document_title: Protein (nutrient)

question_text: what is the fate of excess intake of dietary protein

root

text: Protein (nutrient)

text: Protein functions in body[edit]

text: Protein is a nutrient needed by the human body for growth and maintenance. Aside from water, proteins are the most abundant kind of molecules in the body. Protein can be found in all cells of the body and is the major structural component of all cells in the body, especially muscle. This also includes body organs, hair and skin. Proteins are also used in membranes, such as glycoproteins. When broken down into amino acids, they are used as precursors to nucleic acid, co-enzymes, hormones, immune response, cellular repair, and other molecules essential for life. Additionally, protein is needed to form blood cells.[1][2]

tag: p

text: Sources[edit]

text: Protein can be found in a wide range of food. The best combination of protein sources depends on the region of the world, access, cost, amino acid types and nutrition balance, as well as acquired tastes. Some foods are high in certain amino acids, but their digestibility and the anti-nutritional factors present in these foods make them of limited value in human nutrition. Therefore, one must consider digestibility and secondary nutrition profile such as calories, cholesterol, vitamins and essential mineral density of the protein source.[8] On a worldwide basis, plant protein foods contribute over 60 percent of the per capita supply of protein, on average. In North America, animal-derived foods contribute about 70 percent of protein sources.[8]

text: Meat, products from milk, eggs, soy, and fish are sources of complete protein.[9]

text: Whole grains and cereals are another source of proteins. However, these tend to be limiting in the amino acid lysine or threonine, which are available in other vegetarian sources and meats. Examples of food staples and cereal sources of protein, each with a concentration greater than 7 percent, are (in no particular order) buckwheat, oats, rye, millet, maize (corn), rice, wheat, sorghum, amaranth, and quinoa.

text: Vegetarian sources of proteins include legumes, nuts, seeds and fruits. Legumes, some of which are called pulses in certain parts of the world, have higher concentrations of amino acids and are more complete sources of protein than whole grains and cereals. Examples of vegetarian foods with protein concentrations greater than 7 percent include soybeans, lentils, kidney beans, white beans, mung beans, chickpeas, cowpeas, lima beans, pigeon peas, lupines, wing beans, almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, pecans, walnuts, cotton seeds, pumpkin seeds, hemp seeds, sesame seeds, and sunflower seeds.[8]

text: Food staples that are poor sources of protein include roots and tubers such as yams, cassava and sweet potato. Plantains, another major staple, are also a poor source of essential amino acids. Fruits, while rich in other essential nutrients, are another poor source of amino acids. The protein content in roots, tubers and fruits is between 0 and 2 percent. Food staples with low protein content must be complemented with foods with complete, quality protein content for a healthy life, particularly in children for proper development.[1][10][11]

text: A good source of protein is often a combination of various foods, because different foods are rich in different amino acids. A good source of dietary protein meets two requirements:[8]

text:
The requirement for the nutritionally indispensable amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine) under all conditions and for conditionally indispensable amino acids (cystine, tyrosine, taurine, glycine, arginine, glutamine, proline) under specific physiological and pathological conditions
The requirement for nonspecific nitrogen for the synthesis of the nutritionally dispensable amino acids (aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, alanine, serine) and other physiologically important nitrogen-containing compounds such as nucleic acids, creatine, and porphyrins.

tag: ul

text: Healthy people eating a balanced diet rarely need protein supplements.[7][8][10]

text: The table below presents the most important food groups as protein sources, from a worldwide perspective. It also lists their respective performance as source of the commonly limiting amino acids, in milligrams of limiting amino acid per gram of total protein in the food source.[10] The table reiterates the need for a balanced mix of foods to ensure adequate amino acid source.[citation needed]

text:
Food source
Lysine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Sulfur-containing
amino acids

Legumes
64
38
12
25

Cereals and whole grains
31
32
12
37

Nuts and seeds
45
36
17
46

Fruits
45
29
11
27

Animal
85
44
12
38

Protein source with highest density of respective amino acid.

Protein source with lowest density of respective amino acid.

text: Protein powders – such as casein, whey, egg, rice and soy – are processed and manufactured sources of protein.[12] These protein powders may provide an additional source of protein for bodybuilders. The type of protein is important in terms of its influence on protein metabolic response and possibly on the muscle's exercise performance. The different physical and/or chemical properties within the various types of protein may affect the rate of protein digestion. As a result, the amino acid availability and the accumulation of tissue protein is altered because of the various protein metabolic responses.[12]

text: Protein quality[edit]

text: The most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from a nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition.[2] There are multiple systems which rate proteins by their usefulness to an organism based on their relative percentage of amino acids and, in some systems, the digestibility of the protein source. They include biological value, net protein utilization, and PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acids Score). Also see complete protein, nitrogen balance and protein combining. The PDCAAS was developed by the FDA as an improvement over the Protein efficiency ratio (PER) method. The PDCAAS rating is a fairly recent evaluation method; it was adopted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) in 1993 as "the preferred 'best'" method to determine protein quality. These organizations have suggested that other methods for evaluating the quality of protein are inferior.[13]

text: Digestion[edit]

text: Most proteins are decomposed to single amino acids by digestion in the gastro-intestinal tract.[14]

text: Digestion typically begins in the stomach when pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid, and continued by trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine.[14] Before the absorption in the small intestine, most proteins are already reduced to single amino acid or peptides of several amino acids. Most peptides longer than four amino acids are not absorbed. Absorption into the intestinal absorptive cells is not the end. There, most of the peptides are broken into single amino acids.

text: Absorption of the amino acids and their derivatives into which dietary protein is degraded is done by the gastrointestinal tract. The absorption rates of individual amino acids are highly dependent on the protein source; for example, the digestibilities of many amino acids in humans, the difference between soy and milk proteins[15] and between individual milk proteins, beta-lactoglobulin and casein.[16] For milk proteins, about 50% of the ingested protein is absorbed between the stomach and the jejunum and 90% is absorbed by the time the digested food reaches the ileum.[17] Biological value (BV) is a measure of the proportion of absorbed protein from a food which becomes incorporated into the proteins of the organism's body.

text: Newborn[edit]

text: Newborns of mammals are exceptional in protein digestion and assimilation in that they can absorb intact proteins at the small intestine. This enables passive immunity, i.e., transfer of immunoglobulins from the mother to the newborn, via milk.[18]

text: Dietary requirements[edit]

text: Considerable debate has taken place regarding issues surrounding protein intake requirements.[19][20] The amount of protein required in a person's diet is determined in large part by overall energy intake, the body's need for nitrogen and essential amino acids, body weight and composition, rate of growth in the individual, physical activity level, individual's energy and carbohydrate intake, as well as the presence of illness or injury.[3][12] Physical activity and exertion as well as enhanced muscular mass increase the need for protein. Requirements are also greater during childhood for growth and development, during pregnancy or when breast-feeding in order to nourish a baby, or when the body needs to recover from malnutrition or trauma or after an operation.[21]

text: If not enough energy is taken in through diet, as in the process of starvation, the body will use protein from the muscle mass to meet its energy needs, leading to muscle wasting over time. If the individual does not consume adequate protein in nutrition, then muscle will also waste as more vital cellular processes (e.g. respiration enzymes, blood cells) recycle muscle protein for their own requirements.[citation needed]

text: According to US & Canadian Dietary Reference Intake guidelines, women aged 19–70 need to consume 46 grams of protein per day, while men aged 19–70 need to consume 56 grams of protein per day to minimize risk of deficiency. These Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) were calculated based on 0.8 grams protein per kilogram body weight and average body weights of 57 kg (126 pounds) and 70 kg (154 pounds) respectively.[2] However, this recommendation is based on structural requirements, but disregards use of protein for energy metabolism.[19] This requirement is for a normal sedentary person.[22] In the United States, average protein consumption is higher than the RDA. According to the most recently published results of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2013-2014) average protein consumption for women ages 20 and older was 69.8 grams and for men 98.3 grams/day.[23]

text: Active people[edit]

text: Several studies have concluded that active people and athletes may require elevated protein intake (compared to 0.8 g/kg) due to increase in muscle mass and sweat losses, as well as need for body repair and energy source.[19][20][22] Suggested amounts vary between 1.6 g/kg and 1.8 g/kg,[20] while a proposed maximum daily protein intake would be approximately 25% of energy requirements i.e. approximately 2 to 2.5 g/kg.[19] However, many questions still remain to be resolved.[20]

text: In addition, some have suggested that athletes using restricted-calorie diets for weight loss should further increase their protein consumption, possibly to 1.8–2.0 g/kg, in order to avoid loss of lean muscle mass.[24]

text: Aerobic exercise protein needs[edit]

text: Endurance athletes differ from strength-building athletes in that endurance athletes do not build as much muscle mass from training as strength-building athletes do.[citation needed] Research suggests that individuals performing endurance activity require more protein intake than sedentary individuals so that muscles broken down during endurance workouts can be repaired.[25] Although the protein requirement for athletes still remains controversial (for instance see Lamont, Nutrition Research Reviews, pages 142 - 149, 2012), research does show that endurance athletes can benefit from increasing protein intake because the type of exercise endurance athletes participate in still alters the protein metabolism pathway. The overall protein requirement increases because of amino acid oxidation in endurance-trained athletes.[25] Endurance athletes who exercise over a long period (2–5 hours per training session) use protein as a source of 5–10% of their total energy expended. Therefore, a slight increase in protein intake may be beneficial to endurance athletes by replacing the protein lost in energy expenditure and protein lost in repairing muscles. Some scientists suggest that endurance athletes may increase daily protein intake to a maximum of 1.2–1.4 g per kg body weight.[12]

text: Anaerobic exercise protein needs[edit]

text: Research also indicates that individuals performing strength-training activity require more protein than sedentary individuals. Strength-training athletes may increase their daily protein intake to a maximum of 1.4–1.8 g per kg body weight to enhance muscle protein synthesis, or to make up for the loss of amino acid oxidation during exercise. Many athletes maintain a high-protein diet as part of their training. In fact, some athletes who specialize in anaerobic sports (e.g., weightlifting) believe a very high level of protein intake is necessary, and so consume high protein meals and also protein supplements.[3][12][25][26]

text: Special populations[edit]

text: Phenylketonuria[edit]

text: Individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) must keep their intake of phenylalanine extremely low to prevent a mental disability and other metabolic complications.

text: Maple syrup urine disease[edit]

text: Maple syrup urine disease is associated with genetic anomalies in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). They have high blood levels of BCAAs and must severely restrict their intake of BCAAs in order to prevent mental retardation and death.[2]

text: Excess consumption[edit]

text: The body is unable to store excess protein. Dietary protein is converted to individual amino acids by the digestive process, which are then absorbed. When amino acids are in excess of needs the liver takes up the amino acids and subjects them to deanimation, a process that converts the nitrogen from the amino acids into ammonia, further processed in the liver into urea via the urea cycle. Excretion of urea is performed by the kidneys. Other parts of the amino acid molecules can be converted into glucose and used for fuel. [22][27][28] When food protein intake is periodically high or low, the body tries to keep protein levels at an equilibrium by using the "labile protein reserve" to compensate for daily variations in protein intake. However, unlike body fat as a reserve for future caloric needs, there is no protein storage for future needs.[2]

text: Research has supported a theory that excessive intake of protein increases calcium excretion in urine, occurring to compensate for the pH imbalance from oxidation of sulfur amino acids. The research is inconclusive as to whether this calcium excretion from bone resorption contributes to osteoporosis. A regular intake of calcium stabilizes this loss. But then another issue arising from over-consumption of protein is a higher risk of kidney stone formation from calcium in the renal circulatory system.[2]

text: An epidemiological study from 2006 has found no relationship between total protein intake and blood pressure; it did, however, find an inverse relationship between vegetable protein intake and blood pressure.[29]

text: Saying they eat too much protein, the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans asked men and teenage boys to increase their consumption of vegetables or other underconsumed foods.[30]

text: Testing in foods[edit]

text: The classic assays for protein concentration in food are the Kjeldahl method and the Dumas method. These tests determine the total nitrogen in a sample. The only major component of most food which contains nitrogen is protein (fat, carbohydrate and dietary fiber do not contain nitrogen). If the amount of nitrogen is multiplied by a factor depending on the kinds of protein expected in the food the total protein can be determined. This value is known as the "crude protein" content. On food labels the protein is given by the nitrogen multiplied by 6.25, because the average nitrogen content of proteins is about 16%. The Kjeldahl test is typically used because it is the method the AOAC International has adopted and is therefore used by many food standards agencies around the world, though the Dumas method is also approved by some standards organizations.[31]

text: Accidental contamination and intentional adulteration of protein meals with non-protein nitrogen sources that inflate crude protein content measurements have been known to occur in the food industry for decades. To ensure food quality, purchasers of protein meals routinely conduct quality control tests designed to detect the most common non-protein nitrogen contaminants, such as urea and ammonium nitrate.[32]

text: In at least one segment of the food industry, the dairy industry, some countries (at least the U.S., Australia, France and Hungary) have adopted "true protein" measurement, as opposed to crude protein measurement, as the standard for payment and testing: "True protein is a measure of only the proteins in milk, whereas crude protein is a measure of all sources of nitrogen and includes nonprotein nitrogen, such as urea, which has no food value to humans. ... Current milk-testing equipment measures peptide bonds, a direct measure of true protein."[33] Measuring peptide bonds in grains has also been put into practice in several countries including Canada, the UK, Australia, Russia and Argentina where near-infrared reflectance (NIR) technology, a type of infrared spectroscopy is used.[34] The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) recommends that only amino acid analysis be used to determine protein in, inter alia, foods used as the sole source of nourishment, such as infant formula, but also provides: "When data on amino acids analyses are not available, determination of protein based on total N content by Kjeldahl (AOAC, 2000) or similar method ... is considered acceptable."[35]

text: The limitations of the Kjeldahl method were at the heart of the Chinese protein export contamination in 2007 and the 2008 China milk scandal in which the industrial chemical melamine was added to the milk or glutens to increase the measured "protein".[36][37]

text: Protein deficiency[edit]

text: Protein deficiency and malnutrition (PEM) can lead to variety of ailments including mental retardation and kwashiorkor.[11] Symptoms of kwashiorkor include apathy, diarrhea, inactivity, failure to grow, flaky skin, fatty liver, and edema of the belly and legs. This edema is explained by the action of lipoxygenase on arachidonic acid to form leukotrienes and the normal functioning of proteins in fluid balance and lipoprotein transport.[39]

text: PEM is fairly common worldwide in both children and adults and accounts for 6 million deaths annually. In the industrialized world, PEM is predominantly seen in hospitals, is associated with disease, or is often found in the elderly.[2]


document_title: Oh Henry!

question_text: who was the o henry candy bar named after

text: Oh Henry!

text: History[edit]

text: According to Nestle's site, Oh Henry! was originally named after a boy who frequented the Williamson company, flirting with the girls who made the candy.[1]

text: In 1923, an employee of Williamson named John Glossinger announced that he was going to make the Oh Henry! bar a national best seller.[citation needed] Company officials said that it was impossible and denied him the funds for an advertising campaign. Glossinger went into the streets and pasted stickers onto automobile bumpers saying merely "Oh Henry!". People became curious as to what an Oh Henry! was, and sales for the bar rose quickly.

text: Nestlé acquired the United States rights to the brand in 1984 and continues to produce the bar.

text: During the 1990s, the Canadian market had humorous TV advertisements showing the protagonist saying "Oh no!" as he searched desperately for an Oh Henry! bar until he found one and ate it, and then ending with an "Oh no!" (standing at the top of a ladder that was about to topple, in another when he realizes that he has no money on him to pay for the bar he just ate).

text: Differences between Nestlé and Hershey versions[edit]

text: In Canada, the bar is currently sold by The Hershey Company and was manufactured at their Smiths Falls, Ontario facilities prior to its closure. Because of Canada's different chocolate standards, the Canadian "Oh Henry!" is not considered a "chocolate bar" and is labeled instead as a "candy bar". The American version labels the bar as "milk chocolate", while the Canadian version contains no milk chocolate at all; it contains a compound chocolate coating. The bars are also different in appearance: the Canadian version is one bar with the fudge in the center, the fudge surrounded with a thin layer of caramel, and the nuts surrounding that layer before it is surrounded in the coating. Hershey sells Oh Henry! bars made in Canada on a very limited basis in the United States as Rally bars, using the trademark of a Hershey product introduced in the 1970s and later discontinued.[2]


document_title: Mormon pioneers

question_text: who took over the mormon leadership and began the westward trek

text: Mormon pioneers

text: Background of the migration[edit]

text: Since its founding in 1830, members of the LDS Church were often harshly treated by their neighbors, partially due to their religious beliefs, sometimes as a reaction against the actions and the words of the LDS Church and its members and leaders. These and other reasons caused the body of the Church to move from one place to another—to Ohio, Missouri, and then to Illinois, where church members built the city of Nauvoo. Sidney Rigdon was the First Counselor in the LDS First Presidency, and as its spokesman, Rigdon preached several controversial sermons in Missouri, including the Salt Sermon and the July 4th Oration.[1] These speeches have sometimes been seen as contributing to the conflict known as the 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. As a result of the conflict, the Mormons were expelled from the state by Governor Boggs, and Rigdon and Smith were arrested and imprisoned in Liberty Jail. Rigdon was released on a writ of habeas corpus and made his way to Illinois, where he joined the main body of Mormon refugees in 1839. In 1844 Joseph Smith, and his brother Hyrum Smith were killed by a mob while in custody in the city of Carthage, Illinois. In 1846, religious tensions reached their peak, and in 1848 mobs burned the Latter-day Saint temple in Nauvoo.

text: According to church belief, God inspired Brigham Young, Joseph Smith's successor as President of the Church, to call for the Saints (as church members call themselves) to organize and head West, beyond the western frontier of the United States (into what was then Mexico, though the U.S. Army had already captured New Mexico and California in late 1846). During the winter of 1846-47, Latter-day Saint leaders in Winter Quarters and Iowa laid plans for the migration of the large number of Saints, their equipment, and their livestock. It was here that Brigham Young first met Thomas L. Kane, a non-Mormon from Philadelphia with deep personal connections to the Polk administration. Kane obtained permission for the Mormons to winter on Indian territory, and the site was originally called Kanesville. Brigham Young continued to trust Kane throughout his own lifetime, particularly as an intermediary with the often hostile Federal government. This major undertaking was a significant test of leadership capability and the existing administrative network of the recently restructured Church. For his role in the migration, Brigham Young is sometimes referred to as the "American Moses."

text: Brigham Young personally reviewed all available information on the Salt Lake Valley and the Great Basin, consulting with mountain men and trappers who traveled through Winter Quarters, and meeting with Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, a Jesuit missionary familiar with the Great Basin. The wary Young insisted the Mormons should settle in a location no one else wanted, and felt the Salt Lake Valley met that requirement but would provide the Saints with many advantages as well.

text: Vanguard company of 1847[edit]

text: Brigham Young organized a vanguard company to break the trail west to the Rocky Mountains, gather information about trail conditions, including water sources and native tribes, and to ultimately select the central gathering point in the Great Basin. The initial company would select and break the primary trail with the expectation that later pioneers would maintain and improve it. It was hoped that the group could, wherever possible, establish fords and ferries and plant crops for later harvest. In late February, plans were made to gather portable boats, maps, scientific instruments, farm implements and seeds. Techniques for irrigating crops were investigated. A new route on the north side of the Platte River was chosen to avoid major interaction with travelers using the established Oregon Trail on the river’s south side. Given the needs of the large volume of Saints who would travel west, Church leaders decided to avoid potential conflicts over grazing rights, water access and campsites.

text: In April 1847, Young consulted with members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles who had recently returned from the British mission. John Taylor, Parley P. Pratt and Orson Hyde brought money contributed by the English Saints, a map based on John C. Fremont’s recent western expedition, and instruments for calculating latitude, elevation, temperature and barometric pressure. Chosen members of the vanguard group were gathered together, final supplies were packed, and the group was organized into military companies. The group consisted of 143 men, including three blacks and eight members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, three women, and two children. The train contained 73 wagons, one cannon, 93 horses, 52 mules, 66 oxen, 19 cows, 17 dogs and some chickens, and carried enough supplies to fully provision the group for one year. Young divided this group into 14 companies, each with a designated captain. Apprehensive of possible Indian danger, a militia and night guard was formed under the direction of Stephen Markham.

text: On April 5, 1847, at 2 p.m., the wagon train moved west from Winter Quarters toward the Great Basin. With the afternoon start, they made three miles (5 km) and camped in a line a few hundred yards from a stand of timber. Journal records show that Young actively managed the journey, supervising details and occasionally giving reprimands when evening and Sunday recreation became rowdy or group members failed to complete their tasks. On one occasion, he chastised the camp's hunters for being wasteful of flesh ... killing more than was really needed. [2] Camp was awakened by a bugle at 5 a.m. and the company was expected to be prepared for travel by 7 a.m.. Each day's travel ended at 8:30 p.m. and the camp was in bed by 9 p.m.. The company traveled six days during the week, but generally stayed in camp on Sunday to observe the Sabbath.

text: Some camp members were assigned specific tasks. William Clayton was appointed company scribe and was expected to record an accurate description of their journey and the distance they traveled each day. After three weeks, Clayton grew tired of personally counting the revolutions of a wagon wheel and computing the day's distance by multiplying the count by the wheel's circumference. After consulting with Orson Pratt, an accomplished mathematician, he designed a mechanism consisting of a set of wooden cog wheels attached to the hub of a wagon wheel, with the mechanism "counting" or recording by position the revolutions of the wheel. Clayton's design, which he called the roadometer, is the basis for most modern odometers. The apparatus was built to Clayton and Pratt's specifications by the company's carpenter Appleton Milo Harmon and was first used on the morning of May 12, 1847. The roadometer showed that the company averaged between fourteen and twenty miles per day. Apostle Orson Pratt was named the company's scientific observer. He made regular readings on scientific instruments, took notes on geological formations and mineral resources, and described plants and animals. Journals kept by both Clayton and Pratt have become valuable resources for historians of the Mormon trek west.

text: Women of the company also performed vital tasks along the way. While much time was spent on traditional activities such as cooking, sewing, and tending children, several women served as scribes and diary keepers. Harriet Page Young, wife of Lorenzo Young, was the first woman selected for the company. She was in ill health and Lorenzo Young feared to leave her and their young children behind. The other original women of the company, Ellen Sanders Kimball, wife of Heber C. Kimball, and Clarissa Decker Young, wife of Brigham Young, were asked to accompany the group to look after Harriet Young and keep her company. The three women were joined by a larger group of women church members from Mississippi who merged with the main party at Laramie, Wyoming.

text: The first segment of the journey, from Winter Quarters to Fort Laramie took six weeks, with the company arriving at the fort on June 1. The company halted for repairs and to reshoe the draft animals. While at Fort Laramie, the vanguard company was joined by members of the Mormon Battalion who had been excused from service due to illness and sent to winter in Pueblo, Colorado. Also traveling in the new group were Church members from Mississippi who had taken a more southern route toward the Great Basin. At this point, the now larger company took the established Oregon Trail toward the trading post at Ft. Bridger. At a difficult crossing of the Platte, just before encountering the Sweetwater River, the company made use of their portable boat and were able to cross with comparative ease. Seizing the opportunity to both help future travelers and increase the cash available to the migration, nine men under the direction of Thomas Grover were left behind to construct and operate a ferry at that location. Missourians and other travellers at the river paid the Saints $1.50 or more per wagon to help them cross.

text: During the last week of June, Sam Brannan, leader of the Mormon emigrant ship Brooklyn, met the company near Green River, Wyoming. He reported to Young about his group's successful journey and their settlement in what is today San Francisco, California. He urged the vanguard company to continue on to California but was unable to shift the leader’s focus away from the Great Basin. Young also met mountain man Jim Bridger on June 28. They discussed possible routes into the Salt Lake Valley, and the feasibility of viable settlements in the mountain valleys of the Great Basin. Bridger was enthusiastic about settlement near Utah Lake, reporting fish, wild fruit, timber and good grazing. He told Young that local Indians raised good crops, including corn and pumpkins, but that there was ever-present danger of frost. The company pushed on through South Pass, rafted across the Green River and arrived at Fort Bridger on July 7. About the same time, they were joined by thirteen more members of the sick detachment of the Mormon Battalion.

text: The vanguard company now faced a more rugged and hazardous journey, and were concerned about negotiating the passes of the Rocky Mountains. They had received conflicting advice, but Young chose to follow the trail used by the Donner-Reed party on their journey to California the previous year. Shortly after leaving Fort Bridger, the group met trapper Miles Goodyear, who owned a trading post at the mouth of the Weber River. He was enthusiastic about the agricultural potential of the large Weber Valley. During the trip through the rugged mountains, the vanguard company divided into three sections. Since crossing the Green River, several members of the party had suffered from a fever, generally accepted as a “mountain fever” probably induced by wood ticks. Young himself became ill soon after meeting Goodyear. The small sick detachment lagged behind the larger group, and a scouting division was created to move ahead on the designated route.

text: In July 1847 the first company reached the Salt Lake Valley, with scouts Erastus Snow and Orson Pratt entering the valley on July 21. Pratt wrote: ...we could not refrain from a shout of joy, which almost involuntarily escaped from our lips the moment this grand and lovely scenery was within our view. The two scouts undertook a twelve-mile (19 km) exploratory circuit into the valley before returning to the larger party. The next day, larger segments of the valley were explored, streams and hot springs investigated and the first camp established in the Salt Lake Valley. On July 23, Pratt offered a prayer dedicating the land to the Lord. Ground was broken, irrigation ditches were dug, and the first fields of potatoes and turnips were planted.

text: On July 24, Young first saw the valley from a “sick” wagon driven by his friend Wilford Woodruff. According to Woodruff, Young expressed his satisfaction in the appearance of the valley and declared "This is the right place, drive on." Today a monument stands in the spot where he made this declaration. Young later reported that he had seen the valley, including Ensign Peak, in a vision and recognized the spot.

text: On July 28, Young established a location for the future Salt Lake Temple and presented a city plan to the larger group for their approval. In August 1847, Young and other selected members of the vanguard company returned to Winter Quarters. By December 1847, more than two thousand Mormons had completed the journey to the Salt Lake Valley. Several hundred, including Young, returned east to gather and organize the companies scheduled for following years. Demographic estimates place 1,611 pioneers in the valley of the Great Salt Lake during the winter of 1847. The adult labor force, however, was quite small as a high percentage of the group, 53.2 percent were under the age of nineteen. Twenty five percent of the total were children under the age of eight.[3]

text: Each year during the Mormon migration, people continued to be organized into "companies", each company bearing the name of its leader. The company was further divided into groups of 10 and 50 with authority and responsibility delegated downward.

text: Travel conditions[edit]

text: The pioneers traveled to the Salt Lake Valley in the Great Basin using mainly large farm wagons, handcarts, and, in some cases, personally carrying their belongings.[notes 1] Their trail along the north bank of the Platte River and North Platte River and over the continental divide climbing up to South Pass and Pacific Springs from Fort John along the valley of the Sweetwater River and then down to Fort Bridger and thence down to the Great Salt Lake became known as the Mormon Trail.

text: Financial resources of the Church members varied, with many families suffering from the loss of land and personal possessions in Missouri and Illinois. This impacted the resources and supplies each family could draw upon as they covered the more than 1,000 miles (2,000 km) to the Great Basin. Church funds were also limited at this time, but church leaders provided what funding and other material assistance they could to families and companies which were under supplied.

text: Covered wagons pulled by oxen were common, particularly in the early American companies. In October 1845, as LDS members were preparing to leave Nauvoo, the Nauvoo Neighbor printed an extensive list of suggested provisions for each family wagon. The provisions included two to three yoke of oxen, two milk cows, other livestock, arms and ammunition, 15 lb of iron, pulleys and ropes, fishing gear, farming and mechanical equipment, cooking equipment and at least 1000 pounds of flour plus assorted other foodstuffs. Some pioneers overestimated the amount of goods they could haul on the long journey. As the oxen weakened under the strain, wagons were lightened by discarding prized possessions, including book collections, family china and furniture. In 1847, just east of the Rocky Mountains, the Kimball family dug a large hole, wrapped their piano in buffalo skins and carefully buried it. An ox team retrieved the instrument the following spring and transported it to the Salt Lake Valley.[4]

text: Several later companies were largely made up of people with fewer resources, who pulled or pushed handcarts (similar to wheelbarrows) holding all of their provisions and personal belongings. Many of these pioneers walked much of the way as family members rode in the carts.

text: Due to the weather in the American heartland, the best time to travel was April–September. Some companies, however, started late in the season which resulted in hardship and sometimes disaster. The most famous of these are the Willie and the Martin handcart companies. Leaving Iowa in July 1856, they did not reach Utah until November, suffering many deaths due to winter weather and the lack of adequate supplies.

text: The ship Brooklyn[edit]

text: In November 1845 Samuel Brannan, newspaperman and small-scale publisher of the Mormon paper The Prophet (later the New York Messenger), was directed by church elders to charter a ship that would carry its passengers away from the eastern United States to California, which was then part of Mexico. Over the course of two months, Brannan managed to recruit 70 men, 68 women, and 100 children—238 persons total. Brannan negotiated a fare of $75 for adults and half-fare for children with the Captain Abel W. Richardson, master and a principal owner of the ship Brooklyn.[5]

text: On the 4th of February, 1846 (the same day the Mormon Nauvoo exodus began), the ship Brooklyn cleared New York harbor and began its nearly 6-month voyage to the Pacific coast of the then-Mexican Territory of California.[6] The ship weighed 445 short tons (404 t) and measured 125 ft x 28 ft × 14 ft (8.5 m × 4.3 m) x 4.3 m) and was built in 1834 by Joseph H. Russell at Newcastle, Maine.[7]

text: The voyage is the longest passage made by a Mormon emigrant company. The ship Brooklyn sailed from Brooklyn Harbor, New York, and traveled south across the Atlantic equator, around Cape Horn, stopping at the Juan Fernández Islands, then to the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), finally docking in Yerba Buena (San Francisco) on July 29, 1846, having made the sea voyage in five months and twenty-seven days.

text: Augusta Joyce Crocheron, a passenger on the ship Brooklyn, described the voyage:

text: As for the pleasure of the trip, we met disappointment, for we once lay becalmed in the tropics, and at another time we were "hatched below" during a terrific storm. Women and children were at night lashed to their berths, for in no other way could they keep in. Furniture rolled back and forth endangering limb and life. The waves swept the deck and even reached the staterooms... Children's voices were crying in the darkness, mother's voices soothing or scolding, men's voices rising above the others, all mingled with the distressing groans and cries of the sick for help, and, above all, the roaring of the wind and howling of the tempest made a scene and feeling indescribable.[5]

text: The passengers of the ship Brooklyn left the United States with the hope of finding religious freedom. When they arrived in San Francisco however, they were informed that they were in the United States of America. Despite the tensions that drove them from their homes in the Eastern States, the crew and passengers "felt more cheerful and secure." Mormon historian B. H. Roberts noted in his work A Comprehensive History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints:

text: On the announcement of the United States naval officer, who boarded the Brooklyn as she came to anchor, that the emigrants "were in the United States of America," three hearty cheers were given in reply... Three weeks previous to the arrival of the Saints, the United States flag had been raised and the country taken possession of in the name of the government which the flag represented.[6]

text: This dangerous trek of nearly 24,000 miles (39,000 km) would claim 10 lives of the ship's 238 passengers,[8] nine of whom were buried at sea.

text: Later migration[edit]

text: After the initial departure of the Latter-day Saints living in Illinois and Missouri, converts to the church from other areas in the United States and from Europe followed the initial trail to join the main body of the Church in Salt Lake City. Every year from 1847 until 1869, church members making this journey were formed into organized companies.[9] Migration continued until about 1890, but those who came by railroad are not generally considered to be "Mormon pioneers."

text: Danish Mormon pioneers[edit]

text: Mormon pioneers emigrated from many countries. Denmark was one of those countries, with a large number of Mormon emigrants coming to Utah between 1850 and 1910.[10] The migration of Danes was initiated when missionaries from the LDS Church, including Erastus Snow, Peter O. Hansen and two others, were sent to Denmark in 1850. Hansen made the first translation of the Book of Mormon from English, by translating it into Danish.[11] Religious freedom was written into the constitution of the Kingdom of Denmark in 1849. Along with the Danish translation of the Book of Mormon, this opened the area to great success in attaining converts. At that time the LDS Church was urging new members to gather to Utah, which led these early converts to make emigration plans.

text: Box Elder, Cache, Salt Lake, Utah, and Sevier counties had large numbers of Danes listed in 19th Century Utah census totals but Sanpete County was the area where the largest number settled.[11]

text: Settling the desert[edit]

text: The Mormons settled in the Salt Lake Valley, which at that time was used as a buffer zone between the Shoshones and the Utes, who were at war.[12] Upon arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, the Mormons had to develop and cultivate the arid terrain to make it suitable for habitation. They created irrigation systems, laid out farms, built houses, churches and schools. Access to water was crucial. Almost immediately, Brigham Young sent out scouting parties to identify and claim additional community sites. While it was difficult to find large areas in the Great Basin where water sources were dependable and growing seasons long enough to raise vitally important subsistence crops, satellite communities began to be formed in all directions. Church members eventually headed south into present day Arizona and Mexico, west into California, north into Idaho and Canada, and east into Wyoming, settling many familiar communities in those areas.

text: Shortly after the first company arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, the community of Bountiful was settled to the north. In 1848, settlers moved into lands purchased from trapper Miles Goodyear in present-day Ogden. In 1849, Tooele and Fort Utah in modern-day Provo were founded. The settlement of Provo was particularly troubling to the Utes, since it was at the heart of their territory.[13] Ute chief Wakara suggested the settlers instead move into the Sanpete Valley in central Utah, where the settlers established the community of Manti. Tensions in Fort Utah mounted after Mormons murdered Old Bishop,[14] and Brigham Young ordered an attack on Utes,[15] called the Battle at Fort Utah. This was shortly followed by the Walker War.[13]

text: Fillmore, Utah, intended to be the capital of the new territory, was established in 1851. In 1855, missionary efforts aimed at local native cultures led to outposts in Fort Lemhi on Idaho's Salmon River, Las Vegas, Nevada and Elk Mountain in east central of present-day Utah.

text: The experiences of returning members of the Mormon Battalion were also important in establishing new communities. On their journey west, the Mormon soldiers had identified dependable rivers and fertile river valleys in Colorado, Arizona and southern California. In addition, as the discharged men traveled to rejoin their families in the Salt Lake Valley, they moved through southern Nevada and southern Utah. Jefferson Hunt, senior Mormon officer of the Battalion, actively searched for settlement sites, minerals and other resources. His report encouraged 1851 settlement efforts in Iron Country, near present-day Cedar City. These southern explorations eventually led to Mormon settlements in St. George, Utah, Las Vegas and San Bernardino, California, as well as communities in southern Arizona. By 1885, Mormon communities were being established in northern Mexico.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The Mormon pioneers are celebrated annually on July 24 in the State of Utah, known as Pioneer Day. Salt Lake City also has the Mormon Pioneer Memorial Monument, where Brigham Young, Eliza R. Snow, and other Mormon pioneers are buried and where a memorial exists dedicated to all who crossed the plains to the Salt Lake Valley. Additionally, the Pioneer (characterized as "Pioneer Pete") is Lehi High School's mascot. Lehi High School is located in Lehi, Utah County.[16] In some places, Mormons hold an event called "Pioneer Trek" for people who are ages fourteen to eighteen. In participating in the trek, the youth dress as pioneers and pack a few things to carry in handcarts. They go on a hike for a couple days so they can experience what the pioneers experienced. During this multi-day event, camp organizers sometimes require youth to avoid the use of technology or anything that the pioneers did not have on their journeys, to enhance the experience.

text: Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel Database[edit]

text: The Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel gathers information from journals, church history records, and other materials to locate the company in which an ancestor traveled across the plains to get to Utah. This covers known and unknown wagon trains from 1847-1868. It contains lists of passengers in companies as well as genealogical information about ancestors. It is the most comprehensive list of Mormon immigrants and the wagon trains that brought them to Utah.[17]


document_title: Convection heater

question_text: where does the airflow into a convector heater

text: Convection heater

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A convection heater is a heater which operates by air convection currents circulating through the body of the appliance, and across its heating element. This heats up the air, causing it to increase in volume and so become buoyant and rise. Oil heaters are an example of this kind of heating appliance. A convection heater may have an electrical heater element, a hot water coil, or a steam coil. Because of the natural ventilation, they are quieter in operation than fan heaters.

text: The Model “S”, here as illustrated in 1924, is an example of an early model convection space heater, by the Sala Heater & Mantel Co. in Dallas, Texas. The Model "S" was considered to be highly efficient radiant type of gas heater at the time. The heater utilizes radiant heat, and, by virtue of draft construction, supplements its power by drawing cold air through the facing, heating it and forcing it into the room through the register. This not only forces the circulation that provides an even warmth in every section of the room, but enables the heater to operate at all times with a perfectly cool exterior. Positive circulation provides an even warmth throughout the room, and guarantees a clean, humid, healthful[citation needed] air to occupants.

text: The mixing chamber, due to its exclusive construction, utilizes centrifugal force to insure a perfect mixture between the gas and air, which in turn provides complete combustion, thus preventing dangerous fumes. After the gas leaves the mixing chamber it passes into a distribution chamber whose shape is such that an equal amount of gas passes into each jet, giving uniform flame height and also intensity.[1]

text: Due to the rising warm air from convector heaters, warm air may accumulate at the ceiling of the room. Therefore, convector heaters are often paired with ceiling fans, especially in rooms with tall ceilings. In the winter, setting a fan to turn clockwise will allow for more air circulation and will keep heat from rising completely, making the room feel warmer and allowing one to turn down the thermostat.


document_title: Grammy Award for Album of the Year

question_text: 1968 4 grammy and album of the year

question_tokens: 1968 4 grammy and album of the year

text: Grammy Award for Album of the Year

text: Achievements[edit]

text: Frank Sinatra, Stevie Wonder, Paul Simon (as performers), Daniel Lanois, Ryan Tedder (as record producers), and Bob Ludwig, Tom Coyne (as mastering engineers) & Tom Elmhirst (as an engineer/mixer) are the biggest winners in this category with three victories each. Ludwig is the only person to win the award three consecutive years (2013–2015). Paul McCartney leads all performers with nine nominations: five as a member of The Beatles, three for solo albums, and one as a member of Wings. Sinatra leads solo performers with eight nominations, seven for solo albums and one for a duet album. McCartney and Simon are the only artists with nominations in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s.

text: The first woman to win the award was Judy Garland in 1961, for Judy at Carnegie Hall. Taylor Swift and Adele are the only women to win the award more than once for their own albums (winning for Fearless and 1989 and 21 and 25, respectively; Swift was also nominated for Red). In addition, Lauryn Hill, Norah Jones and Alison Krauss are all tied with Swift and Adele with two wins overall, each winning as lead artist for their respective albums, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, Come Away with Me and Raising Sand (Krauss' collaboration album with Robert Plant); Hill won her second as a producer of her collaboration on Santana's Supernatural (featured artists on non-soundtrack albums did not share in the award before 2008), while the other two also won as featured artists (Jones on Herbie Hancock's River: The Joni Letters and Krauss on the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack). Also, for their own albums, besides Swift and Adele, only two female artists have received nominations after previously winning (Bonnie Raitt nominated again for Luck of the Draw and Longing in Their Hearts, after winning previously for Nick of Time, and Barbra Streisand nominated again for People, My Name Is Barbra, Color Me Barbra, Guilty and The Broadway Album, after winning previously for The Barbra Streisand Album).

text: Taylor Swift is also the youngest main artist to win in the category, winning for Fearless in 2010 at the age of 20, suprassing this feat made by Alanis Morissette's Jagged Little Pill in 1996 when she was 21. The Peasall Sisters, Sarah, Hannah and Leah, are the category's youngest credited winners, winning for their contributions to the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack at the ages of 13, 9, and 7 respectively. Leah Peasall is the youngest winner of any Grammy in any category.[2] The youngest person to make an appearance on an Album of the Year is Stevie Wonder's daughter Aisha Morris who appeared on "Isn't She Lovely?" off the album Songs in the Key of Life as an infant.

text: The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band was the first album by a rock and roll artist to win, Glen Campbell's By The Time I Get To Phoenix was the first by a country artist, Lauryn Hill's The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill the first by a hip hop artist, Arcade Fire's The Suburbs the first by an indie rock artist, and Daft Punk's Random Access Memories the first by an electronic music artist.

text: Only two artists have won the award in two consecutive years, Frank Sinatra and Stevie Wonder. Sinatra had wins in 1966 and 1967 and Wonder followed with wins in 1974 and 1975. (Lauryn Hill also won as a producer in 2000, after winning previously in 1999 as an artist and producer.) Wonder and Sinatra both won the most Grammys for Album of the Year within a decade. Sinatra had wins in 1960, 1966 and 1967, while Wonder had wins in 1974, 1975 and 1977.

text: Frank Sinatra, The Beatles, Barbra Streisand and Lady Gaga are the only artists to receive three nominations for consecutive albums in this category. Gaga and Kanye West being the only solo artists to receive nomination for their first three albums. Additionally, The Beatles hold the record for most consecutive years being nominated for Album of the Year, with five.

text: To date, there have been two "live" albums to win the award: Judy at Carnegie Hall and The Concert for Bangladesh, though two "MTV Unplugged" albums (Eric Clapton's and Tony Bennett's) have won the award as well, which were performed in front of an intimate, live audience. One television soundtrack recording was also the very first recipient: The Music from Peter Gunn. Two comedy albums have also triumphed in this category: The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart and The First Family. There have been three soundtrack compilation albums that have been successful, as well: Saturday Night Fever, The Bodyguard (though only Whitney Houston won for it as an artist) and O Brother, Where Art Thou?.

text: As of 2017, only six artists have won Album of the Year more than once as the main credited artist: Frank Sinatra (1960, 1966, 1967), Stevie Wonder (1974, 1975, 1977), Paul Simon (1976, 1987), U2 (1988, 2006), Taylor Swift (2010, 2016) and Adele (2012, 2017). Sinatra and Wonder both won the award three times as the main credited artist.[3]

text: Recipients[edit]

text:
Year[I]
Winner(s)
Work
Nominees
Ref.

1959
Mancini, HenryHenry Mancini
The Music from Peter Gunn

Come Fly with Me – Frank Sinatra
Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Irving Berlin Songbook – Ella Fitzgerald
Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely – Frank Sinatra
Tchaikovsky: Concerto No. 1 in B Flat Minor, Op. 23 – Van Cliburn

[4]

1960
Sinatra, FrankFrank Sinatra
Come Dance with Me!

Belafonte at Carnegie Hall – Harry Belafonte
More Music From Peter Gunn – Henry Mancini
Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 3 – Van Cliburn
Victory at Sea, Vol. 1 – Robert Russell Bennett

[5]

1961
Newhart, BobBob Newhart
The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart

Belafonte Returns to Carnegie Hall – Harry Belafonte
Brahms: Concert No. 2 in B-Flat – Sviatoslav Richter
Nice 'n' Easy – Frank Sinatra
Puccini: Turandot – Erich Leinsdorf
Wild Is Love – Nat King Cole

[6]

1962
Garland, JudyJudy Garland
Judy at Carnegie Hall

Breakfast at Tiffany's Soundtrack – Henry Mancini
Genius+Soul=Jazz – Ray Charles
Great Band with Great Voices – Si Zentner & the Johnny Mann Singers
The Nat King Cole Story – Nat King Cole
West Side Story Soundtrack – Various Artists

[7]

1963
Meader, VaughnVaughn Meader
The First Family

I Left My Heart in San Francisco – Tony Bennett
Jazz Samba – Stan Getz & Charlie Byrd
Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music – Ray Charles
My Son, the Folk Singer – Allan Sherman

[8]

1964
Streisand, BarbraBarbra Streisand
The Barbra Streisand Album

Bach's Greatest Hits – The Swingle Singers
Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests – Andy Williams
Honey in the Horn – Al Hirt
The Singing Nun – The Singing Nun

[9]

1965
Getz, StanStan Getz & João Gilberto (with Astrud Gilberto & Antonio Carlos Jobim)
Getz/Gilberto

Cotton Candy – Al Hirt
Funny Girl: Original Broadway Cast – Various Artists
People – Barbra Streisand
The Pink Panther – Henry Mancini

[10]

1966
Sinatra, FrankFrank Sinatra
produced by Sonny Burke
September of My Years

Help! – The Beatles
My Name Is Barbra – Barbra Streisand
My World – Eddy Arnold
The Sound of Music Soundtrack – Various Artists

[11]

1967
Sinatra, FrankFrank Sinatra
produced by Sonny Burke
A Man and His Music

Color Me Barbra – Barbra Streisand
Dr. Zhivago Soundtrack – Maurice Jarre
Revolver – The Beatles
What Now My Love – Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass

[12]

1968
Beatles, The !The Beatles
produced by George Martin
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim – Frank Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim
It Must Be Him – Vikki Carr
My Cup Runneth Over – Ed Ames
Ode to Billie Joe – Bobbie Gentry

[13]

1969
Campbell, GlenGlen Campbell
produced by Al De Lory
By the Time I Get to Phoenix

Bookends – Simon & Garfunkel
Feliciano! – José Feliciano
Magical Mystery Tour – The Beatles
A Tramp Shining – Richard Harris

[14]

1970
Blood, Sweat & Tears
produced by James William Guercio
Blood, Sweat & Tears

Abbey Road – The Beatles
The Age of Aquarius – The 5th Dimension
Crosby, Stills & Nash – Crosby, Stills & Nash
At San Quentin – Johnny Cash

[15]

1971
Simon & Garfunkel
produced by Art Garfunkel, Paul Simon & Roy Halee
Bridge over Troubled Water

Chicago – Chicago
Close to You – The Carpenters
Déjà Vu – Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young
Elton John – Elton John
Sweet Baby James – James Taylor

[16]

1972
King, CaroleCarole King
produced by Lou Adler
Tapestry

All Things Must Pass – George Harrison
Carpenters – The Carpenters
Jesus Christ Superstar (London Production) – Various Artists
Shaft – Isaac Hayes

[17]

1973
Harrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison & Friends (Ravi Shankar, Bob Dylan, Leon Russell, Ringo Starr, Billy Preston, Eric Clapton & Klaus Voormann)
produced by George Harrison & Phil Spector
The Concert for Bangladesh

American Pie – Don McLean
Jesus Christ Superstar (Original Broadway Cast Recording) – Various Artists
Moods – Neil Diamond
Nilsson Schmilsson – Nilsson

[18]

1974
Wonder, StevieStevie Wonder
produced by Stevie Wonder
Innervisions

Behind Closed Doors – Charlie Rich
The Divine Miss M – Bette Midler
Killing Me Softly – Roberta Flack
There Goes Rhymin' Simon – Paul Simon

[19]

1975
Wonder, StevieStevie Wonder
produced by Stevie Wonder
Fulfillingness' First Finale

Back Home Again – John Denver
Band on the Run – Paul McCartney & Wings
Caribou – Elton John
Court and Spark – Joni Mitchell

[20]

1976
Simon, PaulPaul Simon
produced by Paul Simon & Phil Ramone
Still Crazy After All These Years

Between the Lines – Janis Ian
Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy – Elton John
Heart Like a Wheel – Linda Ronstadt
One of These Nights – The Eagles

[21]

1977
Wonder, StevieStevie Wonder
produced by Stevie Wonder
Songs in the Key of Life

Breezin' – George Benson
Chicago X – Chicago
Frampton Comes Alive! – Peter Frampton
Silk Degrees – Boz Scaggs

[22]

1978
Fleetwood Mac
produced by Fleetwood Mac, Ken Caillat & Richard Dashut
Rumours

Aja – Steely Dan
Hotel California – The Eagles
JT – James Taylor
Star Wars Soundtrack – John Williams conducting the London Symphony Orchestra

[23]

1979
Bee Gees/Various artists [A]
Saturday Night Fever: The Original Movie Sound Track

Even Now – Barry Manilow
Grease Original Soundtrack Album – Various Artists
Running on Empty – Jackson Browne
Some Girls – The Rolling Stones

[24]

1980
Joel, BillyBilly Joel
produced by Phil Ramone
52nd Street

Minute by Minute – The Doobie Brothers
The Gambler – Kenny Rogers
Bad Girls – Donna Summer
Breakfast in America – Supertramp

[25]

1981
Cross, ChristopherChristopher Cross
produced by Michael Omartian
Christopher Cross

Glass Houses – Billy Joel
The Wall – Pink Floyd
Trilogy: Past Present Future – Frank Sinatra
Guilty – Barbra Streisand

[26]

1982
Lennon, JohnJohn Lennon & Yoko Ono
produced by Jack Douglas, John Lennon & Yoko Ono
Double Fantasy

Mistaken Identity – Kim Carnes
Breakin' Away – Al Jarreau
The Dude – Quincy Jones
Gaucho – Steely Dan

[27]

1983
Toto
produced by Toto
Toto IV

American Fool – John Cougar
The Nightfly – Donald Fagen
The Nylon Curtain – Billy Joel
Tug of War – Paul McCartney

[28]

1984
Jackson, MichaelMichael Jackson
produced by Michael Jackson & Quincy Jones
Thriller

Let's Dance – David Bowie
An Innocent Man – Billy Joel
Synchronicity – The Police
Flashdance Soundtrack – Various Artists

[29]

1985
Richie, LionelLionel Richie
produced by James Anthony Carmichel & Lionel Richie
Can't Slow Down

She's So Unusual – Cyndi Lauper
Purple Rain – Prince & The Revolution
Born in the U.S.A. – Bruce Springsteen
Private Dancer – Tina Turner

[30]

1986
Collins, PhilPhil Collins
produced by Hugh Padgham & Phil Collins
No Jacket Required

Brothers in Arms – Dire Straits
Whitney Houston – Whitney Houston
The Dream of the Blue Turtles – Sting
We Are the World – USA for Africa

[31]

1987
Simon, PaulPaul Simon
produced by Roy Halee & Paul Simon
Graceland

So – Peter Gabriel
Control – Janet Jackson
The Broadway Album – Barbra Streisand
Back in the High Life – Steve Winwood

[32]

1988
U2
produced by Brian Eno & Daniel Lanois
The Joshua Tree

Whitney – Whitney Houston
Bad – Michael Jackson
Trio – Dolly Parton, Linda Ronstadt, & Emmylou Harris
Sign o' the Times – Prince

[33]

1989
Michael, GeorgeGeorge Michael
produced by George Michael
Faith

Tracy Chapman – Tracy Chapman
Simple Pleasures – Bobby McFerrin
...Nothing Like the Sun – Sting
Roll with It – Steve Winwood

[34]

1990
Raitt, BonnieBonnie Raitt
produced by Don Was
Nick of Time

The End of the Innocence – Don Henley
The Raw and the Cooked – Fine Young Cannibals
Full Moon Fever – Tom Petty
Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 – Traveling Wilburys

[35]

1991
Jones, QuincyQuincy Jones and various artists
produced by Quincy Jones
Back on the Block

Mariah Carey – Mariah Carey
...But Seriously – Phil Collins
Please Hammer Don't Hurt 'Em – MC Hammer
Wilson Phillips – Wilson Phillips

[36]

1992
Cole, NatalieNatalie Cole
produced by Andre Fischer, David Foster & Tommy LiPuma
Unforgettable... with Love

Heart in Motion – Amy Grant
Luck of the Draw – Bonnie Raitt
Out of Time – R.E.M.
The Rhythm of the Saints – Paul Simon

[37]

1993
Clapton, EricEric Clapton
produced by Russ Titelman
Unplugged

Ingénue – k.d. lang
Diva – Annie Lennox
Achtung Baby – U2
Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack – Various Artists

[38]

1994
Houston, WhitneyWhitney Houston[B]
produced by Babyface, BeBe Winans, David Cole, David Foster, L.A. Reid, Narada Michael Walden & Robert Clivillés
The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album

Kamakiriad – Donald Fagen
River of Dreams – Billy Joel
Automatic for the People – R.E.M.
Ten Summoner's Tales – Sting

[39]

1995
Bennett, TonyTony Bennett
produced by David Kahne
MTV Unplugged

The Three Tenors in Concert 1994 – José Carreras, Plácido Domingo & Luciano Pavarotti with Zubin Mehta
From the Cradle – Eric Clapton
Longing in Their Hearts – Bonnie Raitt
Seal – Seal

[40]

1996
Morissette, AlanisAlanis Morissette
produced by Glen Ballard
Jagged Little Pill

Daydream – Mariah Carey
HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I – Michael Jackson
Relish – Joan Osborne
Vitalogy – Pearl Jam

[41]

1997
Dion, CelineCeline Dion
produced by Rick Hahn, Aldo Nova, Billy Steinberg, Dan Hill, David Foster, Humberto Gatica, Jean-Jacques Goldman, Jeff Bova, Jim Steinman, John Jones, Ric Wake, Rick Nowels, Roy Bittan & Steven Rinkoff
Falling into You

Odelay – Beck
The Score – The Fugees
Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness – The Smashing Pumpkins
Waiting to Exhale: Original Soundtrack Album – Various Artists

[42]

1998
Dylan, BobBob Dylan
produced by Daniel Lanois
Time out of Mind

The Day – Babyface
This Fire – Paula Cole
Flaming Pie – Paul McCartney
OK Computer – Radiohead

[43]

1999
Hill, LaurynLauryn Hill
 · engineered/mixed by Chris Theis, Commissioner Gordon, Johnny Wydrycz, Ken Johnston, Matt Howe, Storm Jefferson, Tony Prendatt & Warren Riker
 · produced by Lauryn Hill
The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill

Ray of Light – Madonna
The Globe Sessions – Sheryl Crow
Version 2.0 – Garbage
Come on Over – Shania Twain

[44]

2000
Santana
 · engineered/mixed by Alvaro Villagra, Andy Grassi, Anton Pukshansky, Benny Faccone, Chris Theis, Commissioner Gordon, David Frazer, David Thoener, Glenn Kolotkin, Jeff Poe, Jim Gaines, Jim Scott, John Gamble, John Karpowich, John Seymour, Matty Spindel, Mike Couzzi, Steve Farrone, Steve Fontano, T-Ray, Tony Prendatt, Warren Riker & Tom Lord-Alge
 · produced by Alex Gonzales, Art Hodge, Dante Ross, Stephen M. Harris, Charles Goodan, Clive Davis, Dust Brothers, Fher Olvera, Jerry 'Wonder' Duplessis, K. C. Porter, Lauryn Hill, Matt Serletic & Wyclef Jean
Supernatural

Millennium – Backstreet Boys
Fly – Dixie Chicks
When I Look in Your Eyes – Diana Krall
FanMail – TLC

[45]

2001
Steely Dan
 · engineered/mixed by Dave Russell, Phil Burnett, Elliot Scheiner & Roger Nichols
 · produced by Donald Fagen & Walter Becker
Two Against Nature

Midnite Vultures – Beck
The Marshall Mathers LP – Eminem
Kid A – Radiohead
You're the One – Paul Simon

[46]

2002
Various artists[C]
O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack

Acoustic Soul – India.Arie
Love and Theft – Bob Dylan
Stankonia – OutKast
All That You Can't Leave Behind – U2

[47]

2003
Jones, NorahNorah Jones
 · engineered/mixed by Jay Newland & S. Husky Höskulds
 · master engineered by Ted Jensen
 · produced by Jay Newland, Arif Mardin, Craig Street & Norah Jones
Come Away with Me

Home – Dixie Chicks
The Eminem Show – Eminem
Nellyville – Nelly
The Rising – Bruce Springsteen

[48]

2004
OutKast
 · engineered/mixed by Chris Carmouche, Brian Paturalski, Darrell Thorp, Dexter Simmons, John Frye, Kevin Davis, Matt Still, Moka Nagatani, Neal H. Pogue, Padraic Kernin, Pete Novak, Reggie Dozier, Robert Hannon, Terrence Cash & Vincent Alexander
 ·  master engineered by Bernie Grundman & Brian Gardner
 · produced by André 3000, Big Boi & Carl Mo
Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

Under Construction – Missy Elliott
Fallen – Evanescence
Justified – Justin Timberlake
Elephant – The White Stripes

[49]

2005
Charles, RayRay Charles
 · engineered/mixed by Al Schmitt, Ed Thacker, Joel W. Moss, John Harris, Mark Fleming, Pete Karam, Robert Fernandez, Seth Presant & Terry Howard
 · master engineered by Doug Sax & Robert Hadley
 · produced by Don Mizell, Herbert Waltl, John R. Burk, Terry Howard & Phil Ramone
Genius Loves Company

American Idiot – Green Day
The Diary of Alicia Keys – Alicia Keys
Confessions – Usher
The College Dropout – Kanye West

[50]

2006
U2
 · engineered/mixed by Carl Glanville, Greg Collins, Simon Gogerly, Flood, Jacknife Lee, Nellee Hooper & Steve Lillywhite
 · master engineered by Arnie Acosta
 · produced by Brian Eno, Chris Thomas, Daniel Lanois, Flood, Jacknife Lee & Steve Lillywhite
How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb

The Emancipation of Mimi – Mariah Carey
Chaos and Creation in the Backyard – Paul McCartney
Love. Angel. Music. Baby. – Gwen Stefani
Late Registration – Kanye West

[51]

2007
Dixie Chicks
 · engineered/mixed by Chris Testa, Jim Scott & Richard Dodd
 · master engineered by Richard Dodd
 · produced by Rick Rubin
Taking the Long Way

St. Elsewhere – Gnarls Barkley
Continuum – John Mayer
Stadium Arcadium – Red Hot Chili Peppers
FutureSex/LoveSounds – Justin Timberlake

[52]

2008
Hancock, HerbieHerbie Hancock
 · featuring Norah Jones, Joni Mitchell, Leonard Cohen, Luciana Souza, Corinne Bailey Rae & Tina Turner
 · produced by Herbie Hancock & Larry Klein
 · engineered/mixed by Helik Hadar
 · master engineered by Bernie Grundman
River: The Joni Letters

Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace – Foo Fighters
These Days – Vince Gill
Graduation – Kanye West
Back to Black – Amy Winehouse

[53]

2009
Plant, RobertRobert Plant & Alison Krauss
 · produced by T Bone Burnett
 · engineered/mixed by Mike Piersante
 · master engineered by Gavin Lurssen
Raising Sand

Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends – Coldplay
Year of the Gentleman – Ne-Yo
In Rainbows – Radiohead
Tha Carter III – Lil Wayne

[54]

2010
Swift, TaylorTaylor Swift
 · featuring Colbie Caillat
 · produced by Taylor Swift & Nathan Chapman
 · engineered/mixed by Nathan Chapman & Justin Niebank
 · master engineered by Hank Williams
Fearless

I Am... Sasha Fierce – Beyoncé
The E.N.D. – The Black Eyed Peas
The Fame – Lady Gaga
Big Whiskey and the GrooGrux King – Dave Matthews Band

[55]

2011
Arcade Fire
 · produced by Arcade Fire & Markus Dravs
 · engineered/mixed by Arcade Fire, Markus Dravs, Mark Lawson & Craig Silvey
 · master engineered by George Marino
The Suburbs

Recovery – Eminem
Need You Now – Lady Antebellum
The Fame Monster – Lady Gaga
Teenage Dream – Katy Perry

[56]

2012
Adele
 · produced by Adele, Dan Wilson, Jim Abbiss, Paul Epworth, Rick Rubin, Fraser T Smith & Ryan Tedder
 · engineered/mixed by Jim Abbiss, Philip Allen, Beatriz Artola, Ian Dowling, Steve Price, Fraser T. Smith, Ryan Tedder, Tom Elmhirst, Greg Fidelman, Dan Parry, Mark Rankin & Andrew Scheps
 · master engineered by Tom Coyne
21

Wasting Light – Foo Fighters
Born This Way – Lady Gaga
Doo-Wops & Hooligans – Bruno Mars
Loud – Rihanna

[57]

2013
Mumford & Sons
 · produced by Markus Dravs
 · engineered/mixed by Robin Baynton & Ruadhri Cushnan
 · master engineered by Bob Ludwig
Babel

El Camino – The Black Keys
Some Nights – fun.
Channel Orange – Frank Ocean
Blunderbuss – Jack White

[58]

2014
Daft Punk
 · featuring Julian Casablancas, DJ Falcon, Todd Edwards, Chilly Gonzales, Giorgio Moroder, Panda Bear, Nile Rodgers, Paul Williams & Pharrell Williams
 · produced by Thomas Bangalter, Julian Casablancas, Guy-Manuel De Homem-Christo, DJ Falcon & Todd Edwards
 · engineered/mixed by Peter Franco, Mick Guzauski, Florian Lagatta, Guillaume Le Braz & Daniel Lerner
 · master engineered by Antoine "Chab" Chabert & Bob Ludwig
Random Access Memories

The Blessed Unrest – Sara Bareilles
Good Kid, M.A.A.D City – Kendrick Lamar
The Heist – Macklemore and Ryan Lewis
Red – Taylor Swift

[59]

2015
Beck
 · produced by Beck Hansen
 · engineered/mixed by Tom Elmhirst, David Greenbaum, Florian Lagatta, Cole Marsden Greif-Neill, Robbie Nelson, Darrell Thorp, Cassidy Turbin & Joe Visciano
 · master engineered by Bob Ludwig
Morning Phase

Beyoncé – Beyoncé
x – Ed Sheeran
G I R L – Pharrell Williams
In the Lonely Hour – Sam Smith

[60]

2016
Taylor Swift
 · produced by Taylor Swift, Max Martin, Jack Antonoff, Nathan Chapman, Imogen Heap, Greg Kurstin, Mattman & Robin, Ali Payami, Shellback, Ryan Tedder & Noel Zancanella
 · engineered/mixed by Serban Ghenea, John Hanes, Peter Carlsson, Smith Carlson & Brendan Morawski
 · master engineered by Tom Coyne
1989

Sound & Color – Alabama Shakes
To Pimp a Butterfly – Kendrick Lamar
Traveller – Chris Stapleton
Beauty Behind the Madness – The Weeknd

[61]

2017
Adele
 · produced by Danger Mouse, Samuel Dixon, Paul Epworth, Greg Kurstin, Max Martin, Ariel Rechtshaid, Shellback, The Smeezingtons & Ryan Tedder
 · engineered/mixed by Julian Burg, Austen Jux Chandler, Cameron Craig, Samuel Dixon, Tom Elmhirst, Declan Gaffney, Serban Ghenea, John Hanes, Emile Haynie, Jan Holzner, Michael Ilbert, Chris Kasych, Greg Kurstin, Charles Moniz, Liam Nolan, Alex Pasco, Mike Piersante, Ariel Rechtshaid, Rich Rich, Dave Schiffman, Joe Visciano & Matt Wiggins
 · master engineered by Tom Coyne & Randy Merrill
25

Lemonade – Beyoncé
Purpose – Justin Bieber
Views – Drake
A Sailor's Guide to Earth – Sturgill Simpson

[62]

text: ^[I] Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year.

text: Notes:

text:
A ^Award recipients include Bee Gees, David Shire, KC and the Sunshine Band, Kool & the Gang, MFSB, Ralph MacDonald, Tavares, The Trammps, Walter Murphy & Yvonne Elliman as featured artists; Albhy Galuten, Arif Mardin, Bee Gees, Bill Oakes, Bobby Martin, Broadway Eddie, David Shire, Freddie Perren, Harry Wayne Casey, K.G. Productions, Karl Richardson, Ralph MacDonald, Richard Finch, Ron Kersey, Thomas J. Valentino & William Salter, as producers.[63]
B ^Only Houston and the producers of her tracks received the award.[64] Unlike the other two soundtrack compilation albums to win this award, none of the other artists who appeared on The Bodyguard soundtrack (Kenny G, Aaron Neville, Lisa Stansfield, The S.O.U.L. S.Y.S.T.E.M., Curtis Stigers, Joe Cocker, Sass Jordan, and the uncredited instrumental ensemble that performed Alan Silvestri's theme) shared in the award, nor did the producers of those tracks (other than Cole, Foster & Clivilles who also produced some of Houston's tracks).
C ^Award recipients include Mike Piersante & Peter Kurland, as engineers and mixers; Gavin Lurssen, as master engineer; T-Bone Burnett, as producers; Alison Krauss & Union Station, Chris Sharp, Chris Thomas King, Emmylou Harris, Gillian Welch, Harley Allen, John Hartford, Mike Compton, Norman Blake, Pat Enright, Peasall Sisters, Ralph Stanley, Sam Bush, Stuart Duncan, The Cox Family, The Fairfield Four, The Whites & Tim Blake Nelson (all from the U.S.) as featured artists. James Carter and the Prisoners, Harry McClintock & The Stanley Brothers were not included as their recordings long preceded the soundtrack; the only members of those acts still alive at that time were James Carter (the only "Prisoner" from the Alan Lomax recording who was located) and Ralph Stanley (separately credited for recording "O, Death" specifically for the soundtrack). The Soggy Bottom Boys aren't credited as a group, but Dan Tyminski (the singing voice of George Clooney in the film) is credited as a member of Union Station, while the other two members (Harley Allen & Pat Enright) are credited individually. Chris Sharp, Mike Compton, Sam Bush & Stuart Duncan are not listed as lead or featured artists on any track, but were included for their instrumental credits on the album.[65]