document_title: Tempura

question_text: what kind of flour is in tempura batter

question_tokens: what kind of flour is in tempura batter

text: Tempura

text: Preparation[edit]

text: Batter[edit]

text: A light batter is made of cold water (sometimes sparkling water is used to keep the batter light)[1] and soft wheat flour (cake, pastry or all-purpose flour).[2][3][4] Eggs, baking soda or baking powder, starch, oil, and/or spices may also be added. Tempura batter is traditionally mixed in small batches using chopsticks for only a few seconds, leaving lumps in the mixture that, along with the cold batter temperature, result in the unique fluffy and crisp tempura structure when cooked. The batter is often kept cold by adding ice, or by placing the bowl inside a larger bowl with ice in it. Overmixing the batter will result in activation of wheat gluten, which causes the flour mixture to become soft and dough-like when fried.

text: Specially formulated tempura flour is available in worldwide supermarkets. This is generally light (low-gluten) flour, and occasionally contains leaveners such as baking powder.

text: Tempura generally does not use breadcrumbs (panko) in the coating. Generally, fried foods which are coated with breadcrumbs are considered to be furai, Japanese-invented Western-style deep fried foods, such as tonkatsu or ebi furai (fried prawn).

text: Frying[edit]

text: Thin slices or strips of vegetables or seafood are dipped in the batter, then briefly deep-fried in hot oil. Vegetable oil or canola oil are most common; however, tempura was traditionally cooked using sesame oil.[5] Many specialty shops still use sesame oil or tea seed oil, and it is thought certain compounds in these oils help to produce light, crispier batter[citation needed].

text: When cooking shellfish, squid, or hard-skinned watery vegetables, such as bell pepper or eggplant, the skin is usually scored with a knife to prevent the ingredients from bursting during cooking, which can cause serious burns from splashing oil.

text: Oil temperature is generally kept between 160 and 180 degrees Celsius (320–356 F), depending on the ingredient[citation needed]. To preserve the natural flavor and texture of the ingredients, care is taken not to overcook tempura. Cooking times range between a few seconds for delicate leaf vegetables, to several minutes for thick items or large kaki-age fritters[citation needed].

text: The bits of batter (known as tenkasu) are scooped out between batches of tempura, so they do not burn and leave a bad flavor in the oil. A small mesh scoop (Ami jakushi) is used for this purpose. Tenkasu are often reserved as ingredients in other dishes or as a topping.

text: Ingredients[edit]

text: Various seafood and vegetables are commonly used as the ingredients in traditional tempura.

text: Seafood[edit]

text: The most popular seafood tempura is probably ebi (shrimp) tempura. Types of seafood used in tempura includes:

text:
prawn
shrimp
squid
scallop
crab
ayu (sweetfish)
anago (conger eel)
fish
Catfish
white fish
cod
haddock
pollock
coley
plaice
skate
ray
Huss (Various fish species including Galeorhinus, Mustelus, Scyliorhinus, Galeus melastomus, Squalus acanthias – also known as Spiny dogfish or "Rock salmon")
rock salmon (a term covering several species of dogfish and similar fish)
whiting
Japanese whiting
Sea bass
Sea perch

text: Vegetables[edit]

text: Vegetables tempura is called yasai tempura. The all vegetable tempura might be served as a vegetarian dish. Types of vegetables includes:

text:
bamboo shoots
bell pepper
butternut squash
carrot
eggplant
gobo (burdock, Arctium lappa)
green beans
kabocha
mushrooms
okra
onion
pumpkin
potato
sweet potato
renkon (lotus root)
shiitake mushroom
shiso leaf
yam

text: Serving and presentation[edit]

text: Cooked bits of tempura are either eaten with dipping sauce, salted without sauce, or used to assemble other dishes. Tempura is commonly served with grated daikon and eaten hot immediately after frying. In Japan, it is often found in bowls of soba or udon soup often in the form of a shrimp, shiso leaf, or fritter. The most common sauce is tentsuyu sauce (roughly three parts dashi, one part mirin, and one part shoyu). Alternatively, tempura may be sprinkled with sea salt before eating. Mixtures of powdered green tea and salt or yuzu and salt are also used.

text: Kakiage is a type of tempura made with mixed vegetable strips, such as onion, carrot, and burdock, and sometimes including shrimp or squid, which are deep fried as small round fritters.

text: Tempura is also used in combination with other foods. When served over soba (buckwheat noodles), it is called tempura soba[6] or tensoba. Tempura is also served as a donburi dish where tempura shrimp and vegetables are served over steamed rice in a bowl (tendon) and on top of udon soup (tempura udon).

text: History[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Earlier Japanese deep-fried food was either simply fried without breading or batter, or fried with rice flour. However, toward the end of the 16th century, a fritter-cooking technique using flour and eggs as a batter was acquired from Portuguese missionaries and merchants from the region of Alentejo, who resided in Nagasaki. It came about as a way to fulfill the fasting and abstinence rules for Catholics surrounding the quarterly ember days (Latin: Quatuor Tempora). Hence, the etymology of the word, tempura. In those days, tempura in Nagasaki was deep-fried in lard with a batter consisting of flour, eggs, sugar, salt and sake and resembled fritters as the batter was thick, tasted heavy and was eaten without being dipped in a sauce.[citation needed]

text: In the beginning of the 17th century around the Tokyo Bay area, the raw materials of tempura and its method underwent a remarkable change as the Yatai (food cart) culture gained more popularity. Making the best use of fresh seafood while preserving its delicate taste, tempura used only flour, eggs and water as ingredients and the batter was not flavored. As the batter was mixed minimally in cold water, it avoided the dough-like stickiness caused by the activation of wheat gluten, resulting in the crispy texture which is now characteristic of tempura. It became customary to eat tempura by dipping quickly in a sauce mixed with grated daikon just before it was eaten. Today in Japan the mainstream of tempura recipes basically originate from "Tokyo style (Edo style)" tempura, which was invented at the food stalls along the riverside fish market in the Edo period.

text: There are several factors for the popularization and flourishing of tempura at Tokyo Bay in the Edo period. The abundance of seafood in the Tokyo Bay is the basic factor. In addition, as oil extraction techniques advanced, cooking oil became inexpensive. In those days, serving deep-fried foods indoors was prohibited in Edo due to a possible fire hazard. Traditional Japanese housing was constructed with paper and wood which could catch fire easily from the tempura oil. For that reason, tempura gained popularity as fast food eaten outside at the food stall. Eating tempura in those days was made to be convenient like fast food as tempura was skewered and eaten with a dipping sauce. Tempura has been considered as one of "the Edo Delicacies" along with soba (buckwheat noodles) and sushi which were also food stall take outs. The modern tempura recipe was first published in 1671 in the cook book called "料理献立抄". After the Meiji period, tempura was no longer considered as a fast food item but instead developed as a high-class cuisine.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Look up tempura in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: The word "tempura", or the technique of dipping fish and vegetables into a batter and frying them, comes from the word "tempora", a Latin word meaning "times", "time period" used by both Spanish and Portuguese missionaries to refer to the Lenten period or Ember Days (ad tempora quadragesimae), Fridays, and other Christian holy days. Ember Days or quattuor tempora refer to holy days when Catholics avoid red meat and instead eat fish or vegetables.[8] The idea that the word "tempura" may have been derived from the Portuguese noun tempero, meaning a condiment or seasoning of any kind, or from the verb temperar, meaning "to season" is also possible as the Japanese language could easily have assumed the word "tempero" as is, without changing any vowels as the Portuguese pronunciation in this case is similar to the Japanese.[9] There is still today a dish in Portugal very similar to tempura called peixinhos da horta, "garden fishes", which consists in green beans dipped in a batter and fried. The end result of this batter is usually heavier than tempura.

text: The term "tempura" is thought to have gained popularity in southern Japan; it became widely used to refer to any sort of food prepared using hot oil, including some already existing Japanese foods. Today, the word "tempura" is also commonly used to refer to satsuma age, a fried fish cake which is made without batter.

text: Variations[edit]

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, restaurants specializing in tempura are called tenpura-ya. Many restaurants offer tempura as part of a set meal or a bento (lunch box), and it is also a popular ingredient in take-out or convenience store bento boxes. The ingredients and styles of cooking and serving tempura vary greatly through the country, with importance being placed on using fresh, seasonal ingredients.

text: Outside Japan[edit]

text: Outside Japan (as well as recently in Japan), there are many nontraditional and fusion uses of tempura. Chefs over the world include tempura dishes on their menus, and a wide variety of different batters and ingredients are used, including the nontraditional broccoli, zucchini, asparagus and chuchu. More unusual ingredients may include nori slices, dry fruit such as banana, and ice cream (tempura-based fried ice cream). American restaurants are known to serve tempura in the form of various meats, particularly chicken, and cheeses, usually mozzarella. A variation is to use panko (breadcrumbs), which results in a crisper consistency than tempura batter. Using panko in Japan would no longer qualify the dish as tempura. It would become something else called fry or pronounced in Japanese as furai. Tempura (particularly shrimp) is often used as a filling in makizushi. A more recent variation of tempura sushi has entire pieces of sushi being dipped in batter and tempura-fried.

text: In Bangladesh the blossoms of pumpkins or marrows are often deep fried with a gram of rice flour spice mix creating a Bengali style tempura known as kumro ful bhaja.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: In Taiwan, tempura as described in the preceding is known as tiānfùluō (天婦羅) and can commonly be found on the menu in Japanese restaurants all over the island. A similar-sounding dish, tiánbùlà (甜不辣) (lit. sweet, not spicy) is usually sold at night markets; it bears no resemblance whatsoever with tempura, but can be considered a counterpart to Japanese oden.


document_title: State of the Union

question_text: who introduces the president at the state of the union

root

text: State of the Union

text: Ceremony[edit]

text: The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States:

tag: p

text: He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.

text: Although the language of this State of the Union Clause[5] of the Constitution is not specific, since the 1930s, the President makes this report annually in late January or early February. Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3,[6] and as late as February 12.[7]

text: While not required to deliver a speech, every president since Woodrow Wilson, with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover,[8] has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress. Before that time, most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report.[6]

text: Since Franklin Roosevelt, the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol. Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term, but this speech is not officially considered to be a "State of the Union".[6]

text: What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and then television, the speech has been broadcast live on most networks, preempting scheduled programming. To reach the largest audience, the speech, once given during the day, is now typically given in the evening, after 9pm ET (UTC-5).

text: History[edit]

text: George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1790, in New York City, then the provisional U.S. capital. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical (similar to the Speech from the Throne). Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy. However, there have been exceptions to this rule. Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century[who?] have sent written State of the Union addresses. The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981, after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended.[9]

text: For many years, the speech was referred to as "the President's Annual Message to Congress".[10] The actual term "State of the Union" first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase, becoming its generally accepted name since 1947.[10]

text:
Franklin Delano Roosevelt

State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (January 6, 1941)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's January 6, 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms (starting at 32:02)
Problems playing this file? See media help.

tag: table

text: Prior to 1934, the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year, in December. The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23, 1933, changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January, affecting the delivery of the annual message. Since 1934, the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February.

text: The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term. In years when a new president is inaugurated, the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message, but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. Since 1989, in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year, newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a "State of the Union" message.

text: In 1936, President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night. Only once before—when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I—had a sitting president addressed Congress at night.[11]

text: Warren Harding's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio, albeit to a limited audience,[12] while Calvin Coolidge's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation.[2] Harry S. Truman's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television. Lyndon B. Johnson's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening.[12] Three years later, in 1968, television networks in the United States, for the first time, imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address. Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson, this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by, among others, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman.[13] Ronald Reagan's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed. He had planned to deliver it on January 28, 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day's events.[14][15] Bill Clinton's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web.[16]

text: Delivery of the speech[edit]

text: A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address.[17][18]

text: Invitations[edit]

text:
Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address.
The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box.
The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speaker’s box.
Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first-in, first-served basis with no reservations. The Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, members of the Diplomatic Corps, and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating.

text: Protocol of entry into House chamber[edit]

text: By approximately 8:30 pm on the night of the address, the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session.[19] Then, the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate, who enter and take the seats assigned for them.[19]

text: The Speaker, and then the Vice President, specify the members of the House and Senate, respectively, who will escort the President into the House chamber.[19] The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces, in order, the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices, and the Cabinet, each of whom enters and takes their seats when called.[19] The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[20]

text: Just after 9 pm, as the President reaches the door to the chamber,[21] the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors, faces the Speaker, and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber.[20] When the President is ready, the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance, loudly stating the phrase: "Mister Speaker, the President of the United States!"[21]

text: As applause and cheering begins, the President slowly walks toward the Speaker's rostrum, followed by members of his Congressional escort committee.[21] The President's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands, hug, kiss, and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress.[20] After he takes his place at the House Clerk's desk,[21] he hands two manila envelopes, previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech, to the Speaker and Vice President.

text: After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished, the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators, stating: "Members of Congress, I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States."[20][21] This leads to a further round of applause and, eventually, the beginning of the address by the President.[21]

text: At close of the ceremony, attendees leave on their own accord. The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber. Some politicians stay to shake hands with and congratulate the President on his way out.

text: Designated survivor and other logistics[edit]

text: Customarily, one cabinet member (the designated survivor) does not attend the speech, in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President, the Vice President, and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber. Additionally, since the September 11 attacks in 2001, a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster.[22] Since 2003, each chamber of Congress has formally named a separate designated survivor.[23][24]

text: Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker's desk, behind the President for the duration of the speech. If either is unavailable, the next highest-ranking member of the respective house substitutes. Once the chamber settles down from the President's arrival, the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress. The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber.

text: In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration's accomplishments over the previous year, as well as the agenda for the coming year, often in upbeat and optimistic terms.[25] Since the 1982 address, it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery, such as American citizens or visiting heads of state. During that 1982 address, President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90.[26] Since then, the term "Lenny Skutniks" has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery, and then cited by the President, during the State of the Union.[27][28]

text: State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour, partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout. The applause is often political in tone, with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President's own party. As non-political officeholders, members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality. In recent years, the presiding officers of the House and the Senate, the Speaker and the Vice President, respectively, have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies, as they, too, stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree.

text: For the 2011 address, Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party, as well as the avoiding of standing;[29] this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt. This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after.[30]

text: Opposition response[edit]

text: Since 1966,[31] the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President's party. The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience. In 1970, the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon, as well as a televised response to Nixon's written speech in 1973.[32] The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan's speeches in 1982 and 1985. The response is not always produced in a studio; in 1997, the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students.[33] In 2004, the Democratic Party's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time, by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson.[34] In 2011, Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express, a first for a political movement.[35]

text: Significance[edit]

text: Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law, in modern times, the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar. It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof: members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature, the President's Cabinet constituting the executive, and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary. In addition, the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans, who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady.[28]

text: Local versions[edit]

text: Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor. For most of them, it is called the State of the State address. In Iowa, it is called the Condition of the State Address; in Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address. The mayor of Washington, D.C. gives a State of the District address. American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor. Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor. In Guam, the governor delivers an annual State of the Island Address, during his/her term.

text: Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor, county commissioner or board chair, including Sonoma County, California; Orlando, Florida; Cincinnati, Ohio; New Haven, Connecticut; Parma, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Seattle, Washington; Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Buffalo, New York; Rochester, New York; San Antonio, Texas; McAllen, Texas; and San Diego, California. The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville, Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address. Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term.[36][37] Private companies usually have a "State of the Corporation" or "State of the Company" address given by the respective CEO.[38]

text: The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union,[39] and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron.

text: Historic speeches[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2, 1823. It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets, and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan.
The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech, he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
During his State of the Union Address on January 11, 1944, FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights. Roosevelt's argument was that the "political rights" guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had "proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness".
During his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the "War on Poverty". This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.
During his State of the Union address on January 15, 1975, Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that "the state of the Union is not good: Millions of Americans are out of work...  We depend on others for essential energy. Some people question their Government's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them; they expect Washington politics as usual." Ford said he didn't "expect much, if any, applause. The American people want action, and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want. Progress and solutions can be achieved, and they will be achieved."

tag: ul

text: In his 2002 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush identified North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States. He said, "States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world". In this speech, he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror.

text: TV ratings[edit]

text: Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were:[40][41][42]

text:
Date

President

Viewers,
millions

Households,
millions

Rating

Networks

1/30/2018

Donald Trump

45.551

32.168

26.9

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, ESTRELLA, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, PBS

2/28/2017

Donald Trump

47.741

33.857

28.7

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, UNIVISION, PBS, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, NBC UNIVERSO

1/12/2016

Barack Obama

31.334

23.040

19.6

ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, NBC, NBC UNIVERSO, UNIVISION**

1/20/2015

Barack Obama

31.710

23.137

19.9

ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUNDOFOX, NBC, UNIVISION**

1/28/2014

Barack Obama

33.299

23.949

20.7

CBS, ABC, NBC, FOX, AZTECA, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, CNN, MSNBC, CNBC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, GALAVISION, MUN2, UNIVISION**

2/12/2013

Barack Obama

33.497

24.767

21.8

FOX, ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, AZTECA, UNIVISION, MFX, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, CURRENT, CENTRIC, GALAVISION

1/24/2012

Barack Obama

37.752

27.569

24.0

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, TF, UNIVISION, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUN2

1/25/2011

Barack Obama

42.789

30.871

26.6

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, CENTRIC, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/2010

Barack Obama

48.009

34.182

29.8

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, BET, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

2/24/2009

Barack Obama

52.373

37.185

32.5

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION

1/28/2008

George W. Bush

37.515

27.702

24.7

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO**, UNIVISION

1/24/2007

George W. Bush

45.486

32.968

29.6

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION

2/01/2006

George W. Bush

43.179

30.528

31.2

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, AZTECA AMERICA, TELFUTURA

2/02/2005

George W. Bush

39.432

28.359

35.3

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, TELEFUTURA

1/20/2004

George W. Bush

43.411

30.286

28.0

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/28/2003

George W. Bush

62.061

41.447

38.8

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/29/2002

George W. Bush

51.773

35.547

33.6

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

2/27/2001

George W. Bush

39.793

28.201

27.6

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/2000

Bill Clinton

31.478

22.536

22.4

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/19/1999

Bill Clinton

43.500

30.700

31.0

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/1998

Bill Clinton

53.077

36.513

37.2

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, CNBC

2/04/1997

Bill Clinton

41.100

27.600

28.4

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN

1/23/1996

Bill Clinton

40.900

28.400

29.6

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN

1/24/1995

Bill Clinton

42.200

28.100

29.5

ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN

1/25/1994

Bill Clinton

45.800

31.000

32.9

ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN

2/17/1993

Bill Clinton

66.900

41.200

44.3

ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN


document_title: United States military seniority

question_text: who is the highest ranking officer in the us army

text: United States military seniority

text: Modern-day seniority[edit]

text: The modern-day seniority system of the United States commissioned officer corps operates on two different levels. For officers of different ranks, seniority is simply determined by who holds the highest rank. For instance, Army colonel is senior to captain and captain senior to lieutenant. Seniority extends across services as for instance major in the Army is senior to captain in the Air Force while commander in the United States Navy is senior to both. For officers in the same rank or paygrade, seniority is determined by the date of whom assumed their rank earlier.[1] If officers of the same grade have the same date of rank, then seniority is determined in order by the officer's previous rank's date and so forth.[1] If all promotion dates of ranks are the same, seniority is then determined on order of: previous active duty grade relative seniority (if applicable),[1] total active commissioned service,[1] and finally, total federal commissioned service or date of appointment as a commissioned officer.[1] The secretaries of each service may establish further seniority rules if applicable.[1]

text: A type of "positional seniority" exists for military officers who hold top leadership positions of the armed forces. For instance, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is considered the senior most officer of the entire United States military, even though it is possible that contemporaries of the same rank may have earlier dates of rank or time in service. Likewise, heads of various armed service branches are considered senior most within their service; unified commanders are also considered senior most in their respective regions yet not necessarily to each other.

text: The regular United States military hierarchy is as follows:

text:
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

text: When compared to each other, seniority is determined among the service heads by lineal number and commissioning date. Externally, the standing of each service head is determined by the date of the creation of the position as follows.

text:
Chief of Staff of the United States Army
Chief of Naval Operations
Commandant of the Marine Corps
Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
Commandant of the Coast Guard
Chief of the National Guard Bureau

text: The officers in charge of the Unified Combatant Commands are considered "operational officers" while the standard military hierarchy is administrative. For instance, the Chief of Naval Operations, who would most likely be senior to a naval admiral in command of the United States Pacific Command, would not be able to issue direct orders to said commander since operational chain of command is separate from regular administrative military hierarchy.[2] Military seniority, within itself, would not be affected.

text:
[show]
 Unified Combatant Commands of the United States Department of Defense

Regional responsibilities

Africa Command
Central Command
European Command
Northern Command
Pacific Command
Southern Command

Functional responsibilities

Special Operations Command
Strategic Command
Transportation Command

Inactivated

Atlantic Command
Joint Forces Command
Space Command
Strike Command

text: Tactical and operational seniority[edit]

text: Tactical seniority, also known as "battlefield seniority", is the manner in which a senior officer in command of a given tactical situation is determined. For instance, within the United States Navy, groups of ships performing exercises together will have one ship designated as the tactical senior unit. The commander of said ship is the senior tactical officer and may in fact be junior in rank to the other officers of the tactical group. For multi-national exercises, such as the Sharem event in South Korea, ships of foreign nations are sometimes given tactical seniority and thus may issue routine movement orders to United States vessels. Actual combat would fall under the Task Force system, in which a United States admiral, with clear seniority, would take command over all vessels.

text: Groups of Army units, especially in active combat, may be placed under tactical command of any officer, regardless of rank seniority, for completion of a single mission. During World War II, the term "mixed unit" was commonly used to denote military formations created from several other smaller units, most often "on the spot", due to operational confusion and the need for a single battlefield commander to take authority over all units physically present. Army Air Force bomber groups operated on a similar principal, in that tactical command could pass to officers who were not necessarily the senior most present, given the specific needs of the mission or casualties during the mission itself.

text: Operational seniority refers to the ability to issue long range orders to U.S. forces, such as deployments, general orders, and other administrative matters. Operational seniority is never granted to non-U.S. officers and usually stems from such major offices as the Bureau of Naval Personnel or the Army Personnel Branch.

text: Historical seniority[edit]

text: Historical seniority loosely indicates the general significance of various generals and flag officers within the scope of the history of the United States. Historical seniority is typically only bestowed to those officers who were the inaugural holders of ranks or for those who served as the senior most military officer during a major armed conflict.

text: The only case where historical seniority has been legally established by the United States Congress are for the two "super ranks" of the armed forces of the United States, these being the ranks General of the Armies and Admiral of the Navy. By clear precedent, the holders of these two ranks (three persons in all) are senior to all other officers of the United States military, past and present. By special Congressional edict, George Washington is considered the senior most officer of all time meaning he may never be lesser in seniority to any other military officer, although Washington technically shares the same rank with John Pershing.

text: The office of general was discontinued after the Civil War, but revived in 1919 by the title of "General of the Armies of the United States" when General John J. Pershing was appointed to that office on 3 September 1919; accepted the appointment on 8 September 1919, was retired with that rank on 13 September 1924, and held it until his death on 15 July 1948. No other officer has occupied this office on active duty. General Pershing held the grade of General of the Armies of the United States under the provisions of the Act of U.S. Congress of 3 September 1919 (Public Law 45). Washington was posthumously appointed General of the Armies of the United States under s:Public Law 94-479. Under s:Order 31-3, the effective promotion date was on 4 July 1976. Congress specified that no officer of the United States Army should outrank Lieutenant General George Washington on the Army list. While promoted to a lieutenant general only a year before his death, he was the most senior officer and the only lieutenant general in the army. The same is true of Ulysses S. Grant, who was the second person to permanently hold this rank. (Winfield Scott was a brevet lieutenant general for his service in the Mexican–American War.) Washington was referred to as "commander in chief" of the Continental Army, a title that since the adoption of the Constitution has been reserved for the (civilian) President.

text: The five star officers of World War II are technically considered the most senior officers in U.S. history (with the exception of the two "super ranks" previously mentioned), yet are often considered historically junior to the military leaders of the 19th century, especially the inaugural holders of senior military ranks. Most historical seniority lists also omit three star officers, with some rare exceptions (such as Winfield Scott), and typically avoid comparing two star ranks and below, which are permanent ranks held by hundreds of officers over the past two centuries. In these cases, standard methods of seniority are utilized. Since 1981, the highest rank held by any officer in the U.S. armed forces is four stars, or a pay grade of "O-10". Modern-day admirals and generals are typically not considered in lists of historical seniority, except for extreme cases such as leaders of wars or other wide scale armed conflicts.

text: Historical seniority list[edit]

text: The officers listed below are generally accepted in military history circles as the top twenty five officers of all time in United States military history[3][4]

text:
Seniority Order
Rank Order
Officer
Service
Highest rank
Date of rank
Historical significance

1
1
Washington, George !George Washington
U.S. Army
General of the Armies
4 Jul 1976
Declared by a Congressional Act in 1976 to be the senior most United States officer of all time. Held the rank of lieutenant general in the United States Army during his lifetime, as well as a special rank of "General and Commander-in-Chief" in of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.

2
1
Pershing, John !John Pershing
U.S. Army
General of the Armies
3 Sep 1919
Only person to hold the rank of General of the Armies on active duty. Recognized unofficially as a six star general during World War II after a press conference by Henry L. Stimson.

3
1
Dewey, George !George Dewey
U.S. Navy
Admiral of the Navy
2 Mar 1899
Inaugural and sole holder of rank.

4
4
Scott, Winfield !Winfield Scott
U.S. Army
Lieutenant general
29 Mar 1847
Second person in American history to hold the rank of lieutenant general after George Washington. Senior officer of the U.S. military during the Mexican-American War as well as the opening months of the American Civil War

5
3
Grant, Ulysses !Ulysses S. Grant
U.S. Army
General of the Army
25 Jul 1866
Inaugural holder of the rank, which was a 19th century equivalent to a modern-day four star general (this differed from the 20th century rank of the same name which was clearly a five star position).

6
3
Farragut, David !David G. Farragut
U.S. Navy
Admiral
25 Jul 1866
Inaugural holder of the rank, granted by Congress due to services rendered as senior officer of the Navy during the American Civil War.

7
3
Sherman, William !William T. Sherman
U.S. Army
General of the Army
4 Mar 1869
Second holder of the rank "General of the Army". Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan wore four stars and held ranks equivalent to current four-star (O-10) generals and admirals, one step higher than the Civil War era rank of lieutenant general. This special version of the title General of the Army of the United States, Act of US Congress July 25, 1866, indicated that Congress intended only one person to have it at a time.

8
3
Porter, David !David D. Porter
U.S. Navy
Admiral
25 Jul 1866
Second person in the history of the United States Navy to hold the rank of Admiral.

9
4
Rowan, Stephen !Stephen C. Rowan
U.S. Navy
Vice admiral
1 Aug 1870
Longest serving officer in the history of the United States Navy with 63 years of service and retirement at the age of 80.

10
3
Sheridan, Philip !Philip H. Sheridan
U.S. Army
General of the Army
1 Jun 1888
Final person in U.S. Army history to hold the Civil War era rank "General of the Army". The rank was discontinued upon Sheridan's death and was not reactivated until World War II, then as a five star position.

11
4
Schofield, John !John Schofield
U.S. Army
Lieutenant general
5 Feb 1895
First Commanding General of the United States Army following the disestablishment of the rank General of the Army and first peacetime promotion to the permanent rank of lieutenant general.

12
4
Miles, Nelson !Nelson A. Miles
U.S. Army
Lieutenant general
6 Jun 1900
Last Commanding General of the United States Army. Succeeded by Samuel Baldwin Marks Young who became the first Chief of Staff. From this point on the Chief of Staff was by default considered the most senior officer of the United States Army.

13
3
Bliss, Tasker !Tasker Bliss
U.S. Army
General
6 Oct 1917
Second person promoted to the four star rank of General in the 20th century (the other was John Pershing) for service in the National Army during the First World War.

14
2
Leahy, William !William D. Leahy
U.S. Navy
Fleet Admiral
15 Dec 1944
First five star officer appointed during the Second World War

15
2
Marshall, George !George C. Marshall
U.S. Army
General of the Army
16 Dec 1944
Second officer promoted to five stars. The initial promotion of these officers was spaced over a period of one week so as to match the original seniority held by the officers at the four star level.

16
2
King, Ernest !Ernest J. King
U.S. Navy
Fleet Admiral
17 Dec 1944
Third officer promoted to five star rank

17
2
MacArthur, Douglas !Douglas MacArthur
U.S. Army
General of the Army
18 Dec 1944
Fourth officer to hold five star rank and second within the United States Army (after George Marshall). MacArthur was further considered for promotion to the "six star" position of General of the Armies, both during and following the Second World War.

18
2
Nimitz, Chester !Chester W. Nimitz
U.S. Navy
Fleet Admiral
19 Dec 1944
Fifth officer to hold five star rank and the third within the United States Navy. Served as the first post-World War II Chief of Naval Operations

19
2
Eisenhower, Dwight !Dwight D. Eisenhower
U.S. Army
General of the Army
20 Dec 1944
Later served as President of the United States. Required to resign his commission as a five star officer during his term; five star rank was reinstated after leaving office by president John F. Kennedy

20
2
Arnold, Henry !Henry H. Arnold
U.S. Army
General of the Army
21 Dec 1944
Last of the initial five star appointments during the Second World War.

U.S. Air Force
General of the Air Force
7 May 1949
Five star rank was converted to that of General of the Air Force in 1949. No other officer has held the Air Force five star version since Arnold.

21
2
Halsey, William !William F. Halsey
U.S. Navy
Fleet Admiral
11 Dec 1945
First of two post World War II promotions to five star rank (the other being Omar Bradley)

22
2
Bradley, Omar !Omar Bradley
U.S. Army
General of the Army
20 Sep 1950
Last officer in U.S. history to be promoted to five star rank

23
3
Spruance, Raymond !Raymond Spruance
U.S. Navy
Admiral
4 Feb 1944
A close contender for the rank of Fleet Admiral, his promotion was consistently blocked by Congressman Carl Vinson, but he was granted the full pay of an Admiral on the retirement list in July 1948. The Spruance-class destroyer is named in his honor.

24
3
Patton, George !George Patton
U.S. Army
General
14 Apr 1945
Generally regarded as the most successful combat commander of the European theatre of World War II. A possible contender for the rank of General of the Army, he was killed in an automotive accident in 1945 before any such consideration[5]

25
3
Ridgeway, Matthew !Matthew Ridgway
U.S. Army
General
11 May 1951
Replaced Douglas MacArthur as senior officer during the Korean War, after MacArthur was relieved by Harry S. Truman. Later served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army.

text: Alexander Vandegrift is also frequently included in historical seniority lists due to his status as the first Commandant of the Marine Corps to hold a four-star rank, as is Anna Mae Hays who was the first woman to be promoted to brigadier general in the history of the United States. Historical seniority is rarely referred to after the Korean War since modern military seniority systems had been well-established after the mid 20th century. Expanded seniority lists such as the one listed below do exist mostly in recognition of major military leaders of modern wars and conflicts.

text:
Officer
Service
Highest rank
Date of rank
Historical significance

Westmoreland, William !William Westmoreland
U.S. Army
General
1 Aug 1965
Senior most operational officer of the Vietnam War. Omitted from some historical lists, since Westmoreland served in the later 20th century when the regular military seniority system had already been well established.

Rickover,, Hyman !Hyman G. Rickover
U.S. Navy
Admiral
3 Dec 1973
Head of the nuclear program of the United States Navy and one of the longest serving officers in United States military history.

Powell, Colin !Colin Powell
U.S. Army
General
4 Apr 1989
Served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during the Gulf War. Later considered for five star promotion; however, a Congressional bill was never passed. Later served as Secretary of State.

Schwarzkopf, Norman !Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.
U.S. Army
General
1 Nov 1988
Senior commander of Operation Desert Storm. As with Colin Powell, was considered for five star rank but without result.

Petraeus, David !David Petraeus
U.S. Army
General
30 Jan 2007
Considered for five star rank due to his status as the leader of the military during the War on Terror, however due to later scandals after retirement no further effort was made on this proposal.

Mattis, James !James Mattis
U.S. Marine Corps
General
7 Nov 2007
Leader of United States Central Command during the Iraq War. Led both the first and second Battles of Fallujah. Secretary of Defense under Donald Trump as of January 20, 2017.

Dunwoody, Ann !Ann E. Dunwoody
U.S. Army
General
14 Nov 2008
First female four star officer in the history of the United States Armed Forces.

Wolfenbarger, Janet !Janet C. Wolfenbarger
U.S. Air Force
General
5 Jun 2012
First female four star general in the history of the United States Air Force.

Howard, Michelle !Michelle Howard
U.S. Navy
Admiral
1 Jul 2014
First female four star admiral in the history of the United States Navy.