document_title: Constantinople

question_text: constantinople was designed to be the center of what religious world

question_tokens: constantinople was designed to be the center of what religious world

text: Constantinople

text: Names[edit]

text: Before Constantinople[edit]

text: According to Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, the first known name of a settlement on the site of Constantinople was Lygos, [12] a settlement of likely Thracian origin founded between the 13th and 11th century BC.[13] The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded Byzantium (Greek: Βυζάντιον, Byzántion) in around 657 BC,[14] across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus.

text: The origins of the name of Byzantion, more commonly known by the later Latin Byzantium, are not entirely clear, though some suggest it is of Thraco-Illyrian origin.[15][16] The founding myth of the city has it told that the settlement was named after the leader of the Megarian colonists, Byzas. The later Byzantines of Constantinople themselves would maintain that the city was named in honour of two men, Byzas and Antes, though this was more likely just a play on the word Byzantion.[17]

text: The city was briefly renamed Augusta Antonina in the early 3rd century by the Emperor Septimius Severus (193–211), having razed the city to the ground in 196 AD for supporting a rival contender in the civil war and rebuilt, in honour of his son Antoninus, the later Emperor Caracalla.[18][19] The name appears to have been quickly forgotten and abandoned, and the city reverted to Byzantium/Byzantion after either the assassination of Caracalla in 217 or, at the latest, the fall of the Severan dynasty in 235.

text: Names of Constantinople[edit]

text: Byzantium took on the name of Konstantinoupolis ("city of Constantine", Constantinople) after its re-foundation under Roman emperor Constantine I, who transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium in 330 AD and designated his new capital officially as Nova Roma (Νέα Ῥώμη) 'New Rome'. During this time, the city was also called 'Second Rome', 'Eastern Rome', and Roma Constantinopolitana.[20] As the city became the sole remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West, and its wealth, population, and influence grew, the city also came to have a multitude of nicknames.

text: As the largest and wealthiest city in Europe during the 4th–13th centuries and a centre of culture and education of the Mediterranean basin, Constantinople came to be known by prestigious titles such as Basileuousa (Queen of Cities) and Megalopolis (the Great City) and was, in colloquial speech, commonly referred to as just Polis (η πόλη) 'the City' by Constantinopolitans and provincial Byzantines alike.[21]

text: In the language of other peoples, Constantinople was referred to just as reverently. The medieval Vikings, who had contacts with the empire through their expansion in eastern Europe (Varangians) used the Old Norse name Miklagarðr (from mikill 'big' and garðr 'city'), and later Miklagard and Miklagarth. In Arabic, the city was sometimes called Rūmiyyat al-kubra (Great City of the Romans) and in Persian as Takht-e Rum (Throne of the Romans).

text: In East and South Slavic languages, including in medieval Russia, Constantinople was referred to as Tsargrad (Царьград) or Carigrad, 'City of the Caesar (Emperor)', from the Slavonic words tsar ('Caesar' or 'King') and grad ('city'). This was presumably a calque on a Greek phrase such as Βασιλέως Πόλις (Vasileos Polis), 'the city of the emperor [king]'.

text: Modern names of the city[edit]

text: The modern Turkish name for the city, İstanbul, derives from the Greek phrase eis tin polin (εἰς τὴν πόλιν), meaning "into the city" or "to the city".[22] This name was used in Turkish alongside Kostantiniyye, the more formal adaptation of the original Constantinople, during the period of Ottoman rule, while western languages mostly continued to refer to the city as Constantinople until the early 20th century. In 1928, the Turkish alphabet was changed from Arabic script to Latin script. After that, as part of the 1920s Turkification movement, Turkey started to urge other countries to use Turkish names for Turkish cities, instead of other transliterations to Latin script that had been used in the Ottoman times.[23][24][25][26] In time the city came to be known as Istanbul and its variations in most world languages.

text: The name "Constantinople" is still used by members of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the title of one of their most important leaders, the Orthodox patriarch based in the city, referred to as "His Most Divine All-Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch." In Greece today, the city is still called Konstantinoúpolis/Konstantinoúpoli (Κωνσταντινούπολη/Κωνσταντινούπολις) or simply just "the City" (Η Πόλη / Η Πόλις).

text: History[edit]

text: Byzantium and earlier settlements[edit]

text: Constantinople was founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine I (272–337 AD) in 324[5] on the site of an already-existing city, Byzantium, which was settled in the early days of Greek colonial expansion, in around 657 BC, by colonists of the city-state of Megara. This is the first major settlement that would develop on the site of later Constantinople, but the first known settlements was that of Lygos, referred to in Pliny's Natural Histories,[27] Apart from this, little is known about this initial settlement, except that it was abandoned by the time the Megarian colonists settled the site anew. The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded Byzantium (Greek: Βυζάντιον, Byzántion) in around 657 BC,[14] across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus.

text: The city maintained independence as a city-state until it was annexed by Darius I in 512 BC into the Persian Empire, who saw the site as the optimal location to construct a pontoon bridge crossing into Europe as Byzantium was situated at the narrowest point in the Bosphorus strait. Persian rule lasted until 478 BC when as part of the Greek counterattack to the Second Persian Invasion of Greece, a Greek army led by the Spartan general Pausanias captured the city which remained an independent, yet subordinate, city under the Athenians, and later to the Spartans after 411 BC.[28] A farsighted treaty with the emergent power of Rome in c.150 BC which stipulated tribute in exchange for independent status allowed it to enter Roman rule unscathed.[29] This treaty would pay dividends retrospectively as Byzantium would maintain this independent status, and prosper under peace and stability in the Pax Romana, for nearly three centuries until the late 2nd century AD.[30]

text: Byzantium was never a major influential city-state like that of Athens, Corinth, and Sparta, but the city enjoyed relative peace and steady growth as a prosperous trading city lent by its remarkable position. The site lay astride the land route from Europe to Asia and the seaway from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, and had in the Golden Horn an excellent and spacious harbour. Already then, in Greek and early Roman times, Byzantium was famous for its strategic geographic position that made it difficult to besiege and capture, and its position at the crossroads of the Asiatic-European trade route over land and as the gateway between the Mediterranean and Black Seas made it too valuable a settlement to abandon, as Emperor Septimius Severus later realized when he razed the city to the ground for supporting Pescennius Niger's claimancy.[31] It was a move greatly criticized by the contemporary consul and historian Cassius Dio who said that Severus had destroyed "a strong Roman outpost and a base of operations against the barbarians from Pontus and Asia".[32] He would later rebuild Byzantium towards the end of his reign, in which it would be briefly renamed Augusta Antonina, fortifying it with a new city wall in his name, the Severan Wall.

text: 324–337: Foundation of Constantinople[edit]

text: Constantine had altogether more colourful plans. Having restored the unity of the Empire, and, being in the course of major governmental reforms as well as of sponsoring the consolidation of the Christian church, he was well aware that Rome was an unsatisfactory capital. Rome was too far from the frontiers, and hence from the armies and the imperial courts, and it offered an undesirable playground for disaffected politicians. Yet it had been the capital of the state for over a thousand years, and it might have seemed unthinkable to suggest that the capital be moved to a different location. Nevertheless, Constantine identified the site of Byzantium as the right place: a place where an emperor could sit, readily defended, with easy access to the Danube or the Euphrates frontiers, his court supplied from the rich gardens and sophisticated workshops of Roman Asia, his treasuries filled by the wealthiest provinces of the Empire.

text: Constantinople was built over 6 years, and consecrated on 11 May 330.[5][33] Constantine divided the expanded city, like Rome, into 14 regions, and ornamented it with public works worthy of an imperial metropolis.[34] Yet, at first, Constantine's new Rome did not have all the dignities of old Rome. It possessed a proconsul, rather than an urban prefect. It had no praetors, tribunes, or quaestors. Although it did have senators, they held the title clarus, not clarissimus, like those of Rome. It also lacked the panoply of other administrative offices regulating the food supply, police, statues, temples, sewers, aqueducts, or other public works. The new programme of building was carried out in great haste: columns, marbles, doors, and tiles were taken wholesale from the temples of the empire and moved to the new city. In similar fashion, many of the greatest works of Greek and Roman art were soon to be seen in its squares and streets. The emperor stimulated private building by promising householders gifts of land from the imperial estates in Asiana and Pontica and on 18 May 332 he announced that, as in Rome, free distributions of food would be made to the citizens. At the time, the amount is said to have been 80,000 rations a day, doled out from 117 distribution points around the city.[35]

text: Constantine laid out a new square at the centre of old Byzantium, naming it the Augustaeum. The new senate-house (or Curia) was housed in a basilica on the east side. On the south side of the great square was erected the Great Palace of the Emperor with its imposing entrance, the Chalke, and its ceremonial suite known as the Palace of Daphne. Nearby was the vast Hippodrome for chariot-races, seating over 80,000 spectators, and the famed Baths of Zeuxippus. At the western entrance to the Augustaeum was the Milion, a vaulted monument from which distances were measured across the Eastern Roman Empire.

text: From the Augustaeum led a great street, the Mese (Greek: Μέση [Οδός] lit. "Middle [Street]"), lined with colonnades. As it descended the First Hill of the city and climbed the Second Hill, it passed on the left the Praetorium or law-court. Then it passed through the oval Forum of Constantine where there was a second Senate-house and a high column with a statue of Constantine himself in the guise of Helios, crowned with a halo of seven rays and looking toward the rising sun. From there, the Mese passed on and through the Forum Tauri and then the Forum Bovis, and finally up the Seventh Hill (or Xerolophus) and through to the Golden Gate in the Constantinian Wall. After the construction of the Theodosian Walls in the early 5th century, it was extended to the new Golden Gate, reaching a total length of seven Roman miles.[36]

text: 337–529: Constantinople during the Barbarian Invasions and the fall of the West[edit]

text: The importance of Constantinople increased, but it was gradual. From the death of Constantine in 337 to the accession of Theodosius I, emperors had been resident only in the years 337-8, 347–51, 358–61, 368–69. Its status as a capital was recognized by the appointment of the first known Urban Prefect of the City Honoratus, who held office from 11 December 359 until 361. The urban prefects had concurrent jurisdiction over three provinces each in the adjacent dioceses of Thrace (in which the city was located), Pontus and Asia comparable to the 100-mile extraordinary jurisdiction of the prefect of Rome. The emperor Valens, who hated the city and spent only one year there, nevertheless built the Palace of Hebdomon on the shore of the Propontis near the Golden Gate, probably for use when reviewing troops. All the emperors up to Zeno and Basiliscus were crowned and acclaimed at the Hebdomon. Theodosius I founded the Church of John the Baptist to house the skull of the saint (today preserved at the Topkapı Palace), put up a memorial pillar to himself in the Forum of Taurus, and turned the ruined temple of Aphrodite into a coach house for the Praetorian Prefect; Arcadius built a new forum named after himself on the Mese, near the walls of Constantine.

text: After the shock of the Battle of Adrianople in 378, in which the emperor Valens with the flower of the Roman armies was destroyed by the Visigoths within a few days' march, the city looked to its defences, and in 413–414 Theodosius II built the 18-metre (60-foot)-tall triple-wall fortifications, which were not to be breached until the coming of gunpowder. Theodosius also founded a University near the Forum of Taurus, on 27 February 425.

text: Uldin, a prince of the Huns, appeared on the Danube about this time and advanced into Thrace, but he was deserted by many of his followers, who joined with the Romans in driving their king back north of the river. Subsequent to this, new walls were built to defend the city and the fleet on the Danube improved.

text: After the barbarians overran the Western Roman Empire, Constantinople became the indisputable capital city of the Roman Empire. Emperors were no longer peripatetic between various court capitals and palaces. They remained in their palace in the Great City and sent generals to command their armies. The wealth of the eastern Mediterranean and western Asia flowed into Constantinople.

text: 527–565: Constantinople in the Age of Justinian[edit]

text: The emperor Justinian I (527–565) was known for his successes in war, for his legal reforms and for his public works. It was from Constantinople that his expedition for the reconquest of the former Diocese of Africa set sail on or about 21 June 533. Before their departure, the ship of the commander Belisarius was anchored in front of the Imperial palace, and the Patriarch offered prayers for the success of the enterprise. After the victory, in 534, the Temple treasure of Jerusalem, looted by the Romans in 70 AD and taken to Carthage by the Vandals after their sack of Rome in 455, was brought to Constantinople and deposited for a time, perhaps in the Church of St. Polyeuctus, before being returned to Jerusalem in either the Church of the Resurrection or the New Church.[38]

text: Chariot-racing had been important in Rome for centuries. In Constantinople, the hippodrome became over time increasingly a place of political significance. It was where (as a shadow of the popular elections of old Rome) the people by acclamation showed their approval of a new emperor, and also where they openly criticized the government, or clamoured for the removal of unpopular ministers. In the time of Justinian, public order in Constantinople became a critical political issue.

text: Throughout the late Roman and early Byzantine periods, Christianity was resolving fundamental questions of identity, and the dispute between the orthodox and the monophysites became the cause of serious disorder, expressed through allegiance to the horse-racing parties of the Blues and the Greens. The partisans of the Blues and the Greens were said[39] to affect untrimmed facial hair, head hair shaved at the front and grown long at the back, and wide-sleeved tunics tight at the wrist; and to form gangs to engage in night-time muggings and street violence. At last these disorders took the form of a major rebellion of 532, known as the "Nika" riots (from the battle-cry of "Victory!" of those involved).

text: Fires started by the Nika rioters consumed Constantine's basilica of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), the city's principal church, which lay to the north of the Augustaeum. Justinian commissioned Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus to replace it with a new and incomparable Hagia Sophia. This was the great cathedral of the Orthodox Church, whose dome was said to be held aloft by God alone, and which was directly connected to the palace so that the imperial family could attend services without passing through the streets.[40] The dedication took place on 26 December 537 in the presence of the emperor, who exclaimed, "O Solomon, I have outdone thee!"[41] Hagia Sophia was served by 600 people including 80 priests, and cost 20,000 pounds of gold to build.[42]

text: Justinian also had Anthemius and Isidore demolish and replace the original Church of the Holy Apostles built by Constantine with a new church under the same dedication. This was designed in the form of an equal-armed cross with five domes, and ornamented with beautiful mosaics. This church was to remain the burial place of the Emperors from Constantine himself until the 11th century. When the city fell to the Turks in 1453, the church was demolished to make room for the tomb of Mehmet II the Conqueror. Justinian was also concerned with other aspects of the city's built environment, legislating against the abuse of laws prohibiting building within 100 feet (30 m) of the sea front, in order to protect the view.[43]

text: During Justinian I's reign, the city's population reached about 500,000 people.[44] However, the social fabric of Constantinople was also damaged by the onset of the Plague of Justinian between 541–542 AD. It killed perhaps 40% of the city's inhabitants.[45]

text: Survival, 565–717: Constantinople during the Byzantine Dark Ages[edit]

text: In the early 7th century, the Avars and later the Bulgars overwhelmed much of the Balkans, threatening Constantinople with attack from the west. Simultaneously, the Persian Sassanids overwhelmed the Prefecture of the East and penetrated deep into Anatolia. Heraclius, son of the exarch of Africa, set sail for the city and assumed the purple. He found the military situation so dire that he is said to have contemplated withdrawing the imperial capital to Carthage, but relented after the people of Constantinople begged him to stay. The citizens lost their right to free grain in 618 when Heraclius realised that the city could no longer be supplied from Egypt as a result of the Persian wars: the population fell substantially as a result.[46]

text: While the city withstood a siege by the Sassanids and Avars in 626, Heraclius campaigned deep into Persian territory and briefly restored the status quo in 628, when the Persians surrendered all their conquests. However, further sieges followed the Arab conquests, first from 674 to 678 and then in 717 to 718. The Theodosian Walls kept the city impregnable from the land, while a newly discovered incendiary substance known as Greek Fire allowed the Byzantine navy to destroy the Arab fleets and keep the city supplied. In the second siege, the second ruler of Bulgaria, Khan Tervel, rendered decisive help. He was called Saviour of Europe.[47]

text: 717–1025: Constantinople during the Macedonian Renaissance[edit]

text: In the 730s Leo III carried out extensive repairs of the Theodosian walls, which had been damaged by frequent and violent attacks; this work was financed by a special tax on all the subjects of the Empire.[48]

text: Theodora, widow of the Emperor Theophilus (died 842), acted as regent during the minority of her son Michael III, who was said to have been introduced to dissolute habits by her brother Bardas. When Michael assumed power in 856, he became known for excessive drunkenness, appeared in the hippodrome as a charioteer and burlesqued the religious processions of the clergy. He removed Theodora from the Great Palace to the Carian Palace and later to the monastery of Gastria, but, after the death of Bardas, she was released to live in the palace of St Mamas; she also had a rural residence at the Anthemian Palace, where Michael was assassinated in 867.[49]

text: In 860, an attack was made on the city by a new principality set up a few years earlier at Kiev by Askold and Dir, two Varangian chiefs: Two hundred small vessels passed through the Bosporus and plundered the monasteries and other properties on the suburban Prince's Islands. Oryphas, the admiral of the Byzantine fleet, alerted the emperor Michael, who promptly put the invaders to flight; but the suddenness and savagery of the onslaught made a deep impression on the citizens.[50]

text: In 980, the emperor Basil II received an unusual gift from Prince Vladimir of Kiev: 6,000 Varangian warriors, which Basil formed into a new bodyguard known as the Varangian Guard. They were known for their ferocity, honour, and loyalty. It is said that, in 1038, they were dispersed in winter quarters in the Thracesian theme when one of their number attempted to violate a countrywoman, but in the struggle she seized his sword and killed him; instead of taking revenge, however, his comrades applauded her conduct, compensated her with all his possessions, and exposed his body without burial as if he had committed suicide.[51] However, following the death of an Emperor, they became known also for plunder in the Imperial palaces.[52] Later in the 11th Century the Varangian Guard became dominated by Anglo-Saxons who preferred this way of life to subjugation by the new Norman kings of England.[53]

text: The Book of the Eparch, which dates to the 10th century, gives a detailed picture of the city's commercial life and its organization at that time. The corporations in which the tradesmen of Constantinople were organised were supervised by the Eparch, who regulated such matters as production, prices, import, and export. Each guild had its own monopoly, and tradesmen might not belong to more than one. It is an impressive testament to the strength of tradition how little these arrangements had changed since the office, then known by the Latin version of its title, had been set up in 330 to mirror the urban prefecture of Rome.[54]

text: In the 9th and 10th centuries, Constantinople had a population of between 500,000 and 800,000.[55]

text: Iconoclast controversy in Constantinople[edit]

text: In the 8th and 9th centuries, the iconoclast movement caused serious political unrest throughout the Empire. The emperor Leo III issued a decree in 726 against images, and ordered the destruction of a statue of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke, an act that was fiercely resisted by the citizens.[56] Constantine V convoked a church council in 754, which condemned the worship of images, after which many treasures were broken, burned, or painted over with depictions of trees, birds or animals: One source refers to the church of the Holy Virgin at Blachernae as having been transformed into a "fruit store and aviary".[57] Following the death of her son Leo IV in 780, the empress Irene restored the veneration of images through the agency of the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.

text: The iconoclast controversy returned in the early 9th century, only to be resolved once more in 843 during the regency of Empress Theodora, who restored the icons. These controversies contributed to the deterioration of relations between the Western and the Eastern Churches.

text: 1025–1081: Constantinople after Basil II[edit]

text: In the late 11th century catastrophe struck with the unexpected and calamitous defeat of the imperial armies at the Battle of Manzikert in Armenia in 1071. The Emperor Romanus Diogenes was captured. The peace terms demanded by Alp Arslan, sultan of the Seljuk Turks, were not excessive, and Romanus accepted them. On his release, however, Romanus found that enemies had placed their own candidate on the throne in his absence; he surrendered to them and suffered death by torture, and the new ruler, Michael VII Ducas, refused to honour the treaty. In response, the Turks began to move into Anatolia in 1073. The collapse of the old defensive system meant that they met no opposition, and the empire's resources were distracted and squandered in a series of civil wars. Thousands of Turkoman tribesmen crossed the unguarded frontier and moved into Anatolia. By 1080, a huge area had been lost to the Empire, and the Turks were within striking distance of Constantinople.

text: 1081–1185: Constantinople under the Comneni[edit]

text: Under the Comnenian dynasty (1081–1185), Byzantium staged a remarkable recovery. In 1090–91, the nomadic Pechenegs reached the walls of Constantinople, where Emperor Alexius I with the aid of the Kipchaks annihilated their army.[58] In response to a call for aid from Alexius, the First Crusade assembled at Constantinople in 1096, but declining to put itself under Byzantine command set out for Jerusalem on its own account.[59] John II built the monastery of the Pantocrator (Almighty) with a hospital for the poor of 50 beds.[60]

text: With the restoration of firm central government, the empire became fabulously wealthy. The population was rising (estimates for Constantinople in the 12th century vary from some 100,000 to 500,000), and towns and cities across the realm flourished. Meanwhile, the volume of money in circulation dramatically increased. This was reflected in Constantinople by the construction of the Blachernae palace, the creation of brilliant new works of art, and general prosperity at this time: an increase in trade, made possible by the growth of the Italian city-states, may have helped the growth of the economy. It is certain that the Venetians and others were active traders in Constantinople, making a living out of shipping goods between the Crusader Kingdoms of Outremer and the West, while also trading extensively with Byzantium and Egypt. The Venetians had factories on the north side of the Golden Horn, and large numbers of westerners were present in the city throughout the 12th century. Toward the end of Manuel I Komnenos's reign, the number of foreigners in the city reached about 60,000–80,000 people out of a total population of about 400,000 people.[61] In 1171, Constantinople also contained a small community of 2,500 Jews.[62] In 1182, all Latin (Western European) inhabitants of Constantinople were massacred.[63]

text: In artistic terms, the 12th century was a very productive period. There was a revival in the mosaic art, for example: Mosaics became more realistic and vivid, with an increased emphasis on depicting three-dimensional forms. There was an increased demand for art, with more people having access to the necessary wealth to commission and pay for such work. According to N.H. Baynes (Byzantium, An Introduction to East Roman Civilization):

text: 1185–1261: Constantinople during the Imperial Exile[edit]

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text: On 25 July 1197, Constantinople was struck by a severe fire which burned the Latin Quarter and the area around the Gate of the Droungarios (Turkish: Odun Kapısı) on the Golden Horn.[64][65] Nevertheless, the destruction wrought by the 1197 fire paled in comparison with that brought by the Crusaders. In the course of a plot between Philip of Swabia, Boniface of Montferrat and the Doge of Venice, the Fourth Crusade was, despite papal excommunication, diverted in 1203 against Constantinople, ostensibly promoting the claims of Alexius, son of the deposed emperor Isaac. The reigning emperor Alexius III had made no preparation. The Crusaders occupied Galata, broke the defensive chain protecting the Golden Horn and entered the harbour, where on 27 July they breached the sea walls: Alexius III fled. But the new Alexius IV found the Treasury inadequate, and was unable to make good the rewards he had promised to his western allies. Tension between the citizens and the Latin soldiers increased. In January 1204, the protovestiarius Alexius Murzuphlus provoked a riot, it is presumed, to intimidate Alexius IV, but whose only result was the destruction of the great statue of Athena, the work of Phidias, which stood in the principal forum facing west.

text: In February, the people rose again: Alexius IV was imprisoned and executed, and Murzuphlus took the purple as Alexius V. He made some attempt to repair the walls and organise the citizenry, but there had been no opportunity to bring in troops from the provinces and the guards were demoralised by the revolution. An attack by the Crusaders on 6 April failed, but a second from the Golden Horn on 12 April succeeded, and the invaders poured in. Alexius V fled. The Senate met in Hagia Sophia and offered the crown to Theodore Lascaris, who had married into the Angelid family, but it was too late. He came out with the Patriarch to the Golden Milestone before the Great Palace and addressed the Varangian Guard. Then the two of them slipped away with many of the nobility and embarked for Asia. By the next day the Doge and the leading Franks were installed in the Great Palace, and the city was given over to pillage for three days.

text: Sir Steven Runciman, historian of the Crusades, wrote that the sack of Constantinople is “unparalleled in history”.

text: “For nine centuries,” he goes on, “the great city had been the capital of Christian civilisation. It was filled with works of art that had survived from ancient Greece and with the masterpieces of its own exquisite craftsmen. The Venetians ... seized treasures and carried them off to adorn ... their town. But the Frenchmen and Flemings were filled with a lust for destruction. They rushed in a howling mob down the streets and through the houses, snatching up everything that glittered and destroying whatever they could not carry, pausing only to murder or to rape, or to break open the wine-cellars ... . Neither monasteries nor churches nor libraries were spared. In Hagia Sophia itself, drunken soldiers could be seen tearing down the silken hangings and pulling the great silver iconostasis to pieces, while sacred books and icons were trampled under foot. While they drank merrily from the altar-vessels a prostitute set herself on the Patriarch’s throne and began to sing a ribald French song. Nuns were ravished in their convents. Palaces and hovels alike were entered and wrecked. Wounded women and children lay dying in the streets. For three days the ghastly scenes ... continued, till the huge and beautiful city was a shambles. ... When ... order was restored, ... citizens were tortured to make them reveal the goods that they had contrived to hide.[66]

text: For the next half-century, Constantinople was the seat of the Latin Empire. Under the rulers of the Latin Empire, the city declined, both in population and the condition of its buildings. Alice-Mary Talbot cites an estimated population for Constantinople of 400,000 inhabitants; after the destruction wrought by the Crusaders on the city, about one third were homeless, and numerous courtiers, nobility, and higher clergy, followed various leading personages into exile. "As a result Constantinople became seriously depopulated," Talbot concludes.[67]

text: The Latins took over at least 20 churches and 13 monasteries, most prominently the Hagia Sophia, which became the cathedral of the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople. It is to these that E.H. Swift attributed the construction of a series of flying buttresses to shore up the walls of the church, which had been weakened over the centuries by earthquake tremors.[68] However, this act of maintenance is an exception: for the most part, the Latin occupiers were too few to maintain all of the buildings, either secular and sacred, and many became targets for vandalism or dismantling. Bronze and lead were removed from the roofs of abandoned buildings and melted down and sold to provide money to the chronically under-funded Empire for defense and to support the court; Deno John Geanokoplos writes that "it may well be that a division is suggested here: Latin laymen stripped secular buildings, ecclesiastics, the churches."[69] Buildings were not the only targets of officials looking to raise funds for the impoverished Latin Empire: the monumental sculptures which adorned the Hippodrome and fora of the city were pulled down and melted for coinage. "Among the masterpieces destroyed, writes Talbot, "were a Herakles attributed to the fourth-century B.C. sculptor Lysippos, and monumental figures of Hera, Paris, and Helen."[70]

text: The Nicaean emperor John III Vatatzes reportedly saved several churches from being dismantled for their valuable building materials; by sending money to the Latins "to buy them off" (exonesamenos), he prevented the destruction of several churches.[71] According to Talbot, these included the churches of Blachernae, Rouphinianai, and St. Michael at Anaplous. He also granted funds for the restoration of the Church of the Holy Apostles, which had been seriously damaged in an earthquake.[70]

text: The Byzantine nobility scattered, many going to Nicaea, where Theodore Lascaris set up an imperial court, or to Epirus, where Theodore Angelus did the same; others fled to Trebizond, where one of the Comneni had already with Georgian support established an independent seat of empire.[72] Nicaea and Epirus both vied for the imperial title, and tried to recover Constantinople. In 1261, Constantinople was captured from its last Latin ruler, Baldwin II, by the forces of the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.

text: 1261–1453: Palaiologan Era and the Fall of Constantinople[edit]

text: Although Constantinople was retaken by Michael VIII Palaiologos, the Empire had lost many of its key economic resources, and struggled to survive. The palace of Blachernae in the north-west of the city became the main Imperial residence, with the old Great Palace on the shores of the Bosporus going into decline. When Michael VIII captured the city, its population was 35,000 people, but, by the end of his reign, he had succeeded in increasing the population to about 70,000 people.[73] The Emperor achieved this by summoning former residents who had fled the city when the crusaders captured it, and by relocating Greeks from the recently reconquered Peloponnese to the capital.[74] In 1347, the Black Death spread to Constantinople.[75] In 1453, when the Ottoman Turks captured the city, it contained approximately 50,000 people.[76]

text: Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453, due to the newly discovered technology of gunpowder, not yet known in Europe. The Ottomans were commanded by 22-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. The conquest of Constantinople followed a seven-week siege that had begun on 6 April 1453.

text: 1453–1922: Ottoman Kostantiniyye[edit]

text: The Christian Orthodox city of Constantinople was now under Ottoman control. When Mehmed II finally entered Constantinople through what is now known as the Topkapi Gate, he immediately rode his horse to the Hagia Sophia, where he ordered his soldiers to stop hacking at the marbles and 'be satisfied with the booty and captives; as for all the buildings, they belonged to him'.[77] He ordered that an imam meet him there in order to chant the adhan thus transforming the Orthodox cathedral into a Muslim mosque,[77][78] solidifying Islamic rule in Constantinople.

text: Mehmed’s main concern with Constantinople had to do with rebuilding the city’s defenses and population. Building projects were commenced immediately after the conquest, which included the repair of the walls, construction of the citadel, and building a new palace.[79] Mehmed issued orders across his empire that Muslims, Christians, and Jews should resettle the city; he demanded that five thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September.[79] From all over the Islamic empire, prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city: these people were called "Sürgün" in Turkish (Greek: σουργούνιδες).[10] Two centuries later, Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi gave a list of groups introduced into the city with their respective origins. Even today, many quarters of Istanbul, such as Aksaray, Çarşamba, bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants.[10] However, many people escaped again from the city, and there were several outbreaks of plague, so that in 1459 Mehmet allowed the deported Greeks to come back to the city.[10]

text: Importance[edit]

text: Culture[edit]

text: Constantinople was the largest and richest urban center in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Eastern Roman Empire, mostly as a result of its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. It would remain the capital of the eastern, Greek-speaking empire for over a thousand years. At its peak, roughly corresponding to the Middle Ages, it was the richest and largest European city, exerting a powerful cultural pull and dominating economic life in the Mediterranean. Visitors and merchants were especially struck by the beautiful monasteries and churches of the city, in particular, Hagia Sophia, or the Church of Holy Wisdom: A Russian 14th-century traveler, Stephen of Novgorod, wrote, "As for Hagia Sophia, the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it."

text: It was especially important for preserving in its libraries manuscripts of Greek and Latin authors throughout a period when instability and disorder caused their mass-destruction in western Europe and north Africa: On the city's fall, thousands of these were brought by refugees to Italy, and played a key part in stimulating the Renaissance, and the transition to the modern world. The cumulative influence of the city on the west, over the many centuries of its existence, is incalculable. In terms of technology, art and culture, as well as sheer size, Constantinople was without parallel anywhere in Europe for a thousand years.

text: Armenians, Syrians, Slavs and Georgians were part of the Byzantine social hierarchy.[80]

text: International status[edit]

text: The city provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the old Roman Empire against the barbarian invasions of the 5th century. The 18-meter-tall walls built by Theodosius II were, in essence, impregnable to the barbarians coming from south of the Danube river, who found easier targets to the west rather than the richer provinces to the east in Asia. From the 5th century, the city was also protected by the Anastasian Wall, a 60-kilometer chain of walls across the Thracian peninsula. Many scholars[who?] argue that these sophisticated fortifications allowed the east to develop relatively unmolested while Ancient Rome and the west collapsed.

text: Constantinople's fame was such that it was described even in contemporary Chinese histories, the Old and New Book of Tang, which mentioned its massive walls and gates as well as a purported clepsydra mounted with a golden statue of a man.[81][82][83] The Chinese histories even related how the city had been besieged in the 7th century by Muawiyah I and how he exacted tribute in a peace settlement.[82][84]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: The Byzantine Empire used Roman and Greek architectural models and styles to create its own unique type of architecture. The influence of Byzantine architecture and art can be seen in the copies taken from it throughout Europe. Particular examples include St Mark's Basilica in Venice, the basilicas of Ravenna, and many churches throughout the Slavic East. Also, alone in Europe until the 13th-century Italian florin, the Empire continued to produce sound gold coinage, the solidus of Diocletian becoming the bezant prized throughout the Middle Ages. Its city walls were much imitated (for example, see Caernarfon Castle) and its urban infrastructure was moreover a marvel throughout the Middle Ages, keeping alive the art, skill and technical expertise of the Roman Empire. In the Ottoman period Islamic architecture and symbolism were used.

text: Religion[edit]

text: Constantine's foundation gave prestige to the Bishop of Constantinople, who eventually came to be known as the Ecumenical Patriarch, and made it a prime center of Christianity alongside Rome. This contributed to cultural and theological differences between Eastern and Western Christianity eventually leading to the Great Schism that divided Western Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy from 1054 onwards. Constantinople is also of great religious importance to Islam, as the conquest of Constantinople is one of the signs of the End time in Islam.

text: Popular culture[edit]

text:
Constantinople appears as a city of wondrous majesty, beauty, remoteness, and nostalgia in William Butler Yeats' 1928 poem "Sailing to Byzantium."
Constantinople, as seen under the Byzantine emperor Theodosius II, makes several on-screen appearances in the television miniseries "Attila" as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Finnish author Mika Waltari wrote one of his most-acclaimed historical novels, Johannes Angelos (published in English by name "The Dark Angel") on the fall of Constantinople.
Robert Graves, author of I, Claudius, also wrote Count Belisarius, a historical novel about Belisarius. Graves set much of the novel in the Constantinople of Justinian I.
Constantinople provides the setting of much of the action in Umberto Eco's 2000 novel Baudolino.
The name Constantinople was made easy to spell thanks to a novelty song, "C-O-N-S-T-A-N-T-I-N-O-P-L-E," written by Harry Carlton and performed by Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra, in the 1920s.
Constantinople's change of name was the theme for a song made famous by The Four Lads and later covered by They Might Be Giants and many others, titled "Istanbul (Not Constantinople)."
"Constantinople" was one of the "big words" the Father knows toward the end of Dr. Seuss's book, Hop on Pop. (The other was Timbuktu.)
"Constantinople" was also the title of the opening edit of The Residents' EP Duck Stab!, released in 1978.
Queen's Roger Meddows Taylor included the track "Interlude in Constantinople" on Side 2 of his debut album Fun in Space.
A Montreal-based folk/classical/fusion band calls itself "Constantinople."
Constantinople under Justinian is the scene of the book A Flame in Byzantium (ISBN 0-312-93026-7) by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro, released in 1987.
"Constantinople" is the title of a song by The Decemberists.
Stephen Lawhead's novel Byzantium (1996) is set in 9th-century Constantinople.
Folk Metal band Turisas makes multiple references to Constantinople in their song "Miklagard Overture," referring to it as "Konstantinopolis," "Tsargrad," and "Miklagard."
Constantinople makes an appearance in the MMORPG game Silkroad as a major capital, along with a major Chinese capital.
Constantinople makes an appearance in the "Rome Total War" expansion "Barbarian Invasion" belonging to the Eastern Roman Empire. It would reappear in the same role for the spiritual sequel, Total War: Attila.
Constantinople also makes an appearance in "Medieval Total War." It is a starting province and city of the Byzantines.
Constantinople makes an appearance in the game "Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings" in the fifth scenario of the Barbarossa campaign and again in the third scenario of the Attila the Hun campaign in the expansion pack "Age of Empires II: The Conquerors Expansion."
Constantinople is the main setting of the game "Assassin's Creed: Revelations," the fourth major title in the best-selling "Assassin's Creed" series.[85]
Constantinople is also a setting of the Vampire: The Dark Ages role playing game by White Wolf.[86]
Constantinople is one of the territories featured in the Board Game Diplomacy. It is one of the default territories of Turkey.


document_title: Duran (surname)

question_text: where does the last name duran originate from

root

text: Duran (surname)

text: Duran or Durán is a Spanish surname that may refer to the following people:

tag: p

text:
Aaron Duran, American writer and media producer
Agustín Durán, Spanish scholar
Alejo Durán, Colombian composer, singer and accordionist
Alfredo Duran, Cuban-born American lawyer
Andrea Duran (born 1984), American softball player
Andrés Durán, Colombian rock historian, radio broadcaster and producer
Antonio Durán, Spanish football player and manager
Arkaitz Durán, Spanish racing cyclist
Benjamín Durán, Salvadoran footballer
Blanca Inés Durán Hernández, Colombian politician
Carolus-Duran, French painter
Cassius Duran (born 1979), Brazilian diver
Crisanta Duran, American politician
Dan Duran (baseball), baseball player
Dan Duran (broadcaster), television entertainment journalist and actor
Desiree Durán, Bolivian model and beauty contestant
Dianna Duran, American politician
Diego Durán, 16th century chronicler of the Aztecs
Dolores Duran, Brazilian singer and composer
Eddie Duran, jazz guitarist from San Francisco
Elena Duran, Mexican American flautist
Elvis Duran, American radio host
Enric Duran, Calatan anticapitalist activist
Enver Duran, Pastrector of the Trakya University Edirne
Florencio Durán, President of the Senate of Chile from 1941 to 1944
Francisco Manuel Durán, Spanish footballer
Francisco Martin Duran, attempted to assassinate President Clinton in 1994
Franklin Duran, Venezuelan entrepreneur
Germán Durán, baseball player
Germán García Durán, Colombian diplomat
George Duran, American chef and entertainer
Gustavo Durán, Spanish composer, soldier and diplomat
Hilario Durán, Cuban jazz pianist
Horacio Duran, Mexican writer, radio personality.
Hugo González Durán, Mexican footballer
Inés García de Durán, Colombian folklorist
Ivan Duran, Belizian music producer and musician
Jacob Duran, American cutman
Jaime González Durán, Mexican drug trafficker
Jane Duran, Cuban-born poet
Joaquín Valverde Durán, Spanish composer, conductor and flautist
John Duran, American politician
José Durán (b. 1947), Spanish boxer
Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida (b. 1952), Spanish politician
José Durán (disambiguation), multiple people
José María Pasquini Durán, Argentine journalist
Khalid Duran, scholar of the Islamic world
Lucy Durán, UK-based ethnomusicologist, record producer and radio presenter
Luís Marcelo Durán, Uruguayan footballer
Luisa Durán, former First Lady of Chile
Mad Duran, jazz saxophonist and flutist from San Francisco
Manuel Agudo Durán, Spanish footballer
Manuel Garcia-Duran, Spanish businessman
María Ángeles Durán (born 1942), Spanish sociologist
Massimiliano Duran, Italian boxer
Narciso Durán, Franciscan friar and missionary
Ossie Duran (born 1977 as Osumanu Yahaya), Ghanaian boxer
Profiat Duran, Catalan physician, philosopher, grammarian, and controversialist
Rafael Duran (born 1938), Olympic wrestler from Venezuela
Rafael Durán, Spanish actor
Roberto Durán, professional boxer
Roberto Durán (baseball), baseball player born in the Dominican Republic
Reuben Duran, American mixed martial artist
Rubén Durán, Spanish footballer
Salvador Durán, Mexican racing driver
Sargon Duran, Austrian footballer
Sergi Durán, Spanish tennis player
Simeon ben Zemah Duran, also known as the Rashbatz, Majorcan Rabbinical authority and medic
Sixto Durán Ballén, former president of Ecuador
Solomon ben Simon Duran, also known as the Rashbash, Algerian rabbi
Tita Duran, Filipina film actress
Tony Duran, member of the American band Ruben and the Jets
Tony Duran (photographer), American photographer

tag: ul

text: Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Duran. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

tag: table

text: Surnames

text: Articles with short descriptionAll set index articles


document_title: Hockey World Cup

question_text: when did pakistan won the last hockey world cup

text: Hockey World Cup

text: History[edit]

text: The Hockey World Cup was first conceived by Pakistan's Air Marshal Nur Khan. He proposed his idea to the FIH through Patrick Rowley, the first editor of World Hockey magazine. Their idea was approved on October 26, 1969, and adopted by the FIH Council at a meeting in Brussels on April 12, 1970. The FIH decided that the inaugural World Cup would be held in October 1971, in Pakistan.

text: However, political issues would prevent that first competition from being played in Pakistan. The FIH had inadvertently scheduled the first World Cup to be played in Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War. Furthermore, Pakistan and India had been at war with each other only six years earlier. When Pakistan invited India to compete in the tournament, a crisis arose. Pakistanis, led by cricketer Abdul Hafeez Kardar, protested against India's participation in the Hockey World Cup.

text: Given the intense political climate between Pakistan and India, the FIH decided to move the tournament elsewhere. In March 1971, coincidentally in the same month Bangladesh declared independence from Pakistan, the FIH decided to move the first Hockey World Cup to the Real Club de Polo grounds in Barcelona, Spain, which was considered a neutral and peaceful European site.[6]

text: The FIH has set no requirements or limitations on the size of the competition. The 1971 Cup included only ten nations, the smallest World Cup to date. The 1978 Cup featured fourteen nations. The 2002 Cup featured sixteen nations, the largest World Cup to date. The remaining 9 World Cups have featured 12 nations.

text: The first three tournaments were held every two years. The 1978 cup was the only tournament held three years from the previous one. It was halfway between the Summer Olympics hockey competition and has continued that way. In other words, the tournament has been held every four years ever since.

text: Trophy[edit]

text: The Hockey World Cup trophy was designed by the Bashir Moojid and created by the Pakistani Army. On March 27, 1971, in Brussels, the trophy was formally handed to FIH President Rene Frank by Mr H.E Masood, the Pakistani Ambassador to Belgium. The trophy consists of a silver cup with an intricate floral design, surmounted by a globe of the world in silver and gold, placed on a high blade base inlaid with ivory. At its peak is a model hockey stick and ball. Without its base, the trophy stands 120.85 mm (4.758 in) high. Including the base, the trophy stands 650 mm (26 in). It weighs 11,560 g (408 oz), including 895 g (31.6 oz) of gold, 6,815 g (240.4 oz) of silver, 350 g (12 oz) of ivory and 3,500 g (120 oz) of teak.[7]

text: Format[edit]

text: The Hockey World Cup consists of a qualification stage and a final tournament stage. The format for each stage is the same.

text: Qualification[edit]

text: The qualification stage has been a part of the Hockey World Cup since 1977. All participating teams play in the qualification round. The teams divide into two or more pools and compete for a berth in the final tournament. The top two teams are automatically qualified and the rest of the berths are decided in playoffs.

text: Final tournament[edit]

text: The final tournament features the continental champions and other qualified teams. Sometimes it also features the winners of the Summer Olympics' hockey competition or the continental runners-up. The teams divide into pools once more and play a round robin tournament. The composition of the pools is determined using the current world rankings. The top two teams in each pool play in the semifinals for a place in the final. The bottom two teams in the semifinals have a third place playoff. The rest of the teams have playoffs to determine their final positions. If they are third or fourth in their pool, they play for fifth place; if they are fifth or sixth in their pool, they play for ninth place.

text: Results[edit]

text: Summaries[edit]

text:
Year
Host

Final

Third place match

Winner
Score
Runner-up
Third place
Score
Fourth place

1971
Details
Barcelona, Spain

Pakistan
1–0

Spain

India
2–1
after extra time

Kenya

1973
Details
Amstelveen, Netherlands

Netherlands
2–2
(4–2)
Penalty strokes

India

West Germany
1–0

Pakistan

1975
Details
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

India
2–1

Pakistan

West Germany
4–0

Malaysia

1978
Details
Buenos Aires, Argentina

Pakistan
3–2

Netherlands

Australia
4–3

West Germany

1982
Details
Bombay, India

Pakistan
3–1

West Germany

Australia
4–2

Netherlands

1986
Details
London, England

Australia
2–1

England

West Germany
3–2
after extra time

Soviet Union

1990
Details
Lahore, Pakistan

Netherlands
3–1

Pakistan

Australia
2–1
after extra time

West Germany

1994
Details
Sydney, Australia

Pakistan
1–1
(4–3)
Penalty strokes

Netherlands

Australia
5–2

Germany

1998
Details
Utrecht, Netherlands

Netherlands
3–2
after extra time

Spain

Germany
1–0

Australia

2002
Details
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Germany
2–1

Australia

Netherlands
2–1
after extra time

South Korea

2006
Details
Mönchengladbach, Germany

Germany
4–3

Australia

Spain
3–2
after extra time

South Korea

2010
Details
New Delhi, India

Australia
2–1

Germany

Netherlands
4–3

England

2014
Details
The Hague, Netherlands

Australia
6–1

Netherlands

Argentina
2–0

England

2018
Details
Bhubaneswar, India

text: Successful national teams[edit]

text: Twenty-four teams have qualified for a Hockey World Cup. Of these, eleven teams have made it to the semifinals. Seven teams have made it through to the finals. To date, Pakistan has been the most successful team in the World Cup, with four titles from six appearances in the final. The Netherlands have also been successful, with three titles from six appearances in the final.

text: Australia have been the most successful team in the World Cup in recent years. They won the tournament in 2010 and 2014, and now have three titles from five appearances in the final. Australia took the mantle from Germany who won in 2002 and 2006. India won their lone title in 1975.

text: Below is a list of teams that have finished in the top four positions in the tournament:

text:
Team
Titles
Runners-up
Third places
Fourth places

 Pakistan
4 (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994)
2 (1975, 1990*)

1 (1973)

 Netherlands
3 (1973*, 1990, 1998*)
3 (1978, 1994, 2014*)
2 (2002, 2010)
1 (1982)

 Australia
3 (1986, 2010, 2014)
2 (2002, 2006)
4 (1978, 1982, 1990, 1994*)
1 (1998)

 Germany^
2 (2002, 2006*)
2 (1982, 2010)
4 (1973, 1975, 1986, 1998)
3 (1978, 1990, 1994)

 India
1 (1975)
1 (1973)
1 (1971)

 Spain

2 (1971*, 1998)
1 (2006)

 England

1 (1986*)

2 (2010, 2014)

 Argentina

1 (2014)

 South Korea

2 (2002, 2006)

 Kenya

1 (1971)

 Malaysia

1 (1975*)

 Soviet Union#

1 (1986)

text: Performance by host nations[edit]

text: Nine nations have hosted the Hockey World Cup. Only the Netherlands (1973 and 1998) and Germany (2006) have won the tournament as hosts. Spain, England, and Pakistan emerged as host runners-up in the 1971, 1986 and 1990 tournaments. Australia placed third when it hosted the 1994 tournament in Sydney.

text: Performance by continental zones[edit]

text: To date, the finals of the Hockey World Cup have been contested by Asian, European and Oceania continental teams. Asian and European teams are tied with five titles each. Australia is the only team from Oceania to win the tournament. Neither the Americas nor Africa have ever won the title.

text:
Continent
Best performance

Asia
5 titles, won by Pakistan (4) and India (1)

Europe
5 titles, won by the Netherlands (3) and Germany (2)

Oceania
3 titles, won by Australia

Americas
Third place (Argentina, 2014)

Africa
Fourth place (Kenya, 1971)

text: Team appearances[edit]

text:
Team

1971

1973

1975

1978

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

2014

2018
Total

 Argentina
10th
9th
11th
8th
12th
6th
9th
7th
–
6th
10th
7th
3rd
Q
13

 Australia
8th
–
5th
3rd
3rd
1st
3rd
3rd
4th
2nd
2nd
1st
1st
Q
13

 Belarus
Part of the Soviet Union
12th
–
–
–
–
–
–
1

 Belgium
–
8th
–
14th
–
–
–
11th
–
14th
–
–
5th
Q
6

 Canada
–
–
–
11th
–
10th
11th
–
8th
–
–
11th
–
Q
6

 China
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Q
1

 Cuba
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
16th
–
–
–
–
1

 England
–
6th
6th
7th
8th
2nd
5th
6th
6th
7th
5th
4th
4th
Q
13

 France
7th
–
–
–
–
–
7th
–
–
–
–
–
–
Q
3

 Germany^
5th
3rd
3rd
4th
2nd
3rd
4th
4th
3rd
1st
1st
2nd
6th
Q
14

 Ghana
–
–
12th
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

1

 India
3rd
2nd
1st
6th
5th
12th
10th
5th
9th
10th
11th
8th
9th
Q
14

 Ireland
–
–
–
12th
–
–
12th
–
–
–
–
–
–
Q
3

 Italy
–
–
–
13th
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1

 Japan
9th
10th
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
12th
9th
–
–
–
4

 Kenya
4th
12th
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

2

 Malaysia
–
11th
4th
10th
10th
–
–
–
11th
8th
–
–
12th
Q
8

 Netherlands
6th
1st
9th
2nd
4th
7th
1st
2nd
1st
3rd
7th
3rd
2nd
Q
14

 New Zealand
–
7th
7th
–
7th
9th
–
–
10th
9th
8th
9th
7th
Q
10

 Pakistan
1st
4th
2nd
1st
1st
11th
2nd
1st
5th
5th
6th
12th
–
Q
13

 Poland
–
–
10th
9th
8th
8th
–
–
12th
15th
–
–
–
–
6

 South Africa
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
10th
–
13th
12th
10th
11th

5

 South Korea
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
8th
7th
4th
4th
6th
10th
–
6

 Soviet Union#
–
–
–
–
6th
4th
6th
Defunct
3

 Spain
2nd
5th
8th
5th
11th
5th
8th
9th
2nd
11th
3rd
5th
8th
Q
14

Total
10
12
12
14
12
12
12
12
12
16
12
12
12
16
176

text: Germany, India, the Netherlands and Spain are the only teams to have competed at each World Cup; 24 teams have competed in at least one World Cup.

text: Debut of teams[edit]

text:
Year
Debutants
Total

1971
 Argentina,  Australia,  France,  India,  Japan,  Kenya,  Netherlands,  Pakistan,  Spain,  West Germany^
10

1973
 Belgium,  England,  New Zealand,  Malaysia
4

1975
 Ghana,  Poland
2

1978
 Canada,  Ireland,  Italy
3

1982
 Soviet Union#
1

1986

0

1990

0

1994
 Belarus,  Germany^,  South Africa,  South Korea
3 (+1^)

1998

0

2002
 Cuba
1

2006

0

2010

0

2014

0

2018
 China
1

Total

25 (+1^)

text:
Total number of teams which have participated in the World Cups through 2018 is 25, using FIH's view on successor teams
^ Germany is a successor of West Germany and not a separate team.
# Belarus was a part of Soviet Union but not Successor, Hence Belarus is a new separate entity..


document_title: Soldier Field

question_text: when did the bears start playing at soldier field

text: Soldier Field

text: History[edit]

text: Soldier Field was designed in 1919 and opened on October 9, 1924, as Municipal Grant Park Stadium. The name was changed to Soldier Field on November 11, 1925, as a memorial to U.S. soldiers who had died in combat. Its formal dedication as Soldier Field was on Saturday, November 27, 1926,[14] during the 29th annual playing of the Army–Navy Game.[15] Its design is in the Neoclassical style, with Doric columns rising above the East and West entrances.[16] The stadium cost $13 million to construct ($182 million in 2015 dollars), a very large sum for a sporting venue at that time (in comparison, L.A. Memorial Coliseum had cost less than $1 million in 1923 dollars).

text: Early configuration[edit]

text: In its earliest configuration, Soldier Field was capable of seating 74,280 spectators and was in the shape of a U. Additional seating could be added along the interior field, upper promenades and on the large, open field and terrace beyond the north endzone,[17] bringing the seating capacity to over 100,000.[18]

text: Chicago Bears move in[edit]

text: Soldier Field was used as a site for many sporting events and exhibitions. The Chicago Cardinals used it as their home field for their final season in Chicago in 1959. A dozen years later in September 1971, the Chicago Bears moved in, originally with a three-year commitment.[12][13] They previously played at Wrigley Field, best known as the home of the Chicago Cubs baseball team, but were forced to move to a larger venue due to post-AFL–NFL merger policies requiring that stadium capacities seat over 50,000 spectators. They had intended to build a stadium in Arlington Heights. In 1978, the Bears and the Chicago Park District agreed to a 20-year lease and renovation of the stadium. Both parties pooled their resources for the renovation.[19] The playing surface was AstroTurf from 1971 through 1987, replaced with natural grass in 1988.[20]

text: Replacement talks[edit]

text: In 1989, Soldier Field's future was in jeopardy after a proposal was created for a "McDome", which was intended to be a domed stadium for the Bears, but was rejected by the Illinois Legislature in 1990. Because of this, Bears president Michael McCaskey considered relocation as a possible factor for a new stadium. The Bears had also purchased options in Hoffman Estates and Aurora. In 1995, McCaskey announced that he and Northwest Indiana developers agreed to construction of an entertainment complex called "Planet Park", which would also include a new stadium. However, the plan was rejected by the Lake County Council, and in 1998, Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley proposed that the Bears share Comiskey Park with the Chicago White Sox.[21]

text: Renovation and landmark delisting[edit]

text: Beginning in 1978, the plank seating was replaced by individual seats with backs and armrests. In 1982, a new press box as well as 60 skyboxes were added to the stadium, boosting capacity to 66,030. In 1988, 56 more skyboxes were added increasing capacity to 66,946. Capacity was slightly increased to 66,950 in 1992. By 1994, capacity was slightly reduced to 66,944. During the renovation, seating capacity was reduced to 55,701 by building a grandstand in the open end of the U shape. This moved the field closer to both ends at the expense of seating capacity. The goal of this renovation was to move the fans closer to the field.[15] The front row 50-yard line seats were then now only 55 feet (17 m) away from the sidelines, the shortest distance of all NFL stadiums, until MetLife Stadium opened in 2010, with a distance of 46 feet.[citation needed]

text: In 2001, the Chicago Park District, which owns the structure, faced substantial criticism when it announced plans to alter the stadium with a design by Benjamin T. Wood and Carlos Zapata of the Boston-based architecture firm Wood + Zapata. Stadium grounds were reconfigured by Chicago-based architecture firm of Lohan Associate, led by architect Dirk Lohan, the grandson of architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The stadium's interior would be demolished and reconstructed while the exterior would be preserved. This is an example of facadism. A similar endeavor of constructing a new stadium within the confines of an historic stadium's exterior was completed in Leipzig, Germany's Red Bull Arena, which similarly build a modern stadium while persevering the exterior of the original Zentralstadion.

text: Dozens of articles by writers and columnists attacked the project as an aesthetic, political, and financial nightmare. The project received mixed reviews within the architecture community, including criticism by civic and preservation groups.[22] Prominent American architect and Chicagoan Stanley Tigerman called it "a fiasco".[23] The Chicago Tribune architecture critic Blair Kamin dubbed it the "Eyesore on the Lake Shore".[24][25][26] The renovation was described by some as "a spaceship landed on the stadium".[27] Lohan responded,

text: "I would never say that Soldier Field is an architectural landmark. Nobody has copied it; nobody has learned from it. People like it for nostalgic reasons. They remember the games and parades and tractor pulls and veterans' affairs they've seen there over the years. I wouldn't do this if it were the Parthenon. But this isn't the Parthenon."[23]

text: Proponents argued the renovation was direly needed citing aging and cramped facilities. The New York Times ranked the renovated Soldier Field as one of the five best new buildings of 2003.[28] Soldier Field was given an award in design excellence by the American Institute of Architects in 2004.[29]

text: On September 23, 2004, as a result of the 2003 renovation, a 10-member federal advisory committee unanimously recommended that Soldier Field be delisted as a National Historic Landmark.[30][31] The recommendation to delist was prepared by Carol Ahlgren, architectural historian at the National Park Service's Midwest Regional Office in Omaha, Nebraska. Ahlgren was quoted in Preservation Online as stating that "if we had let this stand, I believe it would have lowered the standard of National Historic Landmarks throughout the country", and, "If we want to keep the integrity of the program, let alone the landmarks, we really had no other recourse." The stadium lost the Landmark designation on February 17, 2006.[32]

text: In May 2012, the stadium became the first NFL stadium to achieve LEED status.[33]

text: Public transportation[edit]

text: The closest Chicago 'L' station to Soldier Field is the Roosevelt station on the Orange, Green and Red lines. The Chicago Transit Authority also operates the #128 Soldier Field Express bus route to the stadium from Ogilvie Transportation Center and Union Station. There are also two Metra stations close by—the Museum Campus/11th Street station on the Metra Electric Line, which also is used by South Shore Line trains, and 18th Street, which is only served by the Metra Electric Line. Pace also provides access from the Northwest, West and Southwest suburbs to the stadium with four express routes from Schaumburg, Lombard, Bolingbrook, Burr Ridge, Palos Heights and Oak Lawn.

text: Events[edit]

text: Football[edit]

text: Single events[edit]

text:
The stadium hosted its first football game, on October 4, 1924, between Louisville Male High School and Chicago Austin Community Academy High School. Louisville's team won 26–0. (Chicago Tribune, October 2, 1924)
Over 100,000 spectators attended the 1926 Army–Navy Game. It would decide the national championship, as Navy entered undefeated and Army had lost only to Notre Dame. The game lived up to its hype, and even though it ended in a 21–21 tie, Navy was awarded the national championship.[34]
The all-time collegiate attendance record of 123,000+ was established November 26, 1927, as Notre Dame beat the University of Southern California 7–6. In 2016, 150,000+ attended a game between Virginia Tech and Tennessee at Bristol Speedway.[15]
Austin defeated Leo to win the 1937 Prep Bowl; another contender for the highest attendance ever (estimated at over 120,000 spectators). The Chicago Prep Bowl games are held at Soldier Field yearly on the day after Thanksgiving. The bowl game is older than the IHSA state championship tournament held since the 1960s.
The stadium was host to 41 College All-Star Games, an exhibition between the previous year's NFL champion (or, in its final years, Super Bowl champion) and a team of collegiate all-star players prior to their reporting to their new professional teams training camps. This game was discontinued after the 1976 NFL season. The final game in 1976 was halted in the third quarter when a torrential thunderstorm broke out and play was never resumed.
In 2012, Notre Dame hosted a game at Soldier Field against the University of Miami as part of their Shamrock Series.
Four NFC Championship Games have been held at the stadium.
NFL teams winless at Soldier Field: Baltimore Ravens (0–3), Cleveland Browns (0–3), and San Diego Chargers (0–4).
NFL teams unbeaten at Soldier Field: Houston Texans (2–0).

text: NFL playoffs[edit]

text:
The 1985 NFC Championship Game took place in Soldier Field, where the Chicago Bears defeated the Los Angeles Rams 24–0.
The 1988 NFC Championship Game took place here, where the Chicago Bears lost to eventual Super Bowl XXIII champions San Francisco 49ers 28–3.
The 2006 NFC Championship Game granted the Chicago Bears their second trip to the Super Bowl, the first in 21 years, with a 39–14 victory over the New Orleans Saints.
The 2010 NFC Championship Game matched the Chicago Bears against the Green Bay Packers, where the Bears were defeated by the eventual Super Bowl XLV champions, 21–14.

text: Other Bears playoff games at Soldier Field:

text:
1985 NFC Divisional Playoff: Chicago Bears 21, New York Giants 0
1986 NFC Divisional Playoff: Washington Redskins 27, Chicago Bears 13
1987 NFC Divisional Playoff: Washington 21, Chicago 17
1988 NFC Divisional Playoff: Chicago Bears 20, Philadelphia Eagles 12 (this game is best remembered as the Fog Bowl, where a dense fog covered the stadium, reducing visibility to 15–20 yards.)
1990 NFC Wild Card: Chicago Bears 16, New Orleans Saints 6
1991 NFC Wild Card: Dallas Cowboys 17, Chicago Bears 13
2001 NFC Divisional Playoff: Philadelphia 33, Chicago 19. This was also the last home game before the renovations took place in 2002.
2005 NFC Divisional Playoff: Carolina Panthers 29, Chicago Bears 21
2006 NFC Divisional Playoff: Chicago Bears 27, Seattle Seahawks 24 (OT)
2010 NFC Divisional Playoff: Chicago Bears 35, Seattle Seahawks 24

text: College football[edit]

text: NIU Huskies football plays select games at Soldier Field, all of which have featured the Huskies hosting a team from the Big Ten Conference. Northern Illinois University (NIU) is located in DeKalb, 65 miles (105 km) to the west on Interstate 88.

text:
On September 1, 2007, NIU faced the University of Iowa in the first Division I College Football game at Soldier Field since renovations. The Hawkeyes defeated the Huskies, 16–3.
On September 17, 2011, the Huskies returned to play the Wisconsin Badgers in a game that was called "Soldier Field Showdown II". The eventual Big Ten champion Badgers topped NIU, 49–7.
On September 1, 2012, NIU hosted the Iowa Hawkeyes in a season opener that was called "Soldier Field Showdown III". The Hawkeyes narrowly defeated the Huskies, 18–17.

text: Notre Dame Fighting Irish football used the stadium as home field for the 1929 season while Notre Dame Stadium was being constructed. The school has used Soldier Field for single games on occasion both prior to and since the 1929 season.

text: Hockey[edit]

text: The Notre Dame Fighting Irish and Miami RedHawks played a doubleheader on February 17, 2013 with the Wisconsin Badgers and Minnesota Golden Gophers in the Hockey City Classic, the first outdoor hockey game in the history of the stadium.[35] A Chicago Gay Hockey Association intra-squad game was held in affiliation with the Hockey City Classic.[36]

text: The Chicago Blackhawks played against the Pittsburgh Penguins on March 1, 2014 as part of the NHL's Stadium Series. The Blackhawks defeated the Penguins 5-1 before a sold-out crowd of 62,921.[37] The team also held its 2015 Stanley Cup Championship celebration at the stadium instead of Grant Park, where other city championships have typically been held, due to recent rains.[38]

text: February 7, 2015 Soldier Field hosted another edition of the Hockey City Classic. The event had been delayed due to unusually warm weather (42 °F) and complications with the quality of the ice. The 2015 edition of the Hockey City Classic featured a match between Miami of Ohio and Western Michigan, followed by a match between the Big Ten's Michigan and Michigan State[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] February 5 the organizers of the Hockey City Classic organized the Unite on the Ice event benefiting St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. The event was centered upon a celebrity hockey game with former NHL and AHL players, as well as a public free skate at Soldier Field. Participants in the celebrity game included Éric Dazé, Jamal Mayers and Gino Cavallini. Denis Savard was in attendance, serving as an 'honorary coach' during the game.[47] February 15, 2015 Soldier Field hosted another Chicago Gay Hockey Association intra-league match in association with the Hockey City Classic at Soldier Field.[36]

text: Soccer[edit]

text: 1994 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
Date
Time (CDT)
Team #1
Result
Team #2
Round
Spectators

June 17, 1994
14:00
 Germany
1–0
 Bolivia
Group C/Opening Match
63,117

June 21, 1994
15:00
 Germany
1–1
 Spain
Group C
63,113

June 26, 1994
11:30
 Greece
0–4
 Bulgaria
Group D
63,160

June 27, 1994
15:00
 Bolivia
1–3
 Spain
Group C
63,089

July 2, 1994
11:00
 Germany
3–2
 Belgium
Round of 16
60,246

text: 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup[edit]

text:
Date
Time (CDT)
Team #1
Result
Team #2
Round
Spectators

June 24, 1999
17.00
 Brazil
2–0
 Italy
Group B
65,080

19.00
 United States
7–1
 Nigeria
Group A
65,080

June 26, 1999
16.00
 Ghana
0–2
 Sweden
Group D
34,256

18.30
 Norway
4-0
 Japan
Group C
34,256

text: CONCACAF Gold Cups[edit]

text: 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text:
Date
Team #1
Result
Team #2
Round
Spectators

21 June 2007
 Canada
1–2
 United States
Semifinals
50,760

 Mexico
1–0
 Guadeloupe

24 June 2007
 United States
2–1
 Mexico
Final
60,000

text: 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text:
Date
Team #1
Result
Team #2
Round
Spectators

23 July 2009
 Honduras
1–2
 United States
Semifinals
55,173

 Costa Rica
1–1 (3-5 pen)
 Mexico

text: 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text:
Date
Team #1
Result
Team #2
Round
Spectators

12 June 2011
 El Salvador
6–1
 Cuba
Group A
62,000

 Mexico
4–1
 Costa Rica

text: 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text:
Date
Team #1
Result
Team #2
Round
Spectators

28 July 2013
 United States
1–0
 Panama
Final
57,920

text: 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text:
Date
Team #1
Result
Team #2
Round
Spectators

July 9, 2015
 Trinidad and Tobago
3–1
 Guatemala
Group C
54,126

 Mexico
6–0
 Cuba

text: Copa América Centenario[edit]

text:
Date
Time (CDT)
Team #1
Result
Team #2
Round
Spectators

June 5, 2016
16:00
 Jamaica
0–1
 Venezuela
Group C
25,560

June 7, 2016
19:00
 United States
4–0
 Costa Rica
Group A
39,642

June 10, 2016
20:30
 Argentina
5–0
 Panama
Group D
53,885

June 22, 2016
19:00
 Colombia
0–2
 Chile
Semi-finals
55,423

text: Single events[edit]

text:
Over 15,000 spectators attended the first leg of the 1928 National Challenge Cup (now known as the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup) between soccer teams Bricklayers and Masons F.C. of Chicago and New York Nationals of New York City. The match ended in 1–1 tie, and New York won the second leg 3–0 in New York City.
United States vs. Brazil in a friendly match – September 9, 2007.
Liverpool F.C. vs Olympiacos in the 2014 International Champions Cup with Liverpool F.C. winning 1-0[48]
F.C. Bayern Munich vs A.C. Milan in the 2016 International Champions Cup with the game resulting in a 3-3 draw and A.C. Milan winning the penalty shootout 5-3.
Site of the 2017 MLS All-Star Game, to be played on August 2, 2017 between Real Madrid and a group of all-stars representing Major League Soccer.

text: Special Olympics[edit]

text: The 1st International Special Olympics Summer Games were held at Soldier Field in Chicago on July 19–20, 1968. The games spanned two days and more than 1,000 people with intellectual disabilities from 26 U.S. states and Canada competed in track and field and swimming, sparking a worldwide Special Olympics movement that now thrives today.

text: Rugby union[edit]

text: The stadium hosted its first international rugby union test match between the United States Eagles and New Zealand All Blacks on November 1, 2014 as part of the 2014 end-of-year rugby union tests.[49] More than half of the 61,500 tickets were sold within two days.[50] The All Blacks beat the Eagles 74–6.[51] The stadium hosted its second international rugby union match on September 5, 2015 with the United States hosting Australia as part of the 2015 Rugby World Cup warm-up matches shortly before both teams were due to travel to England for the 2015 Rugby World Cup.[52] The Eagles were defeated 47–10. Ireland beat New Zealand 40-29 on November 5, 2016 at Soldier Field, as part of the 2016 end-of-year rugby union internationals – the very first time Ireland had beaten the All Blacks in a Test match in 111 years of play.[53]

text: Concerts[edit]

text:
Date
Artist
Opening act(s)
Tour / concert name
Attendance
Revenue
Notes

August 21, 1937
Lily Pons
Rudy Vallee
Jascha Heifetz
Bobby Breen
N/A
8th Annual Chicagoland Music Festival
N/A
N/A

August 15, 1964
Johnny Cash
June Carter
N/A
Chicagoland Music Festival
N/A
N/A

August 9, 1966
Barbra Streisand
N/A
An Evening with Barbra Streisand Tour
N/A
N/A

July 18, 1970

Performers[show]

Chicago
Illinois Speed Press
The Illusion
Pig Iron
Iggy Pop
The Stooges
Dream
Leon Russell
MC5
Funkadelic
Mason Proffit
Bush
Happy Day
It Doesn't Matter
Joe Kelley Blues Band
Bloomsbury People

N/A
WCFL's Big Ten Summer Music Festival
N/A
N/A

June 4, 1977
Emerson, Lake & Palmer
Foghat
The J. Geils Band
Climax Blues Band
ELP Works
N/A
N/A

June 19, 1977
Pink Floyd
N/A
In the Flesh Tour
95,000
N/A

July 9, 1977
Lynyrd Skynyrd
Point Blank

77,197
N/A

July 10, 1977
Ted Nugent
Lynyrd Skynyrd
REO Speedwagon
Journey
.38 Special
Super Bowl of Rock #3
N/A
N/A

August 13, 1977
Peter Frampton
Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band
Rick Derringer
UFO

N/A
N/A

July 8, 1978
The Rolling Stones
Journey
Southside Johnny & The Asbury Jukes
Peter Tosh
The Rolling Stones US Tour 1978
N/A
N/A

Augst 26, 1978
Parliament-Funkadelic
The Bar-Kays
Con Funk Shun
A Taste of Honey
Funk Fest
N/A
N/A

July 19, 1980
Smokey Robinson
The O'Jays

N/A
N/A

August 10–18, 1983

Performers[show]

Buddy Guy
Junior Wells
The Beach Boys
Stevie Ray Vaughan
Double Trouble
The Association
The Hollies
The Kind
Laura Branigan

N/A
ChicagoFest
N/A
N/A

August 9, 1985
Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band
N/A
Born in the U.S.A. Tour
71,222 / 71,222
$1,228,500

July 31, 1987
Madonna
Level 42
Who's That Girl World Tour
47,407 / 47,407
$1,066,658

July 29, 1990
Paul McCartney
N/A
The Paul McCartney World Tour
55,630 / 55,630
$1,807,975

June 22, 1990
Grateful Dead
N/A

N/A
N/A

June 25, 1992
Steve Miller Band

June 26, 1992

June 18, 1993
Sting

June 19, 1993

July 12, 1994
Pink Floyd
N/A
The Division Bell Tour
51,981 / 51,981
$2,056,105

July 23, 1994
Grateful Dead
Traffic

N/A
N/A

July 24, 1994

September 11, 1994
The Rolling Stones
Lenny Kravitz
Voodoo Lounge Tour
90,303 / 90,303
$4,194,320

September 12, 1994

July 8, 1995
Grateful Dead
The Band

N/A
N/A
The 1995 Grateful Dead concerts were the band's last, as guitarist and vocalist Jerry Garcia died a month later.[54]

July 9, 1995

July 11, 1995
Pearl Jam
Bad Religion
Otis Rush
Vitalogy Tour
N/A
N/A

September 14, 1996
Little Feat
Taj Mahal

N/A
N/A

June 27, 1997
U2
Fun Lovin' Criminals
PopMart Tour
116,912 / 127,500
$5,956,587

June 28, 1997

June 29, 1997

July 18, 1997

Performers[show]

Bad Religion
Blink-182
Descendents
Hed PE
Jimmy 2 Times
Lagwagon
Latex Generation
Less Than Jake
Limp Bizkit
The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
Millencolin
Murder City Devils
Orange 9mm
Pennywise
Reel Big Fish
Sick of It All
Snot
Social Distortion
Strung Out
Sugar Ray
Trading Bryson
Vision of Disorder
White Kaps

N/A
Vans Warped Tour
N/A
N/A

September 23, 1997
The Rolling Stones
Blues Traveler
Bridges to Babylon Tour
107,186 / 107,186
$6,260,000

September 25, 1997

May 10, 1998
George Strait
N/A
Country Music Festival Tour
N/A
N/A

April 25, 1999

May 13, 2000
Wilco
N/A

N/A
N/A

June 29, 2000
Dave Matthews Band
Ben Harper & The Innocent Criminals
Ozomatli

N/A
N/A

June 30, 2000

June 16, 2001
NSYNC
BBMak
3LW
Dream
PopOdyssey
85,650 / 103,903
$4,739,359

June 17, 2001

July 6, 2001
Dave Matthews Band
Buddy Guy
Angélique Kidjo

N/A
N/A

July 7, 2001

September 10, 2005
The Rolling Stones
Los Lonely Boys
A Bigger Bang
N/A
N/A

July 21, 2006
Bon Jovi
Nickelback
Have a Nice Day Tour
52,612 / 52,612
$3,988,455

October 11, 2006
The Rolling Stones
Elvis Costello & The Imposters
A Bigger Bang
N/A
N/A

June 21, 2008
Kenny Chesney
Keith Urban
LeAnn Rimes
Gary Allan
The Poets and Pirates Tour
N/A
N/A

October 11–12, 2008

Performers[show]

Son Volt
Cross Canadian Ragweed
Gretchen Wilson
Justin Townes Earle
Lady Antebellum
Luke Bryan
Rissi Palmer
Taylor Swift
The Lawrence Peters Outfit
Tift Merritt

N/A
Chicago Country Music Festival
N/A
N/A

June 13, 2009
Kenny Chesney
Lady Antebellum
Miranda Lambert
Montgomery Gentry
Sugarland
Sun City Carnival Tour
48,763 / 50,109
$3,184,606

September 12, 2009
U2
Snow Patrol
U2 360° Tour
135,872 / 135,872
$13,860,480

September 13, 2009

June 12, 2010

Performers[show]

All Time Low
Boys Like Girls
Cady Groves
Forever the Sickest Kids
Good Charlotte
Hellogoodbye
LMFAO
Simple Plan
Third Eye Blind
Drive A
Great Big Planes
Mercy Mercedes
The Prices
The Ready Set
Stereo Skyline
Vita Chambers

N/A
The Bamboozle Roadshow 2010
N/A
N/A
Event held at Soldier Field parking lot

June 19, 2010
Eagles
Dixie Chicks
JD & The Straight Shot
Long Road Out of Eden Tour
29,233 / 32,420
$3,186,493

July 7, 2010
deadmau5
Rye Rye
Brazilian Girls

N/A
N/A

July 30, 2010
Bon Jovi
Kid Rock
The Circle Tour
95,959 / 95,959
$8,606,259

July 31, 2010

July 5, 2011
U2
Interpol
U2 360° Tour
64,297 / 64,297
$5,786,335

August 23, 2011
Wayne Baker Brooks
Sugar Blue

N/A
N/A

July 7, 2012
Kenny Chesney
Tim McGraw
Jake Owen
Grace Potter and the Nocturnals
Brothers of the Sun Tour
51,100 / 51,100
$5,109,399

July 12, 2013
Bon Jovi
The J. Geils Band
Because We Can
45,178 / 45,178
$4,690,204

July 22, 2013
Jay-Z
Justin Timberlake
DJ Cassidy
Legends of the Summer
52,671 / 52,671
$5,715,152

August 10, 2013
Taylor Swift
Ed Sheeran
Casey James
Austin Mahone
The Red Tour
50,809 / 50,809
$4,149,148

July 24, 2014
Beyoncé
Jay-Z
N/A
On the Run Tour
50,035 / 50,035
$5,783,396

August 29, 2014
One Direction
5 Seconds of Summer
Where We Are Tour
104,617 / 104,617
$9,446,247

August 30, 2014

August 31, 2014
Luke Bryan
Dierks Bentley
Lee Brice
Cole Swindell
DJ Rock
That's My Kind of Night Tour
50,529 / 50,529
$3,754,362

June 6, 2015
Kenny Chesney
Miranda Lambert
Brantley Gilbert
Chase Rice
Old Dominion
The Big Revival Tour
43,630 / 48,278
$3,776,207
Chesney was the main headliner, Lambert joined as the co-headliner only for the Chicago show

July 3, 2015
Grateful Dead
N/A
Fare Thee Well: Celebrating 50 Years of the Grateful Dead
210,283 / 210,283
$30,683,274
50th Anniversary concerts[55]

July 4, 2015

July 5, 2015

July 18, 2015
Taylor Swift
Vance Joy
Shawn Mendes
HAIM
The 1989 World Tour
110,109 / 110,109
$11,469,887
Andy Grammer and Serayah were special guests on the July 18 show

July 19, 2015
Sam Hunt and Andreja Pejić & Lily Donaldson were special guests on the July 19 show

August 23, 2015
One Direction
Icona Pop
On the Road Again Tour
41,527 / 41,527
$3,382,655

May 27, 2016
Beyoncé
Rae Sremmurd
The Formation World Tour
89,270 / 89,270
$11,279,890

May 28, 2016
DJ Scratch

July 1, 2016
Guns N' Roses
Alice in Chains
Not in This Lifetime... Tour
82,172 / 96,088
$8,843,684

July 3, 2016

July 23, 2016
Coldplay
Alessia Cara
Foxes
A Head Full of Dreams Tour
95,323 / 95,323
$10,215,572
The July 23 show was cut short due to inclement weather.[56]

July 24, 2016

June 3, 2017
U2
The Lumineers
The Joshua Tree Tour 2017
105,078 / 105,078
$13,435,925

June 4, 2017

June 18, 2017
Metallica
Avenged Sevenfold
Local H
Mix Master Mike
WorldWired Tour
51,041 / 51,041
$6,093,976

August 17, 2017
Coldplay
AlunaGeorge
Izzy Bizu
A Head Full of Dreams Tour
—
—

text: Other events[edit]

text:
The 28th International Eucharistic Congress held three days of outdoor day and evening events from June 21–23, 1926.
The Long Count Fight, the second heavyweight championship bout between Jack Dempsey and Gene Tunney, was held at Soldier Field on September 22, 1927.
June 24, 1932 a war show celebrating the bicentennial of George Washington's birth featured Amelia Earhart.[57][58][59]
May 27, 1933 Soldier Field opening ceremonies of the Century of Progress Worlds Fair. Postmaster General and DNC-Chairman James Farley facilitated the opening ceremony.[60][61]
October 28, 1944, President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt made an appearance at Soldier Field, which was the only Midwestern speaking appearance he made in his last reelection campaign. This appearance was attended by over 150,000 (with at least as many people attempting to attend who were unable to gain admission).[62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69]
US General during World War II Douglas MacArthur addressed a crowd of 50,000 at Soldier Field, which was his first visit to the United States in 14 years in April 1951.
Glenn "Fireball" Roberts won the only NASCAR Grand National race held at the stadium's short track which ran across the old configuration, in 1956.[70][71] Three Convertible Division races were held at the stadium.[72]
The Chicago Freedom Movement, led by Martin Luther King, held a rally here on June 21. As many as 75,000 came to hear Reverends Martin Luther King Jr. and Theodore Hesburgh (president of Notre Dame University, Archbishop Arthur M. Brazier, and Minister Edgar Chandler among others.[73]
The Chicago Freedom Movement held a second rally here on July 10, 1966. As many as 60,000 people came to hear Dr. King as well as Mahalia Jackson, Stevie Wonder and Peter, Paul and Mary.[74]
The early-to-mid 1980s saw the US Hot Rod Association host Truck and Tractor Sled Pull Competitions and Monster Truck exhibitions here. The engines on some of the vehicles would echo through the skyscrapers in downtown Chicago as they made their pull. Damage to the stadium turf on a few of the event occasion's led USHRA to move events to the Rosemont Horizon (known today as Allstate Arena).
October 13 David D. Meilahn made the first-ever commercial cell phone call from his 1983 Mercedes-Benz 380SL at Soldier Field on a Motorola DynaTAC. This is considered a major turning point in communications. The call was to Bob Barnett, the former president of Ameritech Mobile Communications, who then placed a call on a DynaTAC from inside of a Chrysler convertible to the grandson of Alexander Graham Bell who was in Germany.[75]
The stadium was listed on the National Register of Historic Places beginning in 1984.[76] Its National Historic Landmark status was removed in 2006.[77]
In the summer of 2006, the stadium hosted the Opening Ceremony of the Gay Games[78]
In 2012, United States President Barack Obama held the 2012 Chicago summit, a summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), at McCormick Place and Soldier Field.[79]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
In the Marvel Comics event Siege, Soldier Field is inadvertently destroyed mid-game by Thor's friend Volstagg when he is tricked into fighting the U-Foes through Loki and Norman Osborn's manipulations of events.[80] The stadium is later seen being rebuilt by the heroes after Steve Rogers is appointed head of U.S. Security, following the aforementioned event.[81]
The 1977 documentary film Powers of Ten focuses on two people having a picnic on the east side of Soldier Field.[82]
The stadium appears in the 2006 Clint Eastwood–directed movie Flags of Our Fathers, when the survivors of the Iwo Jima flag-raising reenact it for a patriotic rally.[83]
The opening match of the 1994 World Cup at Soldier Field was one of the five events covered in the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary June 17th, 1994.
Soldier Field features (much changed) in August 4017a.d. in From The Highlands short story in David Weber's anthology collection Changer Of Worlds. It appears to have gone through multiple renovations, rebuilds and even having been built over, until nothing but the open space of the original remained
In the 13th Episode of Chicago Fire's fourth season, Soldier Field was featured on one of their calls for a terrorist hoax.
In the 21st Episode of Chicago Fire's fifth season, Soldier Field was featured on one of their calls for a high angle rescue.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Aerial view, c. 1988, behind the stadium is the Field Museum of Natural History

View from Northerly Island

Front of bronze mural

View towards the western grandstand's cantilever over the original western colonnade

Soldier Field nearing completion, 1924

Soccer game


document_title: Love Among the Ruins (poem)

question_text: what type of poem is love among the ruins

text: Love Among the Ruins (poem)

text: "Love Among the Ruins" is an 1855 poem by Robert Browning. It is the first poem in the collection Men and Women.

text: Overview[edit]

text: The poem begins:

text: Where the quiet-coloured end of evening smiles, Miles and miles On the solitary pastures where our sheep Half-asleep Tinkle homeward thro' the twilight, stray or stop As they crop--- Was the site once of a city great and gay, (So they say) Of our country's very capital, its prince Ages since Held his court in, gathered councils, wielding far Peace or war.

text: Browning here employs an unusual structure of rhyming couplets in which long trochaic lines are paired with short lines of three syllables. This may be related to the theme of the poem, a comparison between love and material glory. The speaker, overlooking a pasture where sheep graze, recalls that once a great ancient city, his country's capital, stood there. After spending four stanzas describing the beauty and grandeur of the ancient city, the speaker says that "a girl with eager eyes and yellow hair/Waits me there", and that "she looks now, breathless, dumb/Till I come." The speaker, after musing further on the glory of the city and thinking of how he will greet his lover, closes by rejecting the majesty of the old capital and preferring instead his love:

text: Oh heart! oh blood that freezes, blood that burns! Earth's returns For whole centuries of folly, noise and sin! Shut them in, With their triumphs and their glories and the rest! Love is best.

text: In culture[edit]

text: Browning's poem inspired or gave its title to many subsequent works, including a painting by Edward Burne-Jones, a 1975 TV-movie with Katharine Hepburn and Laurence Olivier, an episode of the American TV series Mad Men, and an album and song by the band 10,000 Maniacs.

text: The poem is quoted by the character Rupert Birkin in Women in Love, a novel by D. H. Lawrence.

text: The title of the poem is also made the title of a novella by the British satirist Evelyn Waugh.