document_title: Public company

question_text: the first time a corporation sells its stock to the public is known as an

text: Public company

text: History[edit]

text: In the early modern period, the Dutch developed several financial instruments and helped lay the foundations of modern financial system.[11][12] The Dutch East India Company (VOC) became the first company in history to issue bonds and shares of stock to the general public. In other words, the VOC was officially the first publicly traded company,[13] because it was the first company to be ever actually listed on an official stock exchange. While the Italian city-states produced the first transferable government bonds, they did not develop the other ingredient necessary to produce a fully fledged capital market: corporate shareholders. As Edward Stringham (2015) notes, "companies with transferable shares date back to classical Rome, but these were usually not enduring endeavors and no considerable secondary market existed (Neal, 1997, p. 61)."[14]

text: Securities of a company[edit]

text: Usually, the securities of a publicly traded company are owned by many investors while the shares of a privately held company are owned by relatively few shareholders. A company with many shareholders is not necessarily a publicly traded company. In the United States, in some instances, companies with over 500 shareholders may be required to report under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; companies that report under the 1934 Act are generally deemed public companies.

text: Advantages[edit]

text: Public companies possess some advantages over privately held businesses.

text:
Publicly traded companies are able to raise funds and capital through the sale (in the primary or secondary market) of shares of stock. This is the reason publicly traded corporations are important; prior to their existence, it was very difficult to obtain large amounts of capital for private enterprises - significant capital could only come from a smaller set of wealthy investors or banks willing to risk typically large investments. The profit on stock is gained in form of dividend or capital gain to the holders.
The financial media, analysts, and the public are able to access additional information about the business, since the business is commonly legally bound, and naturally motivated (so as to secure further capital), to publicly disseminate information regarding the financial status and future of the company to its many shareholders and the government.
Because many people have a vested interest in the company's success, the company may be more popular or recognizable than a private company.
The initial shareholders of the company are able to share risk by selling shares to the public. If one were to hold a 100% share of the company, he or she would have to pay all of the business's debt; however, if an individual were to hold a 50% share, they would only need to pay 50% of the debt. This increases asset liquidity and the company does not need to depend on funding from a bank. For example, in 2013 Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg owned 29.3% of the company's class A shares,[15] which gave him enough voting power to control the business, while allowing Facebook to raise capital from, and distribute risk to, the remaining shareholders. Facebook was a privately held company prior to its initial public offering in 2012.[16]
If some shares are given to managers or other employees, potential conflicts of interest between employees and shareholders (an instance of principal-agent problem) will be remitted. As an example, in many tech companies, entry-level software engineers are given stock in the company upon being hired (thus they become shareholders). Therefore, the engineers have a vested interest in the company succeeding financially, and are incentivized to work harder and more diligently to ensure that success.

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text:
Many stock exchanges require that publicly traded companies have their accounts regularly audited by outside auditors, and then publish the accounts to their shareholders. Besides the cost, this may make useful information available to competitors. Various other annual and quarterly reports are also required by law. In the United States, the Sarbanes–Oxley Act imposes additional requirements. The requirement for audited books is not imposed by the exchange known as OTC Pink.[17][18] The shares may be maliciously held by outside shareholders and the original founders or owners may lose benefits and control.
The principal-agent problem, or the agency problem is a key weakness of public companies. The separation of a company's ownership and control is especially prevalent in such countries as U.K and U.S.

text: Stockholders[edit]

text: In the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission requires that firms whose stock is traded publicly report their major shareholders each year.[19] The reports identify all institutional shareholders (primarily, firms owning stock in other companies), all company officials who own shares in their firm, and any individual or institution owning more than 5% of the firm's stock.[19]

text: General trend[edit]

text: For many years, newly created companies were privately held but held initial public offering to become publicly traded company or to be acquired by another company if they became larger and more profitable or had promising prospects. More  infrequently, some companies — such as investment banking firm Goldman Sachs and logistics services provider United Parcel Service (UPS) — chose to remain privately held for a long period of time after maturity into a profitable company.

text: However, from 1997 to 2012, the number of corporations publicly traded on American stock exchanges dropped 44%.[20] According to one observer (Gerald F. Davis), "public corporations have become less concentrated, less integrated, less interconnected at the top, shorter lived, less remunerative for average investors, and less prevalent since the turn of the 21st century".[21] Davis argues that technological changes such as the decline in price and increasing power, quality and flexibility of computer Numerical control machines and newer digitally enabled tools such as 3D printing will lead to smaller and more local organization of production.[21]

text: Privatization[edit]

text: A group of private investors or another company that is privately held can buy out the shareholders of a public company, taking the company private. This is typically done through a leveraged buyout and occurs when the buyers believe the securities have been undervalued by investors. In some cases, public companies that are in severe financial distress may also approach a private company or companies to take over ownership and management of the company. One way of doing this would be to make a rights issue designed to enable the new investor to acquire a supermajority. With a super-majority, the company could then be relisted, i.e. privatized.

text: Alternatively, a publicly traded company may be purchased by one or more other publicly traded companies, with the target company becoming either a subsidiary or joint venture of the purchaser(s), or ceasing to exist as a separate entity, its former shareholders receiving compensation in the form of either cash, shares in the purchasing company or a combination of both. When the compensation is primarily shares then the deal is often considered a merger. Subsidiaries and joint ventures can also be created de novo — this often happens in the financial sector. Subsidiaries and joint ventures of publicly traded companies are not generally considered to be privately held companies (even though they themselves are not publicly traded) and are generally subject to the same reporting requirements as publicly traded companies. Finally, shares in subsidiaries and joint ventures can be (re)-offered to the public at any time — firms that are sold in this manner are called spin-outs.

text: Most industrialized jurisdictions have enacted laws and regulations that detail the steps that prospective owners (public or private) must undertake if they wish to take over a publicly traded corporation. This often entails the would-be buyer(s) making a formal offer for each share of the company to shareholders.

text: Trading and valuation[edit]

text: The shares of a publicly traded company are often traded on a stock exchange. The value or "size" of a company is called its market capitalization, a term which is often shortened to "market cap". This is calculated as the number of shares outstanding (as opposed to authorized but not necessarily issued) times the price per share. For example, a company with two million shares outstanding and a price per share of US$40 has a market capitalization of US$80 million. However, a company's market capitalization should not be confused with the fair market value of the company as a whole since the price per share are influenced by other factors such as the volume of shares traded.  Low trading volume can cause artificially low prices for securities, due to investors being apprehensive of investing in a company they perceive as possibly lacking liquidity.

text: For example, if all shareholders were to simultaneously try to sell their shares in the open market, this would immediately create downward pressure on the price for which the share is traded unless there were an equal number of buyers willing to purchase the security at the price the sellers demand. So, sellers would have to either reduce their price or choose not to sell. Thus, the number of trades in a given period of time, commonly referred to as the "volume" is important when determining how well a company's market capitalization reflects true fair market value of the company as a whole. The higher the volume, the more the fair market value of the company is likely to be reflected by its market capitalization.

text: Another example of the impact of volume on the accuracy of market capitalization is when a company has little or no trading activity and the market price is simply the price at which the most recent trade took place, which could be days or weeks ago. This occurs when there are no buyers willing to purchase the securities at the price being offered by the sellers and there are no sellers willing to sell at the price the buyers are willing to pay. While this is rare when the company is traded on a major stock exchange, it is not uncommon when shares are traded over-the-counter (OTC). Since individual buyers and sellers need to incorporate news about the company into their purchasing decisions, a security with an imbalance of buyers or sellers may not feel the full effect of recent news.


document_title: List of Dragon Ball Z episodes (season 2)

question_text: in which episode does goku arrive on namek

root

text: Episode list[edit]

text:
Ep#
Initial dub ep#
Translated title/Original dub title [Funimation's dub title]
Japanese title
Japanese airdate
English airdate

40
29
"Honest to Goodness? There Lies Namek, Planet of Hope" / "Friends or Foes?" [Held Captive]
"Honto ni Honto? Are ga Kibō no Namekkusei" (ホントにホント？あれが希望のナメック星)
March 14, 1990
September 20, 1997
August 22, 2005 (re-dub)

Gohan and the others are captured by a band of space pirates, for they think they are the lackies of a villain named Frieza, who sent some of his forces to take over their planet long ago. Suddenly, the station heads into an asteroid field, and Bulma runs toward the cockpit. She pushes the pilot out of the way, and guides the ship out of the asteroids safely. After realizing that they're not enemies, the pirates let Gohan, Krillin, and Bulma go.

41
29
"Kind-hearted Aliens — There's the Wu Xing Qiu Already" / "Look Out Below" [Look Out Below]
"Shinsetsu na Uchūjin — Ikinari Atta yo Ūshinchū" (親切な宇宙人いきなりあったよ五星球)
March 21, 1990
September 20, 1997
August 23, 2005 (re-dub)

Thanks to the kids' help, Bulma uses a shortcut to get to Namek. After a crash landing on the planet's surface, two Namekians nurse them back to health. They offer to help the three in their search for the Dragon Balls.

42
30
"Planet Freeza No. 79 — Vegeta Recovers!!" / "Hunt for a Dragon Ball" [The Search Continues]
"Wakusei Furīza Nanbā Nanajūkyū — Fukkatsu no Bejīta!!" (惑星フリーザNO.79復活のベジータ!!)
April 4, 1990
September 20, 1997
August 24, 2005 (re-dub)

As they continue their search for the Dragon Balls, with the Namekians' help, they get closer and closer to attaining all seven. Back on Earth, Goku escapes from the hospital and begins training. Meanwhile, Vegeta's ship has reached its destination, and doctors have begun their work on him.

43
31
"The Dragon Balls are All Found! Piccolo-san Will Also Come Back to Life" / "Who's Who?!" [A Friendly Surprise]
"Sorotta zo Doragon Bōru! Pikkorosan mo Ikikaeru" (そろったぞ神龍球！ピッコロさんも生き返る)
April 11, 1990
September 27, 1997
August 25, 2005 (re-dub)

Gohan, Krillin, and Bulma are one Dragon Ball away from making their wish. But during their search for the seventh Dragon Ball, their two Namekian friends reveal that they are not Namekians at all. In fact, they're not even on Namek. Meanwhile, Vegeta learns that Frieza has traveled to Namek to gather the Dragon Balls. Not wanting to be beaten to the punch, Vegeta immediately blasts off for Namek.

44
32
"A Tough New Enemy! Freeza, Emperor of the Universe" / "Touchdown on Namek" [Brood of Evil]
"Arata na Kyōteki! Uchū no Teiō Furīza" (あらたな強敵！宇宙の帝王フリーザ)
April 18, 1990
September 27, 1997
August 29, 2005 (re-dub)

The two "Namekians" reveal that they have been stuck on this planet since their ship broke down, and they have been planning to steal Bulma's ship. They read their minds after her ship crashed, and so they projected images of Namekians over their true forms. Gohan, Bulma and Krillin, however, are able to escape the clutches of the two aliens, and continue their trip to Namek. After a long journey, Gohan and the others celebrate their arrival on Namek, but their party is cut short by the arrival of Vegeta. However, he's not even their worst problem, because Frieza is also on Namek.

45
33
"Vegeta's Ambition! I am the Greatest Warrior in the Universe!!" / "Face-off on Namek" [Frieza Strikes!]
"Yabō no Bejīta! Uchūichi no Senshi wa Ore Da!!" (野望のベジータ！宇宙一の戦士はオレだ!!)
April 25, 1990
October 4, 1997
August 30, 2005 (re-dub)

Frieza and his henchmen are already in possession of four Dragon Balls. Freiza has learned of Vegeta's arrival, so he sends one of his henchmen, Cui, after him. Meanwhile, Gohan and Krillin sees two of Frieza's henchmen looking for the Dragon Balls, but they get beaten up easily. Cui believes that he is stronger than Vegeta, but hasn't calculated Vegeta's power after his time on Earth. The two engage in battle, but Cui is destroyed effortlessly.

46
34
"Goku's Power Unleashed!! Six Days to the Far End of the Galaxy" / "The Ruthless Frieza" [Defying Orders]
"Gokū Pawā Zenkai!! Ginga no Hate made Muikakan" (悟空パワー全開!!銀河の果てまで6日間)
May 2, 1990
October 4, 1997
August 31, 2005 (re-dub)

With Bulma safely hiding in a cave, Gohan and Krillin fly to the nearby Namek village to investigate. Crouching behind a rock, they see Frieza and his henchmen trying to steal the fifth Dragon Ball. Back on Earth, Master Roshi tells Goku everything that happened on Namek and asks for Goku's help, but he's still not healed yet. Yajirobe arrives with a bag of Senzu beans for Goku. Now that he's healed, he flies to Capsule Corp. where Dr. Brief has made a replica of his spaceship, which includes a gravity chamber to train in on his way to Namek. Goku immediately blasts off for Namek.

47
35
"Surprise Attack!! The Elder's Target was the Scouters" / "The Nameks versus Frieza" [Namek's Defense]
"Ihyō o Tsuita Kōgeki!! Chōrō no Nerai wa Sukautā" (意表をついた攻撃!!長老の狙いはスカウター)
May 9, 1990
October 11, 1997
September 1, 2005 (re-dub)

The evil Frieza and his henchmen try to persuade the Namekian elder of the village to hand over the Dragon Ball by killing most of the villagers. Gohan, who can't watch the innocent Namekians get murdered anymore, is about to fly in and save them, when three more Namekians appear. These three are strong enough to defeat Frieza's weaker henchmen, so the evil tyrant sends one of his best fighters, Dodoria, after them.

48
36
"Gohan in Peril! A Pursuing Dodoria Summons Death" / "Escape from Dodoria" [The Hunted]
"Gohan Ayaushi! Shi o Yobu Tsuisekisha Dodoria" (悟飯危うし！死を呼ぶ追跡者ドドリア)
May 16, 1990
October 11, 1997
September 5, 2005 (re-dub)

Dodoria steps in to fight, and he easily kills the Namekian warriors. With no other choice, the elder gives the fifth ball to Frieza, but despite his cooperation, he and the Namekian boy, Cargo, are killed. Before Dodoria can finish off the last Namekian boy, Gohan loses control and steps in to save him. He grabs the boy and takes off, with Krillin at his side. Dodoria speeds off after them.

49
37
"Dodoria Dies by Explosion! Vegeta's Fearsome Shockwave" / "Secrets Revealed" [The Prince Fights Back]
"Bakushi Dodoria! Bejīta no Osoru Beki Shōgekiha" (爆死ドドリア！ベジータの恐るべき衝撃波)
May 23, 1990
October 18, 1997
September 6, 2005 (re-dub)

By using Tien's Solar Flare technique, Krillin, Gohan, and the Namekian boy, Dende, are able to escape from Dodoria. As the pink alien tries to get back to Frieza, Vegeta shows up, ready to settle the score between him and Dodoria. Dodoria is taken by surprise by Vegeta's new strength, and the Saiyan Prince easily overpowers him. Pleading for his life, Dodoria barters information for his freedom. He tells Vegeta that it was actually Frieza, not an asteroid, that destroyed Planet Vegeta. Although taken aback at this new revelation, he kills Dodoria anyway.

50
38
"Escape From a Burning Planet!! A Life-or-Death Kamehame-Ha" / "A Collision Course" [Unexpected Problem]
"Moeru Wakusei kara no Dasshutsu!! Inochigake no Kamehameha" (燃える惑星からの脱出!!命がけのカメハメ波)
May 30, 1990
October 18, 1997
September 7, 2005 (re-dub)

With Vegeta stronger, and Frieza afoot, Krillin is having doubts if he and the others will be able to collect the Dragon Balls. Bulma hears from her father that Goku is already on his way to Namek. Meanwhile, Goku is training aboard his spaceship at 20x the earth's gravity. Suddenly, an asteroid collides with his ship, which aims it directly into a star. Goku is forced to summon every ounce of strength that he has in order to blast his ship back on course. No longer needing a scouter to sense energy, Vegeta quickly finds the next Dragon Ball. Vegeta threatens the elder, another Namekian jumps in to protect his elder and dies.

51
39
"Courage Times One Hundred! The Warriors Gathered Under Kaio" / "Stay Away From Frieza" [Vegeta has a Ball]
"Yūki Hyakubai! Kaiō no Moto ni Shūketsu Suru Senshitachi" (勇気百倍！界王の下に集結する戦士たち)
June 6, 1990
October 25, 1997
September 12, 2005 (re-dub)

Vegeta wipes out the entire village and takes the Dragon Ball. He then hides the Dragon Ball in the water nearby, for safekeeping. Sensing the nearby destruction, Krillin and Gohan deduce that Vegeta has found the sixth Dragon Ball. With only one left, Dende and Krillin take off toward the Namekian leader, Guru. It is this Eldest Namekian who holds the seventh Dragon Ball. Meanwhile King Kai tells Goku that his friends have made it to his place and to not face Frieza.

52
39
"Listen to Me, Goku! Hands Off Freeza" / "Stay Away From Frieza" [The Past and Future]
"Kike Gokū yo! Furīza ni wa Te o Dasu na" (聞け悟空よ！フリーザには手を出すな)
June 20, 1990
October 25, 1997
September 13, 2005 (re-dub)

As Goku steps up his training, King Kai tells him that Yamcha, Tien, Chiaotzu, and Piccolo have come to train with him. However, King Kai has discovered that Frieza is on Namek, and warns Goku not go near him. Back on Namek, as Krillin and Dende head towards the Eldest Namek, Zarbon, one of Frieza's high-level henchmen, finds Vegeta, and intends to destroy him. Vegeta shows off his newfound strength by easily beating him up. However, Zarbon claims he has a trick up his sleeve.

53
40
"Nothing but Goosebumps! The Handsome Warrior Zarbon's Devilish Transformation" / "Zarbon Transformed" [Zarbon's Surprise]
"Hotondo Torihada! Bisenshi Zābon no Akuma no Henshin" (ほとんど鳥肌！美戦士ザーボンの悪魔の変身)
June 27, 1990
October 25, 1997
September 14, 2005 (re-dub)

Realizing he is no match for Vegeta's increased power, Zarbon has no choice but to reveal his true power, transforming into a hideous reptilian beast. In this form, he is far more powerful, and begins to pound Vegeta. With a mighty stroke, he blasts Vegeta to the bottom of a lake, and he is presumed dead.

54
41
"Defend the Star of Hope!! Kuririn's Astonishing Power-Up" / "The Eldest Namek" [Guru's Gift]
"Kibō no Hoshi o Mamore!! Kuririn Kyōi no Pawā Appu" (希望の星を守れ!!クリリン驚異のパワーUP)
July 4, 1990
November 1, 1997
September 15, 2005 (re-dub)

Once they finally arrive at their destination, Krillin and Dende meet the Eldest Namek, Guru, and his bodyguard Nail, who closely resembles Piccolo. The wise old Namekian gives Krillin the last Dragon Ball, and, upon seeing that he is pure-hearted, unlike Frieza, also awakens hidden powers within him. As Krillin heads back to the others, Zarbon informs Frieza that he killed Vegeta. When Frieza finds out that Zarbon only assumes that Vegeta is dead, he makes him go back and find Vegeta. Zarbon arrives at their battle site, pulls Vegeta out of the water, and brings him back to Frieza's ship. Dende arrives and tells Nail what has happened.

55
42
"Back from the Brink of Death — The Miracle Man, Vegeta" / "Get Vegeta!" [Piccolo vs. Everyone]
"Shi no Fuchi kara Yomigaetta — Kiseki no Otoko - Bejīta" (死の淵からよみがえった奇跡の男・ベジータ)
July 18, 1990
November 1, 1997
September 19, 2005 (re-dub)

As Goku trains harder for Namek, Yamcha, Tien, and Chiaotzu complete King Kai's first test. Even Piccolo helps out on the second test. Back on Namek, Frieza's men are working to revive Vegeta, but he's still unconscious from his battle with Zarbon. Meanwhile, Krillin is still on his way back to Gohan and Bulma.

56
43
"An Enormous Battle Power!! Freeza's Scheme is Shattered" / "Vegeta Revived" [Zarbon's Mission]
"Dodekai Sentōryoku!! Kudakechiru Furīza no Inbō" (どでかい戦闘力!!砕け散るフリーザの陰謀)
August 1, 1990
November 8, 1997
September 20, 2005 (re-dub)

Vegeta has recovered, and with no one watching him, he breaks out of his medical chamber and hides. He creates a diversion to get Frieza and Zarbon away from the five Dragon Balls. He goes into the main control room that contains the Dragon Balls, blasts a hole in the ship, and escapes. Furious over the loss of the Dragon Balls, Frieza orders Zarbon to find Vegeta and the Dragon Balls in one hour, or he will die. Vegeta finds a suitable hiding spot for the five Dragon Balls. He knows that Frieza and his henchmen have no scouters and can't sense energy signals, so they won't be able to find the five balls without combing the entire surface of the planet.

57
44
"I'm Back to My Old Self Again!! Goku Under 100-Times Super-Gravity" / "A Heavy Burden" [Gohan, the Hunted]
"Genki ga Modotta zo!! Hyakubai Chōjūryoku no Naka no Gokū" (元気が戻ったぞ!!100倍超重力の中の悟空)
August 8, 1990
November 8, 1997
September 21, 2005 (re-dub)

Gohan suddenly senses an energy signal from the village that Vegeta destroyed earlier, and goes to check it out. Krillin arrives back at the cave to give Bulma the good news, however, Zarbon and Vegeta followed him. They see that he has a Dragon Ball, and they decide to fight each other for it. Zarbon thinks that the fight will be as easy as it was the last time, but he doesn't know that a Saiyan's strength increases after he recovers from injury, and Vegeta makes short work of him. He then takes Krillin's Dragon Ball back to where he hid the other five. Meanwhile, Goku's ship hits a magnetic storm, which makes the gravity machine malfunction, causing it to increase the gravity to 100x normal. Though he can barely move, Goku sees this as a new challenge, and begins to train under the intense gravity.

58
45
"Freeza's Secret Weapon! The Devilish Ginyu Special Corps" / "Immortality Denied" [Unknown Enemies]
"Furīza no Himitsu Heiki! Akuma no Ginyū Tokusentai" (フリーザの秘密兵器！悪魔のギニュー特戦隊)
August 22, 1990
November 15, 1997
September 22, 2005 (re-dub)

With both of his main henchmen killed by Vegeta, Frieza summons his elite fighting squad, the Ginyu Force. Meanwhile, Gohan finds the Dragon Ball Vegeta hid underwater, and heads back to the cave with it. However, he notices Vegeta on his way back and drops to the ground, hiding until Vegeta threatens to blow the surrounding area to pieces. Gohan reveals himself and is able to keep Vegeta from realizing that the last dragon ball is hiding right behind him. Amazed at his luck, Gohan brings the Dragon Ball back to Krillin and Bulma. He and Krillin then take off toward Guru's place, leaving the Dragon Ball in Bulma's possession. They hope that Guru will awaken Gohan's hidden power. Vegeta returns to the village and discovers his dragon ball is missing and realizes that Gohan had taken it (also he draws a conclusion about the dragon radar), furious he returns to the cave but was too late as Gohan, Krillin and Bulma had already left.

NA
46
"The Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth" / "The Tree of Might: Part 1"
"Chikyū Marugoto Chōkessen" (地球まるごと超決戦)
NA
November 15, 1997

Gohan, Krillin, Bulma, and Oolong are spending a peaceful day camping, but that night a huge fire breaks out in the nearby forest. Using their ki, Krillin and Gohan put out the fire and use the Dragon Balls to restore the forest. Unbeknownst to our heroes, the fire was started by a space probe landing. The next morning the space pod begins scouting the area and it is soon revealed that it was sent by a Saiyan, Turles, who has chosen the Earth to plant the Tree of Might. The Tree absorbs the world’s energy, storing it in its fruit, and whoever eats it is granted godlike power. Turles' minions land and create a fissure in the earth to plant the seed. Meanwhile, Gohan becomes friends with a Dragon saved from the forest fire. Note: This is an episodic version of the Dragon Ball Z movie of the same name. It only appears as part of the edited Saban dub.

NA
47
"The Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth" / "The Tree of Might: Part 2"
"Chikyū Marugoto Chōkessen" (地球まるごと超決戦)
NA
November 22, 1997

King Kai recognizes the Tree of Might and warns Goku of the Earth’s imminent devastation if he doesn't destroy it immediately. Earth's Special Forces head out, but their attacks don’t even leave a scratch on the Tree. Turles' minions soon appear and a battle breaks out as Turles watches on from their space ship. Earth's Special Forces attack with all they have, but it soon become apparent they are no match. Turles soon notices the young Saiyan Gohan and appears before him, trying to convince him to join him and help him conquer the universe. Gohan refuses, so Turles decides to kill him, but Piccolo intervenes. Unfortunately he is no match for the Saiyan and is sent flying. When he saw Gohan's tail grew back, Turles decides to have a little fun and creates an artificial moon, forcing Gohan to look at it and transform. Goku notices this and comes to help, only to be attacked by Gohan in Great Ape form. Goku eventually manages to sever his tail and return him to normal. Note: This is an episodic version of the Dragon Ball Z movie of the same name. It only appears as part of the edited Saban dub.

NA
48
"The Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth" / "The Tree of Might: Part 3"
"Chikyū Marugoto Chōkessen" (地球まるごと超決戦)
NA
November 22, 1997

Enraged at Turles abuse of Gohan, Goku quickly defeats Turles' minions and heads off to take on Turles. Goku and Turles' one-on-one showdown begins and Goku has Turles on the ropes. However, the fruit of the Tree has finally developed and Turles grabs one, taking a bite. With the sudden surge of power, Turles quickly turns the tables on Goku, but Earth's Special Forces come to his aid. As they take on Turles, Goku begins to form a Spirit Bomb, but the Earth barely has any energy left.
Energy from the Tree suddenly flows into Goku and the Spirit Bomb is complete. With the remaining heroes defeated, Goku confronts Turles and each unleashes their final attack. Goku’s Spirit Bomb overwhelms Turles' ki attack and hits him head on, sending him flying through the Tree. The massive Spirit Bomb destroys the Tree of Might and its energy is returned to Earth. With peace returned, our heroes enjoy another camping trip. Note: This is an episodic version of the Dragon Ball Z movie of the same name. It only appears as part of the edited Saban dub.

59
46/49
"Watch Out, Bulma!! The Si Xing Qiu Falls into Freeza's Clutches" / "Big Trouble for Bulma" [Destination: Guru]
"Buruma ga Abunai!! Sūshinchū wa Furīza no Te ni" (ブルマが危ない!!四星球はフリーザの手に)
August 29, 1990
January 31, 1998
September 26, 2005 (re-dub)

As Gohan and Krillin head to Guru's place to awaken Gohan's hidden powers, they leave Bulma behind to look after the Dragon Ball. Frustrated at his loss of five of the Dragon Balls, Frieza begins firing powerful energy blasts all over the surface of Namek. These explosions cause the Dragon Ball to roll away from Bulma and into the water nearby. Bulma takes her submarine into the water to find the lost ball, but there she finds more than she bargained for. As she reaches for the ball, a giant crab thinks she is trying to steal her eggs, and begins to attack Bulma. Bulma saves the crab from a falling rock, and the crab gives her the Dragon Ball.

60
47/50
"Charge!! The Kaio-ken and Kamehame-Ha of an Indomitable Spirit" / "Scramble for the Dragon Balls!" [Bulma's Big Day]
"Gekitotsu da!! Fukutsu no Tōshi no Kaiōken to Kamehameha" (激突だ!!不屈の闘志の界王拳とカメハメ波)
September 5, 1990
February 7, 1998
September 27, 2005 (re-dub)

Bulma finally retrieves the Dragon Ball, only to be captured by two of Frieza's henchmen. She persuades them into find the rest of the Dragon Balls and making a wish themselves. Knowing she has more Dragon Ball knowledge than the two of them, they take her along. She leads them into the water, and right to the giant crab, who eats both of them.

61
48/51
"The Great Battle Approaches! Ginyu's Special Corps Takes the Stage!!" / "Arrival of the Ginyu Force" [Hidden Power]
"Semaru Chō-Kessen! Ginyū Tokusentai Tadaima Sanjō!!" (激突だ!!不屈の闘志の界王拳とカメハメ波!!)
September 12, 1990
February 7, 1998
September 28, 2005 (re-dub)

Krillin and Gohan finally make it to Guru's place, but Vegeta has followed them, determined to get the last Dragon Ball. As Krillin tries to hold off Vegeta, Gohan has his hidden powers unleashed. Suddenly, they all sense an incredibly powerful force arriving on the planet. Vegeta recognizes it as the Ginyu Force. He tells Krillin and Gohan that the Ginyu Force is far more powerful even than himself. Vegeta says that if they are to defeat them and prevent Frieza from making his wish, they must work together.

62
49/52
"Goku on Final Approach! Smash Through Freeza's Dragnet" / "Elite Fighters of the Universe... The Ginyu Force" [New Ally, New Problem]
"Gokū ga Daisekkin! Furīza no Hōimō o Buchiyabure" (悟空が大接近！フリーザの包囲網をぶち破れ)
September 19, 1990
February 14, 1998
September 29, 2005 (re-dub)

The Ginyu Force arrives on Namek. They are five incredibly powerful warriors named Guldo, Jeice, Recoome, Burter, and Captain Ginyu. These five fighters specialize in making flashy poses. Frieza tells them what the Dragon Balls are, and sends them after Vegeta. He tells Captain Ginyu to use his scouter to find the Dragon Balls while the other four deal with Vegeta. Meanwhile, Krillin is very reluctant to join forces with Vegeta, but Gohan knows that Goku would do it, so he convinces Krillin to help. The Ginyu Force quickly finds where Vegeta and the others are, and are prepared to fight.

63
50/53
"Super-Magic or Just a Trick!? Mr. Ghurd is Angry!" / "Time Tricks and Body Binds" [Guldo's Mind Binds]
"Chōmajutsu ka Torikku ka!? Misutā Gurudo ga Okotta zo!" (超魔術かトリックか!?MR.グルドが怒ったぞ！)
September 26, 1990
February 14, 1998
October 3, 2005 (re-dub)

The weakest member of the Ginyu Force, Guldo, steps up to fight against the powered up Krillin and Gohan. Guldo quickly discovers that both Krillin and Gohan are far more powerful than he is, so he uses his special technique: he holds his breath, stopping time. Krillin and Gohan swoop in for the final blow several times, but every time Guldo stops time, and runs to a different location. He then reveals another trick: he uses his mysterious power to completely bind Krillin and Gohan. Unable to move, they are at the mercy of Guldo. Having seen enough, Vegeta steps in and quickly annihilates Guldo.

64
51/54
"The Savage ReaCoom!! He's Bad, He's Strong, He's Outrageous" / "No Refuge From Recoome" [Recoome Unleashed]
"Mōi Rikūmu!! Warukute Tsuyokute Tondemonai Yatsu" (猛攻リクーム!!悪くて強くてとんでもない奴)
October 24, 1990
May 16, 1998
October 4, 2005 (re-dub)

The next fighter from the Ginyu Force is the massive Recoome. Vegeta pulls out all the stops, but he is no match for Recoome. The giant begins to toy with Vegeta, despite the pleas from the remaining members of the Ginyu Force. With Vegeta out of commission, Krillin steps in to save him. Though he does his best, he is easily defeated.

65
52/55
"Don't Die, Gohan! Goku Finally Touches Down on the Battlefield" / "Enter Goku" [Let the Battle Begin]
"Shinu na Gohan! Gokū, Tsui ni Kessenjō ni Tōchaku Da" (死ぬな悟飯！悟空、ついに決戦場に到着だ)
October 31, 1990
May 23, 1998
October 5, 2005 (re-dub)

Since Krillin and Vegeta can't fight anymore, Gohan is the only one left to fight. Captain Ginyu, leader of the Force, locates all seven Dragon Balls, and brings them to Frieza. Frieza tries to make his wish, but realizes he doesn't know what to do. He figures there must be a password. Meanwhile, Gohan gives it everything he has against Recoome, but the giant warrior is too strong. Just as he is about to finish off Gohan, everyone senses a gigantic power arriving on the planet. Krillin, Gohan, and Vegeta realize it is Goku.

66
53/56
"Uncommon Strength!! Son Goku, the Legendary Super Saiyan" / "Goku... Super Saiyan?" [Goku's New Power]
"Ketahazure no Tsuyosa!! Densetsu no Sūpā Saiyajin Son Gokū" (ケタ外れの強さ!!伝説の超サイヤ人孫悟空)
November 7, 1990
May 23, 1998
October 6, 2005 (re-dub)

Goku has finally arrived on Namek, and finds Krillin, Gohan and Vegeta near death. He gives them all a Senzu bean, and prepares to fight the Ginyu Force. With a single blow to the gut, he puts Recoome out of commission. Goku's training at 100x normal gravity has exponentially increased his strength.

67
53/56
"Lightning Balls of Red and Blue! Jheese and Butta Attack Goku" / "Goku... Super Saiyan?" [A Legend Revealed]
"Aka to Ao no Raitoningu Bōru! Jīsu to Bāta ga Gokū o Osō" (赤と青の光球！ジースとバータが悟空を襲う)
November 14, 1990
May 23, 1998
October 10, 2005 (re-dub)

With Recoome beaten by one punch, the remaining two Ginyu Force members, Burter and Jeice, fight against Goku, but none of their speed attacks work against him. They try to hit him, but their punches seem to go through Goku. He is dodging so fast that it appears he isn't even moving. Vegeta believes that Goku has become the legendary Saiyan warrior, the Super Saiyan. If this is true, Goku would be the first Super Saiyan in millennia.

68
54
"At Last, a Direct Confrontation!! Captain Ginyu Takes the Field" / "Ginyu Assault"
"Tsui ni Chokusetsu Taiketsu!! Ginyū Taichō no Odemashi Da" (ついに直接対決!!ギニュー隊長のおでましだ)
November 21, 1990
September 13, 1999

Goku easily beats Burter. Frightened, Jeice flies away to get Captain Ginyu. Vegeta then executes both Recoome and Burter, despite Goku's pleas. Meanwhile, Frieza heads off towards Guru's place, hoping to discover the secret to using the Dragon Balls. Goku, Vegeta, Krillin, and Gohan all sense that Frieza is on the move, but the Dragon Balls remain in their place. They recognize that this might be their only chance to make their wish.

69
55
"Incredible Force!! Did You See Goku's Full Power?" / "Incredible Force!"
"Susamajii Hakuryoku!! Mita ka, Gokū no Furu Pawā" (凄まじい迫力!!見たか、悟空のフルパワー)
November 28, 1990
September 13, 1999

Once Captain Ginyu arrives, Vegeta leaves Goku behind to get the Dragon Balls for himself. Krillin and Gohan leave to get the Dragon Radar from Bulma so they can find the Balls before Vegeta. Jeice tells Captain Ginyu how powerful Goku is, but the Captain is confident he can beat him. Goku decides to skip the warmup and power up to his full strength immediately. As he is powering up, Jeice measures his power level on his scanner. He is shocked as the level continues to climb higher and higher, eventually surpassing Captain Ginyu's maximum. Captain Ginyu doesn't believe the scanner, and begins to fight with Goku.

70
56
"What of the Battle's Outcome!? Freeza's Evil Hand Closes Around the Grand Elder" / "Frieza Approaches"
"Tatakai no Yukue!? Saichōrō ni Semaru Furīza no Ma no Te" (闘いの行方!?最長老に迫るフリーザの魔の手)
December 5, 1990
September 14, 1999

Goku is obviously more powerful than Ginyu, but the Captain won't give up so easily. Meanwhile, Guru sends Dende to tell Krillin and Gohan the password to use the Dragon Balls. Frieza arrives at Guru's place, demanding to know the Dragon Balls' password. The last three Namekians arrive as well. But despite Nail's pleas, they about to fight Frieza, but the tyrant easily kills them. Though Nail informs him that the Dragon Balls would disappear, following Guru's death, Frieza confronts Guru to get the password anyway.

71
57
"Surprise!! Goku is Ginyu and Ginyu is Goku" / "Goku is Ginyu and Ginyu is Goku"
"Bikkuri!! Gokū ga Ginyū de Ginyū ga Gokū" (ビックリ!!悟空がギニューでギニューが悟空)
December 12, 1990
September 15, 1999

Nail leads Frieza away from Guru's place so that he can't get hurt. He starts fighting Frieza, but it seems that he was unable to hold him up though he does to give time for Dende to deliver the Dragon Balls' password to the Z fighters. Gohan and Krillin get the Dragon Radar from Bulma and head towards Frieza's spaceship. Meanwhile, Goku is winning his fight against Captain Ginyu. Realizing he can't win, Captain Ginyu decides to use his special power: the Body Change. He severely wounded himself to Goku's horror, and shoots a beam of light out of his mouth and into Goku's: the two switch bodies. Ginyu, as Goku, then flies back towards Frieza's spaceship, leaving Goku in Ginyu's thrashed body behind.

72
58
"Come Forth, Super Shen Long!! Grant Me My Wish" / "Calling the Eternal Dragon"
"Ide yo Sūpā Shenron!! Boku no Negai o Kanaetamae" (出でよ超神龍!!ボクの願いをかなえたまえ)
December 19, 1990
September 16, 1999

Krillin and Gohan arrive at Frieza's spaceship and locate the Dragon Balls, unaware that Vegeta is not far away. As the two try to figure out what the password is, Jeice and Captain Ginyu, in Goku's body, arrive as well. The disguised Ginyu tries to trick Krillin into believing that he is Goku. Gohan, however, realizes that it is not the real Goku. Goku, in Captain Ginyu's destroyed body, arrives, and tells Krillin and Gohan what happened. Now it is up to Gohan and Krillin to defeat Captain Ginyu.

73
59
"That Ain't Me! Gohan, Don't Lose Your Nerve, Hit Your Father!!" / "Gohan- Defeat Your Dad!"
"Yatsu wa Ora ja Nē! Gohan Bibiru na Chichi o Ute!!" (奴はオラじゃネェ！悟飯びびるな父を撃て!!)
January 9, 1991
September 17, 1999

Ginyu tries to power up with Goku's body, but it turns out what Goku's right, was that he can't reach its full potential, because he doesn't know how to unite body and mind. But even at a relatively low power, he can still overpower both Krillin and Gohan. Vegeta arrives, and begins to fight Jeice. Having recovered from severe injury, Vegeta has greatly increased his power, and easily overpowers and kills Jeice.

74
60
"Whoops!! Ginyu Has Turned Into a Frog" / "Captain Ginyu... The Frog"
"Daigosan!! Ginyū ga Kaeru ni Natchatta" (大誤算!!ギニューがカエルになっちゃった)
January 16, 1991
September 20, 1999

Realizing that he's no match for the renewed Vegeta, Captain Ginyu decides to use his body-switching trick on him. Once again, he lets his body get thrashed, so his opponent will be very weak after the switch. Just as Captain Ginyu uses the trick, Goku recognizes the move and intercepts the light beam, switching back into his old body. Back in his broken body, Captain Ginyu tries to switch with Vegeta again. Goku throws a frog to intercept the transfer. The frog, in Ginyu's body, hops into the water, while Ginyu, in the frog's body, flees. With the Ginyu Force defeated, Goku recovers in an isolation chamber in Frieza's spaceship. Vegeta finds two pairs of Saiyan armor for Krillin and Gohan to wear in their upcoming fight with Frieza.

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document_title: High School Musical 3: Senior Year

question_text: where does high school musical 3 take place

text: High School Musical 3: Senior Year

text: Plot[edit]

text: This film's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The movie begins with the Wildcats trailing the West High Knights, with the Wildcats entering the locker room for the final half feeling bitter. Team captain Troy rallies the team's spirit ("Now or Never") and, with the help of new transfer Jimmie "Rocket-man" Zara, the Wildcats win the championship game which is the last one for the seniors on the squad at East High. Later, at Troy's after-match party at his house, Troy and Gabriella are seen thinking about their future and wishing that their last few months at East High would not end ("Right Here, Right Now").

text: Sharpay meets Tiara Gold, a British exchange student whom she hires to be her personal assistant. When drama teacher Ms. Darbus notices that there were so few sign-ups for the spring musical, Sharpay suggests she could do a one-woman show. This alarms Kelsi, who is writing the show, so she immediately signs up everyone in their homeroom for it instead. This results in Ms. Darbus announcing they will create a play about their final days at East High, called Senior Year. In addition, she reveals that Sharpay, Ryan, Kelsi, and Troy have all been considered for a scholarship at Juilliard School, but only one of them is to be chosen. Troy is confused because he did not apply to Juilliard. Seeing his friends laughing, he believes they gave his name to Juilliard. Sharpay becomes desperate to win the scholarship, and knowing that Kelsi will give the best songs to Troy and Gabriella in the musical, she gets Ryan to try to persuade Kelsi to give them a song, by predicting her (and Ryan's) future ("I Want It All").

text: The very next day, Troy asks Gabriella to the dance while on the rooftop (seen previously in the first film as The Garden Club, a place where Troy goes seeking some quiet). She then teaches him how to waltz ("Can I Have This Dance?"). After that, Troy and Chad steal Jimmie and Donnie's clothes, thus leading through a big chase and Ms. Darbus forced them to volunteer as understudies. Chad then asks Taylor to go to prom with him with a cheesy pick-up line. She initially refuses, but later relents when Chad proves he can put in some effort and asks again in front of everyone in school. The group rehearses for the musical, a scene about their prom night ("A Night to Remember"). The next day, Ryan walks in on Kelsi composing in the music room and they start to sing ("Just Wanna Be with You") which leads to Ryan asking Kelsi to prom. While Troy and Chad reminisce about their past ("The Boys Are Back"), Tiara overhears Gabriella and Taylor's conversation about the Stanford Freshman's Honors Program and informs Sharpay about it, while Sharpay convinces Troy that he is the only thing keeping Gabriella from her dream. Troy talks to Gabriella about this and after sharing an awkward goodnight, Gabriella sings ("Walk Away") and leaves for college the next day.

text: Troy's father, Jack, talks to him about his academic future, which he expects will be in the University of Albuquerque. This assumption makes Troy become angry and confused about which college he is going to, and he runs away, storming around East High bewildered until he finally screams at the top of his lungs in the theater ("Scream"). Ms. Darbus is secretly watching and reveals that she sent in his application for Juilliard. Troy later gets a call from Gabriella saying that although she loves him, she will not return to Albuquerque for prom or graduation. However, on the day of the prom, Troy visits Gabriella at Stanford University and convinces her to return and they kiss during the lunch break ("Can I Have This Dance? (Reprise)"). Back at East High, Sharpay is prepared for the last musical at East High and Troy's fellow basketball player Jimmie receives a text from Troy to tell him to cover for him onstage because he is going to be late. The Juilliard representatives are there, and watch as the show seems to go well.

text: Kelsi and Ryan start out the show followed by a couple other numbers; Jimmie then performs with Sharpay and embarrasses her, although the audience applauds the performance. Troy and Gabriella appear during the second half of the show and sing their duet together. Tiara then betrays Sharpay and tells her how she is going to take over next year in the drama department. Sharpay finally learns how it feels to be manipulated and humiliated, but nevertheless does not wish to go down. While Tiara performs, Sharpay immediately crashes her performance and upstages her ("Senior Year Spring Musical").

text: At the end of the musical, Ms. Darbus reveals that both Kelsi and Ryan have won the Juilliard scholarship and tells about everyone's future plans, in which Troy reveals he's chosen University of California, Berkeley so he can be close to Gabriella where he can play basketball and perform in theater ("We're All in This Together" [Graduation Mix]).

text: At the graduation ceremony, Troy gives the class speech after being selected by Ms. Darbus. Throwing their caps in the air, the graduates form a giant "wildcat" before breaking out into song and dance ("High School Musical"). As the film ends, the graduates run across the field, the curtain falls, and they appear on the East High stage. The main cast performs the song, "High School Musical", before jumping and bowing when the curtain falls.

text: Cast and Supporting Characters[edit]

text:
Zac Efron as Troy Bolton, the basketball team captain, the leader of the group and Gabriella's boyfriend.
Vanessa Hudgens as Gabriella Montez, an intelligent honor student and Troy's girlfriend.
Lucas Grabeel as Ryan Evans, an aspiring choreographer, Sharpay's twin brother and Kelsi's love interest.
Ashley Tisdale as Sharpay Evans, a glamorous ambitious teen, but conniving, diva, Ryan's twin sister, East High's Drama Club president and Zeke's love interest.
Corbin Bleu as Chad Danforth, one of Troy's teammates, a fellow basketball player and Taylor's love interest.
Monique Coleman as Taylor McKessie, one of Gabriella's best friends, East High's class president/year book editor and Chad's love interest.
Bart Johnson as Jack Bolton, Troy's father, Lucille's husband and the coach of the East High Wildcats.
Alyson Reed as Ms. Darbus, the stern drama teacher at East High.
Olesya Rulin as Kelsi Nielsen, one of Gabriella's best friends, a pianist, composer and Ryan's love interest.
Chris Warren, Jr. as Zeke Baylor, one of Troy's teammates and Sharpay's love interest.
Ryne Sanborn as Jason Cross, one of Troy's teammates and Martha's love interest.
Kaycee Stroh as Martha Cox, one of Gabriella's best friends, a cheerleader, a dancer and Jason's love interest.
Leslie Wing Pomeroy as Lucille Bolton, Troy's mother and Jack's wife.
Socorro Herrera as Lisa Montez, Gabriella's mother.
Joey Miyashima as Dave Matsui, a principal at East High.
Stan Ellsworth as Mr. Riley.
Jemma McKenzie-Brown as Tiara Gold, a freshman British exchange student who becomes Sharpay's assistant.
Matt Prokop as Jimmie "Rocket Man" Zara, a freshman basketball player who idolizes Troy.
Justin Martin as Donnie Dion, a freshman basketball player who idolizes Chad.
Robert Curtis Brown as Vance Evans, Sharpay and Ryan's father.
Jessica Tuck as Darby Evans, Sharpay and Ryan's mother.
David Reivers (Corbin Bleu's father) as Charlie Danforth, Chad's father.
Yolanda Wood as Jenny Danforth, Chad's mother.
Dave Fox as Coach Kellogg.
Jeremy Banks as Stagehand.
Todd Snyder as Mr. Juilliard.
Tara Starling as Ms. Juilliard.
Manly "Little Pickles" Ortega as Boi Evans, Sharpay's pet dog.
Nickola Clark as a Dancer.
Audra Griffis as another Dancer.
Hefa Leone Tuita as another Dancer.
Taylour Paige as another Dancer.
Kelli Baker as another Dancer.
Chris Owens as another Dancer.
Skyler Johnson as another Dancer.
Lisa Benson as another Dancer.
Bayli Baker as a Principal Dancer.
Britt Stewart as another Principal Dancer.
Haylee Roderick as another Principal Dancer.
Jaimie Goodwin as another Principal Dancer.
Mollee Gray as another Principal Dancer.
Charles Klapow as another Principal Dancer.

tag: ul

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
Song
Lead Singers
Scene
Notes

"Now or Never"
Troy, Gabriella, Chad, Kelsi, Martha, Zeke and Jason
East High gym
The championship game

"Right Here, Right Now"
Troy and Gabriella
Troy's Treehouse
After-party at Bolton residence

"I Want It All"
Sharpay and Ryan
East High cafeteria
Sharpay and Ryan's fantasy sequence

"Can I Have This Dance?"
Troy and Gabriella
Rooftop garden of East High
Gabriella teaching Troy the waltz

"A Night to Remember"
Troy, Gabriella, Ryan, Sharpay, Chad, Taylor, Jason, Zeke, Martha, Kelsi, Jimmie, Donnie & Tiara
East High Auditorium
Rehearsal for musical number

"Just Wanna Be with You"
Ryan, Kelsi, Troy and Gabriella
East High Auditorium/East High Music Room
A declaration of friendship that survives against all odds

"The Boys Are Back"
Troy and Chad
Riley's Auto Salvage Junkyard
Troy and Chad reliving childhood memories/finding out what they want to be in life

"Right Here, Right Now" (Reprise)
Troy and Gabriella
Gabriella's house/Troy's treehouse
Emotional reprise of "Right Here, Right Now"; Troy and Gabriella worrying about how far away they'll be from each other (Only on extended version)

"Walk Away"
Gabriella
Gabriella's house
Gabriella's move to Stanford University

"Scream"
Troy
Throughout East High
Troy's confusion about his future after Gabriella leaves

"Can I Have This Dance?" (Reprise)
Troy and Gabriella
Stanford University/East High Auditorium
Troy convincing Gabriella to come back for the musical and graduation

"Senior Year Spring Musical"
Troy, Gabriella, Ryan, Sharpay, Chad, Kelsi, Jason, Zeke, Martha, Jimmie and Tiara
East High Auditorium (The Spring Musical performance)
Featuring:
"Last Chance" (Kelsi and Ryan)
"Now or Never (Reprise)" (Martha, Chad, Zeke and Jason)
"I Want it All (Reprise)" (Ryan)
"Just Wanna Be with You (Reprise)" (Sharpay, Jimmie, Troy and Gabriella)
"A Night to Remember (Reprise)" (Sharpay & Tiara)

"We're All in This Together
(Graduation Mix)"
Troy, Gabriella, Ryan, Sharpay, Chad, Taylor, Kelsi, Martha, Zeke, Jason, Jimmie, Donnie and Tiara (on soundtrack); Choir (in film)
East High auditorium/graduation ceremony on the East High Football Field
A slower, graduation-tuned reprise from the first installment

"High School Musical"
Troy, Gabriella, Ryan, Sharpay, Chad, Taylor, Kelsi, Martha, Zeke, Jason, Jimmie, Donnie & Tiara
Graduation Ceremony on the East High Football Field
The trilogy finale

"Just Getting Started"
Stan Carrizosa
End credits of High School Musical 3: Senior Year
Just because we reach the end of High School Musical 3: Senior Year doesn't mean the cast won't be returning and High School Musical Movies are ending. They can go on forever. The cast will still be coming back to East High after graduation.

text: Production[edit]

text: According to the Salt Lake City Tribune, "...to help lure the production back to where it all began – at Salt Lake City's East High School – the GOED board Friday approved a maximum $2 million incentive for the production, the largest ever given to entice a filmmaker to Utah."[3]

text: Principal photography began on May 3, 2008; the 41 days scheduled for shooting was a longer period than for the first two films.[4]

text: Stan Carrizosa, the winner of ABC's summer reality show, High School Musical: Get in the Picture appears in a music video "Just Getting Started" that is shown over the end credits of the theatrical release of the film.[5] The show's other 11 finalists were featured in the music video as well.

text: Development[edit]

text: Zac Efron was quoted in People Magazine as saying, "I can tell you that if the script is good and if we all agree on a final script, then there's nothing that is going to hold us back from doing it. We have fun making these movies and that's very rare in this business."[6] Rumors persisted of ongoing salary disputes between Disney and the lead performers, particularly Efron. According to Rachel Abramowitz, as reported online by the Chicago Tribune, "an eclectic cross-section of Hollywood insiders think Efron should get a cool $5 million for High School Musical 3, the theatrical version of the franchise, which Disney hoped to make before the Writers Guild strike and Screen Actors Guild strike shut down Hollywood for several months. Efron declined to comment for the article, and although contract negotiations still are ongoing, sources say Efron is being offered a salary closer to $3 million, not $5 million, for the follow-up, which focuses on senior year at East High. Whatever the price, he's still perceived as a steal."[7] The movie was originally titled " Haunted High School Musical " with plans of a Halloween theme but was later scrapped.[8]

text: Ortega stated that pre-production would most likely start in January 2008. Filming began May 3, 2008, at East High School in Salt Lake City, Utah. He stated that the script had been submitted before the writers' strike started and that they were developing music. He added that filming will happen in Salt Lake City, Utah (as the first two films), hinted that the plot will be something of the nature of the Wildcat's final year in High School and stated, "it looks like we've rounded up the cast."[9][10]

text: Before filming began, the HSM3 board and cast held a press conference at East High School announcing the start of filming. The film would be released in theaters (in the United States) on October 24, 2008, though the film was to open in several countries including the UK at least one week earlier. The film had a $11 million budget and a 40-day shooting period. The film was said at the time to be the final installment with the current cast. The London premiere was the biggest London premiere of all time.[11]

text: Vanessa Hudgens photo controversy[edit]

text: Despite early speculation that Vanessa Hudgens would be dropped from the film due to her nude photo scandal, The Walt Disney Company denied the reports, saying, "Vanessa has apologized for what was obviously a lapse in judgment. We hope she's learned a valuable lesson."[12][13][14]

text: Release[edit]

text: Sing-along version[edit]

text: On November 7, 2008, High School Musical 3: Senior Year: The Sing-Along Edition with lyrics highlighted on the screen was released in selected theaters. The sing along version was released on May 21, 2011.[15]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: High School Musical 3: Senior Year received generally mixed to positive reviews from critics.[16] On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 65%, based on 121 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "It won't win many converts, but High School Musical 3 is bright, energetic, and well-crafted." The site also gave it a Golden Tomato for best musical film of 2008.[17] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score, the film has a score of 57 out of 100, based on 26 critics, "mixed or average reviews".[18]

text: The Telegraph praised the changes brought about by the higher budget of a theatrical release: "High School Musical 3 uses its bigger budget to inject colour, scale, and visual depth. The opening basketball game alone is dizzying as the camera swoops high and wide before a winning point makes the crowd erupt".[19]

text: Stephen Farber, for Reuters UK, says the film "will please fan base but won't win converts", as the story "never really does kick in" and that "the picture quickly grows tedious",[20] while MSNBC's Alonso Duralde describes it as "a stitched-together Frankenstein monster of an entertainment, featuring major components that were already trotted out the first two times."[21]

text: Peter Johnson of The Guardian describes the film as so bland that it "makes cellophane taste like chicken jalfrezi", and says that "the sheer squeaky-cleanness of everything is creepy, and when the characters are called upon to dance, they do so with robotic efficiency, and sing in that decaffeinated high vibrato, like 21st-century Hollywood castrati."[22]

text: Entertainment Weekly, on the other hand, was very positive towards the film, praising the stars' energy: "the beauty of Efron's performance is that he's a vibrant athletic hoofer who leaps and clowns with the heartthrob vigor of a young Erika Casanova, yet he's also achingly sincere. His fast-break alertness makes him the most empathetic of teen idols; he's like a David Cassidy who knows how to act, and who can swoon without getting too moist about it. Apart from Efron, the breakout star is Ashley Tisdale, whose Sharpay makes narcissism a goofy, bedazzled pleasure."[23]

text: MovieGuide has also favorably reviewed the film, strongly recommending it for the family as "fun, clean and full of energy" and describing it as "thin on plot" yet nevertheless "a phenomenon."[24]

text: The BBC film critic Mark Kermode loved the film and said it was in his top 5 films for the year, and named Tisdale the "Best Supporting Actress" of 2008.

text: The Fort Worth Star-Telegram stated that the latest installment was "critic-proof" and "everything fans could hope for and more." They go on to say that "the kids finally look like true performers rather than Disney Channel mainstays desperately trying to remain relevant, and they deserve the lucrative careers that lie ahead" and gave the film a rating of four out of five stars. The film was also well received in the UK.[25] Hudgens was recognized as Favorite Movie Actress at Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Awards, Efron was voted Best Male Performance at the 2009 MTV awards and Choice Actor: Music/Dance at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards and Tisdale was voted Breakthrough Performance Female at the 2009 MTV Movie awards and Best Supporting Actress at the 2009 UK Kermode Awards.

text: International release[edit]

text:
Country
Title
Theatrical release
TV release

 United States
High School Musical 3: Senior Year
October 24, 2008
April 4, 2010

 Canada

 Brazil
High School Musical 3: Ano da Formatura
March 13, 2011

 Argentina
High School Musical 3: La Graduación
October 23, 2008

 Colombia
October 24, 2008

 Uruguay
October 21, 2008

 Venezuela
October 28, 2008

 Peru
October 30, 2008

 Mexico
 Ecuador
 Guatemala
 Belize
 El Salvador
 Nicaragua
 Honduras
 Panama
 Costa Rica
October 31, 2008

 France
High School Musical 3 : Nos années lycée
October 22, 2008
October 31, 2011

 United Kingdom
 Ireland
High School Musical 3: Senior Year
October 24, 2008
December 4, 2009

 Turkey
High School Musical 3: Yıldızlar Takımı
November 14, 2008
July 23, 2011

 Germany
High School Musical 3: Senior Year
October 23, 2008

 Spain
High School Musical 3: Fin de Curso
October 24, 2008
November 16, 2012

 Italy
High School Musical 3: Senior Year
October 31, 2008

 Belgium

October 29, 2008

  Switzerland

October 22, 2008

 Indonesia
High School Musical 3: Senior Year
October 29, 2008
September 19, 2012

 Singapore
October 24, 2008

 Vietnam
Nhạc Kịch Trung Học 3: Năm Cuối Cấp
November 20, 2008

 India
High School Musical 3: Senior Year
December 19, 2008
October 18, 2009

 Thailand
January 22, 2009
September 19, 2012

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened with $16 million on Friday for the biggest opening day for a musical film of all time until the record was topped in 2012 by Les Miserables ($18.1 million).[26] It also debuted at the #1 spot (beating out Saw V in box office earnings) with an opening weekend of over $42,030,184 in the United States and breaking the record, previously held by Enchanted, for the biggest opening ever for a movie musical.[27] This record would later be broken by Pitch Perfect 2 in 2015 ($69.2 million).[28] The film also opened at #1 overseas, with an international opening of $42,622,505. High School Musical 3: Senior Year grossed $90,559,416 in North America and $162,349,761 in other territories leading to a worldwide total of $252,909,177,[2] which was above even Disney's expectations.[citation needed]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result

2008
CMA Wild and Young Awards
Best Actor International
(Zac Efron)
Won

Most Popular Celebrity International
(Zac Efron)
Won

Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards
Best Live Action Family Film
Won

2009
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Top Box Office Film
(Andy Dodd, David Nessim Lawrence, Adam Anders, Antonina Armato, Matthew Gerrard, Robbie Nevil, Nikki Anders, Jamie Houston, Adam Watts, Theodore Thomas, Theron Thomas and Timothy Thomas)
Won

BAFTA Awards
BAFTA Kids' Vote – Feature Film[29]
Nominated

Golden Reel Award
Best Sound Editing – Music in a Musical Feature Film
(Tanya Noel Hill and Charles Martin Inouye)
Nominated

MTV Movie Awards
Best Male Performance
(Zac Efron)
Won

Breakthrough Performance Female
(Ashley Tisdale)
Won

Best Movie
Nominated

Breakthrough Performance Female
(Vanessa Hudgens)
Nominated

Best Kiss
(Vanessa Hudgens & Zac Efron)
Nominated

National Association of Latino Independent Producers
Outstanding Achievement Award
(Kenny Ortega)
Won

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Movie
Won

Favorite Actress
(Vanessa Hudgens)
Won

Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards
Fave Movie Star
(Zac Efron)
Nominated

UK Kermode Awards
Best Supporting Actress
(Ashley Tisdale)
Won

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie Actor: Music/Dance
(Zac Efron)
Won

Choice Movie: Music/Dance
Won

Choice Movie Actress: Music/Dance
(Vanessa Hudgens)
Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Music/Dance
(Ashley Tisdale)
Nominated

Choice Movie Liplock
(Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens)
Nominated

Choice Movie Actor: Music/Dance
(Corbin Bleu)
Nominated

Choice Music: Soundtrack
(High School Musical 3: Senior Year (soundtrack))
Nominated

Young Artist Award
Jackie Coogan Award – Contribution to Youth
(Kenny Ortega)
Won

text: Home media[edit]

text: High School Musical 3: Senior Year was released in Region 1 DVD and Blu-ray on February 17, 2009,[30] in Region 2 DVD on February 16, 2009[31] and in Region 3 DVD on February 24, 2009.[32] The DVD was released in single- and two-disc editions.[33]

text: In Region 2, the single-disc edition DVD featured most of the two-disc edition bonus features such as bloopers, deleted scenes, extended version of the film, sing-along and cast goodbyes.[34] In Region 3, only the single-disc edition DVD was released with all of the two-disc bonus features as well the extended edition of the film. In the Philippines, it was released on February 25, 2009. The Region 4 DVD was released on April 8, 2009. As of November 1, 2009, the DVD has sold over 23 million copies and generated over $200 million in sales revenue.[35]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On March 2, 2016, 10 years after the first High School Musical movie, Disney announced that there would be a fourth High School Musical film. Casting calls for actors to audition as new characters are underway but there hasn't been a release date for the film as of yet.[36]

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: The film premiered on Disney Channel before the series premiere of Good Luck Charlie. The premiere on Disney Channel US brought 4 million viewers.[37]

text: International release[edit]

text: The film premiered on Disney Channel India on 18 October 2009 and on 5 December 2009 in Disney Channel Asia. On 4 December 2009, for one night only, it premiered on Disney Cinemagic, and it premiered on Disney Channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland in January/February 2010. It premiered on 12 December 2009 on Disney Channel New Zealand/Australia. And 16 March 2011 in Latin America. It premiered in France on 31 October 2011 on M6.


document_title: Shot clock

question_text: when was the 24 second shot clock introduced

text: Shot clock

text: History[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The NBA (National Basketball Association) had problems attracting fans (and positive media coverage) before the shot clock's inception.[2] This was due to teams running out the clock once they were leading in a game; without the shot clock, teams passed the ball nearly endlessly without penalty. If one team chose to stall, the other team (especially if behind) would often commit fouls to get the ball back following the free throw. Very low-scoring games with many fouls were common, which bored fans. The most extreme case occurred on November 22, 1950, when the Fort Wayne Pistons defeated the Minneapolis Lakers by a record-low score of 19–18, including 3–1 in the fourth quarter.[3] The Pistons held the ball for minutes at a time without shooting (they attempted 13 shots for the game) in order to limit the impact of the Lakers' dominant George Mikan. The Pistons' performance led the St. Paul Dispatch to write "[The Pistons] gave pro basketball a great black eye."[4] NBA President Maurice Podoloff said, "In our game, with the number of stars we have, we of necessity run up big scores."[5] A few weeks after the Pistons/Lakers game, the Rochester Royals and Indianapolis Olympians played a six-overtime game with only one shot in each overtime - in each overtime period, the team who had the ball first held the ball for the entirety of the period before attempting a last-second shot. The NBA tried several rule changes in the early 1950s to speed up the game and reduce fouls before eventually adopting the shot clock.

text: Creation[edit]

text: The shot clock first came to use in 1954 in Syracuse, New York, where Syracuse Nationals (now the Philadelphia 76ers) owner Danny Biasone and general manager Leo Ferris experimented using a 24-second version during a scrimmage game.[6] According to Biasone, "I looked at the box scores from the games I enjoyed, games where they didn't screw around and stall. I noticed each team took about 60 shots. That meant 120 shots per game. So I took 2,880 seconds (48 minutes) and divided that by 120 shots. The result was 24 seconds per shot."[3][7] Biasone and Ferris then convinced the NBA to adopt it for the 1954–55 season, a season in which the Nationals won the NBA Championship.

text: Syracuse Nationals General Manager Leo Ferris has emerged in the discussion as one of those involved in the creation and development of the shot clock. Along with Danny Biasone and Emil Barboni, a scout for the Nats, Leo Ferris was a key figure in developing the 24-second clock.[8] Jack Andrews, longtime basketball writer for The Syracuse Post-Standard, often recalled how Ferris would sit at Danny Biasone's Eastwood bowling alley, scribbling potential shot clock formulas onto a napkin.[9] Ferris, who loved mathematics, ended up dividing the number of seconds in a 48-minute game (2,880) by the average number of shots taken in a game (120) to get to the 24-second time limit per possession.[10] While he and Biasone often share in the credit for the shot clock, it was Ferris who was singled out by business manager Bob Sexton at the 1954 team banquet for pushing the shot clock rule.

text: Use and reaction[edit]

text: When it was first introduced by the NBA, the 24-second shot clock made players so nervous that it hardly came into play, as players were taking fewer than 20 seconds to shoot. According to Syracuse star Dolph Schayes, "We thought we had to take quick shots – a pass and a shot was it – maybe 8–10 seconds... But as the game went on, we saw the inherent genius in Danny's 24 seconds – you could work the ball around [the offensive zone] for a good shot."[7]

text: The shot clock, together with some rule changes concerning fouls, revolutionized NBA basketball. In the last pre-clock season (1953–54), teams averaged 79 points per game; in the first year with the clock (1954–55), the average was 93 points,[3] which went up to 107 points by its fourth year in use (1957–58).[11] The advent of the shot clock (and the resulting increase in scoring) coincided with an increase in attendance, which increased 40% within a few years to an average of 4,800 per game.[12]

text: The shot clock received near-universal praise for its role in improving the style of play in the NBA. Coach and referee Charley Eckman said, "Danny Biasone saved the NBA with the 24-second rule."[13] Boston Celtic all-star Bob Cousy said, "Before the new rule, the last quarter could be deadly. The team in front would hold the ball indefinitely, and the only way you could get it was by fouling somebody. In the meantime, nobody dared take a shot and the whole game slowed up. With the clock, we have constant action. I think it saved the NBA at that time. It allowed the game to breathe and progress."[14] League president Maurice Podoloff called the adoption of the shot clock "the most important event in the NBA."[3] The league itself states, "Biasone's invention rescue[d] the league."[13]

text: Adoption by other leagues[edit]

text: Two later pro leagues that rivaled the NBA adopted a modified version of the shot clock. The American Basketball League used a 30-second shot clock for its two years in existence (1961–1963). The American Basketball Association also adopted a 30-second clock when it launched in 1967–68, switching to the NBA's 24-second length for its final season (1975–76).

text: In the 1969–70 season, women's collegiate basketball (at the time sanctioned by the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women) used a 30-second shot clock on an experimental basis, officially adopting it for the 1970–71 season.[15] Unlike the women's side, there was initial resistance to the implementation of a shot clock for men's NCAA basketball, due to fears that smaller colleges would be unable to compete with powerhouses in a running game. However, after extreme results like an 11–6 Tennessee win over Temple in 1973, support for a men's shot clock began to build.[16] The NCAA introduced a 45-second shot clock for the men's game in the 1985–86 season, reducing it to 35 seconds in the 1993–94 season[17] and 30 seconds in the 2015–16 season.[18] The NAIA also reduced the shot clock to 30 seconds for men's basketball starting in 2015–16.[19]

text: From its inception in 1975, the Philippine Basketball Association adopted a 25-second shot clock. This was because the shot clocks then installed at the league's main venues, the Araneta Coliseum and Rizal Memorial Coliseum (the latter no longer used by the league), could only be set at 5-second intervals. The league later adopted a 24-second clock starting from the 1995 season. The Metropolitan Basketball Association in the Philippines used the 23-second clock from its maiden season in 1998. In Filipino college basketball, the NCAA Basketball Championship (Philippines) and the UAAP Basketball Championship adopted a 30-second clock; they switched to 24 seconds starting with the 2001–02 season, the first season to start after the FIBA rule change in 2001.

text: Operation[edit]

text: In the NBA (since 1954), Women's National Basketball Association (since 2006), and FIBA play (since 2000; 30-second from 1956 to 2000), the shot clock counts down 24 seconds, thus often being called the "24-second clock." If a shot is attempted and hits or enters the rim, or if the defensive team gains possession via a rebound, steal, or out-of-bounds play, the shot clock resets. Failure by the offense to attempt a shot that hits the rim within the prescribed time results in a "shot clock violation" and a loss of possession to the other team. Three signals indicate when the shot clock expires—a shot clock signal, illuminated lights on the shot clock (NBA, FIBA, Euroleague, and many venues using an NBA-style transparent shot clock), and in the (W)NBA and FIBA play (starting in July 2018), a yellow LED light strip on the backboard. In the 2011–12 NBA season and 2014–15 Euroleague, the last five seconds of the shot clock were modified to include tenths of a second, allowing offensive players to see precisely how much time they have to shoot and officials to determine any last-second shots easily. The rule has been adopted by FIBA starting in 2018.[20] In the 2016-17 NBA season, a new 'official timekeeper' deal for the NBA with Swiss watch manufacturer Tissot introduced a new united official game clock/shot clock system, putting both timing systems under the same system for the first time.[21] Tissot also became official timekeeper for the WNBA in the 2017 season.

text: Furthermore, the shot clock is not reset on a foul in the frontcourt. Rule changes in the NBA since 1998, and in FIBA after 2010 state the shot clock will be reset only if 13 seconds or fewer are on the shot clock, after which it is reset to 14 seconds.

text: The (W)NBA and Euroleague have different rules on the shot clock reset on jump balls; while both leagues have jump balls retained by the offense are reset to 14 seconds (if 13 seconds or fewer are on the shot clock), in the (W)NBA, if the defence causes the jump ball, the shot clock is not reset if the offense keeps control of the ball unless under 5.0 seconds of time remain, where it is reset to 5.0 seconds.

text: Also in FIBA play, if the offense retains control of a ball following a rebound, the shot clock is reset to 14 seconds.

text: Since the 2015–16 season, all American college basketball uses a 30-second shot clock, while Canadian university basketball uses a 24-second clock. The American women's game has used a 30-second clock since the 1970s, but the men's game did not adopt a shot clock until 1985. The men's limit was originally 45 seconds, and was shortened to 35 seconds in 1993 before going to 30 seconds in 2015. The National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), which sets rules for high school basketball in the U.S., does not mandate the use of a shot clock, instead leaving the choice to use a clock and its duration up to each individual state association. Proposals to adopt a national shot clock for high school basketball have been voted down by the NFHS as recently as 2011.[22] Currently, eight U.S. states require the use of a shot clock of 30/35 seconds in high school competition: California, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Dakota, and Washington.[22]

text:
Organization
Duration

NBA
24 seconds
14 seconds (offensive retains control after fouls)

WNBA

U Sports (Canadian universities)

NCAA, NAIA
30 seconds

United States high school basketball
30/35 seconds (some states only)

FIBA
24 seconds (full-court game)
14 seconds (reset when offense retains ball)
12 seconds (3x3 half-court)[23]

text:
Sport
Organization
Duration

Lacrosse
MLL
60 seconds

NLL
30 seconds

Ringette
N/A
30 seconds

Water polo
FINA
30 seconds

Canoe polo
ICF
60 seconds

Ten-pin bowling
PBA
25 seconds

Korfball
IKF
25 seconds

Snooker
Snooker Shoot-Out
15 seconds (first five minutes)
10 seconds (last five minutes)

Carom billiards
(Three-cushion billiards)
World Championship
European Championship
World Cup
40 seconds[24]
(3 time-outs (40 sec.) possible)

text: Similar rules in basketball[edit]

text: The shot clock and its enforcement is used in concert with the rule that requires an offensive team to advance the ball across half-court and into the offensive zone (or front court) within a referee's count (this rule was first introduced in 1933, predating the shot clock by over 2 decades). In men's college basketball, the offense must advance the ball to the front court within 10 seconds, the same length used by FIBA and the NBA until they adopted an 8-second limit in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Failure by the offense to advance the ball to the front court within the time limit results in a turnover to the other team.

text: Generally, the 10-second (or 8-second) count is independent from the shot clock's operation; in fact, a referee may count the 8 or 10 seconds through a visible motion of his hand or arm. Women's college basketball introduced the 10-second limit in 2013–2014, and provided that officials will not count the ten seconds but "will use the shot clock to determine if a 10-second violation has occurred." As a general reference, it refers to the shot clock reaching 15 (FIBA/[W]NBA; because the NBA shot clock registers tenths in the final five seconds, the violation occurs once the clock registers 15.9 seconds on the console, which is posted as 15 on the clock) or 20 (college) before a violation can be called.[25]


document_title: Pharynx

question_text: the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus is the

text: Pharynx

text: Structure[edit]

text: Nasopharynx[edit]

text: The upper portion of the pharynx, the nasopharynx, extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate.[2] It includes the space between the internal nares and the soft palate and lies above the oral cavity. The adenoids, also known as the pharyngeal tonsils, are lymphoid tissue structures located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. Waldeyer's tonsillar ring is an annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in both the nasopharynx and oropharynx. The nasopharynx is lined by respiratory epithelium that is pseudostratified, columnar, and ciliated.

text: Polyps or mucus can obstruct the nasopharynx, as can congestion due to an upper respiratory infection. The auditory tube, which connect the middle ear to the pharynx, opens into the nasopharynx at the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube. The opening and closing of the auditory tubes serves to equalize the barometric pressure in the middle ear with that of the ambient atmosphere.

text:
The anterior aspect of the nasopharynx communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities. On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane.
Two folds arise from the cartilaginous opening:

text:
the salpingopharyngeal fold, a vertical fold of mucous membrane extending from the inferior part of the torus and containing the salpingopharyngeus muscle
the salpingopalatine fold, a smaller fold, in front of the salpingopharyngeal fold, extending from the superior part of the torus to the palate and containing the levator veli palatini muscle. It also contains some muscle fibres called salpingopalatine muscle[3] The tensor veli palatini is lateral to the levator and does not contribute to the fold, since the origin is deep to the cartilaginous opening.

text: Oropharynx[edit]

text: The oropharynx lies behind the oral cavity, extending from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone. It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch, is the palatine tonsil.[4] The anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and the epiglottic vallecula; the lateral wall is made up of the tonsil, tonsillar fossa, and tonsillar (faucial) pillars; the superior wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula. Because both food and air pass through the pharynx, a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration. The oropharynx is lined by non-keratinised squamous stratified epithelium.

text: The HACEK organisms (Haemophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella) are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly, prefer a carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere, and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections, especially in young children.[5] Fusobacterium is a pathogen.[6]

text: Laryngopharynx[edit]

text: The laryngopharynx, (Latin: pars laryngea pharyngis), also known as hypopharynx, is the caudal part of  pharynx; it is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. It lies inferior to the epiglottis and extends to the location where this common pathway diverges into the respiratory (larynx) and digestive (esophagus) pathways. At that point, the laryngopharynx is continuous with the esophagus posteriorly. The esophagus conducts food and fluids to the stomach; air enters the larynx anteriorly. During swallowing, food has the "right of way", and air passage temporarily stops. Corresponding roughly to the area located between the 4th and 6th cervical vertebrae, the superior boundary of the laryngopharynx is at the level of the hyoid bone. The laryngopharynx includes three major sites: the pyriform sinus, postcricoid area, and the posterior pharyngeal wall. Like the oropharynx above it, the laryngopharynx serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium. It is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus.

text: The vascular supply to the laryngopharynx includes the superior thyroid artery, the lingual artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery. The primary neural supply is from both the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. The vagus nerve provides a branch termed "Arnolds Nerve" which also supplies the external auditory canal, thus laryngopharyngeal cancer can result in referred otalgia. This nerve is also responsible for the ear-cough reflex in which stimulation of the ear canal results in a person coughing.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Inflammation[edit]

text: Inflammation of the pharynx, or pharyngitis, is the painful inflammation of the throat.

text: Pharyngeal cancer[edit]

text: Pharyngeal cancer is a cancer that originates in the neck and/or throat, and can cause serious clinical problems.

text: Waldeyer's tonsillar ring[edit]

text: Waldeyer's tonsillar ring is an anatomical term collectively describing the annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx. Waldeyer's ring circumscribes the naso- and oropharynx, with some of its tonsillar tissue located above and some below the soft palate (and to the back of the oral cavity). It is believed that Waldeyer's ring prevents the invasion of microorganisms from going into the air and food passages and this helps in the defense mechanism of the respiratory and alimentary systems.[7]

text: History[edit]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word pharynx (/ˈfærɪŋks/[8][9]) is derived from the Greek φάρυγξ phárynx, meaning "throat". Its plural form is pharynges /fəˈrɪndʒiːz/ or pharynxes /ˈfærɪŋksəz/, and its adjective form is pharyngeal (/ˌfærɪnˈdʒiːəl/ or /fəˈrɪndʒiəl/).

text: Other animals[edit]

text:
All vertebrates have a pharynx, used in both feeding and respiration. The pharynx arises during development in all vertebrates through a series of six or more outpocketings on the lateral sides of the head. These outpocketings are pharyngeal arches, and they give rise to a number of different structures in the skeletal, muscular and circulatory systems. The structure of the pharynx varies across the vertebrates. It differs in dogs, horses and ruminants. In dogs a single duct connects the nasopharynx to the nasal cavity. The tonsils are a compact mass which point away from the lumen of the pharynx.
In the horse the auditory tube opens into the guttural pouch and the tonsils are diffuse and raised slightly. Horses are unable to breathe through the mouth as the free apex of the rostral epiglottis lies dorsal to the soft palate in a normal horse. In ruminants the tonsils are a compact mass which point towards the lumen of the pharynx.

text: Pharyngeal arches are characteristic features of vertebrates whose origin can be traced back through chordates to basal deuterostomes who also share endodermal outpocketings of the pharyngeal apparatus. Similar patterns of gene expression can be detected in the developing pharynx of amphioxus and hemichordates. However, the vertebrate pharynx is unique in that it gives rise to endoskeletal support through the contribution of neural crest cells.[10]

text: Pharyngeal jaws are a "second set" of jaws contained within the pharynx of many species of  fish, distinct from the primary (oral) jaws. Pharyngeal jaws have been studied in moray eels where their specific action is noted.  When the moray bites prey, it first bites normally with its oral jaws, capturing the prey. Immediately thereafter, the pharyngeal jaws are brought forward and bite down on the prey to grip it; they then retract, pulling the prey down the eel's esophagus, allowing it to be swallowed.[11]

text: Invertebrates[edit]

text: Invertebrates also have a pharynx. Invertebrates with a pharynx include the tardigrades,[12] annelids and arthropods,[13] and the priapulids (which have an eversible pharynx).[14]

text: The "pharynx" of the nematode worm is a muscular food pump in the head, triangular in cross-section, that grinds food and transports it directly to the intestines. A one-way valve connects the pharynx to the excretory canal.

text:
Everted pharynx of Alitta virens (also known as Nereis virens), lateral view

Pharynx of the flatworm Prorhynchus fontinalis

Pharynx of the flatworm Platydemus manokwari visible as the worm feeds on a snail.

Longitudinal section through the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans showing the position of the pharynx in the animal body.

Microscopic cross section through the pharynx of a larva from an unknown lamprey species.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Nose and nasal

Coronal section of right ear, showing auditory tube and  levator veli palatini muscle.

The entrance to the larynx, viewed from behind

Deep dissection of human larynx, pharynx and tongue seen from behind

The nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx or larynx can be seen clearly in this sagittal section of the head and neck.


document_title: Period 4 element

question_text: what is the name of the 4th halogen

question_tokens: what is the name of the 4th halogen

text: Period 4 element

text: Properties[edit]

text: Every single one of these elements is stable,[1] and many are extremely common in the earth's crust and/or core; it is the last period with no unstable elements at all. Many of the transition metals in period 4 are incredibly strong, and therefore commonly used in industry, especially iron. Copper is one of three metals that are not silver or gray in color, along with caesium and gold. Three adjacent elements are known to be toxic, with arsenic one of the most well-known poisons, selenium being toxic to humans in large quantities, and bromine, a very toxic liquid. Many elements are essential to humans' survival, such as calcium being what forms bones.[2]

text: Periodic trends[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2012)

text: List of elements[edit]

text:
Chemical element
Chemical series
Electron configuration

19
K
Potassium
Alkali metal
[Ar] 4s1

20
Ca
Calcium
Alkaline earth metal
[Ar] 4s2

21
Sc
Scandium
Transition metal
[Ar] 3d1 4s2

22
Ti
Titanium
Transition metal
[Ar] 3d2 4s2

23
V
Vanadium
Transition metal
[Ar] 3d3 4s2

24
Cr
Chromium
Transition metal
[Ar] 3d5 4s1 (*)

25
Mn
Manganese
Transition metal
[Ar] 3d5 4s2

26
Fe
Iron
Transition metal
[Ar] 3d6 4s2

27
Co
Cobalt
Transition metal
[Ar] 3d7 4s2

28
Ni
Nickel
Transition metal
[Ar] 3d8 4s2

29
Cu
Copper
Transition metal
[Ar] 3d10 4s1 (*)

30
Zn
Zinc
Post-transition metal
[Ar] 3d10 4s2

31
Ga
Gallium
Post-transition metal
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1

32
Ge
Germanium
Metalloid
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2

33
As
Arsenic
Metalloid
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3

34
Se
Selenium
Polyatomic nonmetal
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4

35
Br
Bromine
Diatomic nonmetal
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5

36
Kr
Krypton
Noble gas
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6

text: (*) Exception to the Madelung rule

text:
Legend for the background color

v
t
e

Background color shows subcategory in the metal–metalloid–nonmetal trend:

Metal
Metalloid
Nonmetal
Unknown
chemical
properties

Alkali metal
Alkaline earth metal
Lanthanide
Actinide
Transition metal
Post-transition metal
Polyatomic nonmetal
Diatomic nonmetal
Noble gas

text: s-block elements[edit]

text: Potassium[edit]

text: Potassium (K) is an alkali metal, placed under sodium and over rubidium, and is the first element of period 4.[3] It is one of the most reactive elements in the periodic table, therefore usually only found in compounds. It tends to oxidize in air very rapidly, thus accounting for its rapid reaction with oxygen when freshly exposed to air. When freshly exposed, it is rather silvery, but it quickly begins to tarnish as it reacts with air. It is soft enough to be cut with a knife and it is the second least dense element.[4] Potassium has a relatively low melting point; it will melt just by putting it under a small open flame.[5] It also is less dense than water, and can, in turn, float.[6]

text: Calcium[edit]

text: Calcium (Ca) is the second element in period 4, between potassium and scandium. An alkali earth metal, calcium is almost never found in nature due to its high reactivity with water.[7] It has one of the most widely known and acknowledged biological roles in all animals and some plants, making up bones and teeth, and used in some applications in cells, such as signals for cellular processeses. It is regarded as the most abundant mineral in the body's mass.[8]

text: d-block elements[edit]

text: Scandium[edit]

text: Scandium (Sc) is the third element in period 4, between calcium and titanium, and is the first transition metal in the periodic table. Scandium is quite common in nature, but difficult to find because it is most prevalent in rare earth compounds, which are difficult to isolate elements from. Scandium has very few commercial applications because of the aforementioned facts, and currently its only major application is in aluminium alloys.

text: Titanium[edit]

text: Titanium (Ti) is an element in period 4, between scandium and vanadium. Titanium is both one of the least dense metals and one of the strongest and most corrosion-resistant, and as such has many applications, especially in alloys with other elements, such as iron. Due to its aforementioned properties, it is commonly used in airplanes, golf clubs, and other objects that must be strong, but lightweight.

text: Vanadium[edit]

text: Vanadium (V) is an element in period 4, between titanium and chromium. Vanadium is never found in pure form in nature, but is commonly found in compounds. Vanadium is similar to titanium in many ways, such as being very corrosion-resistant, however, unlike titanium, it oxidizes in air even at room temperature. All vanadium compounds have at least some level of toxicity, with some of them being extremely toxic.

text: Chromium[edit]

text: Chromium (Cr) is an element in period 4, between vanadium and manganese. Chromium is, like titanium and vanadium before it, extremely resistant to corrosion, and is indeed one of the main components of stainless steel. Chromium also has many colorful compounds, and as such is very commonly used in pigments, such as chrome green.

text: Manganese[edit]

text: Manganese (Mn) is an element in period 4, between chromium and iron. Manganese is often found free in nature, but is also found in combination with iron. Manganese, like chromium before it, is an important component in stainless steel, preventing the iron from rusting. Manganese is also often used in pigments, again like chromium. Manganese is also poisonous; if enough is inhaled, it can cause irreversible neurological damage.

text: Iron[edit]

text: Iron (Fe) is an element in period 4, between manganese and cobalt. Iron is probably the most well-known element in period 4, being the most common element in the earth and a major component of steel. Iron-56 has the lowest energy density of any isotope of any element, meaning that it is the most massive element that can be produced in supergiant stars. Iron also has some applications in the human body; hemoglobin is partly iron.

text: Cobalt[edit]

text: Cobalt (Co) is an element in period 4, between iron and nickel. Cobalt is commonly used in pigments, as many compounds of cobalt are blue in color. Cobalt is also a core component of many magnetic and high-strength alloys. The only stable isotope, cobalt-59, is an important component of vitamin B-12, while cobalt-60 is a component of nuclear fallout and can be dangerous in large enough quantities due to its radioactivity.

text: Nickel[edit]

text: Nickel (Ni) is an element in period 4, between cobalt and copper. Nickel is rare in the earth's crust, mainly due to the fact that it reacts with oxygen in the air, with most of the nickel on earth coming from nickel iron meteorites. However, nickel is incredibly common in the earths core; along with iron it is one of the two main components. Nickel is an important component of stainless steel, and in many superalloys.

text: Copper[edit]

text: Copper (Cu) is an element in period 4, between nickel and zinc. Copper is one of the few metals that is not white or gray in color, the only others being gold and caesium. Copper has been used by humans for thousands of years to provide a reddish tint to many objects, and is even an essential nutrient to humans, although too much is poisonous. Copper is also commonly used as a wood preservative or fungicides.

text: Zinc[edit]

text: Zinc (Zn) is an element in period 4, between copper and gallium. Zinc is one of the main components of brass, being used since the 10th century BCE. Zinc is also incredibly important to humans; almost 2 billion people in the world suffer from zinc deficiency. However, too much zinc can cause copper deficiency. Zinc is often used in batteries, aptly named carbon-zinc batteries, and is important in many platings, as zinc is very corrosion resistant.

text: p-block elements[edit]

text: Gallium[edit]

text: Gallium (Ga) is an element in period 4, between zinc and germanium. Gallium is noteworthy because it has a melting point at about 303 kelvins, right around room temperature. For example, it will be solid on a typical spring day, but will be liquid on a hot summer day. Gallium is an important component in the alloy galinstan, along with tin. Gallium can also be found in semiconductors.

text: Germanium[edit]

text: Germanium (Ge) is an element in period 4, between gallium and arsenic. Germanium, like silicon above it, is an important semiconductor and is commonly used in diodes and transistors, often in combination with arsenic. Germanium is fairly rare on earth, leading to its comparatively late discovery. Germanium, in compounds, can sometimes irritate the eyes, skin, or lungs.

text: Arsenic[edit]

text: Arsenic (As) is an element in period 4, between germanium and selenium. Arsenic, as mentioned above, is often used in semiconductors in alloys with germanium. Arsenic, in pure form and some alloys, is incredibly poisonous to all multicellular life, and as such is a common component in pesticides. Arsenic was also used in some pigments before its toxicity was discovered.

text: Selenium[edit]

text: Selenium (Se) is an element in period 4, between arsenic and bromine. Selenium is the first nonmetal in period 4, with properties similar to sulfur. Selenium is quite rare in pure form in nature, mostly being found in minerals such as pyrite, and even then it is quite rare. Selenium is necessary for humans in trace amounts, but is toxic in larger quantities.

text: Bromine[edit]

text: Bromine (Br) is an element in period 4, between selenium and krypton. Bromine is a halogen, never existing in pure form in nature. Bromine is barely liquid at room temperature, boiling at about 330 kelvins. Bromine is also quite toxic and corrosive, but bromide ions, which are relatively inert, can be found in halite, or table salt. Bromine is often used as a fire retardant because many compounds can be made to release free bromine atoms.

text: Krypton[edit]

text: Krypton (Kr) is a noble gas, placed under argon and over xenon. Being a noble gas, krypton rarely interacts with itself or other elements; although compounds have been detected, they are all unstable and decay rapidly, and as such, krypton is often used in fluorescent lights. Krypton, like most noble gases, is also used in lighting because of its many spectral lines and the aforementioned reasons.

text: Biological role[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2012)