document_title: Buffalo Soldier

question_text: who led an all black american cavalry unit

text: Buffalo Soldier

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Sources disagree on how the nickname "Buffalo Soldiers" began. According to the Buffalo Soldiers National Museum, the name originated with the Cheyenne warriors in the winter of 1877, the actual Cheyenne translation being "Wild Buffalo." However, writer Walter Hill documented the account of Colonel Benjamin Grierson, who founded the 10th Cavalry regiment, recalling an 1871 campaign against Comanches. Hill attributed the origin of the name to the Comanche due to Grierson's assertions. The Apache used the same term ("We called them 'buffalo soldiers,' because they had curly, kinky hair ... like bisons") a claim supported by other sources.[3][4] Some sources assert that the nickname was given out of respect for the fierce fighting ability of the 10th Cavalry.[5] Still other sources point to a combination of both legends.[6] The term Buffalo Soldiers became a generic term for all black soldiers. It is now used for U.S. Army units that trace their direct lineage back to the 9th and 10th Cavalry units, whose service earned them an honored place in U.S. history. According to activist Russell Means, they were called Buffalo Soldiers because the U.S. military created special regiments specifically used to exterminate herds of buffalo. The U.S. military, as part of their campaign in enacting genocidal strategies against American Indians throughout the plains of the continent, removed buffalo in order to cut off American Indian food supply and force them into reservations.[7]

text: Service[edit]

text: During the Civil War, the U.S. government formed regiments known as the United States Colored Troops, composed of black soldiers and Native Americans. After the war, Congress reorganized the Army and authorized the formation of two regiments of black cavalry with the designations 9th and 10th U.S. Cavalry, and four regiments of black infantry, designated the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st Infantry Regiments (Colored). The 38th and 41st were reorganized as the 25th Infantry Regiment, with headquarters in Jackson Barracks in New Orleans, Louisiana, in November 1869. The 39th and 40th were reorganized as the 24th Infantry Regiment, with headquarters at Fort Clark, Texas, in April 1869. All of these units were composed of black enlisted men commanded by both white and black officers. These included the first commander of the 10th Cavalry Benjamin Grierson, the first commander of the 9th Cavalry Edward Hatch, Medal of Honor recipient Louis H. Carpenter, Nicholas M. Nolan, and the first black graduate of West Point, Henry O. Flipper.

text: History[edit]

text: Indian Wars[edit]

text: From 1866 to the early 1890s, these regiments served at a variety of posts in the Southwestern United States and the Great Plains regions. They participated in most of the military campaigns in these areas and earned a distinguished record. Thirteen enlisted men and six officers from these four regiments earned the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars. In addition to the military campaigns, the Buffalo Soldiers served a variety of roles along the frontier, from building roads to escorting the U.S. mail. On April 17, 1875, regimental headquarters for the 9th and 10th Cavalries were transferred to Fort Concho, Texas. Companies actually arrived at Fort Concho in May 1873. At various times from 1873 through 1885, Fort Concho housed 9th Cavalry companies A–F, K, and M, 10th Cavalry companies A, D–G, I, L, and M, 24th Infantry companies D–G, and K, and 25th Infantry companies G and K.[8]

text: In total, 23 Buffalo Soldiers received the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars.[9]

text: Johnson County War[edit]

text: A lesser known action was the 9th Cavalry's participation in the fabled Johnson County War, an 1892 land war in Johnson County, Wyoming, between small farmers and large, wealthy ranchers. It culminated in a lengthy shootout between local farmers, a band of hired killers, and a sheriff's posse. The 6th Cavalry was ordered in by President Benjamin Harrison to quell the violence and capture the band of hired killers. Soon afterward, however, the 9th Cavalry was specifically called on to replace the 6th. The 6th Cavalry was swaying under the local political and social pressures and was unable to keep the peace in the tense environment.

text: The Buffalo Soldiers responded within about two weeks from Nebraska, and moved the men to the rail town of Suggs, Wyoming, creating "Camp Bettens" despite a hostile local population. One soldier was killed and two wounded in gun battles with locals. Nevertheless, the 9th Cavalry remained in Wyoming for nearly a year to quell tensions in the area.[10][11]

text: After most of the Indian Wars ended in the 1890s, the regiments continued to serve and participated in the 1898 Spanish–American War (including the Battle of San Juan Hill) in Cuba, where five more Medals of Honor were earned.[12][13]

text: The men of the Buffalo Soldiers were the only African Americans that fought during the war. Up to 5,000 "Black men" enlisted in volunteer regiments in the Spanish–American War.[14] Several African-American regiments of United States Volunteers were formed and nicknamed "Immune Regiments", but none of these volunteer regiments served overseas in that war.[15]

text: The Buffalo Soldiers regiments also took part in the Philippine–American War from 1899 to 1903 and the 1916 Mexican Expedition.[12][13] In 1918, the 10th Cavalry fought at the Battle of Ambos Nogales during the First World War, where they assisted in forcing the surrender of the federal Mexican and Mexican militia forces.[12][13][16]

text: Buffalo soldiers fought in the last engagement of the Indian Wars, the small Battle of Bear Valley in southern Arizona which occurred in 1918 between U.S. cavalry and Yaqui natives.[12][13]

text: Park rangers[edit]

text: Another little-known contribution of the Buffalo Soldiers involved eight troops of the 9th Cavalry Regiment and one company of the 24th Infantry Regiment who served in California's Sierra Nevada as some of the first national park rangers. In 1899, Buffalo Soldiers from Company H, 24th Infantry Regiment briefly served in Yosemite National Park, Sequoia National Park, and General Grant (Kings Canyon) National Parks.[17]

text: U.S. Army regiments had been serving in these national parks since 1891, but until 1899, the soldiers serving were white. Beginning in 1899, and continuing in 1903 and 1904, African American regiments served during the summer in the second- and third-oldest national parks in the United States (Sequoia and Yosemite). Because these soldiers served before the National Park Service was created (1916), they were "park rangers" before the term was coined.

text: A lasting legacy of the soldiers as park rangers is the Ranger hat (popularly known as the Smokey Bear hat). Although not officially adopted by the Army until 1911, the distinctive hat crease, called a Montana peak, (or pinch) can be seen being worn by several of the Buffalo Soldiers in park photographs dating back to 1899. Soldiers serving in the Spanish–American War began to recrease the Stetson hat with a Montana "pinch" to better shed water from the torrential tropical rains. Many retained that distinctive crease upon their return to the U.S. The park photographs, in all likelihood, show Buffalo Soldiers who were veterans from that 1898 war.

text: One particular Buffalo Soldier stands out in history: Captain Charles Young, who served with Troop "I", 9th Cavalry Regiment in Sequoia National Park during the summer of 1903. Charles Young was the third African American to graduate from the United States Military Academy. At the time of his death, he was the highest-ranking African American in the U.S. military. He made history in Sequoia National Park in 1903 by becoming Acting Military Superintendent of Sequoia and General Grant National Parks. Charles Young was also the first African American superintendent of a national park. During Young's tenure in the park, he named a giant sequoia for Booker T. Washington. Recently, another giant sequoia in Giant Forest was named in Captain Young's honor. Some of Young's descendants were in attendance at the ceremony.[18]

text: In 1903, 9th Cavalrymen in Sequoia built the first trail to the top of Mount Whitney, the highest mountain in the contiguous United States. They also built the first wagon road into Sequoia's Giant Forest, the most famous grove of giant sequoia trees in Sequoia National Park.

text: In 1904, 9th Cavalrymen in Yosemite built an arboretum on the South Fork of the Merced River in the southern section of the park. This arboretum had pathways and benches, and some plants were identified in both English and Latin. Yosemite's arboretum is considered to be the first museum in the National Park System. The NPS cites a 1904 report, where Yosemite superintentent (Lt. Col.) John Bigelow, Jr. declared the arboretum "To provide a great museum of nature for the general public free of cost ..." Unfortunately, the forces of developers, miners, and greed cut the boundaries of Yosemite in 1905 and the arboretum was nearly destroyed.[19]

text: In the Sierra Nevada, the Buffalo Soldiers regularly endured long days in the saddle, slim rations, racism, and separation from family and friends. As military stewards, the African American cavalry and infantry regiments protected the national parks from illegal grazing, poaching, timber thieves, and forest fires. Yosemite Park Ranger Shelton Johnson researched and interpreted the history in an attempt to recover and celebrate the contributions of the Buffalo Soldiers of the Sierra Nevada.[20]

text: West Point[edit]

text: On March 23, 1907, the United States Military Academy Detachment of Cavalry was changed to a "colored" unit. This had been a long time coming. It had been proposed in 1897 at the "Cavalry and Light Artillery School" at Fort Riley, Kansas that West Point cadets learn their riding skills from the black noncommissioned officers who were considered the best. The 100-man detachment from the 9th Cavalry served to teach future officers at West Point riding instruction, mounted drill, and tactics until 1947.[21]

text: Systemic prejudice[edit]

text: The Buffalo Soldiers were often confronted with racial prejudice from other members of the U.S. Army. Civilians in the areas where the soldiers were stationed occasionally reacted to them with violence. Buffalo Soldiers were attacked during racial disturbances in Rio Grande City, Texas, in 1899,[22] Brownsville, Texas, in 1906,[23] and Houston, Texas, in 1917.[24][25]

text: John J. Pershing[edit]

text: General of the Armies John J. Pershing is a controversial figure regarding the Buffalo Soldiers. He served with the 10th Cavalry Regiment from October 1895 to May 1897. He served again with them for under six months in Cuba. Because he saw them as real soldiers, he was looked down upon and called "Nigger Jack" by white cadets and officers at West Point. Only later during the Spanish–American War did the press change that insulting term to "Black Jack."[26] During World War I, he bowed to the racial policies of President Woodrow Wilson, Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, and the southern Democratic Party with its "separate but equal" philosophy. For the first time in American history, Pershing allowed American soldiers (African-Americans) to be under the command of a foreign power.

text: Pershing started as a first lieutenant when he took command of a troop of the 10th Cavalry in October 1895.[27]

text: In 1897, Pershing became an instructor at West Point, where he joined the tactical staff. While there, cadets upset over Pershing's harsh treatment and high standards took to calling him "Nigger Jack," in reference to his service with the 10th Cavalry Regiment.[27]

text: This was softened (or sanitized) to the more euphonic "Black Jack" by reporters covering Pershing during World War I.[28] At the start of the Spanish–American War, First Lieutenant Pershing was offered a brevet rank and commissioned a major of volunteers on August 26, 1898. He fought with the 10th Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers) on Kettle and San Juan Hills in Cuba and was cited for gallantry.[27]

text: During World War I, Pershing was the Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) on the Western Front. He had a full delegation of authority from President Wilson and Secretary of War Baker. Baker, cognizant of the endless problems of domestic and allied political involvement in military decision-making in wartime, gave Pershing unmatched authority to run his command as he saw fit. In turn, Pershing exercised his prerogative carefully, not engaging in issues that might distract or diminish his command. While earlier a champion of the African-American soldier, he did not defend their full participation on the battlefield, bowing to widespread racial attitudes among white Americans, plus Wilson's reactionary racial views and the political debts he owed to southern "separate but equal" Democratic lawmakers.[26]

text: The Punitive Expedition, U.S.–Mexico Border, and World War I[edit]

text: The outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910 against the long-time rule of President Porfirio Díaz initiated a decade-long period of high-intensity military conflict along the U.S.–Mexico border as different political/military factions in Mexico fought for power. The access to arms and customs duties from Mexican communities along the U.S.–Mexico boundary made border towns like Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Ojinaga, Chihuahua, and Nogales, Sonora, important strategic assets. As the various belligerents in Mexico vied for power, the U.S. Army, including the Buffalo Soldier units, was dispatched to the border to maintain security. The Buffalo Soldiers played a key role in U.S.–Mexico relations as the maelstrom that followed the ouster of Díaz and the assassination of his successor Francisco Madero intensified.[citation needed]

text: By late 1915, the political faction led by Venustiano Carranza received diplomatic recognition from the U.S. government as the legitimate ruling force in Mexico. Francisco "Pancho" Villa, who had previously courted U.S. recognition and thus felt betrayed, then attacked the rural community of Columbus, New Mexico, directly leading to further border tensions as U.S. President Woodrow Wilson unilaterally dispatched the Punitive Expedition into Chihuahua, Mexico, under General John Pershing to apprehend or kill Villa. The 9th and 10th cavalries were deployed to Mexico along with the rest of Pershing's units. Although the manhunt against Villa was unsuccessful, small-scale confrontations in the communities of Parral and Carrizal nearly brought about a war between Mexico and the United States in the summer of 1916. Tensions cooled through diplomacy as the captured Buffalo Soldiers from Carrizal were released. Despite the public outrage over Villa's Columbus raid, Wilson and his cabinet felt that the U.S.'s attention ought to be centered on Germany and World War I, not the apprehension of the "Centauro del Norte." The Punitive Expedition exited Mexico in early 1917, just before the U.S. declaration of war against Germany in April 1917.[citation needed]

text: The Buffalo Soldiers did not participate with the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) during World War I, but experienced noncommissioned officers were provided to other segregated Black units for combat service—such as the 317th Engineer Battalion. The soldiers of the 92nd and the 93rd infantry divisions were the first Americans to fight in France. The four regiments of the 93rd fought under French command for the duration of the war.

text: On August 27, 1918, the 10th Cavalry supported the 35th Infantry Regiment in a border skirmish in the border towns of Nogales, Arizona, and Nogales, Sonora, between U.S. military forces, Mexican Federal troops, and armed Mexican civilians (militia) in the Battle of Ambos Nogales. This was the only incident in which German military advisers allegedly fought along with Mexican soldiers against United States soldiers on North America soil during World War I.[13][16]

text: Battle of Ambos Nogales[edit]

text: The 35th Infantry Regiment was stationed at Nogales, Arizona, on August 27, 1918, when at about 4:10 pm, a gun battle erupted unintentionally when a Mexican civilian attempted to pass through the border, back to Mexico, without being interrogated at the U.S. Customs house. After the initial shooting, reinforcements from both sides rushed to the border. On the Mexican side, the majority of the belligerents were angry civilians upset with the killings of Mexican border crossers by the U.S. Army along the vaguely defined border between the two cities during the previous year (the U.S. Border Patrol did not exist until 1924). For the Americans, the reinforcements were the 10th Cavalry, off-duty 35th Regimental soldiers, and militia. Hostilities quickly escalated, and several soldiers were killed, and others wounded on both sides, including the mayor of Nogales, Sonora, Felix B. Peñaloza (killed when waving a white truce flag/handkerchief with his cane). A cease-fire was arranged later after the US forces took the heights south of Nogales, Arizona.[13][16][29]

text: Due in part to the heightened hysteria caused by World War I, allegations surfaced that German agents fomented this violence and died fighting alongside the Mexican troops they led. U.S. newspaper reports in Nogales before the August 27, 1918, battle documented the departure of part of the Mexican garrison in Nogales, Sonora, to points south that August in an attempt to quell armed political rebels.[30][31][32]

text: Despite the Battle of Ambos Nogales controversy, the presence of the Buffalo Soldiers in the community left a significant impact on the border town. The famed jazz musician Charles Mingus was born in the Camp Stephen Little military base in Nogales in 1922, son of a Buffalo Soldier.[33] The African American population, centered on the stationing of Buffalo Soldiers such as the 25th Infantry in Nogales, was a significant factor in the community, though they often faced racial discrimination in the binational border community in addition to racial segregation at the elementary-school level in Nogales's Grand Avenue/Frank Reed School (a school reserved for Black children).[34] The redeployment of the Buffalo Soldiers to other areas and the closure of Camp Little in 1933 initiated the decline of the African American community in Nogales.

text: World War II[edit]

text: Before World War II, the black 25th Infantry Regiment was based at Ft Huachuca. During the war, Ft Huachuca served as the home base of the Black 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions. The 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments were mostly disbanded, and the soldiers were moved into service-oriented units, along with the entire 2nd Cavalry Division. The 92nd Infantry Division, the "Buffalo Division," served in combat during the Italian campaign. The 93rd Infantry Division—including the 25th Infantry Regiment—served in the Pacific theater.[35] Separately, independent Black artillery, tank, and tank destroyer battalions, as well as quartermaster and support battalions served in World War II. All of these units to a degree carried out the traditions of the Buffalo Soldiers.

text: Despite some official resistance and administrative barriers, Black airmen were trained and played a part in the air war in Europe, gaining a reputation for skill and bravery (see Tuskegee Airmen). In early 1945, after the Battle of the Bulge, American forces in Europe experienced a shortage of combat troops, so the embargo on using black soldiers in combat units was relaxed. The American Military History says:

text: Faced with a shortage of infantry replacements during the enemy's counteroffensive, General Eisenhower offered black soldiers in service units an opportunity to volunteer for duty with the infantry. More than 4,500 responded, many taking reductions in grade to meet specified requirements. The 6th Army Group formed these men into provisional companies, while the 12th Army Group employed them as an additional platoon in existing rifle companies. The excellent record established by these volunteers, particularly those serving as platoons, presaged major postwar changes in the traditional approach to employing Negro troops.

text: Korean War and integration[edit]

text: The 24th Infantry Regiment saw combat during the Korean War and was the last segregated regiment to engage in combat. The 24th was deactivated in 1951, and its soldiers were integrated into other units in Korea. On December 12, 1951, the last Buffalo Soldier units, the 27th Cavalry and the 28th (Horse) Cavalry, were disbanded. The 28th Cavalry was inactivated at Assi-Okba, Algeria, in April 1944 in North Africa, and marked the end of the regiment.[36]

text: Monuments to the Buffalo Soldiers are in Kansas at Fort Leavenworth and Junction City.[37] Then-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell, who initiated the project to get a statue to honor the Buffalo Soldiers when he was posted as a brigadier general to Fort Leavenworth, was guest speaker for the unveiling of the Fort Leavenworth monument in July 1992.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In the last decade, the employment of the Buffalo Soldiers by the United States Army in the Indian Wars has led some to call for the critical reappraisal of the African American regiments. In this viewpoint[38] the Buffalo Soldiers were used as mere shock troops or accessories to the forcefully expansionist goals of the U.S. government at the expense of the Native Americans and other minorities.[38][39]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Historical markers[edit]

text:
Fort Concho

Fort Clark

Fort McKavett

Fort Davis National Historic Site

Buffalo Soldiers serving at Fort Davis

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
The song and music of "Soul Saga (Song of the Buffalo Soldier)" has had several renditions. In 1974, it was produced by Quincy Jones in the album Body Heat.[40] In 1975, the album Symphonic Soul contained another variation and was released by Henry Mancini and his Orchestra.[41]
The song "Buffalo Soldier", co-written by Bob Marley and King Sporty, first appeared on the 1983 album Confrontation. Many Jamaicans, especially Rastafarians like Marley, identified with the "Buffalo Soldiers" as an example of black men who performed with exceeding courage, honor, valor, and distinction in a field that was dominated by Whites and persevered despite endemic racism and prejudice.[42]
The song "Buffalo Soldier" by The Flamingos specifically refers to the 10th Cavalry Regiment. The song was a minor hit in 1970.[43] A cappella group The Persuasions remade the song on their album Street Corner Symphony. This version was produced by David Dashev and Eric Malamud.[44][45]

text:
The 1960 Western film Sergeant Rutledge tells the story of the trial of a 19th-century black Army first sergeant of the 9th Cavalry, played by Woody Strode, falsely accused of rape and murder. One of the characters explains how the term "Buffalo Soldier" was created by Plains Indians who first saw troopers of the 9th Cavalry wearing buffalo coats and caps in winter and thought they looked like buffalo. The movie's theme song, "Captain Buffalo", was written by Mack David and Jerry Livingston.[46]
A 1961 episode of the television series Rawhide ("Incident of the Buffalo Soldier", season 3, episode 10, aired January 6, 1961) was about a former top sergeant Buffalo Soldier stationed at Fort Wingate.[47]
A 1964 episode of Rawhide ("Incident at Seven Fingers", season 6, episode 30, aired May 7, 1964) was about a top sergeant of Troop F, 110th Cavalry Regiment (played by William Marshall) who is accused of being a coward and a deserter. Other Buffalo Soldiers and an officer track him down.[48]
A 1967 episode of television series The Big Valley called "The Buffalo Man" has the Barkleys establish a parole system in the valley to help give convicts a new start. One of the convicts is a former Buffalo Soldier named Damien, who has a chip on his shoulder and would not admit to his former years in the service, even when Mrs. Barkley sees his tattoo. He has experience with horses and tries to help a foal feed from its mother. The Barkleys want to help him earn parole. The guard, who mistreats the prisoners and believes Damien is "the worst", tells him he will not be getting his parole and poisons the foal, making it look like Damien did it. Damien stands up for himself, and the other prisoners take the opportunity to try to escape. They kill the guard and try to take the Barkleys hostage. Damien stops the other convicts, getting shot in the shoulder. Mrs. Barkley tries to see if he is all right and he says "It's nothin' it's nothin'. I'm a Buffalo Soldier, remember?"[49]
A 1968 episode of television series The High Chaparral ("The Buffalo Soldiers", season 2, episode 10, aired November 22, 1968), starring Yaphet Kotto, had the 10th Cavalry, C Company called in to establish martial law at the request of the citizens of Tucson, to help relieve it from the grip of a crime boss.[50]
The 1970 television film Carter's Army (also known as the Black Brigade), starring Stephen Boyd, Rosey Grier, and Richard Pryor, depicted a black unit during World War II, led by a white officer.
The 1976 film Joshua, starring Fred Williamson, tells the story of a black soldier who, returned from fighting for the Union in the Civil War, becomes a bounty hunter determined to track down his mother's killers.[51]
The 1997 television film Buffalo Soldiers, starring Danny Glover, drew attention to their role in the American Indian Wars.[52]
The film Miracle at St. Anna, directed by Spike Lee, chronicles the Buffalo Soldiers who served in the invasion of Italy. It is based on the novel of the same name by James McBride.
The Pinkertons episode "Forever Free" centers on a regiment of Buffalo Soldiers who stop at Kansas City just after the Civil War.
The song Waving Flag by K'naan compares the treatment of Somali soldiers to Buffalo Soldiers.
The 2017 Netflix series Godless has a camp of Ex Buffalo Soldiers, that have turned farming (their fighting days behind them). And in the series it is explained that the term Buffalo Soldier is derived from when John Randall held off 70 Indians with only a pistol, having killed 13 of them while he sustained multiple wounds. This explanation however is largely fictitious.[53]

text: Medal of Honor recipients (1866–1918)[edit]

text: This list is of the officers and men who received the Medal of Honor due to service with the original units called "Buffalo Soldiers."

text:
Edward L. Baker, Jr.
Dennis Bell
Thomas Boyne
Benjamin Brown
George Ritter Burnett
Louis H. Carpenter
John Denny
Pompey Factor
Clinton Greaves
Henry Johnson
George Jordan
Fitz Lee
Isaiah Mays
William McBryar
Adam Paine
Isaac Payne
Thomas Shaw
Emanuel Stance
Freddie Stowers
William H. Thompkins
Augustus Walley
George H. Wanton
John Ward
Moses Williams
William Othello Wilson
Brent Woods

text: Other prominent members[edit]

text: This list is of other notable African Americans who served in the original units as "Buffalo Soldiers" from 1866 to 1918.

text:
John Hanks Alexander
Allen Allensworth
Lewis Broadus
Henry Ossian Flipper
George B. Jackson
Charles Young


document_title: Papa John's Pizza

question_text: when did the first papa john's open

question_tokens: when did the first papa john 's open

root

text: Papa John's Pizza

text: History

text: The Papa John's restaurant was founded in 1984 when "Papa" John Schnatter knocked out a broom closet in the back of his father's tavern, Mick's Lounge, in Jeffersonville, Indiana.[3] He then sold his 1971 Camaro Z28 to purchase US$1,600 worth of used pizza equipment and began selling pizzas to the tavern's customers out of the converted closet.[4] His pizzas proved sufficiently popular that a year later he moved into an adjoining space. Dipping sauce specifically for pizza was invented by Papa John's Pizza that same year, and has since become popular when eating pizza, especially the crust.[5] The company went public in 1993. A year later it had 500 stores, and by 1997 it had opened 1,500 stores.[6] In 2009, Schnatter reacquired the Camaro back after offering a reward of $250,000 for the car.[7]

tag: p

text: PMQ Pizza Magazine said in December 2016 that the company was the third-largest take-out and pizza delivery restaurant chain in the United States.[8] (According to PMQ, Little Caesars is the third-largest pizza chain; however, it does not deliver.[9])The company's net profitability though, is far behind its main competitors. In 2014 its net margin was 4.6% of total sales, whereas Domino's Pizza's net margin was 8.2% and Yum! Brands, which owns Pizza Hut, was 7.9%.[10] Company headquarters are in Jeffersontown, Kentucky, a community within the merged government of Louisville.[11][12][13] Its slogan is "Better Ingredients. Better Pizza. Papa John's."

text: Papa John's franchises over 4,700 establishments—3,500 in the U.S. and over 1,200 spread amongst 37 other countries and territories.[1] In September 2012 the 4,000th Papa John's Pizza restaurant opened, in New Hyde Park, New York. The company celebrated the event by giving away 4,000 free pizzas to customers throughout New York City.[4][14][15]

text: The company announced on December 21, 2017, that John Schnatter would step down as CEO of Papa John's Pizza on January 1, 2018, to be replaced as CEO by current company President Steve Ritchie with Schnatter remaining chairman at the time.[16] In February 2018, Papa John's and the NFL mutually agreed to end their sponsorship agreement, making Pizza Hut the new official sponsor of the NFL.[17]

text: On July 11, 2018, news outlets reported that during a conference call with Papa Johns' marketing agency Laundry Services, Schnatter had used the word "nigger" by saying "Colonel Sanders called blacks niggers and Sanders never faced public backlash." Schnatter alleged that referencing the quote by the KFC founder was meant to convey his dislike for racism. [18] After the call, the owner of the marketing agency moved to end their contract with Papa John's. Schnatter resigned as chairman of the board on the same day the incident was reported. [19]

text: On 26 July 2018, John Schnatter filed a lawsuit against Papa John's Pizza to give him access to the company's books and records after they fired him from the company after the teleconference call scandal. He describes the company's procedures as an “unexplained and heavy-handed way” to cut ties between him and the company that he founded. In addition to preventing him from accessing information, the corporation has also implemented a poison pill strategy in order to limit Schnatter's chances of buying back a majority stake in the company.[20]

text: Operations

text: Papa John's primarily takes carryout and delivery orders, although some stores have tables and chairs for dining in.

text: Franchise owners pay a one-off franchise fee of $25,000 per restaurant, then a royalty fee of 5% of net sales, plus a charge for advertising of 8% of net sales. The company requires franchisees to have net worth of at least $250,000, the approximate amount of investment needed.[21][22] Corporate operations look over franchisees to ensure brand consistency. As of  January 2016[update] there were over 4,700 Papa John's restaurants in all 50 U.S. states and in 37 other countries and territories.[1] Papa John's International is a publicly traded company, with 25% of its shares owned by John Schnatter.[23]

text: In January 2002, Papa John's became the first national pizza chain to make online ordering available to all of its U.S. customers.[24] Most other national chains later added online ordering to their services. On July 10, 2004, Papa John's controlled an estimated 6.6% of the market, according to Technomic.[25]

text: In February 2017, it was reported by the Associated Press that the company was testing a "Papa Priority" $2.99 fee that lets people jump to the head of the line for their pizza order.[26]

text: Franchises outside the U.S.

text: Papa John's has operated in the United Kingdom since 2001. In July 2015 the company had 300 shops in the UK,[27] although in 2010 it had plans for the number rising to between 400 and 500 within the next five years.[28]

text: Papa John's operates throughout Ireland, with its head office at Ballybrit, County Galway. The company has over 50 locations and operates mobile units around the country. The franchises are often located adjacent to Supermacs fast food outlets.[29]

text: Spain is the second most important European market for Papa John's. The chain has been operating in Spain since 2016, and due to its fast growth it already had 42 restaurants by late 2017.[30] In particular, the restaurants achieved a significant presence in the Madrid province with more than half of the Spanish restaurants being located there. Papa John's expects to open at least 100 restaurants just in the province of Madrid, as well as expanding to other regions across Spain.[31]

text: Papa John's restaurants in Portugal have closed or no longer operate under the brand name. Some of these locations still serve pizza, though the master-franchise Rest-Smart filed for bankruptcy.[32]

text: Sponsorships

text: On March 30, 2006, Six Flags announced that its parks' pizza would exclusively be from Papa John's. In turn, Six Flags received an annual sponsorship and promotional opportunities from Papa John's. Papa John's is also the official pizza supplier of the Olympic Speedskating Oval in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

text: In November 2006, Papa John's signed with ESPN Regional Television to become the title sponsor of the annual PapaJohns.com Bowl, a college post-season football bowl game in Birmingham, Alabama, which Papa John's continued to sponsor through 2010.[33]

text: In 2010, Papa John's signed an agreement to be the Official Pizza Sponsor of the National Football League and Super Bowls XLV, XLVI and XLVII.[34] In 2011, Papa John's became the official Pizza Sponsor of the NFL in Canada, Mexico and the United Kingdom.[34] In October 2012, Denver Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning became a franchisee in the Denver area for Papa John's, and also purchased 21 franchises in the area.[35] In July 2013, Papa John's announced it had become the Official Pizza Partner of The Football League in the UK.[36] The sponsorship ended after the 2017 season when Pizza Hut became the official pizza of the NFL in February 2018.

text: The company was the former beneficiary of the naming rights to Papa John's Cardinal Stadium used by the University of Louisville's football team, in exchange for Schnatter personally donating $5 million for the rights.[37] Schnatter made a further $10 million donation for the stadium's expansion,[37] and extended the naming rights to the year 2040. The Papa John’s name was taken off the stadium in July 2018, after Schnatter’s resignation from the company.[38]

text: Media coverage

text: Papa John's received attention in May 2008 when a Washington, D.C. franchise distributed T-shirts making fun of Cleveland Cavaliers star player LeBron James at a playoff game against the Washington Wizards. Photographs of the shirts quickly spread from the Internet[39] to Cleveland television. Increasing awareness of the controversy prompted an apology from the Papa John's national headquarters on May 5.[40] To apologize, Papa John's offered large single-topping pizzas for 23 cents (matching James' jersey number) at all locations in Greater Cleveland and throughout northern Ohio. The chain sold over 172,000 pizzas at 23 cents a piece, with customers waiting in lines outside of some stores for as long as three hours.[41]

text: Papa John's also received media attention on January 6, 2012, when an employee typed the phrase "lady chinky eyes" on a receipt issued to an Asian American customer at a restaurant in New York City.[42] The employee was fired and the company issued a formal apology.[43] A manager at the restaurant where the incident occurred told the New York Post that the cashier, a teenager, did not intend to offend saying, "It's a busy place, and it was a way to identify her and her order. You know, we do stuff like that sometimes. We'll write 'the lady with the blue eyes' or 'the guy in the green shirt.' I think the lady put it out there just to get some attention, some people like that type of attention."[44]

text: Papa John's CEO John Schnatter informed shareholders that his business's costs would increase due to the additional expenses associated with the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, and that franchisees would pass those expenses on to the consumer.[45]

text: John Schnatter's claim that a reverse in NFL viewer ratings (supposedly because of the NFL kneeling controversy)[46] had directly led to decreased same-store sales across Papa John's franchises was extensively reported in November 2017.[47] It was estimated that Schattner's personal holdings in the chain had lost millions of dollars in value.[48] Papa John's disavowed statements by white supremacist groups expressing support for the brand in the wake of Schatter's comments.[49]

text: A media report surfaced on July 11, 2018, claiming that Schnatter had used the word nigger in a conference call the previous May, along with graphic descriptions of violence against racial minorities. Forbes magazine reported that a media agency working with Papa John's severed its relationship with the company following the report. Steve Ritchie, who had replaced Schnatter as CEO, responded with a memo stating that "racism has no place at Papa John's," and a company spokesman wrote in an email that Papa John's "condemns racism".[50] The same day, Schnatter admitted to using the racial epithet during the conference call and resigned as chairman of the company's board of directors.[51][52] On July 13, 2018, top executives of the company decided to remove Schnatter's image from marketing materials.[53]

text: Litigation

text: In 1997, Pizza Hut filed a lawsuit against Papa John's based on a series of advertisements that compared the ingredients of Papa John's and its competitors. At trial, the court agreed with Pizza Hut's argument that Papa John's slogan did not constitute statements of literal fact – that "fresher ingredients" do not necessarily account for a "better" pizza; this ruling was overturned in 2000 when Papa John's appealed the decision. Although the jury's decision on the misleading advertising was upheld, the appeals court determined that Pizza Hut failed to prove, under the requirements of the Lanham Act, that the misleading advertising and puffery had a material effect on consumers' purchasing decisions.

text: We conclude that (1) the slogan, standing alone, is not an objectionable statement of fact upon which the consumers would be justified in relying, and thus not actionable under section 43(a); and (2) while the slogan, when utilized in connection with some of the post-May 1997 comparative advertising – specifically, the sauce, dough and stuff campaigns – conveyed objectionable and misleading facts, Pizza Hut has failed to adduce any evidence demonstrating that the facts conveyed by the slogan were material to the purchasing decisions of the consumers to which the slogan was directed.[54]

text: In 2012, the company was the subject of a class-action lawsuit for allegedly sending over 500,000 unwanted text messages to customers. The suit sought over $250 million in damages, though the company settled to pay $16.5 million, awarding members of the class up to $50 in damages, and a free, large, one-topping pizza.[55]

text: In August 2015, Papa John's agreed to pay $12.3 million to settle a class-action lawsuit, filed in 2009, in which the company was accused of undercompensating 19,000 delivery drivers in the states of Arizona, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Missouri and North Carolina. The complaint, which stated that drivers were typically paid a flat reimbursement amount per delivery that was less than the usual recommended mileage rate, had a "net effect" of the company "willfully fail[ing] to pay the federal minimum wage to their delivery drivers."[56]

text: In July 2016, Panera Bread filed a lawsuit with the U.S. Eastern District Court in Missouri accusing Papa John's of stealing digital trade secrets and proprietary data management strategies by hiring Michael Nettles, a former Panera executive who was in charge of the chain's corporate digital technologies deployment.[57] In August, a Federal judge issued a restraining order, preventing Nettles from reporting to work at Papa John's while the case was active.[58] Later that year, Panera told the Federal court that it had agreed to drop the lawsuit in December 2016. Details that led to the lawsuit being dropped were not made public.[59]


document_title: Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day

question_text: when is bring your son to work day

question_tokens: when is bring your son to work day

text: Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day

text: Take Our Daughters And Sons To Work Day is a 501(c)(3) non-profit educational program in the United States, Canada and Australia that revolves around parents taking their children to work for one to three days.[1] It is the successor to Take Our Daughters To Work Day, which was expanded to include boys in 2003. In the U.S., it occurs on the fourth Thursday in April and onward every year.[2] In Canada, it is branded as Take Our Kids to Work Day and is organized by The Learning Partnership.[3] It occurs annually in early November and this year, Take Our Kids to Work Day will take place on Wednesday, November 14, 2018.[4] In Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane Australia it occurs on January 5, just after Christmas Break.

text: History[edit]

text: Take Our Daughters To Work Day was created in New York City in the summer of 1992 by the Ms. Foundation for Women and its president, Marie C. Wilson, the Women's foundation treasurer, Ms. Daren Ball, and with support from foundation founder Gloria Steinem.[5] The first celebration took place on April 22, 1993, and has since been celebrated on the fourth Thursday of April in order for the 37 million children, parents, schools in over 3.5 million workplaces across the country, in addition to participants in over 200 countries around the world, to plan ahead for the annual event.[6] The day has generally been scheduled on a day that is a school day for most children in the United States, and schools are provided with literature and encouraged to promote the program. Educators are provided with materials for incorporating career exploration into school curricula on the day before or after the event.

text: In 2000, when asked by the Minneapolis Star Tribune which activities he would propose for a national day for boys equivalent to Take Our Daughters to Work day, author Robert Bly suggested that fathers take their sons to the library and show them the books they love. Noting that women have often been excluded from the work world, Bly said, "I think it's just as likely now that men will be shut out of the inward world, the literature world."

text: The program was officially expanded in 2003 to include boys; however, most companies that participated in the program had, since the beginning, allowed both boys and girls to participate, usually renaming it "Take Our Children to Work Day" or an equivalent.[7] The program's official website states that the program was changed in order to provide both boys and girls with opportunities to explore careers at an age when they are more flexible in terms of gender roles. The Ms. Foundation also states that men who have hosted children have benefited from being seen as parental figures in addition to their roles as professionals, which can contribute to combating gender stereotypes as well.

text: Prior to the inclusion of boys, the Ms. Foundation contended that the program was designed to specifically address self-esteem issues unique to girls and initially resisted pressure to include boys. Much of this pressure came from educators who did not wish to include the event in their curriculum given that their male students were not encouraged to participate.

text: In 2007, upon becoming its own separate foundation, the Take Our Daughters And Sons To Work program was turned over to Carolyn McKecuen, a MacArthur Genius Award recipient, who took effective control as its Executive Director before relocated to Elizabeth City, North Carolina where it has remained since. Gloria Steinem continues to maintain a role with the Take Our Daughters And Sons To Work Foundation as a member of its board of directors.

text: Employees, across the United States and around the world, typically invite their own children or relatives to join them at work, but the program particularly encourages employees to invite children from residential programs or shelters who may not be exposed to many adults in skilled professions today.


document_title: Chapman (surname)

question_text: where did the last name chapman originate from

text: Chapman (surname)

text:
Chapman

Origin

Meaning
Business man or trader

tag: table

text: Chapman is an English surname derived from the Old English occupational name céapmann “marketman, monger, merchant”, from the verb céapan, cypan “to buy or sell” and the noun form ceap "barter, business; a purchase." Alternate spellings include Caepmon, Cepeman, Chepmon, Cypman(n), and Shapman. (By 1600, the occupational name chapman had come to be applied to an itinerant dealer in particular, but it remained in use for both "customer, buyer" and "merchant" in the 17th and 18th centuries. Modern chiefly British slang chap “man" arose from the use of the abbreviated word to mean a customer, one with whom to bargain.)

text: The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) supplies four meanings for chapman, all of which pertain to buying and selling: 1) A man whose business was buying and selling; 2) an itinerant dealer who travels, also known as a hawker or peddler; 3) an agent in a commercial transaction; 4) a purchaser or customer. (N.B. A “petty chapman” was a retail dealer.) The OED includes a citation of an English ordinance or decree that dates from 1553, during the reign of Edward VI: "No Tinker, Peddler, or petit Chapman shall wander about from the Towne but such as shall be licensed by two Justices of Peace." According to a list of colonial occupations, a chapman is a peddler or dealer of goods, usually itinerant, going from village to village. The related word chapbook is a later coinage from the 19th century which appears to refer to the fact that chapbooks were very cheaply made. From Old English ceap is also derived cheap “inexpensive,” a shortening of good ceap “good buy,” and Cheapside “market place,” a street in London that both historically and in modern times has been the financial center of the city.

text: Both the compound “chapman” and its first element chap- have cognates in all the major Germanic languages: From the prehistoric West Germanic compound *kaup- are derived cognates Old Saxon cop, Old Frisian kap "trade, purchase," Middle Dutch coop, modern Dutch kopen “buy,” koop "trade, market, bargain and goedkoop “inexpensive." These are akin to Old High German choufman, German Kaufmann, a common modern German surname; and North Germanic forms leading to Old Norse kaup "bargain, pay,” modern Swedish köpa “buy,” and modern Danish kjøb "purchase, bargain" and Copenhagen (originally Køpmannæhafn "merchants' harbor, buyer's haven"). The common ancestor is Proto-Germanic *kaupoz-, which was probably an ancient Germanic borrowing of Latin caupo, caupon- "petty tradesman, huckster," of unknown ulterior etymology. From the German the word was borrowed into the Slavic languages (Old Slavic koupiti, modern Russian купить, etc.), the Baltic languages (Old Prussian kaupiskan “trade, commerce,” Lithuanian kὑpczus “merchant”) and Finnish kaupata “to sell cheaply.” In the Romance languages, however, the word has not survived.

text: People with the surname or nickname Chapman include:

text:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

tag: ul

text: A[edit]

text:
Abel Chapman (1851–1929), British born hunter-naturalist
Adam Chapman (born 1989), Northern Irish footballer
Alfred Chapman (1829–1915), American real estate attorney and investor, best known as one of the founders of Orange, California
Alger Chapman (1904–1983), American attorney, businessman and New York State official
Alger Chapman, Jr. (1931–2013), American chief executive
Allan Chapman (historian) (born 1946), British historian of science
Allan Chapman (politician) (1897–1966), Scottish Unionist Member of Parliament 1935–1945
Alvah Chapman, Jr. (1921–2008), American newspaper publisher
Alvan Wentworth Chapman, American botanist
Amy Chapman (born 1987), Australian soccer player
Andrew Grant Chapman (1839–1892), American politician
Andy Chapman (born 1959), British indoor soccer player
Anna Kushchyenko-Chapman (born 1982), Russian Entrepreneur, television host, and agent of the Russian Federation
Anne Chapman, Franco-American ethnologist
Annie Chapman (1841–1888), English victim of Jack the Ripper
Aroldis Chapman (born 1988), Cuban baseball player
Art Chapman, (1906–1962), Canadian Ice Hockey player and Olympian
Art Chapman (basketball) (1912–1986), Canadian basketball player
Arthur Chapman (poet) (1873–1935), American poet and newspaper columnist
Arthur B. Chapman (1908–2004), British-American animal genetic researcher
Augustus A. Chapman (1805–1876), American lawyer and Democratic Party politician
Augustus Chapman Allen (1806–1864), American founder of Houston, Texas
Austin Chapman (1864–1926), Australian Protectionist Party politician

text: B[edit]

text:
Ben Chapman (politician) (born 1940), British Labour Party politician and former civil servant
Ben Chapman (actor) (1928–2008), American actor, best known for playing the Gill-man in the 1954 movie Creature from the Black Lagoon
Ben Chapman (baseball) (1908–1993), American baseball player
Ben Chapman (footballer, born 1979), English football player
Benjamin Chapman (1621–unknown), English soldier
Bert Chapman (born 1942), Australian footballer
Beth Chapman (politician) (born 1962), American Republican Party politician
Beth Nielsen Chapman (born 1958), American singer and songwriter
Billy Chapman (1902–1967), English footballer
Bird Beers Chapman (1821–1871), American editor and Democratic Party politician
Bob Chapman (born 1946), English footballer, often known as 'Sammy'
Brenda Chapman, American animator and film director
Brian Chapman (born 1968), Canadian ice hockey player
Brian Chapman (businessman), British businessman
Bruce Chapman (born 1934), American director and founder of the Discovery Institute, and Republican Party politician
Bruce Chapman (Australian economist), architect of the Higher Education Contribution Scheme in Australia.
Bryn Chapman, American beauty queen, and operatic soprano

text: C[edit]

text:
Candace Chapman (born 1983), Canadian soccer player
Carrie Chapman Catt (1859–1947), American woman's suffrage leader
C.C. Chapman, American prominent figure in the community of podcasting, podsafe music, and new media
C.H. Chapman (1879–1972), British illustrator and cartoonist, notable for his work on Billy Bunter cartoon strips
Charles Chapman (mayor) (1853–1943), American mayor of Fullerton, California
Charles Chapman (Connecticut) (1799–1869), American Whig and Democratic Party politician
Charles Chapman (cricketer) (1806–1892), English cricketer
Charles Frederic Chapman (1881–1976), maritime author
Charles H. Chapman (died 1934), American founder of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity at Cornell University
Charles Henry Chapman (politician) (1876–1957), New Zealand Labour Party politician
Charles Meredith Bouverie Chapman (1887–1917), British World War I flying ace
Charles Chapman Grafton (1830–1912), American Bishop of the Diocese of Fond du Lac in The Episcopal Church
Chris Chapman (rugby league), English rugby league player
Christine Chapman (born 1956), Welsh Labour Party politician
Christopher Chapman (1927–2015), Canadian filmmaker
Chuck Chapman (1911–2002), Canadian basketball player and olympian
Clarence Chapman (born 1953), American football player
Colin Chapman (1928–1982), British automotive engineer, designer, and racing director
Cornelius Chapman, British poet, songwriter, author, and performer

text: D[edit]

text:
Damien Chapman, British rugby league player
Dave Chapman (actor) (born 1973), British actor, television presenter, puppeteer and voice artist
David Chapman (journalist) (born 1976), American journalist
David Chapman (scientist) (1869–1958), English physical chemist
David Chapman (cricketer) (1855–1934), English cricketer
David Chapman (handballer), American handballer
Dean Roden Chapman (1922–1995), American mechanical engineer at NASA and Stanford University
Dick Chapman (1911–1978), American amateur golfer
Dinos Chapman, (born 1962), English conceptual artist
Donald Chapman, Baron Northfield (1923–2013), British Labour Party politician and life peer
Donovan Chapman, American country music artist
Doug Chapman (stuntman), American stunt performer, actor and stunt coordinator
Doug Chapman (American football) (born 1977), American football player
Duane Chapman (born 1953), American Hawaii-based bail bondsman and bounty hunter

text: E[edit]

text:
Ed Chapman (artist), British artist
Eddie Chapman (1914–1997), British spy and double agent, aka Agent Zigzag
Eddie Chapman (footballer) (1923–2002), English footballer and chairman
Edgar Chapman (1838–1909), brewer and businessman, owner of Theatre Royal, Adelaide
Edmund Chapman (1695–1763), English cricketer
Edward Chapman (actor) (1901–1977), British comic actor
Edward Chapman (politician) (1839–1906), British Conservative Party politician
Edward Thomas Chapman (1920–2002), Welsh corporal and recipient of the Victoria Cross
Edythe Chapman (1863–1948), American stage and silent film actress
Elizabeth Chapman, Children's author
Emmett Chapman, British jazz musician best known as the inventor of the musical instrument Chapman Stick
Ernest Chapman (1926–2013), Australian rower
Eugenia S. Chapman (1923-1994), American educator and politician

text: F[edit]

text:
Fern Schumer Chapman, American author
Frank Chapman (ornithologist) (1864–1945), American ornithologist
Frank Chapman (baseball) (1861–1937), American baseball player once (incorrectly) thought to be the youngest player in professional history
Frank Chapman (businessman), Chief Executive of BG Group
Fred Chapman (baseball) (1916–1997), American baseball player
Freddie Spencer Chapman (1907–1971), British Army officer and World War II veteran
Frederick Chapman (palaeontologist) (1864–1943), Australia Commonwealth Palaeontologist
Frederick Chapman (footballer) (1883–1951), English footballer and Olympic Gold medalist
Frederick Chapman (sportsman) (1901–1964), Australian cricketer and Australian Rules footballer
Frederick Revans Chapman (1849–1936), New Zealand Supreme Court Judge
Frederick Chapman Robbins (1916–2003), American pediatrician and virologist
Fredrik Henrik af Chapman (1721–1808), Swedish naval ship architect

text: G[edit]

text:
Gareth Chapman (born 1981), Welsh rugby union player
Gary Chapman (author), American relationship counselor and author of The Five Love Languages series
Gary Chapman (swimmer) (1937–1978), Australian swimmer and Olympic bronze medalist
Gary Chapman (musician) (born 1957), American singer/songwriter and former television talk show host
George Chapman (1559–1634), English dramatist, translator, and poet
George Chapman (murderer) (1865–1903), Polish serial killer, suspected by some as being Jack the Ripper. Born Seweryn Antonowicz Kłosowski
George Chapman (healer) (1921–2006), British trance healer and medium
George Henry Chapman (1832–1882), American Civil War General in the Union Army
George W. Chapman (politician), American lawyer and Democratic Party politician
Georgina Chapman (born 1976), British fashion designer and actress
Gerald Chapman (1891–1926), American criminal and gang leader of the Prohibition-era
Gerald Chapman (director) (1949–1987), British theatre director
Glenn Chapman (1906–1988), American baseball player
Graham Chapman (1941–1989), British comedian and writer, member of Monty Python
Grant Chapman (born 1949), Australian Liberal Party politician
Grizz Chapman, American television actor, notable appearances in 30 Rock
Guy Chapman (1889–1972), British author, historian and distinguished World War II soldier

text: H[edit]

text:
Hank Chapman, American golden age comic book writer
Harold Chapman (born 1927), English photographer, especially noted for pictures taken at the Beat Hotel
Harold Chapman (footballer), New Zealand International footballer
Harold Chapman (orthodontist) (1881–1965), England's first exclusive orthodontic practitioner
Harry Chapman (footballer, born 1880) (1879–1916), English footballer
Harry Chapman (footballer, born 1997)
Harry Chapman (news anchor), American television news anchor
Harry Ernest Chapman (1871–1944), British soldier and police officer
Harry Chapman Pincher (born 1914), Indian-born British journalist and novelist
Hayley Chapman, Australian television presenter and producer
Henry Chapman (American politician) (1804–1891), American Democratic Party politician
Henry Samuel Chapman (1803–1881), British-born Australian and New Zealand judge
Henry Chapman Mercer (1856–1930), American archeologist, artifact collector, tile maker and designer
Herbert Chapman (1878–1934), English football player and manager, notably of Huddersfield Town and Arsenal
Hope Chapman (born 1990), American anime critic, best known for work with That Guy with the Glasses and Anime News Network
Horace Chapman (disambiguation)

text: I[edit]

text:
Ian Chapman (born 1970), English footballer
Isaac Chapman Bates (1779–1845), American politician
Ivan Chapman (1906–1976), English cricketer

text: J[edit]

text:
Jake Chapman (born 1966), English conceptual artist
Jake Chapman (Iowa politician), member of the Iowa Senate
James Chapman (author) (born 1955), American novelist and publisher
James Chapman (explorer) (1831-1872), South African explorer, hunter, trader and photographer
James Chapman (Bishop of Colombo) (died 1879), first Bishop of Colombo (Anglican) in Sri Lanka
James A. Chapman (1881-1966), American businessman and philanthropist
James Walter Chapman-Taylor (1878–1958), New Zealand domestic architect
Jan Chapman (born 1950), Australian film producer
Jane Chapman, British academic
Janice Chapman Australian-born British singer and voice coach
Jay Chapman (born 1994), Canadian soccer midfielder
J.B. Chapman (1884–1947), American minister and president of Arkansas Holiness and Peniel Colleges
Jeff Chapman (1973–2005); Canadian urban-explorer, fountineer, author and editor. Also known as Ninjalicious
Jeff Chapman (Georgia politician), American politician
Jenny Chapman (born 1973), British Labour politician
Jessica Chapman (1991–2002), murder victim of Ian Huntley
Jim Chapman (born 1945), American politician, Democratic Congressman representing Texas
Jim Chapman (footballer), Scottish footballer and football manager
Jim Chapman (media personality), Canadian radio and TV personality, musician, journalist and author
Jim Chapman (Internet celebrity), English YouTube personality
Johnny Appleseed or John Chapman (1774–1847), American pioneer orchardist and Swedenborgian Christian missionary
John Chapman (artist) (born 1946), British artist
John Chapman (English writer), (1927–2010), English playwright, screenwriter and scriptwriter
John Chapman (footballer), English manager of Manchester United football team
John Chapman (congressman) (1740–1800), American Federalist Party politician
John Chapman (priest) (1865–1933), British Roman Catholic priest
John Chapman (publisher) (1821–1894), British publisher and physician
John David "J.D." Chapman (born 1983), American heavyweight boxer
John Gadsby Chapman (1808–1889), American artist
John Grant Chapman (1798–1856), American Whig Party politician
John Herbert Chapman (1921–1979), Canadian space researcher from London, Ontario
John Jay Chapman (1862–1933), American author and essayist
John Wilbur Chapman (1859–1918), American Presbyterian evangelist
Johnny Chapman (born 1967), American race car driver in the NASCAR Nationwide series
Jonathan Chapman (1807–1848), American politician and mayor of Boston
Jonathan Chapman (born 1975) British academic, consultant and writer
Joseph Chapman (actor), American television actor
Union Jack (Joseph Chapman), fictional British superhero
Joseph A. Chapman, American President of North Dakota State University
Joseph John Chapman (1784-1849), California pioneer
Judith Chapman (born 1945), American actress

text: K[edit]

text:
Katie Chapman (born 1982), English football player
Karen Chapman, English retired badminton player
Keith Chapman (born 1958), British children's author and creator of Bob the Builder
Keith Chapman (organist) (1945–1989), American organist
Kelvin Chapman (born 1956), American baseball player
Kevin Chapman, American actor
Kory Chapman (born 1980), American football player
Kyle Chapman (born 1971), New Zealand director of the NZNF (New Zealand National Front)

text: L[edit]

text:
Lamar Chapman (born 1976), American football player
Lanei Chapman (born 1973), American actress
Lee Chapman (born 1959), English football player
Leland Chapman (born 1976), American Hawaii-based bail bondsman and bounty hunter
Leonard F. Chapman, Jr. (1913–2000), American Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps
Les Chapman (born 1948), English football player and manager
Lloyd Chapman (born 1949), American founder of the American Small Business League
Lonny Chapman (1920–2007), American television actor
Luke Chapman (born 1991), English footballer
Lyssa Chapman (born 1987), American bounty hunter

text: M[edit]

text:
M. Chapman, English Olympian
Margaret Chapman (1940–2000), British illustrator and painter
Marguerite Chapman (1918–1999), American actress
Maria Weston Chapman (1806–1885), American abolitionist
Mark Chapman (DJ) (born 1973), British radio sports newsreader and DJ
Mark David Chapman (born 1955), American, assassin of former Beatle John Lennon
Mark Lindsay Chapman (born 1954), English film and television actor
Marshall Chapman (born 1949), American country rock singer-songwriter
Mary Chapman, British Chief Executive of the Chartered Management Institute
Matt Chapman (The Brothers Chaps), duo responsible for the creation of the Homestar Runner series of animated cartoons
Matthew Chapman (author) (born 1950), British journalist, screenwriter and director; also great-great grandson of Charles Darwin
Michael Chapman (bassoonist) (1934–2005), British bassoonist
Michael Chapman (born 1941), British guitarist and singer-songwriter
Michael Chapman (cinematographer) (born 1935), American cinematographer
Michael Chapman (lawyer), American, legal adviser to the Office of Military Commissions, in Guantanamo
Michael Chapman (Missouri Director of Homeland Security), American Director of Homeland Security for Missouri
Michelle Chapman (known as Tori Black, born 1988), American pornographic actress
Mike Chapman, Australian record producer and songwriter
Mike Chapman (The Brothers Chaps), duo responsible for the creation of the Homestar Runner series of animated cartoons
Minerva J. Chapman (1858–1947), American painter
Mitchell Chapman (born 1983), Australian Rugby Union player

text: N[edit]

text:
Nathan Chapman (soldier) (died 2002), American soldier, was the first American killed during the invasion of Afghanistan
Nathan Chapman (footballer) (born 1975), Australian footballer and American Football player
Nathaniel Chapman (1780–1853), American physician and founder of the American Journal of the Medical Sciences
Nicola Chapman, Baroness Chapman (born 1961), British peer
Nicki Chapman (born 1967), British television presenter
Nigel Chapman (mayor), British Civic Mayor of Colchester
Nigel Chapman (cricketer) (born 1945), English cricketer

text: O[edit]

text:
Orlow W. Chapman (1832–1890), American Solicitor General of the United States
Oscar L. Chapman (1896–1978), American Secretary of the Interior during the last three years of the Truman administration
Owl Chapman, Surfer

text: P[edit]

text:
Pat Chapman, founder of The Curry Club, and author
Patsy Chapman (born 1948), British newspaper editor
Patrick Chapman, Irish writer and poet
Paul Chapman (footballer, born 1981), Australian Rules footballer
Paul Chapman (musician), Welsh rock guitarist (UFO, Skid Row)
Paul Chapman (actor), British television actor
Penny Chapman, Australian television producer
Percy Chapman (1900–1961), English cricketer
Percy Chapman Black (1878–1961), Canadian Progressive Conservative Party politician
Philip K. Chapman (born 1935), Australian astronaut and scientist

text: R[edit]

text:
Ray Chapman (1891–1920), American shortstop for the Cleveland baseball team
Reuben Chapman (1799–1882), American lawyer and politician
Rex Chapman (born 1967), American retired professional basketball player
Richard Chapman (disambiguation)
Robert Chapman (cricketer) (born 1972), English first-class cricketer in the 1990s
Robert Chapman (Plymouth Brethren) (1803–1902), Danish pastor, teacher and evangelist
Sir Robert Chapman, 1st Baronet (1880–1963), British soldier and Conservative Member of Parliament 1931–1935
Robert Foster Chapman (born 1926), American U.S. court of appeals judge
Robert Hett Chapman (1771–1833), American, president of the University of North Carolina
Robert L. Chapman (1920–2002), American lexicographer
Robert William Chapman (scholar)
Robin Chapman, British actor and writer
Roger Chapman (born 1942), British rock singer
Roger Chapman (golfer) (born 1959), English golfer
Roger Chapman (submariner) (born 1945), submariner rescued from sunken submersible Pisces III in 1973
Ronald Ivelaw-Chapman (1899–1978), British senior commander in the Royal Air Force, and Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Indian Air Force
Roosevelt Chapman, American college basketball player and University of Dayton Hall of Famer
Roy Chapman (football manager) (1934–1983), English football player and manager
Roy Chapman Andrews (1864–1960), American explorer, adventurer, naturalist and director of the American Museum of Natural History
Ryan Chapman (born 1987), South African soccer player

text: S[edit]

text:
Sam Chapman (1916–2006), American college football player and professional baseball player
Sammy Chapman (born 1938), Northern Irish footballer and football manager
Samuel Chapman (1859–1947), Scottish Unionist Party politician
Samuel Chapman Armstrong (1838–1893), American educator and officer in the Union Army
Sean Chapman (born 1961), British actor
Shane "Choppa" Chapman (born 1978), New Zealand middleweight kickboxer, boxer and martial artist
Simon Chapman (academic) (born 1951), Australian academic
Simon Chapman (author), British children's author
Stanley Chapman (born 1925), British architect, designer, translator and writer
Stepan Chapman (born 1951), American fiction author
Steve Chapman (ice hockey), ice hockey executive
Steven Chapman (cricketer) (born 1971), English cricketer
Steven Curtis Chapman (born 1962), American Christian musician
Stuart Chapman (born 1951), English footballer and football coach
Sydney Chapman (economist) (1871–1951), British economist and civil servant
Sydney Chapman (mathematician) (1888–1970), British astronomer and geophysicist
Sydney Chapman (politician) (born 1935), English Conservative Party politician and architect

text: T[edit]

text:
Ted Chapman (politician) (1934–2005), Australian Liberal Party politician
Terry Magaoa Chapman (died 2014), Niuean politician and diplomat
Thomas Algernon Chapman (1842-1921), British entomologist.
Thomas Chapman (Australian politician) (1815–1884), British premier of Tasmania
Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet (1846–1919), Anglo-Irish landowner and father of T. E. Lawrence aka Lawrence of Arabia
Thomas Alfred Chapman (1867–1949), British Anglican Bishop
Tiffany Chapman (born 1979), British actress
Tim Chapman (born 1965), American bounty hunter
Timothy Granville-Chapman (born 1947), British Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff of the British Armed Forces
Tony Chapman, British musician, early member of The Rolling Stones
Tracy Chapman (born 1964), American singer-songwriter

text: V[edit]

text:
Vernon Chapman (born 1921), English footballer and football manager
Vickie Chapman (born 1957), Australian Liberal Party politician
Victor Chapman (1890–1916), French-American pilot during World War I
Victor Chapman (driver), New Zealand motor-racing driver
Vince Chapman (born 1967), English footballer
Virgil Chapman (1895–1951), American Democratic Party politician

text: W[edit]

text:
Wade Chapman (born 1976), Australian footballer
Wallace Chapman, New Zealand radio and television host
Wayne Chapman (born 1945), American basketball player
William Chapman (cricketer), English cricketer
William Chapman (poet), Canadian poet
William W. Chapman (1808–1892), American politician in Iowa and Oregon
William Chapman Hewitson (1806–1878), British naturalist
William Chapman Nyaho (born 1958) Ghanaian-American concert pianist
William Chapman Ralston (1826–1875), American founder of the Bank of California
William Charles Chapman Mortimer, English writer

text: Y[edit]

text: Yvonne Chapman (born 1940), Australian National Party politician


document_title: Second audio program

question_text: what does sap on my tv stand for

question_tokens: what does sap on my tv stand for

text: Second audio program

text: This broadcasting article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this broadcasting article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Second audio program (SAP), also known as secondary audio programming, is an auxiliary audio channel for analog television that can be broadcast or transmitted both over-the-air and by cable television. SAP is part of the multichannel television sound (MTS) standard originally set by the National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) in 1984 in the United States. The NTSC video format and MTS are also used in Canada and Mexico.

text: Usage[edit]

text: SAP is often used to provide audio tracks in languages other than the native language included in the program (as a result, the facetious term "Spanish audio program" is used as an expansion to the acronym), or for the Descriptive Video Service (DVS) offered in the United States on some television stations or cable networks (primarily ABC, CBS, NBC, and PBS), along with broadcasting the local NOAA Weather Radio services or a local National Public Radio station (on many PBS stations) at times where translation or DVS is not needed. As of 2016, FCC guidelines now require stations in larger markets to read out the text of any on-screen news tickers which appear on-screen (mainly severe weather warnings) either using human intervention or via reading it out using an automated text-to-speech voice; the latter is done usually with the SAP channel exclusively.

text: SAP is used for broadcasting the Canadian Parliamentary television channel CPAC in both English and French. SAP is also used for student radio stations that cannot otherwise get on the air due to crowded FM broadcasting bands.

text: Frequencies[edit]

text: MTS features, including stereo and SAP, travel on subcarriers of the video carrier, much like color for television. It is not carried on the audio carrier in the manner of stereo sound for an FM radio broadcast, however, as it only has a frequency deviation of ±25 kHz, whereas regular FM broadcasting has a deviation of ±75 kHz. The SAP subcarrier is located at 78.670 kHz, which is five times the 15.734 kHz corresponding to the MTS pilot signal. In turn, the MTS pilot is locked to the horizontal sync frequency of the video carrier for stability. The SAP channel contains mono audio which has been dbx-encoded for noise reduction, to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The SAP audio has a bandpass from 60 Hz to 12 kHz, which is less than the "regular" audio channel which runs from 50 Hz to 15 kHz.

text: Though not technically a SAP channel, television stations can also broadcast a "PRO" (professional) audio subcarrier which is used to communicate with station personnel, particularly those engaged in electronic news gathering. This one-way audio channel allows individuals at the television station to send messages to people located away from the station, and is frequently employed during on-location newscasts as the foldback channel to reporters and cameramen. This channel is located at 6.5 times the pilot (102.271 kHz), and is also part of the MTS standard.

text: Other media[edit]

text: Second audio programs are also available in other media. On analog television receive-only satellite television systems, audio programs are manually tuned by their subcarrier frequency, commonly around 6 MHz, often as low as 5.8 or as high as 7.2. These travel the same way as the discrete left and right main audio channels, and ATIS station ID, which is heard as Morse code. On FM radio, radio reading services and other audio programs can be heard on subcarriers; however, these are generally prohibited from public listening. On digital television systems, selection is done through a menu as with analog television, though some provide easier access rather than having to dig down to find the option. Stations may also choose to transmit audio-only programs by assigning them to separate digital subchannels with an optional screen of title and artist information; however, this prevents the viewer from watching the main video in the case of television stations.

text: Broadcast engineeringTelevision technologyBroadcasting

text: Articles lacking sources from April 2007All articles lacking sources