document_title: East Africa

question_text: east african country with capital of same name

text: East Africa

text: Geography and climate[edit]

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text: Some parts of East Africa have been renowned for their concentrations of wild animals, such as the "big five": the elephant, buffalo, lion (particularly the Ugandan, Masai and Ethiopian ones),[20][21] leopard,[22] black rhinoceros,[23] and mountain gorillas,[24] though populations have been declining under increased stress in recent times, particularly those of the rhino, elephant, and gorilla.

text: The geography of East Africa is often stunning and scenic. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the East African Rift, East Africa is the site of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya, the two tallest peaks in Africa. It also includes the world's second largest freshwater lake, Lake Victoria, and the world's second deepest lake, Lake Tanganyika.

text: The climate of East Africa is rather atypical of equatorial regions. Because of a combination of the region's generally high altitude and the rain shadow of the westerly monsoon winds created by the Rwenzori Mountains and Ethiopian Highlands, East Africa is surprisingly cool and dry for its latitude. In fact, on the coast of Somalia, many years can go by without any rain whatsoever.[25] Elsewhere the annual rainfall generally increases towards the south and with altitude, being around 400 mm (16 in) at Mogadishu and 1,200 mm (47 in) at Mombasa on the coast, whilst inland it increases from around 130 mm (5 in) at Garoowe to over 1,100 mm (43 in) at Moshi near Kilimanjaro. Unusually, most of the rain falls in two distinct wet seasons, one centred on April and the other in October or November. This is usually attributed to the passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone across the region in those months, but it may also be analogous to the autumn monsoon rains of parts of Sri Lanka, Vietnam and the Brazilian Nordeste.

text: West of the Rwenzoris and Ethiopian highlands, the rainfall pattern is more typically tropical, with rain throughout the year near the equator and a single wet season in most of the Ethiopian Highlands from June to September - contracting to July and August around Asmara. Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600 mm (63 in) on the western slopes to around 1,250 mm (49 in) at Addis Ababa and 550 mm (22 in) at Asmara. In the high mountains rainfall can be over 2,500 mm (98 in).

text: Rainfall in East Africa is influenced by El Niño events, which tend to increase rainfall except in the northern and western parts of the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, where they produce drought and poor Nile floods.[26] Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 °C (77 °F) and minima of 15 °C (59 °F) at an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,921 ft). At altitudes of above 2,500 metres (8,202 ft), frosts are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21 °C (70 °F) or less.

text: The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming made East Africa a target for European exploration, exploitation and colonialization in the nineteenth century. Today, tourism is an important part of the economies of Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, and Uganda. The easternmost point of the continent, that is Ras Hafun in Somalia, is of archaeological, historical and economical importance.[27][28]

text: History[edit]

text: Prehistory[edit]

text: According to the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans, the predominantly held belief among most archaeologists, East Africa is the area where anatomically modern humans first appeared.[29] There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several; a multiple dispersal model involves the Southern Dispersal theory.[30] A growing number of researchers suspect that North Africa was instead the original home of the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent.[31]

text: The major competing hypothesis is the multiregional origin of modern humans, which envisions a wave of Homo sapiens migrating earlier from Africa and interbreeding with local Homo erectus populations in multiple regions of the globe. Most multiregionalists still view Africa as a major wellspring of human genetic diversity, but allow a much greater role for hybridization.[32][33]

text: Some of the earliest hominin skeletal remains have been found in the wider region, including fossils discovered in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia, as well as in the Koobi Fora in Kenya and Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania.

text: The southern part of East Africa was occupied until recent times by Khoisan hunter-gatherers, whereas in the Ethiopian Highlands the donkey and such crop plants as teff allowed the beginning of agriculture around 7,000 B.C.[34] Lowland barriers and diseases carried by the tsetse fly, however, prevented the donkey and agriculture from spreading southwards. Only in quite recent times has agriculture spread to the more humid regions south of the equator, through the spread of cattle, sheep and crops such as millet. Language distributions suggest that this most likely occurred from Sudan into the African Great Lakes region, since the Nilotic languages spoken by these pre-Bantu farmers have their closest relatives in the middle Nile basin.

text: Ancient history[edit]

text: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, northern Somalia, and the Red Sea coast of Sudan are considered the most likely location of the land known to the Ancient Egyptians as Punt.[35] The old kingdom's first mention dates to the 25th century BC.[36] The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut.

text: The Kingdom of Aksum was a trading empire centered in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia.[37] It existed from approximately 100–940 AD, growing from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period c. 4th century BC to achieve prominence by the 1st century AD. The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis.[38] The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom.

text: Bantu expansion[edit]

text: Between 2500–3000 years ago, Bantu-speaking peoples began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their homeland that is (today known as) southern Cameroon across the Rwenzori Mountains.[citation needed] This Bantu expansion introduced agriculture into those parts of East Africa either not reached previously by Nilo-Saharan farmers or too wet for millet.[citation needed] During the following fifteen centuries, the Bantu slowly intensified farming and grazing over all suitable regions of East Africa, in the process making contact with Austronesian- and Arabic-speaking sailors on the southern coastal areas. The latter also spread Islam to the coastal belt, but most Bantu never had contact with Islam and remained African Traditional Religion adherents.[citation needed]

text: Over a period of many centuries, most hunting-foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu communities, as well as by later Nilotic communities.[citation needed] The Bantu expansion was a long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving to communities and small groups moving to new areas.[citation needed]

text: After their movements from their original homeland in West Africa, Bantus also encountered in central east Africa peoples of Cushitic origin. As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests, the Bantu migrants would acquire cattle from their new Cushitic neighbors. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area.[39]

text: On the coastal section of the African Great Lakes region, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African Swahili City States.[40] The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many Afro-Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Tanzania (particularly Zanzibar) and Kenya—a seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coast—the Bantu Swahili language contains many Arabic loan-words as a consequence of these interactions.[41]

text: The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of Rhapta, Azania and Menouthias[42] referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] ultimately giving rise to the name for Tanzania.[51][52] These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach central east Africa during their migration.[53]

text: Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large African Great Lakes kingdoms and states emerged, such as the Buganda[54] and Karagwe[54] kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania.

text: Modern history[edit]

text: Arab and Portuguese eras[edit]

text: The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore the region of current-day Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique, by sea, Vasco da Gama having visited Mombasa in 1498. Da Gama's voyage was successful in reaching India, which permitted the Portuguese to trade with the Far East directly by sea. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes that utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean.

text: The Republic of Venice had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the Ottoman Turks, Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by Gama to break the once Venetian trading monopoly. Portuguese rule in the African Great Lakes region focused mainly on a coastal strip centred in Mombasa. The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa, an island located in what is now southern Tanzania.

text: In March 1505, having received from Manuel I of Portugal the appointment of viceroy of the newly conquered territory in India, he set sail from Lisbon in command of a large and powerful fleet, and arrived in July at Quiloa (Kilwa), which yielded to him almost without a struggle. A much more vigorous resistance was offered by the Moors of Mombasa. However, the town was taken and destroyed, and its large treasures went to strengthen the resources of Almeida. Attacks followed on Hoja (now known as Ungwana, located at the mouth of the Tana River), Barawa, Angoche, Pate and other coastal towns until the western Indian Ocean was a safe haven for Portuguese commercial interests. At other places on his way, such as the island of Angediva, near Goa, and Cannanore, the Portuguese built forts, and adopted measures to secure the Portuguese supremacy.

text: Portugal's main goal on the Swahili coast was to take control of the spice trade from the Arabs. At this stage, the Portuguese presence in East Africa served the purposes of controlling trade within the Indian Ocean and securing the sea routes linking Europe to Asia. Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. The construction of Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593 was meant to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region, but their influence was clipped by the British, Dutch and Omani Arab incursions into the Great Lakes region during the 17th century.

text: The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes regigon. They besieged Portuguese fortresses, openly attacked naval vessels and expelled the Portuguese from the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts by 1730. By this time, the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. The Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south where they remained in Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) as sole rulers until the 1975 independence of Mozambique.

text: Omani Arab colonization of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent city-states under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. Like their predecessors, the Omani Arabs were primarily able only to control the coastal areas, not the interior. However, the creation of clove plantations, intensification of the slave trade and relocation of the Omani capital to Zanzibar in 1839 by Seyyid Said had the effect of consolidating the Omani power in the region.

text: Arab governance of all the major ports along the Swahili coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at ending the slave trade and creation of a wage-labour system began to put pressure on Omani rule. By the late nineteenth century, the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and Pemba until the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964. However, the official Omani Arab presence in Kenya was checked by German and British seizure of key ports and creation of crucial trade alliances with influential local leaders in the 1880s.

text: Period of European imperialism[edit]

text: Between the 19th and 20th century, East Africa became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. The red stood for the English, blue stood for the French, and the beige stood for Germany during the period of colonialism. During the period of the Scramble for Africa, almost every country in the larger region to varying degrees became part of a European colonial empire.

text: Portugal had first established a strong presence in southern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean since the 15th century, while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to Mombasa in present-day Kenya. At Lake Malawi, they finally met the recently created British Protectorate of Nyasaland (nowadays Malawi), which surrounded the homonymous lake on three sides, leaving the Portuguese the control of lake's eastern coast. The British Empire set foot in the region's most exploitable and promising lands acquiring what is today Uganda, and Kenya. The Protectorate of Uganda and the Colony of Kenya were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and tea, as well as for animal husbandry with products produced from cattle and goats, such as goat meat, beef and milk. Moreover, this area had the potential for a significant residential expansion, being suitable for the relocation of a large number of British nationals to the region. Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' geomorphology allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like Nairobi, Vila Pery, Vila Junqueiro, Porto Amélia, Lourenço Marques and Entebbe.

text: The French settled the largest island of the Indian Ocean (and the fourth-largest globally), Madagascar, along with a group of smaller islands nearby, namely Réunion and the Comoros. Madagascar became part of the French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended archipelago of Seychelles and the rich farming island of Mauritius, previously under the French sovereignty.

text: The German Empire gained control of a large area named German East Africa, comprising present-day Rwanda, Burundi and the mainland part of Tanzania named Tanganyika. In 1922, the British gained a League of Nations mandate over Tanganyika which it administered until Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961. Following the Zanzibar Revolution of 1965, the independent state of Tanganyika formed the United Republic of Tanzania by creating a union between the mainland, and the island chain of Zanzibar. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in a union with the mainland which is collectively and commonly referred to as Tanzania. German East Africa, though very extensive, was not of such strategic importance as the British Crown's colonies to the north: the inhabitation of these lands was difficult and thus limited, mainly due to climatic conditions and the local geomorphology. Italy gained control of various parts of Somalia in the 1880s. The southern three-fourths of Somalia became an Italian protectorate (Italian Somaliland).

text: Meanwhile, in 1884, a narrow coastal strip of northern Somalia came under British control (British Somaliland). This northern protectorate was just opposite the British colony of Aden on the Arabian Peninsula. With these territories secured, Britain was able to serve as gatekeeper of the sea lane leading to British India. In 1890, beginning with the purchase of the small port town of (Asseb) from a local sultan in Eritrea, the Italians colonized all of Eritrea.

text: In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the First Italo–Ethiopian War against the Orthodox Empire of Ethiopia. By 1896, the war had become a total disaster for the Italians and Ethiopia was able to retain its independence. Ethiopia remained independent until 1936 when, after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, it became part of Italian East Africa. The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during World War II as part of the East African Campaign.The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to French Indochina. Starting in the 1850s, the small protectorate of Djibouti became French Somaliland in 1897.

text: In 1989, there was estimated to be about 0.6 million European ancestry on the continent.[13] Most are of Dutch, British, Portuguese, German, French, and to a lesser extent, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Jewish, or Irish descent. The majority once lived along the Mediterranean coast, South Africa, or in Zimbabwe.[13]

text: Language[edit]

text: At the Horn of Africa, Afroasiatic languages predominate, including Amharic, Oromo, Tigrinya and Somali. In the African Great Lakes region, Bantu languages like Kikuyu, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Runyakitara and Luganda are most widely spoken; Nilo-Saharan languages, such as Luo, Kalenjin and Maasai, are also spoken in lesser numbers. Swahili, with at least 80 million speakers (as a first or second language), is an important trade language in the Great Lakes area, and has official status in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Indo-European languages, such as English, French and Portuguese, remain important in higher institutions in some parts of the larger region.

text: Conflicts[edit]

text: Until recently, several East African countries were riven with political coups, ethnic violence and oppressive dictators. Since the end of colonialism, the region has endured the following conflicts:

text:
Ethiopian Civil War 1974-1991
Eritrean War of Independence 1961-1991
Eritrean-Ethiopian War 1998-2000
Ogaden War 1977-1978
Somali Civil War 1991-2009

text:
Second Sudanese Civil War 1983-2005
Internal Political-ethnic Conflict 2011-ongoing
South Sudanese Civil War 2013-2015

text:
Burundi Civil War 1993-2005 and the Genocide of Hutus in 1972 and genocide of Tutsis in 1993
Uganda-Tanzania War 1978-1979
Ugandan Bush War 1981-1986
Lord's Resistance Army insurgency in Uganda, South Sudan and Democratic Republic of the Congo ongoing
Rwandan Civil War 1990-1993 and the Rwandan Genocide of Tutsis
Zanzibar Revolution 1964

text:
First Congo War 1996-1997 and Second Congo War 1998-2003
Kivu Conflict (Laurent Nkunda Rebellion)

text: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance. However, politics have been turbulent at times, including the attempted coup d’état in 1982 and the 2007 election riots.

text: Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in the United Republic of Tanzania.

text: Tanzania and Uganda fought the Uganda-Tanzania War in 1978–1979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin.

text: Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi have each faced instability and ethnic conflict since independence, most notably the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and the 1993 Burundi Genocide and subsequent Burundi Civil War. Rwanda and Uganda continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region.

text: Djibouti, as well as the Puntland and Somaliland regions of Somalia, have also seen relative stability.[55][56][57]

text: South Sudan peacefully seceded from Sudan in 2011, six and a half years after a peace agreement ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. South Sudanese independence was nearly derailed by the South Kordofan conflict, particularly a dispute over the status of the Abyei Area, and both Abyei and South Kordofan's Nuba Hills remain a source of tension between Juba and Khartoum.[58]

text: Countries, capitals and largest cities[edit]

text:
Country
Capital
Largest city by population[59]
Second largest city by population[59]

Horn of Africa

 Djibouti
Djibouti (0,475,322; 2009 est.)
Djibouti
Ali Sabieh

 Eritrea
Asmara
Asmara
Keren

 Ethiopia
Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa (2,739,551; 2007 est.)
Dire Dawa

 Somalia
Mogadishu
Mogadishu
Hargeisa

Nile Valley

 Egypt
Cairo (7,248,671; 2010 est.)
Cairo
Alexandria (4,358,439; 2010 est.)

 Sudan
Khartoum
Omdurman
Khartoum

 South Sudan
Juba
Juba
Malakal

Indian Ocean islands

 Madagascar
Antananarivo (1,015,140; 2005 est.)
Antananarivo
Toamasina (3,133,518; 2009 est.)

 Mauritius
Port Louis
Port Louis
Beau-Bassin Rose-Hill

 Comoros
Moroni
Moroni
Mutsamudu

 Seychelles
Victoria
Victoria
Anse Etoile

 Réunion
Saint-Denis
Saint-Denis
Saint-Paul

 Mayotte
Mamoudzou
Mamoudzou
Dzaoudzi

East African Community

 Uganda
Kampala (1,507,114; 2014 est.)
Kampala
Mbarara

 Rwanda
Kigali
Kigali
Gitarama

 Burundi
Bujumbura (0,497,169; 2008 est.)
Bujumbura
Muyinga

 Kenya
Nairobi
Nairobi
Mombasa (0,915,101; 2009 est.)

 Tanzania
Dodoma
Dar es Salaam
Mwanza

Southeast Africa

 Mozambique
Maputo
Maputo
Nampula

 Malawi
Lilongwe (0,868,800; 2012 est.)
Lilongwe
Blantyre (0,783,296; 2012 est.)

 Zambia
Lusaka
Lusaka
Kitwe

 Zimbabwe
Harare
Harare
Bulawayo


document_title: List of best-selling books

question_text: top 5 best selling novels of all time

question_tokens: top 5 best selling novels of all time

root

text: List of best-selling books

text: List of best-selling individual books[edit]

text: More than 100 million copies[edit]

text:
Book
Author(s)
Original language
First published
Approximate sales
Genre

Don Quixote
Miguel de Cervantes
Spanish
1605
500 million[17][18]
fiction (novel)

A Tale of Two Cities
Charles Dickens
English
1859
200 million[17][19][20][18][21][22][23][24][25]
fiction: historical fiction (novel)

The Lord of the Rings
J. R. R. Tolkien
English
1954–1955
150 million[26]
fiction: fantasy (novel)

Le Petit Prince (The Little Prince)
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
French[Note 1]
1943
140 million[27][28]
fiction (novel)

Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
J. K. Rowling
English
1997
120 million[29]
fiction: fantasy (novel)

The Hobbit
J. R. R. Tolkien
English
1937
100 million[30]
fiction: fantasy (novel)

And Then There Were None
Agatha Christie
English
1939
100 million[17]
fiction: mystery (novel)

紅樓夢/红楼梦 (Dream of the Red Chamber)
Cao Xueqin
Chinese
1754[31]–1791
100 million[17][32]
fiction: family saga (novel)

Alice in Wonderland
Lewis Carroll
English
1865
100 million[17]
fiction: fantasy (novel)

tag: table

text: Between 50 million and 100 million copies[edit]

text:
Book
Author(s)
Original language
First published
Approximate sales
Genre

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
C. S. Lewis
English
1950
85 million[33]
fiction: fantasy (novel)

She: A History of Adventure
H. Rider Haggard
English
1887
83 million[34]
fiction: fantasy, adventure, romance and Gothic (novel)

The Da Vinci Code
Dan Brown
English
2003
80 million[35]
fiction: mystery, thriller (novel)

Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
J. K. Rowling
English
1998
77 million[36]
fiction: fantasy (novel)

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
J. K. Rowling
English
1999
65 million[37]
fiction: fantasy (novel)

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
J. K. Rowling
English
2000
65 million[37]
fiction: fantasy (novel)

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
J. K. Rowling
English
2003
65 million[37]
fiction: fantasy (novel)

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
J. K. Rowling
English
2005
65 million[37]
fiction: fantasy (novel)

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
J. K. Rowling
English
2007
65 million[37]
fiction: fantasy (novel)

The Alchemist
Paulo Coelho
Portuguese
1988
65 million[38]
fiction: fantasy (novel)

The Catcher in the Rye
J. D. Salinger
English
1951
65 million[39]
fiction: realistic fiction, coming-of-age fiction

Think and Grow Rich
Napoleon Hill
English
1937
60 million[40]
non-fiction (novel)

The Bridges of Madison County
Robert James Waller
English
1992
60 million[41]

The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
Arthur Conan Doyle
English
1887
60 million [17]
fiction: detective fiction, short stories (novel)

20,000 Leagues under the Sea
Jules Verne
French
1870
60 million [17]
fiction: adventures (novel)

You Can Heal Your Life
Louise Hay
English
1984
50 million[42]
Self-help, spirituality

Cien años de soledad (One Hundred Years of Solitude)
Gabriel García Márquez
Spanish
1967
50 million[43][44][45]
fiction: magic realism (novel)

Lolita
Vladimir Nabokov
English
1955
50 million[46]
fiction: general fiction (novel)

Heidis Lehr- und Wanderjahre (Heidi's Years of Learning and Travel)
Johanna Spyri
German
1880
50 million[47]
fiction: children's fiction (novel)

The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care
Dr. Benjamin Spock
English
1946
50 million[48]
non-fiction (novel)

Anne of Green Gables
Lucy Maud Montgomery
English
1908
50 million[49]
fiction: general fiction (novel)

Black Beauty
Anna Sewell
English
1877
50 million[50]
fiction: children's literature (novel)

Il Nome della Rosa (The Name of the Rose)
Umberto Eco
Italian
1980
50 million[51]
historical novel, mystery

The Eagle Has Landed
Jack Higgins
English
1975
50 million[52]
fiction: war, thriller (novel)

Watership Down
Richard Adams
English
1972
50 million[53]
fiction: fantasy (novel)

The Hite Report
Shere Hite
English
1976
50 million[54]

Charlotte's Web
E.B. White; illustrated by Garth Williams
English
1952
50 million[55]
fiction: children's fiction (novel)

The Ginger Man
J. P. Donleavy
English
1955
50 million[56]

Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ
Lew Wallace
English
1880
50 million[57]
historical fiction (novel)

The Mark of Zorro
Johnston McCulley
English
1924
50 million[57]
californio (novel)

text: Between 30 million and 50 million copies[edit]

text:
Book
Author(s)
Original language
First published
Approximate sales

The Tale of Peter Rabbit
Beatrix Potter
English
1902
45 million[58]

The Odyssey
Homer
Ancient Greek
8th Century BC
45 million[17]

Jonathan Livingston Seagull
Richard Bach
English
1970
44 million[59]

The Very Hungry Caterpillar
Eric Carle
English
1969
43 million [60]

A Message to Garcia
Elbert Hubbard
English
1899
40 million[48]

Sofies verden (Sophie's World)
Jostein Gaarder
Norwegian
1991
40 million[61]

Flowers in the Attic
V. C. Andrews
English
1979
40 million[62]

To Kill a Mockingbird
Harper Lee
English
1960
40 million[63]

Angels & Demons
Dan Brown
English
2000
39 million[64]

Kane and Abel
Jeffrey Archer
English
1979
37 million[65]

Как закалялась сталь (Kak zakalyalas' stal'; How the Steel Was Tempered)
Nikolai Ostrovsky
Russian
1932
36.4 million copies in USSR[66]

Война и мир (Voyna i mir; War and Peace)
Leo Tolstoy
Russian
1869
36.0 million copies in USSR[66]

Het Achterhuis (The Diary of a Young Girl, The Diary of Anne Frank)
Anne Frank
Dutch
1947
35 million[67]

Le avventure di Pinocchio. Storia di un burattino (The Adventures of Pinocchio)
Carlo Collodi
Italian
1881
35 million[68]

Your Erroneous Zones
Wayne Dyer
English
1976
35 million[69][70]

The Late, Great Planet Earth
Hal Lindsey, C. C. Carlson
English
1970
35 million[71]

The Thorn Birds
Colleen McCullough
English
1977
33 million[72]

The Kite Runner
Khaled Hosseini
English
2003
31.5 million[73]

Valley of the Dolls
Jacqueline Susann
English
1966
31 million[74]

In His Steps: What Would Jesus Do?
Charles M. Sheldon
English
1896
30 million[48]

The Lost Symbol
Dan Brown
English
2009
30 million[75]

Gone with the Wind
Margaret Mitchell
English
1936
30 million[76]

1984
George Orwell
English
1949
30 million[77]

The Purpose Driven Life
Rick Warren
English
2002
30 million[78]

The Revolt of Mamie Stover
William Bradford Huie
English
1951
30 million[79]

Män som hatar kvinnor (The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo)
Stieg Larsson
Swedish
2005
30 million[80]

text: Between 20 million and 30 million copies[edit]

text:
Book
Author(s)
Original language
First published
Approximate sales

Молодая гвардия (Molodaya Gvardiya; The Young Guard)
Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeyev
Russian
1945
26 million copies in USSR[66]

Who Moved My Cheese?
Spencer Johnson
English
1998
26 million[81]

The Great Gatsby
F. Scott Fitzgerald
English
1925
25 million[82]

The Wind in the Willows
Kenneth Grahame
English
1908
25 million[83]

The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People
Stephen R. Covey
English
1989
25 million[84]

Поднятая целина (Podnyataya Tselina; Virgin Soil Upturned)
Mikhail Sholokhov
Russian
1935
24 million copies in USSR[66]

The Celestine Prophecy
James Redfield
English
1993
23 million[85]

The Hunger Games
Suzanne Collins
English
2008
23 million[86]

The Fault in Our Stars
John Green
English
2012
23 million[87]

The Shack
William P. Young
English
2007
22 million[88]

Дядя Степа (Dyadya Styopa; Uncle Styopa)
Sergey Mikhalkov
Russian
1936
21 million copies in USSR[66]

The Godfather
Mario Puzo
English
1969
21 million[89]

Love Story
Erich Segal
English
1970
21 million[90]

Gone Girl
Gillian Flynn
English
2012
20 million[91]

The Girl on the Train
Paula Hawkins
English
2015
20 million[92]

All Quiet on the Western Front
Erich Maria Remarque
German
1929
20 million[93]

The Bermuda Triangle
Charles Berlitz
English
1974
20 million[94]

Things Fall Apart
Chinua Achebe
English
1958
20 million[95]

Animal Farm
George Orwell
English
1945
20 million[96]

狼图腾 (Wolf Totem)
Jiang Rong
Chinese
2004
20 million[97]

The Happy Hooker: My Own Story
Xaviera Hollander
English
1971
20 million[98]

Jaws
Peter Benchley
English
1974
20 million[99]

Love You Forever
Robert Munsch
English
1986
20 million[100]

The Women's Room
Marilyn French
English
1977
20 million[101]

What to Expect When You're Expecting
Arlene Eisenberg and Heidi Murkoff
English
1984
20 million[102]

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Mark Twain
English
1885
20 million[103]

The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾
Sue Townsend
English
1982
20 million[104]

Pride and Prejudice
Jane Austen
English
1813
20 million [17]

Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a Raft
Thor Heyerdahl
Norwegian
1950
20 million[105]

Osudy dobrého vojáka Švejka za světové války (The Good Soldier Švejk)
Jaroslav Hašek
Czech
1923
20 million[106]

Where the Wild Things Are
Maurice Sendak
English
1963
20 million[107]

The Power of Positive Thinking
Norman Vincent Peale
English
1952
20 million[108]

The Secret
Rhonda Byrne
English
2006
20 million[109]

Fear of Flying
Erica Jong
English
1973
20 million[110]

Dune
Frank Herbert
English
1965
20 million[111]

Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Roald Dahl
English
1964
20 million[112]

The Naked Ape
Desmond Morris
English
1968
20 million[113]

text: Between 10 million and 20 million copies[edit]

text:
Book
Author(s)
Original language
First published
Approximate sales

窓ぎわのトットちゃん (Totto-chan, the Little Girl at the Window)
Tetsuko Kuroyanagi
Japanese
1981
18 million (in Japan and China)[114]

The Horse Whisperer
Nicholas Evans
English
1995
16 million[115]

Goodnight Moon
Margaret Wise Brown
English
1947
16 million[116]

Die unendliche Geschichte (The Neverending Story)
Michael Ende
German
1979
16 million[117]

The Outsiders
S. E. Hinton
English
1967
15 million[118]

Guess How Much I Love You
Sam McBratney
English
1994
15 million[119]

Shōgun
James Clavell
English
1975
15 million[120]

The Poky Little Puppy
Janette Sebring Lowrey
English
1942
15 million[121]

The Pillars of the Earth
Ken Follett
English
1989
15 million[122]

How to Win Friends and Influence People
Dale Carnegie
English
1936
15 million[123]

Das Parfum (Perfume)
Patrick Süskind
German
1985
15 million[124]

The Grapes of Wrath
John Steinbeck
English
1939
15 million[125]

La sombra del viento (The Shadow of the Wind)
Carlos Ruiz Zafón
Spanish
2001
15 million[126]

Interpreter of Maladies
Jhumpa Lahiri
English
2000
15 million[127]

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
Douglas Adams
English
1979
14 million[128]

Tuesdays with Morrie
Mitch Albom
English
1997
14 million[129]

God's Little Acre
Erskine Caldwell
English
1933
14 million[130]

Va' dove ti porta il cuore (Follow Your Heart)
Susanna Tamaro
Italian
1994
14 million[131]

A Wrinkle in Time
Madeleine L'Engle
English
1962
14 million[132]

Long Walk to Freedom
Nelson Mandela
English
1994
14 million[133]

The Old Man and the Sea
Ernest Hemingway
English
1952
13 million[66]

Life After Life
Raymond Moody
English
1975
13 million[134]

Me Before You
Jojo Moyes
English
2012
12 million[135]

ノルウェイの森 (Noruwei no Mori; Norwegian Wood)
Haruki Murakami
Japanese
1987
12 million[136]

Peyton Place
Grace Metalious
English
1956
12 million[137]

La Peste (The Plague)
Albert Camus
French
1947
12 million[138]

人間失格 (Ningen Shikkaku; No Longer Human)
Osamu Dazai
Japanese
1948
12 million[139]

Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager (Man's Search for Meaning)
Viktor Frankl
German
1946
12 million[140]

Divina Commedia (Divine Comedy)
Dante Alighieri
Italian
1304
11-12 million (during 20th century)[141]

The Prophet
Kahlil Gibran
English
1923
11 million[142]

The Exorcist
William Peter Blatty
English
1971
11 million[143]

The Gruffalo
Julia Donaldson
English
1999
10.5 million[144]

Diana: Her True Story
Andrew Morton
English
1992
10 million[145]

The Help
Kathryn Stockett
English
2009
10 million[146]

Catch-22
Joseph Heller
English
1961
10 million[147]

L'Étranger (The Stranger (novel))
Albert Camus
French
1942
10 million[148]

Eye of the Needle
Ken Follett
English
1978
10 million[149]

A Brief History of Time
Stephen Hawking
English
1988
10 million[150]

The Cat in the Hat
Dr. Seuss
English
1957
10.5 million[151]

The Lovely Bones
Alice Sebold
English
2002
10 million[152]

Wild Swans
Jung Chang
English
1992
10 million[153]

Santa Evita
Tomás Eloy Martínez
Spanish
1995
10 million[154]

Un di Velt Hot Geshvign (Night)
Elie Wiesel
Yiddish
1958
10 million[155]

于丹《论语》心得 (Confucius from the Heart)
Yu Dan
Chinese
2006
10 million[156]

The Total Woman
Marabel Morgan
English
1974
10 million[157]

知価革命 (Knowledge-value Revolution)
Taichi Sakaiya
Japanese
1985
10 million[158]

中国社会主义经济问题研究 (Problems in China's Socialist Economy)
Xue Muqiao
Chinese
1979
10 million[159]

What Color is Your Parachute?
Richard Nelson Bolles
English
1970
10 million[160]

The Dukan Diet
Pierre Dukan
French
2000
10 million[161]

The Joy of Sex
Alex Comfort
English
1972
10 million[162]

The Gospel According to Peanuts
Robert L. Short
English
1965
10 million[163]

Life of Pi
Yann Martel
English
2001
10 million[164]

The Giver
Lois Lowry
English
1993
10 million[165]

The Front Runner
Patricia Nell Warren
English
1974
10 million[166]

The Goal
Eliyahu M. Goldratt
English
1984
10 million[167]

text: List of best-selling book series[edit]

text: More than 100 million copies[edit]

text:
Book series
Author
Original language
No. of installments
First published
Approximate sales

Harry Potter
J. K. Rowling
English
7 + 8 supplements
1997–present
510 million[168][169]

Goosebumps
R. L. Stine
English
62 + spin-off series
1992–present
350 million[170]

Perry Mason
Erle Stanley Gardner
English
82 + 4 short stories
1933–1973
300 million[171]

Berenstain Bears
Stan and Jan Berenstain
English
over 300
1962–present
260 million[172]

Choose Your Own Adventure
various authors
English
185
1979–1998
250 million[173]

Sweet Valley High
Francine Pascal and ghostwriters
English
400
1983–2003
250 million[174]

Noddy
Enid Blyton
English
24
1949–present
200 million[175]

Nancy Drew
various authors as Carolyn Keene
English
175
1930–present
200 million[176]

The Railway Series
Rev. W. Awdry, Christopher Awdry
English
41
1945–2011
200 million[177]

San-Antonio
Frédéric Dard
French
173
1949–2001
200 million[178]

Robert Langdon
Dan Brown
English
5
2000–present
200 million[179]

Diary of a Wimpy Kid
Jeff Kinney
English
11
2007–present
194 million[180][181][182]

The Baby-sitters Club
Ann Martin
English
335
1986–present
172 million[183]

Star Wars
various authors
English
over 300
1977–present
160 million[184]

Little Critter
Mercer Mayer
English
over 200
1975–present
150 million[185]

Peter Rabbit
Beatrix Potter
English
6
1902–1930
150 million[186]

American Girl
various authors
English
[quantify]
1986–present
140 million[187]

Geronimo Stilton
Elisabetta Dami
Italian
over 200
2000–present
140 million[188]

Chicken Soup for the Soul
Jack Canfield, Mark Victor Hansen
English
105
1997–present
130 million[189]

Clifford the Big Red Dog
Norman Bridwell
English
over 80 [190]
1963–2014
129 million[191]

Frank Merriwell
Gilbert Patten
English
209
1896–
125 million[192]

Fifty Shades of Grey
E. L. James
English
4
2011–2015
125 million[193]

Dirk Pitt
Clive Cussler
English
24
1973–present
120 million[194]

宮本武蔵 (Musashi)
Eiji Yoshikawa
Japanese
7
1935–1939
120 million[195]

The Chronicles of Narnia
C. S. Lewis
English
7
1949–1954
120 million[196]

Mr. Men
Roger Hargreaves, Adam Hargreaves
English
43
1971–present
120 million[197]

Twilight
Stephenie Meyer
English
5 + 1 Novella + 1 Guide
2005–2015
120 million[198]

James Bond
Ian Fleming
English
14
1953–1966
100 million[199]

Martine
Gilbert Delahaye, Marcel Marlier
French
60
1954–present
100 million[200]

text:
Book series
Author
Original language
No. of installments
First published
Approximate sales

Nijntje (Miffy)
Dick Bruna
Dutch
119
1955–present
85 million[201]

Millennium
Stieg Larsson, David Lagercrantz
Swedish
5
2005–2017
85 million[202]

Alex Cross
James Patterson
English
21
1993–present
81 million[203]

Fear Street
R. L. Stine
English
114
1989–present
80 million[204]

Pippi Långstrump (Pippi Longstocking)
Astrid Lindgren
Swedish
3 + 3 picture books
1945–2001
80 million[205]

The Vampire Chronicles
Anne Rice
English
13
1976–present
80 million[206]

The Wheel of Time
Robert Jordan, Brandon Sanderson
English
15
1990–2013
80 million[207]

OSS 117
Jean Bruce
French
265
1949–1992
75 million[208]

Winnie-the-Pooh
A. A. Milne; illustrated by E. H. Shepard
English
2
1926–1928
70 million[209]

Discworld
Terry Pratchett
English
41
1983–2015
70 million[210]

Magic Tree House series
Mary Pope Osborne
English
56[211]
1992–present
70 million[212]

The Hunger Games trilogy
Suzanne Collins
English
3
2008–2010
65 million in U.S.[213]

Left Behind
Tim LaHaye, Jerry B. Jenkins
English
16
1996–2007
65 million[214]

A Series of Unfortunate Events
Lemony Snicket aka Daniel Handler
English
13
1999–2006
65 million[215]

Little House on the Prairie
Laura Ingalls Wilder
English
12
1932–2006
60 million[216]

Jack Reacher
Lee Child
English
22 Novels + 11 Short Stories
1997–present
60 million[217]

A Song of Ice and Fire
George R. R. Martin
English
Currently 5; 7 Planned; 3 novellas + 1 guide
1996–present
60 million[218]

Where's Wally?[219]
Martin Handford
English
13
1987–present
55 million[220]

Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus
John Gray
English
15
1992–present
50 million[221]

The Hardy Boys
various authors as Franklin W. Dixon
English
190
1927–present
50 million[222]

The Bobbsey Twins
various authors as Laura Lee Hope
English
72
1904–1979
50 million[223]

Tarzan
Edgar Rice Burroughs
English
26
1914–1995
50 million[224]

text:
Book series
Author
Original language
No. of installments
First published
Approximate sales

Earth's Children
Jean M. Auel
English
6
1980–2011
45 million[225]

A Child's First Library Of Learning
various authors
English
29
1980–
45 million[226]

Junie B. Jones
Barbara Park
English
30
1992–
44 million[227]

Harry Bosch
Michael Connelly
English
15
1992–
42 million[228]

Harry Hole
Jo Nesbø
Norwegian
9
1997–present
40 million[229]

连环画 铁道游击队 (Picture-and-story book Railway Guerilla)
original author: Liu Zhixia
Chinese
10
1955–1962
36.52 million[230]

かいけつゾロリ (Kaiketsu Zorori)
Yutaka Hara
Japanese
60
1987–present
35 million[231]

Paddington Bear
Michael Bond
English
70
1958–present
35 million[232]

Divergent trilogy
Veronica Roth
English
3
2011–2013
35 million[233]

The Inheritance Cycle
Christopher Paolini
English
4
2002–2011
33 million[234]

徳川家康 (Tokugawa Ieyasu)
Sohachi Yamaoka
Japanese
26
1950–1967
30 million[235]

Ramona
Beverly Cleary
English
8
1955–1999
30 million[236]

The Dark Tower
Stephen King
English
8
1982–2012
30 million[237]

The Destroyer
Warren Murphy and Richard Sapir, various authors
English
150
1971–present
30 million[238]

text:
Book series
Author
Original language
No. of installments
First published
Approximate sales

ノンタン (Nontan)
Sachiko Kiyono
Japanese
25
1976–2006
28 million[239]

Curious George
Hans Augusto Rey and Margret Rey
English
58
1941–present
27 million[240]

グイン・サーガ (Guin Saga)
Kaoru Kurimoto
Japanese
118
1979–2009
26 million[241]

Captain Underpants
Dav Pilkey
English

1997–present
26 million[242]

三毛猫ホームズシリーズ (Calico Cat Holmes series)
Jirō Akagawa
Japanese
43
1978–present
26 million[243]

Rich Dad, Poor Dad
Robert Kiyosaki, Sharon Lechter
English
18
1997–
26 million[244]

Kurt Wallander
Henning Mankell
Swedish
10
1991–2002
25 million[245]

Sagaen om Isfolket (The Legend of the Ice People)
Margit Sandemo
Norwegian
47
1982–1989
25 million[246]

The Sword of Truth
Terry Goodkind
English
12
1998–present
25 million[247]

Outlander
Diana Gabaldon
English
8
1991–present
25 million[248]

Dork Diaries
Rachel Renée Russell
English
9
2009–present
25 million[249]

鬼平犯科帳 (Onihei Hankachō)
Shōtarō Ikenami
Japanese
24
1968–1990
24.4 million, only bunkobon[250]

Brain Quest
various authors
English

1992–present
23.7 million[251]

South Beach Diet
Arthur Agatston
English
6
2003–present
22 million[252]

竜馬がゆく (Ryoma ga Yuku)
Ryōtarō Shiba
Japanese
5
1963–1966
21.5 million[253]

Artemis Fowl
Eoin Colfer
English
8
2001–2012
21 million[254]

ズッコケ三人組 (Zukkoke Sanningumi)
Masamoto Nasu
Japanese
50
1978–2004
21 million[255]

Shannara
Terry Brooks
English
20
1977–present
26 million[256]

Découvertes Gallimard
various authors
French
more than 700
1986–present
more than 20 million[257][258]

ソードアート・オンライン (Sword Art Online)
Reki Kawahara
Japanase
23
2009-present
20 million[259]

Redwall
Brian Jacques
English
22
1986–2011
20 million[260]

Maisy
Lucy Cousins
English
23
1990–present
20 million[119]

Dragonlance
various authors
English
more than 150
1984–present
20 million[261]

幻魔大戦 (Genma Taisen)
Kazumasa Hirai
Japanese
20
1979–1983
20 million[262]

青春の門 (The Gate of Youth)
Hiroyuki Itsuki
Japanese

1970–present
20 million[263]

The Foundation Trilogy
Isaac Asimov
English
3[264]
1950–1953
20 million[265]

Percy Jackson & the Olympians
Rick Riordan
English
5
2005–2009
20 million[266]

Horrible Histories
Terry Deary
English
24
1993–present
20 million[267]

Rainbow Magic
Daisy Meadows
English
80+
2003–present
20 million[268]

Morgan Kane
Louis Masterson
Norwegian
90
1966–
20 million[269]

The Southern Vampire Mysteries
Charlaine Harris
English
13
2001–2013
20 million[270]

text: Between 15 million and 20 million copies[edit]

text:
Book series
Author
Original language
No. of installments
First published
Approximate sales

Doc Savage
Lester Dent, various authors
English
203
1933-present
20 million[271]

科学のアルバム (Kagaku no album)
various authors
Japanese

1970–present
19 million[272]

剣客商売 (Kenkaku Shobai)
Shotaro Ikenami
Japanese
18
1972–1989
18 million[273]

Erast Fandorin
Boris Akunin
Russian
12
1998–present
18 million[274]

吸血鬼ハンターD (Vampire Hunter D)
Hideyuki Kikuchi
Japanese
17
1983–present
17 million[275]

涼宮ハルヒシリーズ (Haruhi Suzumiya Series)
Nagaru Tanigawa
Japanese
11
2003–present
16.5 million[276]

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
Douglas Adams, plus a final book by Eoin Colfer
English
6
1979–2008
16 million[277]

Bridget Jones
Helen Fielding
English
3
1996–present
15 million[278]

The Riftwar Cycle
Raymond E. Feist
English
25
1982–present
15 million[279]

The No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency
Alexander McCall Smith
English
9
1999–present
15 million[280]

ぼくらシリーズ (Bokura series)
Osamu Soda
Japanese
36
1985–present
15 million[281]

His Dark Materials
Philip Pullman
English
3
1995–2000
15 million[282]

銀河英雄伝説 (Legend of the Galactic Heroes)
Yoshiki Tanaka
Japanese
14
1982–1989
15 million[283]

Der Regenbogenfisch (Rainbow Fish)
Marcus Pfister
German

1992–present
15 million[284]

text: Notes[edit]

text: The Perry Rhodan series has sold more than 1 billion copies,[285] but is not listed because that figure includes magazine sales, not novels alone.[citation needed] Similarly, the Jerry Cotton series has sold over 300 million copies, but most of these were in magazine format.[286]

tag: p

text: The figures given for some books are for the number printed instead of confirmed sales.[which?]

text: List of best-selling regularly updated books[edit]

text: More than 100 million copies[edit]

text:
Book
Author(s)
Original language
First published
Approximate sales

新华字典 (Xinhua Zidian / Xinhua Dictionary)
Chief editor: Wei Jiangong
Chinese
1957
400 million[287]

Scouting for Boys
Robert Baden-Powell
English
1908
100–150 million[288]

The McGuffey Readers
William Holmes McGuffey
English
1853
125 million[289]

Guinness World Records (published every year)
various authors
English
1955–present
115 million[290]

American Spelling Book (Webster's Dictionary)
Noah Webster
English
1783
100 million[48]

text:
Book
Author(s)
Original language
First published
Approximate sales

World Almanac (published every year)
various authors
English
1868–76; 1886–present
80 million[291]

六星占術によるあなたの運命 (Rokusei Senjutsu (Six-Star Astrology) Tells Your Fortune)
Kazuko Hosoki
Japanese
1986–present
79 million[292]

Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
Merriam-Webster
English
1898
55 million[293]

text:
Book
Author(s)
Original language
First published
Approximate sales

Roget's Thesaurus
Peter Mark Roget
English
1852–
40 million[294]

できるシリーズ (Dekiru Series)
Impress Dekiru Series Editorial Desk
Japanese
1994–present
40 million[295]

Better Homes and Gardens New Cook Book
various authors
English
1930–
38 million[296]

수학의 정석
(The Art of Mathematics)
Hong Sung-dae
Korean
1966–present
37 million[297]
~ 40 million[298]

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
A. S. Hornby
English
1948
30 million[299]

Alcoholics Anonymous Big Book
Bill Wilson
English
1939
30 million[300][301]

Le guide Michelin France (The Michelin Guide France) (published every year)
various authors
French
1900–present
30 million[302]

text:
Book
Author(s)
Original language
First published
Approximate sales

Betty Crocker Cookbook
various authors as Betty Crocker
English
1955–
27 million[303]

超図解シリーズ (Cho-Zukai series)
X media
Japanese
1996–2007
25 million[304]

自由自在 (Jiyu Jizai)
various authors
Japanese
1953–present
24 million[305]

新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai kokugo jiten)
Tadao Yamada
Japanese
1972
20.4 million[306]

English Grammar
Lindley Murray
English
1795
20 million[307]

text:
Book
Author(s)
Original language
First published
Approximate sales

The Joy of Cooking
various authors
English
1936
18 million[308]

スーパーマップル (Super Mapple)
various authors
Japanese
1991–present
18 million[309]

チャート式 (Chart Shiki)
various authors
Japanese
1927–present
17.44 million, only for the first grade of high-school[310]

英語基本単語集 (Eigo Kihon Tangoshu) "Compilation of basic English vocabulary"
Yoshio Akao
Japanese, English
1942
17.2 million[310]

試験に出る英単語 (Siken Ni Deru Eitango) "English vocabulary in examinations"
Ichiro Mori
Japanese, English
1967
15 million[311]

新英和中辞典 (Shin Eiwa Chu Jiten) "New English-Japanese Dictionary"
Shigeru Takebayashi
Japanese, English
1967
12 million[312]

広辞苑 (Kōjien)
Izuru Shinmura
Japanese
1955
11 million[306][313]

旺文社古語辞典 (Obunsha Kogo Jiten) "Obunsha Dictionary of Archaisms"
Akira Matsumura
Japanese
1960
11 million[314]

三省堂国語辞典 (Sanseido Kokugo Jiten) "Sanseido Dictionary of the Japanese Language"
Kenbō Hidetoshi
Japanese
1960
10 million[315]

家庭に於ける實際的看護の秘訣 (Katei Ni Okeru Jissaiteki Kango No Hiketsu) "Key to Practical Personal Care at Home"
Takichi Tsukuda
Japanese
1925
10 million[316]

C程序设计 (C Program Design)
Tan, Haoqiang
Chinese
1991
10 million[317]


document_title: Declaration of war by the United States

question_text: when is the last time the us declared war

text: Declaration of war by the United States

text: History[edit]

text: The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate times, each upon prior request by the President of the United States. Four of those five declarations came after hostilities had begun.[2] James Madison reported that in the Federal Convention of 1787, the phrase "make war" was changed to "declare war" in order to leave to the Executive the power to repel sudden attacks but not to commence war without the explicit approval of Congress.[3] Debate continues as to the legal extent of the President's authority in this regard. Public opposition to American involvement in foreign wars, particularly during the 1930s, was expressed as support for a Constitutional Amendment that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.[4] Several Constitutional Amendments, such as the Ludlow Amendment, have been proposed that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.

text: After Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in January 1971 and President Richard Nixon continued to wage war in Vietnam, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution (Pub.L. 93–148) over the veto of Nixon in an attempt to rein in some of the president's claimed powers. The War Powers Resolution proscribes the only power of the president to wage war which is recognized by Congress.

text: Declarations of war[edit]

text: Formal[edit]

text: The table below lists the five wars in which the United States has formally declared war against eleven foreign nations.[5] The only country against which the United States has declared war more than once is Germany, against which the United States has declared war twice (though a case could be made for Hungary as a successor state to Austria-Hungary).

text: In World War II, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Germany and Italy, led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, declared war on the United States, and the U.S. Congress responded in kind.[6][7]

text:
War
Declaration
Opponent(s)
Date of declaration
Votes
President
Result

Senate
House

War of 1812
Declaration of War upon the U.K.
 United Kingdom
June 18, 1812
19–13
79–49
James Madison
Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814)

Mexican–American War
"An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico."[8]
 Mexico
May 13, 1846
40–2
173–14
James K. Polk
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848)

Spanish–American War
Declaration of War upon Spain
 Spain
April 25, 1898
42–35
310–6
William McKinley
Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)

World War I
Declaration of War upon Germany
 Germany
April 6, 1917
82–6
373–50
Woodrow Wilson
Treaty of Berlin (August 25, 1921)

Declaration of War upon Austria-Hungary[9][10]
 Austria-Hungary
December 7, 1917
74–0
365–1
1921 U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty (August 24, 1921), 1921 U.S.-Hungarian Peace Treaty (August 29, 1921)

World War II
Declaration of War upon Japan
 Japan
December 8, 1941
82–0
388–1
Franklin D. Roosevelt
V-J Day, Japanese Instrument of Surrender (September 2, 1945), Treaty of San Francisco (September 8, 1951)

Declaration of War upon Germany
 Germany
December 11, 1941
88–0
393–0
V-E Day, German Instrument of Surrender (May 8, 1945), Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (September 12, 1990), Treaty of Vienna with Austria (May 15, 1955)

Declaration of War upon Italy
 Italy
90–0
399–0
Paris Peace Treaty (February 10, 1947)

Declaration of War upon Bulgaria
 Bulgaria
June 5, 1942
73–0
357–0

Declaration of War upon Hungary[9]
 Hungary
360–0

Declaration of War upon Romania[9]
 Romania
361–0

text: Undeclared wars[edit]

text: Military engagements authorized by Congress[edit]

text: In other instances, the United States has engaged in extended military combat that was authorized by Congress.

text:
War or conflict
Opponent(s)
Initial authorization
Votes
President
Result

Senate
House

Quasi-War
 France
An Act further to protect the commerce of the United States
July 9, 1798
18–4

John Adams
Treaty of Mortefontaine

First Barbary War
 Morocco
 Tripolitania

February 6, 1802[11]

Thomas Jefferson
War ended 1805

Second Barbary War
 Algiers
May 10, 1815[12]

James Madison
War ended 1816

Enforcing 1808 slave trade ban; naval squadron sent to African waters to apprehend illegal slave traders
 Slave traders and pirates
"Act in addition to the acts prohibiting the Slave Trade" 1819

James Monroe
1822 first African-American settlement founded in Liberia, 1823 U.S. Navy stops anti-trafficking patrols

Redress for attack on U.S. Navy's USS Water Witch
 Paraguay
1858.[13]

James Buchanan

Mexican Revolution

United States occupation of Veracruz

 Mexico
H.J.R. 251, 38 Stat. 770
April 22, 1914

337–37
Woodrow Wilson
Force withdrawn after six months. However, the Joint Resolution was likely used to authorize the Pancho Villa Expedition. In the Senate, "when word reached the Senate that the invasion had gone forward before the use-of-force resolution had been approved, Republicans reacted angrily" saying it was a violation of the Constitution, but eventually after the action had already started, a resolution was passed after the action to "justify" it since Senators did not think it was a declaration of war.[14][15]

Russian Civil War

Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

 Commune of Estonia
 Far Eastern Republic
 Latvia
 Mongolian People's Party
 Russia
 Ukraine

1918[16]

Woodrow Wilson

Lebanon crisis of 1958
 Lebanese Opposition

 Al-Mourabitoun
 Lebanese Communist Party
 Progressive Socialist Party

H.J. Res. 117, Public Law 85-7, Joint Resolution "To promote peace and stability in the Middle East", March 9, 1957[17]
72–19
355–61
Dwight D. Eisenhower
U.S. forces withdrawn, October 25, 1958

Vietnam War

Laotian Civil War

Cambodian Civil War

 China
National United Front of Kampuchea

 Khmer Rouge
 Khmer Rumdo
 Khmer Việt Minh

 North Korea
 North Vietnam
 Pathet Lao
 South Vietnam

Việt Cộng

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, August 7, 1964
88–2
416–0
Lyndon B. Johnson
U.S. forces withdrawn under terms of the Paris Peace Accords signed January 27, 1973

Multinational Force in Lebanon
Shia and Druze militias; Syria
S.J.Res. 159
Pub.L. 98–119
September 29, 1983
54–46
253–156
Ronald W. Reagan
Forces withdrawn in 1984

Persian Gulf War
 Iraq
H.J.Res. 77
January 12, 1991.
52–47
250–183
George H.W. Bush
The United Nations Security Council drew up terms for the cease-fire, April 3, 1991

War in Afghanistan

Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan
Operation Freedom's Sentinel

al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen

Yemeni Civil War

Somali Civil War

Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

War in North-West Pakistan

Moro conflict

Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines

Iraqi Civil War

Operation Inherent Resolve

Syrian Civil War

Operation Inherent Resolve

Second Libyan Civil War

 Afghanistan

Quetta Shura

Taliban

Haqqani network
Mullah Dadullah Front

 al-Qaeda

055 Brigade
Al-Nusra Front

Khorasan group

al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen

Aden-Abyan Islamic Army
Islamic Jihad of Yemen

al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula

Ansar al-Sharia

al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent
Lashkar al-Zil

 Harakat Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiyya
 Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
 Islamic Jihad Union
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Jamaat-ul-Ahrar
Jundallah
Lashkar-e-Islam
 Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
 Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi
 Turkistan Islamic Party
 Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan

 High Council of the Islamic Emirate
 Fidai Mahaz

 al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
 Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia
 Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahedeen
 Hizbul Islam
 Islamic Courts Union
 Jabhatul Islamiya
 Mu'askar Anole
 Ras Kamboni Brigades

 Abu Sayyaf
 Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
 Islamic State
 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
 Maute group
 Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao

S.J. Res. 23
September 14, 2001
98–0
420–1
George W. Bush

Iraq War[18]
 Iraq
H.J. Res. 114,
March 3, 2003
77–23
296–132
George W. Bush
Ba'athist Iraqi government deposed April 2003. U.S. combat operations ended August 31, 2010. War ended December 15, 2011. Destabilization of Iraq and emergence of ISIL in the region 2011–present.[19]

text: Military engagements authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress[edit]

text: In many instances, the United States has engaged in extended military engagements that were authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by appropriations from Congress.

text:
Military engagement
Opponent(s)
Initial authorization
President
Result

Korean War
 China
 North Korea
 Soviet Union

UNSCR 84, 1950
Harry S. Truman
Korean Armistice Agreement,[20] 1953

Multinational Force in Lebanon
Shia militias, Druze militias, Syria
UNSCR 425, 1978
UNSCR 426, 1978

Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan
U.S. forces withdrew in 1984

Persian Gulf War
 Iraq
UNSCR 678, 1990
George H. W. Bush
UNSCR 689, 1991

Bosnian War
 Republika Srpska
UNSCR 770, 1992
UNSCR 776, 1992
UNSCR 836, 1993
Bill Clinton
Reflagged as IFOR in 1995, Reflagged as SFOR in 1996, Completed in 2004

Second Liberian Civil War
Peacekeeping
UNSCR 1497, 2003
George W. Bush
U.S. forces are withdrawn in 2003 after the UNMIL is established.

Haitian coup d'état
UNSCR 1529, 2004
UNSCR 1542, 2004

2004

First Libyan Civil War

2011 military intervention in Libya

Operation Odyssey Dawn
Operation Unified Protector

 Libya
UNSCR 1973, 2011
Barack Obama
Debellation of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, October 31, 2011

text: Other undeclared wars[edit]

text:
Military engagement
Opponent(s)
President
Result

American Revolutionary War
 Great Britain

Quebec
Loyalists

German auxiliaries

 Hesse-Kassel
 Hesse-Hanau
 Hanover
 Waldeck
 Brunswick
 Ansbach
 Anhalt-Zerbst

Native Americans[21]

 Iroquois Confederacy

None
Peace of Paris

text: On at least 125 occasions, the President has acted without prior express military authorization from Congress.[22] These include instances in which the United States fought in the Philippine–American War from 1898–1903, in Nicaragua in 1927, as well as the NATO bombing campaign of Yugoslavia in 1999, and the 2017 missile strikes on Syria.

text: The United States' longest war was fought between approximately 1840 and 1886 against the Apache Nation. During that entire 46-year period, there was never more than 90 days of peace.[citation needed]

text: The Indian Wars comprise at least 28 conflicts and engagements. These localized conflicts, with Native Americans, began with European colonists coming to North America, long before the establishment of the United States. For the purpose of this discussion, the Indian Wars are defined as conflicts with the United States of America. They begin as one front in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and had concluded by 1918. The United States Army still maintains a campaign streamer for Pine Ridge 1890–1891 despite opposition from certain Native American groups.[23]

text: The American Civil War was not an international conflict under the laws of war, because the Confederate States of America was not a government that had been granted full diplomatic recognition as a sovereign nation by other sovereign states.[24][25] The CSA was recognized by the United States government as a belligerent power, a different status of recognition that authorized Confederate warships to visit non-U.S. ports. This recognition of the CSA's status as a belligerent power did not impose any duty upon the United States to recognize the sovereignty of the Confederacy, and the United States never did so.

text: The War Powers Resolution[edit]

text: In 1973, following the withdrawal of most American troops from the Vietnam War, a debate emerged about the extent of presidential power in deploying troops without a declaration of war. A compromise in the debate was reached with the War Powers Resolution. This act clearly defined how many soldiers could be deployed by the President of the United States and for how long. It also required formal reports by the President to Congress regarding the status of such deployments, and limited the total amount of time that American forces could be deployed without a formal declaration of war.

text: Although the constitutionality of the act has never been tested, it is usually followed, most notably during the Grenada Conflict, the Panamanian Conflict, the Somalia Conflict, the Persian Gulf War, and the Iraq War[clarification needed]. The only exception was President Clinton's use of U.S. troops in the 78-day NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War.[citation needed] In all other cases, the President asserted the constitutional authority to commit troops without the necessity of Congressional approval, but in each case the President received Congressional authorization that satisfied the provisions of the War Powers Act.

text: On March 21, 2011, a number of lawmakers expressed concern that the decision of President Barack Obama to order the U.S. military to join in attacks of Libyan air defenses and government forces exceeded his constitutional authority because the decision to authorize the attack was made without Congressional permission.[26] Obama explained his rationale in a two-page letter, stating that as commander in chief, he had constitutional authority to authorize the strikes, which would be limited in scope and duration, and necessary to prevent a humanitarian disaster in Libya.


document_title: Female reproductive system

question_text: where are the ovaries located in the female

text: Female reproductive system

text: Internal organs[edit]

text: The female internal reproductive organs are the vagina, uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries.

text: Vagina[edit]

text: The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place.

text: Cervix[edit]

text: The cervix is the neck of the uterus, the lower, narrow portion where it joins with the upper part of the vagina. It is cylindrical or conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall. Approximately half its length is visible, the remainder lies above the vagina beyond view. The vagina has a thick layer outside and it is the opening where the fetus emerges during delivery.

text: Uterus[edit]

text: The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ. The uterus provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo (weeks 1 to 8) and fetus (from week 9 until the delivery). In addition, contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus are important in pushing out the fetus at the time of birth.

text: The uterus contains three suspensory ligaments that help stabilize the position of the uterus and limits its range of movement. The uterosacral ligaments keep the body from moving inferiorly and anteriorly. The round ligaments restrict posterior movement of the uterus. The cardinal ligaments also prevent the inferior movement of the uterus.

text: The uterus is a pear-shaped muscular organ. Its major function is to accept a fertilized ovum which becomes implanted into the endometrium, and derives nourishment from blood vessels which develop exclusively for this purpose. The fertilized ovum becomes an embryo, develops into a fetus and gestates until childbirth. If the egg does not embed in the wall of the uterus, a female begins menstruation.

text: Fallopian tube[edit]

text: The Fallopian tubes are two tubes leading from the ovaries into the uterus. On maturity of an ovum, the follicle and the ovary's wall rupture, allowing the ovum to escape and enter the Fallopian tube. There it travels toward the uterus, pushed along by movements of cilia on the inner lining of the tubes. This trip takes hours or days. If the ovum is fertilized while in the Fallopian tube, then it normally implants in the endometrium when it reaches the uterus, which signals the beginning of pregnancy.

text: Ovaries[edit]

text: The ovaries are small, paired organs located near the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity. These organs are responsible for the production of the egg cells (ova) and the secretion of hormones. The process by which the egg cell (ovum) is released is called ovulation. The speed of ovulation is periodic and impacts directly to the length of a menstrual cycle.

text: After ovulation, the egg cell is captured by the Fallopian tube, after traveling down the Fallopian tube to the uterus, occasionally being fertilized on its way by an incoming sperm. During fertilization the egg cell plays a role; it releases certain molecules that are essential to guiding the sperm and allows the surface of the egg to attach to the sperm's surface. The egg can then absorb the sperm and fertilization can then begin.[citation needed] The Fallopian tubes are lined with small hairs (cilia) to help the egg cell travel.

text: External organs[edit]

text: The vulva consists of all of the external parts and tissues and includes the mons pubis, pudendal cleft, labia majora, labia minora, Bartholin's glands, clitoris and vaginal opening.

text: Development[edit]

text: Chromosome characteristics determine the genetic sex of a fetus at conception. This is specifically based on the 23rd pair of chromosomes that is inherited. Since the mother's egg contains an X chromosome and the father's sperm contains either an X or Y chromosome, it is the male who determines the fetus's sex. If the fetus inherits the X chromosome from the father, the fetus will be a female. In this case, testosterone is not made and the Wolffian duct will degrade thus, the Müllerian duct will develop into female sex organs. The clitoris is the remnants of the Wolffian duct. On the other hand, if the fetus inherits the Y chromosome from the father, the fetus will be a male. The presence of testosterone will stimulate the Wolffian duct which will bring about the development of the male sex organs and the Müllerian duct will degrade.[2]

text: Physiology[edit]

text: The reproductive tract (or genital tract) is the lumen that starts as a single pathway through the vagina, splitting up into two lumens in the uterus, both of which continue through the Fallopian tubes, and ending at the distal ostia that open into the abdominal cavity.

text: In the absence of fertilization, the ovum will eventually traverse the entire reproductive tract from the fallopian tube until exiting the vagina through menstruation.

text: The reproductive tract can be used for various transluminal procedures such as fertiloscopy, intrauterine insemination and transluminal sterilization.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Vaginitis[edit]

text: Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina and largely caused by an infection. It is the most common gynaecological condition presented. It is difficult to determine any one organism most responsible for vaginitis because it varies from range of age, sexual activity, and method of microbial identification. Vaginitis is not necessarily caused by a sexually transmitted infection as there are many infectious agents that make use of the close proximity to mucous membranes and secretions. Vaginitis is usually diagnosed based on the presence of vaginal discharge, which can have a certain color, odor, or quality.[3]

text: Bacterial vaginosis[edit]

text: This is a vaginal infection in women. It is differs from vaginitis in that there is no inflammation. Bacterial vaginosis is polymicrobial, consisting many bacteria species. The diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis is made if three of the following four criteria are present: (1) Homogenous, thin discharge, (2) a pH of 4.5 in the vagina, (3) epithelial cells in the vagina with bacteria attached to them, or (4) a fishy odor. It has been associated with an increased risk of other genital tract infections such as endometritis.[3]

text: Yeast infection[edit]

text: This is a common cause of vaginal irritation and according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at least 75% of adult women have experienced one at least once in their lifetime. Yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of fungus in the vagina known as Candida. Yeast infections are usually caused by an imbalance of the pH in the vagina, which is usually acidic. Other factors such as pregnancy, diabetes, weakened immune systems, tight fitting clothing, or douching can also be a cause. Symptoms of yeast infections include itching, burning, irritation, and a white cottage-cheese-like discharge from the vagina. Women have also reported that they experience painful intercourse and urination as well. Taking a sample of the vaginal secretions and placing them under a microscope for evidence of yeast can diagnose a yeast infection. Treatment varies from creams that can be applied in or around the vaginal area to oral tablets that stop the growth of fungus.[3]

text: Genital mutilation[edit]

text: There are many practices of mutilating female genitalia in different cultures. The most common two types of genital mutilation practiced are clitoridectomy, the circumcision of the clitoris and the excision of the prepuce the skin around the clitoris. They can all involve a range of adverse health consequences such as bleeding, irreparable tissue damage, and sepsis which can sometimes prove fatal.

text: Genital surgery[edit]

text: Genitoplasty refers to surgery that is carried out to repair damaged sex organs particularly following cancer and its treatment. There are also elective surgical procedures which change the appearance of the external genitals.

text: Reproductive rights[edit]

text: The International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics was founded in 1954 to promote the well-being of women particularly in raising the standards of gynaecological practice and care. As of 2010 there were 124 countries involved.

text: Reproductive rights are legal rights related to reproduction and reproductive health. Women have the right to control matters involving their sexuality including their sexual and reproductive health. Violation of these rights include forced pregnancy, forced sterilization, forced abortion and genital mutilation. Female genital mutilation is the complete or partial removal of a female's external genitals.

text: History[edit]

text: It is claimed in the Hippocratic writings that both males and females contribute their seed to conception; otherwise, children would not resemble either or both of their parents. Four-hundred years later, Galen "identified" the source of 'female semen' as the ovaries in female reproductive organs.[4]