document_title: Nile

question_text: where is the river nile located in egypt

question_tokens: where is the river nile located in egypt

text: Nile

text: Course[edit]

text: Above Khartoum, the Nile is also known as the White Nile, a term also used in a limited sense to describe the section between Lake No and Khartoum. At Khartoum the river is joined by the Blue Nile. The White Nile starts in equatorial East Africa, and the Blue Nile begins in Ethiopia. Both branches are on the western flanks of the East African Rift.

text: The drainage basin of the Nile covers 3,254,555 square kilometers (1,256,591 sq mi), about 10% of the area of Africa.[16] The Nile basin is complex, and because of this, the discharge at any given point along the mainstem depends on many factors including weather, diversions, evaporation and evapotranspiration, and groundwater flow.

text: Sources[edit]

text: The source of the Nile is sometimes considered to be Lake Victoria, but the lake has feeder rivers of considerable size. The Kagera River, which flows into Lake Victoria near the Tanzanian town of Bukoba, is the longest feeder, although sources do not agree on which is the longest tributary of the Kagera and hence the most distant source of the Nile itself.[17] It is either the Ruvyironza, which emerges in Bururi Province, Burundi,[18] or the Nyabarongo, which flows from Nyungwe Forest in Rwanda.[19] The two feeder rivers meet near Rusumo Falls on the Rwanda-Tanzania border.

text: In 2010, an exploration party[20] went to a place described as the source of the Rukarara tributary,[21] and by hacking a path up steep jungle-choked mountain slopes in the Nyungwe forest found (in the dry season) an appreciable incoming surface flow for many kilometres upstream, and found a new source, giving the Nile a length of 6,758 km (4,199 mi).

text: Gish Abay is reportedly the place where the "holy water" of the first drops of the Blue Nile develop.[22]

text: In Uganda[edit]

text: The Nile leaves Lake Nyanza (Victoria) at Ripon Falls near Jinja, Uganda, as the Victoria Nile. It flows north for some 130 kilometers (81 mi), to Lake Kyoga. The last part of the approximately 200 kilometers (120 mi) river section starts from the western shores of the lake and flows at first to the west until just south of Masindi Port, where the river turns north, then makes a great half circle to the east and north until Karuma Falls. For the remaining part it flows merely westerly through the Murchison Falls until it reaches the very northern shores of Lake Albert where it forms a significant river delta. The lake itself is on the border of DR Congo, but the Nile is not a border river at this point. After leaving Lake Albert, the river continues north through Uganda and is known as the Albert Nile.

text: In South Sudan[edit]

text: The river flows into South Sudan just south of Nimule, where it is known as the Bahr al Jabal ("Mountain River"[23]). Just south of the town it has the confluence with the Achwa River. The Bahr al Ghazal, itself 716 kilometers (445 mi) long, joins the Bahr al Jabal at a small lagoon called Lake No, after which the Nile becomes known as the Bahr al Abyad, or the White Nile, from the whitish clay suspended in its waters. When the Nile floods it leaves a rich silty deposit which fertilizes the soil. The Nile no longer floods in Egypt since the completion of the Aswan Dam in 1970. An anabranch river, the Bahr el Zeraf, flows out of the Nile's Bahr al Jabal section and rejoins the White Nile.

text: The flow rate of the Bahr al Jabal at Mongalla, South Sudan is almost constant throughout the year and averages 1,048 m3/s (37,000 cu ft/s). After Mongalla, the Bahr Al Jabal enters the enormous swamps of the Sudd region of South Sudan. More than half of the Nile's water is lost in this swamp to evaporation and transpiration. The average flow rate of the White Nile at the tails of the swamps is about 510 m3/s (18,000 cu ft/s). From here it soon meets with the Sobat River at Malakal. On an annual basis, the White Nile upstream of Malakal contributes about fifteen percent of the total outflow of the Nile River.[24]

text: The average flow of the White Nile at Lake Kawaki Malakal, just below the Sobat River, is 924 m3/s (32,600 cu ft/s); the peak flow is approximately 1,218 m3/s (43,000 cu ft/s) in October and minimum flow is about 609 m3/s (21,500 cu ft/s) in April. This fluctuation is due to the substantial variation in the flow of the Sobat, which has a minimum flow of about 99 m3/s (3,500 cu ft/s) in March and a peak flow of over 680 m3/s (24,000 cu ft/s) in October.[25] During the dry season (January to June) the White Nile contributes between 70 percent and 90 percent of the total discharge from the Nile.

text: In Sudan[edit]

text: Below Renk the White Nile enters Sudan, it flows north to Khartoum and meets the Blue Nile.

text: The course of the Nile in Sudan is distinctive. It flows over six groups of cataracts, from the sixth at Sabaloka just north of Khartoum northward to Abu Hamed. Due to the tectonic uplift of the Nubian Swell, the river is then diverted to flow for over 300 km south-west following the structure of the Central African Shear Zone embracing the Bayuda Desert. At Al Dabbah it resumes its northward course towards the first Cataract at Aswan forming the 'S'-shaped Great Bend of the Nile[26] already mentioned by Eratosthenes.[27]

text: In the north of Sudan the river enters Lake Nasser (known in Sudan as Lake Nubia), the larger part of which is in Egypt.

text: In Egypt[edit]

text: Below the Aswan High Dam, at the northern limit of Lake Nasser, the Nile resumes its historic course.

text: North of Cairo, the Nile splits into two branches (or distributaries) that feed the Mediterranean: the Rosetta Branch to the west and the Damietta to the east, forming the Nile Delta.

text: Tributaries[edit]

text: Atbara River[edit]

text: Below the confluence with the Blue Nile the only major tributary is the Atbara River, roughly halfway to the sea, which originates in Ethiopia north of Lake Tana, and is around 800 kilometers (500 mi) long. The Atbara flows only while there is rain in Ethiopia and dries very rapidly. During the dry period of January to June, it typically dries up. It joins the Nile approximately 300 kilometers (200 mi) north of Khartoum.

text: Blue Nile[edit]

text: The Blue Nile (Ge'ez ጥቁር ዓባይ Ṭiqūr ʿĀbbāy (Black Abay) to Ethiopians; Arabic: النيل الأزرق; transliterated: an-Nīl al-Azraq) springs from Lake Tana in the Ethiopian Highlands. The Blue Nile flows about 1,400 kilometres to Khartoum, where the Blue Nile and White Nile join to form the Nile.[29] Ninety percent of the water and ninety-six percent of the transported sediment carried by the Nile[30] originates in Ethiopia, with fifty-nine percent of the water from the Blue Nile (the rest being from the Tekezé, Atbarah, Sobat, and small tributaries). The erosion and transportation of silt only occurs during the Ethiopian rainy season in the summer, however, when rainfall is especially high on the Ethiopian Plateau; the rest of the year, the great rivers draining Ethiopia into the Nile (Sobat, Blue Nile, Tekezé, and Atbarah) have a weaker flow. In harsh and arid seasons and droughts the blue Nile dries out completely.[31]

text: The flow of the Blue Nile varies considerably over its yearly cycle and is the main contribution to the large natural variation of the Nile flow. During the dry season the natural discharge of the Blue Nile can be as low as 113 m3/s (4,000 cu ft/s), although upstream dams regulate the flow of the river. During the wet season the peak flow of the Blue Nile often exceeds 5,663 m3/s (200,000 cu ft/s) in late August (a difference of a factor of 50).

text: Before the placement of dams on the river the yearly discharge varied by a factor of 15 at Aswan. Peak flows of over 8,212 m3/s (290,000 cu ft/s) occurred during late August and early September, and minimum flows of about 552 m3/s (19,500 cu ft/s) occurred during late April and early May.

text: Bahr el Ghazal and Sobat River[edit]

text: The Bahr al Ghazal and the Sobat River are the two most important tributaries of the White Nile in terms of discharge.

text: The Bahr al Ghazal's drainage basin is the largest of any of the Nile's sub-basins, measuring 520,000 square kilometers (200,000 sq mi) in size, but it contributes a relatively small amount of water, about 2 m3/s (71 cu ft/s) annually, due to tremendous volumes of water being lost in the Sudd wetlands.

text: The Sobat River, which joins the Nile a short distance below Lake No, drains about half as much land, 225,000 km2 (86,900 sq mi), but contributes 412 cubic meters per second (14,500 cu ft/s) annually to the Nile.[32] When in flood the Sobat carries a large amount of sediment, adding greatly to the White Nile's color.[33]

text: Yellow Nile[edit]

text: The Yellow Nile is a former tributary that connected the Ouaddaï Highlands of eastern Chad to the Nile River Valley c. 8000 to c. 1000 BC.[34] Its remains are known as the Wadi Howar. The wadi passes through Gharb Darfur near the northern border with Chad and meets up with the Nile near the southern point of the Great Bend.

text: History[edit]

text: The Nile (iteru in Ancient Egyptian) has been the lifeline of civilization in Egypt since the Stone Age, with most of the population and all of the cities of Egypt resting along those parts of the Nile valley lying north of Aswan. However, the Nile used to run much more westerly through what is now Wadi Hamim and Wadi al Maqar in Libya and flow into the Gulf of Sidra.[35] As sea level rose at the end of the most recent ice age, the stream which is now the northern Nile pirated the ancestral Nile near Asyut,[36] this change in climate also led to the creation of the current Sahara desert, around 3400 BC.[37]

text: Eonile[edit]

text: The present Nile is at least the fifth river that has flowed north from the Ethiopian Highlands. Satellite imagery was used to identify dry watercourses in the desert to the west of the Nile. An Eonile canyon, now filled by surface drift, represents an ancestral Nile called the Eonile that flowed during the later Miocene (23–5.3 million years before present). The Eonile transported clastic sediments to the Mediterranean; several natural gas fields have been discovered within these sediments.

text: During the late-Miocene Messinian salinity crisis, when the Mediterranean Sea was a closed basin and evaporated to the point of being empty or nearly so, the Nile cut its course down to the new base level until it was several hundred metres below world ocean level at Aswan and 2,400 m (7,900 ft) below Cairo.[38] This created a very long and deep canyon which was filled with sediment when the Mediterranean was recreated. At some point the sediments raised the riverbed sufficiently for the river to overflow westward into a depression to create Lake Moeris.

text: Lake Tanganyika drained northwards into the Nile until the Virunga Volcanoes blocked its course in Rwanda. The Nile was much longer at that time, with its furthest headwaters in northern Zambia.

text: Integrated Nile[edit]

text: There are two theories about the age of the integrated Nile. One is that the integrated drainage of the Nile is of young age, and that the Nile basin was formerly broken into series of separate basins, only the most northerly of which fed a river following the present course of the Nile in Egypt and Sudan. Rushdi Said postulated that Egypt itself supplied most of the waters of the Nile during the early part of its history.[39]

text: The other theory is that the drainage from Ethiopia via rivers equivalent to the Blue Nile and the Atbara and Takazze flowed to the Mediterranean via the Egyptian Nile since well back into Tertiary times.[40]

text: Salama suggested that during the Paleogene and Neogene Periods (66 million to 2.588 million years ago) a series of separate closed continental basins each occupied one of the major parts of the Sudanese Rift System: Mellut rift, White Nile rift, Blue Nile rift, Atbara rift and Sag El Naam rift.[41] The Mellut Rift Basin is nearly 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) deep at its central part. This rift is possibly still active, with reported tectonic activity in its northern and southern boundaries. The Sudd swamps which form the central part of the basin may still be subsiding. The White Nile Rift System, although shallower than the Bahr el Arab rift, is about 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) deep. Geophysical exploration of the Blue Nile Rift System estimated the depth of the sediments to be 5–9 kilometers (3.1–5.6 mi). These basins were not interconnected until their subsidence ceased, and the rate of sediment deposition was enough to fill and connect them. The Egyptian Nile connected to the Sudanese Nile, which captures the Ethiopian and Equatorial headwaters during the current stages of tectonic activity in the Eastern, Central and Sudanese Rift Systems.[42] The connection of the different Niles occurred during cyclic wet periods. The River Atbara overflowed its closed basin during the wet periods that occurred about 100,000 to 120,000 years ago. The Blue Nile connected to the main Nile during the 70,000–80,000 years B.P. wet period. The White Nile system in Bahr El Arab and White Nile Rifts remained a closed lake until the connection of the Victoria Nile to the main system some 12,500 years ago.

text: Role in the founding of Egyptian civilization[edit]

text: The Greek historian Herodotus wrote that "Egypt was the gift of the Nile". An unending source of sustenance, it provided a crucial role in the development of Egyptian civilization. Silt deposits from the Nile made the surrounding land fertile because the river overflowed its banks annually. The Ancient Egyptians cultivated and traded wheat, flax, papyrus and other crops around the Nile. Wheat was a crucial crop in the famine-plagued Middle East. This trading system secured Egypt's diplomatic relationships with other countries, and contributed to economic stability. Far-reaching trade has been carried on along the Nile since ancient times.

text: Water buffalo were introduced from Asia, and Assyrians introduced camels in the 7th century BC. These animals were killed for meat, and were domesticated and used for ploughing—or in the camels' case, carriage. Water was vital to both people and livestock. The Nile was also a convenient and efficient means of transportation for people and goods. The Nile was an important part of ancient Egyptian spiritual life. Hapy was the god of the annual floods, and both he and the pharaoh were thought to control the flooding. The Nile was considered to be a causeway from life to death and the afterlife. The east was thought of as a place of birth and growth, and the west was considered the place of death, as the god Ra, the Sun, underwent birth, death, and resurrection each day as he crossed the sky. Thus, all tombs were west of the Nile, because the Egyptians believed that in order to enter the afterlife, they had to be buried on the side that symbolized death.

text: As the Nile was such an important factor in Egyptian life, the ancient calendar was even based on the 3 cycles of the Nile. These seasons, each consisting of four months of thirty days each, were called Akhet, Peret, and Shemu. Akhet, which means inundation, was the time of the year when the Nile flooded, leaving several layers of fertile soil behind, aiding in agricultural growth.[43] Peret was the growing season, and Shemu, the last season, was the harvest season when there were no rains.[43]

text: Search for the source of the Nile[edit]

text: Owing to their failure to penetrate the sudd wetlands of South Sudan, the upper reaches of the Nile remained largely unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans. Various expeditions failed to determine the river's source. Agatharcides records that in the time of Ptolemy II Philadelphus, a military expedition had penetrated far enough along the course of the Blue Nile to determine that the summer floods were caused by heavy seasonal rainstorms in the Ethiopian Highlands, but no European of antiquity is known to have reached Lake Tana.

text: The Tabula Rogeriana depicted the source as three lakes in 1154.

text: Europeans began to learn about the origins of the Nile in the 15th and 16th centuries, when travelers to Ethiopia visited Lake Tana and the source of the Blue Nile in the mountains south of the lake. Although James Bruce claimed to be the first European to have visited the headwaters,[45] modern writers give the credit to the Jesuit Pedro Páez. Páez's account of the source of the Nile[46] is a long and vivid account of Ethiopia. It was published in full only in the early 20th century, although it was featured in works of Páez's contemporaries, including Baltazar Téllez,[47] Athanasius Kircher[48] and by Johann Michael Vansleb.[49]

text: Europeans had been resident in Ethiopia since the late 15th century, and one of them may have visited the headwaters even earlier without leaving a written trace. The Portuguese João Bermudes published the first description of the Tis Issat Falls in his 1565 memoirs, compared them to the Nile Falls alluded to in Cicero's De Republica.[50] Jerónimo Lobo describes the source of the Blue Nile, visiting shortly after Pedro Páez. Telles also used his account.

text: The White Nile was even less understood. The ancients mistakenly believed that the Niger River represented the upper reaches of the White Nile. For example, Pliny the Elder wrote that the Nile had its origins "in a mountain of lower Mauretania", flowed above ground for "many days" distance, then went underground, reappeared as a large lake in the territories of the Masaesyli, then sank again below the desert to flow underground "for a distance of 20 days' journey till it reaches the nearest Ethiopians."[51] A merchant named Diogenes reported that the Nile's water attracted game such as buffalo.

text: Lake Victoria was first sighted by Europeans in 1858 when the British explorer John Hanning Speke reached its southern shore while traveling with Richard Francis Burton to explore central Africa and locate the great lakes. Believing he had found the source of the Nile on seeing this "vast expanse of open water" for the first time, Speke named the lake after the then Queen of the United Kingdom. Burton, recovering from illness and resting further south on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, was outraged that Speke claimed to have proved his discovery to be the true source of the Nile when Burton regarded this as still unsettled. A very public quarrel ensued, which sparked a great deal of intense debate within the scientific community and interest by other explorers keen to either confirm or refute Speke's discovery. British explorer and missionary David Livingstone pushed too far west and entered the Congo River system instead. It was ultimately Welsh-American explorer Henry Morton Stanley who confirmed Speke's discovery, circumnavigating Lake Victoria and reporting the great outflow at Ripon Falls on the Lake's northern shore.

text: European involvement in Egypt goes back to the time of Napoleon. Laird Shipyard of Liverpool sent an iron steamer to the Nile in the 1830s. With the completion of the Suez Canal and the British takeover of Egypt in the 1870s, more British river steamers followed.

text: The Nile is the area's natural navigation channel, giving access to Khartoum and Sudan by steamer. The Siege of Khartoum was broken with purpose-built sternwheelers shipped from England and steamed up the river to retake the city. After this came regular steam navigation of the river. With British Forces in Egypt in the First World War and the inter-war years, river steamers provided both security and sightseeing to the Pyramids and Thebes. Steam navigation remained integral to the two countries as late as 1962. Sudan steamer traffic was a lifeline as few railways or roads were built in that country. Most paddle steamers have been retired to shorefront service, but modern diesel tourist boats remain on the river.

text: Since 1950[edit]

text: The Nile has long been used to transport goods along its length. Winter winds blow south, up river, so ships could sail up river, and down river using the flow of the river. While most Egyptians still live in the Nile valley, the 1970 completion of the Aswan High Dam ended the summer floods and their renewal of the fertile soil, fundamentally changing farming practices. The Nile supports much of the population living along its banks, enabling Egyptians to live in otherwise inhospitable regions of the Sahara. The rivers's flow is disturbed at several points by the Cataracts of the Nile, which are sections of faster-flowing water with many small islands, shallow water, and rocks, which form an obstacle to navigation by boats. The Sudd wetlands in Sudan also forms a formidable navigation obstacle and impede water flow, to the extent that Sudan had once attempted to canalize (the Jonglei Canal) to bypass the swamps.[53][54]

text: Nile cities include Khartoum, Aswan, Luxor (Thebes), and the Giza – Cairo conurbation. The first cataract, the closest to the mouth of the river, is at Aswan, north of the Aswan Dam. This part of the river is a regular tourist route, with cruise ships and traditional wooden sailing boats known as feluccas. Many cruise ships ply the route between Luxor and Aswan, stopping at Edfu and Kom Ombo along the way. Security concerns have limited cruising on the northernmost portion for many years.

text: A computer simulation study to plan the economic development of the Nile was directed by H. A. W. Morrice and W. N. Allan, for the Ministry of Hydro-power of the Republic of the Sudan, during 1955–1957[55][56][57] Morrice was their Hydrological Adviser, and Allan his predecessor. M.P. Barnett directed the software development and computer operations. The calculations were enabled by accurate monthly inflow data collected for 50 years. The underlying principle was the use of over-year storage, to conserve water from rainy years for use in dry years. Irrigation, navigation and other needs were considered. Each computer run postulated a set of reservoirs and operating equations for the release of water as a function of the month and the levels upstream. The behavior that would have resulted given the inflow data was modeled. Over 600 models were run. Recommendations were made to the Sudanese authorities. The calculations were run on an IBM 650 computer. Simulation studies to design water resources are discussed further in the article on hydrology transport models, that have been used since the 1980s to analyze water quality.

text: Despite the development of many reservoirs, drought during the 1980s led to widespread starvation in Ethiopia and Sudan, but Egypt was nourished by water impounded in Lake Nasser. Drought has proven to be a major cause of fatality in the Nile River basin. According to a report by the Strategic Foresight Group around 170 million people have been affected by droughts in the last century with half a million lives lost.[58] From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012, 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania.[58]

text: Water sharing dispute[edit]

text: The Nile's water has affected the politics of East Africa and the Horn of Africa for many decades. Countries including Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya have complained about Egyptian domination of its water resources. The Nile Basin Initiative promotes a peaceful cooperation among those states.[59][60]

text: Several attempts have been made to establish agreements between the countries sharing the Nile waters. It is very difficult to have all these countries agree with each other given the self-interest of each country and their political, strategic, and social differences. On 14 May 2010 at Entebbe, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda signed a new agreement on sharing the Nile water even though this agreement raised strong opposition from Egypt and Sudan. Ideally, such international agreements should promote equitable and efficient usage of the Nile basin's water resources. Without a better understanding about the availability of the future water resources of the Nile River, it is possible that conflicts could arise between these countries relying on the Nile for their water supply, economic and social developments.[4]

text: Modern achievements and exploration[edit]

text: The White Nile Expedition, led by South African national Hendrik Coetzee, became the first to navigate the White Nile's entire length of approximately 3,700 kilometres (2,300 mi). The expedition began at the White Nile's source, Lake Victoria in Uganda, on 17 January 2004 and arrived safely at the Mediterranean in Rosetta, four and a half months later.[61]

text: The Blue Nile Expedition, led by geologist Pasquale Scaturro and his partner, kayaker and documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown became the first people to descend the entire Blue Nile, from Lake Tana in Ethiopia to the beaches of Alexandria on the Mediterranean. Their approximately 5,230 kilometres (3,250 mi) journey took 114 days: from 25 December 2003 to 28 April 2004. Though their expedition included others, Brown and Scaturro were the only ones to complete the entire journey.[62] Although they descended whitewater manually the team used outboard motors for much of their journey.

text: On 29 January 2005 Canadian Les Jickling and New Zealander Mark Tanner completed the first human powered transit of Ethiopia's Blue Nile. Their journey of over 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) took five months. They recount that they paddled through two war zones, regions notorious for bandits, and were arrested at gunpoint.[63]

text: On 30 April 2005 a team led by South Africans Peter Meredith and Hendrik Coetzee became the first to navigate the major remote source of the White Nile, the Akagera river that starts as the Ruvyironza in Bururi Province, Burundi, and ends at Lake Victoria, Uganda.

text: In September 2005, the Ascend the Nile Expedition including three explorers from Britain and New Zealand become the first to have travelled the river from its mouth to its "true source" deep in Rwanda's Nyungwe rainforest. The Team including Cam McLeay, Neil McGrigor and Garth MacIntyre spent 90 days travelling to the now determined southern-most source of the Nile covering approximately 5310 kilometres. During the Expedition they were ambushed by the LRA (Lord's Resistance Army) lead by the notorious Joseph Kony however post-attack six months later they returned to complete the expedition.

text: Crossings[edit]

text: Crossings from Khartoum to the Mediterranean Sea[edit]

text: [clarification needed] The following bridges cross the Blue Nile and connect Khartoum to Khartoum North:

text:
Mac Nimir Bridge
Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge
Burri Bridge
Elmansheya Bridge
Soda bridge

text: The following bridges cross the White Nile and connect Khartoum to Omdurman:

text:
White Nile Bridge
Fitayhab Bridge
Al Dabbaseen Bridge (under construction)[when?]
Omhuraz Bridge (proposed)[citation needed]

text: the following bridges cross from Omdurman: to Khartoum North:

text:
Shambat Bridge
Halfia Bridge

text: The following bridges cross to Tuti from Khartoum states three cities

text:
Khartoum-tuti Bridge
Omdurman-Tuti Suspension Bridge (proposed)[citation needed]
Khartoum North-tuti Bridge (proposed)[citation needed]

text: Other bridges

text:
Shandi Bridge, Shendi
Atbarah Bridge, Atbarah
Merowe Dam, Merowe
Merowe Bridge, Merowe
Aswan Bridge, Aswan
Luxor Bridge, Luxor
Suhag Bridge, Suhag
Assiut Bridge, Assiut
Al Minya Bridge, Minya
Al Marazeek Bridge, Helwan
First Ring Road Bridge (Moneeb Crossing), Cairo
Abbas Bridge, Cairo
University Bridge, Cairo
Qasr al-Nil Bridge, Cairo
6th October Bridge, Cairo
Abu El Ela Bridge, Cairo (removed in 1998)
New Abu El Ela Bridge, Cairo
Imbaba Bridge, Cairo
Rod Elfarag Bridge, Cairo
Second Ring Road Bridge, Cairo
Banha Bridge, Banha
Samanoud Bridge, Samanoud
Mansoura 2 Bridges, Mansoura
Talkha Bridge, Talkha
Shirbine high Bridge
Shirbine Bridge
Kafr Sad – Farscor Bridge
International Coastal Road Bridge
Damietta high Bridge, Damietta
Damietta Bridge, Damietta
Kafr El Zayat Bridges, Kafr El Zayat
Zefta Bridge, Zefta

text: Crossings from Rwanda to Khartoum[edit]

text:
Nalubaale Bridge, Jinja, Uganda (Formerly Owen Falls Bridge)
Karuma Bridge, Karuma, Uganda
Pakwach Bridge, Uganda

text: Images and media of the Nile[edit]

text:
Riverboat on the Nile, Egypt 1900

Marsh along the Nile

A river boat crossing the Nile in Uganda

Murchison Falls in Uganda, between Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga

The Nile in Luxor

The river Nile flows through Cairo, here contrasting ancient customs of daily life with the modern city of today.

text: Annotated bibliography[edit]

text: The following is an annotated bibliography of key written documents for the Western exploration of the Nile.

text: 17th century

text: Historia da Ethiopia, Pedro Páez (aka Pero Pais), Portugal, 1620

text: Voyage historique d'Abissinie, Jerónimo Lobo (aka Girolamo Lobo), Piero Matini, Firenze; 1693

text: 18th century

text: Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile in the Years – 1768, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773, James Bruce of Kinnaird. J. Ruthven for G. GJ. and J. Robinson et al., Edinburgh, 1790 (5 Volumes)

text: Egypt And Mohammed Ali, Or Travels In The Valley of The Nile, James Augustus St. John, Longman, London, 1834

text:
Travels in Ethiopia Above the Second Cateract of the Nile; Exhibiting the State of That Country and Its Various Inhabitants Under the Dominion of Mohammed Ali; and Illustrating the Antiquities, Arts, and History of the Ancient Kingdom of Meroe, G. A.Hoskins. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman, London; 1835.
Modern Egypt and Thebes: Being a Description of Egypt; Including Information Required for Travelers in That Country, Sir Gardner Wilkinson, John Murray, London, 1843

text: Lake Regions of Central Equatorial Africa, with Notices of The Lunar Mountains and the Sources of the White Nile; being The Results of an Expedition Undertaken under the Patronage of Her Majesty's Government and the Royal Geographical Society of London, In the Years 1857–1859, Sir Richard Burton. W. Clowes, London; 1860

text: Travels, researches, and missionary labours, during eighteen years' residence in eastern Africa. Together with journeys to Jagga, Usambara, Ukambani, Shoa, Abessinia, and Khartum; and a coasting voyage from Mombaz to Cape Delgado. With an appendix respecting the snow-capped mountains of eastern Africa; the sources of the Nile; the languages and literature of Abessinia And eastern Africa, etc. etc., Rev Dr. J. Krapf, Trubner and Co, London; 1860; Ticknor and Fields, Boston; 1860

text: Egypt, Soudan and Central Africa: With Explorations From Khartoum on the White Nile to the Regions of the Equator, Being Sketches from Sixteen Years' Travel, John Petherick. William Blackwood, Edinburgh; 1861

text: Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile, John Hanning Speke. William Blackwood, Edinburgh, 1863; Harper & Brothers, New York; 1864


document_title: The customer is always right

question_text: where did the customer is always right originated

root

text: The customer is always right

text: "The customer is always right" is a motto or slogan which exhorts service staff to give a high priority to customer satisfaction. It was popularised by pioneering and successful retailers such as Harry Gordon Selfridge, John Wanamaker and Marshall Field. They advocated that customer complaints should be treated seriously so that customers do not feel cheated or deceived. This attitude was novel and influential when misrepresentation was rife and caveat emptor (let the buyer beware) was a common legal maxim.[1] Variations include "le client n'a jamais tort" (the customer is never wrong) which was the slogan of hotelier César Ritz[2] who said, "If a diner complains about a dish or the wine, immediately remove it and replace it, no questions asked".[3] A variation frequently used in Germany is "der Kunde ist König" (the customer is king), while in Japan the motto "okyakusama wa kamisama desu" (お客様は神様です) meaning "the customer is a god", is common.

tag: p

text: However it was pointed out as early as 1914 that this view ignores that customers can be dishonest, have unrealistic expectations, and/or try to misuse a product in ways that void the guarantee and states "if we adopt the policy of admitting whatever claims the customer makes to be proper, and if we always settle them at face value, we shall be subjected to inevitable losses."[4] The work concluded "If the customer is made perfectly to understand what it means for him to be right, what right on his part is, then he can be depended on to be right if he is honest, and if he is dishonest, a little effort should result in catching him at it."[5] An article a year later by the same author addressed the caveat emptor aspect while raising many of the same points as the earlier piece.[6]


question_text: who scored the most goals against man utd

text: Key[edit]

text:
The records include the results of matches played in the Football Alliance (from 1889 to 1892), The Football League (from 1892 to 1992) and the Premier League (since 1992). Wartime matches are regarded as unofficial and are excluded, as are matches from the abandoned 1888–89 and 1939–40 seasons. Test Matches are not included.
For the sake of simplicity, present-day names are used throughout: for example, results against Ardwick, Small Heath and Woolwich Arsenal are integrated into the records against Manchester City, Birmingham City and Arsenal, respectively.
    Teams with this background and symbol in the "Club" column are competing in the 2017–18 Premier League alongside Manchester United.
    Clubs with this background and symbol in the "Club" column are defunct.
P = matches played; W = matches won; D = matches drawn; L = matches lost; F = Goals scored; A = Goals conceded; Win% = percentage of total matches won

tag: ul

text: All-time league record[edit]

text:
Manchester United F.C. league record by opponent

Club
P
W
D
L
P
W
D
L
P
W
D
L
F
A
Win%
Ref(s)

Home
Away
Total

Accrington
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
5
5
0.00
[9]

Arsenal
98
56
27
15
98
25
19
54
196
81
46
69
297
272
41.32
[3][A]

Aston Villa
83
56
16
11
83
29
22
32
166
85
38
43
302
214
51.20
[4]

Barnsley
16
13
2
1
16
6
7
3
32
19
9
4
64
21
59.38
[10]

Birmingham City
50
32
9
9
50
13
20
17
100
45
29
26
157
112
45.00
[6][11][B]

Birmingham St George's
3
2
0
1
3
1
0
2
6
3
0
3
11
16
50.00
[6]

Blackburn Rovers
49
28
11
10
49
17
14
18
98
45
25
28
183
140
45.92
[12]

Blackpool
41
27
8
6
41
18
9
14
82
45
17
20
156
98
54.88
[13]

Bolton Wanderers
59
33
10
16
59
19
15
25
118
52
25
41
192
156
44.07
[14]

Bootle
3
3
0
0
3
0
1
2
6
3
1
2
11
11
50.00
[6]

Bournemouth
2
1
1
0
2
1
0
1
4
2
1
1
8
5
50.00
[15]

Bradford City
23
15
6
2
23
7
7
9
46
22
13
11
78
37
47.83
[16]

Bradford Park Avenue
9
5
0
4
9
3
1
5
18
8
1
9
30
36
44.44
[17]

Brentford
5
2
1
2
5
2
1
2
10
4
2
4
19
19
40.00
[18]

Brighton & Hove Albion
4
3
1
0
4
2
1
1
8
5
2
1
12
4
62.50
[19]

Bristol City
17
9
3
5
17
5
7
5
34
14
10
10
47
39
41.18
[20]

Bristol Rovers
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
1
1
0
3
1
50.00
[21]

Burnley
54
32
9
13
54
18
9
27
108
50
18
40
188
159
46.29
[22]

Burton Swifts
8
5
3
0
8
3
1
4
16
8
4
3
41
25
50.00
[6][23]

Burton United
5
5
0
0
5
2
2
1
10
7
2
1
25
8
70.00
[24]

Burton Wanderers
3
1
1
1
3
1
0
2
6
2
1
3
8
10
33.33
[25]

Bury
19
9
2
8
19
10
5
4
38
19
7
12
58
46
50.00
[26]

Cardiff City
14
6
6
2
14
8
2
4
28
14
8
6
54
39
50.00
[27]

Charlton Athletic
28
20
5
3
28
15
6
7
56
35
11
10
113
59
62.50
[28]

Chelsea
75
30
26
19
75
30
20
25
150
60
46
44
238
187
40.00
[29]

Chesterfield
10
10
0
0
10
3
1
6
20
13
1
6
41
22
65.00
[30][C]

Coventry City
37
23
8
6
37
16
8
13
74
39
16
19
124
70
52.70
[31]

Crewe Alexandra
5
4
0
1
5
4
1
0
10
8
1
1
32
11
80.00
[6][32]

Crystal Palace
20
16
2
2
20
10
6
4
40
26
8
6
73
34
65.00
[33]

Darwen
8
6
1
1
8
2
2
4
16
8
3
5
35
22
50.00
[6][34]

Derby County
45
24
10
11
45
12
17
16
90
36
27
27
157
136
40.00
[35]

Doncaster Rovers
4
3
1
0
4
1
2
1
8
4
3
1
19
6
50.00
[36]

Everton
88
50
22
16
88
27
20
41
176
77
42
57
270
250
43.75
[37]

Fulham
34
28
4
2
34
13
11
10
68
41
15
12
136
75
60.29
[38]

Gainsborough Trinity
10
8
2
0
10
5
3
2
20
13
5
2
36
14
65.00
[39]

Glossop North End
7
6
1
0
7
5
1
1
14
11
2
1
34
10
78.57
[40][D]

Grimsby Town
21
13
3
5
21
4
5
12
42
17
8
17
73
80
40.48
[6][41]

Huddersfield Town
21
11
9
1
21
7
6
8
42
18
15
9
78
60
42.86
[42]

Hull City
13
11
2
0
13
6
3
4
26
17
5
4
52
24
65.38
[43]

Ipswich Town
25
16
4
5
25
8
5
12
50
24
9
17
80
61
48.00
[44]

Leeds City
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
2
1
0
1
3
4
50.00
[45]

Leeds United
46
21
17
8
46
16
15
15
92
37
32
23
127
98
40.22
[46]

Leicester City
59
39
14
6
59
19
14
26
117
58
28
32
237
160
49.57
[47][E]

Leyton Orient
6
3
3
0
6
3
1
2
12
6
4
2
18
8
50.00
[48][F]

Lincoln City
15
11
3
1
15
4
1
10
30
15
4
11
62
42
50.00
[49]

Liverpool
84
42
26
16
84
25
19
40
168
67
46
55
234
217
39.88
[50]

Loughborough
5
5
0
0
5
2
2
1
10
7
2
1
29
7
70.00
[51]

Long Eaton Rangers
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
6
1
100.00
[6]

Luton Town
19
18
0
1
19
9
7
3
38
27
7
4
88
26
71.05
[52]

Manchester City
78
33
26
19
78
28
25
25
156
61
51
44
221
211
39.10
[5][6][G]

Middlesbrough
52
31
10
11
52
22
12
18
104
53
22
29
186
152
50.96
[53]

Millwall
6
5
1
0
6
3
2
1
12
8
3
1
28
7
66.67
[54]

Nelson
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
2
1
0
1
2
1
50.00
[55]

New Brighton Tower
3
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
6
4
0
2
11
6
66.67
[56]

Newcastle United
77
46
21
10
77
29
18
30
154
75
39
40
291
223
48.70
[57]

Northampton Town
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
1
1
0
7
3
50.00
[58]

Norwich City
29
19
6
4
29
15
6
8
58
34
12
12
99
48
58.62
[59]

Nottingham Forest
51
28
13
10
51
17
12
22
102
45
25
32
183
143
44.12
[6][60]

Notts County
24
11
9
4
24
9
5
10
48
20
14
14
74
60
41.67
[61]

Oldham Athletic
18
11
3
4
18
6
6
6
36
17
9
10
74
45
47.22
[62]

Oxford United
4
4
0
0
4
2
0
2
8
6
0
2
18
7
75.00
[63]

Plymouth Argyle
6
4
1
1
6
2
1
3
12
6
2
4
20
20
50.00
[64]

Port Vale
18
16
1
1
18
5
4
9
36
21
5
10
76
37
58.33
[65][H]

Portsmouth
29
20
3
6
29
8
10
11
58
28
13
17
91
60
48.28
[66]

Preston North End
33
15
11
7
33
11
9
13
66
26
20
20
107
90
39.39
[67]

Queens Park Rangers
22
18
3
1
22
10
7
5
44
28
10
6
82
42
63.64
[68]

Reading
3
2
1
0
3
2
1
0
6
4
2
0
11
6
66.67
[69]

Rotherham Town
2
2
0
0
2
1
0
1
4
3
0
1
10
6
75.00
[70]

Rotherham County
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
1
1
0
4
1
50.00
[71]

Sheffield United
44
27
6
11
44
13
9
22
88
40
15
33
145
125
45.45
[72]

Sheffield Wednesday
59
37
15
7
59
15
12
32
118
52
27
39
197
161
44.07
[6][73][I]

South Shields
3
2
1
0
3
2
0
1
6
4
1
1
10
3
66.67
[74]

Southampton
50
32
9
9
50
19
15
16
100
51
24
25
169
113
51.00
[75]

Stockport County
9
7
2
0
9
2
0
7
18
9
2
7
29
18
50.00
[76]

Stoke City
44
25
14
5
44
13
14
17
88
38
28
22
140
104
43.18
[6][77][J]

Sunderland
64
38
14
12
64
22
15
27
128
60
29
39
220
183
46.87
[78]

Sunderland Albion
2
1
0
1
2
0
0
2
4
1
0
3
6
10
25.00
[6]

Swansea City
14
10
3
1
14
3
3
8
28
13
6
9
45
32
46.42
[79][K]

Swindon Town
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
1
1
0
6
4
50.00
[80]

Tottenham Hotspur
80
54
14
12
80
25
28
27
160
79
42
39
260
201
49.37
[81]

Walsall
9
7
2
0
9
3
3
3
18
10
5
3
46
19
55.56
[6][82][L]

Watford
10
8
2
0
10
5
2
3
20
13
4
3
36
19
65.00
[83]

West Bromwich Albion
61
32
16
13
61
21
13
27
122
53
29
40
221
181
43.44
[84]

West Ham United
61
41
8
12
61
16
19
28
121
57
26
38
227
156
47.10
[85]

Wigan Athletic
8
8
0
0
8
7
0
1
16
15
0
1
50
5
93.75
[86]

Wimbledon
14
9
3
2
14
7
4
3
28
16
7
5
51
26
57.14
[87]

Wolverhampton Wanderers
44
30
5
9
44
12
9
23
88
42
14
32
152
130
47.73
[88]

York City
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
1
100.00
[89]

tag: table

text: Overall record[edit]

text:
Manchester United F.C. overall league record by competition

Competition
P
W
D
L
P
W
D
L
P
W
D
L
F
A
Win%
Ref(s)

Home
Away
Total

1 !Premier League
481
348
86
47
481
256
123
102
962
604
209
149
1,856
847
62.78
[90]

2 !Football League First Division
1,370
758
339
273
1,370
404
365
601
2,740
1,162
704
874
4,523
3,875
42.41
[90]

3 !Football League Second Division
408
278
71
59
408
128
97
183
816
406
168
242
1,433
966
49.75
[90]

4 !Football Alliance
33
19
7
7
33
8
4
21
66
28
12
26
146
132
42.42
[6]

Total
2,292
1,403
503
386
2,292
796
589
907
4,584
2,182
1,096
1,301
7,958
5,820
47.60
[6][90]

text: Footnotes[edit]


document_title: Topographic map

question_text: name 3 human made features that are shown on a topographic map

text: Topographic map

text: History[edit]

text: Topographic maps are based on topographical surveys. Performed at large scales, these surveys are called topographical in the old sense of topography, showing a variety of elevations and landforms.[6] This is in contrast to older cadastral surveys, which primarily show property and governmental boundaries. The first multi-sheet topographic map series of an entire country, the Carte géométrique de la France, was completed in 1789.[7] The Great Trigonometric Survey of India, started by the East India Company in 1802, then taken over by the British Raj after 1857 was notable as a successful effort on a larger scale and for accurately determining heights of Himalayan peaks from viewpoints over one hundred miles distant.[8]

text: Topographic surveys were prepared by the military to assist in planning for battle and for defensive emplacements (thus the name and history of the United Kingdom's Ordnance Survey). As such, elevation information was of vital importance.[9]

text: As they evolved, topographic map series became a national resource in modern nations in planning infrastructure and resource exploitation. In the United States, the national map-making function which had been shared by both the Army Corps of Engineers and the Department of the Interior migrated to the newly created United States Geological Survey in 1879, where it has remained since.[10][11]

text: 1913 saw the beginning of the International Map of the World initiative, which set out to map all of Earth's significant land areas at a scale of 1:1 million, on about one thousand sheets, each covering four degrees latitude by six or more degrees longitude. Excluding borders, each sheet was 44 cm high and (depending on latitude) up to 66 cm wide. Although the project eventually foundered, it left an indexing system that remains in use.

text: By the 1980s, centralized printing of standardized topographic maps began to be superseded by databases of coordinates that could be used on computers by moderately skilled end users to view or print maps with arbitrary contents, coverage and scale. For example, the Federal government of the United States' TIGER initiative compiled interlinked databases of federal, state and local political borders and census enumeration areas, and of roadways, railroads, and water features with support for locating street addresses within street segments. TIGER was developed in the 1980s and used in the 1990 and subsequent decennial censuses. Digital elevation models (DEM) were also compiled, initially from topographic maps and stereographic interpretation of aerial photographs and then from satellite photography and radar data. Since all these were government projects funded with taxes and not classified for national security reasons, the datasets were in the public domain and freely usable without fees or licensing.

text: TIGER and DEM datasets greatly facilitated Geographic information systems and made the Global Positioning System much more useful by providing context around locations given by the technology as coordinates. Initial applications were mostly professionalized forms such as innovative surveying instruments and agency-level GIS systems tended by experts. By the mid-1990s, increasingly user-friendly resources such as online mapping in two and three dimensions, integration of GPS with mobile phones and automotive navigation systems appeared. As of 2011, the future of standardized, centrally printed topographical maps is left somewhat in doubt.[12][13]

text: Uses[edit]

text: Topographic maps have multiple uses in the present day: any type of geographic planning or large-scale architecture; earth sciences and many other geographic disciplines; mining and other earth-based endeavours; civil engineering and recreational uses such as hiking and orienteering.

text: Conventions[edit]

text: The various features shown on the map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can be used to indicate a classification of roads. These signs are usually explained in the margin of the map, or on a separately published characteristic sheet.[14]

text: Topographic maps are also commonly called contour maps or topo maps. In the United States, where the primary national series is organized by a strict 7.5-minute grid, they are often called topo quads or quadrangles.

text: Topographic maps conventionally show topography, or land contours, by means of contour lines. Contour lines are curves that connect contiguous points of the same altitude (isohypse). In other words, every point on the marked line of 100 m elevation is 100 m above mean sea level.

text: These maps usually show not only the contours, but also any significant streams or other bodies of water, forest cover, built-up areas or individual buildings (depending on scale), and other features and points of interest.

text: Today, topographic maps are prepared using photogrammetric interpretation of aerial photography, lidar and other Remote sensing techniques. Older topographic maps were prepared using traditional surveying instruments.

text: Publishers of national topographic map series[edit]

text: It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled National topographic map series. (Discuss) (July 2014)

text: Although virtually the entire terrestrial surface of Earth has been mapped at scale 1:1,000,000, medium and large-scale mapping has been accomplished intensively in some countries and much less in others.[15] Nevertheless, national mapping programs listed below are only a partial selection. Several commercial vendors supply international topographic map series.

text: Australia[edit]

text: The NMIG (National Mapping Information Group) of Geoscience Australia is the Australian Government's national mapping agency. It provides topographic maps and data to meet the needs of the sustainable development of the nation. The Office of Spatial Data Management provides an online free map service MapConnect.[16] These topographic maps of scales 1:250,000 and 1:100,000 are available in printed form from the Sales Centre.[17] 1:50,000 and 1:25,000 maps are produced in conjunction with the Department of Defence.[18]

text: Austria[edit]

text: Austrian Maps (German: Österreichische Karte (ÖK)) is the government agency producing maps of Austria, which are distributed by Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen (BEV) in Vienna. The maps are published at scales 1:25,000 1:50,000 1:200,000 and 1:500,000. Maps can also be viewed online.[19]

text: Canada[edit]

text: The Centre for Topographic Information produces topographic maps of Canada at scales of 1:50,000 and 1:250,000. They are known as the National Topographic System (NTS).[20] A government proposal to discontinue publishing of all hardcopy or paper topographic maps in favor of digital-only mapping data was shelved in 2005 after intense public opposition.[21]

text: China[edit]

text: The State Bureau of Surveying and Cartography compiles topographic maps at 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 scales. It is reported that these maps are accurate and attractively printed in seven colors, and that successive editions show progressive improvement in accuracy.[22]

text: These large-scale maps are the basis for maps at smaller scales. Maps at scales 1:4,000,000 or smaller are exported by Cartographic Publishing House, Beijing while larger-scale maps are restricted as state secrets, and prohibited from publishing by legislation, all except Hong Kong and Macau. China's topographic maps follow the international system of subdivision with 1:100,000 maps spanning 30 minutes longitude by 20 minutes latitude.[23]

text: Colombia[edit]

text: The Geographic Institute Agustín Codazzi is the government entity responsible for producing and distributing topographic maps of Colombia in 1:500,000 and 1:100,000 scales. These and several other Geographic information services can be accessed using the Instituto Geográfico Agustin Codazzi website[24] in Spanish.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: The National Survey and Cadastre of Denmark is responsible for producing topographic and nautical geodata of Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands.[25]

text: Finland[edit]

text: The National Land Survey of Finland produces the Topographic Database (accuracy 1:5000-1:10 000) and publishes topographic maps of Finland at 1:25,000 and 1:50,000. In addition topographics maps can be viewed by using a free map service MapSite.[26][27]

text: France[edit]

text: The Institut Géographique National (IGN) produces topographic maps of France at 1:25,000 and 1:50,000.[28] In addition, topographic maps are freely accessible online, through the Géoportail website.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In principle, each federal state (Bundesland) is in charge of producing the official topographic maps. In fact, the maps between 1:5,000 and 1:100,000 are produced and published by the land surveying offices of each federal state, the maps between 1:200,000 and 1:1,000,000 by a federal office – the Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie (BKG) in Frankfurt am Main.[29]

text: Greece[edit]

text: Topographic maps for general use are available at 1:50,000 and 1:100,000 from the Hellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS).[30] They use a national projection system called EGSA'87, which is a Transverse Mercatorial Projection mapping Greece in one zone. A few areas are also available at 1:25,000. Some private firms sell topographic maps of national parks based on HMGS topography.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: The Department of Lands is the government agency responsible for surveying and publishing topographic maps of Hong Kong. Commonly used maps such as the HM20C series (1:20,000) are reviewed and updated every year or two. Very large scale (1:600 in Urban area and the 1:1,000 HM1C series for all of HK) topographic maps are also available to public for various uses.[31]

text: India[edit]

text: The Survey of India is responsible for all topographic control, surveys and mapping of India.[32]

text: Japan[edit]

text: The Geographical Survey Institute of Japan is responsible for base mapping of Japan. Standard map scales are 1:25,000, 1:50,000, 1:200,000 and 1:500,000.[33]

text: Nepal[edit]

text: From 1992 to 2002 a definitive series of large scale topographic maps were surveyed and published through a joint project by Government of Nepal Survey Department[34] and Finland's Ministry for Foreign Affairs contracting through the FinnMap consulting firm.[35] Japan International Cooperation Agency[36] substituted for FinnMap in Lumbini Zone.

text: Topographic sheets at 1:25,000 scale covering 7.5 minutes latitude and longitude map the densely populatedTerai and Middle Mountain regions. Less populated high mountain regions are on 15-minute sheets at 1:50,000. JPG scans can be downloaded.[37]

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: The Land Registry Kadaster (formerly Topografische Dienst) collects, processes and provides topographical information of the entire Dutch territory. The history of the Land Registry goes back to the year 1815, that year was commissioned to create a large map, known as Map of Krayenhoff. Around 1836 they began printing the topographic map on a scale of 1: 50,000, followed in 1865 by the topographic map on a scale of 1: 25,000. In 1951 began the start of production of the topographic map on a scale of 1: 10,000. From various reorganizations arose in 1932 the Topografische Dienst as national mapping agency of the Netherlands, since January 2004 housed within the Land Registry Kadaster.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: Land Information New Zealand is the government agency responsible for providing up-to-date topographic mapping. LINZ topographic maps cover all of New Zealand, offshore islands, some Pacific Islands and the Ross Sea Region.[38] The standard issue NZTopo map series was published September 2009 at 1:50,000 (NZTopo50), and 1:250,000 (NZTopo250). Vector data[39] from the New Zealand Topographic Database (NZTopo) is also available.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: The responsibility for topographic mapping and aerial photography lies with the Surveyor General of Pakistan [SGP]. Established in 1947, the Survey of Pakistan (SOP) is based in Rawalpindi with a number of regional offices distributed at urban centers throughout Pakistan. SGP is a civil organization which, for security reasons, is headed by a Surveyor General and works under the strict control of Army General Headquarters (GHQ). Colonel C.A.K. Innes-Wilson, a Royal Engineers officer who joined the Survey of India which mapped the subcontinent, was the first Surveyor General of Pakistan.

text: All departments which require topographic maps make their request to SGP and many are permanently registered with it for mapping and aerial photographs procurement. The SOP performs these functions under the auspices of the Ministry of Defence (MOD). Organisationally, the SOP is overseen by the Surveyor General (SG) who is a direct military appointee and a senior uniformed officer. The SG reports directly to the Secretary of Defence. Under the SG are two Deputy SG’s (I and II) who manage the operational departments of the agency and a Senior Technical Advisor. These departments are divided into Regional Directorates for Topographic Mapping including the Northern region centred in Peshawar, Eastern region (Lahore), Western region (Quetta) and finally, the Southern region in Karachi. Responsibility for fields surveys and the maintenance/update of topographic maps are sub-divided according to these geographic areas.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: The Army's Geographical Institute - Instituto Geográfico do Exército [1] - produces 1.25,000, 1:500,000 maps for public sale, as well as lots of geographical services.

text: Romania[edit]

text: Until recently, the two major government mapping authorities in Romania have been the Military Topographic Department (Directia Topografica Militara (DTM)), and the Institute for Geodesy, Photogrammetry, Cartography and Land Management (Institutul de Geodezie, Fotogrammetrie, Cartografie, si Organizarea Teritoriului (IGFCOT)). This situation has recently changed, following a decision in 1996 by the Romanian Government to establish a combined civilian National Office of Cadastre, Geodesy and Cartography (Oficiul National de Cadastru, Geodezie si Cartografie (ONCGC). Maps continued to be published under the imprint of the previous organizations into the late 1990s. From 1958, a number of town maps at scales of 1:5,000 or 1:10,000 were also made, initially on the Gauss-Krϋger projection, but after 1970 on a stereographic projection. More than 100 such sheets have been produced. There is also a street map of Bucharest in four sheets at 1:15,000 derived from larger scale surveys, which is revised annually.

text: The 1:50,000 series in 737 sheets is now regarded as the base map. It was revised in the period 1965-72 using aerial photographs, and is currently being updated again with the intention of establishing a revision cycle of five to six years. The 1:25,000 will be retained, but revision only at 15-20-year intervals, except for sheets covering areas of rapid change.

text: Russia[edit]

text: Detailed, accurate topographic maps have long been a military priority. They are currently produced by the Military-topographic service of armed forces of the Russian Federation (error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)). Military topographic mapping departments held other titles in the Russian Empire since 1793 and in the Soviet Union[40] where these maps also came to be used for internal control and economic development.

text: When Germany invaded in 1941, detailed maps from the USSR's western borders to the Volga River became an urgent task, accomplished in less than one year. After the war years the entire Soviet Union was mapped at scales down to 1:25,000—even 1:10,000 for the agriculturally productive fraction. The rest of the world except Antarctica is believed to have been mapped at scales down to 1:200,000, with regions of special interest down to 1:50,000 and many urban areas to 1:10,000. In all there may have been over one million map sheets[41] of high quality and detail.[42][43][44] Soviet maps were also notable for their consistent global indexing system.[45][46] These advantages held for Soviet military maps of other countries, although there were some errors due to faulty intelligence.[47]

text: Soviet maps for domestic civilian purposes were often of lower quality.[48] From 1919 to 1967 they were produced by Head geodesic administration (error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)), then by Chief administration of geodesy and cartography (error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)). Now (June 2011) civilian maps are produced by the Federal agency for geodesy and cartography (error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)).[49]

text: Soviet military maps were state secrets. After the 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union, many maps leaked into the public domain[50] and are available for download.[51] Map scales 1:100.000 - 1:500.000 can be viewed online.[52][53]

text: Spain[edit]

text: The Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) is responsible for the official topographic maps. It does use six scales that cover all the Spanish territory: 1:25,000, 1:50,000, 1:200,000, 1:500,000, 1:1,000,000 and 1:2,000,000. The most common scale is the first one, which utilizes the UTM system.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: The Chief Directorate: National Geo-spatial Information (CD:NGI) produces three topographic map series, each covering the whole country, at scales 1:50 000, 1:250 000, and 1:500 000.

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: Swisstopo (the Federal Office of Topography) produces topographic maps of Switzerland at seven different scales.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: Topographic maps for Taiwan had long been kept as confidential information due to security concerns. It has only been recently made available to public from the National Land Surveying and Mapping Center, the government agency responsible for surveying and publishing various maps. Topographic maps of up to 1:25,000 is now available in digital and printed format.[54]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The Ordnance Survey (OS) produces topographic map series covering the United Kingdom at 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 scales.[55] The 1:25,000 scale is known as the "Explorer" series, and include an "OL" (Outdoor Leisure) sub-series for areas of special interest to hikers and walkers. It replaced the "Pathfinder" series, which was less colourful and covered a smaller area on each map. The 1:50,000 scale is known as the "Landranger" and carries a distinctive pink cover. More detailed mapping as fine as 1:10,000 covers some parts of the country.[56] The 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 scales are easily coordinated with standard romer scales on currently available compasses and plotting tools. The Ordnance Survey maintains a mapping database from which they can print specialist maps at virtually any scale.[57]

text: The Ordnance Survey National Grid divides the U.K. into cells 500 km, 100 km, 10 km and 1 km square on a Transverse Mercator grid aligned true North-South along the 2°W meridian. OS map products are based on this grid.

text: United States[edit]

text: The United States Geological Survey (USGS), a civilian federal agency, produces several national series of topographic maps which vary in scale and extent, with some wide gaps in coverage, notably the complete absence of 1:50,000 scale topographic maps or their equivalent. The largest (both in terms of scale and quantity) and best-known topographic series is the 7.5-minute or 1:24,000 quadrangle. This scale is unique to the United States,[citation needed] where nearly every other developed nation has introduced a metric 1:25,000 or 1:50,000 large scale topo map. The USGS also publishes 1:100,000 maps covering 30 minutes latitude by one degree longitude, 1:250,000 covering one by two degrees, and state maps at 1:500,000 with California, Michigan and Montana needing two sheets while Texas has four. Alaska is mapped on a single sheet, at scales ranging from 1:1,584,000 to 1:12,000,000.[58][citation needed]

text:
The Mount Marcy area of New York State in 1892 in a 15-minute quadrangle at 1:62,500.

The same area about a century later (1979) in a 7.5- by 15-minute metric map at 1:25,000.

text: Recent USGS digital US Topo 1:24,000 topo maps based on the National Map omit[why?] several important geographic details that were featured in the original USGS topographic map series (1945-1992).[59] Examples of omitted details and features include power transmission lines, telephone lines, railroads, recreational trails, pipelines, survey marks, and buildings.[59] For many of these feature classes, the USGS is working with other agencies to develop data or adapt existing data on missing details that will be included in The National Map and to US Topo.[59] In other areas USGS digital map revisions may omit geographic features such as ruins, mine locations, springs, wells, and even trails in an effort to protect natural resources and the public at large, or because such features are not present in any public domain database.[59]


document_title: Moana (2016 film)

question_text: who does the voice for maui in moana

question_tokens: who does the voice for maui in moana

text: Moana (2016 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the Polynesian island of Motunui, the inhabitants worship the goddess Te Fiti, who brought life to the ocean, using a pounamu stone as her heart and the source of her power. Maui, the shapeshifting demigod and master of sailing, steals the heart to give humanity the power of creation. However, Te Fiti disintegrates, and Maui is attacked by Te Kā, a volcanic demon, losing both his magical giant fishhook and the heart to the depths.

text: A millennium later, Moana, daughter of Motunui's chief Tui, is chosen by the ocean to return the heart to Te Fiti. However, Tui arrives and takes Moana away, causing her to lose the heart. Tui and Moana's mother, Sina, try to keep her away from the ocean to prepare her for ascension as the island's chief. Years later, a blight strikes the island, rotting the coconuts and dwindling the number of fish caught. Moana suggests going beyond the island's reef to find more fish, but Tui forbids it. Moana tries conquering the reef but is overpowered by the tides and shipwrecked back on Motunui.

text: Moana's grandmother Tala shows her a secret cave, where a number of ships are hidden, revealing to Moana that their people used to be voyagers. Tala explains they stopped when Maui stole Te Fiti's heart and that Te Kā's darkness is poisoning the island, but it can be cured if Moana finds Maui and makes him restore the heart of Te Fiti, which she gives to Moana. Tala falls ill shortly after and dies.

text: Moana sets sail on a camakau found in the cavern. She is caught in a typhoon and shipwrecked on an island where she finds the stranded Maui, who traps her and steals the camakau, but Moana catches up to him with help from the ocean. She demands that Maui return the heart but he refuses. Maui is accompanied by a sentient "Mini-Maui" tattoo, acting as his conscience.

text: They are attacked by Kakamora—coconut-armored pirates—who seek the heart, but Moana and Maui outwit them. Moana realizes Maui is no longer a hero, and convinces him to redeem himself by returning the heart. Maui first needs to obtain his magical fishhook, which is located in Lalotai, the Realm of Monsters, and is in the possession of Tamatoa, a giant, greedy coconut crab. Maui retrieves his fishhook while Moana distracts Tamatoa, but Maui discovers he cannot control his shapeshifting and loses self-confidence, quickly becoming overpowered by Tamatoa. Moana's quick thinking allows them to escape with the hook. Maui reveals that his first tattoo was earned when his mortal parents rejected him. After reassurance from Moana, Maui teaches her the art of sailing and regains control of his powers.

text: The two arrive at Te Fiti's island, only to be attacked by Te Kā, who badly damages Maui's fishhook. Fearful he will lose his hook, and therefore his power, Maui angrily abandons Moana, who tearfully asks the ocean to find someone else to restore the heart. The ocean obliges and takes the heart from Moana. Tala's spirit appears, inspiring Moana to find her true calling. She retrieves the heart and sails back to confront Te Kā. Maui returns, having had a change of heart, and buys Moana time to reach Te Fiti by fighting Te Kā, destroying his fishhook in the process. Moana discovers Te Fiti is missing, and realizes Te Kā is Te Fiti without her heart. Moana tells the ocean to clear a path, allowing her to restore Te Fiti's heart, transforming her back to normal. Te Fiti then heals the ocean and islands of the blight. Maui apologizes to Te Fiti, who restores his fishhook and falls into a deep sleep.

text: Moana bids farewell to Maui, returning home where she reunites with her parents. She takes up her role as chief and wayfinder, leading her people on a voyage.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Auliʻi Cravalho as Moana, the 16-year-old daughter of village chief Tui and Sina, who is chosen by the ocean to restore the heart of Te Fiti
Cravalho reprised her role in the Hawaiian-language version of the movie.[5]
Louise Bush as a younger Moana
Dwayne Johnson as Maui, a legendary shapeshifting demigod who sets off with Moana on her journey
Rachel House as Tala, Moana's grandmother. Like Moana, Tala shares a passion for the ocean
House reprised her role in the Māori-language version of the movie.[6][7]
Temuera Morrison as Tui, Moana's overprotective father, who is Tala's son, chief of Motunui Island
Morrison reprised his role in the Māori-language version of the movie.[6][7]
Christopher Jackson as Tui's singing voice
Jemaine Clement as Tamatoa, a giant treasure-hoarding coconut crab from Lalotai, the Realm of Monsters
Clement reprised his role in the Māori-language version of the movie.[6][7]
Nicole Scherzinger as Sina, Moana's mother and Tui's wife
Scherzinger also reprised her role in the Hawaiian-language version of the movie.[8]
Alan Tudyk as Heihei, Moana's pet rooster
Tudyk also voices Villager No. 3, who suggests cooking Heihei
Oscar Kightley as a fisherman
Troy Polamalu as Villager No. 1
Puanani Cravalho (Auliʻi's mother) as Villager No. 2

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After directing The Princess and the Frog (2009), Clements and Musker started working on an adaptation of Terry Pratchett's Mort,[9] but problems with acquiring the necessary film rights prevented them from continuing with that project. To avoid a recurrence of that issue, they pitched three original ideas.[10] The genesis of one of those ideas (the one that was ultimately green-lighted) occurred in 2011, when Musker began reading up on Polynesian mythology, and learned of the heroic exploits of the demigod Māui. Intrigued with the rich culture of Polynesia, he felt it would be a suitable subject for an animated film. Shortly thereafter, Musker and Clements wrote a treatment and pitched it to John Lasseter, who recommended that both of them should go on research trips.[11][12] Accordingly, in 2012, Clements and Musker went on research trips to Fiji, Samoa, and Tahiti to meet the people of the South Pacific Ocean and learn about their culture.[13] At first, they had planned to make the film entirely about Maui, but their initial research trips inspired Clements to pitch a new idea focused on the young daughter of a chief.[14]

text: Clements and Musker were fascinated to learn during their research that the people of Polynesia abruptly stopped making long-distance voyages about three thousand years ago. Their navigational traditions predated those of European explorers, beginning around 300 CE.[15] Native people of the Pacific possessed knowledge of the world and their place in it prior to the incursion of foreigners. For example, Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians) were well aware of the existence of far away islands, had names for these places, and were interested in exploring them to benefit their societies.[15] This voyaging heritage was made possible by a geographical knowledge system based on individual perspective rather than the European cardinal direction system.[15] The reasons for the halt of this voyaging tradition remain unknown, but scholars have offered climate change and resulting shifts in ocean currents and wind patterns as one possible explanation.[15] Native peoples of the Pacific resumed voyaging again a thousand years later. Clements and Musker set the film at the end of that era, about two thousand years ago, on a fictional island in the central Pacific Ocean, which drew inspiration from elements of the real-life island nations of Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga.[16]

text: Over the five years it took to develop and produce the film, Clements and Musker recruited experts from across the South Pacific to form an Oceanic Story Trust, who consulted on the film's cultural accuracy and sensitivity as the story evolved through nine versions.[17] The Trust responded negatively, for example, to a depiction of Maui as bald, and to a proposed scene in which Moana threw a tantrum by throwing coconuts. In response, Maui was reworked with long hair and the coconut scene was scrapped.[14]

text: Te Kā was referred to in early drafts of the film as Te Pō,[18] a reference to the Māori goddess Hine-nui-te-pō, who was originally the life-giving goddess Hine-tītama, but became the goddess of death upon discovering that her husband the god Tāne was also her father.[19] Māui set out to defeat her in order to bring immortality to humans, but failed and was himself killed.[20]

text: During the 2015 D23 Expo's panel for Disney's slate of upcoming animated films, Moana's last name was given as "Waialiki", but that name was not retained in the final film.[21]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Taika Waititi wrote the initial screenplay.[22] The first draft focused on Moana as the sole daughter in a family with "five or six brothers",[23] in which gender played into the story. However, the brothers and gender-based theme were deleted from the story, as the directors thought Moana's journey should be about finding herself.[12] A subsequent draft presented Moana's father as the one who wanted to resume navigation, but it was rewritten to have him oppose navigation so he would not overshadow Moana.[12] Instead, Pamela Ribon came up with the idea of a grandmother character for the film,[24] who would serve as a mentor linking Moana to ancient traditions.[23] Another version focused on Moana rescuing her father, who had been lost at sea.[25] The film's story changed drastically during the development phase (which happens with most Disney films), and that idea ultimately survived only as a subtle element of the father's backstory.[25] Aaron and Jordan Kandell joined the project during a critical period to help deepen the emotional story architecture of the film. They are credited with developing the core relationship between Moana and Maui, the prologue, the Cave of the Wayfinders, the Kakamora, and the collector crab Tamatoa (played by Jemaine Clement).[26] Jared Bush received sole credit as the writer of the final version of the screenplay.

text: Like most Disney and Pixar animated films, several major story problems were identified in 2015 only after the film had already transitioned from development into production, but computer-generated films tend to have much shorter production schedules and much larger animation teams (in this case, about 90 animators) than traditionally animated films.[25] Since Clements and Musker were already working 12-hour days (and Saturdays) directing such a large team of animators, Don Hall and Chris Williams (who had just finished directing Big Hero 6) came on board as co-directors to help fix the film's story issues.[25] The scene in which Maui and Moana encounter the Kakamora is an intentional homage to Mad Max: Fury Road.[25]

text: Casting[edit]

text: After the filmmakers sat through auditions of hundreds of candidates from across the Pacific,[13] 14-year-old high school freshman Auliʻi Cravalho was cast as the lead character Moana.[27][28] At that point in time, the design of Moana's face and personality was already complete, and Cravalho's obvious physical resemblance to her character was simply a coincidence.[29] During animation production, Disney animators were able to integrate some of Cravalho's mannerisms into Moana's behavior as depicted onscreen.[29]

text: The majority of the film's cast members are of Polynesian descent: Auliʻi Cravalho (Moana) and Nicole Scherzinger (Sina, Moana's mother) were born in Hawaii and are of Native Hawaiian heritage; Dwayne Johnson (Maui), Oscar Kightley (Fisherman), and Troy Polamalu (Villager No. 1) are of Samoan heritage; and New Zealand–born Rachel House (Tala, Moana's grandmother), Temuera Morrison (Tui, Moana's father), and Jemaine Clement (Tamatoa) are of Māori heritage.

text: Animation[edit]

text: Moana is Clements and Musker's first fully computer-animated film.[13][30] One of the reasons for using computer animation was that the environment, including the ocean, benefited much more from the use of CGI as opposed to traditional animation.[31] The filmmakers have also suggested that three-dimensional computer animation is well-suited to the "beautiful sculpturing" of the faces of the people of the South Pacific.[32] Eric Goldberg worked on the hand-drawn animation used to depict Maui's sentient tattoos.[33][34] During early development, the filmmakers considered the possibility of making the film with hand-drawn traditional animation, but only a few early animation tests were made in that style. In the final cut, only Maui's tattoos are hand-drawn.[35]

text: Moana was produced in makeshift quarters in a giant warehouse in North Hollywood (together with Zootopia), while Disney Animation's headquarters building in Burbank was being renovated. Musker observed that Moana was similar in that respect to The Little Mermaid, which was produced in a warehouse in Glendale. Production wrapped on October 20, 2016.[36]

text: Music and soundtrack[edit]

text: The film's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on November 18, 2016. The songs were written by Opetaia Foa'i, Mark Mancina, and Lin-Manuel Miranda, while the score was written by Mancina.[37][38] The lyrics are in English, Samoan, and the Tokelauan language.[39] The soundtrack peaked at number two on the Billboard 200.[40]

text: Localization[edit]

text: In many European countries, the name of the titular character, Moana, was changed to Vaiana due to a trademark conflict. The film was released in those countries to bear the alternative name in the title.[41] In Italy, the film was released with the title Oceania.[42] Media outlets speculated that the name change was to avoid confusion with Italian pornographic actress Moana Pozzi,[43][44] and Disney Italy's head of theatrical marketing, Davide Romani, acknowledged they were "thinking about the issue" at a meeting of Italian exhibitors in 2015.[44]

text:
Following the success brought by international productions of Disney's Frozen, which led to the release of a complete set album which included all the official versions of "Let It Go" released at the time,[45] Disney decided to produce a special Tahitian dubbing for the movie. On October 25, 2016, at a press conference in Papeete, it was announced that the film will be the first motion picture to be fully dubbed in the Tahitian language.[46] This marks the third time Disney has released a special dubbing dedicated to the culture which inspired the film: the first case was The Lion King (1994), for which the directors travelled to South Africa to cast voice actors for a Zulu-dubbed version;[47] and the second case was Mulan (1998), which was the first Disney film to have a Mandarin Chinese dubbing made in China, separate from and independent of the version released in Taiwan.[48]
In June 2017, a Māori-language dubbing of the movie was announced,[49] premiering in Auckland on September 11, with 30 theatres screening it for free as part of Māori Language Week.[50] Rachel House, Jemaine Clement, Temuera Morrison, and Oscar Kightley reprised their respective roles in this version, directed by Rachel House herself.[51][52]
In November 2017, a Hawaiian-language dubbing was announced to be under way, with Auli'i Cravalho reprising her role as Moana.[5] The movie premiered on June 10, 2018.[53]

text:
show"Moana" worldwide

Language

Title

Translation

Arabic

موانا (Moana)

Bengali

মোয়ানা (Moana)

Brazilian Portuguese

Moana: Um mar de aventuras

Moana: A seaful of adventures

Bulgarian

Смелата Ваяна (Smelata Vayana)

Brave Vaiana

Canadian French

Moana

Cantonese Chinese

魔海奇缘

Romance of the demon of the ocean

Castilian Spanish

Vaiana

Catalan

Vaiana

Croatian

Vaiana: Potraga za mitskim otokom

Vaiana: Quest for an island of myth

Czech

Odvážná Vaiana: Legenda o konci světa

Brave Vaiana: The legend of the end of the world

Danish

Vaiana

Dutch

Vaiana

Estonian

Vaiana

European French

Vaiana, la Légende du bout du monde

Vaiana, the legend from the end of the Earth

European Portuguese

Vaiana

Finnish

Vaiana

Flemish

Vaiana

German

Vaiana – Das Paradies hat einen Haken

Vaiana – Paradise has a hook

Greek

Βαϊάνα (Vaiana)

Hawaiian

Moana

Hebrew

מואנה (Moana)

Hindi

मोआना (Moana)

Hungarian

Vaiana

Icelandic

Vaiana

Italian

Oceania

Japanese

モアナと伝説の海 (Moana to densetsu no umi)

Moana and the sea of legend

Kazakh

Моана (Moana)

Korean

모아나 (Moana)

Latin American Spanish

Moana: Un mar de aventuras

Moana: A seaful of adventures

Latvian

Vaiana

Lithuanian

Vaiana

Mandarin Chinese (China)

海洋奇缘 (Hǎiyáng qí yuán)

The romance of the ocean

Mandarin Chinese (Taiwan)

海洋奇缘 (Hǎiyáng qí yuán)

The romance of the ocean

Māori

Moana

Norwegian

Vaiana

Polish

Vaiana: Skarb oceanu

Vaiana: Treasure of the ocean

Romanian

Vaiana

Russian

Моана (Moana)

Serbian

Вајана (Vaiana)

Slovak

Vaiana

Slovene

Vaiana

Swedish

Vaiana

Tamil

மோனா (Moana)

Tahitian

Moana

Thai

ผจญภัยตำนานหมู่เกาะทะเลใต้ (P̄hcỵ p̣hạy tảnān h̄mū̀ keāa thale tı̂)

Adventure on the islands of the legendary southern sea

Turkish

Moana

Ukrainian

Ваяна (Vayana)

Vietnamese

Hành trình của Moana

Moana’s journey

text: Release[edit]

text: On October 20, 2014, Walt Disney Pictures announced that it would be releasing the film in late 2016,[54] and hinted that it might be the November 23, 2016 release window previously announced by the studio in March 2014 for a then-untitled film.[55] In November 2014, Disney confirmed that it would be releasing the film on November 23, 2016.[56] The film is accompanied by the short film, Inner Workings.[57] The film's world premiere was held at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on November 14, 2016.[58]

text: On January 27, 2017, a sing-along version of Moana was released in more than 2,000 theaters in the United States, featuring on-screen lyrics.[59]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On October 15, 2016, Hawaiian Airlines unveiled their Moana-themed livery for three of their Airbus A330-200 fleet.[60]

text: There are currently meet-and-greets with Moana at Disneyland, Walt Disney World, Disneyland Paris, and at Aulani, a Disney Resort and Spa. At Hong Kong Disneyland, there will be a stage show called Moana's Village Festival, which is scheduled to open in 2018.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Moana was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray (2D and 3D) and DVD in the United States on March 7, 2017, with a digital release on February 21, 2017. The releases include the short film, Inner Workings. The Blu-ray release also introduces a short film featuring Maui and Moana, titled Gone Fishing.[61] The film is also available for streaming on Netflix.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Moana grossed $248.7 million in the U.S. and Canada, and $394.5 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $643.3 million.[3] On January 22 and March 16, 2017, respectively, the film reached the $500 million and $600 million marks, becoming the fourth consecutive Walt Disney Animation Studios film to reach both milestones after Frozen (2013), Big Hero 6 (2014), and Zootopia (2016).[62][63] Although Disney has not disclosed the film's production budget, most of its animated films cost around $150 million.[64][65] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $121.3 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it the 12th-most profitable release of 2016.[1]

text: North America[edit]

text: In the United States, Moana was released during the Thanksgiving weekend. The film played in 3,875 theaters of which a majority of them (80%) screened it in 3D. It also played in 50 premium large-format screens and more than 400 D-Box screens. It was projected to take in around $50 million in three days, with $75–85 million in five days (some estimates going as high as $90 million).[66][67][68] Deadline.com said the numbers were good for the original Disney film and marked a great rebound for the company in the wake of Pixar's The Good Dinosaur the previous year, which had made $55 million over five days off a production budget of $175–200 million.[69]

text: Moana made $2.6 million from Tuesday paid previews which began at 7 pm, the highest ever for a Walt Disney Animation Studios film and for a non-Pixar Disney animated film.[70] On its opening day, it made $15.5 million, a new record for a Walt Disney Animation Studios film opening on Wednesday (breaking Frozen's record) and the biggest opening day ever for a film released on pre-Thanksgiving Day.[71] On Thanksgiving Day, it earned $9.9 million, a decrease of 36% from its previous day. On Black Friday—the highest-grossing day of the Thanksgiving stretch—it made $21.8 million, a 127% increase from the day before.[72] Through Sunday, the film posted a three-day opening weekend worth $56.6 million over its Friday-to-Sunday debut and $82.1 million from Wednesday to Sunday, the third biggest three-day Thanksgiving opening[73] (behind Frozen and Toy Story 2) and the second-biggest five-day Thanksgiving opening[74] (behind Frozen), dethroning Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them off the top spot. Among all films that did not necessarily open in this weekend but may have played, Moana ranks sixth among three-day[75] weekends and fifth among five-day weekends.[76]

text: The film's opening was considered to be another animated success for the studio after Zootopia and Pixar's Finding Dory posted huge openings, respectively, the same year in March and June.[77]

text: In its second weekend, the film dropped by about 50% for a total of $28.3 million, a smaller drop than Toy Story 2, Frozen, Tangled, and The Good Dinosaur.[78][79] The film managed to top the box office for its third weekend, despite competition from newcomers and holdovers, earning $18.5 million while falling by 34%. It became the sixth film of 2016 to top the box office three times, following Deadpool, Zootopia, The Jungle Book, Finding Dory, and Suicide Squad.[80] The film was overtaken by Disney's own Rogue One: A Star Wars Story in its fourth weekend, despite only a marginal decline.[81]

text: It fell to number six in its fifth weekend, due to competition from four new releases—Sing, Passengers, Why Him?, and Assassin's Creed—despite a small drop again; it grossed $2.9 million on Christmas Day.[82] On the holiday week of December 23–29, the film finished at number four with a gross of $26 million, which was 14% up from the previous week, despite losing over 300 theaters.[83] It finished at number four in its sixth weekend, going up 42% and 97%, respectively, during the three-day[84] and four-day weekends;[85] it grossed $3.6 million on New Year's Day.

text: It fell outside the top ten in its eighth weekend (which included Martin Luther King Jr. Day), dropping 33% and 4%, respectively, during the three-day[86] and four-day weekends.[87]

text: Outside North America[edit]

text: Internationally, the film earned $17.2 million in its first weekend from 12 markets, the bulk of which came from China. In its second weekend, the film expanded to a total of 30 markets, adding an additional $33.7 million.[88]

text: In China, the film had a November 25 opening day[89] with $1.9 million from 38,000 screenings. However, it enjoyed a big weekend bump on Saturday—even though its screens dipped—and Sunday.[90] In total, it scored an opening weekend of $17.2 million, the second best for a Disney animated title, behind only Zootopia. It was No. 2 behind Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. Strong social media numbers showed among the highest the studio has seen there, similar to how Zootopia started off slow and later became a blockbuster phenomenon.[91] The film slipped 55% in its second weekend, earning $5.8 million, and $21.8 in total in China.[92] It would eventually earn a total of $32.7 million in China.[89]

text: It had similar successful number-one debuts in France, Russia, Mexico and Spain. The film also saw success in Belgium, the Netherlands and French-speaking Switzerland.[88] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film faced competition from Fantastic Beasts—which was playing in its third weekend—and as a result, it posted a low opening of only £2.2 million ($2.8 million).[93]

text: The biggest earning markets to date have been Japan ($45.9 million), followed by France ($35.5 million), China ($32.8 million), the UK ($25.3 million), Brazil ($22.9 million), Australia ($19 million), Germany ($17 million), Italy ($15.9 million), and South Korea ($15.5 million).[94]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Moana holds an approval rating of 96% based on 246 reviews, and an average rating of 7.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "With a title character as three-dimensional as its lush animation and a story that adds fresh depth to Disney's time-tested formula, Moana is truly a family-friendly adventure for the ages."[95] Subsequently, the film is also listed as number 11 on the website's "50 Best Computer Animated Movies" list.[96] On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 81 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[97] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on a scale ranging from A+ to F, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave an 89% overall positive score and a 71% "definite recommend".[70]

text: Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal proclaimed that "Moana is beautiful in more ways than I can tell, thanks to the brilliance of more animators than I could count."[98] Animator Eric Goldberg received praise from critics and audiences for his hand-drawn animation of Maui's tattoos, which they claimed "stole the show" from the actual CGI-animated motion picture.[99][100][101] Wai Chee Dimock, writing in the Los Angeles Review of Books, compared the ocean in Moana to the one in "The Water Baby", a short story by Jack London, saying that both are animated: one, by the tension between digital and analog animation, and the other, by the tension between an encroaching future and a past in retreat still capable of pushing back.[102]

text: Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.com gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, stating that "'Moana' would have been enormously entertaining regardless of when it came out, but its arrival at this particular moment in history gives it an added sense of significance—as well as inspiration."[103] Peter Debruge of Variety praised the film, calling it "a return to the heights of the Disney Renaissance".[104]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Disney has been accused of appropriating Polynesian mythology and culture. Through the film, the corporation has been claimed to perpetuate settler colonialist practices of exploitation and erasure by utilizing the knowledge and narratives of native peoples to spur a profitable capitalist enterprise of music, celebrities and merchandise.[105] A Maui "skin suit" costume made to tie in with the film was pulled by Disney from its online store following complaints about it being culturally insensitive[106] and for appearing to promote brownface.[107]

text: The film takes specific cultural elements from a variety of native Pacific groups and incorporates them into one generalized portrayal of Polynesian culture. This conglomeration of cultures has been regarded as degrading to the diversity of the Pacific, falsely reducing all of Polynesia to a single cultural entity.[105]

text: The film has also been criticized as a tourism advertisement for the Pacific. It has been accused of fetishizing Polynesian island nations as exotic vacation spots, the people and culture of which exist only to entertain foreign audiences.[105] Disney initiating a partnership with Hawaiian Airlines[108] to promote the film has been perceived as having this particular motive, as well as Auliʻi Cravalho speaking with The New York Times in an interview sharing travel tips for visitors to Hawaii.[109] Critiques of these promotional tactics focus on how adverse effects of tourism have devastated native communities in the Pacific, resulting in environmental degradation and poverty.[110]

text: Colin Philp, an educator on Polynesian history, noted that the sailing canoe used by the film's protagonists is believed to be a Fijian camakau, and that the film's concept artists based it on one of the canoes they saw when they visited the Korova settlement in Laucala. Philp said that using that design without permission of the Korova community could be viewed as a violation of the intellectual property rights of their elders.[111]

text: Brigham Young University–Hawaii sociocultural anthropologist Tēvita 'Ō. Ka'ili stated that "despite its important girl-power message, the film had a major flaw. It lacked symmetry by its omission of a heroic goddess. Disney resorted to reducing the mighty god Maui to a one-dimensional, selfish, borderline abusive, buffoon to foreground the strength of the movie's protagonist Moana." He went on to explain that, "the omission of a goddess-heroine is significant because Polynesia is a culture with a vast pantheon of powerful heroic goddesses. Hina, a companion goddess to the god Maui, was nowhere to be found in Disney's imagineering of Moana."[112]

text: Accolades[edit]