document_title: Riverdale (2017 TV series)

question_text: when does episode 7 for riverdale come out

text: Riverdale (2017 TV series)

text: Premise

text: The series follows Archie Andrews' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image.[1]

text: Cast and characters

text: Main

text:
KJ Apa as Archibald "Archie" Andrews: An intense and conflicted teen, Archie is a boyish high school sophomore who got pumped up over the summer working at his father's construction business. He is now juggling the interest of several girls, as well as trying to balance his passion for writing and performing music—against the wishes of his father and his football coach.[2]
Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper: A sweet, smart, eager-to-please and beautiful girl with a longtime crush on her best friend, Archie. She is tired of being the perfect daughter, student, sister, etc., so she turns to her new friend, Veronica, for life advice—much to the consternation of her emotionally brittle mother.[3]
Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge: A beautiful, sophisticated, confident, silver-tongued high school sophomore and former socialite. Veronica is the "new girl" in town and is eager for a fresh start. Veronica sees the move to Riverdale from New York as an opportunity to reinvent herself while making amends to redeem herself from the rich spoiled girl she once was. Humbled from her old ways in the past and from an embezzlement scandal involving her father, she and her mother have lost most of their status and wealth.[4]
Cole Sprouse as Forsythe "Jughead" Jones III: A philosophically inclined social outcast who was once Archie's best friend, and who is still dealing with the rift that developed between them over the summer. His father is the leader of a local motorcycle gang called the Southside Serpents.[3]
Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge: Veronica's mother, who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter in order to continue a deal established by Lodge Industries and to start an affair with Fred Andrews, following the recent incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge.[5]
Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom: A wealthy, entitled, and manipulative girl who recently lost her twin brother in a mysterious accident.[6]
Ashleigh Murray as Josephine "Josie" McCoy: A striving, competitive, fierce, snooty, and ambitious girl who is the lead singer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats.[2]
Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper: Polly and Betty's mother, who is the editor of the local paper. She is a controlling and demanding perfectionist who places exceedingly high expectations on her daughters.[7]
Luke Perry as Frederick "Fred" Andrews: Archie's father, who owns a construction firm that he hopes his son will take over one day.[8]
Mark Consuelos as Hiram Lodge: Veronica's father, who was recently incarcerated for illegal activities. Consuelos joined the cast for the second season after his character was only mentioned by name in season one.[9]
Casey Cott as Kevin Keller: An openly gay high school student who is friends with Archie, Betty and Veronica. He is the son of Riverdale's sheriff. Cott was promoted to series regular in the second season.[10]
Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe "F.P." Jones II: Jughead's estranged father and the leader of the Southside Serpents, a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale.[11][12] Ulrich was promoted to series regular in the second season.[13]

text: Recurring

text:
Martin Cummins as Tom Keller: The town's police sheriff and Kevin's father.[14]
Robin Givens as Sierra McCoy: the Mayor of Riverdale and mother of Josie McCoy.[15]
Nathalie Boltt as Penelope Blossom: Cheryl and Jason's mother.
Lochlyn Munro as Hal Cooper: Polly and Betty's father, and Alice Cooper's husband.[16]
Colin Lawrence as Floyd Clayton: Chuck's father, and coach of Riverdale Bulldogs Football Team.
Peter James Bryant as Waldo Weatherbee: Riverdale High School's principal.
Sarah Habel as Geraldine Grundy: Riverdale High School's young music teacher, who had a sexual relationship with Archie over the summer. It is revealed in the fourth episode of Riverdale that Grundy moved to Riverdale after changing her name from Jennifer Gibson after her divorce, to escape from an abusive relationship. Since then Grundy has moved from Riverdale to avoid police capture because of her relationship with Archie.
Ross Butler (season 1) and Charles Melton (season 2) as Reginald "Reggie" Mantle: Archie's long-time friend and rival, a football player at Riverdale High and town prankster.[17] Butler left the series after season 1 owing to his commitments as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why; Melton has been cast to take over the role of Reggie in season 2.[18][19]
Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton: A football-star jock at Riverdale High School with a reputation for being a player[11]
Rob Raco as Joaquin DeSantos: The youngest member of the Southside Serpents, who finds himself tied between a romantic relationship with Kevin and the mystery of Jason Blossom's murder.[20]
Asha Bromfield as Melody Valentine: The drummer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats.
Cody Kearsley as Marmaduke "Moose" Mason: Archie's bicurious jock friend who propositions Kevin.[17]
Hayley Law as Valerie Brown: The songwriter, bassist, and backup vocalist for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats and Archie's ex-girlfriend.
Emilija Baranac as Midge Klump: Moose's girlfriend and member of Riverdale's cheerleading squad.
Shannon Purser as Ethel Muggs: A victim of Chuck Clayton's slut-shaming who is also facing problems with her dad's condition due to Hiram Lodge.[21]
Trevor Stines as Jason Blossom: Cheryl's twin brother, whose murder hangs over the town of Riverdale.
Olivia Ryan Stern as Tina Patel: The super-smart little sister of Archie Comics character Raj Patel, Tina has been described as an Indian Veronica. Tina is one of Cheryl Blossom's best friends.
Caitlin Mitchell-Markovitch as Ginger Lopez: One of Cheryl's best friends.
Major Curda as Dilton Doiley: The leader of the town's troop of Ranger Scouts. Daniel Yang portrayed Dilton in the pilot.
Tiera Skovbye as Polly Cooper: Betty's older sister, and the daughter of Alice and Hal Cooper. She is pregnant with Jason Blossom's children.[22]
Barclay Hope as Clifford Blossom: Cheryl and Jason's father.
Alvin Sanders as Pop Tate: The owner of the local diner; Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe.
Tom McBeath as Smithers: The Lodge family butler.[11]
Adain Bradley as Trev Brown: Valerie's younger brother.
Hart Denton as Chic Cooper: Betty and Polly's long-lost older brother.[23]

text: Guest

text:
Raúl Castillo as Oscar Castillo: A serious and successful songwriter from New York who is a visiting professor at Riverdale's Carson College who agrees to audition Archie in the hopes of possibly mentoring the aspiring singer-songwriter.[24]
Molly Ringwald as Mary Andrews: Archie's mother, who left two years ago to Chicago to follow her dreams, but returns to Riverdale in her family's hour of need. She not only reconnects with Archie and her husband, Fred, but also her former high school friends Hermione and Alice.[25]

text: Episodes

text: Series overview

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewers
(in millions inc. DVR)

1
13
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
154
1.69[26]

2
22[27]
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
TBA
TBA
TBA

text: Season 1 (2017)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Chapter One: The River's Edge"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
T15.10136
1.38[28]

During an eventful summer, including the supposed drowning of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July, Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music. He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper, the sweet girl-next-door who harbors her own secret—her feelings for Archie. Meanwhile, Veronica Lodge, the daughter of Hermione and Hiram, a millionaire facing embezzlement charges, arrives in town, instantly capturing Archie's attention. Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing, Betty and Veronica become fast friends, united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad, Cheryl Blossom, who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother's death. Archie's former best friend, Jughead Jones, begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer, including what happened between him and Archie. Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason's body, which has a gunshot wound to the head, by the lake.

2
2
"Chapter Two: A Touch of Evil"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
February 2, 2017 (2017-02-02)
T13.20302
1.15[29]

Veronica's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls, while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair. Kevin, disturbed by the discovery of Jason's body, refuses to acknowledge Moose's affections for him. Jughead, after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands, deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff, Kevin's father. Archie asks his father, Fred, for advice and decides to come clean. Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty, but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty's sister, Polly, for Jason's death. At a pep rally in his honor, Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field; in the locker room, where Veronica has followed to comfort her, Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to "come back." Against the wishes of her mother, Alice, Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica, while Archie also reconciles with Jughead. The next day, during science class, Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason's autopsy, which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July.

3
3
"Chapter Three: Body Double"
Lee Toland Krieger
Yolonda E. Lawrence
February 9, 2017 (2017-02-09)
T13.20303
1.20[30]

Cheryl admits to Sheriff Keller and her parents, Clifford and Penelope, that Jason wanted to run away and she helped him fake his drowning. Betty, upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press, restarts the school newspaper, The Blue and Gold, and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died. Veronica is enraged to learn that Chuck Clayton, whom she had one date with, has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and, when he refuses to stop, she, Betty, and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends, including Jason, to the shaming. Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop's Scoutmaster, Dilton Doiley, during a training exercise. Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean. Fred builds a grounded Archie a studio in which to practice, Chuck is kicked off the football team, and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together. Dilton reveals that he saw Miss Grundy's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie's secret is at risk.

4
4
"Chapter Four: The Last Picture Show"
Mark Piznarski
Michael Grassi
February 16, 2017 (2017-02-16)
T13.20304
1.14[31]

Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive-in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem. At the diner, Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Miss Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship. Under the guise of an interview, Betty questions Miss Grundy about her life, while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened. Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago. They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name "Jennifer Gibson." Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape. At the drive-in's final night, Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before. Alice exposes Archie's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial, but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town. Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason's murder has been stolen. Jughead vandalizes the projectionist's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader, who turns out to be his father.

5
5
"Chapter Five: Heart of Darkness"
Jesse Warn
Ross Maxwell
February 23, 2017 (2017-02-23)
T13.20305
0.98[32]

Angry at Cheryl for helping Jason run away, Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow her to speak at Jason's memorial, but Cheryl does so anyway, ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left. Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie Mantle against each other for the coveted spot of team captain. Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor, who ultimately decides not to teach him. Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs. Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner. He and Betty encounter Jason's grandmother, Rose, who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged. While cleaning the diner, Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it, a warning from the Serpents. Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great-grandfather Cooper decades before. Archie is named captain, but turns it down to focus on his music. Jughead and Betty deduce that her father, Hal, is responsible for stealing the sheriff's evidence.

6
6
"Chapter Six: Faster, Pussycats! Kill! Kill!"
Steven A. Adelson
Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart
March 2, 2017 (2017-03-02)
T13.20306
1.09[33]

With Riverdale High's annual variety show approaching, Valerie's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie. Meanwhile, Betty and Jughead's investigation into Jason's murder brings them face-to-face with Betty's sister Polly, who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth, unaware of Jason's death and seven months pregnant. As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother, she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes. At the same time, Hermione's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred. Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show. Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason's death to no avail, but grows closer to Jughead, eventually kissing him. After, they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason's belongings. However, an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive, around the same time that Polly escapes from the home.

7
7
"Chapter Seven: In a Lonely Place"
Allison Anders
Aaron Allen
March 9, 2017 (2017-03-09)
T13.20307
1.03[34]

Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her, which fails. As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers, Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house. Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly. F.P., after being offered a job by Fred, reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together, but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail. Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice. Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason's murder, but Fred provides Keller with an alibi. Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly, so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead. F.P. is revealed to have Jason's jacket in his trailer.

8
8
"Chapter Eight: The Outsiders"
David Katzenberg
Julia Cohen
March 30, 2017 (2017-03-30)
T13.20308
0.99[35]

Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for "some biker gang", implied to be the Southside Serpents, in exchange for money before both of them ran away. Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly. Fred's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford. Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project, but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop. After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents' bar, Archie realizes Jughead's father is a Serpent. At the baby shower, Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live. Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion, and when he refuses to let her come back, Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household. F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred's construction site. Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms.

9
9
"Chapter Nine: La Grande Illusion"
Lee Rose
James DeWille
April 6, 2017 (2017-04-06)
T13.20309
0.91[36]

As the Blossom family's annual maple tree-tapping ceremony approaches, Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort. When he refuses, Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor. Veronica grows close to Ethel but, when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram's investors, she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship. Alice prepares to publish a full-blown exposé on the Blossoms, but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house. Betty gets a call from Archie, learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason's death. She and Jughead decide to write the tell-all exposé in The Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them. Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him, Archie attempts to reconcile with Val, but she breaks up with him.

10
10
"Chapter Ten: The Lost Weekend"
Dawn Wilkinson
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
April 13, 2017 (2017-04-13)
T13.20310
0.87[37]

Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce, leaving Archie alone. Betty learns that Jughead's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party. She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house. Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf. The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl, who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends. F.P. also shows up after Betty's insistence. Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave, but Cheryl forces him to stay for a "game" in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets. Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over. He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice, implying she was once a member of the Serpents. Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss. Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram's behalf. To Archie's surprise, his father returns home with his mother, Mary.

11
11
"Chapter Eleven: To Riverdale and Back Again"
Kevin Sullivan
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
April 27, 2017 (2017-04-27)
T13.20311
0.89[38]

While Archie and his mother reconnect, Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison. F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead's novel, urging him to consider moving on. To learn the truth about Hiram, Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason's murder. The Blossoms, increasingly suspicious of Polly, forbid her from entering their master bedroom. Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together. Polly and Cheryl discover the former's engagement ring in Penelope's jewelry collection, which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford. At a contentious dinner, Alice tries to question F.P., but he shuts her down. Afterwards, he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family. While Archie and Veronica perform "Kids in America" at homecoming, the police execute a search warrant on F.P.'s trailer, find a gun, and arrest him for murder. Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason's death.

12
12
"Chapter Twelve: Anatomy of a Murder"
Rob Seidenglanz
Michael Grassi
May 4, 2017 (2017-05-04)
T13.20312
0.98[39]

Jughead calls his mother, but she refuses to let him move in with her. F.P. confesses to everything, including Jason's murder. Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret: the Coopers are, in fact, Blossoms by blood, making Jason and Polly's relationship technically incest. The Coopers take Polly back to their home. Mary, posing as F.P.'s lawyer, advises Jughead to visit his father, who tells him never to come see him again. With Joaquin's help, the group tracks down one of F.P.'s associates, but finds him dead of an apparent overdose. The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione's initials on it. With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects, Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason's varsity jacket. Inside one of the pockets, they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason, which they tell Cheryl. Nevertheless, Jughead learns that his father's other charges will not be dropped. Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago. When the police go to arrest Clifford, they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery.

13
13
"Chapter Thirteen: The Sweet Hereafter"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
T13.20313
0.96[40]

It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out. Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business. F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder, but remains in police custody. Alice reveals to Betty that, in high school, she found out she was pregnant, but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child, a baby boy, for adoption. Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High. Devastated by her father's secrets and suicide, Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River, but Archie, along with Veronica, Betty, and Jughead, saves her. Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion, much to Penelope's dismay. The next day, Archie meets Fred at Pop's, where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money. He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint. When Archie tries to intervene, the gunman shoots Fred.

text: Season 2 (2017)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14
1
"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying"
Rob Seidenglanz
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
T13.20801
2.34[41]

After being shot, Fred is rushed to the hospital by Archie, who is soon joined by his friends. Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup, but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter. When Veronica searches Fred's belongings, Archie sees that his wallet is missing. Betty and Jughead visit Pop's to look for the wallet but find nothing; instead, they learn from Pop that the shooter did not take any money from the register, meaning that it was actually a hit against Fred. Jughead asks the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting, but to no avail. Veronica accuses Hermione of hiring a hitman to kill Fred, but she vehemently denies this and tensions develop between them when Veronica is not sure of her mother is telling the truth. Meanwhile, Cheryl intimidates Penelope—who suffers severe burns due to the fire at their mansion and is hospitalized—into lying that it was an accident. Fred survives his shooting. Hiram returns to Riverdale, further escalating the tensions in the Lodge family. In the nearby town of Greendale, Ms. Grundy is strangled to death by Fred's shooter.

15
2
"Chapter Fifteen: Nighthawks"
Allison Anders
Michael Grassi
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
T13.20802
1.76[42]

After learning of Ms. Grundy's murder, an increasingly anxious Archie suspects that her death is connected with Fred's shooting, which pushes him to get a gun from Dilton Doiley. Following the shooting, business at Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe has declined, leading Pop to consider selling the diner, but Betty convinces Pop to let her throw a retro fun night to drum up business. Jughead learns that F.P. is facing 20 years in prison and seeks help from Penny Peabody, a Serpent lawyer, who advises Jughead to ask the Blossoms to testify on F.P.'s behalf. Cheryl initially refuses, but relents when Betty extorts her with the video of Jason's murder. With Cheryl's testimony, the judge decides to revisit F.P's sentence. Hiram quietly buys the diner from Pop, but tells Veronica he made a "charitable donation". In the woods, Moose Mason and Midge Klump take some jingle jangle (a new drug to Riverdale), and as they do so, they are shot by Fred's shooter.

16
3
"Chapter Sixteen: The Watcher in the Woods"
Kevin Sullivan
Ross Maxwell
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
T13.20803
1.62[43]

Kevin, who was in the forest, hears the gunshots and rushes to find Midge crying. Moose, who shielded Midge from the gunfire, is hospitalized and survives. Following the incident, Archie founds a vigilante group called the Red Circle, to protect Riverdale High students. The Coopers receive a letter from "the Black Hood", taking responsibility for the shootings and the murder of Ms. Grundy, and detailing his intentions to target sinners. Polly leaves town, fearing for her babies. Meanwhile, Jughead begins his tenure at Southside High, befriends Toni Topaz, a Serpent, and refounds the school newspaper, the Red and Black, under the advisory of English teacher Robert Philips. Kevin keeps going out late at night, which concerns Betty. Betty follows him on one of his runs, which leads to him lashing out at her. Hiram tells Archie that he should utilize the Black Hood's main weapons for the Red Circle. Inspired by this, the Red Circle makes a video calling out the Black Hood.

17
4
"Chapter Seventeen: The Town That Dreaded Sundown"
Allison Anders
Amanda Lasher
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)
T13.20804
1.51[44]

Archie's viral video results in negative repercussions, as Principal Waldo Weatherbee demands he disband the Red Circle. Though Archie refuses, the Red Circle disbands regardless due to the football team being suspended but later reassembles when Archie runs afoul of the Serpents and assists him in a rumble, in which Dilton is injured. Veronica finds out that Archie intends to murder the Black Hood and convinces him to discard his gun. Betty receives a letter from the Black Hood, revealing that her speech from the jubilee ball inspired his actions and gives her a cipher that only she could solve. Mayor Sierra McCoy (Josie's mother) hosts a town meeting to discuss action against the Black Hood, in which Alice blames the Serpents, but Fred argues against letting fear rule them. Betty and Jughead figure out that the Black Hood intends to attack town hall and have the meeting evacuated, before showing the letter to her parents, Sheriff Keller and Mayor McCoy. Later, Betty receives a call from the Black Hood.

18
5
"Chapter Eighteen: When a Stranger Calls"
Ellen Pressman
Aaron Allen
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
T13.20805
1.47[45]

The Black Hood reveals to Betty that he knows where Polly is and threatens to kill her unless she publishes a mugshot of Alice, which she does. Hiram invites the St. Clair's, friends of the Lodges from New York. On the Southside, Jughead attempts to stop Sweet Pea and the Serpents from blowing up the Riverdale Register office and joins the gang to prevent this from happening. The Black Hood forces Betty to cut ties with Veronica and Jughead. At the Lodge's open house event, Nick St. Clair drugs Cheryl and takes her back to his hotel room to rape her, but is stopped and beaten by Veronica and the Pussycats. Jughead and Toni sit in his trailer, where he tells her his relationship with Betty is over; they kiss. Back at Betty's house, the Black Hood tells her she has broken the rules and he will now kill Polly unless she gives him the name of a "sinner" to kill, to which Betty names Nick St. Clair.

19
6
"Chapter Nineteen: Death Proof"
Maggie Kiley
Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
T13.20806
1.43[46]

The Black Hood challenges Betty to find the identity of The Sugarman, who has been supplying the jingle jangle to Riverdale. Cheryl wants to press charges against Nick, whom the Black Hood did not attack, but Penelope agrees not to in exchange for money from the St. Clair's. Archie goes to Southside High, where he saves Jughead from a raid organized by McCoy and Sheriff Keller. Tall Boy, F.P.'s right hand man, reaches an agreement with the Ghoulies, the dealers of jingle jangle. Jughead and Archie visit F.P., who tells Jughead to challenge the Ghoulies to a race. During the race, Archie pulls the brake on Jughead's car, and reveals he called Sheriff Keller, who arrests the Ghoulies leader. Veronica convinces Hiram and Hermione to stop investing with the St. Clair's, while Cheryl does the same with Penelope. Later, the Lodges receive a call that the St. Clair's have been run off the road, but will recover in months. Penelope reveals to Cheryl that the Sugarman is Robert Philips; Cheryl later tells Betty, who exposes him in the Blue and Gold. Philips is subsequently arrested and shot by the Black Hood in jail.

20
7
"Chapter Twenty: Tales from the Darkside"
Dawn Wilkinson
James DeWille
November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)
TBA
1.45[47]

After killing Phillips, the Black Hood leaves a letter at Pop's challenging Riverdale to go 48 hours without sinning, or he will kill again. Jughead is enlisted by Penny Peabody to deliver a crate of drugs to repay her for her earlier help, which he does with Archie. She says this is a one-time thing, but Jughead later finds she was lying. Josie begins to receive weird messages from a secret admirer, implied to be Cheryl, including a box with a pig's heart. Mayor McCoy reprimands her for coming home late, revealing she has received death threats. Betty, realizing that Phillips was killed in the sheriff's office, believes Sheriff Keller might be the Black Hood. She investigates, but Keller is able to provide proof that he is not the Black Hood. However, Betty and Veronica discover that he is having an affair with Mayor McCoy. Archie, Jughead, Betty, Veronica, Josie, and Cheryl all at Pop's. After Jughead leaves to visit F.P., the Black Hood calls Pop to inform him Riverdale failed his challenge, and Pop grimly announces that "The reckoning is upon us".

21
8
"Chapter Twenty-One: House of the Devil"
Kevin Sullivan
Yolonda Lawrence
December 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)
TBA
1.48[48]

F.P. is released from jail and begins working at Pop's, intending to quit the Serpents. Jughead and Betty decide to throw F.P. a "retirement" party at the Whyte Worm, so they enlist Archie and Veronica to do the detective work. While Jughead reconnects with his dad, Betty goes to the Whyte Worm to organize the party. There, she meets Toni and tells her she wants to keep watch over Jughead. Archie and Veronica follow a lead on a past serial killer called the Riverdale Reaper, who murdered a family of four before being killed himself by a lynch mob. Their investigation leads them to discover there was a fifth member of the family, which they discover to be the school's janitor, Joseph Svenson. Archie and Veronica confront Svenson, but decide he isn't the Black Hood. At the party, F.P., who is upset that Jughead helped Peabody, decides to stay with the Serpents. Outside, Veronica breaks up with Archie following a discussion about love. Jughead, not wanting to bring Betty into the Serpents' business, also ends their relationship.

22
9
"Chapter Twenty-Two: Silent Night, Deadly Night"
Rob Seidenglanz
Shepard Boucher
December 13, 2017 (2017-12-13)
TBA
1.43[49]

Fred receives a hospital bill of $86,000. Failing to convince her parents to help Fred, Veronica sneaks into Hiram's study and finds out that he bought Pop's. She later convinces him and Hermione to stop hiding secrets from her and help Fred. Jughead rallies the younger Serpents, who kidnap Peabody and cut off her Serpent tattoo. Betty and Archie receive a box from the Black Hood, containing Svenson's finger. They then receive a call from the Black Hood, who challenges them to find Svenson. They are able to find Svenson's location, but instead find an empty coffin. The Black Hood then arrives and tries to force Betty into burying Archie alive, but flees when the police arrive. After a chase, Keller shoots and kills the Black Hood before he can escape. The Black Hood is then revealed to be Svenson himself.

23
10
"Chapter Twenty-Three: The Blackboard Jungle"[50]
TBA
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)[51]
TBA
TBD

24
11
"Chapter Twenty-Four: The Wrestler"[52]
Gregg Araki
Greg Murray & Devon Turner
TBA
TBA
TBD

25
12
"Chapter Twenty-Five: The Wicked and the Divine"[53]
Rachel Talalay
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
TBA
TBA
TBD

26
13
"Chapter Twenty-Six: The Tell-Tale Heart"[54]
Julie Plec
Michael Grassi
TBA
TBA
TBD

27
14
"Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Hills Have Eyes"[55]
David Katzenberg
Ross Maxwell
TBA
TBA
TBD

28
15
"Chapter Twenty-Eight: There Will Be Blood"[56]
Mark Piznarski
Aaron Allen
TBA
TBA
TBD

29
16
"Chapter Twenty-Nine: Primary Colors"[57]
Sherwin Shilati
James DeWille
TBA
TBA
TBD

text: Production

text: Development

text: Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013, after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition.[58] The duo brought the project to Warner Bros., where a VP recommended a more high-concept direction involving time travel or interdimensional portals, suggesting Louis C. K. to portray an older Archie.[59] Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project, which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at the studio towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series.[58] Riverdale was originally in development at Fox, with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty.[60] However, Fox did not go forward with the project. In 2015, the show's development was moved to The CW,[61] which officially ordered a pilot on January 29, 2016.[62] On March 7, 2017, The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season.[63]

text: Casting

text: Casting Archie was a difficult process, with Aguirre-Sacasa stating "I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way."[64] The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network, which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation.[64]

text: In April 2017, it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge's father, Hiram Lodge.[65] The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1, 2017.[66] The next month, it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why.[19] It was also announced that Casey Cott was promoted to a series regular.[67] In July 2017, it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody, an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run-ins with the law.[68] In August 2017, it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair, Veronica's ex-boyfriend from New York.[69][70]

text: Filming

text: Filming of the pilot began on March 14, 2016, and ended on April 1 in Vancouver, British Columbia.[71][72] Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7, 2016, in Vancouver.[73] Sets include Pop Tate's Chock'lit Shoppe, a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18-wheeler there, believing that it was open.[74] Season two will also be filmed in Vancouver and the nearby Fraser Valley.[citation needed] Principal photography began on June 22, 2017.[citation needed]

text: Homages to other films and TV series

text: Several reviewers had noted that the series' episode titles, are often taken directly or slightly altered from the titles of older films.[75][76] For example, De Elizabeth of TeenVogue points out that Riverdale's pilot episode was named "River's Edge" after the 1986 film of the same name, and the season finale also takes its name from 1997's The Sweet Hereafter.[77] Executive producer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa notes that this is a deliberate choice, in order to hint at what will happen in that episode.[77]

text: Additionally, Katie-Kouise Smith, of Popbuzz, notes that the opening credits for Riverdale mirror those of the Twin Peaks television series, and are intended as an homage to that series' creator, David Lynch.[78]

text: Release

text: Broadcast

text: Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale,[79] making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after its original U.S. broadcast.[80]

text: Marketing

text: In July 2016, members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic-Con to promote the upcoming series, where they premiered the first episode "Chapter One: The River's Edge".[81] The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016, while additional teasers followed later that month and into 2017.[82][83] The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos, where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe.[84][85][86]

text: Comic-book adaptation

text: Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017, Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale, featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series' own continuity. The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa himself, along with various other writers from the show. Alongside a one-shot pilot issue, illustrated by Alitha Martinez, released in March 2017,[87] the first issue of the ongoing Riverdale comic book series was set to release starting April 2017.[88]

text: In addition to the adaptation, Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale. This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line, introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular ongoing comic series that inspired it. Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines. The first volume was released in March 2017.[88]

text: Music

text: Musical performances are featured throughout the series,a blend of cover versions and originals. Songs performed in episodes are released as digital singles after broadcast; WaterTower Music released a digital compilation of the season 1 songs on May 12, 2017.[89]

text: An album of Blake Neely's scoring for season 1 was released on compact disc by La-La Land Records and simultaneously on download by WaterTower Music on July 18, 2017.[90]

text: Season 1 songs soundtrack

text:
Riverdale Original Television Soundtrack - Season 1

No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length

1.
"The Song That Everyone Sings"
KJ Apa
3:46

2.
"Fear Nothing"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law
2:37

3.
"All Through The Night"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law
2:37

4.
"Dance Dance Dance"
KJ Apa
1:00

5.
"Candy Girl (Sugar Sugar)" (Cover of the Inner Circle version feat. Flo Rida; full-length version, Petsch is not heard on the aired version.)
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law and Madelaine Petsch
2:19

6.
"I Feel Love"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law and Camila Mendes
3:11

7.
"I'll Try"
KJ Apa
3:15

8.
"I Got You"
KJ Apa and Hayley Law
3:32

9.
"Kids in America"
KJ Apa and Camila Mendes
2:55

10.
"Our Fair Riverdale"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law
1:19

11.
"Astronaut"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law and Camila Mendes
3:28

12.
"These Are the Moments I Remember"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law, Camila Mendes and KJ Apa
2:58

text: Season 1 score album

text:
Riverdale Original Television Score - Season 1

No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length

1.
"Riverdale"
Blake Neely
2:58

2.
"If You Love Me"
Blake Neely
2:06

3.
"Viral Gossip in Town"
Blake Neely
3:08

4.
"Everyone a Suspect"
Blake Neely
2:33

5.
"Receiving the Jersey"
Blake Neely
1:56

6.
"Doubts and Accusations"
Blake Neely
2:24

7.
"All is OK With Milkshakes"
Blake Neely
2:48

8.
"Long Reach"
Blake Neely
3:47

9.
"Ended Up Drowning"
Blake Neely
4:11

10.
"Irreconcilable"
Blake Neely
3:25

11.
"So Many Questions"
Blake Neely
2:42

12.
"A Gift / Forced to Leave"
Blake Neely
3:23

13.
"Not Making the Play"
Blake Neely
3:25

14.
"Overwhelming Evidence"
Blake Neely
3:53

15.
"Realizations"
Blake Neely
2:02

16.
"Do You Feel Guilty?"
Blake Neely
2:38

17.
"Into the Woods"
Blake Neely
3:21

18.
"Name of the Game"
Blake Neely
3:38

19.
"Angry and Vulnerable Girls"
Blake Neely
2:52

20.
"Results of the Father"
Blake Neely
4:39

21.
"Your Father Was Arrested"
Blake Neely
2:44

22.
"The Recording"
Blake Neely
4:12

23.
"Oh, Mommy!"
Blake Neely
3:51

24.
"What Floats Beneath"
Blake Neely
3:29

25.
"Never Safe"
Blake Neely
1:59

text: Reception

text: Critical response

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
88% (54 reviews)
68 (36 reviews)

2
86% (11 reviews)
TBD

text: The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a fresh rating of 88% based on 54 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.69/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Riverdale offers an amusingly self-aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie, odd, daring, and above all addictive."[91] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[92] Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a "B+" saying that it turned, "out to be an artfully crafted, instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential."[93]

text: Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters. While reviewing the first season, Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared "the show marginalizes and ignores the [people of color] in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there."[94] In an article for Vulture, Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats (who are each played by African Americans), noting, "They're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message. Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past, even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting."[95] Monique Jones of Ebony noted, "Despite the show's multi-racial casting choices, it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town." She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown, but declared "Archie shouldn't be what makes Valerie interesting to us".[96]

text: Ratings

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Thursday 9:00 pm
13
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
1.38[28]
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
0.96[40]
2016–17
154
1.69
0.7/2[26]

2
Wednesday 8:00 pm
22[27]
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
2.34[41]
TBA
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Season 1 (2017)

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter One: The River's Edge"
January 26, 2017
0.5/2
1.38[28]
0.4
1.01
0.9
2.38[99]

2
"Chapter Two: A Touch of Evil"
February 2, 2017
0.4/2
1.15[29]
0.4
0.76
0.8
1.91[100]

3
"Chapter Three: Body Double"
February 9, 2017
0.5/2
1.20[30]
N/A
0.71
N/A
1.90[101]

4
"Chapter Four: The Last Picture Show"
February 16, 2017
0.4/1
1.14[31]
0.4
0.73
0.8
1.87[102]

5
"Chapter Five: Heart of Darkness"
February 23, 2017
0.3/1
0.98[32]
0.4
0.71
0.7
1.69[103]

6
"Chapter Six: Faster, Pussycats! Kill! Kill!"
March 2, 2017
0.4/1
1.09[33]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Chapter Seven: In a Lonely Place"
March 9, 2017
0.4/1
1.03[34]
0.3
0.76
0.7
1.80[104]

8
"Chapter Eight: The Outsiders"
March 30, 2017
0.4/2
0.99[35]
N/A
0.55
N/A
1.54[105]

9
"Chapter Nine: La Grande Illusion"
April 6, 2017
0.3/1
0.91[36]
N/A
0.63
N/A
1.54[106]

10
"Chapter Ten: The Lost Weekend"
April 13, 2017
0.3/1
0.87[37]
0.3
0.58
0.6
1.48[107]

11
"Chapter Eleven: To Riverdale and Back Again"
April 27, 2017
0.3/1
0.89[38]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

12
"Chapter Twelve: Anatomy of a Murder"
May 4, 2017
0.3/1
0.98[39]
0.3
0.58
0.6
1.56[108]

13
"Chapter Thirteen: The Sweet Hereafter"
May 11, 2017
0.4/2
0.96[40]
N/A
0.56
N/A
1.52[109]

text: Season 2 (2017)

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying"
October 11, 2017
0.8/3
2.34[41]
0.6
1.40
1.4
3.74[110]

2
"Chapter Fifteen: Nighthawks"
October 18, 2017
0.6/2
1.76[42]
0.6
1.34
1.2
3.10[111]

3
"Chapter Sixteen: The Watcher in the Woods"
October 25, 2017
0.6/2
1.62[43]
0.6
1.32
1.2
2.94[112]

4
"Chapter Seventeen: The Town That Dreaded Sundown"
November 1, 2017
0.6/2
1.51[44]
0.5
1.30
1.1
2.80[113]

5
"Chapter Eighteen: When a Stranger Calls"
November 8, 2017
0.5/2
1.47[45]
0.5
1.23
1.0
2.70[114]

6
"Chapter Nineteen: Death Proof"
November 15, 2017
0.5/2
1.43[46]
0.5
1.23
1.0
2.66[115]

7
"Chapter Twenty: Tales from the Darkside"
November 29, 2017
0.5/2
1.45[47]
0.5
1.19
1.0
2.64[116]

8
"Chapter Twenty-One: House of the Devil"
December 6, 2017
0.5/2
1.48[48]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

9
"Chapter Twenty-Two: Silent Night, Deadly Night"
December 13, 2017
0.5/2
1.43[49]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017
Saturn Awards
Best Action-Thriller Television Series
Riverdale
Won
[117]

Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series
KJ Apa
Nominated

Breakthrough Performance
KJ Apa
Won
[118]

Leo Awards
Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series
Tyler Harron for "Pilot - Chapter 1"
Nominated
[119]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Breakout TV Show
Riverdale
Won
[120]

Choice Breakout TV Star
K.J. Apa
Nominated

Lili Reinhart
Won

Choice Drama TV Actor
Cole Sprouse
Won

Choice Drama TV Show
Riverdale
Won

Choice Hissy Fit
Madelaine Petsch
Won

Choice Scene Stealer
Camila Mendes
Won

Choice TV Ship
Lili Reinhart and Cole Sprouse
Won

text: Spin-off

text: In September 2017, it was reported that a live-action television series was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions, with a planned release in the 2018–2019 television season. Based on the comic series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch, the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot, which will be written by Aguirre-Sacasa. Both are executive producers along with Berlanti, Schechter, and Goldwater.[121] In December 2017, it was reported that the project had moved to Netflix under a yet-to-be-announced new title. Two seasons, comprising ten episodes each, have been ordered by the streaming service.[122]


document_title: Triple Crown of Cycling

question_text: who has won the tour de france and the vuelta

root

text: Triple Crown of Cycling

text: Triple crowns won[edit]

text: The Triple Crown has only been achieved twice (both times by winning Giro/Tour/Worlds):[1]

tag: p

text:
Rider
Year
Races

 Eddy Merckx (BEL)
1974
Tour + Giro + WC

 Stephen Roche (IRL)
1987
Tour + Giro + WC

tag: table

text: Near wins[edit]

text: Some cyclists have been close to winning the triple crown of cycling, winning two of the three requirements. Among those who came close are Italian Fausto Coppi, Frenchman Bernard Hinault, and later Spaniard Miguel Indurain, who finished second in the World Championships in 1993.

text: Winning two grand tours in one year[edit]

text: Coppi was the first rider in the history of the sport to win the Giro d'Italia and the Tour de France in the same year which he did twice in 1949 and 1952. At the World road race championships in 1949 Coppi came third behind Rik Van Steenbergen of Belgium and Ferdi Kübler of Switzerland. Merckx was the first rider to win the triple crown but he had already come close to winning it in 1972 when he won both the Tour and the Giro, coming fourth in the World road race. After his disappointment, Merckx broke the world hour record several weeks later.

text: Indurain won the Giro-Tour double in both 1992 and 1993 and in both years he was very active in the World Road Race. In 1992 he finished sixth but in 1993 Indurain was very close to winning the Triple crown when he finished second behind Lance Armstrong.

text:
Cyclist
Year
Grand Tours won
Result in World Championship

 Fausto Coppi (ITA)
1949
Tour + Giro
3rd place

 Fausto Coppi (ITA)
1952
Tour + Giro
DNE

 Jacques Anquetil (FRA)
1963
Tour + Vuelta
14th place[4]

 Jacques Anquetil (FRA)
1964
Tour + Giro
7th place[5]

 Eddy Merckx (BEL)
1970
Tour + Giro
29th place[6]

 Eddy Merckx (BEL)
1972
Tour + Giro
4th place[7]

 Eddy Merckx (BEL)
1973
Giro + Vuelta
4th place[8]

 Bernard Hinault (FRA)
1978
Tour + Vuelta
5th place[9]

 Giovanni Battaglin (ITA)
1981
Giro + Vuelta
26th place[10]

 Bernard Hinault (FRA)
1982
Tour + Giro
DNF

 Bernard Hinault (FRA)
1985
Tour + Giro
DNF

 Miguel Indurain (ESP)
1992
Tour + Giro
6th place

 Miguel Indurain (ESP)
1993
Tour + Giro
2nd place

 Marco Pantani (ITA)
1998
Tour + Giro
DNE[11]

 Alberto Contador (ESP)
2008
Giro + Vuelta
DNF[12]

 Chris Froome (GBR)
2017
Tour + Vuelta
DNE

text: Winning one grand tour and world championship in one year[edit]

text: Hinault was aiming for winning the triple crown during the 1980 season. That year he won the 1980 Giro d'Italia before going on to the 1980 Tour de France. However, during the Tour, Hinault suffered from knee injury and despite winning three stages, he left the race while leading the general classification. Several weeks later he became world champion in Salanches. In the table below are the results in other grand tours of cyclists who won the world championship and a grand tour in one year. DNF (did not finish) indicates that the cyclist started the race, but did not finish; DNE (did not enter) indicates that the cyclist did not enter the race.

text:
Cyclist
Year
Grand tour won
Result in other grand tours

 Fausto Coppi (ITA)
1940
Giro
Tour: DNE
Vuelta: NA[13]

 Georges Speicher (FRA)
1933
Tour
Giro: DNE
Vuelta: NA[13]

 Fausto Coppi (ITA)
1953
Giro
Tour: DNE
Vuelta: NA[13]

 Louison Bobet (FRA)
1954
Tour
Giro: DNE
Vuelta: NA[13]

 Ercole Baldini (ITA)
1958
Giro
Tour: DNE
Vuelta: DNE

 Eddy Merckx (BEL)
1971
Tour
Giro: DNE
Vuelta: DNE

 Bernard Hinault (FRA)
1980
Giro
Tour: DNF
Vuelta: DNE

 Greg LeMond (USA)
1989
Tour
Giro: 39th place
Vuelta: DNE

text: Other definitions[edit]

text: Winning all three grand tours in a career[edit]

text: No rider has ever won all three grand tours in a single year. Winning all three grand tours (Tour de France, Giro d'Italia and Vuelta a España ) in a career is sometimes called a grand tour triple crown, although more usually it would be described as a 'grand slam'.[14] Only six riders have achieved this feat, and only one, Eddy Merckx has achieved both a classic Triple Crown and a career clean sweep of Grand Tour titles (He also achieved a career clean sweep of Monument classics, the 5 most prestigious one day classic races).

text: Only Bernard Hinault and Alberto Contador have achieve multiple career grand tour triple crowns, both having won each race at least twice.

text: In bold the win that achieved a grand tour triple crown.

text:
Cyclist
Tour de France wins
Giro d'Italia wins
Vuelta a España wins

 Jacques Anquetil (FRA)
1957, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964
1960, 1964
1963

 Felice Gimondi (ITA)
1965
1967, 1969, 1976
1968

 Eddy Merckx (BEL)
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974
1968, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974
1973

 Bernard Hinault (FRA)
1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1985
1980, 1982, 1985
1978, 1983

 Alberto Contador (ESP)
2007, 2009
2008, 2015
2008, 2012, 2014

 Vincenzo Nibali (ITA)
2014
2013, 2016
2010

text: Winning all three grand tours in one year[edit]

text: The definition of Triple Crown of Cycling can also mean winning all three Grand Tours in the same year.[15] As of 2017, this has not been achieved. Only 39 times has a cyclist finished all three grand tours in one year, and of these 39 only Raphaël Géminiani (in 1955) and Gastone Nencini (in 1957) managed to finish in the top ten in each tour.[16] In 2016, Alejandro Valverde was close to accomplishing the same feat - he finished 3rd in the Giro d'Italia, 6th in the Tour de France, and was in the top three after the first half of the Vuelta of Spain, but lost 11 minutes in the 14th stage before recovering to finish in 12th place in overall standings, less than 2 minutes behind 10th place.

text: In 2010, Alberto Contador's new team manager Bjarne Riis claimed that Contador could win all three grand tours in the same year, but his main rival Andy Schleck said it would be impossible.[17]

text: Eddy Merckx won four consecutive grand tours in 1972–1973: Giro 1972, Tour 1972, Vuelta 1973, and Giro 1973. Bernard Hinault won three consecutive grand tours in 1982–1983: Giro 1982, Tour 1982, and Vuelta 1983.

text: Completing all three grand tours in one year[edit]

text: Cyclists who have completed all three grand tours in the same year[edit]

text: As of 2016, 39 riders completed all three grand tours in the same year:

text:
6 times - Adam Hansen (AUS) - 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017
4 times - Marino Lejarreta (ESP) - 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991
3 times - Bernardo Ruiz (ESP) - 1955, 1956, 1957
2 times - Eduardo Chozas (ESP) - 1990, 1991
2 times - Carlos Sastre (ESP) - 2006, 2010

tag: ul

text: List of riders and results[edit]

text:
ID
Year
Rider
Tour
Giro
Vuelta

1
1955
Raphaël Géminiani (Fra)
6°
4°
3°

2
1955
Louis Caput (Fra)
54°
68°
21-°

3
1955
Bernardo Ruiz (Esp)
22°
28°
14°

4
1956
Arrigo Padovan (Ita)
26°
12°
19°

5
1956
José Serra (Esp)
81°
26°
9°

6
1956
Bernardo Ruiz (Esp)
70°
38°
31°

7
1957
Gastone Nencini (Ita)
6°
1°
9°

8
1957
Mario Baroni (Ita)
53°
74°
46°

9
1957
Bernardo Ruiz (Esp)
24°
55°
3°

10
1958
Pierino Baffi (Ita)
63°
23°
26-°

11
1958
Federico Bahamontès (Esp)
8°
17°
6°

12
1971
José Manuel Fuente (Esp)
72°
39°
26-°

13
1971
José Luis Uribezubia (Esp)
49°
29°
36°

14
1985
Philippe Poissonnier (Fra)
90°
86°
66°

15
1987
Marino Lejarreta (Esp)
10°
4°
26-°

16
1988
Luis Javier Lukin (Esp)
82°
32°
26-°

17
1989
Marino Lejarreta (Esp)
5°
10°
20°

18
1990
Eduardo Chozas (Esp)
6°
11°
33°

19
1990
Marino Lejarreta (Esp)
5°
7°
26-°

20
1991
Eduardo Chozas (Esp)
11°
10°
11°

21
1991
Iñaki Gastón (Esp)
61°
23°
14°

22
1991
Marco Giovannetti (Ita)
30°
8°
18°

23
1991
Alberto Leanizbarrutia (Esp)
39°
64°
40-°

24
1991
Marino Lejarreta (Esp)
53°
5°
3°

25
1991
Vladimir Pulnikov (Ucr)
88°
11°
26-°

26
1991
Valerio Tebaldi (Ita)
89°
47°
87°

27
1992
Guido Bontempi (Ita)
75°
40°
62°

28
1992
Neil Stephens (Aus)
74°
57°
66°

29
1999
Mariano Piccoli (Ita)
50°
38°
58°

30
2001
Jon Odriozola (Esp)
69°
59°
83°

31
2005
Giovanni Lombardi (Ita)
118°
88°
115°

32
2006
Carlos Sastre (Esp)
3°
43°
4°

33
2007
Mario Aerts (Bel)
70°
20°
27°

34
2008
Marzio Bruseghin (Ita)
26°
3°
10°

35
2008
Erik Zabel (Ger)
42°
80°
49°

36
2009
Julian Dean (Nzl)
121°
136°
132°

37
2010
Carlos Sastre (Esp)
18°
8°
8°

38
2011
Sebastian Lang (Ger)
111°
55°
76°

39
2012
Adam Hansen (Aus)
81°
94°
123°

40
2013
Adam Hansen (Aus)
72°
72°
60°

41
2014
Adam Hansen (Aus)
64°
73°
53°

42
2015
Adam Hansen (Aus)
77°
114°
55°

43
2015
Sylvain Chavanel (Fra)
36°
54°
47°

44
2016
Alejandro Valverde (Esp)
6°
3°
12°

45
2016
Adam Hansen (Aus)
68°
100°
110°

text: Winning world titles in three disciplines[edit]

text: After Marianne Vos had won world titles in road race (2006), cyclo-cross (2006) and track points race (2008), she was said to have won the triple crown of cycling.[18]


document_title: Haber process

question_text: where does hydrogen come from in the haber process

text: Haber process

text: History[edit]

text: Throughout the 19th century the demand for nitrates and ammonia for use as fertilizers and industrial feedstocks had been steadily increasing. The main source was mining niter deposits. At the beginning of the 20th century it was being predicted that these reserves could not satisfy future demands [5] and research into new potential sources of ammonia became more important. The obvious source was atmospheric nitrogen (N2), comprising nearly 80% of the air, however N2 is exceptionally stable and will not readily react with other chemicals. Converting N2 into ammonia posed a challenge for chemists globally.

text: Haber, with his assistant Robert Le Rossignol, developed the high-pressure devices and catalysts needed to demonstrate the Haber process at laboratory scale.[6][7] They demonstrated their process in the summer of 1909 by producing ammonia from air, drop by drop, at the rate of about 125 ml (4 US fl oz) per hour. The process was purchased by the German chemical company BASF, which assigned Carl Bosch the task of scaling up Haber's tabletop machine to industrial-level production.[3][8] He succeeded in 1910. Haber and Bosch were later awarded Nobel prizes, in 1918 and 1931 respectively, for their work in overcoming the chemical and engineering problems of large-scale, continuous-flow, high-pressure technology.[3]

text: Ammonia was first manufactured using the Haber process on an industrial scale in 1913 in BASF's Oppau plant in Germany, reaching 20 tonnes per day the following year.[9] During World War I, the production of munitions required large amounts of nitrate. The Allies had access to large sodium nitrate deposits in Chile (Chile saltpetre) controlled by British companies. Germany had no such resources, so the Haber process proved essential to the German war effort.[3][10] Synthetic ammonia from the Haber process was used for the production of nitric acid, a precursor to the nitrates used in explosives.

text: Process[edit]

text: This conversion is typically conducted at 15–25 MPa (150–250 atm; 2,200–3,600 psi) and between 400–500 °C (752–932 °F), as the gases (nitrogen and hydrogen) are passed over four beds of catalyst, with cooling between each pass so as to maintain a reasonable equilibrium constant. On each pass only about 15% conversion occurs, but any unreacted gases are recycled, and eventually an overall conversion of 97% is achieved.[1]

text: The steam reforming, shift conversion, carbon dioxide removal, and methanation steps each operate at pressures of about 2.5–3.5 MPa (25–35 bar; 360–510 psi), and the ammonia synthesis loop operates at pressures ranging from 6–18 MPa (60–180 bar; 870–2,610 psi), depending upon which proprietary process is used.[1]

text: Sources of hydrogen[edit]

text: The major source of hydrogen is methane from natural gas. The conversion, steam reforming, is conducted with steam in a high temperature and pressure tube inside a reformer with a nickel catalyst, separating the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the natural gas.

text: Reaction rate and equilibrium[edit]

text: Nitrogen (N2) is very unreactive because the molecules are held together by strong triple bonds. The Haber process relies on catalysts that accelerate the scission of this triple bond.

text: Two opposing considerations are relevant to this synthesis: the position of the equilibrium and the rate of reaction. At room temperature, the equilibrium is strongly in favor of ammonia, but the reaction doesn't proceed at a detectable rate. The obvious solution is to raise the temperature, but because the reaction is exothermic, the equilibrium constant (using bar or atm units) becomes 1 around 150–200 °C (302–392 °F). (See Le Châtelier's principle.)

text:
Kp(T) for N
2 + 3 H
2 ⇌ 2 NH
3[11]

Temperature (°C)
Kp

300
4.34 × 10−3

400
1.64 × 10−4

450
4.51 × 10−5

500
1.45 × 10−5

550
5.38 × 10−6

600
2.25 × 10−6

text: Above this temperature, the equilibrium quickly becomes quite unfavorable at atmospheric pressure, according to the Van 't Hoff equation. Thus one might suppose that a low temperature is to be used and some other means to increase rate. However, the catalyst itself requires a temperature of at least 400 °C to be efficient.

text: Pressure is the obvious choice to favor the forward reaction because there are 4 moles of reactant for every 2 moles of product (see entropy), and the pressure used (15–25 MPa (150–250 bar; 2,200–3,600 psi)) alters the equilibrium concentrations to give a profitable yield.[citation needed]

text: Economically, pressure is an expensive commodity. Pipes, valves, and reaction vessels need to be strengthened, and there are safety considerations of working at 20 MPa. In addition, running pumps and compressors takes considerable energy. Thus the compromise used gives a single pass yield of around 15%.[citation needed]

text: Another way to increase the yield of the reaction would be to remove the product (i.e. ammonia gas) from the system. In practice, gaseous ammonia is not removed from the reactor itself, since the temperature is too high; it is removed from the equilibrium mixture of gases leaving the reaction vessel. The hot gases are cooled enough, whilst maintaining a high pressure, for the ammonia to condense and be removed as liquid. Unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen gases are then returned to the reaction vessel to undergo further reaction.[citation needed]

text: Catalysts[edit]

text: The most popular catalysts are based on iron promoted with K2O, CaO, SiO2, and Al2O3. The original Haber–Bosch reaction chambers used osmium as the catalyst, but it was available in extremely small quantities. Haber noted uranium was almost as effective and easier to obtain than osmium. Under Bosch's direction in 1909, the BASF researcher Alwin Mittasch discovered a much less expensive iron-based catalyst, which is still used today. Some ammonia production utilizes ruthenium-based catalysts (the KAAP process). Ruthenium forms more active catalysts that allows milder operating pressures. Such catalysts are prepared by decomposition of triruthenium dodecacarbonyl on graphite.[1]

text: In industrial practice, the iron catalyst is obtained from finely ground iron powder, which is usually obtained by reduction of high purity magnetite (Fe3O4). The pulverized iron metal is burnt (oxidized) to give magnetite of a defined particle size. The magnetite particles are then partially reduced, removing some of the oxygen in the process. The resulting catalyst particles consist of a core of magnetite, encased in a shell of wüstite (FeO, ferrous oxide), which in turn is surrounded by an outer shell of iron metal. The catalyst maintains most of its bulk volume during the reduction, resulting in a highly porous high surface area material, which enhances its effectiveness as a catalyst. Other minor components of the catalyst include calcium and aluminium oxides, which support the iron catalyst and help it maintain its surface area. These oxides of Ca, Al, K, and Si are unreactive to reduction by the hydrogen.[1]

text: The reaction mechanism, involving the heterogeneous catalyst, is believed to involve the following steps:[12]

text:
N2 (g) → N2 (adsorbed)
N2 (adsorbed) → 2 N (adsorbed)
H2 (g) → H2 (adsorbed)
H2 (adsorbed) → 2 H (adsorbed)
N (adsorbed) + 3 H(adsorbed)→ NH3 (adsorbed)
NH3 (adsorbed) → NH3 (g)

tag: ol

text: Reaction 5 occurs in three steps, forming NH, NH2, and then NH3. Experimental evidence points to reaction 2 as being the slow, rate-determining step. This is not unexpected since the bond broken, the nitrogen triple bond, is the strongest of the bonds that must be broken.

text: A major contributor to the elucidation of this mechanism is Gerhard Ertl.[13]

text: Economic and environmental aspects[edit]

text: When it was first invented, the Haber process needed to compete against another industrial process, the Cyanamide process. However, the Cyanamide process consumed large amounts of electrical power and was more labor-intensive than the Haber process.[3]:137–143

text: The Haber process now produces 450 million tonnes of nitrogen fertilizer per year, mostly in the form of anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate, and urea. Three to five percent of the world's natural gas production is consumed in the Haber process (around 1–2% of the world's annual energy supply).[2][14][15][16] In combination with pesticides, these fertilizers have quadrupled the productivity of agricultural land:

text: With average crop yields remaining at the 1900 level the crop harvest in the year 2000 would have required nearly four times more land and the cultivated area would have claimed nearly half of all ice-free continents, rather than under 15% of the total land area that is required today.[17]

text: Due to its dramatic impact on the human ability to grow food, the Haber process served as the "detonator of the population explosion", enabling the global population to increase from 1.6 billion in 1900 to today's 7 billion.[18] Nearly 50% of the nitrogen found in human tissues originated from the Haber-Bosch process.[19] Since nitrogen use efficiency is typically less than 50%,[20] farm runoff from heavy use of fixed industrial nitrogen disrupts biological habitats.[2][21]


document_title: Avatar: The Last Airbender (comics)

question_text: when is the next avatar comic coming out

text: Avatar: The Last Airbender (comics)

text: Short stories[edit]

text: The Lost Adventures[edit]

text: The Avatar: The Last Airbender – The Lost Adventures graphic novel collected long-out-of-print, fan-favorite comics previously published in Nickelodeon Magazine and with the Avatar: The Last Airbender DVD collections, in addition to brand-new comics pages. Published on June 15, 2011, it was an anthology that included twenty-eight stories by various writers and artists, many of whom worked on the original animated series.[1]

text: Free Comic Book Day issues[edit]

text: Since 2013, there has been a short comic of Avatar: The Last Airbender or The Legend of Korra among each year's Free Comic Book Day offerings from Dark Horse Comics.

text:
Title

Date

Story

Art

Colors

FCBD issue

"Relics"

May 7, 2011

Johane MatteJoshua Hamilton

Johane Matte

Hye Jung Kim

Avatar: The Last Airbender / Star Wars: The Clone Wars

"Rebound"

May 4, 2013

Gene Luen Yang

Ryan Hill

Star Wars / Captain Midnight / Avatar: The Last Airbender

"Shells"

May 3, 2014

Gene Luen Yang

Faith Erin Hicks

Cris Peter

Avatar: The Last Airbender / Itty Bitty Hellboy / Juice Squeezers

"Sisters"

May 2, 2015

Gene Luen Yang

Carla Speed McNeil

Jenn Manley Lee

Avatar: The Last Airbender / Plants vs. Zombies / Bandette

text: Team Avatar Tales[edit]

text: Avatar: The Last Airbender – Team Avatar Tales is the second anthology book, collecting the 2013–2015 Free Comic Book Day stories along with all-new stories. The book is scheduled for publication January 2, 2019. Creators include Gene Luen Yang, Dave Scheidt, Sara Goetter, Ron Koertge, Kiku Hughes, Faith Erin Hicks, Ryan Hill, Carla Speed McNeil, Johane Matte, and Sara DuVall.

text: Graphic novel trilogies[edit]

text: A series of graphic novels trilogies published by Dark Horse Comics serve as a continuation of Avatar: The Last Airbender television series. The first five stories are written by Gene Luen Yang and drawn by artist team Gurihiru. In 2018, Faith Erin Hicks will take over as writer with Peter Wartman as artist.[2]

text:
Title

Date

Story

Script

Art

Colors

Notes

The Promise

January 26, 2012

Michael Dante DiMartinoBryan KonietzkoGene Luen Yang

Gene Luen Yang

Gurihiru

[3]

May 30, 2012

[4]

September 26, 2012

[5]

The Search

March 20, 2013

Michael Dante DiMartinoBryan KonietzkoGene Luen Yang

Gene Luen Yang

Gurihiru

[6]

July 10, 2013

[7]

October 30, 2013

[8]

The Rift

March 5, 2014

Michael Dante DiMartinoBryan KonietzkoGene Luen Yang

Gene Luen Yang

Gurihiru

[9][10]

July 16, 2014

[11]

November 18, 2014

[12]

Smoke and Shadow

October 6, 2015

Michael Dante DiMartinoBryan KonietzkoGene Luen Yang

Gene Luen Yang

Gurihiru

[13]

December 29, 2015

[14]

April 12, 2016

[15]

North and South

September 28, 2016

Michael Dante DiMartinoBryan KonietzkoGene Luen Yang

Gene Luen Yang

Gurihiru

[16]

January 25, 2017

[17]

April 26, 2017

[18][19]

Imbalance

December 18, 2018

Michael Dante DiMartinoBryan KonietzkoFaith Erin Hicks

Faith Erin Hicks

Peter Wartman

Ryan Hill

[20]

March 13, 2019

TBA, 2019

text: Library edition hardcovers[edit]

text: Material from the original graphic novels is collected in an oversized library edition featuring notes from the creators and a sketchbook section.

text:
Volume

Title

Date

Collects

ISBN

Notes

1

The Promise

February 20, 2013

The Promise 1–3

9781616550745

[21]

2

The Search

February 5, 2014

The Search 1–3

9781616552268

[22]

3

The Rift

February 24, 2015

The Rift 1–3

9781616555504

[23]

4

Smoke and Shadow

September 21, 2016

Smoke and Shadow 1–3

9781506700137

[24]

5

North and South

October 25, 2017

North and South 1–3

9781506701950

[25]


document_title: Big Mac Index

question_text: how much does a big mac cost in germany

question_tokens: how much does a big mac cost in germany

text: Big Mac Index

text: Overview[edit]

text: The Big Mac index was introduced in The Economist in September 1986 by Pam Woodall[2] as a semi-humorous illustration of PPP and has been published by that paper annually since then. The index also gave rise to the word burgernomics.[3]

text: One suggested method of predicting exchange rate movements is that the rate between two currencies should naturally adjust so that a sample basket of goods and services should cost the same in both currencies. In the Big Mac Index, the basket in question is a single Big Mac burger as sold by the McDonald's fast food restaurant chain. The Big Mac was chosen because it is available to a common specification in many countries around the world as local McDonald's franchisees at least in theory have significant responsibility for negotiating input prices. For these reasons, the index enables a comparison between many countries' currencies.

text: The Big Mac PPP exchange rate between two countries is obtained by dividing the price of a Big Mac in one country (in its currency) by the price of a Big Mac in another country (in its currency). This value is then compared with the actual exchange rate; if it is lower, then the first currency is under-valued (according to PPP theory) compared with the second, and conversely, if it is higher, then the first currency is over-valued.

text: For example, using figures in July 2008:[4]

text:
the price of a Big Mac was $3.57 in the United States (varies by store)
the price of a Big Mac was £2.29 in the United Kingdom (varies by region)
the implied purchasing power parity was $1.56 to £1, that is $3.57/£2.29 = 1.56
this compares with an actual exchange rate of $2.00 to £1 at the time
(2.00-1.56)/1.56 = 28%
the pound was thus overvalued against the dollar by 28%

text: The Eurozone is mixed, as prices differ widely in the EU area. As of April 2009, the Big Mac is trading in Germany at €2.99, which translates into US$3.96, which would imply that the euro is slightly trading above the PPP, with the difference being 10.9%.

text: Variants[edit]

text: The Economist sometimes produces variants on the theme. For example, in January 2004, it showed a Tall Latte index with the Big Mac replaced by a cup of Starbucks coffee.[5]

text: In 2007, an Australian bank tried a variation the Big Mac index, being an "iPod index": since the iPod is manufactured at a single place, the value of iPods should be more consistent globally. However, this theory can be criticised for ignoring shipping costs, which will vary depending on how far the product is delivered from its "single place" of manufacture in China.[6]

text: Bloomberg L.P. introduced the Billy index where they convert local prices of IKEA's Billy bookshelf into US dollars and compare the prices.[7][8][9][10]

text: Gold-Mac-Index: The value of the purchasing power for 1 g of gold (Gold.de[11]: calculation of the gold price average of the corresponding year), how many burgers one got for 1 g gold.

text: A Swiss bank has expanded the idea of the Big Mac index to include the amount of time that an average local worker in a given country must work to earn enough to buy a Big Mac.[12]

text: In 2017, the comparison platform Versus did a version called The Chai Latte Global Index, comparing Starbucks Chai Latte prices worldwide, by first converting the local prices into USD. [13]

text: Limitations[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: While economists widely cite the Big Mac index as a reasonable real-world measurement of purchasing power parity,[14][15] the burger methodology has some limitations. In many countries, eating at international fast-food chain restaurants such as McDonald's is relatively expensive in comparison to eating at a local restaurant, and the demand for Big Macs is not as large in countries such as India as in the United States. Social status of eating at fast food restaurants such as McDonald's in a local market, what proportion of sales might be to expatriates, local taxes, levels of competition, and import duties on selected items may not be representative of the country's economy as a whole.

text: In addition, there is no theoretical reason why non-tradable goods and services such as property costs should be equal in different countries: this is the theoretical reason for PPPs being different from market exchange rates over time. The relative cost of high-margin products, such as essential pharmaceutical products, or cellular telephony might compare local capacity and willingness to pay, as much as relative currency values.

text: Nevertheless, McDonald's is also using different commercial strategies which can result in huge differences for a product. Overall, the price of a Big Mac will be a reflection of its local production and delivery cost, the cost of advertising (considerable in some areas), and most importantly what the local market will bear — quite different from country to country, and not all a reflection of relative currency values.

text: In some markets, a high-volume and low-margin approach makes most sense to maximize profit, while in others a higher margin will generate more profit. Thus the relative prices reflect more than currency values. For example, a hamburger costs only €1 in France, and €1.50 in Belgium, but overall, McDonald's restaurants are cheaper in Belgium.[citation needed] Prices of Big Macs can also vary greatly between different areas within a country. For example, a Big Mac sold in New York City will be more expensive than one sold at a McDonald's located in a rural area.

text: One other example is that Russia has one of the cheapest Big Macs, even though Moscow is usually near the top on lists of costs for visiting business people. Standard food ingredients are cheap in Russia, while restaurants suitable for business dinners with English speaking staff are expensive.

text: Another limitation of the Big Mac Index is the geographical coverage. This is due to the presence of the McDonald's franchise. For example, in Africa McDonald's is only present in Morocco, Egypt and South Africa. There has been a similar index created solely for Africa called the KFC Index. As the name suggests, instead of using a Big Mac, this index uses KFC´s Original 12/15 pc. bucket to compile its data.

text: Manipulation[edit]

text: Critics of the presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in Argentina and many economists believe that the government has for years falsified consumer price data to understate the country's true inflation rate.[16] The Economist stated in January 2011 that Big Mac index "does support claims that Argentina’s government is cooking the books. The gap between its average annual rate of burger inflation (19%) and its official rate (10%) is far bigger than in any other country."[15] That year the press began reporting on unusual behavior by the more than 200 Argentinean McDonald's restaurants. They no longer prominently advertised Big Macs for sale and the sandwich, both individually and as part of value meals, was being sold for an unusually low price compared to other items. Guillermo Moreno, Secretary of Commerce in the Kirchner government, reportedly forced McDonald's to sell the Big Mac at an artificially low price to manipulate the country's performance on the Big Mac index.[17][16] In June 2012, the price of the Big Mac value meal suddenly rose by 26%, closer to that of other meals, after The Economist, The New York Times, and other media reported on the unusual pricing. A Buenos Aires newspaper stated "Moreno loses the battle".[17]

text: Comparison issues[edit]

text: The Big Mac (and virtually all sandwiches) vary from country to country with differing nutritional values, weights and even nominal size differences.

text: Not all Big Mac burgers offered by the chain are exclusively beef. In India — which is a predominantly Hindu country — beef burgers are not available at any McDonald's outlets. The Chicken Maharaja Mac serves as a substitute for the Big Mac.

text: There is a lot of variance with the exclusively beef "Big Mac": the Australian version of the Big Mac has 22% fewer Calories than the Canadian version, and is 8% lighter than the version sold in Mexico.[18]

text: On 1 November 2009, all three of the McDonald's in Iceland closed, primarily due to the chain's high cost of importing most of the chain's meat and vegetables, by McDonald's demands and standards, from the Eurozone. At the time, a Big Mac in Iceland cost 650 krona ($5.29), and the 20% price increase that would have been needed to stay in business would have increased that cost to 780 krona ($6.36).[19][20] Fish, lamb and beef meat is produced in Iceland, while beef is often imported (but also exported).

text: Figures[edit]

text: Six most expensive (January 17, 2018)[21]

text:
Switzerland – $6.76 (6.50 CHF)
 Norway – $6.24 (49 NOK)
 Sweden – $6.12 (49.10 SEK)
 United States – $5.28 (5.28 USD)
 Canada – $5.26 (6.55 CAD)
 Brazil – $5.11 (16.50 BRL)

text: Six cheapest (January 17, 2018)[21]

text:
Ukraine – $1.64 (47 UAH)
 Egypt – $1.93 (34.21 EGP)
 Malaysia – $2.28 (9 MYR)
 Russia – $2.29 (130 RUB)
 Taiwan – $2.33 (69 TWD)
 South Africa – $2.45 (30 ZAR)

text: Six fastest earned (July 2015) This statistic shows the average working time required to buy one Big Mac in selected cities around the world in 2015.[22]

text:
Hong Kong - 8.7 min
 Luxembourg - 10.3 min
 Japan, Tokyo - 10.4 min
  Switzerland, Zurich - 10.6 min
 United States, Miami - 10.7 min
  Switzerland, Geneva - 10.8 min

text: Six slowest earned (July 2015) This statistic shows the average working time required to buy one Big Mac in selected cities around the world in 2015.[22]

text:
Kenya, Nairobi - 172.6 min
 Philippines, Manila - 87.5 min
 Mexico, Mexico City - 78.4 min
 Indonesia, Jakarta - 66.7 min
 Egypt, Cairo - 62.5 min
 Ukraine, Kiev - 54.7 min