document_title: History of the west coast of North America

question_text: who founded missions on the west coast of america

text: History of the west coast of North America

text: Geography

text: As used in this article, the term "west coast of North America" means a contiguous region of that continent bordering the Pacific Ocean: all or parts of the U.S. states of Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California; all or parts of British Columbia and the Yukon in Canada; all or part of the Mexican states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas; and the Central American countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. The eastern Islands of the Pacific Ocean off the west coast, such as the Coastal islands of the Californias, are also important.

text: First people

text: The west coast of North America likely saw the first sustained arrival of people to the continent. Although there are other theories, most scientists believe that the first significant groups of people came from Asia, through today's Bering Strait area, then through modern Alaska, and from there spread throughout North America and to South America.

text: Although the cultures on the west coast of today's Canada and United States are not known to have developed substantial urban centers and sophisticated writing or scientific systems, it is likely that, before European contact, the population density was significantly higher than in the rest of the northern part of the continent. For example, it has been estimated that in 1492, one-third of all Native Americans in the United States were living in California.[3]

text: In the western half of Mesoamerica (that is, western portions of today's Mexico and northern Central America), the oldest known settlements date to approximately 2000 BCE.[4] A succession of cultures started with the very early Capacha culture, which appeared on the Pacific coast of modern Mexico about 1450 BC and spread into the interior.[5] The following cultures developed into "high civilizations" in Mesoamerica, with extensive urban areas, writing, astronomy and fine arts:

text:
Olmec (beginning about 1150 BC)
Mixtec (beginning perhaps 1000 BC)
Maya (settled villages along the Pacific coast appear from 1800 BC, and ceremonial architecture by approximately 1000 BC) and
Aztec (from the 14th century AD)

text: Farther south, Panama was home to some of the earliest pottery-making, such as the Monagrillo culture dating to about 2500–1700 BC; this culture evolved into significant populations best known for spectacular burial sites (dating to c. 500–900 AD) and polychrome pottery of the Coclé style.

text: Each of these cultures rose, flourished, and was then conquered by a more militarily developed culture. While not all of these civilizations had large settlements along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, their influence extended to the Pacific coast.

text: Regional communications in ancient Mesoamerica—and especially along the west coast—have been the subject of considerable research. There is evidence of trade routes starting as far north as the Mexico Central Plateau, and going down to the Pacific coast. These trade routes and cultural contacts then went on as far as Central America. These networks operated along the west coast with various interruptions from pre-Olmec times and up to the Late Classical Period (600–900 CE).

text: European arrival (1513–1750)

text: In 1513, Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to reach the west coast of North America, on the Pacific coast of the Panama isthmus. From the point of view of European powers in the age of sailing ships, the west coast of North America was among the most distant places in the world. The arduous journey around Cape Horn at the tip of South America and then north meant nine to twelve months of dangerous sailing. These practical difficulties discouraged all but the Spanish Empire from making regular visits and establishing settlements and ports until the second half of the 18th century—some 200 years after Europeans first reached the east coast of North America.

text: Spanish explorers and conquistadors

text: Explorers flying the flag of Spain reached the New World beginning in 1492 with the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. Spanish expeditions colonized and explored vast areas in North and South America following the grants of the Pope (contained in the 1493 papal bull Inter caetera) and rights contained in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas and 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza. These formal acts gave Spain the exclusive rights to colonize the entire Western Hemisphere (excluding eastern Brazil), including all of the west coast of North America. The first European expedition to actually reach the west coast was led by the Spaniard Vasco Núñez de Balboa, who reached the Pacific coast of Panama in 1513. In an act of enduring historical importance, Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish Crown, as well as all adjoining land and islands. This act gave Spain exclusive sovereignty and navigation rights over the entire west coast of North America.

text: The commonly held belief at the time was that the west coast of North America was in modest sailing distance of Asia to the west, or the two might actually physically connect. To the north was imagined a narrow Northwest Passage, known as the Strait of Anián, which some believed reached the Pacific Ocean at 42° north latitude (the latitude of today's border between Oregon and California) and connected to the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Confirmation of the land connection, and discovery of this Strait of Anián, were key elements in Spain's efforts to establish direct trade routes with China and other countries in Asia. See Early knowledge of the Pacific Northwest.

text: The Pacific Coast of Mexico and Central America was not especially conducive to economic development during this era. The northern Mexican coast (including the Baja California Peninsula) was generally too dry for substantial agriculture or ranching that would support settlements. South of the deserts, the jungles of the Pacific Coast in Mexico and Central America, and the tropical diseases found there, were major obstacles to large-scale development.

text: Notable exceptions were the development of important Spanish ports at Puerto de Navidad and Acapulco in today's Mexico. While Navidad faded in importance, Acapulco became the primary port of the Spanish Empire on the west coast of North America, and was used as a base for exploratory expeditions north and trade routes with the Far East.[6]

text: From 1533–1535, Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés personally sponsored and financed exploratory sailing voyages north from Acapulco, in a search for legendary riches reported to be in the site of today's California. In the third of these voyages, Cortés accompanied the voyage, and likely reached the site of today's La Paz on the Baja California peninsula.[7]

text: In 1539, another voyage financed and sponsored by Cortés, and led by Francisco de Ulloa, embarked on an expedition in three small vessels, sailing north from Acapulco to explore the Pacific Coast, and to seek the Strait of Anián. The expedition sailed northwards along the west coast of the Mexican mainland, and reached the Gulf of California six weeks later. Ulloa named the Gulf the "Sea of Cortés" in honor of his patron. When one of his ships was lost in a storm, Ulloa paused to repair the other two ships, and then resumed his voyage, eventually reaching the northern end of the Gulf. Unable to find the Strait of Anián, Ulloa turned south and sailed along the eastern coast of the Baja California peninsula, landing at the Bay of La Paz. After taking on supplies of wood and water, Ulloa rounded the tip of the peninsula with great difficulty and sailed northward along the western shore of the peninsula, in the Pacific Ocean. The progress of his small ships was hampered by the fierce winds and high seas he encountered, eventually forcing him to turn back to Acapulco. The voyage eventually reached 28° north latitude (near the Isla de Cedros).

text: Voyages in 1540 and 1541 to Baja California were sponsored by Cortés's rival, the Viceroy of New Spain. These voyages were led by Hernando de Alarcón (1540) and by Francisco de Bolaños (1541). The voyage by Alarcón was meant to be coordinated with Francisco Vásquez de Coronado's overland expedition; Alarcón penetrated the lower Colorado River, perhaps as far as the modern California-Arizona boundary (but did not meet up with Coronado's expedition). The voyage of Bolaños provided little new information not already known in New Spain. Application of the name California to this part of the west coast of North America is attributed by some to Bolaños,[8][9] however other insist that the name first appears in work written by Alarcón.[10]

text: The governor of Guatemala also determined to build a Pacific fleet on the west coast of Guatemala, for use in an attempt to cross the Pacific to Asia. Ferdinand Magellan, the Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain, had shown in 1521 that the Pacific Ocean could be crossed from South America. Hence, beginning in 1536, using hardware from Spain (such as anchors) hauled across the isthmus of Central America, and local hardwoods, a flotilla of some thirteen ships was built over the next four years. After much difficulty, the larger number of these ships (under the command of Ruy López de Villalobos) was ordered to make the first crossing of the Pacific Ocean from North America to the Philippines. A smaller number was placed under the command of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, a Portuguese navigator sailing for the Spanish Crown. Cabrillo was ordered north along the west coast of North America to explore the expected coastal route to reach the Asian mainland, as well as attempt to find the Strait of Anián.[6][11]

text: In 1542, Cabrillo became the first European to explore the west coast of today's United States, leading the expedition that landed at San Diego Bay, and continued north along the coast up to Punta del Año Nuevo, 37° 10' north of Monterrey. But Cabrillo died on January 3, 1543, and the remainder of the exploration was led by Bartolomé Ferrer, who sailed perhaps as far north as the Rogue River in today's western coast of Oregon.[12][13]

text: Importantly beginning in 1565, Acapulco was a home of the vital Manila Galleons. The Manila Galleons crossed the Pacific Ocean to the Spanish possession of the Philippines, laden with silver and gemstones from Mexico. There, the wealth was used to purchase Asian trade goods such as spices, silk, and porcelain. These goods were then carried across the Pacific by the Manila Galleons to Acapulco; from there, the goods were transshipped across Mexico, for delivery to the Spanish treasure fleet, for shipment to Spain. The income provided to Spain by the Manila Galleons was essential to the Spanish Crown and to the Spanish economy of the era.[14][15]

text: When Miguel López de Legazpi completed the conquest of the Philippines in 1565, he sent his flagship, the San Pedro, back to New Spain, with orders to survey and chart a practicable route for ships returning from the Islands. The San Pedro sailed from Cebu, headed roughly northeast, followed the Kuroshio Current (also known as the Japan Current), and made landfall on the coast of California about the latitude of Cape Mendocino. A sail of two thousand five hundred miles down the coasts of California and New Spain brought the voyagers to the port of Acapulco. This route was charted by the Basque navigator and friar Andrés de Urdaneta,[16] on board the San Pedro, and for nearly three centuries was the one followed by the galleons of Spain sailing from Manila to Acapulco. This return voyage across the Pacific could take up to seven months. A harbor on the coast of California where ships could find shelter and repair damage was greatly desired. A survey of the unknown northern Pacific coast of North America was ordered, and it was also suggested that the explorations be extended north of 42° north latitude.[15][17][18]

text: In 1585, Captain Francisco de Gali, on the return voyage from the Philippines, via Macao,[19] was directed to sail as far north as the weather would permit, and then east, and upon reaching the coast of California to make maps on his journey south. However, Gali accomplished only limited chart-making. He reached the California coast at latitude 37° 30' (Pillar Point—just south of today's San Francisco), and noted that the land was high and fair; that the mountains were without snow, and that there were many indications of rivers, bays, and havens along the coast.[6][17]

text: In 1594, Captain Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho, a Portuguese sailor in the service of Spain, sailed from the Philippines in the San Agustin with orders similar to those of Gali. In this attempt, he reached land between Point St. George and Trinidad Head on November 4, 1595. Following the line of the coast southwards, Cermeñon's ship became wrecked and was beached in Drake's Bay, north of San Francisco. Using salvaged and local materials, the crew constructed an open boat, and the ship's company of more than seventy persons continued the homeward voyage. This open vessel reached Acapulco in early 1596—a remarkable voyage of nearly twenty-five hundred miles in an open boat. With the loss of the San Agustin, exploration of the California coast by ships loaded with cargo from the Philippines came to an end.[15][17]

text: In 1602, the Basque captain Sebastián Vizcaíno, sailing for Spain, explored the coastline from Mexico as far north as Monterey Bay in today's California, where he went ashore. He ventured inland south along the coast, and recorded a visit to what is likely Carmel Bay. His major contributions were the glowing reports of the Monterey area as an anchorage and as land suitable for settlement, as well as the detailed charts he made of the coastal waters (which were used for nearly 200 years); however no settlements in today's California were established for the next 150 years.[20]

text: In the late 17th century, Spain sent the first missionaries into today's Baja California, founding the first mission there in 1683 at San Bruno on the east coast of the Baja peninsula (San Bruno was abandoned as unsuccessful after two years). In 1697, the first "permanent" mission was established at Loreto, about 20 miles (32 km) away from San Bruno, also on the east coast of the peninsula. During this period (until 1750), some 16 missions were established on the peninsula—mostly on the east coast of the peninsula, with a handful on the Pacific coast, in the northwestern part of the peninsula.[21]

text: English interest

text: Although it wasn't until 1579 that the west coast of North America was visited by an English explorer, the privateer Sir Francis Drake who landed north of today's San Francisco and claimed the area for England, calling it "New Albion" or New England, the English claim to this territory dates back to John Cabot's landing on Americas. The officially-accepted location for Drake's landing is at Drake's Estero (also known as "Drakes Bay," just north of San Francisco, in Marin County).[22][23] Despite the facts that no permanent settlements were ever established by Drake, and that the next official visit by the British would be some two hundred years later, Drake's action and Cabot's original claim in 1497 were the foundations of British claims to portions of the west coast of North America in the late 18th century. One of the most important consequences of these claims is that charters for the British colonies on the Atlantic coast went from sea to sea, and this was the foundation of the US claim to its current territory.

text: Settlements and conflicts (1750–1846)

text: While the Spanish had dominated development on the west coast of North America for over 200 years since the early 16th century, beginning in the mid-18th century, this period saw the advent of British and Russian rivals, and the establishment of the California missions, followed by the independence of Mexico and the Central American countries. Much later in this period, the United States started on its path to become the dominant power on the west coast of North America.

text: Spanish settlements in coastal New Spain

text: In the 1760s, a decision was made to create a harbor at San Blas (in today's Mexican state of Nayarit), for the purpose of building ships, supplying them, and being the expeditionary base for voyages north along the west coast of North America, from Baja California to Alaska. Today it remains unclear exactly why the Viceroy of New Spain decided to create an entirely new shipbuilding port along the west coast of Mexico, when the port at Acapulco already existed. It has been speculated that the reasons San Blas was chosen included that it was a week's sailing closer than Acapulco to the intended destination sites in California, that it was not far from the capital of New Spain, and perhaps more importantly, it had ready access to tropical hardwoods that would be needed to build the ships for the strenuous voyages as far north as today's Alaska. San Blas built the ships and was the home port for these exploration and supply voyages beginning in 1769 and continuing to 1820.[24]

text: Spanish missions

text: It was not until 1769 that the first missions were established in today's California (then called Las Californias), including the first mission, at San Diego in 1769, the mission at Monterey in 1770, and the mission at San Francisco in 1776. These missions eventually stretched from the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula to Sonoma, California, north of San Francisco. The purpose of the missions, which typically had an accompanying pueblo (town) and presidio (military outpost), was to solidify the 250-year-old Spanish claim to the region. This need became more urgent as the Russians and British were encroaching on the far northern part of the west coast of North America. In addition, there continued the long-standing interest in creating a safe anchorage for seaworn Manila Galleons on their return to Acapulco.

text: Russian settlements

text: Explorers and fur trappers from the Russian Empire (beginning with the Vitus Bering expedition of 1741) arrived on the Pacific coast of today's Alaska, and after establishing settlements there (beginning in 1784), expanded hunting and trading down the west coast of North America. In the early 19th century, fur trappers of the Russian Empire explored the west coast of North America, hunting for sea otter pelts as far south as San Diego. In 1812, the Russian-American Company set up a fortified trading post at Fort Ross, located north of present-day Bodega Bay some sixty miles north of San Francisco, with the never-materialized hope of using that area to develop a source of agricultural products needed for their settlements in Alaska.

text: Spanish exploration

text: In the late 18th century, Spain reacted to the expanding Russian and British presence in the Pacific Northwest by sending exploratory expeditions along the coast as far north as Alaska. In 1774 Juan José Pérez Hernández was commissioned to explore the coast up to 60° N, but only made it as far as 55°30´ N. Off Langara Island in Haida Gwaii he made contact with the Haida, and on the homeward journey, the Nuu-chah-nulth.[25] In 1775, a two-ship exploration expedition led by Spanish Captain Don Bruno de Heceta landed on the coast of today's Washington—the first European to have sailed this far north along the coast. The expedition re-asserted Spanish claims to all the coastal lands, including to the Russian settlements in the north. The two ships sailed together as far north as Point Grenville, named Punta de los Martires (or "Point of the Martyrs") by Heceta in response to an attack by the local Quinault Indians. He was the first European to sight the mouth of the Columbia River.

text: By design, the two vessels separated with one continuing to what is today the border between Washington state and Canada. The other (now with second officer Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra at the helm) moved up the coast according to its orders, ultimately reaching a position at 59° north latitude on August 15, 1775, entering Sitka Sound near the present-day town of Sitka, Alaska. It is there that the Spaniards performed numerous "acts of sovereignty," naming and claiming Puerto de Bucareli (Bucareli Sound), Puerto de los Remedios, and Mount San Jacinto (renamed Mount Edgecumbe by British explorer James Cook three years later).

text: In 1790, Spanish explorer Salvador Fidalgo led an expedition that included visits to the sites of today's Cordova, Alaska and Valdez, Alaska, where acts of sovereignty were performed. Fidalgo went as far as today's Kodiak Island, visiting the small Russian settlement there. Fidalgo then went to the Russian settlement at Alexandrovsk (today's English Bay or Nanwalek, Alaska), southwest of today's Anchorage on the Kenai Peninsula, where again, Fidalgo re-asserted the Spanish claim to the area by conducting a formal ceremony of sovereignty.

text: In 1791, the Malaspina Expedition undertook a search for the Northwest Passage, surveying the Alaska coast from Yakutat Bay to Prince William Sound. At Yakutat Bay, the expedition made contact with the Tlingit. The expedition's scientists made a study of the tribe, recording information on social mores, language, economy, warfare methods, and burial practices. Artists with the expedition, Tomas de Suria and José Cardero, produced portraits of tribal members and scenes of Tlingit daily life. A glacier between Yakutat Bay and Icy Bay was subsequently named after Malaspina. The botanist Luis Née also accompanied the expedition, during which he collected and described numerous new plants.

text: During the return to Mexico, Malaspina's expedition spent a month at the Spanish outpost in Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island (see below). The expedition made a study of the Nootka. The two ships then sailed south to Mexico, stopping at the Spanish settlement and mission at Monterey, California on the way. Simultaneously an expedition under Francisco de Eliza, exploring the Strait of Juan de Fuca, discovered an entrance to the Strait of Georgia, which prompted further investigation. In Acapulco, Malaspina took over two schooners, the Sutil and Mexicana, placed them under the command of one of his officers, Dionisio Alcalá Galiano, and had them sail north to explore the Strait of Georgia. Galiano's expedition took place in 1792 at the same time as that of George Vancouver. The two expeditions met in the Strait of Georgia and worked together to map the waters and establish the insularity of Vancouver Island.[26]

text: Today, Spain's legacy endures as dozens of Spanish place names. In Alaska these include the Malaspina Glacier and Cordova Glacier, the towns of Valdez, Cordova and Port Gravina, as well as Orca Bay, Cordova Peak, and Revillagigedo Island.[27] In British Columbia some of the better-known Spanish names (of many) include Quadra Island, Galiano Island, Gabriola Island, and Haro Strait.

text: British North America

text: In 1778, the British seafaring Captain James Cook, midway through his third and final voyage of exploration, sailed along the west coast of North America, mapping the coast from California all the way to the Bering Strait. The northern stretch of the west coast of North America was claimed by the British, but the region was not occupied by any British subject until 1788, when John Meares first small trading post in Nootka Sound in today's British Columbia. His post was torn down at the end of 1788 although he claimed otherwise.

text: Conflict between Spain and Great Britain

text: Spain established its own competing fortified trading post at Nootka Sound (Santa Cruz de Nutka, maintained between 1789 and 1795[28]) on Vancouver Island, in today's British Columbia, and sought forcibly to remove British traders by seizing ships, triggering the Nootka Crisis.

text: War between Spain and Great Britain over control of the Pacific Northwest was averted by the three Nootka Conventions, signed in 1790, 1793, and 1794. Spain gave up its claim that it alone could establish settlements in the Pacific Northwest (a claim that dated back to the 1493 papal bull and Balboa's actions in 1513), and conceded the British right to establish settlements in any area nominally claimed by Spain but never occupied. This agreement effectively allowed a greatly expanded British presence in the Pacific Northwest, including today's British Columbia, Oregon, and Washington.

text: The primary beneficiary of this agreement was the Hudson's Bay Company, which, in 1825, established a major trading post at Fort Vancouver across the Columbia River just north of today's Portland, Oregon. From this headquarters, British-employed fur trappers spread throughout the Pacific Northwest, extending as far east as the Rocky Mountains and, by using the Siskiyou Trail, as far south as California's Central Valley.

text: Mexican independence

text: After the Spanish possession now known as Mexico (first known as "América Septentrional" or "Northern America") won its War of Independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico initially retained Spain's missions and settlements along the Pacific coast, and continued Spain's claims to territory as far north as today's border between California and Oregon. In the 1830s, Mexico ended Church control of the missions in California and opened the land to secular development, particularly ranching. By the 1840s, there were small Mexican settlements at San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and the territorial capital at Monterey. These settlements primarily traded cattle hides and tallow with American and European merchant vessels. This period is vividly portrayed in Bostonian Richard Henry Dana, Jr.'s famous seafaring memoir, Two Years Before the Mast and the culture of the great Mexican landowners of this period is often harked back to as exemplifying the height of California's romantic pastoral era. Mexican control of the territory ended after only 25 years, when attempts by local Mexican officials to expropriate the property of American ranchers and drive them out of California in the winter lead to the successful uprising known as the Bear Flag Revolt.

text: Central American independence

text: During the 1820s, the Central American possessions of Spain gained their independence, and the boundaries of the young nations shifted in alliances and configurations. For example, what was to become the nation of Panama was simply a province of Colombia, and Guatemala was variously part of a confederation with Mexico, and part of the United Provinces of Central America, before becoming a separate nation in 1838. Almost all of these Central American nations saw continuing political strife throughout this period (and into the 20th century), as struggles continued between indigenous peoples and elites, and among factions of the elites.

text: French interest

text: In 1786, Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse led a group of French scientists and artists on a voyage of exploration ordered by Louis XVI and were welcomed in Monterey, California. They compiled an account of the California mission system, the land and the people.

text: The leader of a further French scientific expedition to California, Eugène Duflot de Mofras, wrote in 1840 "...it is evident that California will belong to whatever nation chooses to send there a man-of-war and two hundred men."[29] In 1841, the Mexican military commander in Northern California, General Mariano Vallejo, wrote "there is no doubt that France is intriguing to become mistress of California."

text: U.S. expansion

text: In 1805, the first official party of Americans to arrive on the west coast of North America, the fabled expedition of Lewis and Clark, came down the Columbia River to the river's mouth on the border between today's Oregon and Washington. In 1819, the United States acquired the Spanish claims to the Pacific Northwest (as negotiated in the Nootka Convention) in the Adams-Onís Treaty. The United States argued that it acquired the Spanish rights to exclusive ownership of the Pacific Northwest as far north as Alaska, even though Spain had in fact relinquished any claim to exclusive rights as a result of the Nootka Conventions. This position led to a dispute with Britain known as the Oregon boundary dispute, remembered for the slogan "54-40 or fight!" The two countries agreed to defer resolution of the dispute, and to allow settlement by both British and American immigrants in what became known in the United States as the Oregon Country (today's Oregon, Washington, and Idaho; much of today's British Columbia; and parts of Montana and Wyoming).

text: In 1841, the United States Exploring Expedition visited the west coast of North America by ship, and sent an overland party down the Siskiyou Trail, from the site of today's Portland, Oregon, to San Francisco.

text: Americans continued arriving on the west coast of North America in significant numbers in the mid-1830s. They first came overland along the Oregon Trail, settling primarily in the rich Willamette Valley south of today's Portland. By 1841, the first overland party of American settlers reached California along what became the California Trail, and by the mid-1840s significant numbers of Americans were arriving in California.

text: In addition, the long-standing dispute between the United States and Great Britain over the Oregon Country was resolved in 1846, with the signing of the Oregon Treaty; the Oregon Treaty divided the disputed territory along what later became the current international boundary between Canada and the United States.

text: Rapid growth (1846–1945)

text: In this era, much of the west coast of North America transformed from an area still largely populated by indigenous peoples to widespread population of non-natives. In particular, the west coast of the United States showed the most dramatic change, beginning with the California Gold Rush and the subsequent opening of the transcontinental railroads, through the development of Hollywood in Southern California, and increased industry and agriculture in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Canadian and Mexican development also proceeded during this time, but at a slower pace.[30]

text: United States

text: Americans in California rebelled against Mexico, and in 1846 established the short-lived California Republic. However, the Mexican–American War had already been declared, and the American military quickly took control of California. At the end of the war, Mexico ceded control of California to the United States. Things began to change dramatically in 1848 with the California Gold Rush which brought an influx of immigrants from around the world. While few found much gold, many stayed, founding communities and turning to farming and other practices. Despite these increases in population the west coast was still on the periphery. The American Civil War had little effect. This began to change as the first transcontinental railroads (completed in 1869) stretched across the United States. For the first time, it was relatively cheap and easy to move to the west coast.

text: In 1867, the United States acquired Alaska from the Russian Empire, capping American westward expansion on the North American continent.

text: The next 75 years saw monumental change on the west coast of the United States. Successive booms of agriculture, oil, entertainment, and industry greatly increased California's population. Logging, fishing, and industry drove the economies of California north of the San Francisco Bay Area, and Oregon and Washington.

text: Canada

text: The gold rush fever spread progressively north; in 1858, the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush began in British Columbia, and at the end of the century, the Klondike Gold Rush saw the Yukon hit by masses of prospectors.

text: The formal delineation of the international border had not completely allayed Britain's fears of losing its Pacific territories, especially as it continued to lag behind the western United States in population and development. As a condition of British Columbia's joining Canadian Confederation in 1871, the Canadian government promised British Columbia a railway, though due to the Pacific Scandal and controversies over the location of the Pacific port and railhead and the use of importing Chinese rather than British labour, the Canadian Pacific Railway was not completed until 1885. The new line became an important link in what was known as the All Red Route around the world, linking global travel through territories exclusively British.

text: Mexico

text: While the Pacific Coast of Mexico remained relatively undeveloped economically, exceptions were tobacco cultivation in the coastal territory of Nayarit, tourism at Acapulco, and local-scale fishing all along the coast.

text: Central America

text: The countries of Central America continued to struggle politically during this time (with perhaps the notable exception of Costa Rica), and began to expand agriculture, particularly in coffee and bananas with investment and substantial control by the United States. The establishment in 1903 of the newly independent nation of Panama (under pressure from the United States) led to the creation of the Canal Zone and opening of the Panama Canal in 1914. The opening of the Canal benefited the region economically as trade with the Eastern United States and Europe became far easier.

text: Immigration

text: Both the gold rushes and the building of the railroads required vast amounts of labor. One available source that was used on both sides of the border were immigrants from East Asia, largely from China and Japan. These immigrants were willing to work for very little and played a crucial role in building the infrastructure of the west coast. However, they faced constant discrimination. Asians were deprived of their civil rights in both the United States and Canada. There was also pressure to restrict Asian immigration, opinions that were acted on with quotas, head taxes, and finally a complete ban in both nations in the 1920s. Because of discrimination, and also a desire to remain a community, Chinatowns developed in all the major cities along the west coast.

text: Increased trade and World War II

text: The rise of the Japanese economy also benefited the region as the ability to trade across the Pacific continued to show its great potential.

text: However, only a few decades later, Japan would become a major threat. During World War II, there were few attacks against North America, but the occasional Japanese submarine lurked off the shores. Japan tried to damage the region by sending over hundreds of balloon bombs in an attempt to light forest fires. These were generally ineffective; a few landed in either Canada or the United States but they caused no great destruction. More destructive was the internment of ethnic Japanese, who were expropriated and sent into internal exile merely for their descent.

text: Post-war period (1945–present)

text: The post-war years would be ones of great prosperity and growth on the west coast of North America. The quick reemergence of Japan and its stunning growth over the next decades meant great wealth for the west coast ports. Japan became the second largest trading partner of both Canada and the United States, and this trade was almost entirely based in the west coast (the US and Canada are each other's largest trading partners). Later the other Asian economies would add to this trade. Throughout the northwest the primary extractive activities of logging, mining, and fishing remained the central industries. California became a centre of entertainment, aerospace engineering, and electronics.

text: Unlike other areas of the United States, the western economies were not based upon manufacturing and the great deindustrialization of the 1970s and 1980s did little to hurt the region—creating an imbalance between rapid growth in the west and stagnation or decline in the east.

text: During this period, the west coast departed from positions held in the FDR years and moved toward the direction of conservatism with the population favoring lower taxes. In the United States, this manifested itself in support for the Republican Party, especially for the two Republican California-based presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan. In British Columbia, the right wing Social Credit Party governed for over thirty years. Nonetheless, the great port cities of San Francisco and Vancouver both fostered alternative views, acting as centres for environmentalism, unions, feminism, and gay rights.

text: The general economic revival of North America in the late 1990s brought growth in Northern California due to the high-tech industry. The region was hurt, however, by the decade-long economic slump of Japan beginning at the same time. This was made up for by the rapid growth of Southeast Asia, South Korea, and especially China. The entire region shifted quite dramatically politically, however. Westerners diverged from conservatism over social issues such as gay rights, abortion, and the legalization of soft drugs. In 1991, British Columbia threw out Social Credit electing the social democratic British Columbia New Democratic Party. California, Washington, and Oregon were pivotal in Bill Clinton's two victories and Al Gore and John Kerry's near wins in 2000 and 2004. This change was mainly in the urban coastal areas. Inland, rural regions of California remained staunchly Republican, and although once full of labour strongholds, the Interior of British Columbia has voted solidly for the Reform Party and its successors.


document_title: Sánchez

question_text: where did the last name sanchez originate from

root

text: Sánchez

text:
Sanchez

Sánchez is the most common surname in the Spanish provinces of Cáceres and Salamanca

Pronunciation
Spanish: ['santʃeθ], in Latin America: ['santʃes]

Origin

Region of origin
Spain

Meaning
"Son of Sancho"

Other names

Variant(s)
Sanches

tag: table

text: Sánchez is a Spanish family name.

tag: p

text: Popularity[edit]

text: Sanchez is the fifth most common surname in Spain.[1]

text:
Sanchez in Spain, by area

Province
Rank

Salamanca
1st most common (12,420 people)

Cáceres
2nd most common (5,956 people)

Cádiz
3rd most common (19,396 people)

Granada
3rd most common (13,268 people)

Toledo
3rd most common (6,308 people)

text:
Sanchez ranking in other parts of the world[2]

Country
Rank

United States
ranked 52nd out of 88,799

Argentina
ranked 10th out of 100

France
ranked 52nd out of 1,000

Philippines
ranked 71st out of 1,000

text: People[edit]

text: Notable people who share this surname include:

text:
Adán Sánchez (1984–2004), Mexican-American singer
Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez, Mexican writer and professor
Alex Sanchez, American author of teen stories
Alexis Sánchez, Chilean footballer for Manchester United
Alicia Sánchez-Camacho, Spanish politician
Ángel Sánchez (referee), Argentine football (soccer) referee
Angélica Sánchez, Mexican long-distance runner
Aníbal Sánchez, baseball player
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (born 1972), Spanish tennis player
Augusto Martínez Sánchez, Cuban politician
Arman Sanchez, Filipino politician, former Governor of the province of Batangas
Bertha Sánchez, Colombian long-distance runner
Chalino Sánchez (1960–1992), Mexican singer and songwriter
Christophe Sanchez, French football player
Clara Sanchez (cyclist), French professional track cyclist
Claudio Sanchez, American rock singer and guitarist of the band 'Coheed and Cambria'
Daniel Sanchez, French former football striker
Dani Sánchez, Catalan carom billiards player
Davis Sanchez, NFL and CFL football player
Diego Sanchez, American mixed martial artist
Eduardo Sánchez, Cuban-American filmmaker
Emilio Sánchez (born 1965), Spanish tennis player; brother of tennis players Arantxa (above) and Javier (below)
Encarna Sánchez, Spanish television show host
Erika L. Sánchez, poet and wrier.
Eustorgio Sánchez, Venezuelan footballer
Francisco Sanchez (politician), Eighth Alcade of San Francisco
Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, founding father of the Dominican Republic
Freddy Sanchez, American professional baseball player
Gary Sanchez, American professional baseball player
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, Bolivian president
Hugo Sánchez, Mexican soccer player
Ilich Ramírez Sánchez (born 1949), Venezuelan terrorist also known as Carlos the Jackal
Javier Sánchez, several people including

Javier Sánchez (born 1968), Spanish tennis player; brother of Arantxa and Emilio

Joel Sanchez (baseball), American college baseball coach
Jonathan Sánchez, Puerto-Rican professional baseball player
Jorge Noceda Sanchez, Dominican surrealist painter
José Antonio Sánchez-de Luna, Spanish tennis player
Jose Tomas Sanchez, Filipino Prefect emeritus of the Congregation for the Clergy, Roman Curia
Julio Sánchez Cristo, Colombian radio personality
Korina Sanchez, Filipino news anchor and host
Laura Sánchez (diver), Mexican diver
Lawrie Sanchez, British football manager and former player
Linda Sánchez, American member of Congress
Lucia Sanchez, French actress
Luis Rafael Sánchez, Puerto Rican playwright and author
Loretta Sanchez, American member of Congress
Magdalena Sánchez, Venezuelan singer
Manuel Sánchez, Mexican economist
Manuel Sánchez, Mexican tennis player
María José Martínez Sánchez, Spanish tennis player
María Sánchez Lorenzo, Spanish tennis player
Mark Sanchez, American football player
Marta Sánchez, Spanish female vocalist
Matthew Sanchez (soccer)
Matt Sanchez, American soldier, political activist, writer and former pornographic actor
Michael Sánchez, Cuban volleyball player
Mike Sanchez, English Rhythm and Blues pianist/vocalist
Nia Sanchez, Miss USA 2014
Nicolás Almagro Sanchez Rolle (born 1985), Spanish tennis player
Olivia Sanchez, French tennis player
Onésimo Sánchez, Spanish football player and manager
Óscar Arias Sánchez, Costa Rican president and Nobel Peace Prize winner
Oscar Enrique Sánchez, Guatemalan soccer player
Oswaldo Sánchez, Mexican soccer player
Philippe Sanchez, French cross country skier
Pepe Sánchez (born 1977), Argentine professional basketball player
Ricardo Sánchez, Spanish water polo player
Robert Fortune Sanchez, American Roman Catholic archbishop
Roberto Sánchez Vilella, former Governor of Puerto Rico
Rómulo Sánchez, professional baseball player
Rosario Sánchez, Mexican race walker
Roselyn Sánchez, Puerto Rican singer, model and actress
Ricardo Sanchez (born 1953), retired American Army Lieutenant General
Ricardo Sanchez (footballer), Mexican footballer
Rick Sanchez, Cuban-American TV news anchor
Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty), titular character of Rick and Morty
Samuel Sánchez, Spanish road bicycle racer
Sanchez (singer) (born 1964), Jamaican Reggae singer-songwriter and record producer
Sergio G. Sánchez, Spanish director and screenwriter
Víctor Sánchez, Spanish soccer player
Wellington Sánchez, Ecuadorian football (soccer) player
Yadier Sánchez (born 1987), Cuban volleyball player

tag: ul

text: It may also appear as a second (maternal) surname in Spanish speaking countries:

text:
Penélope Cruz, full name Penélope Cruz Sánchez, Spanish actress
Claudio Suárez, full name Claudio Suárez Sánchez, Mexican former footballer

text: This page lists people with the surname Sánchez. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.


document_title: Leroy (name)

question_text: what is the meaning of the name leroy

question_tokens: what is the meaning of the name leroy

text: Leroy (name)

text: Leroy (/ləˈrɔɪ/ lə-ROY), also Leeroy, LeeRoy, Lee Roy, LeRoy or Le Roy, is both a male given name in English-speaking countries and a family name of French origin.[1] Leroy [lørwa] is one of the most common surnames in northern France. As a surname it is sometimes written Le Roy, as a translation of Breton Ar Roue. It is an archaic spelling of le roi, meaning "the king" and is the equivalent of the English surname King.

text: Given name[edit]

text:
Leroy (musician), American musician
Leroy Anderson, American composer
Leroy 'Luce' Lutu, American songwriter, singer, and entertainer
Archbishop LeRoy Bailey, Jr., senior pastor of The First Cathedral, Bloomfield, Connecticut
Leroy Brown (athlete), Olympic medal-winning American athlete
Leroy Brown (wrestler), a ring name of professional wrestler Roland Daniels
Leroy Burrell, American athlete
Leroy Carr, blues singer and pianist
Leroy Cooper, American astronaut
LeRoy Edwards, American professional basketball pioneer
"Baby Face" Leroy Foster, Chicago blues musician
Leroy Griffiths, professional footballer
LeRoy Hurd, American basketball player
Leroy Jenkins (jazz musician), jazz musician
Leroy Jenkins (televangelist), American televangelist
Leeroy Jenkins, World of Warcraft strategizer and leader
Leroy Jetta, professional Australian rules footballer
Leroy S. Johnson, leader of the polygamist denomination of FLDS
Leroy Lita, Congolese-born English footballer
LeRoy Neiman, American artist
Leroy Robert "Satchel" Paige, American professional baseball player
Leroy Rosenior, English footballer and coach
Leroy Sané, German footballer
LeRoy Smallenberger, Louisiana lawyer and politician
Lee Roy Selmon, former NFL football defensive lineman
Leeroy Stagger, Canadian alternative country singer-songwriter
Leeroy Thornhill, British electronic music artist
Leroy Van Dyke, American singer
Leroy A. Wilson, American businessman
Leroy Wright, American professional basketball player
LeeRoy Yarbrough, NASCAR racer

text: Surname[edit]

text:
Adolphe Leroy, French entrepreneur, co-founder of Leroy Merlin
Adrian Le Roy (c. 1520-1598), French lutenist, guitarist, and composer
Ali LeRoi (b. 1962), American television producer and writer
Catherine Leroy (1945-2006), French war photojournalist
Charles-Georges Le Roy (1723–1789), French man of letters
Claude Le Roy (b. 1948), a French football manager and former player
Edouard Le Roy (1870–1954), French philosopher
Edward Webster Le Roy ((1874-1940), American politician and newspaper editor
Eugène Le Roy (1836–1907), French novelist
Jean-François Leroy (1729-1791), French architect
Jennifer LeRoy (b. 1974), American model and actress
Jérôme Leroy (composer) (b. 1981), French composer
Jérôme Leroy (footballer) (b. 1974), French footballer
JT LeRoy, a literary persona created by American writer Laura Albert
Jules Leroy (1903–1979), French priest and researcher
Julien Le Roy (1686–1759), French clock- and watch-maker
Julien-David Le Roy (1724–1803), French architect and archaeologist, son of Julien
Maxime Leroy (1873–1957), French jurist and social historian
Mervyn LeRoy (1900-1987), American actor and director
Nolwenn Leroy (b. 1982), French singer
Pierre Le Roy (1717–1785), French clockmaker, son of Julien
Pierre Le Roy de Boiseaumarié (1890-1967), co-founder of the Institut National des Appellations d'Origine (INAO) and owner of Château Fortia
Robert LeRoy (1885-1946), American tennis player
Roland Leroy (born 1926), French politician
William E. Le Roy (1818-1888), United States Navy admiral
Xavier Leroy (b. 1968), French computer scientist and programmer

text: Fictional characters[edit]

text:
"Bad, Bad Leroy Brown", protagonist of a song by Jim Croce
"Leroy Johnson", a character in the film Fame, played by Gene Anthony Ray
"Bring Back That Leroy Brown", subject of a song by Queen
Leroy Encyclopedia Brown, the titular protagonist of the Encyclopedia Brown children's novels
Leroy (Lilo & Stitch), a character introduced in Leroy & Stitch
Leroy (South Park), a South Park character
Leroy Jethro Gibbs, a fictional character in the NCIS TV series
Leeroy Jenkins, World of Warcraft character
The fictional Leroy family in the TV show Corner Gas:

Brent Herbert Leroy, one of the main characters in Corner Gas, played by Brent Butt
Emma Leroy, one of the main characters in Corner Gas, played by Janet Wright
Oscar Leroy, one of the main characters in Corner Gas, played by Eric Peterson

Leroy, a junkyard dog in the DIC show, The Catillac Cats.


document_title: List of Liverpool F.C. records and statistics

question_text: who has scored the most goals in one season for liverpool

text: Honours[edit]

text: Liverpool have won honours both domestically and in European cup competitions.[1] They have won the English League Championship 18 times and the League Cup a record eight times. In their first season, 1892–93, they won the Lancashire League title and the Liverpool District Cup,[2] and their most recent success came in 2012,[3] when they won the League Cup for the eighth time.[4]

text:
Liverpool F.C. honours

Honour
No.
Years

Football League First Division
18
1900–01, 1905–06, 1921–22, 1922–23, 1946–47, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1987–88, 1989–90

Football League Second Division
4
1893–94, 1895–96, 1904–05, 1961–62

Lancashire League
1
1892–93

FA Cup
7
1965, 1974, 1986, 1989, 1992, 2001, 2006

League Cup
8
1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1995, 2001, 2003, 2012

FA Community/Charity Shield
15
1964*, 1965*, 1966, 1974, 1976, 1977*, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1986*, 1988, 1989, 1990*, 2001, 2006 (* shared)

Sheriff of London Charity Shield
1
1906

Football League Super Cup
1
1985-86

European Cup/UEFA Champions League
5
1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005

UEFA Cup
3
1973, 1976, 2001

UEFA Super Cup
3
1977, 2001, 2005

text: Player records[edit]

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Most appearances in all competitions: Ian Callaghan, 857.[5]
Most league appearances: Ian Callaghan, 640.[5]
Most FA Cup appearances: Ian Callaghan, 79.[5]
Most League Cup appearances: Ian Rush, 78.[5]
Most Continental appearances: Jamie Carragher, 150.[5][6]
Youngest first-team player: Jerome Sinclair, 16 years and 6 days (against West Bromwich Albion, 26 September 2012).[5]
Oldest first-team player: Ned Doig, 41 years and 165 days (against Newcastle United, 11 April 1908).[5]
Oldest debutant: Ned Doig, 37 years and 307 days (against Burton United, 1 September 1904).[5]
Most consecutive appearances: Phil Neal, 417 (from 23 October 1976 to 24 September 1983).[5]
Most seasons playing every minute of every league and cup game: Phil Neal, 9 (from 1976–77 to 1983–84).[5]
Longest-serving player: Elisha Scott, 21 years and 52 days (from 1913 to 1934).[5]

text: Most appearances[edit]

text: Competitive, professional matches only, appearances as substitute in brackets.[7][8]

text:
Players with most appearances for Liverpool F.C.

No.
Name
Years
League[C]
FA Cup
League Cup
Other[D]
Total

1
Callaghan, IanIan Callaghan
1960–1978
640 !640 (4)
79 !79 (2)
42 !42 (7)
96 !96 (1)
857 !857 (14)

2
Carragher, JamieJamie Carragher
1996–2013
508 !508 (24)
40 !40 (1)
35 !35 (7)
152 !152 (3)
737 !737 (35)

3
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
1998–2015
504 !504 (39)
42 !42 (5)
30 !30 (5)
134 !134 (14)
710 !710 (63)

4
Clemence, RayRay Clemence
1967–1981
470 !470 (0)
54 !54 (0)
55 !55 (0)
86 !86 (0)
665 !665  (0)

Hughes, EmlynEmlyn Hughes
1967–1979
474 !474 (0)
62 !62 (0)
46 !46 (0)
83 !83 (0)
665 !665  (0)

6
Rush, IanIan Rush
1980–1987
1988–1996
469 !469 (22)
61 !61 (5)
78 !78 (0)
45 !45 (3)
660 !660 (30)

7
Neal, PhilPhil Neal
1974–1985
455 !455 (2)
45 !45 (0)
66 !66 (0)
81 !81 (0)
650 !650  (2)

8
Smith, TommyTommy Smith
1962–1978
467 !467 (0)
52 !52 (0)
30 !30 (0)
89 !89 (1)
638 !638  (1)

9
Grobbelaar, BruceBruce Grobbelaar
1980–1994
440 !440 (0)
62 !62 (0)
70 !70 (0)
46 !46 (0)
628 !628  (0)

10
Hansen, AlanAlan Hansen
1977–1991
434 !434 (0)
58 !58 (1)
68 !68 (0)
53 !53 (1)
620 !620  (2)

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text:
Most goals in all competitions: Ian Rush, 346.[9]
Most league goals: Roger Hunt, 245.[9]
Most FA Cup goals: Ian Rush, 39.[9]
Most League Cup goals: Ian Rush, 48.[9]
Most Continental goals: Steven Gerrard, 41.[9]
Most goals in a season: Ian Rush, 47 (during the 1983–84 season).[10]
Most goals in a debut season: Mohamed Salah, 44 (during the 2017–18 season).[11]
Most league goals in a season: Roger Hunt, 41 (during the 1961–62 season).[12]
Most goals in a season by a Liverpool player in the Premier League era: Mohamed Salah, 44 (during the 2017–18 season).[13]
Most top-flight league goals in a season: 32 goals, Mohamed Salah, 2017–18 and Ian Rush, 1983–84.
Most continental goals in a season: Mohamed Salah and Roberto Firmino, 11 (during the 2017–18 season).[14]
Most hat-tricks in a season: Roger Hunt, 5 (during the 1961–62 season).[9]
Most games scored in a single campaign: Mohamed Salah, 34 (during the 2017–18 Premier League season).
Most goals in a season by a Liverpool player in history of Premier League: Mohamed Salah, 32 (during the 2017–18 season).[15]
Most hat-tricks: Gordon Hodgson, 17.[9]
Fastest hat-trick: Robbie Fowler, 4 minutes, 33 seconds, (against Arsenal, 28 August 1994).[9]
Highest-scoring substitute: David Fairclough, 18.[9]
Most penalties scored: Steven Gerrard, 47.[9]
Most games without scoring for an outfield player: Ephraim Longworth, 371.[9]
Youngest goalscorer: Ben Woodburn, 17 years, 45 days (against Leeds United, 29 November 2016).[9][16][17]
Oldest goalscorer: Billy Liddell, 38 years, 55 days (against Stoke City, 5 March 1960).[9]

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text: Competitive, professional matches only. Matches played (including as substitute) appear in brackets.[18][19]

text:
Top goalscorers for Liverpool F.C.

No.
Name
Years
League[C]
FA Cup
League Cup
Other[D]
Total

1
Rush, IanIan Rush
1980–1987
1988–1996
229 !229 (469)
39 !39 (61)
48 !48 (78)
23 !23 (45)
346 !346 (660)

2
Hunt, RogerRoger Hunt
1958–1969
245 !245 (404)
18 !18 (44)
05 !5 (10)
18 !18 (34)
286 !286 (492)

3
Hodgson, GordonGordon Hodgson
1925–1936
233 !233 (358)
08 !8 (19)
00 !0 (0)
00 !0 (0)
241 !241 (377)

4
Liddell, BillyBilly Liddell
1938–1961
215 !215 (492)
13 !13 (42)
00 !0 (0)
00 !0 (0)
228 !228 (534)

5
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
1998–2015
120 (503)
15 !15 (40)
9 !9 (28)
42 !42(132)
186 !186 (710)

6
Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
1993–2001
2006–2007
128 !128 (266)
12 !12 (24)
29 !29 (35)
14 !14 (44)
183 !183 (369)

7
Dalglish, KennyKenny Dalglish
1977–1990
118 !118 (355)
13 !13 (37)
27 !27 (59)
12 !12 (58)
172 !172 (515)

8
Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
1996–2004
118 !118 (216)
08 !8 (15)
09 !9 (14)
23 !23 (52)
158 !158 (297)

9
Chambers, HarryHarry Chambers
1915–1928
135 !135 (315)
16 !16 (28)
00 !0 (0)
00 !0 (1)
151 !151 (339)

10
Parkinson, JackJack Parkinson
1903–1914
125 !125 (200)
05 !5 (19)
00 !0 (0)
00 !0 (1)
130 !130 (220)

text: International[edit]

text:
First capped player: Frank Becton, for England on 29 March 1897.[20]
Most international caps while a Liverpool player: Steven Gerrard, 114 for England.[21]
Most international goals while a Liverpool player:[21]

Michael Owen, 26 for England.
Ian Rush, 26 for Wales.

text: World Cup[edit]

text:
First Liverpool player to appear at a World Cup: Laurie Hughes for England, at 1950 FIFA World Cup.[22]
Most World Cup appearances while a Liverpool player: Steven Gerrard, 12 for England in 2006, 2010 and 2014.[21]
Most World Cup goals while a Liverpool player: Michael Owen, 4 for England in 1998 and 2002.[21]
First World Cup winners: Roger Hunt, Ian Callaghan and Gerry Byrne, in 1966 with England.[21]
First non-British player to appear in a World Cup final: Dietmar Hamann, Germany, in 2002.[21]
First non-British World Cup winners: Fernando Torres and Pepe Reina, Spain in 2010.[22]

text: Transfers[edit]

text: For consistency, fees in the record transfer tables below are all sourced from BBC Sport's contemporary reports of each transfer.

text: Record transfer fees paid[edit]

text:
Record transfer fees paid by Liverpool F.C.

For
Fee
Paid to
Date
Ref

van Dijk, VirgilVirgil van Dijk
£75m
Southampton F.C
000000002018-01-01-00001 January 2018
[23]

Keïta, NabyNaby Keïta
£48m
RB Leipzig
000000002018-07-01-00001 July 2018
[24]

Fabinho
£39m
AS Monaco
000000002018-05-28-000028 May 2018
[25]

Salah, MohamedMohamed Salah
£36.9m
A.S. Roma
000000002017-06-23-000023 June 2017
[26]

Carroll, AndyAndy Carroll
£35m
Newcastle United
000000002011-01-31-000031 January 2011
[27]

Oxlade-Chamberlain, Alex Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain
£35m
Arsenal F.C.
000000002017-08-31-000031 August 2017
[28]

text: Record transfer fees received[edit]

text:
Record transfer fees received by Liverpool F.C.

For
Fee
Received from
Date
Ref

Coutinho, PhilippePhilippe Coutinho
£142m
Barcelona
000000002018-01-06-00006 January 2018
[29]

Suárez, LuisLuis Suárez
£75m
Barcelona
000000002014-07-11-000011 July 2014
[30]

Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
£50m
Chelsea
000000002011-01-31-000031 January 2011
[31]

Sterling, RaheemRaheem Sterling
£49m
Manchester City
000000002015-07-14-000014 July 2015
[32]

Alonso, XabiXabi Alonso
£30m
Real Madrid
000000002009-08-05-00005 August 2009
[33]

Benteke, ChristianChristian Benteke
£27m
Crystal Palace
000000002016-08-20-000020 August 2016
[34]

text: Managerial records[edit]

text:
First managers: William Edward Barclay and John McKenna, from 15 February 1892 to 16 August 1896.[35]
Longest-serving manager by time: Tom Watson, from 17 August 1896 to 6 May 1915 (18 years, 262 days).[5]
Longest-serving manager by matches: Bill Shankly managed the club for 783 matches over a period of 14 years and seven months, from December 1959 to July 1974.[5]

text: Club records[edit]

text: Matches[edit]

text: Firsts[edit]

text:
First match: Liverpool 7–1 Rotherham Town, a friendly match, 1 September 1892.[36]
First Lancashire League match: Liverpool 8–0 Higher Walton, 3 September 1892.[36]
First Football League match: Liverpool 2–0 Middlesbrough Ironopolis, Second Division, 2 September 1893.[36]
First FA Cup match: Liverpool 4–0 Nantwich Town, first qualifying round, 15 October 1892.[36]
First League Cup match: Liverpool 1–1 Luton Town, second round, 19 October 1960.[36]
First European match: Liverpool 5–0 KR Reykjavik, European Cup, first round, 17 August 1964.[36]

text: Wins[edit]

text:
Record win: 11–0 against Strømsgodset in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, 17 September 1974.[36]
Record league win: 10–1 against Rotherham Town in Second Division, 18 February 1896.[36]
Record FA Cup win: 9–0 against Newtown in second qualifying round, 29 October 1892.[36]
Record League Cup win: 10–0 against Fulham in second round, first-leg, 23 September 1986.[36]
Most league wins in a season: 30 wins from 42 games (during the 1978–79 season).[36]
Fewest league wins in a season: 7 wins from 30 games (during the 1894–95 season).[36]

text: Defeats[edit]

text:
Record defeat: 1–9 against Birmingham City FC in Second Division, 11 December 1954.[36]
Record defeat at Anfield: 0–6 against Sunderland in First Division, 19 April 1930.[36]
Record-scoring defeat: 2–9 against Newcastle United in First Division, 1 January 1934.[36]
Record FA Cup defeat: 0–5 against Bolton Wanderers in fourth round, first-leg, 26 January 1946.[36]
Record League Cup defeat: 3–6 against Arsenal in fifth round, 9 January 2007.[36]
Most league defeats in a season: 23 defeats from 42 games (during the 1953–54 season).[36]
Fewest defeats in a season: Unbeaten during the 28-game 1893–94 season.[36]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most league goals scored in a season: 106 in 30 games (during the 1895–96 season, Second Division).[9]
Most Top flight goals scored in a season: 101 in 38 games (during the 2013–14 season, Premier League).[9]
Fewest league goals scored in a season: 42 in 34 and 42 games (during the 1901–02 and 1970–71 seasons, First Division).[9]
Most league goals conceded in a season: 97 in 42 games (during the 1953–54 season, First Division).[9]
Fewest league goals conceded in a season: 16 in 42 games (during the 1978–79 season, First Division).[9]

text: Points[edit]

text: Most points in a season:

text: Fewest points in a season:

text: Attendances[edit]

text:
Highest league attendance: 58,757 (against Chelsea, First Division in the 1949–50 season).[39]
Highest League Cup attendance: 50,880 (against Nottingham Forest, in the 1979–80 season).[39]
Highest European attendance: 55,104 (against Barcelona, in the 1975–76 season).[39]
Record lowest attendance: 1,000 (against Loughborough, Second Division in the 1895–96 season).[39][F]
Lowest FA Cup attendance: 4,000 (against Newtown, in the 1892–93 season).[39]
Lowest League Cup attendance: 9,902 (against Brentford in the 1983–84 season).[39]
Lowest European attendance: 12,021 (against Dundalk in the 1982–83 season).[39]

text: Liverpool recorded a 95,446 attendance against Melbourne Victory in a pre-season friendly in July 2013 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Australia.[40]

text: European statistics[edit]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text: A. ^ Between 1949 and 1993 the Community Shield was usually shared if the game was drawn.

text: B. ^ Ever-present refers to the player playing every minute of every match in the league and cup competitions.

text: C. a b Includes the Football League and the Premier League.

text: D. a b The "Other" column includes goals and appearances (including those as a substitute) in UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup, UEFA Cup Winners Cup, UEFA Super Cup, Charity Shield and Intercontinental Cup matches.

text: E. ^ Attendance against Wolves also represents the record highest FA Cup attendance.

text: F. ^ Attendance against Loughborough also represents the record lowest league attendance.


document_title: Boston Red Sox spring training home

question_text: where do the red sox go for spring training

text: Boston Red Sox spring training home

text: Since 1993, the city of Fort Myers in Lee County, Florida, United States has been the Spring training home of the Boston Red Sox when the club moved from Winter Haven. Boston trains at the JetBlue Park at Fenway South since the ballpark opened in 2012, and the minor-league facility, featuring five full fields, is also within the Fenway South complex.

text: The Minnesota Twins play their spring training at Hammond Stadium, which is also located in Fort Myers. Each spring the two teams will play five of their preseason games against each other in a series known as the Mayor's Cup.

text: New spring facility opened in 2012[edit]

text: The Red Sox's spring training lease with Fort Myers runs through 2019, however, the Red Sox began toying with exercising an early out in their contract that allowed them to leave following the 2009 spring season. Chief operating officer Mike Dee met with Sarasota officials on April 25, 2008 to discuss the possibility of the Red Sox moving to Sarasota's Ed Smith Stadium once its current spring inhabitants, the Baltimore Orioles, move to their new spring home in Sarasota.[1]

text: On October 28, 2008, the Lee County commission voted 13-11 to approve an agreement with the Boston Red Sox to build a new spring-training facility for the team in south Lee County. Dee was present in the chambers for the vote, and took the agreement back to Boston to meet with team owner John W. Henry and other team officials.[2] On November 15, 2008, the Red Sox signed an agreement with Lee County that will keep their spring training home in the Fort Myers area for 20 more years.[3]

text: Wednesday, April 10, 2008, the Lee County commissioners selected the Watermen-Pinnacle site on Daniels Parkway (a little more than a mile east of Interstate 75) as the site for the new facility.

text: On March 29, 2011, it was announced that the new field would be named JetBlue Park[4] at Fenway South. The park was named JetBlue Park after JetBlue Airlines,[5] which has maintained major operations at Boston's Logan International Airport since 2004.

text: The new stadium opened in March, 2012. Many characteristics of the stadium were taken from Fenway Park, including a 37-foot (11 m) Green Monster wall in left field, featuring seating on top of and behind the wall. Included in the wall is a restored version of the manual scoreboard that was housed at Fenway for almost 30 years, beginning in the 1970s.[6] The field dimensions at JetBlue Park are identical to those at Fenway.[6]

text: Previous Boston Red Sox Spring Training Locations[edit]

text:
Charlottesville, Virginia (1901)
Augusta, Georgia (1902)
Macon, Georgia (1903-06)
Little Rock, Arkansas (1907-08)
Hot Springs, Arkansas: Majestic Park, Whittington Park, (1909-10, 1912-18, 1920-23)
Redondo Beach, California (1911)
Tampa, Florida (1919)
San Antonio, Texas (1924)
New Orleans, Louisiana (1925-27)
Bradenton, Florida (1928-29)
Pensacola, Florida (1930-31)
Savannah, Georgia (1932)
Sarasota, Florida (1933-42, 1946-58)
Medford, Massachusetts (1943-44)
Atlantic City, New Jersey (1945)
Scottsdale, Arizona (1959-65)
Winter Haven, Florida (1966-92)
Fort Myers, Florida (1993-present)


document_title: Great Hymn to the Aten

question_text: according to the hymn to the aton who is the son of the aton

text: Great Hymn to the Aten

text: Excerpts of the hymn-poem to Aten[edit]

text: From the middle of the text:

text: From the last part of the text, translated by Miriam Lichtheim:

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Analyses of the poem are divided between those considering it as a work of literature, and those considering its political and socio-religious intentions.

text: James Henry Breasted considered Akhenaten to be the first monotheist and scientist in history. In 1899, Flinders Petrie wrote:

text: If this were a new religion, invented to satisfy our modern scientific conceptions, we could not find a flaw in the correctness of this view of the energy of the solar system.  How much Akhenaten understood, we cannot say, but he certainly bounded forward in his views and symbolism to a position which we cannot logically improve upon at the present day. Not a rag of superstition or of falsity can be found clinging to this new worship evolved out of the old Aton of Heliopolis, the sole Lord of the universe.[8]

text: Miriam Lichtheim describes the hymn as "a beautiful statement of the doctrine of the One God.".[9]

text: In 1913 Henry Hall contended that the pharaoh was the "first example of the scientific mind."[10]

text:
In his book Reflections on the Psalms, C.S. Lewis compared the Hymn to the Psalms of the Judaeo-Christian canon, as did Breasted (who broke them up into stanzas to resemble Western poems).[11] Miriam Lichtheim commented about an alleged resemblance with Psalm 104 saying that "The resemblances are, however, more likely to be the result of the generic similarity between Egyptian hymns and biblical psalms. A specific literary interdependence is not probable."[12] Biblical scholar Mark S. Smith has commented that "Despite enduring support for the comparison of the two texts, enthusiasm for even indirect influence has been tempered in recent decades. In some quarters, the argument for any form of influence is simply rejected outright. Still some Egyptologists, such as Jan Assmann and Donald Redford, argue for Egyptian influence on both the Amarna correspondence (especially in EA 147) and on Psalm 104."[13]
Egyptologist Dominic Montserrat discusses the terminology used to describe these texts, describing them as formal poems or royal eulogies. He views the word 'hymn' as suggesting "outpourings of emotion" while he sees them as "eulogies, formal and rhetorical statements of praise" honoring Aten and the royal couple. He credits James Henry Breasted with the popularisation of them as hymns saying that Breasted (erroneously) saw them as "a gospel of the beauty and beneficence of the natural order, a recognition of the message of nature to the soul of man"(quote from Breasted).[14]

text: Montserrat argues that all the versions of the hymns focus on the king and suggests that the real innovation is to redefine the relationship of god and king in a way that benefited Akhenaten, quoting the statement of Egyptologist John Baines that "Amarna religion was a religion of god and king, or even of king first and then god."[15][16]

text: Donald B. Redford argued that while Akhenaten called himself the son of the Sun-Disc and acted as the chief mediator between god and creation, kings for thousands of years before Akhenaten's time had claimed the same relationship and priestly role. However Akhenaten's case may be different through the emphasis placed on the heavenly father and son relationship. Akhenaten described himself as "thy son who came forth from thy limbs", "thy child", "the eternal son that came forth from the Sun-Disc", and "thine only son that came forth from thy body".  The close relationship between father and son is such that only the king truly knows the heart of "his father", and in return his father listens to his son's prayers.  He is his father's image on earth and as Akhenaten is king on earth his father is king in heaven. As high priest, prophet, king and divine he claimed the central position in the new religious system. Since only he knew his father's mind and will, Akhenaten alone could interpret that will for all mankind with true teaching coming only from him.[17]

text: Redford concluded:

text: Before much of the archaeological evidence from Thebes and from Tell el-Amarna became available, wishful thinking sometimes turned Akhenaten into a humane teacher of the true God, a mentor of Moses, a Christlike figure, a philosopher before his time. But these imaginary creatures are now fading away one by one as the historical reality gradually emerges. There is little or no evidence to support the notion that Akhenaten was a progenitor of the full-blown monotheism that we find in the Bible. The monotheism of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament had its own separate development—one that began more than half a millennium after the pharaoh's death.[18]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The "Hymn to the Aten" was set to music by Philip Glass in his opera Akhnaten.


document_title: Canadian Shield

question_text: what are the major landforms in the canadian shield

text: Canadian Shield

text: Geographical extent

text: The Canadian Shield is a physiographic division, consisting of five smaller,  physiographic provinces:  the Laurentian Upland, Kazan Region, Davis, Hudson and James.[1] The shield extends into the United States as the Adirondack Mountains (connected by the Frontenac Axis) and the Superior Upland. The Canadian Shield is U-shaped and is a subsection of the Laurentia craton signifying the area of greatest glacial impact (scraping down to bare rock) creating the thin soils. The Canadian Shield is more than 3.96 billion years old. The Canadian Shield once had jagged peaks, higher than any of today's mountains, but millions of years of erosion have changed these mountains to rolling hills.[5]

text: The Canadian Shield is a collage of Archean plates and accreted juvenile arc terranes and sedimentary basins of the Proterozoic Eon that were progressively amalgamated during the interval 2.45 to 1.24 Ga, with the most substantial growth period occurring during the Trans-Hudson orogeny, between ca. 1.90 to 1.80 Ga.[6] The Canadian Shield was the first part of North America to be permanently elevated above sea level and has remained almost wholly untouched by successive encroachments of the sea upon the continent. It is the Earth's greatest area of exposed Archean rock. The metamorphic base rocks are mostly from the Precambrian Supereon (between 4.5 billion and 540 million years ago), and have been repeatedly uplifted and eroded. Today it consists largely of an area of low relief 300 to 610 m (980 to 2,000 ft) above sea level with a few monadnocks and low mountain ranges (including the Torngat and Laurentian Mountains) probably eroded from the plateau during the Cenozoic Era. During the Pleistocene Epoch, continental ice sheets depressed the land surface (see Hudson Bay), scooped out thousands of lake basins, and carried away much of the region's soil.

text: When the Greenland section is included, the Shield is approximately circular, bounded on the northeast by the northeast edge of Greenland, with Hudson Bay in the middle. It covers much of Greenland, Labrador, most of Quebec north of the St. Lawrence River, much of Ontario including northern sections of the southern peninsula between the Great Lakes, the Adirondack Mountains[7] of New York, the northernmost part of Lower Michigan and all of Upper Michigan, northern Wisconsin, northeastern Minnesota, the central/northern portions of Manitoba away from Hudson Bay, northern Saskatchewan, a small portion of northeastern Alberta,[8] and the mainland northern Canadian territories to the east of a line extended north from the Saskatchewan/Alberta border (Northwest Territories and Nunavut).[2] In total, the exposed area of the Shield covers approximately 8,000,000 km2 (3,100,000 sq mi). The true extent of the Shield is greater still and stretches from the Western Cordillera in the west to the Appalachians in the east and as far south as Texas, but these regions are overlaid with much younger rocks and sediment. The underlying rock structure also includes Hudson Bay.

text: Geology

text:
The Canadian Shield is among the oldest on earth, with regions dating from 2.5 to 4.2 billion years.[9]
The multitude of rivers and lakes in the entire region is caused by the watersheds of the area being so young and in a state of sorting themselves out with the added effect of post-glacial rebound. The Shield was originally an area of very large, very tall mountains (about 12,000 metres or 39,000 feet)[10] with much volcanic activity, but over hundreds of millions of years, the area has been eroded to its current topographic appearance of relatively low relief.[citation needed] It has some of the oldest (extinct) volcanoes on the planet.[citation needed] It has over 150 volcanic belts (now deformed and eroded down to nearly flat plains) whose bedrock ranges from 600 to 1200 million years old.[citation needed]

text: Each belt probably grew by the coalescence of accumulations erupted from numerous vents, making the tally of volcanoes reach the hundreds. Many of Canada's major ore deposits are associated with Precambrian volcanoes.

text: The Sturgeon Lake Caldera in Kenora District, Ontario, is one of the world's best preserved mineralized Neoarchean caldera complexes, which is 2.7 billion years old.[11] The Canadian Shield also contains the Mackenzie dike swarm, which is the largest dike swarm known on Earth.[12]

text: Mountains have deep roots and float on the denser mantle much like an iceberg at sea. As mountains erode, their roots rise and are eroded in turn. The rocks that now form the surface of the Shield were once far below the Earth's surface.

text: The high pressures and temperatures at those depths provided ideal conditions for mineralization. Although these mountains are now heavily eroded, many large mountains still exist in Canada's far north called the Arctic Cordillera. This is a vast deeply dissected mountain range, stretching from northernmost Ellesmere Island to the northernmost tip of Labrador. The range's highest peak is Nunavut's Barbeau Peak at 2,616 metres (8,583 ft) above sea level.[13] Precambrian rock is the major component of the bedrock.

text: The North American craton is the bedrock forming the heart of the North American continent and the Canadian Shield is the largest exposed part of the craton's bedrock.

text: The Canadian Shield is part of an ancient continent called Arctica, which was formed about 2.5 billion years ago during the Neoarchean era. It was split into Greenland, Laurentia, Scotland and Siberia and is now roughly situated in the Arctic around the current North Pole.

text: Ecology

text: The current surface expression of the Shield is one of very thin soil lying on top of the bedrock, with many bare outcrops. This arrangement was caused by severe glaciation during the ice age, which covered the Shield and scraped the rock clean.

text: The lowlands of the Canadian Shield have a very dense soil that is not suitable for forestation; it also contains many marshes and bogs (muskegs). The rest of the region has coarse soil that does not retain moisture well and is frozen with permafrost throughout the year. Forests are not as dense in the north.

text: The Shield is covered in parts by vast boreal forests in the south that support natural ecosystems as well as a major logging industry. This boreal forest area includes ecoregions such as the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga that covers northern Quebec and most of Labrador, and the Midwestern Canadian Shield forests that run westwards from Northwestern Ontario. Hydrographical drainage is generally poor, the soil compacting effects of glaciation being one of the many causes. Tundra typically prevails in the northern regions. Many mammals such as caribou, white-tailed deer, moose, wolves, wolverines, weasels, mink, otters, grizzly bear, polar bears and black bears are present.[14] In the case of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) the Shield area contains many of the denning locations such as the Wapusk National Park.[15]

text: Mining and economics

text: The Canadian Shield is one of the world's richest areas in terms of mineral ores. It is filled with substantial deposits of nickel, gold, silver, and copper. Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals. The largest, and one of the best known, is Sudbury, Ontario. Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater. Ejecta from the meteorite impact was found in the Rove Formation in May 2007. The nearby, but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly, has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin. This suggests it could be a second metal-rich impact crater.[16]

text: In northeastern Quebec, the giant Manicouagan Reservoir is the site of an extensive hydroelectric project (Manic-cinq, or Manic-5). This is one of the largest-known meteorite impact craters on Earth.

text: The Flin Flon greenstone belt in central Manitoba and east-central Saskatchewan is one of the largest Paleoproterozoic volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VMS) districts in the world, containing 27 copper-zinc-(gold) deposits from which more than 183 million tons[clarification needed] of sulfide have been mined.[17]

text: The Shield, particularly the portion in the Northwest Territories, has recently been the site of several major diamond discoveries. The kimberlite pipes in which the diamonds are found are closely associated with cratons, which provide the deep lithospheric mantle required to stabilize diamond as a mineral. The kimberlite eruptions then bring the diamonds from over 150 kilometres (93 mi) depth to the surface. Currently the Ekati and Diavik mines are actively mining kimberlite diamonds.


document_title: Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn

question_text: who plays ricky in ricky nicky dicky and dawn

text: Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series focuses on quadruplets Nicky, Ricky, Dicky, and Dawn Harper, 10-years-old at the start of the series,[1] who have nothing in common and often fight, but must work together to solve everyday situations.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Tom (Brian Stepanek) is the father of the quadruplets. It is a running gag in the series that he cares more about his possessions than his children, but he loves his family and is a kid at heart.
Anne (Allison Munn) is the mother of the quadruplets who usually gets caught up in Tom's new obsessions.
Nicky (Aidan Gallagher) is the youngest of the quadruplets. He is shown to be quite comedic, quirky, and easily confused.
Ricky (Casey Simpson) is the second oldest of the quadruplets. He is the smart one of the group, always seen carrying a book or doing his homework. He is also a neat freak and a bit of a goody two-shoes, though he occasionally tries to prove to Dawn and his brothers that he can bend rules as well.
Dicky (Mace Coronel) is the easy-going quadruplet who cares a great deal about his appearance. He always takes the easy way out.
Dawn (Lizzy Greene) is the oldest of the quadruplets. Although she's always seen bothering her brothers, she does care about them deeply. There is a consistent rivalry for the leader spot of the quads between her and Ricky.
Josie (Gabrielle Elyse) is a worker at Tom's sporting shop and babysitter for Nicky, Ricky, Dicky and Dawn. She only appears in the first season.
Mae (Kyla-Drew Simmons) is the quads' friend and Dawn's best friend. She once called herself "the fifth quad". In the first two seasons, she is a recurring character, but is promoted to a main character in the third season.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was originally picked up for 13 episodes on March 13, 2014, but was later increased to 20 episodes.[2] The series premiered on September 13, 2014. On November 18, 2014, the series was renewed for a second season.[3] The second season premiered on May 23, 2015. On February 9, 2016, Nickelodeon renewed Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn for a third season of 14 episodes. It was also confirmed that Matt Fleckenstein would step down as show runner.[4] Actress Lizzy Greene announced on her Twitter account that production for season three started on April 26, 2016.[5] The third season premiered on January 7, 2017. The series was renewed for a fourth season and had its episode order for the third season increased from 14 to 24 by Nickelodeon on March 20, 2017.[6] On October 4, 2017, it was announced that Mace Coronel would be leaving both Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn and Nickelodeon.[7]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
20
September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13)
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)

2
25
May 23, 2015 (2015-05-23)
August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06)

3
23
January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07)
August 5, 2017 (2017-08-05)[8]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
20
September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13)
1.60[9]
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)
1.75[10]
1.75

2
25
May 23, 2015 (2015-05-23)
1.11[11]
August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06)
1.31[12]
1.46

3
23
January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07)
1.58[13]
TBA
TBD
1.47

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Refs

2015
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show
Nominated

2017
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show – Kids' Show
Nominated


document_title: List of NBA champions

question_text: who played in the nba finals last year

question_tokens: who played in the nba finals last year

text: List of NBA champions

text: Champions

text: Numbers in parentheses in the table are NBA Finals appearances as of the date of that NBA Finals, and are used as follows:

text: Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in an NBA Finals as well as each respective teams' NBA Finals record to date.

text:
Year
Winning team
Coach
Games
Losing team
Coach
Ref

1947
Philadelphia Warriors (1, 1–0)
Gottlieb, EddieEddie Gottlieb
4–1
Chicago Stags (1, 0–1)
Olsen, HaroldHarold Olsen
[14]

1948
Baltimore Bullets (1, 1–0)
Jeannette, BuddyBuddy Jeannette
4–2
Philadelphia Warriors (2, 1–1)
Eddie Gottlieb
[15]

1949
Minneapolis Lakers (1, 1–0)
Kundla, JohnJohn Kundla
4–2
Washington Capitols (1, 0–1)
Auerbach, RedRed Auerbach
[16]

1950
Minneapolis Lakers (2, 2–0)
John Kundla
4–2
Syracuse Nationals (1, 0–1)
Cervi, AlAl Cervi
[17]

1951
Rochester Royals (1, 1–0)
Harrison, LesLes Harrison
4–3
New York Knicks (1, 0–1)
Lapchick, JoeJoe Lapchick
[18]

1952
Minneapolis Lakers (3, 3–0)
John Kundla
4–3
New York Knicks (2, 0–2)
Joe Lapchick
[19]

1953
Minneapolis Lakers (4, 4–0)
John Kundla
4–1
New York Knicks (3, 0–3)
Joe Lapchick
[20]

1954
Minneapolis Lakers (5, 5–0)
John Kundla
4–3
Syracuse Nationals (2, 0–2)
Al Cervi
[21]

1955
Syracuse Nationals (3, 1–2)
Al Cervi
4–3
Fort Wayne Pistons (1, 0–1)
Eckman, CharlesCharles Eckman
[22]

1956
Philadelphia Warriors (3, 2–1)
Senesky, GeorgeGeorge Senesky
4–1
Fort Wayne Pistons (2, 0–2)
Charles Eckman
[23]

1957
Boston Celtics (1, 1–0)
Red Auerbach
4–3
St. Louis Hawks (1, 0–1)
Hannum, AlexAlex Hannum
[24]

1958
St. Louis Hawks (2, 1–1)
Alex Hannum
4–2
Boston Celtics (2, 1–1)
Red Auerbach
[25]

1959
Boston Celtics (3, 2–1)
Red Auerbach
4–0
Minneapolis Lakers (6, 5–1)
John Kundla
[26]

1960
Boston Celtics (4, 3–1)
Red Auerbach
4–3
St. Louis Hawks (3, 1–2)
Macauley, EdEd Macauley
[27]

1961
Boston Celtics (5, 4–1)
Red Auerbach
4–1
St. Louis Hawks (4, 1–3)
Seymour, PaulPaul Seymour
[28]

1962
Boston Celtics (6, 5–1)
Red Auerbach
4–3
Los Angeles Lakers (7, 5–2)
Schaus, FredFred Schaus
[29]

1963
Boston Celtics (7, 6–1)
Red Auerbach
4–2
Los Angeles Lakers (8, 5–3)
Fred Schaus
[30]

1964
Boston Celtics (8, 7–1)
Red Auerbach
4–1
San Francisco Warriors (4, 2–2)
Alex Hannum
[31]

1965
Boston Celtics (9, 8–1)
Red Auerbach
4–1
Los Angeles Lakers (9, 5–4)
Fred Schaus
[32]

1966
Boston Celtics (10, 9–1)
Red Auerbach
4–3
Los Angeles Lakers (10, 5–5)
Fred Schaus
[33]

1967
Philadelphia 76ers (4, 2–2)
Alex Hannum
4–2
San Francisco Warriors (5, 2–3)
Sharman, BillBill Sharman
[34]

1968
Boston Celtics (11, 10–1)
Russell, BillBill Russell
4–2
Los Angeles Lakers (11, 5–6)
van Breda Kolff, ButchButch van Breda Kolff
[35]

1969
Boston Celtics (12, 11–1)
Bill Russell
4–3
Los Angeles Lakers (12, 5–7)
Butch van Breda Kolff
[36]

1970
New York Knicks (4, 1–3)
Holzman, RedRed Holzman
4–3
Los Angeles Lakers (13, 5–8)
Mullaney, JoeJoe Mullaney
[37]

1971
Milwaukee Bucks (1, 1–0)
Costello, LarryLarry Costello
4–0
Baltimore Bullets (1, 0–1)
Shue, GeneGene Shue
[38]

1972
Los Angeles Lakers (14, 6–8)
Bill Sharman
4–1
New York Knicks (5, 1–4)
Red Holzman
[39]

1973
New York Knicks (6, 2–4)
Red Holzman
4–1
Los Angeles Lakers (15, 6–9)
Bill Sharman
[40]

1974
Boston Celtics (13, 12–1)
Heinsohn, TomTom Heinsohn
4–3
Milwaukee Bucks (2, 1–1)
Larry Costello
[41]

1975
Golden State Warriors (6, 3–3)
Attles, AlAl Attles
4–0
Washington Bullets (2, 0–2)
Jones, K. C.K. C. Jones
[42]

1976
Boston Celtics (14, 13–1)
Tom Heinsohn
4–2
Phoenix Suns (1, 0–1)
MacLeod, JohnJohn MacLeod
[43]

1977
Portland Trail Blazers (1, 1–0)
Ramsay, JackJack Ramsay
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (5, 2–3)
Gene Shue
[44]

1978
Washington Bullets (3, 1–2)
Motta, DickDick Motta
4–3
Seattle SuperSonics (1, 0–1)
Wilkens, LennyLenny Wilkens
[45]

1979
Seattle SuperSonics (2, 1–1)
Lenny Wilkens
4–1
Washington Bullets (4, 1–3)
Dick Motta
[46]

1980
Los Angeles Lakers (16, 7–9)
Westhead, PaulPaul Westhead
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (6, 2–4)
Cunningham, BillyBilly Cunningham
[47]

1981
Boston Celtics (15, 14–1)
Fitch, BillBill Fitch
4–2
Houston Rockets (1, 0–1)
Harris, DelDel Harris
[48]

1982
Los Angeles Lakers (17, 8–9)
Riley, PatPat Riley
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (7, 2–5)
Billy Cunningham
[49]

1983
Philadelphia 76ers (8, 3–5)
Billy Cunningham
4–0
Los Angeles Lakers (18, 8–10)
Pat Riley
[50]

1984
Boston Celtics (16, 15–1)
K. C. Jones
4–3
Los Angeles Lakers (19, 8–11)
Pat Riley
[51]

1985
Los Angeles Lakers (20, 9–11)
Pat Riley
4–2
Boston Celtics (17, 15–2)
K. C. Jones
[52]

1986
Boston Celtics (18, 16–2)
K. C. Jones
4–2
Houston Rockets (2, 0–2)
Bill Fitch
[53]

1987
Los Angeles Lakers (21, 10–11)
Pat Riley
4–2
Boston Celtics (19, 16–3)
K. C. Jones
[54]

1988
Los Angeles Lakers (22, 11–11)
Pat Riley
4–3
Detroit Pistons (3, 0–3)
Daly, ChuckChuck Daly
[55]

1989
Detroit Pistons (4, 1–3)
Chuck Daly
4–0
Los Angeles Lakers (23, 11–12)
Pat Riley
[56]

1990
Detroit Pistons (5, 2–3)
Chuck Daly
4–1
Portland Trail Blazers (2, 1–1)
Adelman, RickRick Adelman
[57]

1991
Chicago Bulls (1, 1–0)
Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson
4–1
Los Angeles Lakers (24, 11–13)
Dunleavy, MikeMike Dunleavy
[58]

1992
Chicago Bulls (2, 2–0)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Portland Trail Blazers (3, 1–2)
Rick Adelman
[59]

1993
Chicago Bulls (3, 3–0)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Phoenix Suns (2, 0–2)
Westphal, PaulPaul Westphal
[60]

1994
Houston Rockets (3, 1–2)
Tomjanovich, RudyRudy Tomjanovich
4–3
New York Knicks (7, 2–5)
Pat Riley
[61]

1995
Houston Rockets (4, 2–2)
Rudy Tomjanovich
4–0
Orlando Magic (1, 0–1)
Hill, BrianBrian Hill
[62]

1996
Chicago Bulls (4, 4–0)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Seattle SuperSonics (3, 1–2)
Karl, GeorgeGeorge Karl
[63]

1997
Chicago Bulls (5, 5–0)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Utah Jazz (1, 0–1)
Sloan, JerryJerry Sloan
[64]

1998
Chicago Bulls (6, 6–0)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Utah Jazz (2, 0–2)
Jerry Sloan
[65]

1999
San Antonio Spurs (1, 1–0)
Popovich, GreggGregg Popovich
4–1
New York Knicks (8, 2–6)
Van Gundy, JeffJeff Van Gundy
[66]

2000
Los Angeles Lakers (25, 12–13)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Indiana Pacers (1, 0–1)
Bird, LarryLarry Bird
[67]

2001
Los Angeles Lakers (26, 13–13)
Phil Jackson
4–1
Philadelphia 76ers (9, 3–6)
Brown, LarryLarry Brown
[68]

2002
Los Angeles Lakers (27, 14–13)
Phil Jackson
4–0
New Jersey Nets (1, 0–1)
Scott, ByronByron Scott
[69]

2003
San Antonio Spurs (2, 2–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–2
New Jersey Nets (2, 0–2)
Byron Scott
[70]

2004
Detroit Pistons (6, 3–3)
Larry Brown
4–1
Los Angeles Lakers (28, 14–14)
Phil Jackson
[71]

2005
San Antonio Spurs (3, 3–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–3
Detroit Pistons (7, 3–4)
Larry Brown
[72]

2006
Miami Heat (1, 1–0)
Pat Riley
4–2
Dallas Mavericks (1, 0–1)
Johnson, AveryAvery Johnson
[73]

2007
San Antonio Spurs (4, 4–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–0
Cleveland Cavaliers (1, 0–1)
Brown, MikeMike Brown
[74]

2008
Boston Celtics (20, 17–3)
Rivers, DocDoc Rivers
4–2
Los Angeles Lakers (29, 14–15)
Phil Jackson
[75]

2009
Los Angeles Lakers (30, 15–15)
Phil Jackson
4–1
Orlando Magic (2, 0–2)
Van Gundy, StanStan Van Gundy
[76]

2010
Los Angeles Lakers (31, 16–15)
Phil Jackson
4–3
Boston Celtics (21, 17–4)
Doc Rivers
[77]

2011
Dallas Mavericks (2, 1–1)
Carlisle, RickRick Carlisle
4–2
Miami Heat (2, 1–1)
Spoelstra, ErikErik Spoelstra
[78]

2012
Miami Heat (3, 2–1)
Erik Spoelstra
4–1
Oklahoma City Thunder (4, 1–3)
Brooks, ScottScott Brooks
[79]

2013
Miami Heat (4, 3–1)
Erik Spoelstra
4–3
San Antonio Spurs (5, 4–1)
Gregg Popovich
[80]

2014
San Antonio Spurs (6, 5–1)
Gregg Popovich
4–1
Miami Heat (5, 3–2)
Erik Spoelstra
[81]

2015
Golden State Warriors (7, 4–3)
Kerr, SteveSteve Kerr
4–2
Cleveland Cavaliers (2, 0–2)
Blatt, DavidDavid Blatt
[82]

2016
Cleveland Cavaliers (3, 1–2)
Lue, TyronnTyronn Lue
4–3
Golden State Warriors (8, 4–4)
Steve Kerr
[83]

2017
Golden State Warriors (9, 5–4)
Steve Kerr
4–1
Cleveland Cavaliers (4, 1–3)
Tyronn Lue
[84]

text: Results by teams

text:
Teams
Win
Loss
Total
Year(s) won
Year(s) lost

Boston Celtics
17
4
21
1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986, 2008
1958, 1985, 1987, 2010

Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers
16
15
31
1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010
1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1991, 2004, 2008

Chicago Bulls
6
0
6
1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
—

Philadelphia/San Francisco/Golden State Warriors
5
4
9
1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017
1948, 1964, 1967, 2016

San Antonio Spurs
5
1
6
1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014
2013

Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers
3
6
9
1955, 1967, 1983
1950, 1954, 1977, 1980, 1982, 2001

Fort Wayne/Detroit Pistons
3
4
7
1989, 1990, 2004
1955, 1956, 1988, 2005

Miami Heat
3
2
5
2006, 2012, 2013
2011, 2014

New York Knicks
2
6
8
1970, 1973
1951, 1952, 1953, 1972, 1994, 1999

Houston Rockets
2
2
4
1994, 1995
1981, 1986

St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks
1
3
4
1958
1957, 1960, 1961

Baltimore/Washington Bullets/Washington Wizards
1
3
4
1978
1971, 1975, 1979

Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder
1
3
4
1979
1978, 1996, 2012

Cleveland Cavaliers
1
3
4
2016
2007, 2015, 2017

Portland Trail Blazers
1
2
3
1977
1990, 1992

Milwaukee Bucks
1
1
2
1971
1974

Dallas Mavericks
1
1
2
2011
2006

Baltimore Bullets (original) (folded in 1954)[a]
1
0
1
1948
—

Rochester/Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City/Sacramento Kings
1
0
1
1951
—

Phoenix Suns
0
2
2
—
1976, 1993

New Orleans/Utah Jazz
0
2
2
—
1997, 1998

New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets
0
2
2
—
2002, 2003

Orlando Magic
0
2
2
—
1995, 2009

Chicago Stags (folded in 1950)
0
1
1
—
1947

Washington Capitols (folded in 1951)
0
1
1
—
1949

Indiana Pacers
0
1
1
—
2000

Buffalo Braves/San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers
—
—
—

Charlotte Hornets/Bobcats
—
—
—

Denver Nuggets
—
—
—

Minnesota Timberwolves
—
—
—

New Orleans Hornets/Pelicans
—
—
—

Toronto Raptors
—
—
—

Vancouver/Memphis Grizzlies
—
—
—

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present-day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997.

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