document_title: United States Secret Service

question_text: when did the secret service start protecting presidential candidates

question_tokens: when did the secret service start protecting presidential candidates

text: United States Secret Service

text: Dual mission[edit]

text: The Secret Service is mandated by Congress to carry out a unique dual mission: safeguarding the financial and critical infrastructure of the United States, and protecting the nation’s leaders. The two core missions of investigations and protection synergize with the other, providing crucial benefits to special agents during the course of their careers. Skills developed during the course of investigations which are also used in an agent’s protective duties include but are not limited to:

text:
Proficiency in analyzing handwriting and forgery techniques being applied in protective investigations of handwritten letters and suspicious package threats.
Expertise in investigating electronic and financial crimes being applied in protective investigations of threats made against the nation's leaders on the Internet.
Tactical operation (i.e. surveillance, arrests, and search warrants) and law enforcement writing (i.e. affidavits, after action reports, and operations plans) skills being applied to both investigative and protective duties.
Partnerships that are created between field offices and local law enforcement during the course of investigations being used to gather both protective intelligence and in coordinating protection events.

tag: ul

text: The Secret Service's primary investigative mission is to protect the payment and financial systems of the United States from a wide range of financial and electronic-based crimes including counterfeit U.S. currency, bank & financial institution fraud, illicit financing operations, cybercrime, identity theft, intellectual property crimes, and any other violations that may affect the United States economy and financial systems. The agency's key focus is on large, high-dollar economic impact cases involving organized criminal groups. Financial criminals include embezzling bank employees, armed robbers at automatic teller machines, heroin traffickers, and criminal organizations that commit bank fraud on a global scale.

text: The USSS plays a leading role in facilitating relationships between other law enforcement entities, the private sector, and academia. The Service maintains the Electronic Crimes Task Forces, which focus on identifying and locating international cyber criminals connected to cyber intrusions, bank fraud, data breaches, and other computer-related crimes. Additionally, the Secret Service runs the National Computer Forensics Institute (NCFI), which provides law enforcement officers, prosecutors, and judges with cyber training and information to combat cybercrime.

text: Protection of the nation's highest elected leaders and other government officials remains the other key mission of the United States Secret Service. After the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley, Congress also directed the Secret Service to protect the President of the United States.

text: The Secret Service is authorized by law to protect:[6]

text:
The President, Vice President (or other officer next in the order of succession to the Office of President, should the Vice Presidency be vacant), President-elect and Vice President-elect
The immediate families of the above individuals
Former Presidents and their spouses for their lifetimes (except when the spouse divorces or remarries), under the Former Presidents Act. From 1997 until 2013, legislation was in place limiting Secret Service protection to former Presidents and their spouses to a period of 10 years from the date the former President leaves office. President Barack Obama signed legislation on January 10, 2013, reversing this limit and reinstating lifetime protection.[7][8]
The widow or widower of a former President who dies in office or dies within a year of leaving office for a period of one year after the President's death (the Secretary of Homeland Security can extend the protection time)
Children of former Presidents until age 16 or 10 years after the presidency
Former Vice Presidents, their spouses, and their children under 16 years of age, for up to 6 months from the date the former Vice President leaves office (the Secretary of Homeland Security can extend the protection time)
Visiting heads of states or governments and their spouses traveling with them
Other distinguished foreign visitors to the United States and official representatives of the United States performing special missions abroad, as directed by the President
Major presidential and vice presidential candidates[9]
The spouses of major presidential and vice presidential candidates (within 120 days of a general presidential election)
Other individuals as designated per executive order of the President
National Special Security Events, when designated as such by the Secretary of Homeland Security

text: Any of these individuals may decline Secret Service protection except the President, the Vice President (or other officer next in the order of succession to the Office of President), the President-elect, and the Vice President-elect.[6]

text: When Hillary Clinton became Secretary of State in 2009, the Secret Service continued to protect her at home; however the Diplomatic Security Service protected her while she was performing her duties as the Secretary of State, including foreign travel.

text: The Secret Service investigates thousands of incidents each year of individuals threatening the President of the United States.

text: In the face of budget pressure, hiring challenges and some high-profile lapses in its protective service role in 2014, the Brookings Institution and some members of Congress are asking whether the agency's focus should shift more to the protective mission, leaving more of its original mission to other agencies.[10][11]

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: With a reported one third of the currency in circulation being counterfeit at the time,[12] the Secret Service was created on July 5, 1865 in Washington, D.C., to suppress counterfeit currency. Chief William P. Wood was sworn in by Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch. It was commissioned in Washington, D.C. as the "Secret Service Division" of the Department of the Treasury with the mission of suppressing counterfeiting. The legislation creating the agency was on Abraham Lincoln's desk the night he was assassinated.[13] At the time, the only other federal law enforcement agencies were the United States Park Police, the U.S. Post Office Department's Office of Instructions and Mail Depredations (now known as the United States Postal Inspection Service), and the U.S. Marshals Service. The Marshals did not have the manpower to investigate all crime under federal jurisdiction, so the Secret Service began to investigate everything from murder to bank robbery to illegal gambling. After the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, Congress informally requested that the Secret Service provide presidential protection. A year later, the Secret Service assumed full-time responsibility for presidential protection. In 1902, William Craig became the first Secret Service agent to die while serving, in a road accident while riding in the presidential carriage.

text: The Secret Service was the first U.S. domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency. Domestic intelligence collection and counterintelligence responsibilities were vested in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) upon the FBI's creation in 1908.

text: The Secret Service assisted in arresting Japanese American leaders and in the Japanese American internment during World War II.[14] The U.S. Secret Service is not a part of the U.S. Intelligence Community.[15]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Taft assassination attempt[edit]

text: In 1909, President William H. Taft agreed to meet with Mexican President Porfirio Díaz in El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, the first meeting between a U.S. and a Mexican president and also the first time an American president visited Mexico.[16] But the historic summit resulted in serious assassination threats and other security concerns for the then small Secret Service, so the Texas Rangers, 4,000 U.S. and Mexican troops, BOI agents, U.S. marshals, and an additional 250 private security detail led by Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated scout, were all called in by Chief John Wilkie to provide added security.[17][18] On October 16, the day of the summit, Burnham discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route.[19] Burnham signaled a Texas Ranger, Private C.R. Moore, and the two men captured and disarmed the assassin within only a few feet of Díaz and Taft, preventing the shooting of both Presidents.[20]

text: In 1950, President Harry S. Truman was residing in Blair House while the White House, across the street, was undergoing renovations. On November 1, 1950, two Puerto Rican nationalists, Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola, approached Blair House with the intent to assassinate President Truman. Collazo and Torresola opened fire on Private Leslie Coffelt and other White House Police officers. Though mortally wounded by three shots from a 9 mm German Luger to his chest and abdomen, Private Coffelt returned fire, killing Torresola with a single shot to his head. As of  2017[update], Coffelt is the only member of the Secret Service killed while protecting a US president against an assassination attempt (Special Agent Tim McCarthy stepped in front of President Ronald Reagan during the assassination attempt of March 30, 1981, and took a bullet to the abdomen but made a full recovery). Collazo was also shot, but survived his injuries and served 29 years in prison before returning to Puerto Rico in late 1979.

text: In 1968, as a result of Robert F. Kennedy's assassination, Congress authorized protection of major presidential and vice presidential candidates and nominees.[21] In 1965 and 1968, Congress also authorized lifetime protection of the spouses of deceased presidents unless they remarry and of the children of former presidents until age 16.[3]

text: The Secret Service Presidential Protective Division safeguards the President of the United States and his immediate family. They work with other federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies and the military to safeguard the President when he travels in Air Force One, Marine One and by limousine in motorcades.

text: Although the most visible role of the Secret Service today, personal protection is an anomaly in the responsibilities of an agency focused on fraud and counterfeiting.

text: In 1984, the US Congress passed the Comprehensive Crime Control Act, which extended the Secret Service's jurisdiction over credit card fraud and computer fraud.

text: In 1990, the Secret Service initiated Operation Sundevil, which they originally intended as a sting against malicious hackers, allegedly responsible for disrupting telephone services across the entire United States. The operation, which was later described by Bruce Sterling in his book The Hacker Crackdown, affected a great number of people unrelated to hacking, and led to no convictions. The Secret Service, however, was sued and required to pay damages.

text: In 1994 and 1995, it ran an undercover sting called Operation Cybersnare.[22] The Secret Service has concurrent jurisdiction with the FBI over certain violations of federal computer crime laws. They have created 24 Electronic Crimes Task Forces (ECTFs) across the United States. These task forces are partnerships between the Service, federal/state and local law enforcement, the private sector and academia aimed at combating technology-based crimes.

text: In 1998, President Bill Clinton signed Presidential Decision Directive 62, which established National Special Security Events (NSSE). That directive made the Secret Service responsible for security at designated events. In 1999, the United States Secret Service Memorial Building was dedicated in DC, granting the agency its first headquarters. Prior to this, the agency's different departments were based in office space around the DC area.[23]

text: 21st century[edit]

text: September 11 attacks[edit]

text: The New York City Field office was located at 6 World Trade Center. Immediately after the World Trade Center was attacked as part of the September 11 attacks, Special Agents and other New York Field office employees were among the first to respond with first aid. Sixty-seven Special Agents in New York City, at and near the New York Field Office, helped to set up triage areas and evacuate the towers. One Secret Service employee, Master Special Officer Craig Miller,[24] died during the rescue efforts. On August 20, 2002, Director Brian L. Stafford awarded the Director's Valor Award to employees who assisted in the rescue attempts.[25]

text: Domestic expansion[edit]

text: Effective March 1, 2003, the Secret Service transferred from the Treasury to the newly established Department of Homeland Security.

text: The USA Patriot Act, signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001, mandated the Secret Service to establish a nationwide network of ECTFs in addition to the one already active in New York. As such, this mandate expanded on the agency's first ECTF—the New York Electronic Crimes Task Force, formed in 1995—which brought together federal, state and local law enforcement, prosecutors, private-industry companies, and academia. These bodies collectively provide necessary support and resources to field investigations that meet any one of the following criteria: significant economic or community impact; participation of organized criminal groups involving multiple districts or transnational organizations; or use of schemes involving new technology.[26][27]

text: The network prioritizes investigations that meet the following criteria:

text:
Significant economic or community impact,
Participation of multiple-district or transnational organized criminal groups,
Use of new technology as a means to commit crime.

text: Investigations conducted by ECTFs include crimes such as computer generated counterfeit currency; bank fraud; virus and worm proliferation; access device fraud; telecommunications fraud; Internet threats; computer system intrusions and cyberattacks; phishing/spoofing; assistance with Internet-related child pornography and exploitation; and identity theft.[28]

text: The network includes ECTFs in the following 28 U.S. cities:

text:
Atlanta
Baltimore
Birmingham
Boston
Buffalo
Charlotte
Chicago
Cleveland
Columbia
Dallas
Houston
Kansas City[29]
Las Vegas
Los Angeles
Louisville
Memphis[30]
Miami
Minneapolis
New Orleans[29]
New York/New Jersey
Oklahoma City
Orlando
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
San Francisco
Seattle
St. Louis[29]
Washington, D.C.

text: International expansion[edit]

text: On July 6, 2009, the U.S. Secret Service expanded its fight on cybercrime by creating the first European Electronic Crime Task Force, based on the successful U.S. domestic model, through a memorandum of understanding with Italian police and postal officials. Over a year later, on August 9, 2010, the agency expanded its European involvement by creating its second overseas ECTF in the United Kingdom.[31][32]

text: Both task forces are said to concentrate on a wide range of "computer-based criminal activity," including:

text:
Identity theft
Network intrusions
Other computer-related crimes affecting financial and other critical infrastructures.

text: The overseas network includes ECTFs in the following European cities:

text:
European Electronic Crime Task Force – Rome, Italy
London, United Kingdom

text: As of 2010, the Service had over 6,500 employees: 3,200 Special Agents, 1,300 Uniformed Division Officers, and 2,000 technical and administrative employees.[33] Special agents serve on protective details and investigate financial, cyber, and homeland security-related crimes.

text: In September 2014, the United States Secret Service came under criticism following two high-profile incidents involving intruders at the White House. One such intruder entered the East Room of the White House through an unlocked door.[34]

text: Another incident involved a violation of procedure in which an armed security guard for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention rode in the same elevator as President Barack Obama during a visit to that agency's headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, to discuss U.S. response to the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa. The guard used his phone to record a video of Obama and refused to comply with a request to stop.[35] The guard had been arrested multiple times in the past, but had never been convicted of a crime.[36]

text: Attacks on presidents[edit]

text: Since the 1960s, Presidents John F. Kennedy (killed), Gerald Ford (twice attacked, but uninjured) and Ronald Reagan (seriously wounded) have been attacked while appearing in public.[37][38] Agents on scene though not injured during attacks on Presidents include William Greer and Roy Kellerman. One of the agents was Robert DeProspero, the Special Agent In Charge (SAIC) of Reagan's Presidential Protective Division (PPD) from January 1982 to April 1985. DeProspero was deputy to Jerry Parr, the SAIC of PPD during the Reagan assassination attempt on March 30, 1981.[39][40]

text: The Kennedy assassination spotlighted the bravery of two Secret Service agents. First, an agent protecting Mrs. Kennedy, Clint Hill, was riding in the car directly behind the presidential limousine when the attack began. While the shooting continued, Hill leapt from the running board of the car he was riding on and jumped onto the back of the President's moving car and guided Mrs. Kennedy from the trunk back into the rear seat of the car. He then shielded the President and the First Lady with his body until the car arrived at the hospital.

text: Rufus Youngblood was riding in the vice-presidential car. When the shots were fired, he vaulted over the front seat and threw his body over Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson.[41] That evening, Johnson called Secret Service Chief James J. Rowley and cited Youngblood's bravery.[42][43] Youngblood would later recall some of this in his memoir, Twenty Years in the Secret Service.

text: The period following the Kennedy assassination was the most difficult in the modern history of the agency. Press reports indicated that morale among the agents was "low" for months following the assassination.[44][45] The agency overhauled its procedures in the wake of the Kennedy killing. Training, which until that time had been confined largely to "on-the-job" efforts, was systematized and regularized.

text: The Reagan assassination attempt also highlighted the bravery of several Secret Service agents, particularly agent Tim McCarthy, who spread his stance to protect Reagan as six bullets were being fired by the would-be assassin, John Hinckley, Jr.[46] McCarthy survived a .22-caliber round in the abdomen. For his bravery, McCarthy received the NCAA Award of Valor in 1982.[47] Jerry Parr, the agent who pushed President Reagan into the limousine, and made the critical decision to divert the presidential motorcade to George Washington University Hospital instead of returning to the White House, was also honored with U.S. Congress commendations for his actions that day.[48] After the near-successful assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan, it was clear that the Secret Service needed to increase its efficiency to protect the President.[citation needed]

text: Significant investigations[edit]

text: Arrest and indictment of Max Ray Butler, co-founder of the Carders Market carding website. Butler was indicted by a federal grand jury in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, after his September 5, 2007 arrest, on wire fraud and identity theft charges. According to the indictment, Butler hacked over the Internet into computers at financial institutions and credit card processing centers and sold the tens of thousands of credit card numbers that he acquired in the process.[49]

text: Operation Firewall: In October 2004, 28 suspects—located across eight U.S. states and six countries—were arrested on charges of identity theft, computer fraud, credit-card fraud, and conspiracy. Nearly 30 national and foreign field offices of the U.S. Secret Service, including the newly established national ECTFs, and countless local enforcement agencies from around the globe, were involved in this operation. Collectively, the arrested suspects trafficked in at least 1.7 million stolen credit card numbers, which amounted to $4.3 million of losses to financial institutions. However, authorities estimated that prevented loss to the industry was in the hundreds of millions of dollars. The operation, which started in July 2003 and lasted for more than a year, led investigators to identify three cybercriminal groups: Shadowcrew, Carderplanet, and Darkprofits.[50]

text: Arrest and indictment of Albert "Segvec" Gonzalez and 11 individuals; three U.S. citizens, one from Estonia, three from Ukraine, two from the People's Republic of China, one from Belarus, and one known only by an online alias. They were arrested on August 5, 2008, for the theft and sale of more than 40 million credit and debit card numbers from major U.S. retailers, including TJX Companies, BJ's Wholesale Club, OfficeMax, Boston Market, Barnes & Noble, Sports Authority, Forever 21, and DSW. Gonzalez, the main organizer of the scheme, was charged with computer fraud, wire fraud, access device fraud, aggravated identity theft, and conspiracy for his leading role in the crime.[51]

text: Structure[edit]

text:
Director of Secret Service
Deputy Director
Chief Operating Officer
Assistant Director
Deputy Assistant Director

text:
Special Agent in Charge  (SAIC)
Deputy Special Agent in Charge (DSAIC)
Assistant Special Agent in Charge (ASAIC)
Assistant to the Special Agent in Charge (ATSAIC)
Special Agent (SA)
Special Officer (SO)
Uniformed Division Officer (UD)

text: Administrative, Professional, Technical (APT)

text: Special Agent[edit]

text: The Secret Service special agent position is highly competitive. In 2011, the Service accepted less than 1% of its 15,600 special agent applicants.[52] While the Secret Service has always been a popular career path for former military and law enforcement personnel, the Service seeks to hire agents from a diverse range of backgrounds in fulfilling its dual mission, including accountants, lawyers, scientists, engineers, and foreign language specialists.

text: At a minimum, a prospective agent must be a U.S. citizen, possess a current valid driver's license, be in excellent health and physical condition, possess visual acuity no worse than 20/60 uncorrected, correctable to 20/20 in each eye, and be between the ages of 21 and 37 at the time of appointment.[53] However, preference eligible veterans may apply after age 37. In 2009, the Office of Personnel Management issued implementation guidance on the Isabella v. Department of State court decision: OPM Letter.[54]

text: Prospective agents must also qualify for a TS/SCI (Top Secret / Sensitive Compartmented Information) clearance, and undergo an extensive background investigation, to include in-depth interviews, drug screening, medical diagnosis, and full-scope polygraph examination.[53]

text: Special agents receive training in two locations, totaling approximately 7 months. The first phase, the Criminal Investigator Training Program (CITP) is conducted at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers (FLETC) at Glynco, GA, lasting approximately 12 weeks. The second phase, the Special Agent Training Course (SATC) is conducted at the Secret Service Academy, James J. Rowley Training Center (JJRTC), just outside Washington, D.C in Laurel, Maryland, lasting approximately 18 weeks.[55]

text: A typical special agent career path, depending upon performance and promotions that affect individual assignments, begins with the first six to eight years on the job assigned to a field office. Applicants are directed to list their office location preference during the application process, and upon receiving a final job offer, usually have several locations to choose from.[53] After their field office experience, agents are usually transferred to a protective assignment where they will stay for three to five years. Following their protective assignment, many agents return to a field office for the rest of their careers, or opt for a headquarters based assignment located in Washington, D.C. During their careers, agents also have the opportunity to work overseas in one of the agency's international field offices. This typically requires foreign language training to ensure language proficiency when working alongside the agency's foreign law enforcement counterparts.[53]

text: Special agents are hired at either the GL-07 or GL-09 grade level, depending on individual qualifications and/or education.[53] Agents are eligible for promotion on a yearly basis, from GL-07, to GL-09, to GS-11, to GS-12, to GS-13 (GL-08 and GS-10 grade levels are skipped). The full performance grade level for a journeyman agent is GS-13, which a GL-07 and GL-09 agent may reach in as little as four and three years respectively. GS-13 agents are eligible for competitive promotion to supervisory agent positions, which compasses the GS-14, GS-15, and SES grade levels. GS-13 agents who wish to remain as senior field agents continue to advance the GS-13 step level, capping at GS-13 Step-10.

text: Special agents also receive Law Enforcement Availability Pay (LEAP), a type of premium overtime pay which provides them with an additional 25% bonus pay on top of their salary, as agents are required to work an average workweek of 50 hours as opposed to 40.[56] Therefore, an agent living in the Greater New York City area will earn an annual salary of approximately $65,733 (GL-07), $74,850 (GL-09), $87,639 (GS-11), $105,044 (GS-12), $124,909 (GS-13), $147,606 (GS-14), and $164,200 (GS-15).[57]

text: Due to the nature of their work and unique among their federal law enforcement counterparts (e.g. FBI, DEA, ATF, ICE), Secret Service agents are regularly eligible for scheduled overtime pay (SOT pay) in addition to LEAP for hours they work beyond 50 per week, and enjoy a raised statutory pay cap of $189,600 per year (Level II of the Executive Schedule) as opposed to $164,200 per year (Level IV of the Executive Schedule).[58]

text: Uniformed Division Officer[edit]

text: The Secret Service Uniformed Division is a security police similar to the U.S. Capitol Police or DHS Federal Protective Service and is in charge of protecting the physical White House grounds and foreign diplomatic missions in the Washington, D.C. area. Established in 1922 as the White House Police, this organization was fully integrated into the Secret Service in 1930. In 1970, the protection of foreign diplomatic missions was added to the force's responsibilities, and its name was changed to the Executive Protective Service. The name United States Secret Service Uniformed Division was adopted in 1977.

text: Secret Service Uniformed Division officers provide protection for the White House Complex, the Vice President's residence, the main Treasury Building and Annex, and foreign diplomatic missions and embassies in the Washington, D.C., area. Additionally, Uniformed Division officers travel in support of presidential, vice presidential and foreign head of state government missions.[59] Officers may, as their careers progress, be selected to participate in one of several specialized units, including the:

text:
Canine Unit: Performing security sweeps and responding to bomb threats and suspicious packages.
Emergency Response Team: Providing a coordinated tactical response for the White House and other protected facilities.
Counter-sniper Team: Utilizing observation, sighting equipment and high-performance weapons to provide a secure environment for protectees.
Motorcade Support Unit: Providing motorcycle tactical support for official movements of motorcades.
Crime Scene Search Unit: Photographing, collecting and processing physical and latent evidence.
Office of Training: Serving as firearms and classroom instructors or recruiters.
Special Operations Section: Handling special duties and functions at the White House Complex, including conducting the daily congressional and public tours of the White House.[59]

text: Special Officer[edit]

text: Secret Service special officers (not to be confused with Uniformed Division Officers) are federal agents who work within the Special Agent Division and perform a wide range of security functions and support assignments as part of the protective mission for the Secret Service. Whereas special agents alternate between protection and investigative assignments, special officers are hired only to work protection details. They must have a familiarity with all phases of protective responsibilities sufficient to assist in protective movements, cover designated security posts and drive protective vehicles.

text: Assignments may include

text:
Maintaining designated protective security posts that control movement of persons into and around multiple Secret Service facilities and associated areas
Inspecting all operational, safety, emergency, and convenience equipment of protective vehicles to ensure peak-operating condition
Driving protective or follow-up vehicles
Monitoring and operating various communications equipment
Using various advanced x-ray screening technologies to detect and identify high-risk items

text: Special officers are sworn law enforcement officers, and are authorized to make arrests in connection with their official duties. They are classified as federal agents but use "special officer" as their official title much the same way as Deputy US Marshals are special agents but use the title "Deputy US Marshal".

text: Newly appointed special officers must successfully complete eight (8) weeks of intensive training at the Special Officer Basic Training Course at the Secret Service James J. Rowley Training Center just outside Washington, D.C. The training includes courses such as Criminal Law, Laws of Arrest, Search and Seizure, Control Tactics, Civil Liability, Emergency Medicine, Basic Water Safety, Firearms and Weapons Handling, Radio Communications, Emergency Driving and Physical Fitness Training.

text: Weapons and equipment[edit]

text: Since the agency's inception, a variety of weapons have been carried by its agents.

text: Previous firearms[edit]

text: Initially the firearms were privately procured and there was little if any standardization. In the 1930s, the USSS issued the Colt M1911A1 pistol in .45 ACP caliber. In the 1950s and 1960s, Special Agents carried the Smith & Wesson Model 36 and Colt Detective Special .38-Special revolvers.

text: Following President Kennedy's assassination, USSS Special Agents were authorized to carry the .357 Magnum Smith & Wesson Model 19 revolver.

text: Between 1981 and 1991, the Secret Service issued the Smith & Wesson Model 19 and the Smith & Wesson Model 66 .357 Magnum revolvers, with 2.5-inch barrels all the way up to the 4-inch-barreled models, loaded with hollow-point rounds.

text: By 1992, the standard issue weapon became the SIG Sauer P228 9mm pistol. This weapon stayed in service through 1999.

text: The Secret Service replaced the Thompson submachine gun with the Uzi submachine gun in the 1970s. Uzis that the Secret Service used have slightly shorter-than-standard barrels so they could to fit inside the standard size Samsonite briefcases that concealed them. They phased out the Uzi in the mid 1990s and replaced it with the H&K MP5. The Secret Service was the last Federal agency to use the Uzi.

text: The Counter-Assault Team used the M4 carbine from the early 1990s until 2006.

text: Current weapons[edit]

text: The current sidearm for USSS agents is the SIG Sauer P229 chambered in .357 SIG (which entered service in 1999) or FN Five-seveN chambered in FN 5.7x28mm.

text: Agents and officers are trained on standard shoulder weapons that include the FN P90 submachine gun,[60] the 9mm Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun, and the 12-gauge Remington 870 shotgun.[60] The agency has initiated a procurement process to ultimately replace the MP5 with a 5.56mm rifle.[61]

text: As a non-lethal option, Special Agents, Special Officers, and Uniformed Division Officers are armed with the ASP 16” expandable baton, and Uniformed Division officers also carry pepper spray.

text: Special Operations Division (SOD) units are authorized to use a variety of non-standard weapons. The Counter Assault Team (CAT) and the Emergency Response Team (ERT) both use the 5.56mm Knight's Armament Company SR-16 CQB assault rifle in an 11.5" configuration. CAT also deploys 12 gauge Remington 870 MCS breaching shotguns. Uniform Division technicians assigned to the Counter Sniper (CS) team use custom built .300 Winchester Magnum-chambered bolt-action rifles referred to as JARs ("Just Another Rifle"). These rifles are built with Remington 700 long actions in Accuracy International stocks and use Schmidt & Bender optics. CS technicians also use the 7.62mm KAC SR-25/Mk11 Mod 0 semi-automatic sniper rifle with a Trijicon 5.5× ACOG optic.[62]

text: Badges[edit]

text:
Secret Service badge (1875-1890)

Secret Service badge (1890-1971)

Secret Service badge (1971-2003)

Secret Service badge (2003-Present)

text: Attire[edit]

text: Special Agents and Special Officers of the Secret Service wear attire that is appropriate for their surroundings, in order to blend in as much as possible. In most circumstances, the attire of a close protection shift is a conservative suit, but it can range from a tuxedo to casual clothing as required by the environment. Stereotypically, Secret Service agents are often portrayed wearing reflective sunglasses and a communication earpiece. Often their attire is customized to conceal the wide array of equipment worn in service. Agents wear a distinctive lapel pin that identifies them to other agents.[citation needed]

text: The attire for Uniformed Division Officers includes standard police uniforms or utility uniforms and ballistic/identification vests for members of the counter-sniper team, Emergency Response Team (ERT), and canine officers. The shoulder patch of the Uniformed Division consists of the U.S. coat of arms on white or black, depending on the garment. Also, the shoulder patch is embroidered with "U.S. Secret Service Uniformed Division Police" around the emblem.[63]

text: Communications[edit]

text: The agency uses Motorola XTS and APX radios and surveillance kits in order to maintain communications. These radios are known to use DES encryption keys. When operationally required, members of the Special Operations Division use military grade radios that use Type 1 encryption algorithms.[citation needed]

text: Vehicles[edit]

text: When transporting the President in a motorcade, the Secret Service uses a fleet of custom-built armored Cadillac Parade Limousines, the newest and largest version of which is known as "The Beast". Armored Chevrolet Suburbans are also used when logistics require such a vehicle or when a more low profile appearance is required. For official movement the limousine is affixed with U.S. and presidential flags and the presidential seal on the rear doors. For unofficial events the vehicles are left sterile and unadorned.[25]

text: Field offices[edit]

text: The Secret Service has agents assigned to 136 field offices and field agencies, and the headquarters in Washington, D.C. The Service's offices are located in cities throughout the United States and in Brazil (Brasilia), Bulgaria (Sofia), Canada (Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Vancouver), Colombia (Bogotá), China (Hong Kong), France (Paris, Lyon), Germany (Frankfurt), Italy (Rome), Mexico (Mexico City), Netherlands (The Hague), Romania (Bucharest), Russia (Moscow), South Africa (Pretoria), Spain (Madrid), Thailand (Bangkok), and the United Kingdom (London). The offices in Lyon and The Hague are respectively responsible for liaison with the headquarters of Interpol and Europol, located in those cities.[64]

text: Misconduct[edit]

text: In April 2012, an incident involving the president's security detail received international press attention. The incident involved 11 agents and personnel from four branches of the U.S. military; they allegedly engaged prostitutes while assigned to protect the U.S. President at the 6th Summit of the Americas in Cartagena, Colombia. As of April 24, 2012, nine employees had resigned or retired.[65][66]

text: After the incident was publicized, the Secret Service implemented new rules for its personnel.[67][68][69][70] The rules prohibit personnel from visiting "non-reputable establishments"[68] and from consuming alcohol fewer than ten hours before starting work. Additionally, they restrict who is allowed in hotel rooms.[68]

text: A few weeks later, stories emerged of Secret Service agents hiring strippers and prostitutes prior to Obama's 2011 visit to El Salvador.[71]

text: In 2015, two inebriated senior service agents drove an official car into the White House complex and collided with a barrier. One of the congressmen in the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform that investigated that incident was Jason Chaffetz. In September 2015, it was revealed that 18 Secret Service employees or supervisors, including Assistant Director Ed Lowery, accessed an unsuccessful 2003 application by Chaffetz for employment with the agency and discussed leaking the information to the media in retaliation for Chaffetz' investigations of agency misconduct. The confidential personal information was later leaked to The Daily Beast. Agency Director Joe Clancy apologized to Chaffetz and said that disciplinary action would be taken against those responsible.[72]

text: In March 2017, a member of US Vice President Mike Pence's detail was suspended after he was caught visiting a prostitute at a hotel in Maryland.[73]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text:
Mister 880 (1950): Unlike most films with a Secret Service theme, this one features their anti-counterfeiting role: an agent (Burt Lancaster) tracks down an elderly man (Edmund Gwenn) who counterfeits only small amounts of money.
Suddenly (1954): A group of hired assassins take over a house overlooking a rail-station in the small town of Suddenly where the President of the United States is expected to make a stop. The town's sheriff and a team of Secret Service agents work to foil the plot. Stars Frank Sinatra, Sterling Hayden, James Gleason and Nancy Gates.
Being There (1979): Peter Sellers is seen advising a Uniformed Division Officer at post #W-4 in front of the White House. Also Secret Service agents are seen throughout the movie escorting and protecting the president. The film was an inductee of the 2005 National Film Registry list.[74]
To Live and Die in L.A. (1985): A Secret Service agent (William L. Petersen) is determined to bring down, by any means necessary, a counterfeiter (Willem Dafoe) who murdered the agent's partner.
Assassination (1987): U.S. Secret Service agent Jay Killion (Charles Bronson) must protect First Lady Lara Royce Craig (Jill Ireland) from a plot on her life.
The Bodyguard (1992): Kevin Costner stars as a former Secret Service agent who is hired as a bodyguard to protect a music star, played by Whitney Houston, from an unknown stalker.
In the Line of Fire (1993): Psychological thriller in which Clint Eastwood plays a Secret Service Agent who had been on the presidential protection detail during the assassination of John F. Kennedy.  He is now pursuing a deranged former CIA special operations assassin who is intent on killing the current U.S. President.
Guarding Tess (1994): Nicolas Cage plays an agent assigned to guard a former First Lady.
Hackers (1995): Secret Service Agent Richard Gill (Wendell Pierce) is responsible for the pursuit of the young hackers throughout the entire film.
First Kid (1996): Sinbad and Timothy Busfield appear as Secret Service agents in charge of protecting the President's son.
 Air Force One (1997): Xander Berkeley plays a Secret Service agent, who is secretly a mole that helps Kazakh terrorists that hijack Air Force One.
Murder at 1600 (1997): A thriller adaptation starring Wesley Snipes of the novel Murder In The White House by Margaret Truman, daughter of President Truman.
First Target (1999): Daryl Hannah is a Secret Service agent who uncovers a plot involving senior US politicians and rogue Secret Service agents to kill the President whilst on vacation.
Wild Wild West (1999): Action parody starring Will Smith and Kevin Kline as, respectively, U.S. Army Captain James West and U.S. Marshal Artemus Gordon. Set in 1869, they battle a madman who kidnaps President Ulysses S. Grant as part of his plot to dismember the United States. At the end of the film, President Grant promotes them to Agents #1 and #2 of his new Secret Service.
First Daughter (2004): Katie Holmes as the daughter of the President, who goes to college.
The Sentinel (2006): Thriller starring Michael Douglas, Kiefer Sutherland, and Eva Longoria as Secret Service agents investigating a potential assassination attempt and traitor in the Secret Service.
Vantage Point (2008): An assassination attempt on the President of the United States is seen from a different set of vantage points through the eyes of eight witnesses.  Dennis Quaid plays the Secret Service agent pursuing the terrorists.
Olympus Has Fallen (2013): An attempt to target and capture the White House and the President of United States, Benjamin Asher (Aaron Eckhart), by a North Korean terrorist leader, Kang Yeonsak (Rick Yune) with his commandos. A former Army Ranger-turned Secret Service agent, Michael Banning (Gerard Butler), was trapped in the White House (Olympus) and works with officials at The Pentagon to save the President. Continued in the next sequels London Has Fallen (2016) and Angel Has Fallen.
White House Down (2013): John Cale (Channing Tatum) is a U.S. Capitol Police officer and is a hopeful candidate for a special agent position at the U.S. Secret Service. Cale attempts to foil a terrorist attack on the White House and save the President from the terrorists.
The Purge: Election Year (2016): Former LAPD sergeant Leo Barnes (Frank Grillo) is the chief of security for a US Senator running for the presidency and hoping to outlaw an annual 12-hour period taking place from March 21 to 22 wherein all crimes are legal. He is later promoted to chief of the Secret Service upon the Senator's victory in the election two months after the final annual Purge.

text: Television[edit]

text:
The Wild Wild West (1965): A highly popular Western action series, set in the early- to mid- 1870s, starring Robert Conrad and Ross Martin as Secret Service agents James West and Artemus Gordon.  West and Gordon pursue a variety of villains across the old west and often report directly to President Ulysses S. Grant.  Two reunion telemovies were screened in 1979 and 1980, followed by the film Wild Wild West (above).
24 (2001): Involves many characters and operations within the Secret Service as they protect the presidents throughout the series, most notable Agent Aaron Pierce, played by Glenn Morshower.
House of Cards (2013): Edward Meechum initially serves as a bodyguard to President Frank Underwood when he was Majority Whip but later gets promoted to the Secret Service when Underwood became Vice President (remaining on his detail when he becomes president). During an assassination attempt on President Underwood, Edward Meechum takes a bullet for the president and shoots and kills the gunman before immediately dying from his injuries.
Intelligence (2014): U.S. Secret Service agent Riley Neal (Meghan Ory) is recruited by the U.S. Cyber Command to provide protective services for Cyber Command agent Gabriel Vaughn (Josh Holloway), into whose brain a high-tech microchip has been implanted.
Wayward Pines (2015):  After a car crash, U.S. Secret Service agent Ethan Burke (Matt Dillon) wakes up in the mysterious town of Wayward Pines, where the inexplicable happens and from which there is no escape.

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Resident Evil 4 (2007): Leon S. Kennedy is a Secret Service agent after the events of Resident Evil 2. His mission in the game is to find the President's daughter, who has been kidnapped.
Secret Service (2008): A first-person shooter video game, developed by Cauldron HQ and published by Activision Value for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360.

text: Other U.S. federal law enforcement agencies[edit]

text:
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
Marshals Service (USMS)
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)
Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS)
Postal Inspection Service (USPIS)
Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS)
Army Criminal Investigation Command (CID)
Air Force Office of Special Investigations (OSI)


document_title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

question_text: who does the voice of erica in hotel transylvania 3

root

text: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1897, Dracula (Adam Sandler) and his friends disguised as humans are traveling on a train to Budapest. However, Professor Abraham Van Helsing (Jim Gaffigan), Dracula's arch-enemy, boards the train and unveils the monsters; the monsters escape by climbing through the roof and Dracula pushes his friends from the train for their safety. Van Helsing is obsessed with destroying Dracula, but is constantly outsmarted by him.

tag: p

text: In the present day, some time after the events of the previous film, Dracula is running his hotel business smoothly, with his daughter Mavis (Selena Gomez) and son-in-law Johnny (Andy Samberg). However, Drac is depressed by the fact that, since his wife's death, he's lonely despite attempts to meet someone. Misinterpreting this as stress from overwork, Mavis books a cruise so they can all take a break and spend more time together as a family. The next day, Dracula, Mavis, Johnny, Dennis (Asher Blinkoff), Vlad (Mel Brooks), and the hotel guests board a cruise ship called the Legacy. Dracula sees the ship's human captain, Ericka (Kathryn Hahn), and immediately falls for her, something that he thought was impossible as he had already "zinged" before.

text: Ericka goes to a secret room on the lower decks where she meets Abraham Van Helsing, who is revealed to be her great-grandfather and is almost completely mechanised, to avoid death. Van Helsing has plans to eliminate all the monsters, in the cruise upon its arrival at the lost city of Atlantis using an Instrument of Destruction, that could be found in Atlantis's ruins. Van Helsing makes Ericka promise to not assassinate Dracula beforehand, but she repeatedly attempts to do so anyway, albeit unsuccessfully, much to her frustration. After failing to kill Dracula at an underwater volcano, Ericka moans about being unable to get him. Dracula's friends hear this, and thinking that Ericka likes him, inform Dracula about what they heard. Dracula nervously asks Ericka out on a date, and she accepts since she sees this as another chance to kill the vampire. However, as they dine on a deserted island, Ericka begins to fall in love with Drac, after they learn about each other's pasts.

text: Mavis finds out Dracula is interested in Ericka and becomes suspicious of Ericka's motives. The cruise ship reaches Atlantis which has been converted into a casino; Dracula decides to tell Mavis the truth about Ericka, but gets distracted seeing Ericka going into a crypt below the city. Drac follows her, with Mavis not far behind, and learns that Ericka is after a "family heirloom". With Dracula's help, she gets past the numerous booby traps around the object and escapes. Mavis arrives and confronts them, and Dracula confesses that he "zinged" with Ericka, to Mavis's surprise and confusion. After Ericka is told what a "zing" is, she harshly rejects Dracula's romantic feelings, leaving Dracula heartbroken.

text: A regretful Ericka gives Van Helsing the object--revealed to be the Instrument of Destruction--and he proceeds to set a trap for the monsters, at a dance party. Noticing that Dracula is still upset, Mavis, after some advice from Johnny, tells her father to talk to Ericka, admitting that she was really afraid of him leaving her, which Drac allays. Suddenly, Van Helsing shows up and pushes away the DJ, and a sadden Ericka is forced to reveal, that she is his great-granddaughter. Van Helsing unveils the Instrument of Destruction, a case for a music note sheet, and plays a song that drives a friendly Kraken (Joe Jonas) that lives near the island to attack the monsters. Ericka saves Dracula from the Kraken and pleads with her great-grandfather to stop the destruction, confessing to Drac that she fell for him as well, which infuriates Van Helsing and causes him to attack them both.

text: In order to pacify the Kraken, Johnny opens up a portable DJ kit, and starts playing positive songs, to beat Van Helsing's song. Upon playing the Macarena, the Kraken is relaxed and happy for good; Van Helsing is unable to counter the song as everyone begins to dance, including the music sheet (Which shreds itself to tiny pieces, in the process). Van Helsing also ends up dancing, and accidentally slips and falls but is saved by Dracula. Touched by this act of kindness, Van Helsing apologizes to the monsters and gives everyone a full refund for the cruise, before sending them back.

text: Back at Hotel Transylvania, Dracula and Ericka have ended up in a romantic relationship. Drac proposes to Ericka, who stammers at the question, and she agrees to the proposal.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Count Dracula: The 540-year-old lord of the vampires, and founder of Hotel Transylvania. Dracula is the son of Vlad, husband of the late Martha, father of Mavis, father-in-law of Johnny, maternal grandfather of Dennis, and Ericka's love interest.
Andy Samberg as Jonathan "Johnny" Loughran: A 29-year-old human, who is Mavis' husband and Dennis' father.[7]
Selena Gomez as Mavis: The 126-year-old daughter of Dracula and the late Martha, and the granddaughter of Vlad. She is the wife of Johnny, and Dennis' mother.
Kevin James as Frankenstein:[8] The monster famously created from reanimated dead tissue, by Dr. Frankenstein. His friends call him "Frank".
David Spade as Griffin, the Invisible Man[8]
Steve Buscemi as Wayne: A werewolf who is overwhelmed by his large number of children.[8]
Keegan-Michael Key as Murray: An ancient mummy.[8]
Molly Shannon as Wanda: Wayne's werewolf wife.[8]
Fran Drescher as Eunice: Frankenstein's wife.[8]
Kathryn Hahn as Ericka Van Helsing: The captain and cruise director of the cruise ship Legacy. She is secretly continuing her great-grandfather's wishes in eliminating monsters and is Dracula's love interest.
Jim Gaffigan as Professor Abraham Van Helsing: Ericka's great-grandfather who is a legendary monster hunter and Dracula's archenemy.
Mel Brooks as Vlad: An ancient, more experienced and traditional vampire, who is Dracula's father, the grandfather of Mavis, the grandfather-in-law of Johnny, and the great-grandfather of Dennis.
Asher Blinkoff as Dennis Loughran: Mavis and Johnny's 6-year-old son who is a human/vampire hybrid, inheriting a combination of traits from his parents. He has a mutual crush on his best friend Winnie.
Sadie Sandler as Winnie: The werewolf daughter of Wayne and Wanda. Winnie is Dennis' best friend, and she has a mutual crush on him.
Genndy Tartakovsky as Blobby: A green blob monster.[9] He was previously voiced by Jonny Solomon in Hotel Transylvania 2.
Tartakovsky also voices Blobby Baby: A spawn of Blobby.
Tartakovsky also voices Puppy Blobby: Blobby Baby's pet puppy.
Chrissy Teigen as Crystal: An invisible woman who is Griffin's new girlfriend.[10]
Joe Jonas as Kraken: A giant sea monster that lives near Atlantis.
Alison Hammond as Frankenginger:[11] A female whose right arm is related to Frankenstein from his right hand's side of the family.
Chris Parnell as Stan: A fish-man.
Joe Whyte as Tinkles: Dennis' giant pet puppy.
Whyte also voices Bob: One of the Gremlins who works as a co-pilot on Gremlin's airlines.
Aaron LaPlante as Gremlins, Gremlin Pilot, Gremlin Stewardess
Michelle Murdocca as Phone Voice, Kelsey, Witch #1, Witch #2
Joyce Arrastia as Zingr Witch, Witch 3
Sunny Sandler as Sunny, the newborn daughter of Wayne and Wanda.
Tara Strong as Frankenlady
Libby Thomas Dickey as Libby
Patrick Harpin as Austrian Boy
Craig Kellman as Mr. Hydraberg
Jaime Camil as El Chupacabra

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In September 2015, Michelle Murdocca, the film's producer, said before the second film's release that the studio was "talking about number 3 and moving forward and taking the franchise to the next level," but thought that she and director Genndy Tartakovsky would not return, since they were working on Tartakovsky's Can You Imagine?[12] before that project was later shelved.[13] That same month, Tartakovsky stated that he will not return for the sequel, specifying to TheWrap that "two is enough. I have a lot of other ideas, and I kind of have to express them and have them come out."[14] In November 2015, Sony Pictures Animation announced that the third film, under the tentative title of Hotel Transylvania 3, had been set for release on September 21, 2018.[15]

text: Despite leaving the series, Tartakovsky later announced that he would return as the director for the third installment.[7][12] Adam Sandler, Selena Gomez, and Andy Samberg also reprised their previous roles, as Dracula, Mavis, and Johnny, respectively, and the film was written by Tartakovsky and Austin Powers writer Michael McCullers.[7] In June 2016, Sony also confirmed Tartakovsky's return, after his taking a leave of absence to work on the final season of his show Samurai Jack.[16] According to Tartakovsky, he returned after he received inspiration from a "miserable" family vacation, and from the Chevy Chase National Lampoon's Vacation movies, as the film takes place aboard a cruise ship.[17][18][19] By early November 2017, the film had been entitled as Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation.[20]

text: Music[edit]

text: Mark Mothersbaugh returned to score the third film, having previously scored the first two installments, while Sony Classical has released an official soundtrack of the trilogy. Dutch DJ Tiësto also provided music for the film. DNCE's song "Cake by the Ocean" and Pitbull's song Shake Senora were used in promotional material. I See Love performed by Jonas Blue ft. Joe Jonas. Eric Nam recorded the song Float for the film.

text: Release[edit]

text: Summer Vacation was originally scheduled for release on September 21, 2018, a date that was later moved up two months, to July 13, 2018.[15][21] A video game adaptation, titled Hotel Transylvania 3: Monsters Overboard, was released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows on July 10, 2018.[22] On June 21, 2018, Amazon announced it was offering its Amazon Prime members an early showing of the film on June 30, at about 1,000 theaters, similar to fellow Sony release Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle the previous December.[23]

text: International Release[edit]

text: While most territories are slated for July release dates, the film is set for release in China on August 17, 2018. Similarly, Italy and the Philippines won't see the film until late August while Japan and Poland have October release dates.[24]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first teaser trailer was released online on November 16, 2017,[25] and the official trailer for the film was released on March 21, 2018.[26][27] A 95-second sneak peek of the film was released online via Sony Pictures Entertainment's YouTube channel on May 7, 2018.[28]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  August 12, 2018[update], Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation has grossed $146.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $231.4 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $378.3 million, against a production budget of $80 million.[5]

text: In the United States and Canada, Summer Vacation was released alongside the opening of Skyscraper, as well as the wide expansion of Sorry to Bother You, and was projected to gross $38–45 million from 4,267 theaters in its first weekend.[23][29] The film made $1.3 million from its early 3PM screenings held by Amazon on June 30, and $2.6 million from screenings beginning at 5PM the Thursday before its official release.[30] It went on open to $44.1 million, finishing first at the box office and landing in-between the debuts of the first two Hotel Transylvania films.[31] The film made $23.2 million in its second weekend, finishing second behind newcomers The Equalizer 2 and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again.[32] It made another $12.3 million in its third weekend, finishing fourth.[33]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 61% based on 98 reviews, with an average rating of 5.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation delivers exactly what fans will expect – which means another 97 agreeably lightweight minutes of fast-paced gags and colorful animation."[34] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 54 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[35] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by both its predecessors.[31]

text: Sarah Melton from Exclaim! thought the film was predictable but not entirely unappealing, writing, "not a shipwreck... Mostly, the film rests on putting familiar, likeable characters in a goofy setting and seeing what gags ensue."[36]


document_title: Coins of the Indian rupee

question_text: when was 5 rupee coin introduced in india

text: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: History[edit]

text: After the Indian independence, the old British India coins continued to be in use as a frozen currency till 1950, when India became a Republic. The first rupee coins of Republic of India were minted in 1950. Other denomination coins produced were 1/2 rupee, 1/4 rupee, 2 Anna, 1 Anna, 1/2 Anna & 1 Pice coins which are also referred as Anna series or pre-decimal coinage. One rupee was divided into 16 annas or 64 pice, with each anna therefore equal to 4 pice.

text: In 1957, India shifted to the decimal system, but for a short period both decimal and non-decimal coins were in circulation. To distinguish between the two pice, the coins minted between 1957 and 1964 have the legend "Naya Paisa" ("new" paisa). The denominations in circulation were 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50 (naya) paisa and one rupee which remained as the same pre-decimal value. Therefore pre-decimal coins of one, half and quarter rupees could remain in circulation after decimalisation.

text: The word "naya" was dropped in 1964. In this year a new denomination the 3 paisa was introduced and in 1968 a 20 paisa coin was minted. Both these coins however did not gain much popularity. The 1, 2 and 3 paisa coins were phased out gradually in the 1970s. In 1982 a new coin, 2 rupee, was introduced as an experiment to replace 2 rupee notes. The 2 rupee coin was not minted again till 1990, after which it was minted every year.

text: Stainless steel coinage of 10, 25 and 50 paisa, was introduced in 1988 and in 1992, a new rupee coin was minted. This coin was smaller and lighter than the older rupee and was also made of stainless steel. In 1992, a 5 rupee Cupronickel coin was introduced. In 2005, 10 rupee coin was minted for the first time. The higher denomination coins were introduced due to increasing demand for change and increasing cost of printing 2, 5 and 10 rupee banknotes.

text: Effective from 30 June 2011, all coins in denominations of 25 paisa and below were officially demonetised. While other special coins were minted in years in the memory of special events or people and these are referred to as commemorative coins. Commemorative coins can be for collectors and also for circulation. They can be found in various denominations. Some of commemorative coins include coins depicting Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, B. R. Ambedkar, Rajiv Gandhi, Dnyaneshwar, 1982–Asian Games, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Subhas Chandra Bose, Sri Aurobindo, Chittaranjan Das, Chhatrapati Shivaji and logo of 2010-Commonwealth Games, Bhagat singh, Rabindranath Tagore. etc

text: Coin series: 1947-1950 (pre-decimalization)[edit]

text: Union of India 1947–1950[edit]

text: At Independence on 15 August 1947, India was partitioned into the new British Dominions of India and Pakistan. The new Dominion (or Union) of India retained the previous imperial currency with images of British monarchs. The basic unit of currency was the Indian rupee, which was itself divided into annas (16 annas to a rupee) and pice (the old spelling of paisa - 64 pice to a rupee).[1] The lowest-denomination Indian coins, the half-pice (128 to a rupee) and the pie (192 to a rupee) were officialldemonetized in 1947; while both denominations had continued to circulate up to that time, new examples were not minted after 1942 as they were practically worthless (India remained a member of the sterling area after independence and the rupee remained pegged to the pound sterling. Until 1966, the rupee was worth 1s.6d, or 18 old British pence; a half-pice was therefore worth 0.141 old pence and a pie 0.09 old pence.)[2]

text: From 15 August 1947 until 26 January 1950, the Indian coinage structure was as follows: (bold - denominations minted)[3]

text:
Rupee and its fractions
Annas
Pice
Pies (demonetized after 1947)

Rupee
16 annas
64 pice
192 pies

Half rupee
8 annas
32 pice
96 pies

Quarter rupee
4 annas
16 pice
48 pies

1/8 rupee
2 annas
8 pice
24 pies

1/16 rupee
1 anna
4 pice
12 pies

1/32 rupee
Half anna
2 pice
6 pies

1/64 rupee
1/4 anna
1 pice
3 pies

tag: table

text: This represented the currency arrangements during the transition period up to the establishment of the Indian Republic.

text: The coins used after 1947 until the introduction of Republic of India - Pre decimalisation series were as follows:

text:
George VI series (Independent India) (1947 - 1950)

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

One Rupee

Nickel
Circular
28 mm
1947

Half Rupee

24 mm
1946 - 1947

Quarter Rupee

19 mm
1946 - 1947

2 Annas

Nickel - Brass
Square
25.1 mm
1945

Copper - Nickel
22 mm
1946 - 1947

1 Anna

Nickel - Brass
12 Scalloped
21 mm
1945

Copper - Nickel
21 mm
1946 - 1947

1/2 Anna

Square
19.7 mm
1946 - 1947

1 Pice

Bronze
Circular with a hole
21.32 mm
1943 - 1947

text: Republic of India 1950-1957[edit]

text: On 26 January 1950, India became a sovereign republic. This series was introduced on 15 August 1950 and represented the first coinage of Republic India. The British King's portrait was replaced by the Lion Capital of the Ashoka Pillar. A corn sheaf replaced the Tiger on the one rupee coin. In some ways this symbolised a shift in focus to progress and prosperity. Indian motifs were incorporated on other coins. The previous monetary system and the old units of currency were retained unchanged.

text:
Republic of India Pre-decimalization series (1950 - 1957)

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

One Rupee

Nickel
Circular
27.9 mm
1950 - 1954

Half Rupee

24 mm
1950 - 1956

Quarter Rupee

19 mm
1950 - 1956

Two Annas

Cupro-Nickel
Square
25.4 mm
1950 - 1955

One Anna

12 Scalloped
21 mm
1950 - 1955

Half Anna

Square
19.5 mm
1950 - 1955

One Pice

Bronze
Circular
21 mm
1950 - 1955

text: Decimalization[edit]

text: The move towards decimalization was afoot for over a century. However, it was in September, 1955 that the Indian Coinage Act was amended for the country to adopt a metric system for coinage. The Act came into force with effect from 1 April 1957, after which anna and pice denominations were demonetised. The rupee remained unchanged in value and nomenclature. It, however, was now divided into 100 'paisa' instead of 16 annas or 64 pice. Effective from 30 June 2011, all coins in denominations of 25 paisa and below were officially demonetized.[4]

text:
Pre-decimal currency (1950-1957; minting ceased in 1955)
Decimal currency replacement (1957–present)
Decimal currency (dates minted)

N/A
10 rupees
2006–present

N/A
5 rupees
1992–present

N/A
2 rupees
1982–present

Rupee
Rupee (divided into 100 new paisa 1957-1964; divided into 100 paisa 1964–present.
1962–present

Half rupee
50 paisa
1960–present

Quarter rupee
25 paisa
1957-2002. Demonetized from 2011.

N/A
20 paisa
1968-1994. Demonetized from 2011.

2 annas
10 paisa
1957-1998. Demonetized from 2011.

Anna
5 paisa
1957-1994. Demonetized from 2011.

N/A
3 paisa
1964-1972; proofs minted until 1981. Demonetized from 2011.

Half anna
2 paisa
1957-1979; proofs minted until 1981. Demonetized from 2011.

Pice
Paisa
1957-1972; proofs minted until 1981. Demonetized from 2011, but retained as a unit of currency.

text: Coin series 1957-present (decimal)[edit]

text: Naya paisa series 1957–1963[edit]

text: The antiquated spelling of "pice" was modified to "paisa" in the singular and "paise" in the plural. For public recognition, the new decimal paisa was termed 'Naya Paisa' (New Paisa) till 1 June 1964 when the term 'Naya' was dropped. The coins of 50p, 25p, 10p, 5p, 2p, and 1p had a legend in Devanagari script explaining the value of coin in terms of fraction of a rupee.

text:
Naya Paisa Series (1957 - 1963)

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

One Rupee

Nickel
Circular
28 mm
1962 - 1974

Fifty Naye paisa

24 mm
1957 - 1963

Twenty Five Naye paisa

19 mm
1957 - 1963

Ten Naye paisa

Cupro-Nickel
Eight Scalloped
23 mm (across scallops)
1957 - 1963

Five Naye paisa

Square
22 mm (across corners)
1957 - 1963

Two Naye paise

Eight Scalloped
18 mm (across scallops)
1957 - 1963

One Naya Paisa

Bronze
Circular
16 mm
1957 - 1962

Nickel Brass
1962 - 1963

text: Paisa series I with Devanagari Legend 1964 onwards[edit]

text: In June 1964, the term 'Naya' was dropped and the coins were reminted. The legend in Devanagari script explaining the value of coin in terms of fraction of a Rupee continued till it was finally dropped from the new design minted 1964 onwards.

text:
Paisa Series I with Devanagari Legend (1964 - 1980s)

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

50 paisa

Nickel
Circular
24 mm
1964 - 1971

25 paisa

Nickel
19 mm
1964 - 1972

10 paisa

Copper Nickel
8 Scalloped
23 mm
1964 - 1967

Nickel Brass
1968 - 1971

5 paisa

Copper Nickel
Square
22 mm
1964 - 1966

Aluminium
1967 - 1971

2 paisa

Copper Nickel
8 Scalloped
18 mm
1964

1 paisa

Nickel Brass
Circular
16 mm
1964

text: Series II without the Devanagari Legend (1964 - 1983)[edit]

text: The coin minted from 1965 did not have the legend in Devanagari, explaining the value of the coin as a fraction of the rupee. Small denomination coins which were made of bronze, nickel-brass, cupro-nickel, and aluminium-bronze were gradually minted in aluminium.The first coin minted in such type was the 3 Paisa coin in 1964, which was a new denomination, and continued to be minted till 1971. One and Two paisa coins were changed to Aluminium and were minted without the Devanagari legend from 1965. 20 paisa coin was introduced in 1968, which continued to be minted till 1971.

text:
Series II without Devanagari Legend (1964 - 1983)

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

1 rupee

Copper Nickel
Circular
28 mm
1975 - 1982

50 paisa

24 mm
1972 - 1973

1974 - 1983

25 paisa

19 mm
1972 - 1990

20 paisa

Nickel Brass
22 mm
1968 - 1971

10 paisa

Aluminium
12 Scalloped
25.91 mm
1971 - 1982

5 paisa

Square
22 mm
1972 - 1984

3 paisa

Hexagonal
21 mm
1964 - 1971

2 paisa

8 Scalloped
20 mm
1965 - 1981

1 paisa

Square
17 mm
1965 - 1981

text: Series III 1982 Onwards[edit]

text: From 1982, New series was launched. the 20 paisa coin which was last minted in 1971, was reintroduced again, but in Aluminium. The size and the design of 10 paisa, 50 paisa and 1 rupee was changed, though they continued to be minted in the same metal. Coins of 3p, 2p and 1p were discontinued but continued to be the legal tender.

text:
Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

1 Rupee

Copper - Nickel
Circular
26 mm
1983 - 1991

50 paisa

24 mm
1984 - 1990

20 paisa

Aluminium
Hexagonal
26 mm
1982 - 1997

10 paisa

8 Scalloped
23 mm
1983 - 1993

5 paisa

Square
22 mm
1984 - 1994

text: Series IV 1988 Onwards[edit]

text: In Series IV, 5 paisa and 20 paisa coins were discontinued though they continued to be minted in Series III till 1994 and 1997 respectively. 10 paisa, 25 paisa and 50 paisa coins were minted in Stainless Steel. 1992 onwards, 1 Re coin was also minted in Steel and Rs. 2 and Rs. 5 coins in Copper Nickel were introduced. The very considerable costs of managing note issues of Re 1, Rs 2, and Rs 5 led to the gradual coinage of these denominations. These coins continued to be minted till 2004, when the Unity in diversity series was launched.

text: Cupro-Nickel coins are not minted anymore. Ferritic Stainless Steel coins of Two and Five Rupee denominations are currently in production.[5]

text: 2004 Unity in diversity Series[edit]

text: In 2004, RBI issued a series in denominations of 1 rupee, followed by 2 rupee and 10 rupee in 2005. These issues however came into circulation in 2006, and created a controversy over their design. 10 rupee coins were the first bimetallic coins issued in India, and because of the controversy and being minted in only one mint, most of the coinage never found its way into circulation. The ones which did were hoarded by Coin collectors and Coin hoarders.

text:
2004 Unity in Diversity Series

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

10 rupee

Bimetallic
Copper Nickel Center in
Aluminium Bronze ring

Circular
27 mm
2005 - 2007

2 rupee

Stainless Steel
26.75 mm

1 rupee

25 mm
2004 - 2006

text: 2007 Hasta Mudra Series[edit]

text: in 2007 RBi issued a new series of Coins, The Hasta Mudra Series, in coins of denominations 50 p, 1 rupee and 2 rupee. These coins were Stainless steel coins, and displayed various Hasta Mudras, - hand gestures in Indian Classical dance. 5 rupee Stainless Steel coin with waves in its design was also issued in 2007, as well as a new 10 rupee coin with changed design in 2008. 5 rupee coin design was again reverted to the previous design, though now it was issued in Nickel-brass instead of Copper-nickel. However these 5 rupee and 10 rupee coins were not the part of the Hasta Mudra series.

text:
2007 Hasta Mudra Series

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

2 rupee

Stainless Steel
Circular
27 mm
2007 - 2011

1 rupee

25 mm

50 p

22 mm
2008 - 2010

text: The 5 rupee and 10 rupee coins were issued for common circulation in 2007, 2008, 2009 with changed designs and continued to be minted until the introduction of the Rupee Symbol series in 2011.

text:
2007 - 2010 Common Circulation Coins for 5 rupee and 10 rupee

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

5 rupee

Stainless Steel
Circular
23 mm
2007 - 2008

10 rupee

Bimetallic
Copper Nickel Center in Aluminium Bronze ring

27 mm
2008 - 2010

5 rupee

Nickel - Brass
23 mm
2009 - 2010

text: 2011 New Series with the Rupee Symbol (₹)[edit]

text: In 2011, RBI issued a series in denominations of 50p, ₹1, ₹2, ₹5, and ₹10. The 50p, ₹1, ₹2, and ₹5 designs are identical except the absence of the rupee symbol in 50p coin. The ₹10 coin continued to be issued in bimetallic issues as previously.

text:
2011 Rupee Symbol Series

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

₹10
Ten rupees

Bimetallic
Copper Nickel Center in
Aluminium Bronze ring

Circular
27 mm
2011 -

₹ 5
Five Rupees

Nickel Brass
27 mm
2011 -

₹ 2
Two Rupees

Stainless Steel
25 mm
2011 -

₹ 1
One Rupee

21.93 mm
2011 -

50 p
Fifty paisa

19 mm
2011 -

text: Mints[edit]

text: Domestic mint marks[edit]

text:
Kolkata - either no mint mark beneath the date of coin or a C is seen at 6'o clock position in British India coins.
Mumbai - diamond mint mark under the date of the coin.
Hyderabad - split diamond or a dot in diamond or five pointed star under the date of coin.
Noida - a small or thick dot under the date of the Coin.

text: Because of the increasing demand for coins, the Indian government was forced to mint coins in foreign countries at various points in the country's history.

text: Foreign Mint Marks[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Pretoria - diamond mark under the date 1943.
Seoul - a five pointed star under the date of the coin but exactly below the first or Last Digits of dates 1985 and 1997.
Birmingham (Royal Mint, UK) - small dot under the date of the coin but exactly below the first digit of date 1985.
Heaton Press - Ornamental/decorated letter "H" under the last digit of the date 1985.
Ottawa - a "C" mint mark under the date of the coin.
Mexico City - "M" mint mark under the date of the coin.

text: Mints in Daegu, Korea, Slovakia (Kremnca), and Russia (Moscow) have also been used.

text: Commemorative coins[edit]

text: The first Indian commemorative coin was issued in 1964 to mourn the death of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India. Since then, numerous coins of these type on almost all denomination from 5 paisa to 10 rupees have been issued. These coins based on famous personalities (usually issued on their birth or death centenary, or in rare cases on their death), government programmes and social messages.

text: Mints[edit]

text: Commemorative coins are made at various mints across India including the ones at Mumbai, Noida, Kolkata and Hyderabad.

text: The First Commemorative Coins[edit]

text: The first commemorative coins was dated 1964 and had a bust of Jawaharlal Nehru on observe and was issued in one and half rupee.

text: List of Commemorative Coins[edit]

text:
Commemorative
Year
5P
10P
20P
25P
50P
1₹
2₹
5₹
10₹
20₹
25₹
50₹
60₹
75₹
100₹
125₹
150₹
200₹
500₹
1000₹

Jawaharlal Nehru
1964

KM
KM

जवाहरलाल नेहरु
1964

KM

Mahatma Gandhi
1969

KHM

KM
KM

KM

Food For All
1970

KM

KM

Food For All
1971

KM

M

25th Independence
1972

KM

KM

Grow More Food
1973

KM

M
M

M

Planned Families Food for All
1974

KHM

Women Year
1975

KHM

M

M

Food & Work For All
1976
KHM
KM

M

M

Save for Development
1977
KHM
KM

M

M

Food & Selter For All
1978
KHM
KHM

M

M

International Year of the Child (P)
1978

M

International Year of the Child
1979
KHM
KHM

M

M

M

Rural Women's Advancement
1980

KHM

KHM

M

M

World Food Day
1981

KM

KHM

M

M

IX Asian Games
1982

KHM

KHM

KM

M

M

World Food Day
1982

KHM
KH

National Integration
1982

KM

KM

M

M

Fisheries
1983

KH

Forestry for Development
1985

KHM

Reserve Bank of India
1985

KHM

KM

M

Indira Gandhi
1985

KHM

HM

M

International Youth Year
1985

KHM

K

M

Fisheries
1986

KHM

M

M

Small Farmer
1987

KHM

M

M

Rainfed Farming
1988

KHM

Jawaharlal Nehru
1989

KHM

HM

M

M

World Food Day
1989

KHM

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
1990

HM

ICDS
1990

HM

SAARC Year - Girl Child
1990

HM

Food For the Future
1990

KH

Rajiv Gandhi
1991

HM

Commonweath Parliamentary
1991

M

M
M

Tourism Year
1991

HM
M
M

Food & Nutrition
1992

K

Land Vital Resource
1992

K

Quit India Movement
1993

KHM

M

M

M

Inter Parliamentary Union
1993

M

Small Family Happy Family
1993

HM

Bio Diversity
1993

HM

International Year of the Family
1994

MN

Water for Life
1994

KHM

ILO
1994

HMN

M

M

World Tamil Conference
1995

KHMN
M
MN

Globalizing Indian Agriculture
1995

KM

UNO
1995

MN

FAO
1995

HMN

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
1995

M

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
1996

KHMN

M

M

M

Mother's Health is Child's Health
1996

KHMN

International Crop Science
1996

K

Subhash Chandra Bose
1996

KN

Subhash Chandra Bose
1997

KHMN

M

M

M

50 year of Independence
1997

KHMN

M

Cellular Jail
1997

KHMN

Sri Aurobindo
1998

KMN

M

M

M

Deshbandhu Chittranjan Das
1998

KHN

K

Saint Dnyaneshwar
1999

KMN

M

Chattrapati Shivaji
1999

KHMN

M

M

Suprime Court of India
2000

KMN

M

Dr. Syama Prasad
2001

KHN

K

M

K

Bhagwan Mahabir
2001

MN

M

Loknayak Jayprakash Narayan
2002

HM

Saint Tukaram
2002

KHMN

K

M

M

Maharana Pratap
2003

HM

M

M

Veer Durgadas
2003

HM

M

M

Indian Railway
2003

KHMN

K

Dadabhai Naoraji
2003

KHM

Kumarasami Kamraj
2003

KHM

M

India Post
2004

K

K

Telecommunication
2004

K

K

Lal Bahadur Sastri (CuNi)
2004

K

K

Lal Bahadur Sastri (SS)
2004

KHM

Dandi March (CuNi)
2005

M

M

Dandi March (SS)
2005

M

Mahatma Basaveshwara (CuNi)
2006

M

M

Mahatma Basaveshwara (SS)
2006

M

ONGC (CuNi)
2006

K

M

ONGC (SS)
2006

KH

Sree Narayan Gurudev (CuNi)
2006

M

M

Sree Narayan Gurudev (SS)
2006

M

SBI (CuNi)
2006

K

K

SBI (CuNi)
2006

KH

Indian Airforce
2007

K

K

Lokamanya Bal Gandhar Tilak (CuNi)
2007

M

K

Lokamanya Bal Gandhar Tilak (SS)
2007

M

Tilakji Error (CuNi)
2007

M

First War of Independence
2007

M

M

Khadi & Village Industries (CuNi)
2007

M

M

Khadi & Village Industries (SS)
2007

M

Bhagat Singh
2007

KH

K

Shri Guru Granth Sahib
2008

HM

M

Saint Alphonsa
2009

KHM

M

Louis Braille
2009

KHM

K

Perarignar Anna
2009

KHM

K

60 years of Commonwealth
2009

KHM

M

Dr. Rajendra Prasad
2009

KHMN

K

Homi Bhaba
2009

MN

M

Reserve Bank of India
2010

HM
KHM
HM
HMN

KMHN

XIX Commonwealth Games
2010

KHN
KHMN

C. Subramaniam
2010

KHMN

HM

Brihadeswarar Temple Thanjaveer
2010

KHMN

M

Mother Teresa
2010

KHMN

K

Comptroller & Auditor General
2010

KHMN

K

Income Tax - Chanakya
2010

KHM

K

Income Tax - Chanakya
2011

KN

Civil Aviation
2010

H

Civil Aviation
2011

KHMN

M

Rabindra Nath Tegore
2011

KHMN

K

Indian Council of Medical Research
2011

KHMN

HM

Madan Mohan Malviya
2011

KHMN

M

Parliament of India
2012

KHMN

Shree Mata Vaishno Devi
2012

HMN
HMN

M

Kolkata Mint
2012

KHMN

K

Motilal Nehru
2012

KHMN

M

Kuka Movement
2013

KHMN

M

Swami Vivekananda
2013

KHMN

K

Coir Board
2013

KHMN

M

Acharya Tulsi
2014

KHMN

M

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
2014

KHMN

K

Jawaharlal Nehru
2014

KHMN

K

Komagata Maru Incident
2014

HMN

Jamshetji Nusserawanji Tata
2015

KM

Begum Aktar
2015

KM

K

Rani Gaidiliu
2015

K

1965 Operation
2015

M

M

BHEL
2015

KM

K

Allahabad High Court
2015

HM

M

Biju Patnaik
2015

K

K

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
2015

HM

K

Dr. Sarvapalli Radha Krishnan
2015

M

K

3rd Indo Africa Forum
2015

K

K

Maharana Pratap
2015

M

M

Swami Chimayananda
2015

KM

K

Gandhi Return from Africa
2015

KHMN

International Yoga Day
2015

MN

Nabakalebar Rath Yatra
2015

M

M

University of Mysore
2016

M

M

Lala Lajpat Rai
2016

K

Tatya Tope
2016

K

K

Banaras Hindu University
2016

M

M

National Archive of India
2016

K

K

Pt Dindayal Upadhyai
2016

M

M

Biju Patnik
2016

M

M

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
2016

M

M

Shrimad Rajchandra
2017

M

M

text: Note: Bold Marks are Silver Coins, Mint index: K = Kolkata (no mark), H = Hyderabad (⋆), M = Mumbai (◆ or B), Noida = (●).

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Controversy over 2006 two-rupee coin[edit]

text: The two-rupee coin issued from 2006 by the Reserve Bank, in stark contrast to the earlier coin, is rounded and simpler in design, without the map of India. The coin has already been criticized for being difficult to recognize by the visually impaired.[6] Most controversially, it features an equal-armed cross with the beams divided into two rays and with dots between adjacent beams. According to RBI, this design represents "four heads sharing a common body" under a new "unity in diversity" theme.[7] However, Hindu nationalists have charged that the symbol is a Christian cross resembling the symbol on the deniers issued by Louis the Pious.[8]

text: Bimetallic Coin[edit]

text: This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Non-encyclopedic style (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: India's much awaited first ever bimetallic 10 rupee coin was released in 2005 under the theme "Unity in Diversity". But, due to its controversial design resembling a cross, it was criticised and was not minted in large numbers. Another reason for its availability being scarce is that it was minted only in one (Noida) of four mints in India. Coin dealers and the public who got this coin hoarded it and it never came into circulation. It is available for sale on some auction websites, but the price of this coin is very high in comparison to its denomination due to the uncertain number of issued coins. Some coin sellers claim that this coin is a limited edition. However, official information is not yet available on the number of mintage. A press release from Reserve Bank of India mentioned that there will be two themes of 10 rupee coins: "Unity in Diversity" and "Connectivity and Information technology". From 2008 coins based on the second theme, "Connectivity and Information technology", were also released. The coin depicts 15 rays above the numeric 10. It was again minted only by the Noida mint and was not easily available in circulation. From 2011, the same theme was continued with a slight design change showing 10 rays instead of the earlier 15 and the introduction of the new Re symbol. Now it is being minted in all four mints, which are Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, and Noida. Apart from these definitive coins, 10 rupee bi-metallic commemorative coins have also been released as follows: 2008 – Tri Centenary of Gur-ta-Gaddi 2009 – Homi Bhabha Birth Centenary 2010 – RBI Platinum Jubilee 2012 – 60 Years of Parliament's first sitting.


document_title: I Know What You Did Last Summer

question_text: who is the killer on i know what you did last summer

text: I Know What You Did Last Summer

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the Fourth of July in Southport, North Carolina, senior high schooler Julie James, her boyfriend Ray Bronson, her best friend Helen Shivers, and Helen's boyfriend Barry Cox are all driving home from Helen's queen coronation at the Croaker beauty pageant. Along the road, they accidentally hit a pedestrian. Max, who has a crush on Julie, stops by but is convinced to leave. After some arguing, the group decides to dispose of the body. However, the man awakes while they're tossing him into the sea. Shocked, the group agrees to never again discuss what had happened.

text: One year later, a disheartened Julie is home from college for the summer. She and Ray have broken up, and Julie, once a model student, has been failing exams all year. She receives a letter with no return address, stating, "I know what you did last summer." Julie informs Helen, who works at her family store and feels similarly dispirited. They take the note to Barry, who immediately thinks Max responsible. They go to the docks, where Max works, and Barry threatens him with a hook. Julie meets Ray who's now working as a fisherman; he tries to reconcile with her, in vain. Later, Max is killed by a figure in a rain slicker wielding a hook. Barry discovers a note in his gym locker saying "I know." His jacket is stolen and he's almost run over by the slicker guy driving Barry's car.

text: Helen and Julie, who had previously learned their victim was identified as one David Egan, visit Missy, David's sister. Missy tells them that a friend of David's named Billy Blue also visited her.

text: Later, the killer sneaks into Helen's house, cuts off her hair while she sleeps, and writes "Soon" on her mirror. Julie finds Max's corpse wearing Barry's jacket in the trunk of her car. When she calls the others, the body is missing. Ray claims to have received a threatening letter, too. Helen rides with Barry as the reigning Croaker Queen in the Fourth of July parade; they notice a man wearing a slicker, Barry chases him, but it turns out to be a red herring.

text: Julie goes back to Missy, who reveals David allegedly committed suicide, out of guilt for the death of his girlfriend Susie in the crash of the car David was driving. Missy shows David's suicide note to Julie. As the writing matches that of the note she received, Julie realizes it wasn't a suicide note but a death threat. At the Croaker Pageant, Helen witnesses Barry being murdered on the balcony. She rushes up there with a police officer but finds no sign of the killer or Barry.

text: While driving Helen home, the officer is stopped by a stalled truck, then killed by a dark figure with a hook. Helen rushes to her family's store, but the killer follows her inside and kills Helen's sister Elsa. Helen manages to flee, but the killer chases her into an alley and slashes her to death, her screams drowned out by the noise of the parade.

text: Julie finds an article mentioning Susie's father, Ben Willis, and realizes it's Ben they ran over, moments after he had killed David Egan to avenge his daughter. She at goes to the docks to tell Ray, who's skeptical. Julie notices Ray's boat is called "Billy Blue" and runs away before Ray can explain that he went to see Missy to relieve his conscience. Ben shows up, knocks Ray out and invites Julie to hide on his boat. Looking around, she finds photos and articles about her and her friends, and pictures of Susie. Ben's boat leaves the docks, as Ray regains consciousness and steals a motorboat to rescue Julie, who's being chased all around Ben's boat. Ray ultimately uses the rigging to sever Ben's hook-carrying hand and send him overboard. When the police question them, they deny knowing why Ben attempted to kill them, but they're relieved not to have actually killed anybody the previous summer, and reconcile.

text: A year later, Julie is in college in Boston. As she enters the shower, she notices the words "I still know" on the mirror. Moments later, a dark figure crashes through it.

text: Production[edit]

text: Although the movie is set in coastal North Carolina, most of the opening scenes were filmed in Sonoma County, California. In the first scene, the movie opens with an aerial shot over the ocean at sunset that transitions to David Eagan, who is sitting on a coastal cliff at sunset. This scene was filmed at Kolmer Gulch, just north of the town of Jenner, California on Highway 1.[6] The night time beach scene was filmed just south of Jenner, California. The ensuing car scene where Julie, Helen, Barry and Ray accidentally hit the pedestrian (David Eagan) was also filmed at Kolmer Gulch on California Highway 1.[7] The remaining scenes were filmed primarily around the vicinity of Southport, North Carolina.[8]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jennifer Love Hewitt as Julie James
Sarah Michelle Gellar as Helen Shivers
Ryan Phillippe as Barry Cox
Freddie Prinze Jr. as Ray Bronson
Bridgette Wilson as Elsa Shivers
Anne Heche as Missy Egan
Muse Watson as Ben Willis
Johnny Galecki as Max Neurick

text: Music[edit]

text: The film produced two soundtracks. One of them featured the score composed by John Debney, while the other contained various rock songs found in the film.

text:
I Know What You Did Last Summer (Original Motion Picture Score)

Film score (Digital download)/Audio CD by John Debney

Released
October 7, 1997

Genre
Film score

Length
50:44

Label
Super Tracks Music Group

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
I Know What You Did Last Summer (The Album)

Soundtrack album (Digital download)/Audio CD by Various

Released
October 7, 1997

Genre
Alternative rock, alternative metal[9]

Length
51:14

Label
Columbia Records

text:
"Hush" by Kula Shaker (2:55)
"Summer Breeze" by Type O Negative (4:57)
"D.U.I." by The Offspring (2:26)
"Kid" by Green Apple Quick Step (3:17)
"This Ain't the Summer of Love" by L7 (3:09)
"Losin' It" by Soul Asylum (3:01)
"Hey Bulldog" by Toad the Wet Sprocket (2:31)
"My Baby's Got the Strangest Ways" by Southern Culture on the Skids (3:59)
"Waterfall" by The Din Pedals (3:47)
"Clumsy" by Our Lady Peace (4:27)
"One Hundred Days" by Flick (3:40)
"Great Life" by Goatboy (3:50)
"2 Wicky" by Hooverphonic (4:44)
"Don't Mean Anything" by Adam Cohen (3:43)
"Proud" by Korn (3:17)

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews upon release, inevitably drawing both positive and negative comparisons to Scream, also written by Williamson. Mick LaSalle thought it inferior to 'Scream',[10] but Richard Harrington compared it favorably, stating that it was "...a smart, sharply drawn genre film with a moral center and a solid cast of young actors to hold it."[11] Variety was also enthusiastic, calling it a "polished genre piece with superior fright elements that should perform at better than average theatrical levels."[12] On Rotten Tomatoes, 35% of reviews were positive.[13] Metacritic reported an aggregate score of 52 out of 100 based on 17 reviews.[14] Critic Roger Ebert gave the film 1/4 stars and wrote in his review, "The best shot in this film is the first one. Not a good sign."[15]

text: Jennifer Love Hewitt was praised for her performance as Julie James. An Entertainment Weekly columnist stated that Hewitt knows how to scream with soul.[16]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its opening weekend the film grossed $15,818,645 in 2,524 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking #1. By the end of its run, I Know What You Did Last Summer grossed $72,586,134 domestically and $53 million internationally for a worldwide total of $126 million.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD by Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment in the US on June 16, 1998. Special features included a theatrical trailer and filmmaker's commentary. It was released on DVD & video in the UK by Entertainment in Video with no special features. The film was released on Blu-ray for the first time ever on July 22, 2008, with more special features including the director's short film: "Joyride" with optional commentary, a featurette titled "Now I Know What You Did Last Summer", a music video of Hush by Kula Shaker and also included the theatrical trailer and filmmaker's commentary from the DVD. Though it was released in the US, it is available to be watched in regions A, B & C. The Blu-ray was re-released by Mill Creek Entertainment on September 30, 2014 in the US. It contains no special features and is only available in Region A.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result

1997
ASCAP Award
Top Box Office Films
John Debney
Won

1998
Saturn Award
Best Horror Film
I Know What You Did Last Summer
Nominated

Blockbuster Entertainment Award
Favorite Female Newcomer
Jennifer Love Hewitt
Won

Favorite Actress

Favorite Supporting Actress – Horror
Sarah Michelle Gellar

Favorite Actor – Horror
Freddie Prinze Jr.
Nominated

Favorite Actress – Horror
Jennifer Love Hewitt

Favorite Supporting Actor
Ryan Phillippe

International Horror Guild Award
Best Movie
I Know What You Did Last Summer

MTV Movie Awards
Best Breakthrough Performance
Sarah Michelle Gellar

Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress
Jennifer Love Hewitt

text: Sequels and remake[edit]

text: The film was followed by two sequels: I Still Know What You Did Last Summer (1998) and I'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer (2006), which went direct-to-video. Both were critically panned. In the first sequel, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Freddie Prinze Jr. and Muse Watson reprise their roles. The second sequel has very little relation to the first two, other than the premise, the villain, and the producers. It featured new characters and a different setting.

text: On September 14, 2014 Sony reported that they have plans to remake the film; Mike Flanagan and Jeff Howard are writing a script. In a June 1, 2016 Blumhouse.com "Shockwaves" podcast, writer Mike Flanagan revealed and further confirmed this new iteration and re-imagination of the franchise would not have any inventions of the Lois Duncan novel (the antagonist being a central character) nor the 1997 feature (the fisherman Ben Willis and 4 primary protagonists Julie James, Helen Shivers, Barry Cox, and Ray Bronson). Further, the new direction and scope of the film necessitates an estimated budget of $15–20 million. Sony also states that the film is a high priority and is set for a release somewhere between 2017-2020.[17]