document_title: High School Musical 2

question_text: who is the manager of the lava springs country club from high school musical 2

text: High School Musical 2

text: Plot

text: The school year ends with everyone at East High School looking forward to summer vacation ("What Time Is It"). Troy Bolton is still dating Gabriella Montez, who decides to stay in Albuquerque with her mother. Troy eventually decides to look for a summer job to gain money for college.

text: Sharpay and Ryan Evans plan to spend part of the summer at their family's country club, Lava Springs ("Fabulous"), but Sharpay's summer plans also include pursuing Troy, whom she has arranged to be hired at the club. However, Troy convinces the club's manager, Mr. Fulton, into hiring Gabriella and their close group of friends as well; including Taylor and Chad. Sharpay is enraged upon learning that Gabriella is working as one of the lifeguards, but is unable to get her fired. So she orders Fulton to give them difficult tasks so they would be best to quit. Fulton attempts to intimidate the group, but Troy rebuilds their confidence and convinces them that they can persevere ("Work This Out").

text: Troy continues to worry about funding for college. Sharpay senses his need and arranges for Troy to be promoted, hoping that this will convince him to sing with her at the talent show. Meanwhile, Kelsi writes a ballad for Troy and Gabriella. Troy agrees to sing with his friends in the show ("You Are The Music In Me"), not knowing that Sharpay is vying for his attention. (In the extended version, Sharpay and Ryan trap Troy as he prepares for a date with Gabriella, and perform their potential show-stopper ("Humuhumunukunukuapua'a").)

text: Ryan realizes he does not mean much to Sharpay anymore, as she is ready to blow her brother aside for the opportunity to perform with Troy. This leads to tension between the twin siblings and Ryan angrily informs Sharpay that he will no longer obey her orders. Taylor and Gabriella invite Ryan to the baseball game, where he persuades the Wildcats to take part in the talent show ("I Don't Dance").

text: Troy and Gabriella's relationship is strained when Troy sees Ryan with Gabriella, sparking jealousy. Owing to a "promise" from Troy, he and Sharpay practice their song for the Midsummer Night's Talent Show ("You Are The Music In Me (Sharpay Version)").

text: When Sharpay discovers that Ryan and the Wildcats are putting together their own performance in the show, she orders Mr. Fulton to ban all junior staff members from performing. Gabriella angrily confronts Sharpay about her interference and quits her job at Lava Springs. Troy overhears the exchange and tries to persuade Gabriella to change her mind. Gabriella expresses her loss of trust with Troy ("Gotta Go My Own Way") and leaves Lava Springs, and gives him the necklace back. It also seems that they broke up.

text: Troy returns to work the next day to find that his friends refuse to talk to him. Kelsi silently shows Troy the notice from Mr. Fulton, causing Troy to question his own motivations ("Bet On It"). He begins to reconcile with Chad and his other friends. Then Troy confronts Sharpay, informing her that he will not sing with her. The Wildcats and Chad forgive Troy for his absence and convince him to sing in the talent show, which he does only under the condition that they are all allowed to perform as well.

text: At Sharpay's supposed instruction, Ryan gives Troy a new song to learn moments before the show. As Troy goes onstage, he asks Sharpay why she switched the song, and Sharpay is shocked to find that her brother tricked her. Troy sings the song ("Everyday") alone until Gabriella surprisingly joins him onstage. In the end, Sharpay proudly presents her brother, Ryan, with the award for the talent show. After the talent show, all the Wildcats go to the golf course to enjoy the fireworks.

text: Everyone celebrates the end of the summer with a pool party ("All for One") which features a cameo appearance by Miley Cyrus.

text: Cast

text:
Troy Bolton (Zac Efron) is the most popular male student at East High School and the captain of the varsity basketball team. For this movie, Efron did all of his own singing, whereas, in the first High School Musical, his singing was blended with singer Drew Seeley's voice.[citation needed]
Gabriella Montez (Vanessa Hudgens) is Troy's girlfriend who is relieved that she will still be attending East High. She is the lifeguard at the Lava Springs Country Club until Shapay's actions cause her to quit and break up with Troy.
Sharpay Evans (Ashley Tisdale) is Ryan's primadonna twin sister determined to win the talent show while also vying for Troy's attention and doing anything to help him.
Ryan Evans (Lucas Grabeel) is Sharpay's twin brother who lives in the shadow of his primadonna sister.
Chad Danforth (Corbin Bleu) is Troy's best friend and is very good friends with Jason and Zeke.
Taylor McKessie (Monique Coleman) is Gabriella's best friend. She is also friends with Kelsi Nielsen and Martha Cox and is dating Chad. She is captain of the school Scholastic Decathlon team. She has a summer job at Lava Springs as an Activities Coordinator.
Thomas Fulton (Mark L. Taylor) is the manager of Lava Springs.
Coach Jack Bolton (Bart Johnson) is Troy's father and East High's basketball coach.
Vance Evans (Robert Curtis Brown) is Sharpay and Ryan's father.
Darby Evans (Jessica Tuck) is Sharpay and Ryan's mother and president of the Lava Springs Board.
Ms. Darbus (Alyson Reed) is the stern drama teacher at East High.
Kelsi Nielsen (Olesya Rulin) is a pianist and composer.
Zeke Baylor (Chris Warren Jr.) is friends with Troy and Chad and plays for the basketball team.
Jason Cross (Ryne Sanborn) is friends with Troy, Chad, and Zeke and plays on the basketball team.
Martha Cox (Kaycee Stroh) is friends with Gabriella, Kelsi, and Taylor.
Boi Evans (Manly "Little Pickles" Ortega) is Sharpay's Pet dog.
Jackie (Tanya Chisholm) is one of Sharpay’s friends (a.k.a. The Sharpettes).
Lea (Kelli Baker), another Sharpette.
Emma (McCall Clark), another Sharpette.
Unknown Wildcats player (Shane Harper), the principal dancer.
Girl At Pool (Miley Cyrus), An unknown dancer at the end (cameo)
Lucille Bolton (Leslie Wing Pomeroy) Troy's mother.

text: Release

text: The premiere of High School Musical 2 aired at 8 PM Eastern Time on August 17, 2007, and included a telecast hosted by Kenny Ortega and the movie's cast. On Saturday, August 18, Disney Channel aired "High School Musical 2: Wildcat Chat", in which the stars of the movie answered questions posed by fans. On August 19, Disney aired a sing-along version of the movie.[6] On May 23, DirecTV announced that they would be hosting an exclusive high-definition airing of the movie a few days after the August 17 premiere on its network-only channel, The 101.[7]

text: Disney Channel aired a weekly program called Road to High School Musical 2, beginning on June 8, 2007, and leading up to the premiere of High School Musical 2 in August. The show offered viewers a behind-the-scenes look into the production of the movie. The world premiere of the opening number "What Time Is It" was on Radio Disney May 25, 2007,[8] and similarly "You Are The Music In Me" premiered on July 13, 2007.[9]

text: On December 11, 2007, the movie was released on DVD and Blu-ray titled High School Musical 2: Extended Edition. On September 15, 2008, a 2-disc special edition of the movie was released titled High School Musical 2: Deluxe Dance Edition.

text: Songs

text:
Song
Chiefly sung by
Other singers
Scene

What Time Is It?
Troy, Gabriella, Sharpay, Ryan, Chad, Taylor
Wildcats
East High's Classroom, Hallways, Cafeteria

What Time Is It (Reprise)
Troy, Gabriella, Sharpay, Ryan, Chad, Taylor
Wildcats
East High's School Grounds

Fabulous
Sharpay
Ryan & Sharpettes
Lava Springs Pool

Work This Out
Troy, Gabriella, Chad, Taylor, Kelsi, Zeke, Martha, Jason
Wildcats and Kitchen Workers
Lava Springs Kitchen

You Are the Music in Me
Troy and Gabriella
Kelsi and Wildcats
Lava Springs Dining Room

Humuhumunukunukuapua'a
Sharpay and Ryan
Sharpettes
Lava Springs Backstage Room

I Don't Dance
Chad and Ryan
Baseball Players, Wildcats, and Company
Lava Springs Baseball Field

You Are the Music in Me (Reprise)
Sharpay and Troy
Sharpettes
Lava Springs Stage

Gotta Go My Own Way
Gabriella
Troy
Lava Springs Pool, Locker Room, Grounds

Bet On It
Troy
None
Lava Springs Golf Course

Everyday
Troy and Gabriella
Wildcats and Company
Lava Springs Stage

All for One
Troy, Gabriella, Sharpay, Ryan, Chad, Taylor
Kelsi, Zeke, Martha, Jason, Wildcats, Company
Lava Springs Pool

text: Reception

text: The first broadcast of the film on August 17, 2007 broke records, receiving 17.2 million viewers.[4] This number made it, at the time, the most-watched basic-cable telecast in history (the previous record was held by an edition of ESPN's Monday Night Football between the New York Giants and the Dallas Cowboys on October 23, 2006, which attracted 16 million viewers), the most-watched made-for-cable movie ever (the previous record was held by TNT's January 21, 2001 airing of Crossfire Trail, which brought in 12.5 million viewers), and the largest audience of any program on broadcast or cable in the 2007 summer television season, along with Friday nights for the past five years. Ratings for the second showing of the movie fell to 8.4 million, and the third showing fell to 7.4 million, totaling the premiere weekend to 33.04 million viewers.[10]

text: In Latin America, the premiere of High School Musical 2 was seen by 3.3 million viewers in the north region. The film was the most-watched in its schedule, among all cable channels, and produced the highest rating of the channel, surpassing all original films of Disney Channel. Among other records, the premiere in Argentina surpassed the debut of High School Musical the last year, in a 107 percent, while in Brazil the sequel reached 208 percent, and Mexico did so with 61 percent.[11] In the United Kingdom, the movie became Disney Channel UK's most viewed program ever, totaling 1.2 million viewers in its first showing.[12]

text: The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics, gaining a score of 57% on Rotten Tomatoes while gaining a score of 72/100 at Metacritic.[13][14] USA Today's Robert Bianco awarded the film three stars out of four, saying High School Musical 2 was "sweet, smart, bursting with talent and energy, and awash in innocence".[15] While critics enjoyed the film, they noted that the timing of the movie's premiere seemed odd, premiering just when school was about to start up again, while the movie's plot involved the gang going on summer vacation.[16] High School Musical 2 won the "So Hot Right Now" award at the Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2007, in which High School Musical castmate Zac Efron hosted with The Veronicas.

text: High School Musical 2: On Stage!

text: Like the original High School Musical, the sequel has been adapted into two different theatrical productions: a one-act, 70-minute version and a two-act full-length production. This stage production includes the song "Hummuhummunukunukuapua'a" that was left out of the original movie but included in the DVD. Through Music Theater International, Disney Theatrical began licensing the theatrical rights in October 2008. MTI had originally recruited 7 schools to serve as tests for the new full-length adaptation, but due to complications with multiple drafts of both the script and the score, all but two schools were forced to drop out of the pilot program.

text:
On May 18, 2008, Woodlands High School became the first school to produce High School Musical 2.
From July 17-August 3, 2008, Harrell Theatre, in Collierville, Tennessee, was the first community theatre to perform the production, which featured both a senior cast and a junior cast.
From January 15 - February 15, 2009, the West Coast premiere production was presented by Pacific Repertory Theatre's School of Dramatic Arts. The production was directed by PacRep founderStephen Moorer, who previously directed the California premiere of the first High School Musical.[17]
From 6–18 April 2009, the UK Premiere was performed by StageDaze Theatre Company in Cardiff.[18]

text: Awards

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result

2007
American Music Award
Favorite Soundtrack
(High School Musical 2 (soundtrack))
Won

Bravo Magazine Award
Bravo Otto for TV Star – Male
(Zac Efron)
Won

CMA Wild and Young Awards
Best Single International
(You Are the Music in Me by Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens and written by Jamie Houston)
Won

Family Television Awards
Best Actor
(Zac Efron)
Won

Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards
Fave Movie Star
(Zac Efron)
Won

So Hot Right Now!
Won

Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards
Best TV Actress
(Ashley Tisdale)
Won

Best TV Actor
(Zac Efron)
Nominated

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Star Under 35
(Zac Efron)
Won

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Movie
Won

2008
ALMA Award
Outstanding Director of a Made–for–TV Movie
(Kenny Ortega)
Won

ASTRA Awards
Favourite International Program
Won

Favourite International Personality or Actor
(Zac Efron)
Nominated

Cinema Audio Society Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Movies and Miniseries
(Douglas Cameron, Terry O'Bright and Keith Rogers)
Nominated

Directors Guild of America Award
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children's Program
(Kenny Ortega)
Nominated

Golden Reel Award
Best Sound Editing – Music for Long Form Television
(Michael Dittrick and Amber Funk)
Won

Image Award
Outstanding Children's Program
Nominated

PGA Awards
Outstanding Producer for Long–Form Television
(Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush)
Nominated

Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Choreography
(Kenny Ortega, Bonnie Story and Charles Klapow)
Nominated

Outstanding Children's Program
(Don Schain, Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush)
Nominated

Television Critics Association Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Children's Programming
Nominated


document_title: List of Philadelphia 76ers seasons

question_text: when is the last time the 76ers made the playoffs

root

text: List of Philadelphia 76ers seasons

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
League championships
Conference championships
Division titles
Playoff berth

tag: table

text:
Season
Team
League
Conference
Finish
Division
Finish
Wins
Losses
Win%
GB
Playoffs
Awards

Syracuse Nationals

1949–50
1949–50
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
51
13
.797
—
Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–0
Won Division Finals (Knicks) 2–1
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2

1950–51
1950–51
NBA
—
—
Eastern
4th
32
34
.485
8
Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–0
Lost Division Finals (Knicks) 3–2

1951–52
1951–52
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
40
26
.606
—
Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–1
Lost Division Finals (Knicks) 3–1

1952–53
1952–53
NBA
—
—
Eastern
2nd
47
24
.662
0.5
Lost Division Semifinals (Celtics) 2–0

1953–54
1953–54
NBA
—
—
Eastern
T-2nd
42
30
.583
2
Won Division Finals (Celtics) 2–0
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–3

1954–55
1954–55
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
43
29
.597
—
Won Division Finals (Celtics) 3–1
Won NBA Finals (Pistons) 4–3

1955–56
1955–56
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
35
37
.486
10
Won Division Semifinals (Celtics) 2–1
Lost Division Finals (Warriors) 3–2

1956–57
1956–57
NBA
—
—
Eastern
2nd
38
34
.528
6
Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–0
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 3–0

1957–58
1957–58
NBA
—
—
Eastern
2nd
41
31
.569
8
Lost Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–1

1958–59
1958–59
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
35
37
.486
17
Won Division Semifinals (Knicks) 2–0
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–3

1959–60
1959–60
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
45
30
.600
14
Lost Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–1

1960–61
1960–61
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
38
41
.481
19
Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 3–0
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–1

1961–62
1961–62
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
41
39
.513
19
Lost Division Semifinals (Warriors) 3–2

1962–63
1962–63
NBA
—
—
Eastern
2nd
48
32
.600
10
Lost Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–2

Philadelphia 76ers

1963–64
1963–64
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
34
46
.425
25
Lost Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–2

1964–65
1964–65
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
40
40
.500
22
Won Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–1
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–3

1965–66
1965–66
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
55
25
.688
—
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–1
Wilt Chamberlain (MVP)
Dolph Schayes (CoY)

1966–67
1966–67
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
68
13
.840
—
Won Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–1
Won Division Finals (Celtics) 4–1
Won NBA Finals (Warriors) 4–2
Wilt Chamberlain (MVP)

1967–68
1967–68
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
62
20
.756
—
Won Division Semifinals (Knicks) 4–2
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–3
Wilt Chamberlain (MVP)

1968–69
1968–69
NBA
—
—
Eastern
2nd
55
27
.671
2
Lost Division Semifinals (Celtics) 4–1

1969–70
1969–70
NBA
—
—
Eastern
4th
42
40
.512
18
Lost Division Semifinals (Bucks) 4–1

1970–71
1970–71
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic[b]
2nd
47
35
.573
5
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bullets) 4–3

1971–72
1971–72
NBA
Eastern
6th
Atlantic
3rd
30
52
.366
26
—

1972–73
1972–73
NBA
Eastern
8th
Atlantic
4th
9
73
.110
59
—

1973–74
1973–74
NBA
Eastern
8th
Atlantic
4th
25
57
.305
31
—

1974–75
1974–75
NBA
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
4th
34
48
.415
26
—

1975–76
1975–76
NBA
Eastern
4th
Atlantic
2nd
46
36
.561
8
Lost First Round (Braves) 2–1

1976–77
1976–77
NBA
Eastern
1st
Atlantic
1st
50
32
.610
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Rockets) 4–2
Lost NBA Finals (Trail Blazers) 4–2

1977–78
1977–78
NBA
Eastern
1st
Atlantic
1st
55
27
.671
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Knicks) 4–0
Lost Conference Finals (Bullets) 4–2

1978–79
1978–79
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
47
35
.573
7
Won First Round (Nets) 2–0
Lost Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–3

1979–80
1979–80
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
59
23
.720
2
Won First Round (Bullets) 2–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Hawks) 4–1
Won Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–1
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2

1980–81
1980–81
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
62
20
.756
—
Won First Round (Pacers) 2–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–3
Lost Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–3
Julius Erving (MVP)

1981–82
1981–82
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
58
24
.707
5
Won First Round (Hawks) 2–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–2
Won Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–3
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2

1982–83
1982–83
NBA
Eastern
1st
Atlantic
1st
65
17
.793
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Knicks) 4–0
Won Conference Finals (Bucks) 4–1
Won NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–0
Moses Malone (MVP, FMVP)
Bobby Jones (SMoY)
Julius Erving (JWKC)

1983–84
1983–84
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
52
30
.634
10
Lost First Round (Nets) 3–2

1984–85
1984–85
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
58
24
.707
5
Won First Round (Bullets) 3–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–0
Lost Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–1

1985–86
1985–86
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
54
28
.659
13
Won First Round (Bullets) 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–3

1986–87
1986–87
NBA
Eastern
5th
Atlantic
2nd
45
37
.549
14
Lost First Round (Bucks) 3–2

1987–88
1987–88
NBA
Eastern
10th
Atlantic
4th
36
46
.439
21
—

1988–89
1988–89
NBA
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
2nd
46
36
.561
6
Lost First Round (Knicks) 3–0

1989–90
1989–90
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
1st
53
29
.646
—
Won First Round (Cavaliers) 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bulls) 4–1

1990–91
1990–91
NBA
Eastern
5th
Atlantic
2nd
44
38
.537
12
Won First Round (Bucks) 3–0
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bulls) 4–1

1991–92
1991–92
NBA
Eastern
10th
Atlantic
5th
35
47
.427
16
—

1992–93
1992–93
NBA
Eastern
13th
Atlantic
6th
26
56
.317
34
—
Dana Barros (MIP)

1993–94
1993–94
NBA
Eastern
11th
Atlantic
6th
25
57
.305
32
—

1994–95
1994–95
NBA
Eastern
13th
Atlantic
6th
24
58
.293
33
—

1995–96
1995–96
NBA
Eastern
15th
Atlantic
7th
18
64
.220
42
—

1996–97
1996–97
NBA
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
6th
22
60
.268
39
—
Allen Iverson (RoY)

1997–98
1997–98
NBA
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
7th
31
51
.378
24
—

1998–99[c]
1998–99
NBA
Eastern
6th
Atlantic
3rd
28
22
.560
5
Won First Round (Magic) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Pacers) 4–0

1999–00
1999–00
NBA
Eastern
5th
Atlantic
3rd
49
33
.598
3
Won First Round (Hornets) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Pacers) 4–2

2000–01
2000–01
NBA
Eastern
1st
Atlantic
1st
56
26
.683
—
Won First Round (Pacers) 3–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Raptors) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Bucks) 4–3
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–1
Allen Iverson (MVP)
Dikembe Mutombo (DPoY, JWKC)
Aaron McKie (SMoY)
Larry Brown (CoY)

2001–02
2001–02
NBA
Eastern
6th
Atlantic
4th
43
39
.524
9
Lost First Round (Celtics) 3–2

2002–03
2002–03
NBA
Eastern
4th
Atlantic
2nd
48
34
.585
1
Won First Round (Hornets) 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Pistons) 4–2

2003–04
2003–04
NBA
Eastern
11th
Atlantic
5th
33
49
.402
14
—

2004–05
2004–05
NBA
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
2nd
43
39
.524
2
Lost First Round (Pistons) 4–1

2005–06
2005–06
NBA
Eastern
9th
Atlantic
2nd
38
44
.463
11
—

2006–07
2006–07
NBA
Eastern
9th
Atlantic
3rd
35
47
.427
12
—

2007–08
2007–08
NBA
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
3rd
40
42
.488
26
Lost First Round (Pistons) 4–2

2008–09
2008–09
NBA
Eastern
6th
Atlantic
2nd
41
41
.500
21
Lost First Round (Magic) 4–2

2009–10
2009–10
NBA
Eastern
13th
Atlantic
4th
27
55
.329
23
—
Samuel Dalembert (JWKC)

2010–11
2010–11
NBA
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
3rd
41
41
.500
15
Lost First Round (Heat) 4–1

2011–12[d]
2011–12
NBA
Eastern
8th
Atlantic
3rd
35
31
.530
4
Won First Round (Bulls) 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–3

2012–13
2012–13
NBA
Eastern
9th
Atlantic
4th
34
48
.415
20
—

2013–14
2013–14
NBA
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
5th
19
63
.232
29
—
Michael Carter-Williams (RoY)

2014–15
2014–15
NBA
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
4th
18
64
.220
31
—

2015–16
2015–16
NBA
Eastern
15th
Atlantic
5th
10
72
.122
46
—

2016–17
2016–17
NBA
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
4th
28
54
.341
25
—

Regular season
2,754
2,632
.511
47 playoff berths
11 division titles
3 conference titles

Playoffs
217
205
.514
9 Conference Championships
3 NBA Championships

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a The 1992–93 Dallas Mavericks actually had a point differential of -15.2, and the 2011–12 Bobcats of -13.9, vis-à-vis the 1972–73 76ers -12.1 and 2015–16 76ers -10.2.
b The Eastern Division was renamed the Eastern Conference, and split into the Atlantic and Central divisions.
c Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule.[7]
d Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011, and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 game regular season schedule.

tag: ul

text: Sources[edit]

text:
NBA History, nba.com. NBA Media Ventures, LLC. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Philadelphia 76ers, basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Playoff Index, basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-09-06.


document_title: Sake Dean Mahomed

question_text: when was the first curry house opened in britain

text: Sake Dean Mahomed

text: Early life[edit]

text:
"so long as the Sepoy's maintain their formations, which they call 'lines,' they are like an immovable volcano spewing artillery and rifle fire like unrelenting hail on the enemy, and they are seldom defeated."
Sake Dean Mahomed, Travels of Dean Mahomed

tag: div

text: Born in 1759 in Patna, Bihar, then part of the Bengal Presidency, Sake Dean Mahomed came from Buxar. His father, who belonged to the traditional Nai (barber) caste, was in the employment of the East India Company. He had learned much of alchemy and understood the techniques used to produce various alkali, soaps and shampoo. He later described the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and the cities of Allahabad and Delhi in rich detail and also made note of the faded glories of the Mughal Empire.

tag: p

text: Sake Dean Mahomed grew up in Patna. Mahomed's father died when Mahomed was young.  He was then taken under the wing of Captain Godfrey Evan Baker, an Anglo-Irish Protestant officer at the age of 10. He served in the army of the British East India Company as a trainee surgeon and honourably served against the Marathas. Sake Dean Mahomed also mentions how Mir Qasim and most of the entire Bengali Muslim aristocracy had lost their famed wealth. He complained about Shuja-ud-Daula's campaign against his Rohilla allies and how Hyder Ali defeated the British during the Battle of Pollilur. Mahomed remained with Captain Baker's unit until 1782, when the Captain resigned. That same year, Mahomed also resigned from the Army, choosing to accompany Captain Baker, 'his best friend', to Britain.[3]

text: The Travels of Dean Mahomed[edit]

text: In 1794, Mahomed published his travel book, The Travels of Dean Mahomet. The book begins with the praise of Genghis Khan, Timur and particularly the first Mughal Emperor Babur. It describes several important cities in India and a series of military conflicts with local Indian principalities.

text: Editor Michael Fisher suggested that some passages in the book were closely paraphrased from other travel narratives written in the late 18th century.[4]

text: Restaurant venture[edit]

text: In 1810, after moving to London, Dean Mahomet opened the first Indian restaurant in England: the Hindoostane Coffee House in George Street, near Portman Square, Central London.[5] The restaurant offered such delights as the Hookha "with real chilm tobacco, and Indian dishes, ... allowed by the greatest epicures to be unequalled to any curries ever made in England." This venture was ended due to financial difficulties.[6]

text: Introduction of shampooing to Europe[edit]

text: Before opening his restaurant, Mahomed had worked in London for nabob Basil Cochrane, who had installed a steam bath for public use in his house in Portman Square and promoted its medical benefits. Mahomed may have been responsible for introducing the practice of champooi or "shampooing" (or Indian massage) there. In 1814 Mahomed and his wife moved back to Brighton and opened the first commercial "shampooing" vapour masseur bath in England, on the site now occupied by the Queen's Hotel. He described the treatment in a local paper as "The Indian Medicated Vapour Bath (type of Turkish bath), a cure to many diseases and giving full relief when every thing fails; particularly Rheumatic and paralytic, gout, stiff joints, old sprains, lame legs, aches and pains in the joints".[7]

text: This business was an immediate success and Dean Mahomed became known as "Dr. Brighton". Hospitals referred patients to him and he was appointed as shampooing surgeon to both King George IV and William IV.[7]

text: Mahomed died in 1851 at 32 Grand Parade, Brighton.  He was buried in a grave at St Nicholas' Church, Brighton, in which his son Frederick was later interred.  Frederick taught fencing, gymnastics and other activities in Brighton at a gymnasium he built on the town's Church Street.[8]

text: Family[edit]

text: In 1784, Mahomed emigrated to Cork, Ireland, with the Baker family.[3] There he studied to improve his English language skills at a local school, where he fell in love with Jane Daly, a "pretty Irish girl of respectable parentage". The Daly family was opposed to their relationship, and the couple thus eloped to another town to get married in 1786.[3][9] At that time it was illegal for Protestants to marry non-Protestants, therefore Mahomed converted to Anglicanism to marry Jane Daly.[10] They later moved to Brighton, England, at the turn of the 19th century."[11]

text:
Sake Dean Mahomed and his wife Jane had seven children: Rosanna, Henry, Horatio, Frederick, Arthur[9], Dean Mahomed (baptised in the Roman Catholic church of St. Finbarr's, Cork, in 1791)[12] and Amelia (b. 1808).[13] His son, Frederick, was a proprietor of Turkish baths at Brighton[14] and also ran a boxing and fencing academy near Brighton. His most famous grandson, Frederick Henry Horatio Akbar Mahomed (c. 1849–1884), became an internationally known physician[9] and worked at Guy's Hospital in London. He made important contributions to the study of high blood pressure,[15]
Another of Sake Dean Mahomed's grandsons, Rev. James Kerriman Mahomed, was appointed as the vicar of Hove, Sussex, in the late 19th century.[9]

text: Recognition[edit]

text: Sake Dean Mahomet began to lose prominence by the Victorian era and until recently was largely forgotten by history. The literary critic Muneeza Shamsie notes that he also authored the books Cases Cured and Shampooing Surgeon, Inventor of the Indian medicated Vapour and Sea Water Baths etc.[7]

text: Modern renewal of interest in his writings followed after poet and scholar Alamgir Hashmi drew attention to this author in the 1970s and 1980s. Michael H. Fisher has written a book on Sheikh Dean Mahomet: The First Indian Author in English: Dean Mahomet in India, Ireland and England (Oxford University Press, Delhi — 1996).

text: On 29 September 2005 the City of Westminster unveiled a Green Plaque commemorating the opening of the Hindoostane Coffee House.[5] The plaque is at 102 George Street, close to the original site of the coffee house at 34 George Street.[16]


document_title: Zhou dynasty

question_text: who was the last ruler of the zhou dynasty

text: Zhou dynasty

text: History[edit]

text: Foundation[edit]

text: Traditional myth[edit]

text: According to Chinese mythology, the Zhou lineage began when Jiang Yuan, a consort of the legendary Emperor Ku, miraculously conceived a child, Qi "the Abandoned One", after stepping into the divine footprint of Shangdi.[5][6] Qi was a culture hero credited with surviving three abandonments by his mother and with greatly improving Xia agriculture,[5] to the point where he was granted lordship over Tai and the surname Ji by his own Xia king and a later posthumous name, Houji "Lord of Millet", by the Tang of Shang. He even received sacrifice as a harvest god. The term Hòujì was probably a hereditary title attached to a lineage.

text: Qi's son, or rather that of the Hòujì, Buzhu is said to have abandoned his position as Agrarian Master (Chinese: 農師; pinyin: Nóngshī) in old age and either he or his son Ju abandoned agriculture entirely, living a nomadic life in the manner of the Xirong and Rongdi (see Hua–Yi distinction).[7] Ju's son Liu,[8] however, led his people to prosperity by restoring agriculture and settling them at a place called Bin,[c] which his descendants ruled for generations. Tai later led the clan from Bin to Zhou, an area in the Wei River valley of modern-day Qishan County.

text: The duke passed over his two elder sons Taibo and Zhongyong to favor Jili, a warrior who conquered several Xirong tribes as a vassal of the Shang kings Wu Yi and Wen Ding before being treacherously killed. Taibo and Zhongyong had supposedly already fled to the Yangtze delta, where they established the state of Wu among the tribes there. Jili's son Wen bribed his way out of imprisonment and moved the Zhou capital to Feng (within present-day Xi'an). Around 1046 BC, Wen's son Wu and his ally Jiang Ziya led an army of 45,000 men and 300 chariots across the Yellow River and defeated King Zhou of Shang at the Battle of Muye, marking the beginning of the Zhou dynasty.[d] The Zhou enfeoffed a member of the defeated Shang royal family as the Duke of Song, which was held by descendants of the Shang royal family until its end. This practice was referred to as Two Kings, Three Reverences.

text: Culture[edit]

text: According to Nicholas Bodman, the Zhou appear to have spoken a language not basically different in vocabulary and syntax from that of the Shang.[e] A recent study by David McCraw, using lexical statistics, reached the same conclusion.[11] The Zhou emulated extensively Shang cultural practices, perhaps to legitimize their own rule,[12] and became the successors to Shang culture.[13] At the same time, the Zhou may also have been connected to the Xirong, a broadly defined cultural group to the west of the Shang, which the Shang regarded as tributaries.[14] According to the historian Li Feng, the term "Rong" during the Western Zhou period was likely used to designate political and military adversaries rather than cultural and ethnic 'others.'[13]

text: Western Zhou[edit]

text: King Wu maintained the old capital for ceremonial purposes but constructed a new one for his palace and administration nearby at Hao. Although Wu's early death left a young and inexperienced heir, the Duke of Zhou assisted his nephew King Cheng in consolidating royal power. Wary of the Duke of Zhou's increasing power, the "Three Guards", Zhou princes stationed on the eastern plain, rose in rebellion against his regency. Even though they garnered the support of independent-minded nobles, Shang partisans and several Dongyi tribes, the Duke of Zhou quelled the rebellion, and further expanded the Zhou Kingdom into the east.[15][16][17] To maintain Zhou authority over its greatly expanded territory and prevent other revolts, he set up the fengjian system.[16] Furthermore, he countered Zhou's crisis of legitimacy by expounding the doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven while accommodating important Shang rituals at Wangcheng and Chengzhou.[18]

text: Over time, this decentralized system became strained as the familial relationships between the Zhou kings and the regional dynasties thinned over the generations. Peripheral territories developed local power and prestige on par with that of the Zhou.[19] When King You demoted and exiled his Jiang queen in favor of the beautiful commoner Bao Si, the disgraced queen's father the Marquis of Shen joined with Zeng and the Quanrong barbarians to sack Hao in 771 BC. Some modern scholars have surmised that the sack of Haojing might have been connected to a Scythian raid from the Altai before their westward expansion.[20] With King You dead, a conclave of nobles met at Shen and declared the Marquis's grandson King Ping. The capital was moved eastward to Wangcheng,[1] marking the end of the "Western Zhou" (西周, p Xī Zhōu) and the beginning of the "Eastern Zhou" dynasty (东周, p Dōng Zhōu).

text: Eastern Zhou[edit]

text: The Eastern Zhou was characterized by an accelerating collapse of royal authority, although the king's ritual importance allowed over five more centuries of rule. The Confucian chronicle of the early years of this process led to its title of the "Spring and Autumn" period. The partition of Jin in the mid-5th century BC initiated a second phase, the "Warring States".[19] In 403 BC, the Zhou court recognized Han, Zhao, and Wei as fully independent states. Duke Hui of Wei, in 344 BC, was the first to claim the royal title of king (Chinese: 王) for himself. Others followed, marking a turning point, as rulers did not even entertain the pretence of being vassals of the Zhou court, instead proclaiming themselves fully independent kingdoms. A series of states rose to prominence before each falling in turn, and Zhou was a minor player most of these conflicts.

text: The last Zhou king is traditionally taken to be Nan, who was killed when Qin captured the capital Wangcheng[1] in 256 BC. A "King Hui" was declared, but his splinter state was fully removed by 249 BC. Qin's unification of China concluded in 221 BC with Qin Shihuang's annexation of Qi.

text: The Eastern Zhou, however, is also remembered as the golden age of Chinese philosophy: the Hundred Schools of Thought which flourished as rival lords patronized itinerant shi scholars is led by the example of Qi's Jixia Academy. The Nine Schools of Thought which came to dominate the others were Confucianism (as interpreted by Mencius and others), Legalism, Taoism, Mohism, the utopian communalist Agriculturalism, two strains of Diplomatists, the sophistic Logicians, Sun-tzu's Militarists, and the Naturalists.[21] Although only the first three of these went on to receive imperial patronage in later dynasties, doctrines from each influenced the others and Chinese society in sometimes unusual ways. The Mohists, for instance, found little interest in their praise of meritocracy but much acceptance for their mastery of siege warfare; much later, however, their arguments against nepotism were used in favor of establishing the imperial examination system.

text: Culture and society[edit]

text: Mandate of Heaven and the Justification of Power[edit]

text: Zhou rulers introduced what was to prove one of East Asia's most enduring political doctrines. The concept of the "Mandate of Heaven". They did this so by asserting that their moral superiority justified taking over Shang wealth and territories, also that heaven had imposed a moral mandate on them to replace the Shang and return good governance to the people.[22]

text: The Mandate of Heaven was presented as a religious compact between the Zhou people and their supreme god in heaven (literally the 'sky god'). The Zhou agreed that since worldly affairs were supposed to align with those of the heavens, the heavens conferred legitimate power on only one person, the Zhou ruler. In return, the ruler was duty-bound to uphold heaven's principles of harmony and honor. Any ruler who failed in this duty, who let instability creep into earthly affairs, or who let his people suffer, would lose the mandate. Under this system, it was the prerogative of spiritual authority to withdraw support from any wayward ruler and to find another, more worthy one.[23] In this way, the Zhou sky god legitimated regime change.

text: In using this creed, the Zhou rulers had to acknowledge that any group of rulers, even they themselves could be ousted if they lost the mandate of heaven because of improper practices. The book of odes, written during the Zhou period clearly intoned this caution.[22]

text: The early Zhou kings contended that heaven favored their triumph because the last Shang kings had been evil men whose policies brought pain to the people through waste and corruption. After the Zhou came to power, the mandate became a political tool.

text: One of the duties and privileges of the king was to create a royal calendar. This official document defined times for undertaking agricultural activities and celebrating rituals. But unexpected events such as solar eclipses or natural calamities threw into question the ruling house's mandate. Since rulers claimed that their authority came from heaven, the Zhou made great efforts to gain accurate knowledge of the stars and to perfect the astronomical system on which they based their calendar.[23]

text: Zhou legitimacy also arose indirectly from Shang material culture through the use of bronze ritual vessels, statues, ornaments, and weapons.[23] As the Zhou emulated the Shangs large scale production of ceremonial bronzes they developed an extensive system of bronze metal working that required a large force of tribute labor. Many of its members were Shang who were sometimes forcibly transported to new Zhou to produce the bronze ritual objects which were then sold and distributed across the lands symbolizing Zhou legitimacy.[22]

text: Feudalism[edit]

text: Western writers often describe the Zhou period as "feudal" because the Zhou's fēngjiàn (封建) system invites comparison with medieval rule in Europe.

text: There were many similarities between the decentralized systems. When the dynasty was established, the conquered land was divided into hereditary fiefs (諸侯, zhūhóu) that eventually became powerful in their own right. In matters of inheritance, the Zhou dynasty recognized only patrilineal primogeniture as legal.[24][25] According to Tao (1934: 17–31), "the Tsung-fa or descent line system has the following characteristics: patrilineal descent, patrilineal succession, patriarchate, sib-exogamy, and primogeniture"[26]

text: The system, also called "extensive stratified patrilineage", was defined by the anthropologist Kwang-chih Chang as "characterized by the fact that the eldest son of each generation formed the main of line descent and political authority, whereas the younger brothers were moved out to establish new lineages of lesser authority. The farther removed, the lesser the political authority". Ebrey defines the descent-line system as follows: "A great line (ta-tsung) is the line of eldest sons continuing indefinitely from a founding ancestor. A lesser line is the line of younger sons going back no more than five generations. Great lines and lesser lines continually spin off new lesser lines, founded by younger sons".

text: K.E. Brashier writes in his book "Ancestral Memory in Early China" about the tsung-fa system of patrilineal primogeniture: "The greater lineage, if it has survived, is the direct succession from father to eldest son and is not defined via the collateral shifts of the lesser lineages. In discussions that demarcate between trunk and collateral lines, the former is called a zong and the latter a zu, whereas the whole lineage is dubbed the shi. [...] On one hand every son who is not the eldest and hence not heir to the lineage territory has the potential of becoming a progenitor and fostering a new trunk lineage (Ideally he would strike out to cultivate new lineage territory). [...] According to the Zou commentary, the son of heaven divided land among his feudal lords, his feudal lords divided land among their dependent families and so forth down the pecking order to the officers who had their dependent kin and the commoners who "each had his apportioned relations and all had their graded precedence""[27]

text: This type of unilineal descent-group later became the model of the Korean family through the influence of Neo-Confucianism, as Zhu Xi and others advocated its re-establishment in China.[28]

text: Fēngjiàn system and bureaucracy[edit]

text: There were five peerage ranks below the royal ranks, in descending order with common English translations: gōng 公 "duke", hóu 侯 "marquis", bó 伯 "count", zǐ 子 "viscount", and nán 男 "baron".[29] At times, a vigorous duke would take power from his nobles and centralize the state. Centralization became more necessary as the states began to war among themselves and decentralization encouraged more war. If a duke took power from his nobles, the state would have to be administered bureaucratically by appointed officials.

text: Despite these similarities, there are a number of important differences from medieval Europe. One obvious difference is that the Zhou ruled from walled cities rather than castles. Another was China's distinct class system, which lacked an organized clergy but saw the Shang Zi-clan yeomen become masters of ritual and ceremony known as Shi (士). When a dukedom was centralized, these people would find employment as government officials or officers. These hereditary classes were similar to Western knights in status and breeding, but like Western clergy were expected to be something of a scholar instead of a warrior. Being appointed, they could move from one state to another. Some would travel from state to state peddling schemes of administrative or military reform. Those who could not find employment would often end up teaching young men who aspired to official status. The most famous of these was Confucius, who taught a system of mutual duty between superiors and inferiors. In contrast, the Legalists had no time for Confucian virtue and advocated a system of strict laws and harsh punishments. The wars of the Warring States were finally ended by the most legalist state of all, Qin. When the Qin dynasty fell and was replaced by the Han dynasty, many Chinese were relieved to return to the more humane virtues of Confucius.[citation needed]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Agriculture in the Zhou dynasty was very intensive and, in many cases, directed by the government. All farming lands were owned by nobles, who then gave their land to their serfs, a situation similar to European feudalism. For example, a piece of land was divided into nine squares in the well-field system, with the grain from the middle square taken by the government and that of surrounding squares kept by individual farmers. This way, the government was able to store surplus food and distribute it in times of famine or bad harvest. Some important manufacturing sectors during this period included bronze smelting, which was integral to making weapons and farming tools. Again, these industries were dominated by the nobility who directed the production of such materials.

text: China's first projects of hydraulic engineering were initiated during the Zhou dynasty, ultimately as a means to aid agricultural irrigation. The chancellor of Wei, Sunshu Ao, who served King Zhuang of Chu, dammed a river to create an enormous irrigation reservoir in modern-day northern Anhui province. For this, Sunshu is credited as China's first hydraulic engineer. The later Wei statesman Ximen Bao, who served Marquis Wen of Wei (445-396 BC), was the first hydraulic engineer of China to have created a large irrigation canal system. As the main focus of his grandiose project, his canal work eventually diverted the waters of the entire Zhang River to a spot further up the Yellow River.

text: Military[edit]

text: The early Western Zhou supported a strong army, split into two major units: "the Six Armies of the west" and "the Eight Armies of Chengzhou". The armies campaigned in the northern Loess Plateau, modern Ningxia and the Yellow River floodplain. The military prowess of Zhou peaked during the 19th year of King Zhao's reign, when the six armies were wiped out along with King Zhao on a campaign around the Han River. Early Zhou kings were true commanders-in-chief. They were in constant wars with barbarians on behalf of the fiefs called guo, which at that time meant "statelet" or "principality".

text: King Zhao was famous for repeated campaigns in the Yangtze areas and died in his last action. Later kings' campaigns were less effective. King Li led 14 armies against barbarians in the south, but failed to achieve any victory. King Xuan fought the Quanrong nomads in vain. King You was killed by the Quanrong when Haojing was sacked. Although chariots had been introduced to China during the Shang dynasty from Central Asia, the Zhou period saw the first major use of chariots in battle.[30][31] Recent archaeological finds demonstrate similarities between horse burials of the Shang and Zhou dynasties and Indo-European peoples in the west.[32] Other possible cultural influences resulting from Indo-European contact in this period may include fighting styles, head-and-hooves burials, art motifs and myths.[32]

text: Philosophy[edit]

text: During the Zhou dynasty, the origins of native Chinese philosophy developed, its initial stages beginning in the 6th century BC. The greatest Chinese philosophers, those who made the greatest impact on later generations of Chinese, were Confucius, founder of Confucianism, and Laozi, founder of Taoism. Other philosophers, theorists, and schools of thought in this era were Mozi, founder of Mohism; Mencius, a famous Confucian who expanded upon Confucius' legacy; Shang Yang and Han Fei, responsible for the development of ancient Chinese Legalism (the core philosophy of the Qin dynasty); and Xun Zi, who was arguably the center of ancient Chinese intellectual life during his time, even more so than iconic intellectual figures such as Mencius.[33]

text: Li[edit]

text: Established during the Western period, the Li traditional Chinese: 禮; simplified Chinese: 礼; pinyin: lǐ) ritual system encoded an understanding of manners as an expression of the social hierarchy, ethics, and regulation concerning material life; the corresponding social practices became idealized within Confucian ideology.

text: The system was canonized in the Book of Rites, Zhouli, and Yili compendiums of the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), thus becoming the heart of the Chinese imperial ideology. While the system was initially a respected body of concrete regulations, the fragmentation of the Western Zhou period led the ritual to drift towards moralization and formalization in regard to:

text:
The five orders of Chinese nobility.
Ancestral temples (size, legitimate number of pavilions)
Ceremonial regulations (number of ritual vessels, musical instruments, people in the dancing troupe)

text: Kings[edit]

text: The rulers of the Zhou dynasty were titled Wáng (王), which is normally translated into English as "king" and was also the Shang term for their rulers.[34] In addition to these rulers, King Wu's immediate ancestors – Danfu, Jili, and Wen – are also referred to as "Kings of Zhou", despite having been nominal vassals of the Shang kings.

text: NB: Dates in Chinese history before the first year of the Gonghe Regency in 841 BC are contentious and vary by source. Those below are those published by Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project and Edward L. Shaughnessy's The Absolute Chronology of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

text:
Personal name
Posthumous name
Reign period

發
Fa
周武王
King Wu of Zhou
1046–1043 BC
1045–1043 BC

誦
Song
周成王
King Cheng of Zhou
1042–1021 BC
1042/1035–1006 BC

釗
Zhao
周康王
King Kang of Zhou
1020–996 BC
1005/1003–978 BC

瑕
Xia
周昭王
King Zhao of Zhou
995–977 BC
977/975–957 BC

滿
Man
周穆王
King Mu of Zhou
976–922 BC
956–918 BC

繄扈
Yihu
周共王/周龔王
King Gong of Zhou
922–900 BC
917/915–900 BC

囏
Jian
周懿王
King Yi of Zhou
899–892 BC
899/897–873 BC

辟方
Pifang
周孝王
King Xiao of Zhou
891–886 BC
872?–866 BC

燮
Xie
周夷王
King Yi of Zhou
885–878 BC
865–858 BC

胡
Hu
周厲王/周剌王
King Li of Zhou
877–841 BC
857/853–842/828 BC

共和
Gonghe Regency
841–828 BC

靜
Jing
周宣王
King Xuan of Zhou
827–782 BC

宮湦
Gongsheng
周幽王
King You of Zhou
781–771 BC

End of Western Zhou / Beginning of Eastern Zhou

宜臼
Yijiu
周平王
King Ping of Zhou
770–720 BC

林
Lin
周桓王
King Huan of Zhou
719–697 BC

佗
Tuo
周莊王
King Zhuang of Zhou
696–682 BC

胡齊
Huqi
周僖王
King Xi of Zhou
681–677 BC

閬
Lang
周惠王
King Hui of Zhou
676–652 BC

鄭
Zheng
周襄王
King Xiang of Zhou
651–619 BC

壬臣
Renchen
周頃王
King Qing of Zhou
618–613 BC

班
Ban
周匡王
King Kuang of Zhou
612–607 BC

瑜
Yu
周定王
King Ding of Zhou
606–586 BC

夷
Yi
周簡王
King Jian of Zhou
585–572 BC

洩心
Xiexin
周靈王
King Ling of Zhou
571–545 BC

貴
Gui
周景王
King Jing of Zhou
544–521 BC

猛
Meng
周悼王
King Dao of Zhou
520 BC

丐
Gai
周敬王
King Jing of Zhou
519–476 BC

仁
Ren
周元王
King Yuan of Zhou
475–469 BC

介
Jie
周貞定王
King Zhending of Zhou
468–442 BC

去疾
Quji
周哀王
King Ai of Zhou
441 BC

叔
Shu
周思王
King Si of Zhou
441 BC

嵬
Wei
周考王
King Kao of Zhou
440–426 BC

午
Wu
周威烈王
King Weilie of Zhou
425–402 BC

驕
Jiao
周安王
King An of Zhou
401–376 BC

喜
Xi
周烈王
King Lie of Zhou
375–369 BC

扁
Bian
周顯王
King Xian of Zhou
368–321 BC

定
Ding
周慎靚王
King Shenjing of Zhou
320–315 BC

延
Yan
周赧王
King Nan of Zhou
314–256 BC

text: Nobles of the Ji family proclaimed Duke Hui of Eastern Zhou as King Nan's successor after their capital, Chengzhou, fell to Qin forces in 256 BC. Ji Zhao, a son of King Nan, led a resistance against Qin for five years. The dukedom fell in 249 BC. The remaining Ji family ruled Yan and Wei until 209 BC.

text: Later tradition[edit]

text: Claimed descendants[edit]

text: The Han dynasty bestowed the hereditary title 周子南君 upon the Zhou dynasty royal descendant Ji Jia 姬嘉 and his descendants.[35] This practice was referred to as Two Kings, Three Reverences (zh).

text: According to the New Book of Tang the Sui dynasty Emperors were patrilineally descended from the Zhou dynasty Kings via Ji Boqiao 姬伯僑, who was the son of Duke Wu of Jin.[36] Ji Boqiao's family became known as the "sheep tongue family" 羊舌氏.

text: The Yang of Hongnong 弘農楊氏[37][38][39][40][41] were asserted as ancestors by the Sui Emperors like the Longxi Li's were asserted as ancestors of the Tang Emperors.[42] The Li of Zhaojun and the Lu of Fanyang hailed from Shandong and were related to the Liu clan which was also linked to the Yang of Hongnong and other clans of Guanlong.[43] Duke Wu of Jin was claimed as the ancestors of the Hongnong Yang.[44] The Yang of Hongnong, Jia of Hedong, Xiang of Henei, and Wang of Taiyuan from the Tang dynasty were claimed as ancestors by Song dynasty lineages.[45] There were Dukedoms for the offspring of the royal families of the Zhou dynasty, Sui dynasty, and Tang dynasty in the Later Jin (Five Dynasties).[46]

text: The Zhou dynasty King Ling's son Prince Jin is assumed by most to be the ancestor of the Taiyuan Wang lineage.[47] The Longmen Wang were a cadet line of the Zhou dynasty descended Taiyuan Wang, and Wang Yan and his grandson Wang Tong hailed from his cadet line.[48] Both Buddhist monks and scholars hailed from the Wang family of Taiyuan such as the monk Tanqian.[49] The Wang family of Taiyuan included Wang Huan.[50] The Taiyuan Wang family produced Wang Jun who served under Emperor Huai of Jin.[51] A Fuzhou-based section of the Taiyuan Wang produced the Buddhist monk Baizhang.[52] During the Tang dynasty the Li family of Zhaojun 趙郡李氏, the Cui family of Boling 博陵崔氏, the Cui family of Qinghe 清河崔氏, the Lu family of Fanyang 范陽盧氏, the Zheng family of Xingyang 滎陽鄭氏, the Wang family of Taiyuan 太原王氏, and the Li family of Longxi 隴西李氏 were the seven noble families between whom marriage was banned by law.[53] Moriya Mitsuo wrote a history of the Later Han-Tang period of the Taiyuan Wang. Among the strongest families was the Taiyuan Wang.[54] The prohibition on marriage between the clans issued in 659 by the Gaozong Emperor was flouted by the seven families since a woman of the Boling Cui married a member of the Taiyuan Wang, giving birth to the poet Wang Wei.[55] He was the son of Wang Chulian who in turn was the son of Wang Zhou.[56] The marriages between the families were performed clandestinely after the prohibition was implemented on the seven families by Gaozong.[57] Their status as "Seven Great surnames" became known during Gaozong's rule.[58]

text: The Zhou dynasty Kings are the ancestors of the Zhou clan of Runan.

text: The Linghu of Dunhuang 敦煌令狐氏 were descended from King Wen of Zhou through his son Duke Gao of Bi 畢公高

text: The Zheng family of Xingyang 滎陽鄭氏 claim descent from the Zhou dynasty Kings via the rulers of the State of Zheng.

text: The Marquis of Xingyang rank was created for Zheng Xi.[59] The Xingyang Zheng spawned Zheng Daozhao and Zheng Xi.[60] Zheng Wanjun was a member of the Xingyang Zheng.[61] The Xingyang Zheng spawned Zheng Yuzhong (Zheng Qiao).[62] The Xingyang Zheng spawned Zheng Jiong.[63]

text: The Zheng of Xingyang may have been miswritten in the records as the Zheng of Xingyang 滎陽鄭氏.[64][65]

text: 東野家族大宗世系 Family Tree of the descendants of the Duke of Zhou in Chinese

text: The main line of the Duke of Zhou's descendants came from his firstborn son, the State of Lu ruler Bo Qin's third son Yu (魚) whose descendants adopted the surname Dongye (東野). The Duke of Zhou's offspring held the title of Wujing Boshi (五經博士; 五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì).[66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76]

text: Duke Huan of Lu's son through Qingfu (慶父) was the ancestor of Mencius. He was descended from Duke Yang of the State of Lu 魯煬公 Duke Yang was the son of Bo Qin, who was the son of the Duke of Zhou. The genealogy is found in the Mencius family tree (孟子世家大宗世系).[77][78][79] Mencius's descendants were awarded the Wujing Boshi title.[66]

text: One of the Duke of Zhou's 72 generation descendants family tree was examined and commented on by Song Lian.[80][clarification needed]

text: Astrology[edit]

text: Zhou is represented by two stars, Eta Capricorni (週一 Zhōu yī, "the First Star of Zhou") and 21 Capricorni (週二 Zhōu èr, "the Second Star of Zhou"), in "Twelve States" asterism.[81] Zhou is also represented by the star Beta Serpentis in asterism "Right Wall", Heavenly Market enclosure (see Chinese constellation).[82]


document_title: United States budget process

question_text: who has final authority over the federal budget

text: United States budget process

text: The budget processes[edit]

text: The President's budget request[edit]

text: The United States budget process begins when the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress. The President's budget is formulated over a period of months with the assistance of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the largest office within the Executive Office of the President. The budget request includes funding requests for all federal executive departments and independent agencies. Budget documents include supporting documents and historical budget data and contains detailed information on spending and revenue proposals, along with policy proposals and initiatives with significant budgetary implications. The President's budget request constitutes an extensive proposal of the administration's intended revenue and spending plans for the following fiscal year. The budget proposal includes volumes of supporting information intended to persuade Congress of the necessity and value of the budget provisions. In addition, each federal executive department and independent agency provides additional detail and supporting documentation on its own funding requests. The documents are also posted on the OMB website.

text: The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 requires the President to submit the budget to Congress for each fiscal year, which is the 12-month period beginning on October 1 and ending on September 30 of the next calendar year. The current federal budget law (31 U.S.C. § 1105(a)) requires that the President submit the budget between the first Monday in January and the first Monday in February. In recent times, the President's budget submission has been issued in the first week of February.[4] The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. The 2014 United States federal budget was not submitted by the President until April 10, 2013 due to negotiations over the United States fiscal cliff and implementation of the sequester cuts mandated by the Budget Control Act of 2011.[5] (The House had already prepared its budget proposal on March 21, and the Senate proposed a budget on March 23.)

text: President Warren G. Harding brought about the enactment of the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which, for the first time, required the President to submit a budget annually to Congress and which established the Bureau of the Budget, the forerunner of the Office of Management and Budget, to assist in the formulation of the budget. Initially the Bureau was within the U.S. Department of the Treasury, but in 1939 it was moved to the Executive Office of the President.[6]

text: Budget resolutions[edit]

text: The President's budget submission is referred to the House and Senate Budget Committees and to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Other committees with budgetary responsibilities submit requests and estimates to the budget committees during this time.

text: In March, the CBO publishes an analysis of the President's budget proposals. The CBO budget report and other publications are also posted on the CBO website. CBO computes a current-law baseline budget projection that is intended to estimate what federal spending and revenues would be in the absence of new legislation for the current fiscal year and for the coming 10 fiscal years. However, the CBO also computes a current-policy baseline, which makes assumptions about, for instance, votes on tax cut sunset provisions. The current CBO 10-year budget baseline projection grows from $3.7 trillion in 2011 to $5.7 trillion in 2021.[citation needed]

text: In March, the budget committees consider the President's budget proposals in the light of the CBO budget report, and each committee submits a budget resolution to its house by April 1. The House and Senate each consider these budget resolutions, and are expected to pass them, possibly with amendments, by April 15. A budget resolution is a kind of concurrent resolution; it is not a law, and therefore does not require the President's signature.

text: There is no obligation for either or both houses of Congress to pass a budget resolution. There may not be a resolution every year; if none is established, the previous year's resolution remains in force. For example, the Senate has not passed a budget resolution for FY2011, FY2012, or FY2013, and passed the FY2014 budget resolution on March 23, 2013, 23 days before the April 15 deadline set by the No Budget, No Pay Act of 2013. This was the first budget resolution passed by the Senate since a FY2010 budget passed on April 29, 2009. The House and Senate may propose a budget independently of the President's budget. For example, for the 2014 budget process, the House prepared its budget proposal on March 21 and the Senate proposed a budget on March 23, while the President's budget was not submitted until April 10.

text: After both houses pass a budget resolution, selected Representatives and Senators negotiate a conference report to reconcile differences between the House and the Senate versions. The conference report, in order to become binding, must be approved by both the House and Senate.

text: The budget resolution is not legally binding but serves as a blueprint for the actual appropriation process, and provides Congress with some control over the appropriation process. All new discretionary spending requires authority through enactment of appropriation bills or continuing resolutions.

text: Authorization and appropriations[edit]

text: In general, funds for federal government programs must be authorized by an "authorizing committee" through enactment of legislation. Then, through subsequent acts by Congress, budget authority is then appropriated by the Appropriations Committee of the House. In principle, committees with jurisdiction to authorize programs make policy decisions, while the Appropriations Committees decide on funding levels, limited to a program's authorized funding level, though the amount may be any amount less than the limit.

text: The budget resolutions specify funding levels for the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their 12 subcommittees, establishing various budget totals, allocations, entitlements, and may include reconciliation instructions to designated House or Senate committees. The appropriations committees start with allocations in the budget resolution and draft appropriations bills, which may be considered in the House after May 15. Once appropriations committees pass their bills, they are considered by the House and Senate. When there is a final budget, the spending available to each appropriations committee for the coming fiscal year is usually provided in the joint explanatory statement included in the conference report. The appropriations committees then allocate that amount among their respective subcommittees, each to allocate the funds they control among the programs within their jurisdiction.[7]

text: A conference committee is typically required to resolve differences between House and Senate appropriation bills. Once a conference bill has passed both chambers of Congress, it is sent to the President, who may sign the bill or veto it. If he signs, the bill becomes law. Otherwise, Congress must pass another bill to avoid a shutdown of at least part of the federal government.

text: In recent years, Congress has not passed all of the appropriations bills before the start of the fiscal year. Congress may then enact continuing resolutions that provide for the temporary funding of government operations. Failure to appropriate funds results in a partial government shutdown, such the federal government shutdown in October 2013.

text: In practice, the separation between policy making and funding and the division between appropriations and authorization activities are imperfect. Authorizations for many programs have long lapsed, yet still receive appropriated amounts, while other programs that are authorized receive no funds at all.[citation needed] In addition, policy language, which is legislative text changing permanent law, is included in appropriation measures.

text: Discretionary and mandatory spending[edit]

text: Each function within the budget may include "budget authority" and "outlays" that fall within the broad categories of discretionary spending or direct spending.

text: Discretionary spending[edit]

text: Discretionary spending requires an annual appropriation bill, which is a piece of legislation. Discretionary spending is typically set by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their various subcommittees. Since the spending is typically for a fixed period (usually a year), it is said to be under the discretion of the Congress. Some appropriations last for more than one year (see Appropriation bill for details). In particular, multi-year appropriations are often used for housing programs and military procurement programs.

text: There are currently 12 appropriation bills that must be passed each fiscal year in order for continued discretionary spending to occur. The subject of each appropriations bill corresponds to the jurisdiction of the respective House and Senate appropriation subcommittees:

text: As of 2012, there are 12 appropriations bills which need to be passed each year:[8]

text:
Agriculture, Rural Development, and Food and Drug Administration
Commerce, Justice, and Science
Defense
Energy and Water Development
Financial Services and General Government (includes judicial branch, the Executive Office of the President, and District of Columbia appropriations)
Homeland Security
Interior and Environment
Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education
Legislative Branch
Military Construction and Veterans Affairs
State and Foreign Operations
Transportation and Housing and Urban Development

text: Multiple bills are sometimes combined into one piece of legislation, such as the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009. A continuing resolution is often passed if an appropriations bill has not been signed into law by the end of the fiscal year.

text: Mandatory spending[edit]

text: Direct spending, also known as mandatory spending, refers to spending enacted by law, but not dependent on an annual or periodic appropriation bill. Most mandatory spending consists of transfer payments and welfare benefits such as Social Security benefits, Medicare, and Medicaid. Many other expenses, such as salaries of federal judges, are mandatory, but account for a relatively small share of federal spending. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates costs of mandatory spending programs on a regular basis.[citation needed]

text: Congress can affect spending on entitlement programs by changing eligibility requirements or the structure of programs. Certain programs, because the language authorizing them are included in appropriation bills, are termed "appropriated entitlements." This is a convention rather than a substantive distinction, since the programs, such as Food Stamps, would continue to be funded even were the appropriation bill to be vetoed or otherwise not enacted.[citation needed]

text: Budget functions[edit]

text: The federal budget is divided into categories known as budget functions. These functions include all spending for a given topic, regardless of the federal agency that oversees the individual federal program. Both the President's budget, and Congress' budget resolution provide summaries by function.

text: List of budget functions:[9]

text:
Function Number
Category
Description

050
National Defense
The National Defense function includes the military activities of the Department of Defense (DoD), the nuclear-weapons related activities of the Department of Energy (DoE) and the National Nuclear Security Administration, the national security activities of several other agencies such as the Selective Service Agency, and portions of the activities of the Coast Guard and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The programs in this function include: the pay and benefits of active, Guard, and reserve military personnel; DoD operations including training, maintenance of equipment, and facilities; health care for military personnel and dependents; procurement of weapons; research and development; construction of military facilities, including housing; research on nuclear weapons; and the cleanup of nuclear weapons production facilities.

150
International Affairs
Function 150 contains funding for all U.S. international activities, including: operating U.S. embassies and consulates throughout the world; providing military assistance to allies; aiding developing nations; dispensing economic assistance to fledgling democracies; promoting U.S. exports abroad; making U.S. payments to international organizations; and contributing to international peacekeeping efforts. Funding for all of these activities constitutes about one percent of the federal budget. The major agencies in this function include the Departments of Agriculture, State, and the Treasury; the United States Agency for International Development; and the Millennium Challenge Corporation.

250
General Science, Space, and Technology
This function includes the National Science Foundation (NSF), programs at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration except for aviation programs, and general science programs at the Department of Energy (DOE).

270
Energy
Function 270 contains civilian energy and environmental programs in the Department of Energy (DOE). This function also includes the Rural Utilities Service of the Department of Agriculture, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. This function does not include DOE's national security activities, which are in Function 050 (National Defense), or its basic research and science activities, which are in Function 250 (General Science, Space and Technology).

300
Natural Resources and Environment
Function 300 includes programs concerned with environmental protection and enhancement; recreation and wildlife areas; and the development and management of the nation's land, water, and mineral resources. It includes programs within the following federal departments and agencies: Agriculture, Commerce, Interior, Transportation, the Army Corps of Engineers, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

350
Agriculture
Function 350 includes farm income stabilization, agricultural research, and other services administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The discretionary programs include research and education programs, economics and statistics services, administration of the farm support programs, farm loan programs, meat and poultry inspection, and a portion of the Public Law (P.L.) 480 international food aid program. The mandatory programs include commodity programs, crop insurance, and certain farm loans.

370
Commerce and Housing Credit
Function 370 includes mortgage credit, the Postal Service, deposit insurance, and other advancement of commerce (the majority of the discretionary and mandatory spending in this function). The mortgage credit component includes housing assistance through the Federal Housing Administration, the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), and rural housing programs of the Department of Agriculture. The function also includes net postal service spending and spending for deposit insurance activities of banks, thrifts, and credit unions. Most of the Commerce Department is provided for in this function. Finally, the function also includes funding for independent agencies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, and the majority of the Small Business Administration.

400
Transportation
Function 400 consists mostly of the programs administered by the Department of Transportation, including programs for highways, mass transit, aviation, and maritime activities. This function also includes two components of the Department of Homeland Security: the Coast Guard and the Transportation Security Administration. In addition, this function includes several small transportation-related agencies and the research program for civilian aviation at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

450
Community and Regional Development
Function 450 includes federal programs to improve community economic conditions, promote rural development, and assist in federal preparations for and response to disasters. This function provides appropriated funding for the Community Development Block Grant, Department of Agriculture rural development programs, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and other disaster mitigation and community development-related programs. It also provides mandatory funding for the federal flood insurance program.

500
Education, Training, Employment, and Social Services
Function 500 includes funding for the Department of Education, social services programs within the Department of Health and Human Services, and employment and training programs within the Department of Labor. It also contains funding for the Library of Congress and independent research and art agencies such as the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the Smithsonian Institution, the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the National Endowment for the Arts, and the National Endowment for the Humanities.

550
Health
Function 550 includes most direct health care services programs. Other health programs in this function fund anti-bioterrorism activities, national biomedical research, protecting the health of the general population and workers in their places of employment, providing health services for under-served populations, and promoting training for the health care workforce. Some of the agencies funded in this function include the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Resources and Services Administration, and the Food and Drug Administration. The major mandatory programs in this function are Medicaid, the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), federal and retirees' health benefits, and health care for Medicare-eligible military retirees.

570
Medicare
Function 570 includes only the Medicare program, which provides health insurance to senior citizens and persons with disabilities. Congress provides an annual appropriation for the costs of administering and monitoring the Medicare program. Nearly 99 percent of spending in this function occurs on the mandatory side of the budget, and almost all of the mandatory spending consists of payments for Medicare benefits.

600
Income Security
Function 600 consists of a range of income security programs that provide cash or near-cash assistance (e.g., housing, nutrition, and energy assistance) to low-income persons, and benefits to certain retirees, persons with disabilities, and the unemployed. Housing assistance programs account for the largest share of discretionary funding in this function. Major federal entitlement programs in this function include unemployment insurance, trade adjustment assistance income support, food stamps, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, foster care, and Supplemental Security Income. Federal and other retirement and disability programs comprise approximately one third of the funds in this function.

650
Social Security
Function 650 consists of the two payroll tax-financed programs that are collectively known as Social Security: Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance (OASDI). This function includes Social Security benefit payments and funds to administer the program. Under provisions of the Congressional Budget Act and the Budget Enforcement Act, Social Security trust funds are off-budget and do not appear in the budget resolution totals. However, a small portion of spending in Function 650 - the general fund transfer of income taxes on Social Security benefits - is considered on-budget and appears in the budget resolution totals.

700
Veterans Benefits and Services
Function 700 covers the programs of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), including veterans' medical care, compensation and pensions, education and rehabilitation benefits, and housing programs. It also includes the Department of Labor's Veterans' Employment and Training Service, the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, and the American Battle Monuments Commission. Almost 90 percent of appropriated funding in Function 700 goes to veterans' health care.

750
Administration of Justice
The Administration of Justice function consists of federal law enforcement programs, litigation and judicial activities, correctional operations, and state and local justice assistance. Agencies within this function include: the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the Drug Enforcement Administration; Border and Transportation Security; the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives; the United States Attorneys; legal divisions within the Department of Justice; the Legal Services Corporation; the federal Judiciary; and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. This function includes several components of the Department of Homeland Security.

800
General Government
This function includes the activities of the White House and the Executive Office of the President, the legislative branch, and programs designed to carry out the legislative and administrative responsibilities of the federal government, including personnel management, fiscal operations, and property control.

900
Net Interest
Function 900 consists primarily of the interest paid by the federal government to private and foreign government holders of U.S. Treasury securities. This amount is slightly offset by interest income received by the federal government on loans and cash balances and by earnings of the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust.

920
Allowances
This function displays the budgetary effect of proposals that cannot easily be distributed across other budget functions. In the past, this function has included funding for emergencies or proposals contingent on certain events.

950
Undistributed Offsetting Receipts
This function comprises major offsetting receipt items that would distort the funding levels of other functional categories if they were distributed to them.