delta E1
 NASA
Orbiter
Launch failure

Magnetospheric probe; rocket imparted greater velocity than had been planned, leaving spacecraft unable to enter orbit.[38] Repurposed for Earth orbit mission which was completed successfully.[42]

Lunar Orbiter 1
000000001966-08-10-000010 August 1966
Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D
 NASA
Orbiter
Partial failure

Orbital insertion at around 15:36 UTC on 14 August. Deorbited early due to lack of fuel and to avoid communications interference with the next mission, impacted the Moon at 13:30 UTC on 29 October 1966.[43]

Luna 11
(E-6LF No.101)
000000001966-08-21-000021 August 1966
Molniya-M
 Lavochkin
Orbiter
Partial failure[a]

Entered orbit on 28 August 1966. Failed to return images; other instruments operated correctly.[38] Conducted gamma ray and X-ray observations to study the composition of the Moon, investigated the lunar gravitational field, the presence of meteorites in the lunar environment and the radiation environment at the Moon. Ceased operations on 1 October 1966 after power was depleted.[44]

Surveyor 2
000000001966-09-20-000020 September 1966
Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D
 NASA
Lander
Spacecraft failure

One thruster failed to ignite during mid-course correction manoeuvre resulting in loss of control.[38] Impacted the Moon at 03:18 UTC on 23 September 1966.[45]

Luna 12
(E-6LF No.102)
000000001966-10-22-000022 October 1966
Molniya-M
 Lavochkin
Orbiter
Success

Entered orbit on 25 October 1966 and returned data until 19 January 1967.[46] Completed photography mission intended for Luna 11.[38]

Lunar Orbiter 2
000000001966-11-06-00006 November 1966
Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D
 NASA
Orbiter
Success

Entered orbit at about 19:51 UTC on 10 November 1966 to begin photographic mapping mission. Impacted on the far side of the lunar surface following deorbit burn on 11 October 1967 at end of mission.[47]

Luna 13
(E-6M No.205)
000000001966-12-21-000021 December 1966
Molniya-M
 Lavochkin
Lander
Success

Successfully landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 18:01 UTC on 24 December 1966.[38] Returned images from the surface and studied the lunar soil.[48] Operated until depletion of power at 06:31 UTC on 28 December.[38]

Lunar Orbiter 3
000000001967-02-05-00005 February 1967
Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D
 NASA
Orbiter
Success

Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 February 1967. Deorbited at end of mission and impacted the Moon on 9 October 1967.[49]

Surveyor 3
000000001967-04-17-000017 April 1967
Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D
 NASA
Lander
Success

Landed at 00:04 UTC on 20 April 1967 and operated until 3 May.[50][51] Visited by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969, with some parts removed for return to Earth.[52]

Lunar Orbiter 4
000000001967-05-04-00004 May 1967
Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D
 NASA
Orbiter
Success

Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 May 1967, operated until 17 July. Decayed from orbit, with lunar impact occurring on 6 October 1967.[50][53]

Surveyor 4
000000001967-07-14-000014 July 1967
Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D
 NASA
Lander
Spacecraft failure

Contact with spacecraft lost at 02:03 UTC on 17 July, two and a half minutes before scheduled landing.[50] NASA determined that the spacecraft may have exploded, otherwise it impacted the Moon.[54]

Explorer 35
(AIMP-E)
000000001967-07-19-000019 July 1967
Delta E1
 NASA
Orbiter
Success

Magnetospheric probe, studying the Moon and interplanetary space. Deactivated on 27 June 1973.[55] Presumed to have impacted the Moon during the 1970s.[56]

Lunar Orbiter 5
000000001967-08-01-00001 August 1967
Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D
 NASA
Orbiter
Success

Final mission in the Lunar Orbiter series, entered selenocentric orbit on 5 August at 16:48 UTC and conducted a photographic survey until 18 August. Deorbited and impacted the Moon on 31 January 1968.[57]

Surveyor 5
000000001967-09-08-00008 September 1967
Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
 NASA
Lander
Success

Landed in Mare Tranquillitatis at 00:46:44 UTC on 11 September. Last signals received at 04:30 UTC on 17 December 1967.[58]

7K-L1 No.4L
000000001967-09-27-000027 September 1967
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Flyby
Launch failure

Technology demonstration for planned manned missions. Failed to reach orbit after a blocked propellant line caused one of the first stage engines not to ignite.[50]

Surveyor 6
000000001967-11-07-00007 November 1967
Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
 NASA
Lander
Success

Landed in Sinus Medii at 01:01:04 UTC on 10 November.[50] Made brief flight from lunar surface at 10:32 UTC on 17 November, followed by second landing after travelling 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in). Last contact at 19:14 UTC on 14 December.[59]

7K-L1 No.5L
000000001967-11-22-000022 November 1967
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Flyby
Launch failure

Technology demonstration for planned manned missions; unable to achieve orbit after second stage engine failed to ignite.[50]

Surveyor 7
000000001968-01-07-00007 January 1968
Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
 NASA
Lander
Success

Final Surveyor mission.[60] Landed 29 kilometres (18 mi) from Tycho crater at 01:05:36 UTC on 10 January. Operated until 21 February 1968.[61]

E-6LS No.112
000000001968-02-07-00007 February 1968
Molniya-M
 Lavochkin
Orbiter
Launch failure

Failed to orbit after third stage ran out of fuel.[61]

Luna 14
(E-6LS No.113)
000000001968-04-07-00007 April 1968
Molniya-M
 Lavochkin
Orbiter
Success

Tested communications for proposed manned missions and studied the mass concentration of the Moon. Entered orbit on 10 April at 19:25 UTC.[62]

7K-L1 No.7L
000000001968-04-22-000022 April 1968
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Flyby
Launch failure

Technology demonstration for planned manned missions. Failed to orbit after second stage engine incorrectly commanded to shut down; although spacecraft was recovered using its prototype launch escape system.[61]

Zond 5
(7K-L1 No.9L)
000000001968-09-14-000014 September 1968
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Flyby, circled
Success

Two tortoises and other life forms on board a technology demonstration for planned manned missions. Made a closest approach of 1,850 kilometres (1,150 mi) on 18 September, and circled the moon before returning to Earth. Landed in the Indian Ocean on 21 September at 16:08 UTC, becoming first Lunar spacecraft to be recovered successfully and carried the first Earth life to travel to and around the moon.[63]

Zond 6
(7K-L1 No.12L)
000000001968-11-10-000010 November 1968
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Flyby
Spacecraft failure

Technology demonstration for planned manned missions. Flyby occurred on 14 November, with a closest approach of 2,420 kilometres (1,500 mi).[64] Reentered Earth's atmosphere on 17 November however recovery was unsuccessful after parachutes were prematurely jettisoned.[61]

Apollo 8
000000001968-12-21-000021 December 1968
Saturn V
 NASA
Manned Orbiter
Success

First manned mission to the Moon; entered orbit around the Moon with four-minute burn beginning at 09:59:52 UTC on 24 December. Completed ten orbits of the Moon before returning to Earth with an engine burn at 06:10:16 UTC on 25 December. Landed in the Pacific Ocean at 15:51 UTC on 27 December.[65]

7K-L1 No.13L
000000001969-01-20-000020 January 1969
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Flyby
Launch failure

Technology demonstration for planned manned missions. Failed to orbit after one of the four second stage engines shut down prematurely. Third stage engine also shut down prematurely. The spacecraft was recovered using its launch escape system.[66]

E-8 No.201
000000001969-02-19-000019 February 1969
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Lander/Rover
Launch failure

First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.[66]

7K-L1S No.3
000000001969-02-21-000021 February 1969
N1
 OKB-1
Orbiter
Launch failure

First launch of N1 rocket; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. First stage prematurely shut down 70 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed 50 kilometres (31 mi) from launch site. Spacecraft landed some 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the launch pad after successfully using its launch escape system.[66]

Apollo 10
000000001969-05-18-000018 May 1969
Saturn V
 NASA
Manned Orbiter
Success

Dress rehearsal for Apollo 11

E-8-5 No.402
000000001969-06-14-000014 June 1969
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Sample return
Launch failure

Intended to land on the Moon and return lunar soil sample. Did not reach Earth orbit after fourth stage failed to ignite.[66]

7K-L1S No.5
000000001969-07-03-00003 July 1969
N1
 OKB-1
Orbiter
Launch failure

Intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. All first stage engines shut down 10 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed and exploded on the launch pad. Spacecraft landed safely 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the launch site after using launch escape sequence.[66]

Luna 15
(E-8-5 No.401)
000000001969-07-13-000013 July 1969
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Sample return
Spacecraft failure

Reached lunar orbit at 10:00 UTC on 17 July. Descent retro-rocket burn started at 15:47 UTC on 21 July. Contact lost 3 minutes after de-orbit burn; probably crashed on the Moon.[66]

Apollo 11
000000001969-07-16-000016 July 1969
Saturn V
 NASA
Manned Orbiter/Lander
Success

First manned landing on the Moon. LM landed at 20:17 UTC on 20 July 1969

Zond 7
(7K-L1 No.11L)
000000001969-08-07-00007 August 1969
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Flyby
Success

Technology demonstration for planned manned missions. Lunar flyby on 10 August, with a closest approach of 1,200 kilometres (750 mi); returned to Earth and landed in Kazakhstan at 18:13 UTC on 14 August.[66]

Kosmos 300
(E-8-5 No.403)
000000001969-09-23-000023 September 1969
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Sample return
Launch failure

Third attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to oxidiser leak. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere about 4 days after launch.[66]

Kosmos 305
(E-8-5 No.404)
000000001969-10-22-000022 October 1969
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Sample return
Launch failure

Fourth attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to control system malfunction. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere within one orbit after launch.[66]

Apollo 12
000000001969-11-14-000014 November 1969
Saturn V
 NASA
Manned Orbiter/Lander
Success

E-8-5 No.405
000000001970-02-06-00006 February 1970
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Sample return
Launch failure

Failed to orbit

Apollo 13
000000001970-04-11-000011 April 1970
Saturn V
 NASA
Manned Orbiter/Lander
Spacecraft failure

Mission aborted following oxygen tank explosion, flew past the Moon without entering orbit and returned to Earth

Luna 16
(E-8-5 No.406)
000000001970-09-12-000012 September 1970
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Sample return
Success

Zond 8
(7K-L1 No.14L)
000000001970-10-20-000020 October 1970
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Flyby
Success

Technology demonstration for planned manned missions; returned to Earth successfully

Luna 17
(E-8 No.203)
000000001970-11-10-000010 November 1970
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Lander/Rover
Success

Deployed Lunokhod 1

Apollo 14
000000001971-01-31-000031 January 1971
Saturn V
 NASA
Manned Orbiter/Lander
Success

Apollo 15
000000001971-07-26-000026 July 1971
Saturn V
 NASA
Manned Orbiter/Lander/Rover
Success

PFS-1
000000001971-07-26-000026 July 1971
Saturn V
 NASA
Orbiter
Success

Deployed from Apollo 15

Luna 18
(E-8-5 No.407)
000000001971-09-02-00002 September 1971
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Sample return
Spacecraft failure

Failed during descent to lunar surface

Luna 19
(E-8LS No.202)
000000001971-09-28-000028 September 1971
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Orbiter
Success

Luna 20
(E-8-5 No.408)
000000001972-02-14-000014 February 1972
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Sample return
Success

Apollo 16
000000001972-04-16-000016 April 1972
Saturn V
 NASA
Manned Orbiter/Lander/Rover
Success

PFS-2
000000001972-04-16-000016 April 1972
Saturn V
 NASA
Orbiter
Success

Deployed from Apollo 16

7K-LOK No.1
000000001972-07-03-00003 July 1972
N1
 OKB-1
Orbiter
Launch failure

Failed to orbit; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth

Apollo 17
000000001972-12-07-00007 December 1972
Saturn V
 NASA
Manned Orbiter/Lander/Rover
Success

Last manned Moon landing

Luna 21
(E-8 No.204)
000000001973-01-08-00008 January 1973
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Lander/Rover
Success

Deployed Lunokhod 2

Explorer 49
(RAE-B)
000000001973-06-10-000010 June 1973
Delta 1913
 NASA
Orbiter
Success

Radio astronomy spacecraft, operated in selenocentric orbit to avoid interference from terrestrial radio sources

Mariner 10
(RAE-B)
000000001973-11-03-00003 November 1973
Delta 1913
 NASA
Flyby
Success

Interplanetary spacecraft, mapped lunar north pole to test cameras.

Luna 22
(E-8LS No.206)
000000001974-05-29-000029 May 1974
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Orbiter
Success

Luna 23
(E-8-5M No.410)
000000001974-10-28-000028 October 1974
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Sample return
Spacecraft failure

Tipped over upon landing

E-8-5M No.412
000000001975-10-16-000016 October 1975
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Sample return
Launch failure

Failed to orbit

Luna 24
(E-8-5M No.413)
000000001976-08-09-00009 August 1976
Proton-K/D
 Lavochkin
Sample return
Success

Final mission of the Luna programme. Entered orbit on 11 August 1976 and landed in Mare Crisium at 16:36 UTC on 18 August. Sample capsule launched at 05:25 UTC on 19 August and recovered 96 1⁄2 hours later.[67] Returned 170.1 grams (6.00 oz) of lunar regolith.[68]

ISEE-3
(ICE/Explorer 59)
000000001978-08-12-000012 August 1978
Delta 2914
 NASA
Gravity assist
N/A

Five flybys in 1982 and 1983 en route to comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner

Hiten
(MUSES-A)
000000001990-01-24-000024 January 1990
Mu-3S-II
 ISAS
Flyby/Orbiter
Success

Designed for flyby, placed into selenocentric orbit during extended mission after failure of Hagoromo

Hagoromo
000000001990-01-24-000024 January 1990
Mu-3S-II
 ISAS
Orbiter
Spacecraft failure

Deployed from Hiten. Communications failure; entered selenocentric orbit but returned no data

Geotail
000000001992-07-24-000024 July 1992
Delta II 6925
  ISAS/NASA
Gravity assist
N/A

Series of flybys to regulate high Earth orbit

Clementine
(DSPSE)
000000001994-01-25-000025 January 1994
Titan II (23)G Star-37FM
 USAF/NASA
Orbiter
Success

Completed Lunar objectives successfully; failed following departure from selenocentric orbit

HGS-1
000000001997-12-24-000024 December 1997
Proton-K/DM3
 Hughes
Gravity assist
N/A

Communications satellite; made two flybys in May and June 1998 en route to geosynchronous orbit after delivery into wrong orbit

Lunar Prospector
(Discovery 3)
000000001998-01-07-00007 January 1998
Athena II
 NASA
Orbiter
Success

Nozomi
(PLANET-B)
000000001998-07-03-00003 July 1998
Mu-5M-V
 ISAS
Gravity assist
N/A

Two flybys en route to Mars

SMART-1
000000002003-09-27-000027 September 2003
Ariane 5G
 ESA
Orbiter
Success

Impacted moon in LQ26 quadrangle at end of mission on 3 September 2006

ARTEMIS P1
000000002007-02-17-000017 February 2007
Delta II 7925
 NASA
Orbiter
Operational

THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission; entered orbit July 2011

ARTEMIS P2
000000002007-02-17-000017 February 2007
Delta II 7925
 NASA
Orbiter
Operational

THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission; entered orbit July 2011

Kaguya
(SELENE)
000000002007-09-14-000014 September 2007
H-IIA 2022
 JAXA
Orbiter
Success

Impacted the Moon in LQ30 quadrangle at end of mission on 10 June 2009[69]

Okina
(RSAT)
000000002007-09-14-000014 September 2007
H-IIA 2022
 JAXA
Orbiter
Success

Deployed from Kaguya, decayed and impacted moon in LQ08 quadrangle on 12 February 2009 after end of mission

Ouna
(VRAD)
000000002007-09-14-000014 September 2007
H-IIA 2022
 JAXA
Orbiter
Success

Deployed from Kaguya, completed operations on 29 June 2009[70] but remains in selenocentric orbit

Chang'e 1
000000002007-10-24-000024 October 2007
Chang Zheng 3A
 CNSA
Orbiter
Success

Impacted moon in LQ21 quadrangle on 1 March 2009, at end of mission

Chandrayaan-1
000000002008-10-21-000021 October 2008
PSLV-XL
 ISRO
Orbiter
Success

Succeced through mission, terminated the mission in 2009, remains in selenocentric orbit; discovered water on Moon[71]

Moon Impact Probe
000000002008-10-21-000021 October 2008
PSLV-XL
 ISRO
Impactor
Success

Deployed from Chandrayaan-1, impacted Moon in LQ30 quadrangle on 14 November 2008

LRO
000000002009-06-18-000018 June 2009
Atlas V 401
 NASA
Orbiter
Operational

LCROSS
000000002009-06-18-000018 June 2009
Atlas V 401
 NASA
Impactor
Success

Observed impact of Centaur upper stage that launched it and LRO, then impacted itself. Impacts in LQ30 quadrangle

Chang'e 2
000000002010-10-01-00001 October 2010
Chang Zheng 3C
 CNSA
Orbiter
Success

Following completion of six month Lunar mission, departed selenocentric orbit for Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point;[72] subsequently flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis[73]

Ebb
(GRAIL-A)
000000002011-09-10-000010 September 2011[74][75]
Delta II 7920H
 NASA
Orbiter[76]
Success

Part of the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory,[77] impacted the Moon in LQ01 quadrangle on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.[78]

Flow
(GRAIL-B)
000000002011-09-10-000010 September 2011[74][75]
Delta II 7920H
 NASA
Orbiter[76]
Success

Part of the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory,[77] impacted the Moon in LQ01 quadrangle on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.[78]

LADEE
000000002013-09-07-00007 September 2013
Minotaur V
 NASA
Orbiter
Success

Mission ended on 18 April 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon

Chang'e 3
000000002013-12-01-00001 December 2013
Chang Zheng 3B
 CNSA
Lander/Rover
Success

Entered orbit on 6 December 2013 with landing at 13:12 UTC on 14 December. Deployed Yutu rover, which landed on the Moon.

Chang'e 5-T1
000000002014-10-23-000023 October 2014
Chang Zheng 3C
 CNSA
Flyby
Operational

Demonstration of re-entry capsule for Chang'e 5 sample-return mission at lunar return velocity.

4M
000000002014-10-23-000023 October 2014
Chang Zheng 3C
 LuxSpace
Flyby
Success

Attached to third stage of CZ-3C used to launch Chang'e 5-T1

text: Future missions[edit]

text: There are several future lunar missions scheduled or proposed by various nations or organisations.

text: Funded[edit]

text: Funded lunar probe missions currently under development[edit]

text:
Country
Name
Launch due
Nature of mission

 USA
TESS
2018[79]
flyby[80]

 China
Chang'e 4
2018[81]
(far side) landing and roving

 India
Chandrayaan-2
2018[82][83][84]
landing, roving, sample analyzing

(Private)
MX-1E
2019[85]
hopping

 China
Chang'e 5
2019[86]
sample return

(Private)
Astrobotic Technology
2019[87]
landing and roving

(Private)
PTScientists
2019[88]
landing and roving

 USA
EM-1
late 2019[89][90]
unmanned test of Orion spacecraft in Lunar orbit

 USA
BioSentinel
late 2019
flyby[91]

 USA
Cislunar Explorers
late 2019

 USA
CU-E3
late 2019
flyby

 USA
CuSP
late 2019
flyby[92]

 Japan
EQUULEUS
late 2019
flyby

 USA
LunaH-Map
late 2019
mapping hydrogen deposits

 USA
Lunar Flashlight
late 2019
searching for water ice deposits

 USA
Lunar IceCube
late 2019
searching for water ice deposits

 USA
NEA Scout
late 2019
flyby[93]

 Japan
OMOTENASHI
late 2019
hard landing, measuring radiation[94][95]

 USA
SkyFire
late 2019
flyby, remote sensing

 Japan
SLIM[96]
2021[97]
pinpoint landing, roving[98][99][100]

 Japan
DESTINY+
2022
flyby[101]

 China
Chang'e 6
2020s[102]
sample return

 Japan
SELENE-2
2020s[103]
orbiting, landing and roving[104]

USA
EM-2
2023
manned flight, lunar orbit

text: Proposed but full funding still unclear[edit]

text: Proposed but full funding still unclear, lunar probe missions[edit]

text: The following robotic space probe missions have been proposed:

text:
Country
Name
Launch due
Nature of mission

(Private)
SpaceIL
2018[105][106]
hopping

(Private)
Synergy Moon
2018

(Private)
TeamIndus
2018
landing and roving

(Private)
Hakuto
2018
roving

 Russia
Luna-Glob (Luna 25, Luna 26, Luna 27)
2025+

 North Korea
Moon mission[107]
2026 or before[108]

 South Korea
Moon Orbiter
2020[109]

 South Korea
Moon Lander[110]
2025[109]

 UK
Lunar Mission One[111]
2024[112]

 USA
South Pole Aitken Basin Sample Return
May compete in New Frontiers program NF5 selection [113]

 USA
Resource Prospector
2020s[114]
Rover for in-situ resource utilization demonstration[115][116]

text: Proposed but full funding still unclear, crewed lunar missions[edit]

text:
Country
Name
Proposed
launch date
Nature of proposed mission

 Russia
Luna-Glob
2028[117]
Manned lunar orbiter; proposed by Roscosmos[117]

 Russia
Luna-Glob
2030[117]
Manned lunar landing; proposed by Roscosmos[117]

 Japan
JAXA
2030[118]
Manned moon landing; proposed by JAXA.[118]

 China
CLEP
2036[119]
Manned moon landing; proposed by CNSA.[120][121]

 Russia
Lunnyj Poligon
2037
Completion of robotic lunar base; proposed by Roscosmos

text: (Note: Launch dates are aspirational and may change drastically as the planning and preparation progresses.)

text: Cancelled or indefinitely postponed[edit]

text:
Country
Name
Launch due

 Japan
Lunar-A
2004
Integrated into Russia's Luna-Glob 1 mission[122]

 Germany
LEO
2012
Mission postponed indefinitely due to budgetary constraints[123]

 UK
MoonLITE[124][125]
2014
[citation needed]

 USA
Constellation program
2020
Mission cancelled by Congress[126]

 Europe
Lunar Lander[127][128]
2018
Cancelled in 2012

 USA
MoonRise[129]
2018
Not funded by NASA in 2011 funding competition, may be re-competed in NF4 or NF5 selections

(Private)
DSE-Alpha[citation needed]
2018[130]
Mission to transport the first space tourists to fly around the Moon using Soyuz; proposed by Space Adventures (2005).[131][132][133]

(Private)
SpaceX Moon Mission
Late 2018[134]
Two private citizens on a lunar fly-by.
The plan to use a Falcon Heavy for this was abandoned in February 2018, immediately before the first Falcon Heavy test launch, in favour of a possible mission on the successor Big Falcon Rocket.[135]


document_title: 2018–19 NBA season

question_text: when will the nba 2018-19 schedule be released

root

text: 2018–19 NBA season

text: Transactions

text: Retirement

text:
On May 10, 2018, Nick Collison announced his retirement from the NBA. Collison played all his 15 seasons with the Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder franchise.[1]
On May 25, 2018, after playing 13 seasons in the NBA for seven teams, Mo Williams announced his retirement from the NBA to take the assistant head coaching job at Cal State Northridge.[2]
On July 17, 2018, after playing 10 seasons in the NBA for four teams, Roy Hibbert retired from the NBA.[3]
On August 27, 2018, Manu Ginóbili announced his retirement from the NBA. Ginóbili played all his 16 seasons with the San Antonio Spurs franchise.[4]

tag: ul

text: Free agency

text: Free agency negotiations began on July 1. Players began signing on July 6 after the July moratorium ended.

tag: p

text: Coaching changes

text:
Coaching changes

Off-season

Team
2017–18 season
2018–19 season

Atlanta Hawks
Mike Budenholzer
Lloyd Pierce

Charlotte Hornets
Steve Clifford
James Borrego

Detroit Pistons
Stan Van Gundy
Dwane Casey

Milwaukee Bucks
Joe Prunty (interim)
Mike Budenholzer

New York Knicks
Jeff Hornacek
David Fizdale

Orlando Magic
Frank Vogel
Steve Clifford

Phoenix Suns
Jay Triano (interim)
Igor Kokoškov

Toronto Raptors
Dwane Casey
Nick Nurse

tag: table

text: Off-season

text:
On April 12, 2018, the New York Knicks fired head coach Jeff Hornacek after the team missed the playoffs.[5] In addition, associate head coach Kurt Rambis was also fired.
On April 12, 2018, the Orlando Magic fired head coach Frank Vogel after the team missed the playoffs.[6]
On April 13, 2018, the Charlotte Hornets fired head coach Steve Clifford after the team missed the playoffs.[7]
On April 25, 2018, the Atlanta Hawks and Mike Budenholzer had mutually agreed to part ways.[8]
On May 1, 2018, the Memphis Grizzlies announced that J. B. Bickerstaff would become the new permanent head coach of the team.[9]
On May 2, 2018, the Phoenix Suns hired Igor Kokoškov as head coach.[10]
On May 7, 2018, the New York Knicks hired David Fizdale as head coach.[11]
On May 7, 2018, the Detroit Pistons fired head coach Stan Van Gundy after the team missed the playoffs for the second consecutive season.[12]
On May 10, 2018, the Charlotte Hornets hired James Borrego as head coach.[13]
On May 11, 2018, the Toronto Raptors fired Dwane Casey after the team was swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers for the second consecutive time in the postseason.[14]
On May 11, 2018, the Atlanta Hawks hired Lloyd Pierce as head coach.[15]
On May 17, 2018, the Milwaukee Bucks hired Mike Budenholzer as head coach.[16]
On May 30, 2018, the Orlando Magic hired Steve Clifford as head coach.[17]
On June 11, 2018, the Detroit Pistons hired Dwane Casey as head coach.[18]
On June 14, 2018, the Toronto Raptors promoted assistant coach Nick Nurse as their head coach.[19]

text: Preseason

text: The Preseason will begin on September 29 and will end on October 12.

text: International games

text: The Toronto Raptors will play two preseason games in Canada first beginning with the Portland Trail Blazers in Vancouver at the Rogers Arena on September 29. And then the Brooklyn Nets in Montreal at the Bell Centre on October 10.[20]

text: The Dallas Mavericks and the Philadelphia 76ers will play two preseason games in China at Shanghai on October 5 and Shenzhen on October 8.[21]

text: Regular season

text: The regular season will begin on October 16, 2018 and will end on April 10, 2019. The entire schedule was released on August 10, 2018.[22]

text: International games

text: On June 20, 2018, the NBA announced that the Washington Wizards would play the New York Knicks at the O2 Arena in London, United Kingdom on January 17, 2019.[23]

text: On August 7, 2018, the NBA announced that the Orlando Magic would play two games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City. They will play the Chicago Bulls on December 13, 2018, and they will play the Utah Jazz on December 15, 2018.[24]

text: Arenas

text:
This will be the Golden State Warriors' final season at Oracle Arena in Oakland, before moving to the new Chase Center in San Francisco. The Warriors will play their final regular season game there in April 2019.[25]
This will be the Milwaukee Bucks' first season at the new Fiserv Forum after playing at the Bradley Center from 1988 to 2018. The Bucks will play their first game there in October 2018.[26][27]
The Toronto Raptors' home arena was renamed Scotiabank Arena on July 1, 2018.[28][29]

text: Media

text: This will be the third year of the current nine-year contracts with ABC, ESPN, TNT, and NBA TV.[citation needed]

text: Uniforms

text:
On June 6, 2018, the Denver Nuggets unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[30][31]
On July 25, 2018, the Charlotte Hornets unveiled their new "Classic Edition" uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary.[32]
On July 31, 2018, the Los Angeles Lakers unveiled their new uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[33]
On August 2, 2018, the Memphis Grizzlies unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[34]
On August 8, 2018, the Orlando Magic unveiled their first "Classic Edition" uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary.[35]
On August 16, 2018, the Atlanta Hawks unveiled their new "Classic Edition" uniform to commemorate their 50th anniversary since moving from St. Louis to Atlanta.[36][37]

text: Uniform sponsorships

text: In April 2016, the NBA announced that teams would be permitted to sign a uniform sponsorship contract for the 2017–18 season.[38] Prior and during the 2017–18 season 21 teams signed a uniform sponsorship contract. Before the 2018–19 season two more teams signed such contract:

text:
Memphis Grizzlies – FedEx[39]
San Antonio Spurs – Frost Bank[40]

text: As of August 22, 2018, seven teams have not signed a uniform sponsorship contract: Chicago Bulls, Houston Rockets, Indiana Pacers, Oklahoma City Thunder, Phoenix Suns, Portland Trail Blazers, and Washington Wizards.


document_title: Joey Potter

question_text: when do dawson and joey get back together in season 2

text: Joey Potter

text: Fictional biography[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Joey has been friends with Dawson Leery since they were very young. She lives with her older sister, Bessie, Bessie's son Alexander and (sometimes) boyfriend, Bodie. Her father Mike, is in and out of prison for drug trafficking. Her mother, Lillian, died of breast cancer when Joey was thirteen. Joey is also the only character to appear in every episode of the series.

text: Season 1[edit]

text: In season one, Joey is the "girl next door." She is confused by her growth into a teenager and her developing feelings for her longtime best friend Dawson, who she also admitted is her soulmate. She immediately becomes jealous when Jen Lindley arrives and steals Dawson away from her. She is intimidated by Jen, who grew up in New York and does not know how to compete. She lives with her pregnant sister Bessie, and she works for her at the Ice House, the Potter family restaurant. She is frustrated with having to deal with work and taking care of her sister along with significant helpings of teenage angst. Nonetheless, Joey manages to be helpful with the birth of Bessie's son, Alexander, as does their critical neighbor, Evelyn Ryan. One day she is convinced to compete in the beauty pageant, which she does so that she can win the cash prize. But instead of winning the contest, she wins Dawson's heart, as he finally sees past his best friend image, and realizes that he has strong romantic feelings towards her. At the end of the season, she finds herself with the opportunity of going to Paris for a year, but rejects it in favor of staying in Capeside with Dawson after she and Dawson kiss.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: At the start of the season, she and Dawson are a couple and things start out well, but Joey begins to think that she is losing her identity, as she can't see where Dawson ends and she begins. During a full moon, the new guy in town, Jack McPhee, kisses her. Dawson finds out during a school dance. After a huge argument, Joey decides to break up with him, even though for the first time they both say that they love each other. She says that she wants to "find herself," and so she breaks up with him.

text: Joey and Jack begin dating afterward but the relationship ends just as quickly when Jack realizes that he's gay. Joey's father is released from prison and comes back into her life. At first this change is uneasy, but they heal the rift between them and she gets back together with Dawson. However, Dawson finds out that Joey's father is dealing cocaine. After a fire at the restaurant which was started by rivals of Joey's father, Dawson tells his parents who advise him he needs to go to the police. He tells Joey instead. He convinces her to wear a wire, and get a confession from her father so that nothing like the fire will happen again. She gets the confession from her father and shows him the wire. Knowing that she had betrayed her father, she is understandably heartbroken and angry with Dawson. She breaks up with him and tells him she doesn't even want to know him and that she will never forgive him.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: After Dawson returns from visiting his mom over the summer, Joey offers herself to him but Dawson rejects her. Joey flees and Dawson asks Pacey Witter to keep an eye on her. As the season progresses, it becomes obvious that Pacey and Joey's friendship evolves into something deeper. Joey has a brief relationship with a college student, A.J. Moller (Robin Dunne). This relationship makes Pacey jealous and forces him to confront his true feelings for Joey. After months of build up, Pacey finally kisses Joey after she confides in him that he and Dawson are the only ones to "have ever known her in a way that no one else does." Joey initially is angry when Pacey kisses her; however, later she comes to realize that she may also have feelings for him, as well.

text: Joey took a job at a Logan's Marina, where she received unwanted sexual advances from her supervisor, Rob Logan.

text: During a trip to the home of Dawson's aunt, Gwen (Gail's sister), Joey and Pacey confront their feelings for one another. Joey confesses that being around Pacey makes her feel more alive resulting in Pacey kissing her again. Pacey tells Joey she needs to figure out what she wants and leaves. Joey stops him and pulls Pacey into a kiss, having made her choice, but Dawson's aunt Gwen sees this happen. After this realization, they begin a secret romantic relationship.

text: When Dawson finds out about Joey and Pacey's relationship, he is furious, and the friendship between the three is never the same again. Dawson gives Joey an ultimatum- him or Pacey. Joey stupidly pulls back from Pacey in an effort to mend his and her friendship with Dawson. Dawson, however, sees Pacey as his enemy and opponent in winning Joey's heart. Dawson tries his best to win Joey back, including throwing an alternative prom with Joey as his date. However, Dawson witnesses Joey and Pacey share a romantic dance before the night is over.

text: In the season finale, Joey comes to realize that while she's just fearful of losing her oldest friend, Dawson, she has fallen in love with Pacey. With Dawson's urging, Joey rushes off to tell Pacey that she loves him before he departs for a summer at sea on his boat. She joins Pacey on his boat and the two then sail off into the sunset.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: Joey and Pacey return to Capeside from their summer at sea in the fourth season, and are quickly brought back to reality when they must confront the events of the past year and the subsequent fallout. Joey is eager to mend fences, though Dawson is still hurt by what happened. Pacey's relationship with Dawson never quite recovers until the end of the series, though the two are civil and acknowledge a shared history and group of friends.

text: Joey and Dawson get chosen as class couple as a practical joke by Drue Valentine. Also, Pacey has returned to academic probation while Joey dreams of admittance to the prestigious Worthington College in Boston. On a ski trip with the senior class, Pacey and Joey finally sleep together for the first time. However, when Dawson questions her, she lies about losing her virginity. Pacey finds out about the lie and is unsettled. He is further disturbed when Joey accepts money from Dawson to attend Worthington.

text: After Joey returns from New York with Jen, she discovers from Gretchen that Pacey was arrested for public drunkness and that she also believes she may be pregnant. Bessie soon finds out that Joey believes she may be pregnant at Gail's baby shower, and Bessie argues with her about not being ready to have a baby, and having an immature boyfriend who would never cope with a child. Joey later defends herself by saying that whatever happens in her life will be different. Joey later does a test and finds out she is not pregnant, but the situation draws the sisters close together. When Joey finally reaches Pacey on the phone, she lies about the pregnancy scare and is disappointed that Pacey didn't tell her about his arrest.

text: Pacey soon begins to feel insecure about Joey's success and their relationship despite her insistence that her future lies with him, believes that he isn't good enough for her, and that their futures are worlds apart. At their senior prom, Pacey breaks up with Joey, who is devastated. The season ends with Joey headed to Worthington and Pacey to another summer at sea.

text: At the end of the season, as Dawson is preparing to leave Capeside for Los Angeles, in a scene reminiscent of Season One's ending, Dawson and Joey share a kiss.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: In season five, Joey attends Worthington University in Boston, where she meets and befriends her roommate Audrey Liddell. Joey is studying English Literature, and for a time starts seeing her college professor, David Wilder.

text: Throwing everyone for a loop, Mitch is killed in a car accident leaving Gail, Dawson and baby Lily behind. Having been a witness to her mother's painful last days, Joey thinks that she can help Dawson through the process of grieving for his father. She attends Mitch's funeral, but is rejected when she tries to help Dawson deal with his whirl of emotions. Upon returning to her dorm room in Boston, a crying Joey is comforted by Audrey. While Jen convinces Dawson to go to counseling, Joey catches Jack in a 'bid' to get one of his frat brothers in bed with Audrey during the fraternity's Winter Formal.

text: Joey later joins the band, Aggressive Mediocrity, as lead singer with Jen's cheating ex, Charlie Todd (Chad Michael Murray). They embark on a whirlwind romance before she tells him to leave to pursue his dream of being a touring musician. She has an unforgettable run-in with a mugger, who luckily for her, gets hit by a car shortly after robbing her at gunpoint. However, when she is requested to be at his side in the hospital, Joey discovers that the mugger is also a drug addict, and has a young daughter, Sammie, with his wife, Grace. When the mugger dies with Joey at his side, she returns to the waiting room, all of her belongings returned, including the money. Thinking of Sammie, whose situation reminds her of the relationship she has with her own father, Joey leaves all the money hidden in Grace's backpack.

text: At the end of the season she returns to Capeside, and Dawson confesses to her that he wants to be with her. She rejects him saying that all those feelings were in the past, but in the last episode she rushes to the airport, to declare her true feelings for Dawson. She catches him, and they kiss. Joey tells Dawson to go to Los Angeles as that is his destiny, and that they'll meet up after the summer. As she goes to get a refund, she is offered the chance to go to Paris, and the audience is left hanging.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: In the beginning of the sixth season, it is revealed that Joey didn't end up going to Paris, but went home to Capeside. After not talking all summer, she and Dawson meet up and have a one-night stand in her dorm room. The next day it is revealed that Dawson has a girlfriend in California. Joey breaks things off with him. She takes a job as a waitress at Hell's Kitchen, with the help of aspiring drummer, Emma Jones. Joey eventually falls for the bartender, Eddie Doling (Oliver Hudson). They both have a love for writing and literature, but it turns out that he is not officially a student at Worthington, as his family was too poor to afford the tuition.

text: After Christmas, Eddie disappears without telling Joey, going back to Worcester to live with his parents. In trying to find him, Joey gets some help from Harley Hetson—the 15-year-old, alienated, headstrong daughter of her snobbish and somewhat misogynist English professor, Greg Hetson (Roger Howarth), whom Joey clashes with several times during the entire season. Harley lies, telling Eddie that Joey was pregnant with his child in order to lure him back to Boston.

text: Joey and Pacey begin to rekindle their romance after sharing a kiss at his apartment. After being locked overnight in a K-Mart together, they discuss their past and current relationship. Each admits that they miss the other. They briefly reunite, but when Eddie reappears in Joey's life, she breaks it off with Pacey (ironically Pacey and Joey break up at another high school dance resembling the prom).

text: After Pacey and Dawson have another falling out after Pacey's stocks tank and Dawson loses his entire investment, Joey decides that it's time they worked things out for themselves without her in the middle because it "is not her fight" and that it never has been, and never will be. After a heart to heart with Pacey on the dock, Joey brings everyone together to help Dawson make his movie. Joey finally goes to Paris and the final episode of the season ends with her standing before the famous Eiffel Tower.

text: Series finale[edit]

text: The final two episodes are set approximately five years after the season finale. Joey is a junior editor living in New York with her writer boyfriend, Christopher (Jeremy Sisto). During this double episode, the five friends return to Capeside for Gail Leery's third wedding (but second husband). Although she had originally planned to spend the weekend with Christopher, Joey runs scared after finding an engagement ring hidden in the couple's dresser while she is packing for the trip.

text: The five friends reunite at Pacey's restaurant to reminisce about the past. Afterwards, Joey drops by Dawson's house, and the two reestablish their friendship. During Gail's wedding reception, Joey and Pacey kiss (reigniting lingering feelings between the two), but the moment is interrupted when Jen collapses. It is later discovered that Jen has a deadly heart condition.

text: At the same time, Joey ends her relationship with Christopher and chooses between Dawson and Pacey. Though she loves Dawson, she acknowledges that he is her soulmate who is tied to her childhood, a love that is pure and eternally innocent. She also cannot deny she is still in love with Pacey. After Jen's death, she decides to stop running and confront her feelings for Pacey.

text: In the midst of their romantic entanglements, Joey, Dawson, Jack, and Pacey are brought together at the Ice House, now owned by Pacey, to say goodbye to Jen, who dies from pulmonary congestion.

text: In the epilogue, Joey and Pacey watch Dawson's semi-autobiographical television series The Creek in their apartment before calling up Dawson together, where they discover he is going to meet his hero, Steven Spielberg. They have renewed their romantic relationship, and the series ends with them as a couple living together in New York.

text: Notable relationships[edit]

text:
Anderson Crawford

Fling

Beginning: "Kiss" (1.03)
Broke Up: "Kiss" (1.03)

Reason: They didn't continue because she lied about who she was.

Dawson Leery

Kiss

"Detention" (1.07)

Reason: They were dared to kiss each other despite him being with Jen.

Boyfriend

First Relationship:

Beginning: "Decisions" (1.13)
End: "The Dance" (2.06)
Reason: After Jack kisses her, she gets confused about who she really is and what she wants.

Second Relationship:

Beginning: "A Perfect Wedding" (2.18)
End: "Parental Discretion Advised" (2.22)
Reason: Dawson convinced her to get her father to confess to burning down the ice house and his drug use while she wore a wire.

Third Relationship

Beginning: Coda" (4.23)
End: "High Anxiety" (5.06)
Reason: Dawson shuts Joey out when his dad dies and eventually tells her it made him lose all interest in getting back with her.

Fourth Relationship:

Beginning: "The Kids Are Alright" (6.01)
End: "The Song Remains The Same" (6.02)
Reason: After they sleep together, she finds out he had a girlfriend.

Jack McPhee

Kiss

"Full Moon Rising" (2.05)

Reason: She was still with Dawson.

Boyfriend

Beginning: "The Reluctant Hero" (2.08)
Broke Up: "...That Is The Question" (2.15)

Reason: He finds out after writing a poem that he's gay

A.J. Moller

Boyfriend

Beginning: "Northern Lights" (3.13)
Broke Up: "Cinderella Story" (3.17)

Reason: Didn't continue to be a couple because she finds out his best friend loves him and he loves her but doesn't know it yet.

Pacey Witter

Kissed
"Double Date" (1.10)

Reason: She didn't feel the same way and he knew that she liked Dawson and Dawson liked her even though he was still hung up on Jen.

Kissed
"Cinderella Story" (3.17)
"Neverland" (3.18)

Reason: She didn't fully realize that she liked him yet.

Boyfriend

First Relationship:

Beginning: "Stolen Kisses" (3.19)
End: "The Longest Day" (3.20)
Reason: She feels guilty when Dawson finds out about their relationship and ends things with him

Second Relationship:

Beginning: "True Love" (3.23)
End: "Promicide" (4.20)
Reason: They realize that they are different and it seemed like she had a bright future ahead of her while he felt like he was being left behind.

Third Relationship:

Beginning: Castaways" (6.15)
End: "Love Bites" (6.18)
Reason: Eddie comes back.

Fourth Relationship:

Beginning: ...Must Come To An End" (6.24)
Note: Jen tells Joey her final wish is for Joey to choose between Dawson and Pacey. She chooses Pacey.

Drue Valentine

Kissed

Beginning: "The Tao of Dawson" (4.11)
End: "The Tao of Dawson" (4.11)

note: they got locked in a storage locker together, he caught her when she fell and kissed her. She pushed him away immediately, and punched him. She was in a relationship with Pacey.

Charlie Todd

Kissed

Beginning: "Something wild" (5.11)
Broke Up: "Something wild" (5.11)

Reason: Because he cheated on Jen.

Fling

Beginning: "100 Light Years From Home" (5.19)
Broke Up: "Separate Ways (Worlds Apart)" (5.20)

Reason: She tells him to go off and fulfill his dream of being a musician

Elliot

Almost Fling but never kissed

Beginning: "Sleeping Arrangements" (5.12)
Broke Up: "Guerrilla Filmmaking" (5.14)

Reason: She met him when she wasn't over Dawson. Then she thought he slept with Audrey, and after finding out he never slept with her, she gives him another second chance. But she later bails on a date with him (by claiming she was sick) to go to a thing with Wilder who she later kissed and the next day tells him she can't go out with him off-screen.

Professor David Wilder

Kissed/Almost Fling

Beginning: "Something Wilder" (5.13)
Broke Up: "In A Lonely Place" (5.16)

Reason: Joey inadvertently stands David up after getting mugged. This gives him the time to reflect upon the relationship and he realizes that he can't have an affair with a student.

Eddie Doling

First Kiss:

"Instant Karma!" (6.04)

Eddie thinks she only kissed him to get back at Dawson; so it doesn't lead to anything until later episodes.

Boyfriend

First Relationship:
Beginning: "Ego Tripping At The Gates Of Hell" (6.07)
Broke Up: "Rock Bottom" (6.13)

Reason: He left without telling her

Second Relationship:
Beginning: "Love Bites" (6.18)
Broke Up: "Catch-22" (6.20)

Reason: They didn't see a future with each other

Christopher

Boyfriend

Beginning: About a year or two before "All Good Things..." (6.23)
End: "...Must Come To An End" (6.24)

Reason: Joey breaks up with him over the phone after having found a ring in his drawer back in New York.

text: Holmes' thoughts on Joey Potter[edit]

text: "I'm a lot like Joey," said Holmes. "I think they saw that. I come from a small town. I was a tomboy. Joey tries to be articulate and deny that she doesn't have a lot of experience in life. Her life parallels mine, which is all about new everything—relationships, personal perceptions—and about being guarded." Holmes filmed the pilot of Dawson's Creek in Wilmington, North Carolina, during spring break of her senior year of high school in 1997.[2] When the show was picked up by The WB, Holmes moved to Wilmington, where the show filmed.[citation needed]

text: Dawson's Creek ran from 1998 to 2003, and Holmes was the only actor to appear in all 128 episodes. "It was very difficult for me to leave Wilmington, to have my little glass bubble burst and move on. I hate change. On the other hand it was refreshing to play someone else," she said in 2004.[3] Holmes confirmed that, as often happens on soaps, the character was a caricature of the actor:

text:
“
I miss her spirit, and her spunk, and I miss her anxiety. She always had these long speeches about her fears and her future and love. It was a great tool for me personally because I got to get it all out. I was able to psychoanalyze all of it everyday [sic?] with her and then I wouldn't have to do it on my own. So much of me is in Joey and it really felt like I grew up on television.[4]
”

text: Reception[edit]

text: "Joey Potter is a headstrong, vibrant, wily, sultry, and determined go-getter. And yet, in a gloriously contradictory manner, in spite of her tough-as-nails exterior demeanor, Joey's also a frail, sometimes uncertain, emotionally sensitive, in-need-of-love person", said the show's official book.[5] Joey, named for Jo in Little Women, for years had been climbing in Dawson's bedroom window and platonically sharing his bed. Joey's mother had died from cancer when Joey was thirteen and her father, Mike (Gareth Williams), was in prison for "conspiracy to traffic in marijuana in excess of 10,000 pounds." Her harried, unmarried, and very pregnant sister, Bessie (Nina Repeta), about ten years older than Joey,[n 1] was raising her while running the Ice House restaurant, where Joey worked as a waitress. GQ described Joey as "kind of an uptight fussbudget—one who's always twisted up over doing the right thing and bungling-up ways to hook up with her crush and across the creek neighbor, Dawson."[6]

text: The 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) tall[6][7] brunette enchanted the press, writers of both sexes commenting how Holmes was the sort of girl one wants to bring home to meet the parents and to marry.[8][6] "The Audrey Hepburn of her generation", was one typical comment.[9] Time called her "impossibly lovely" and Entertainment Weekly said she was "next up for idolhood."[10][11] Variety, reviewing the pilot, said Holmes "is a confident young performer who delivers her lines with slyness and conviction."[12] Holmes made such an impression in Hollywood, The New York Times Magazine claimed everyone was seeking to cast a "Katie Holmes type", who, the reporter claimed, "is a throwback to the 1950s: she is a smart girl next door (as opposed to the babe-o-rama blondes)"—the sort represented by her Dawson's Creek co-star Michelle Williams.[13] But her "type" was no less attractive, Arena magazine declaring her "the most coquettishly sexy woman on television. Anywhere."[14]

text: Holmes was soon on the covers of magazines such as Seventeen, TV Guide, and Rolling Stone. Jancee Dunn, an editor at Rolling Stone said she was chosen for the cover because "every time you mention Dawson's Creek you tend to get a lot of dolphin-like shrieks from teenage girls. The fact that she is drop-dead gorgeous didn't hurt either."[15]

text: Reviews were mixed. The Blade said the characters "just talk like they came from a planet ruled by Manhattan psychologists, one where small talk is punishable by death."[16] Holmes herself needed help with the dialogue. "Sometimes before we read a script, I have to get my dictionary and call people to make sure I'm pronouncing some of the words correctly."[17] The show brought her national attention and many fans back home; Toledo's Thanksgiving Day parade in November 1998 had record attendance when Holmes was named grand marshal.[18][19]

text: "As Joey", said Life magazine, "Holmes has had seismic influences on teen life... Through it all, Joey has managed to hang on to her integrity... The show—and Katie's character in particular—has touched a nerve."[20]

text: Her relationship with Pacey was included in TV Guide's list of "The Best TV Couples of All Time".[21] Flavorwire chose the show's other central pairing, Joey and Dawson, in its list of "TV's Best '90s Teen Power Couples".[22]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Dawson's Creek, Season 2, confirmed Bessie was in high school when Joey was in kindergarten

tag: ol


document_title: Social class in ancient Rome

question_text: who occupied the highest social class in rome

text: Social class in ancient Rome

text: Patricians and plebeians[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the Roman Kingdom and the early Roman Republic the most important division in Roman society was between the patricians and the plebeians. The patricians were a small elite whose ancestry was traced to the first Senate established by Romulus,[3] who monopolised political power. The plebeians comprised the majority of Roman citizens (see below). Adult males who were not Roman citizens, whether free or slave, fall outside this division. Women and children were also not citizens, but took the social status of their father or husband, which granted them various rights and protections not available to the women and children of men of lower rank.

text: The common assumptions that the patricians and the Roman elite were one and the same throughout the history of ancient Rome, and that all plebeians were of non-elite status throughout the history of ancient Rome, are entirely incorrect. From the Late Republic era onward many members of the elite, including an increasing proportion of senators, came from plebeian families. The first Roman Emperor, Augustus, was of plebeian origin, as were many of his successors. By the Late Empire, few members of the Senate were from the original patrician families, most of which had died out. Rome continued to have a hierarchical class system, but it was no longer dominated by the distinction between patricians and plebeians.

text: Originally, all public offices were open only to patricians, and the classes could not intermarry. Plebeians and Patricians were always at odds due to the fact that Plebeians wanted to increase their power.[4] A series of social struggles (see Conflict of the Orders) saw the plebs secede from the city on three occasions, the last in 297 BCE, until their demands were met. They won the right to stand for office, the abolition of the intermarriage law, and the creation of office of tribune of the plebs. This office, founded in 494 BCE as a result of a plebeian secession, was the main legal bulwark against the powers of the patrician class, and only plebeians were eligible. The tribunes originally had the power to protect any plebeian from a patrician magistrate. Later revolts forced the Senate to grant the tribunes additional powers, such as the right to veto legislation. A tribune’s person was sacrosanct, and he was obliged to keep an open house at all times while in office. Some patricians, notably Clodius Pulcher in the late 60s BCE, petitioned to be assigned plebeian status, in order to accumulate the political influence among the people that the office of tribune afforded. The conflict between the classes came to a climax in 287 BCE when patricians and plebeians were declared equal under the law.

text: Following these changes the distinction between patrician and plebeian status became less important, and by the Late Republic the only patrician prerogatives were certain priesthoods. Over time, some patrician families declined, some plebeian families rose in status, and the composition of the ruling class changed. A plebeian who was the first of his line to become consul was known as a novus homo (“new man”), and he and his descendants became “noble” (nobiles). Notable examples of novi homines are the seven-time consul Marius, and Cicero, whose rise was unusual in that it was driven by his oratorical and intellectual abilities rather than, as with Marius, military success. During the Empire, patricius became a title of nobility bestowed by emperors.[5][6]

text: Property-based classes[edit]

text: The census divided citizens into six complex classes based on property. The richest were the senatorial class, who during the Late Republic had to be worth at least 400,000 sestertii, the same as the equites; when Augustus reformed the senate during the first years of the Principate, he raised the property requirement to 1,000,0000 sestertii.[7] The wealth of the senatorial class was based on ownership of large agricultural estates, and by custom members did not engage in commercial activity.

text: Below the senatores in rank, but above others were the equites (“equestrians” or “knights”), with 400,000 sestertii, who could engage in commerce and formed an influential business class. Certain political and quasi-political positions were filled by equites, including tax farming and, under the Principate, leadership of the Praetorian Guard. Below the equites were three more classes of property-owning citizens; and lastly the proletarii, whose property was valued below 11,000 asses.[8]

text:
Analysis of Roman Centuriate Organisation 509-241 BCE *[9]

Class
Census property rating
money (property)

Electoral
assembly
votes per
person
Military Equipment
(self-supplied)

Patricians (historical aristocracy)

Senatores
400,000 sestertii (1,000,0000 sestertii)

Equites**
400,000 sestertii

Horse, ...

Plebeians (commoners)

First
100,000 As (100 iugera)
2
Helm, round shield, cuirass, greaves, sword, and spear.

Second
75,000 As (75 iugera)
1
Helm, round shield, greaves, sword and spear.

Third
50,000 As (50 iugera)
1
Helm, oblong shield, sword and spear.

Fourth
25,000 As (25 iugera)
1
Oblong shield, Spear or Sword, Javelin

Fifth
11,000 As (11 iugera)
12,500 As (12 iugera)
1
Slings or Javelins (velites)

Proles (landless poor)

Proletarii
below 11,000 asses

Fleets (oarsmen)

* This was the system of the Centuriate Assembly and was the practice of the Servian constitution. Information arranged by Tim Cornell based on the works of Livy, Polybius, and Dionysius of Hallicarnasus.
For a contrasting version of the same or similar data, see the table in the Equites article.

** The equites class was available for both plebeians and patricians, and favored by ambitious young men in both groups.

At the period this was valid 1 Denarius was worth about 10 As; Luuk de Ligt puts the value of an iugerium at 1,000 As or 100 denarii as a recommended baseline because values fluctuate a lot and because of many factors.[10]

text: Citizenship[edit]

text: Women[edit]

text: Free-born women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office.[11] The form of Roman marriage called conubium, for instance, requires that both spouses be citizens; like men from towns granted civitas sine suffragio, women eligible for legal marriage were citizens without suffrage. The legal status of a mother as a citizen affected her son's citizenship.[12] The phrase ex duobus civibus Romanis natos (“children born of two Roman citizens”) indicates that a Roman woman was regarded as having citizen status, in specific contrast to a peregrina.

text: Latin Right[edit]

text: The Latin Right was a form of citizenship with limited rights. It was conferred originally on the allied towns of Latium in the Republican era, and gradually extended to communities throughout the Empire. Latin citizens had rights, but not the vote, although their leading magistrates could become full citizens.

text: Peregrini[edit]

text: Free-born foreign subjects were known as peregrini, and special laws existed to govern their conduct and disputes. These distinctions continued until 212 CE, when Caracalla extended full Roman citizenship to all free-born men in the empire.

text: Slaves[edit]

text: Slaves (servi) were not citizens, and lacked even the legal standing accorded free-born foreigners. For the most part, slaves descended from debtors and from prisoners of war, especially women and children captured during sieges and other military campaigns in Greece, Italy, Spain, and Carthage. In the later years of the Republic and into the Empire, more slaves came from newly conquered areas of Gaul, Britain, North Africa, and Asia Minor. Many slaves were created as the result of Rome's conquest of Greece, but Greek culture was considered in some respects superior to that of Rome: hence Horace's famous remark Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ("Captured Greece took her savage conqueror captive"). The Roman playwright Terence is thought to have been brought to Rome as a slave. Thus slavery was regarded as a circumstance of birth, misfortune, or war; it was defined in terms of legal status, or rather the lack thereof, and was neither limited to or defined by ethnicity or race, nor regarded as an inescapably permanent condition.

text: Slaves who lacked skills or education performed agricultural or other forms of manual labor. Those who were violent or disobedient, or who for whatever reason were considered a danger to society, might be sentenced to labor in the mines, where they suffered under inhumane conditions. Slaves subjected to harsh labor conditions also had few if any opportunities to obtain their freedom.

text: Since slaves were legally property, they could be disposed of by their owners at any time. All children born to female slaves were slaves. Some slave owners, as for instance Tacitus,[citation needed] freed slaves whom they believed to be their natural children. Slaves who had the education or skills to earn a living were often manumitted upon the death of their owner as a condition of his will. Slaves who conducted business for their masters were also permitted to earn and save money for themselves, and some might be able to buy their own freedom.

text: Over time, legislation was passed to protect the lives and health of slaves. Although many prostitutes were slaves, for instance, the bill of sale for some slaves stipulated that they could not be used for commercial prostitution.[13]

text: Freed men[edit]

text: Freed men (libertieu) were freed slaves, whose free-born children were full citizens. The status of liberti developed throughout the Republic as their number increased. Livy states[citation needed] that freedmen in the Early Republic mainly joined the lower classes of the plebeians. Juvenal, writing during the Empire when financial Freedmen were often highly educated and made up the bulk of the civil service during the early Empire. The Augustan poet Horace was himself the child of a freedman from Venusia in southern Italy. Many became enormously wealthy as the result of bribes, fraud, or other forms of corruption, or were given large estates by the Emperor they served.[citation needed] Other freedmen engaged in commerce, amassing vast fortunes often only rivalled by those of the wealthiest nobiles. Many of the Satires of Juvenal contain angry denouncements of the pretensions of wealthy freedmen, some 'with the chalk of the slave market still on their heel'. Juvenal saw these successful men as nouveaux riches who were far too ready to show off their (often ill-gotten) wealth. Another famous caricature is seen in the absurdly extravagant character of Trimalchio in Satyricon. The majority of freedmen, however, joined the plebeian classes, and often worked as farmers or tradesmen.


document_title: The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

question_text: where does the story of the headless horseman take place

text: The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

text: Plot[edit]

text: From the listless repose of the place, and the peculiar character of its inhabitants, who are descendants from the original Dutch settlers, this sequestered glen has long been known by name of Sleepy Hollow ... A drowsy, dreamy influence seems to hang over the land, and to pervade the very atmosphere.

text: The story is set in 1790 in the countryside around the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town (historical Tarrytown, New York), in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. Sleepy Hollow is renowned for its ghosts and the haunting atmosphere that pervades the imaginations of its inhabitants and visitors. Some residents say this town was bewitched during the early days of the Dutch settlement. Other residents say an old Native American chief, the wizard of his tribe, held his powwows here before the country was discovered by Master Hendrick Hudson. The most infamous spectre in the Hollow is the Headless Horseman, said to be the ghost of a Hessian trooper that had his head shot off by a stray cannonball during "some nameless battle" of the American Revolutionary War, and who "rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head".

text: The "Legend" relates the tale of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut, who competes with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer, Baltus Van Tassel. Crane, a Yankee and an outsider, sees marriage to Katrina as a means of procuring Van Tassel's extravagant wealth. Bones, the local hero, vies with Ichabod for Katrina's hand, playing a series of pranks on the jittery schoolmaster, and the fate of Sleepy Hollow's fortune weighs in the balance for some time. The tension between the three is soon brought to a head. On a placid autumn night, the ambitious Crane attends a harvest party at the Van Tassels' homestead. He dances, partakes in the feast, and listens to ghostly legends told by Brom and the locals, but his true aim is to propose to Katrina after the guests leave. His intentions, however, are ill-fated.

text: After having failed to secure Katrina's hand, Ichabod rides home "heavy-hearted and crestfallen" through the woods between Van Tassel's farmstead and the Sleepy Hollow settlement. As he passes several purportedly haunted spots, his active imagination is engorged by the ghost stories told at Baltus' harvest party. After nervously passing under a lightning-stricken tulip tree purportedly haunted by the ghost of British spy Major André, Ichabod encounters a cloaked rider at an intersection in a menacing swamp. Unsettled by his fellow traveler's eerie size and silence, the teacher is horrified to discover that his companion's head is not on his shoulders, but on his saddle. In a frenzied race to the bridge adjacent to the Old Dutch Burying Ground, where the Hessian is said to "vanish, according to rule, in a flash of fire and brimstone" upon crossing it, Ichabod rides for his life, desperately goading his temperamental plow horse down the Hollow. However, to Crane's horror, the ghoul clambers over the bridge, rears his horse, and hurls his severed head into Ichabod's terrified face.

text: The next morning, Ichabod has mysteriously disappeared from town, leaving Katrina to marry Brom Bones, who was said "to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related." Indeed, the only relics of the schoolmaster's flight are his wandering horse, trampled saddle, discarded hat, and a mysterious shattered pumpkin. Although the nature of the Headless Horseman is left open to interpretation, the story implies that the ghost was really Brom (an agile stunt rider) in disguise. Irving's narrator concludes, however, by stating that the old Dutch wives continue to promote the belief that Ichabod was "spirited away by supernatural means," and a legend develops around his disappearance and sightings of his melancholy spirit.

text: Background[edit]

text: Irving wrote The Sketch Book during a tour of Europe, and parts of the tale may also be traced to European origins. Headless horsemen were staples of Northern European storytelling, featuring in German, Irish (e.g., Dullahan), Scandinavian (e.g., the Wild Hunt), and English legends, and were included in Robert Burns's poem "Tam o' Shanter" (1790) and Bürger's Der wilde Jäger, translated as The Wild Huntsman (1796). Usually viewed as omens of ill-fortune for those who chose to disregard their apparitions, these specters found their victims in proud, scheming persons and characters with hubris and arrogance.[1] One particularly influential rendition of this folktale was recorded by the German folklorist Karl Musäus.[2]

text: During the height of the American Revolutionary War, Irving writes that the country surrounding Tarry Town "was one of those highly-favored places which abound with chronicle and great men. The British and American line had run near it during the war; it had, therefore, been the scene of marauding, and infested with refugees, cow-boys, and all kinds of border chivalry."

text: After the Battle of White Plains in October 1776, the country south of the Bronx River was abandoned by the Continental Army and occupied by the British. The Americans were fortified north of Peekskill, leaving Westchester County a 30-mile stretch of scorched and desolated no-man's land, vulnerable to outlaws, raiders, and vigilantes. Besides droves of Loyalist rangers and British light infantry, Hessian Jägers—renowned sharpshooters and horsemen—were among the raiders who often skirmished with Patriot militias.[3] The Headless Horseman, said to be a decapitated Hessian soldier, may have indeed been based loosely on the discovery of just such a Jäger's headless corpse found in Sleepy Hollow after a violent skirmish, and later buried by the Van Tassel family, in an unmarked grave in the Old Dutch Burying Ground.[4] The dénouement of the fictional tale is set at the bridge over the Pocantico River, in the area of the Old Dutch Church and Burying Ground in Sleepy Hollow.

text: Irving, while he was an aide-de-camp to New York Gov. Daniel D. Tompkins, met an army captain named Ichabod Crane in Sackets Harbor, New York during an inspection tour of fortifications in 1814. Irving may have patterned the character in "The Legend" after Jesse Merwin, who taught at the local schoolhouse in Kinderhook, further north along the Hudson River, where Irving spent several months in 1809.[5] The inspiration for the character of Katrina Van Tassel is uncertain, although both Catriena Ecker Van Tessel and her niece Eleanor Van Tassel Brush are buried in the Sleepy Hollow Cemetery and have been proposed as models.[6][7][8]

text: The story was the longest one published as part of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (commonly referred to as The Sketch Book), which Irving issued serially throughout 1819 and 1820, using the pseudonym "Geoffrey Crayon".[9] Alongside "Rip Van Winkle", "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is one of Irving's most anthologized, studied, and adapted sketches. Both stories are often paired together in books and other representations, and both are included in surveys of early American literature and Romanticism.[10] Irving's depictions of regional culture and his themes of progress versus tradition, supernatural intervention in the commonplace, and the plight of the individual outsider in an homogeneous community permeate both stories and helped to develop a unique sense of American cultural and existential selfhood during the early nineteenth century.[11]

text: Film and television variations[edit]

text: Notable film and television variations include:

text:
The Headless Horseman (1922), a silent film directed by Edward Venturini and starring Will Rogers as Ichabod Crane. It was filmed on location in New York's Hudson River Valley.
The Headless Horseman (1934), a ComiColor Cartoon short produced by Ub Iwerks.
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949), an animated cartoon adaptation of the story directed by James Algar, Clyde Geronimi, and Jack Kinney, produced by Walt Disney Productions, and narrated by Bing Crosby. (It is paired with a similar treatment of Kenneth Grahame's novel The Wind in the Willows (1908).) The climactic ride is more extended than in the original story, and the possibility is stressed that the visually impressive Horseman is in fact a ghost rather than a human in disguise. Later the Sleepy Hollow portion of the film was separated from the companion film and shown separately as The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1958).
Tales of Washington Irving, a one-hour animated television special, original airdate November 1, 1970, presented adaptations of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip van Winkle. Produced by Air Programs International (API)
A short animated version produced in 1972, narrated by John Carradine and shown in theaters a year later with Charlotte's Web (1973).
"The Headless Horseman of Halloween" (1976), an episode of The Scooby-Doo Show.
A CBS special titled Once Upon A Midnight Dreary featured an adaptation of the story, narrated by Vincent Price, featuring Rene Auberjonois as Ichabod Crane, Guy Boyd as Brom Bones, Pamela Brown as Katrina Van Tassell, and Robert Foster as the Headless Horseman.[12]
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1980), a television film directed by Henning Schellerup that aired on NBC, was filmed in Utah, and starred Jeff Goldblum as Ichabod Crane, Meg Foster as Katrina, and Richard Butkus as Brahm Bones. Executive producer Charles Sellier was nominated for an Emmy Award for his work on the movie.[13] The film, not closely adapted from the original story, depicts Crane as a skeptic regarding ghosts and the supernatural, although it foreshadows Tim Burton's similar 1999 treatment.
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1985), an episode of Shelley Duvall's Tall Tales and Legends, stars Ed Begley, Jr. as Ichabod Crane, Beverly D'Angelo as Katrina Van Tassel, Tim Thomerson as Brom, and Charles Durning as Doffue Van Tassel, who is also the narrator. It was produced and hosted by Shelley Duvall.
In 1988, PBS and Rabbit Ears Productions produced a multi-award-winning animated adaptation and a subsequent book depicting the story. The production was illustrated, directed, and adapted by Robert Van Nutt, composed by Tim Story, and narrated by Glenn Close.
An episode of The Real Ghostbusters, which featured a descendant of Ichabod Crane's, cursed by a headless apparition on a motorcycle who viciously pursues men to whom she is attracted.
The "Chopper", an episode of Kolchak: The Night Stalker, starring Darren McGavin, which features a headless motorcycle rider who decapitates his victims, an allusion to the traditional Headless Horseman legend.
"The Tale of the Midnight Ride", a season 3 episode of the Nickelodeon horror anthology television series Are You Afraid of the Dark?, serves as a sequel to the classic story. In this episode a boy named Ian Matthews moves to Sleepy Hollow, New York, where he develops a crush on Katie. One night after the Halloween dance, they see the ghost of Ichabod Crane and send him over the bridge that the Headless Horseman cannot cross, unintentionally prompting the Headless Horseman to pursue them instead of Crane.
"Sugar-Frosted Frights", an episode of Rocko's Modern Life, parodies the character as the Hopping Hessian, who carries his right leg instead of his head.
In "Halloween Hound: The Legend of Creepy Collars" (1997), the second-season premiere of the PBS series Wishbone, Wishbone imagines himself as Ichabod Crane and re-enacts the Headless Horseman story in his imagination when his owner, Joe Talbot, goes on a Halloween night scavenger hunt along with his two schoolmates, David Barnes and Samantha Kepler. In Wishbone's imagination, he is scared off by the Headless Horseman. Like the original story, the episode strongly implies that Brom is the Headless Horseman when his horse's collar resembles the Horseman's horse collar.
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1999), a Canadian-American television film starring Brent Carver and Rachelle Lefevre. It was filmed in Montreal and directed by Pierre Gang.
Sleepy Hollow (1999), a feature film adaption directed by Tim Burton which takes many liberties with the plot and characters, changing Crane from the local schoolmaster into a police constable sent from New York City to investigate recent murders, and the Horseman is used as a weapon against the local landowners. Johnny Depp stars as Ichabod Crane, Christopher Walken plays the Headless Horseman, Christina Ricci plays Katrina, and Casper Van Dien plays Brom.
The Night of the Headless Horseman (1999), an hour-long computer animated FOX TV special utilizing motion capture.
Sleepy Hollow High (2000), a B-rated, direct to video VHS and DVD horror film, in which a group of teenagers is sent to Sleepy Hollow Park Grounds to clean up vandalism and graffiti. They soon realize that someone is taking the Legend of Sleepy Hollow too far.
The Haunted Pumpkin of Sleepy Hollow (2002), an 45-minute animated special from PorchLight Entertainment.
The Hollow (2004), a TV movie that premiered on the ABC Family Channel, starring Kevin Zegers and Kaley Cuoco that focuses on a teenage descendant of Ichabod Crane.
"The Legend of Sleepy Halliwell" (2004), an episode of the TV show Charmed, in which a headless horseman murders the teachers at Magic School by beheading them.
Sleepy Hollow (2013), a fantasy mystery drama series co-created by Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci, Phillip Iscove, and Len Wiseman airing on the Fox network. In the series, Ichabod Crane is reimagined as an English professor and turncoat during the American Revolutionary War, who awakens in the 21st century and encounters the Headless Horseman, a felled mercenary Crane had decapitated 250 years prior. Crane teams up with Abbie Mills, a lieutenant in the town of Sleepy Hollow's sheriff's department, and together they try to stop the murderous Horseman (who is purportedly Death), and uncover a conspiracy involving supernatural forces.[14]
Murder, She Wrote Season 3, Episode 11 "The Night of Headless Horseman", was aired on 1/4/1987 about a shy lovelorn poet (Thom Bray) was run down by headless horseman.

text: Stage and music adaptations[edit]

text:
"Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (2002), a play in two acts by Christopher Cook,[15] which made its European premiere in 2014 in Kent, England.
In Sleepy Hollow (1913), a piano suite by Eastwood Lane
Sleepy Hollow (1948), a Broadway musical, with music by George Lessner and book and lyrics by Russell Maloney and Miriam Battista. It lasted 12 performances.[16]
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow[17] (1989), a one-act stage adaptation by Kathryn Schultz Miller.[18]
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow for Speaker & Orchestra (1999), a 15-minute composition by Robert Lichtenberger; it premiered October 2001 by Lincoln's Symphony Orchestra (Lincoln, NE) conducted by Tyler White.
"Ride Of The Headless Horseman" (from The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow), a tone poem for orchestra by Robert Wendel was premiered in 2001 by the Queensland Symphony Orchestra.
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow in Concert[19] (2004), part musical theater, radio drama, and festival, an annual production with music by Steven J. Smith, Jr. and lyrics by Jensen Oler and Smith; it premiered in Lehi, Utah at Olympic Park on October 8, 2004.[20]
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (2009), an opera, with music and libretto by Robert Milne; available for production through Arts Ascending, Inc.[21]
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (2009), an opera, with music by William Withem and libretto by Melanie Helton; it premiered March 27, 2009, in the Concert Auditorium at Michigan State University.[22]
Sleepy Hollow (2009), a musical with book and lyrics by Jim Christian and music by Tom Edward Clark. It premiered at Weber State University in Ogden, Utah on October 30, 2009.[23][24] It received the 2009 Kennedy Center American College Theater Festival Musical Theatre Award.[25]
Irving's Legend (2010–present) a dramatic retelling by Jonathan Kruk is a one-person performance staged by Historic Hudson Valley at the story's setting, The Old Dutch Church, during weekends in October.
The Hollow (2011). Book by Hunter Foster, music & lyrics by Matt Conner, directed by Matt Gardiner; premiered at Signature Theatre in Washington, DC (Eric Schaeffer, Artistic Director).[26]
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, adapted by Darkstuff Productions at the Bierkeller Theatre Bristol, England Christmas 2012.[27]
Legend of Sleepy Hollows, a novelty Doo-Wop song, recorded by Monotones of Book of Love fame
Legend of the Headless Rider is a song by Mercyful Fate, fronted by King Diamond, on their In the Shadows album.

text: "Sleepy Hollow" a thriller. Written by Jason Newkirk premiered in 2007 in Columbus, IN. Again in September 2017 at Gateway Center for the Arts in Debary, FL. As an annual Halloween event.

text:
Undead Ahead is a song by Motionless In White, and appears on their album Creatures.
Head over Hills, a song by Blitzkid
Tarrytown Tales, a play by Sean P. Harrington.[28]

text: Audio adaptations[edit]

text:
Ed Begley was the narrator for a recording on both LP and audio cassette by Caedmon Records (ISBN 978-9995389598).
Boris Karloff narrated a version of the story on a 1977 LP (Mr. Pickwick Records, Pickwick SPC 5156) with original songs and sound effects.
Ronald Colman was the host and narrator for a radio adaptation on NBC's Favorite Story on July 2, 1946 (requested by Walter Huston as that actor's favorite story).
An adaptation was broadcast on September 19, 1947 on NBC University of the Air: American Novels.[29]
Martin Donegan was the narrator for a recording on CMS Records.
Hurd Hatfield was the narrator for a recording on Spoken Arts Records in the 1960s.
George Guidall was the narrator for a 1999 unabridged recording on CD for Recorded Books (ISBN 978-1-4025-5119-2).
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1998) - An abridged version narrated by Winifred Phillips and produced for the Radio Tales series on National Public Radio. The program was released on audiocassette by Durkin Hayes Publishing Ltd in 1998 as a part of both its DH Audio catalog and its "Paperback Audio" line (ISBN 0886469031).
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (2005). Produced by The Colonial Radio Theatre on the Air and released by Blackstone Audio. Faithfully adapted from the book by Washington Irving, this production has an elaborate music score by Jeffrey Gage, sound effects, and a full cast. Originally released as a "Halloween Pick" by Barnes & Noble bookstores, the production went on to win the Ogle Award for "Best Fantasy Production of 2005." The cast includes Lincoln Clark as Ichabod Crane, Joseph Zamparelli Jr. as Brom Bones, and Diane Capen as Katrina Van Tassel. The book was dramatized, produced and directed by Jerry Robbins. On Halloween 2005, the production was broadcast coast to coast on XM Radio's Sonic Theater, and repeated the following year. It continues to be one of Colonial's most popular titles in release.
BBC Radio 7 (and later BBC Radio 4 Extra) has repeatedly broadcast a three-part reading of the story with Martin Jarvis as the Narrator.
Historic Hudson Valley[30] produced with Platters, a dramatic reading of "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (2008) with musical effects by Matt Noble. Parent's Choice gave it the Silver award in 2009, noting; "Here, master storyteller Jonathan Kruk delivers the story as an audio book, with colorful eloquence backed by orchestral radiance. While remaining true to Irving’s original text, Kruk boosts the story’s energy through his highly skilled reading."[31]
"Ichabod Crane, Master of the Occult"[32] (2012) is a sequel to the original story, written by D. K. Thompson and produced by Marshal Latham on the Journey Into podcast.
Tom Mison, who plays Ichabod Crane in the television series Sleepy Hollow, was the narrator for a 2014 recording for Audible Studios.

text: Geographic impact[edit]

text:
Annually since 1996, before Halloween, the nonprofit organization Historic Hudson Valley has held "Legend Weekend", an event at the Philipsburg Manor House in Sleepy Hollow, featuring a rider portraying the Headless Horseman and a storyteller retelling "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" as an historic celebration attended by thousands.
In 1997, the village of North Tarrytown, New York (as the village had been called since the late 19th century), where many events of the story took place, officially changed its name to Sleepy Hollow. Its high school teams are named "the Horsemen".
In 2006, a large statue depicting the Headless Horseman chasing Ichabod Crane was placed along Route 9 in Sleepy Hollow/Tarrytown, New York.

text: Place names[edit]

text:
Town and village names:

Sleepy Hollow, Illinois, many of the street names reflect characters from the tale, and the image of the Headless Horseman can be found on many of the city's landmarks and publications.
Sleepy Hollow, Marin County, California, has Irving Drive, Legend Road, Ichabod Court, Katrina Lane, Van Tassel Court, Baltus Lane, Crane Drive, and Van Winkle Drive.

Subdivision names:

Bethel, Connecticut, "Sleepy Hollow Estates", Ichabod Lane, Legend Drive, and Katrina Circle.
Roanoke, Virginia, and Longwood, Florida, "Sleepy Hollow", street names such as Ichabod and Horseman.
Pearland, Texas, "Sleepy Hollow", street names such as Washington Irving Drive, Sleepy Hollow Drive, Crane Drive, Tarrytown Lane, and Brom Bones Boulevard.
Port Jervis, New York, Sleepy Hollow Road
Falls Church, Virginia, Street names Sleepy Hollow Road, Crane Drive, Ichabod Place, and Horseman Lane. There is also a Sleepy Hollow Park and Sleepy Hollow Bath & Racquet Club.
Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania, Sleepy Hollow Road
Breinigsville, Pennsylvania, Sleepy Hollow Lane
Spinnerstown, Pennsylvania, Sleepy Hollow Road
Hampden Township, Pennsylvania, "Sleepy Hollow", Ichabod Court, Brom Court, and Katrina Court.

State Parks:

Sleepy Hollow State Park, Laingsburg, Michigan

Schools:

The Ichabod Crane School District, Valatie, New York. The school's sports teams are called "The Riders" and a silhouette of Ichabod Crane on his horse is often representative of the home team while a silhouette of the Headless Horseman is representative of the opponent. The wings in the junior high school are also named for characters and places, such as Katrina Van Tassel and Sleepy Hollow.
Sleepy Hollow Elementary

Orinda, California, has Washington Lane, Sleepy Hollow Lane, Tarry Lane, Van Ripper Lane, Van Tassel Lane, Tappan Lane, and Crane Court.
Pinson, Alabama's Sleepy Hollow Subdivision has Sleepy Hollow Drive