document_title: Symbol (chemistry)

question_text: what does the symbol s mean in chemistry

text: Symbol (chemistry)

text: Symbols for chemical elements[edit]

text:
hideList of chemical elements

Z[I]
Symbol
Element
Origin of name[1][2]
Group
Period
Atomic weight[3][4] (u (±))
Density (g/cm3)
Melt (K) [5]
Boil (K)
C[I] (J/g · K)
χ[I]
Abundance in Earth's crust[II] (mg/kg)

1
H
Hydrogen
composed of the Greek elements hydro- and -gen meaning 'water-forming'
1
1
001 !1.008[III][IV][V][VI]
0.00008988
0014 !14.01
20.28
14.304
2.20
1400

2
He
Helium
the Greek helios, 'sun'
18
1
004 !4.002602(2)[III][V]
0.0001785
0.1 !—[VII]
4.22
5.193
–
0.008

3
Li
Lithium
the Greek lithos, 'stone'
1
2
007 !6.94[III][IV][V][VIII][VI]
0.534
0454 !453.69
1560
3.582
0.98
20

4
Be
Beryllium
beryl, a mineral
2
2
009 !9.0121831(5)
1.85
1560 !1560
2742
1.825
1.57
2.8

5
B
Boron
borax, a mineral
13
2
011 !10.81[III][IV][V][VI]
2.34
2349 !2349
4200
1.026
2.04
10

6
C
Carbon
the Latin carbo, 'coal'
14
2
012 !12.011[III][V][VI]
2.267
3800 !3800
4300
0.709
2.55
200

7
N
Nitrogen
the Greek nitron and '-gen' meaning 'niter-forming'
15
2
014 !14.007[III][V][VI]
0.0012506
0063 !63.15
77.36
1.04
3.04
19

8
O
Oxygen
from the Greek oxy-, both 'sharp' and 'acid', and -gen, meaning 'acid-forming'
16
2
016 !15.999[III][V][VI]
0.001429
0054 !54.36
90.20
0.918
3.44
461000

9
F
Fluorine
the Latin fluere, 'to flow'
17
2
019 !18.998403163(6)
0.001696
0053.5 !53.53
85.03
0.824
3.98
585

10
Ne
Neon
the Greek neos, meaning 'new'
18
2
020 !20.1797(6)[III][IV]
0.0008999
0024.56 !24.56
27.07
1.03
–
0.005

11
Na
Sodium
the English word soda (natrium in Latin)
1
3
023 !22.98976928(2)
0.971
0371 !370.87
1156
1.228
0.93
23600

12
Mg
Magnesium
Magnesia, a district of Eastern Thessaly in Greece
2
3
024 !24.305[VI]
1.738
0923 !923
1363
1.023
1.31
23300

13
Al
Aluminium
from alumina, a compound (originally alumium)
13
3
027 !26.9815385(7)
2.698
0933.5 !933.47
2792
0.897
1.61
82300

14
Si
Silicon
from the Latin silex, 'flint' (originally silicium)
14
3
028 !28.085[V][VI]
2.3296
1687 !1687
3538
0.705
1.9
282000

15
P
Phosphorus
the Greek phoosphoros, 'carrying light'
15
3
031 !30.973761998(5)
1.82
0317.3 !317.30
550
0.769
2.19
1050

16
S
Sulfur
the Latin sulphur, 'fire and brimstone'
16
3
032 !32.06[III][V][VI]
2.067
0388.4 !388.36
717.87
0.71
2.58
350

17
Cl
Chlorine
the Greek chloros, 'greenish yellow'
17
3
035 !35.45[III][IV][V][VI]
0.003214
0171.6 !171.6
239.11
0.479
3.16
145

18
Ar
Argon
the Greek argos, 'idle'
18
3
040 !39.948(1)[III][V]
0.0017837
0083.8 !83.80
87.30
0.52
–
3.5

19
K
Potassium
New Latin potassa, 'potash' (kalium in Latin)
1
4
039 !39.0983(1)
0.862
0336.5 !336.53
1032
0.757
0.82
20900

20
Ca
Calcium
the Latin calx, 'lime'
2
4
041 !40.078(4)[III]
1.54
1115 !1115
1757
0.647
1
41500

21
Sc
Scandium
Scandia, the Latin name for Scandinavia
3
4
045 !44.955908(5)
2.989
1814 !1814
3109
0.568
1.36
22

22
Ti
Titanium
Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology
4
4
048 !47.867(1)
4.54
1941 !1941
3560
0.523
1.54
5650

23
V
Vanadium
Vanadis, an Old Norse name for the Scandinavian goddess Freyja
5
4
051 !50.9415(1)
6.11
2183 !2183
3680
0.489
1.63
120

24
Cr
Chromium
the Greek chroma, 'color'
6
4
052 !51.9961(6)
7.15
2180 !2180
2944
0.449
1.66
102

25
Mn
Manganese
corrupted from magnesia negra, see Magnesium
7
4
055 !54.938044(3)
7.44
1519 !1519
2334
0.479
1.55
950

26
Fe
Iron
English word (ferrum in Latin)
8
4
056 !55.845(2)
7.874
1811 !1811
3134
0.449
1.83
56300

27
Co
Cobalt
the German word Kobold, 'goblin'
9
4
059 !58.933194(4)
8.86
1768 !1768
3200
0.421
1.88
25

28
Ni
Nickel
from a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology, Nickel
10
4
058 !58.6934(4)
8.912
1728 !1728
3186
0.444
1.91
84

29
Cu
Copper
English word (Latin cuprum)
11
4
064 !63.546(3)[V]
8.96
1357.77
2835
0.385
1.9
60

30
Zn
Zinc
German word Zinke (prong, tooth)
12
4
065 !65.38(2)
7.134
0693 !692.88
1180
0.388
1.65
70

31
Ga
Gallium
Gallia, the Latin name for France
13
4
070 !69.723(1)
5.907
0302.9 !302.9146
2673
0.371
1.81
19

32
Ge
Germanium
Germania, the Latin name for Germany
14
4
073 !72.630(8)
5.323
1211.40
3106
0.32
2.01
1.5

33
As
Arsenic
English word (Latin arsenicum)
15
4
075 !74.921595(6)
5.776
1090 !1090 [IX]
887
0.329
2.18
1.8

34
Se
Selenium
the Greek selene, 'moon'
16
4
079 !78.971(8)[V]
4.809
0453 !453
958
0.321
2.55
0.05

35
Br
Bromine
the Greek bromos, 'stench'
17
4
080 !79.904[VI]
3.122
0265.8 !265.8
332.0
0.474
2.96
2.4

36
Kr
Krypton
the Greek kryptos, 'hidden'
18
4
084 !83.798(2)[III][IV]
0.003733
0115.8 !115.79
119.93
0.248
3
.0001 !1×10−4

37
Rb
Rubidium
the Latin rubidus, 'deep red'
1
5
085 !85.4678(3)[III]
1.532
0312.5 !312.46
961
0.363
0.82
90

38
Sr
Strontium
Strontian, a small town in Scotland
2
5
087 !87.62(1)[III][V]
2.64
1050
1655
0.301
0.95
370

39
Y
Yttrium
Ytterby, Sweden
3
5
089 !88.90584(2)
4.469
1799
3609
0.298
1.22
33

40
Zr
Zirconium
Persian Zargun, 'gold-colored'; German Zirkoon, 'jargoon'
4
5
091 !91.224(2)[III]
6.506
2128
4682
0.278
1.33
165

41
Nb
Niobium
Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus from Greek mythology
5
5
093 !92.90637(2)
8.57
2750
5017
0.265
1.6
20

42
Mo
Molybdenum
the Greek molybdos meaning 'lead'
6
5
096 !95.95(1)[III]
10.22
2896
4912
0.251
2.16
1.2

43
Tc
Technetium
the Greek tekhnètos meaning 'artificial'
7
5
098 ![98][X]
11.5
2430
4538
–
1.9
.000000003 !~ 3×10−9[XI]

44
Ru
Ruthenium
Ruthenia, the New Latin name for Russia
8
5
101.07(2)[III]
12.37
2607
4423
0.238
2.2
0.001

45
Rh
Rhodium
the Greek rhodos, meaning 'rose coloured'
9
5
102.90550(2)
12.41
2237
3968
0.243
2.28
0.001

46
Pd
Palladium
the then recently discovered asteroid Pallas, considered a planet at the time
10
5
106.42(1)[III]
12.02
1828.05
3236
0.244
2.2
0.015

47
Ag
Silver
English word (argentum in Latin)
11
5
107.8682(2)[III]
10.501
1234.93
2435
0.235
1.93
0.075

48
Cd
Cadmium
the New Latin cadmia, from King Kadmos
12
5
112.414(4)[III]
8.69
0594.22 !594.22
1040
0.232
1.69
0.159

49
In
Indium
indigo
13
5
114.818(1)
7.31
0429.75 !429.75
2345
0.233
1.78
0.25

50
Sn
Tin
English word (stannum in Latin)
14
5
118.710(7)[III]
7.287
0505.08 !505.08
2875
0.228
1.96
2.3

51
Sb
Antimony
uncertain: perhaps from the Greek anti, 'against', and monos, 'alone', or the Old French antimoine, 'Monk's bane' (stibium in Latin)
15
5
121.760(1)[III]
6.685
0903.78 !903.78
1860
0.207
2.05
0.2

52
Te
Tellurium
Latin tellus, 'earth'
16
5
127.60(3)[III]
6.232
0722.66 !722.66
1261
0.202
2.1
0.001

53
I
Iodine
French iode (after the Greek ioeides, 'violet')
17
5
126.90447(3)
4.93
0386.85 !386.85
457.4
0.214
2.66
0.45

54
Xe
Xenon
the Greek xenos, 'strange'
18
5
131.293(6)[III][IV]
0.005887
0161.4 !161.4
165.03
0.158
2.6
.00003 !3×10−5

55
Cs
Caesium
the Latin caesius, 'sky blue'
1
6
132.90545196(6)
1.873
0301.59 !301.59
944
0.242
0.79
3

56
Ba
Barium
the Greek barys, 'heavy'
2
6
137.327(7)
3.594
1000
2170
0.204
0.89
425

57
La
Lanthanum
the Greek lanthanein, 'to lie hidden'
3
6
138.90547(7)[III]
6.145
1193
3737
0.195
1.1
39

58
Ce
Cerium
the then recently discovered asteroid Ceres, considered a planet at the time

6
140.116(1)[III]
6.77
1068
3716
0.192
1.12
66.5

59
Pr
Praseodymium
the Greek praseios didymos meaning 'green twin'

6
140.90766(2)
6.773
1208
3793
0.193
1.13
9.2

60
Nd
Neodymium
the Greek neos didymos meaning 'new twin'

6
144.242(3)[III]
7.007
1297
3347
0.19
1.14
41.5

61
Pm
Promethium
Prometheus of Greek mythology who stole fire from the Gods and gave it to humans

6
145 ![145][X]
7.26
1315
3273
–
1.13
.0000000000000000002 !2×10−19[XI]

62
Sm
Samarium
Samarskite, the name of the mineral from which it was first isolated

6
150.36(2)[III]
7.52
1345
2067
0.197
1.17
7.05

63
Eu
Europium
Europe

6
151.964(1)[III]
5.243
1099
1802
0.182
1.2
2

64
Gd
Gadolinium
Johan Gadolin, chemist, physicist and mineralogist

6
157.25(3)[III]
7.895
1585
3546
0.236
1.2
6.2

65
Tb
Terbium
Ytterby, Sweden

6
158.92535(2)
8.229
1629
3503
0.182
1.2
1.2

66
Dy
Dysprosium
the Greek dysprositos, 'hard to get'

6
162.500(1)[III]
8.55
1680
2840
0.17
1.22
5.2

67
Ho
Holmium
Holmia, the New Latin name for Stockholm

6
164.93033(2)
8.795
1734
2993
0.165
1.23
1.3

68
Er
Erbium
Ytterby, Sweden

6
167.259(3)[III]
9.066
1802
3141
0.168
1.24
3.5

69
Tm
Thulium
Thule, the ancient name for Scandinavia

6
168.93422(2)
9.321
1818
2223
0.16
1.25
0.52

70
Yb
Ytterbium
Ytterby, Sweden

6
173.045(10)[III]
6.965
1097
1469
0.155
1.1
3.2

71
Lu
Lutetium
Lutetia, the Latin name for Paris

6
174.9668(1)[III]
9.84
1925
3675
0.154
1.27
0.8

72
Hf
Hafnium
Hafnia, the New Latin name for Copenhagen
4
6
178.49(2)
13.31
2506
4876
0.144
1.3
3

73
Ta
Tantalum
King Tantalus, father of Niobe from Greek mythology
5
6
180.94788(2)
16.654
3290
5731
0.14
1.5
2

74
W
Tungsten
the Swedish tung sten, 'heavy stone' (W is wolfram, the old name of the tungsten mineral wolframite)
6
6
183.84(1)
19.25
3695
5828
0.132
2.36
1.3

75
Re
Rhenium
Rhenus, the Latin name for the river Rhine
7
6
186.207(1)
21.02
3459
5869
0.137
1.9
.0007 !7×10−4

76
Os
Osmium
the Greek osmè, meaning 'smell'
8
6
190.23(3)[III]
22.61
3306
5285
0.13
2.2
0.002

77
Ir
Iridium
Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow
9
6
192.217(3)
22.56
2719
4701
0.131
2.2
0.001

78
Pt
Platinum
the Spanish platina, meaning 'little silver'
10
6
195.084(9)
21.46
2041.4
4098
0.133
2.28
0.005

79
Au
Gold
English word (aurum in Latin)
11
6
196.966569(5)
19.282
1337.33
3129
0.129
2.54
0.004

80
Hg
Mercury
the New Latin name mercurius, named after the Roman god (Hg from former name hydrargyrum, from Greek hydr-, 'water', and argyros, 'silver')
12
6
200.592(3)
13.5336
0234.43 !234.43
629.88
0.14
2
0.085

81
Tl
Thallium
the Greek thallos, 'green twig'
13
6
204.38[VI]
11.85
0577 !577
1746
0.129
1.62
0.85

82
Pb
Lead
English word (plumbum in Latin)
14
6
207.2(1)[III][V]
11.342
0600.61 !600.61
2022
0.129
1.87
14

83
Bi
Bismuth
Uncertain, possibly Arabic or German
15
6
208.98040(1)[X]
9.807
0544.7 !544.7
1837
0.122
2.02
0.009

84
Po
Polonium
Named after the home country of Marie Curie (Polonia, Latin for Poland), who is also the discoverer of Radium
16
6
209 ![209][X]
9.32
0527 !527
1235
–
2.0
.0000000002 !2×10−10[XI]

85
At
Astatine
the Greek astatos, 'unstable'
17
6
210 ![210][X]
7
0575 !575
610
–
2.2
0.000000000000000000003 !3×10−20[XI]

86
Rn
Radon
From radium, as it was first detected as an emission from radium during radioactive decay
18
6
222 ![222][X]
0.00973
0202 !202
211.3
0.094
2.2
.0000000000004 !4×10−13[XI]

87
Fr
Francium
Francia, the New Latin name for France
1
7
223 ![223][X]
1.87
0300 !300
950
–
0.7
0.000000000000000001 !~ 1×10−18[XI]

88
Ra
Radium
the Latin radius, 'ray'
2
7
223 ![226][X]
5.5
0973 !973
2010
0.094
0.9
.0000009 !9×10−7[XI]

89
Ac
Actinium
the Greek aktis, 'ray'
3
7
227 ![227][X]
10.07
1323
3471
0.12
1.1
.00000000055 !5.5×10−10[XI]

90
Th
Thorium
Thor, the Scandinavian god of thunder

7
232.0377(4)[X][III]
11.72
2115
5061
0.113
1.3
9.6

91
Pa
Protactinium
the Greek protos, 'first', and actinium, which is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium

7
231.03588(2)[X]
15.37
1841
4300
–
1.5
.0000014 !1.4×10−6[XI]

92
U
Uranium
Uranus, the seventh planet in the Solar System

7
238.02891(3)[X]
18.95
1405.3
4404
0.116
1.38
2.7

93
Np
Neptunium
Neptune, the eighth planet in the Solar System

7
237 ![237][X]
20.45
0917 !917
4273
–
1.36
0.000000000003 !≤ 3×10−12[XI]

94
Pu
Plutonium
Pluto, a dwarf planet in the Solar System (then considered the ninth planet)

7
244 ![244][X]
19.84
0912.5 !912.5
3501
–
1.28
0.00000000003 !≤ 3×10−11[XI]

95
Am
Americium
The Americas, as the element was first synthesized on the continent, by analogy with europium

7
243 ![243][X]
13.69
1449
2880
–
1.13
0 !0[XII]

96
Cm
Curium
Pierre Curie, a physicist, and Marie Curie, a physicist and chemist, named after great scientists by analogy with gadolinium

7
247 ![247][X]
13.51
1613
3383
–
1.28
0 !0[XII]

97
Bk
Berkelium
Berkeley, California, where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with terbium

7
247 ![247][X]
14.79
1259
2900
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

98
Cf
Californium
California, where the element was first synthesized

7
251 ![251][X]
15.1
1173
1743 !(1743)[XIII]
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

99
Es
Einsteinium
Albert Einstein, physicist

7
252 ![252][X]
8.84
1133
1269 !(1269)[XIII]
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

100
Fm
Fermium
Enrico Fermi, physicist

7
257 ![257][X]
9.7 !(9.7)[XIII]
1125 !(1125)[XIII]
–
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

101
Md
Mendelevium
Dmitri Mendeleev, chemist and inventor

7
258 ![258][X]
10.3 !(10.3)[XIII]
1100 !(1100)[XIII]
–
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

102
No
Nobelium
Alfred Nobel, chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer

7
259 ![259][X]
9.9 !(9.9)[XIII]
1100 !(1100)[XIII]
–
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

103
Lr
Lawrencium
Ernest O. Lawrence, physicist

7
266 ![266][X]
15.6 !(15.6)[XIII]
1900 !(1900)[XIII]
–
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

104
Rf
Rutherfordium
Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist
4
7
267 ![267][X]
23.2 !(23.2)[XIII]
2400 !(2400)[XIII]
5800 !(5800)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

105
Db
Dubnium
Dubna, Russia
5
7
268 ![268][X]
29.3 !(29.3)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

106
Sg
Seaborgium
Glenn T. Seaborg, scientist
6
7
269 ![269][X]
35.0 !(35.0)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

107
Bh
Bohrium
Niels Bohr, physicist
7
7
270 ![270][X]
37.1 !(37.1)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

108
Hs
Hassium
Hesse, Germany, where the element was first synthesized
8
7
277 ![277][X]
40.7 !(40.7)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

109
Mt
Meitnerium
Lise Meitner, physicist
9
7
278 ![278][X]
37.4 !(37.4)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

110
Ds
Darmstadtium
Darmstadt, Germany, where the element was first synthesized
10
7
281 ![281][X]
34.8 !(34.8)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

111
Rg
Roentgenium
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, physicist
11
7
282 ![282][X]
28.7 !(28.7)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

112
Cn
Copernicium
Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer
12
7
285 ![285][X]
23.7 !(23.7)[XIII]
–
357 !~357[XIV]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

113
Nh
Nihonium
the Japanese name for Japan, Nihon, where the element was first synthesized
13
7
286 ![286][X]
16 !(16)[XIII]
0700 !(700)[XIII]
1400 !(1400)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

114
Fl
Flerovium
Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR where the element was synthesized; itself named for Georgy Flyorov, physicist
14
7
289 ![289][X]
14 !(14)[XIII]
–
210 !~210
–
–
0 !0[XII]

115
Mc
Moscovium
Moscow Oblast, Russia, where the element was first synthesized
15
7
290 ![290][X]
13.5 !(13.5)[XIII]
0700 !(700)[XIII]
1400 !(1400)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

116
Lv
Livermorium
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (in Livermore, California) which collaborated with JINR on its synthesis
16
7
293 ![293][X]
12.9 !(12.9)[XIII]
0709 !(709)[XIII]
1085 !(1085)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

117
Ts
Tennessine
Tennessee, United States
17
7
294 ![294][X]
7.2 !(7.2)[XIII]
0723 !(723)[XIII]
0883 !(883)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

118
Og
Oganesson
Yuri Oganessian, physicist
18
7
294 ![294][X]
5.0 !(5.0)[XIII][XV]
–
350 !(350)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

show
Notes

^ Jump up to: a b c Z is the standard symbol for atomic number; C is the standard symbol for heat capacity; and χ is the standard symbol for electronegativity on the Pauling scale.
Jump up ^ Unless otherwise indicated, elements are primordial – they occur naturally, and not through decay.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al The isotopic composition of this element varies in some geological specimens, and the variation may exceed the uncertainty stated in the table.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g The isotopic composition of the element can vary in commercial materials, which can cause the atomic weight to deviate significantly from the given value.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o The isotopic composition varies in terrestrial material such that a more precise atomic weight can not be given.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l The value listed is the conventional atomic-weight value suitable for trade and commerce. The actual value may differ depending on the isotopic composition of the sample. Since 2009, IUPAC provides the standard atomic-weight values for these elements using the interval notation. The corresponding standard atomic weights are:

Hydrogen: [1.00784, 1.00811]
Lithium: [6.938, 6.997]
Boron: [10.806, 10.821]
Carbon: [12.0096, 12.0116]
Nitrogen: [14.00643, 14.00728]
Oxygen: [15.99903, 15.99977]
Magnesium: [24.304, 24.307]
Silicon: [28.084, 28.086]
Sulfur: [32.059, 32.076]
Chlorine: [35.446, 35.457]
Bromine: [79.901, 79.907]
Thallium: [204.382, 204.385]

Jump up ^ Helium does not solidify at a pressure of one atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atmospheres, which corresponds to a melting point of absolute zero.
Jump up ^ The atomic weight of commercial lithium can vary between 6.939 and 6.996—analysis of the specific material is necessary to find a more accurate value.
Jump up ^ This element sublimes at one atmosphere of pressure.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al The element does not have any stable nuclides, and a value in brackets, e.g. [209], indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of the element. However, four such elements, bismuth, thorium, protactinium, and uranium, have characteristic terrestrial isotopic compositions, and thus their standard atomic weights are given.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k This element is transient – it occurs only through decay.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x This element is synthetic – the transuranic elements 95 and above do not occur naturally, but they can all be produced artificially.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj The value has not been precisely measured, usually because of the element's short half-life; the value given in parentheses is a prediction.
Jump up ^ With error bars: 357+112
−108 K.
Jump up ^ This predicted value is for liquid oganesson, not gaseous oganesson.

text: Background color shows subcategory in the metal–metalloid–nonmetal trend:

text:
Metal
Metalloid
Nonmetal
Unknown
chemical
properties

Alkali metal
Alkaline earth metal
Lanthanide
Actinide
Transition metal
Post-transition metal
Reactive nonmetal
Noble gas

text: Antimatter atoms are denoted by a bar above the symbol for their matter counterpart, so e.g. H is the symbol for antihydrogen.

text: Symbols and names not currently used[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The following is a list of symbols and names formerly used or suggested for elements, including symbols for placeholder names and names given by discredited claimants for discovery.

text:
Chemical symbol
Name
Atomic number
Origin of symbol
Why not used
Refs

A
Argon
18
A used for Argon until 1957. Current symbol is Ar.
[nb 2]
[6]

Ab
Alabamine
85
Discredited claim to discovery of astatine.
[nb 3]
[7]

Ad
Aldebaranium
70
Former name for ytterbium.
[nb 3]

Am
Alabamium
85
Discredited claim to discovery of astatine. The symbol is now used for americium.
[nb 3]
[7]

An
Athenium
99
Proposed name for einsteinium.
[nb 4]

Ao
Ausonium
93
Discredited claim to discovery of neptunium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Az
Azote
7
Former name for nitrogen.
[nb 2]

Bo
Boron
5
Current symbol is B.
[nb 2]

Bv
Brevium
91
Former name for protactinium.
[nb 2]

Bz
Berzelium

Baskerville wrongly believed berzelium to be a new element. Was actually thorium.
[nb 4]
[8]

Cb
Columbium
41
Former name for niobium.
[nb 2]
[7][8]

Ch
Chromium
24
Current symbol is Cr.
[nb 2]

Cl
Columbium
41
Former name for niobium. The symbol is now used for chlorine.
[nb 2]

Cn
Carolinium

Baskerville wrongly believed carolinium to be a new element. Was actually thorium. The symbol is now used for copernicium.

[8]

Cp
Cassiopeium
71
Former name for lutetium.
[nb 2]

Cp
Copernicium
112
Current symbol is Cn.
[nb 2]

Ct
Celtium
72
Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium.
[nb 3]

Ct
Centurium
100
Proposed name for fermium.
[nb 4]

D
Didymium

Mixture of the elements praseodymium and neodymium. Mosander wrongly believed didymium to be an element.

[9]

Da
Davyum
43
Discredited claim to discovery of technetium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Db
Dubnium
104
Proposed name for rutherfordium. The symbol and name were instead used for element 105.
[nb 2][nb 4]
[7]

Di
Didymium

Mixture of the elements praseodymium and neodymium. Mosander wrongly believed didymium to be an element.

[9]

Ds
Dysprosium
66
Current symbol is Dy. The symbol is now used for darmstadtium.
[nb 2]

E
Einsteinium
99
Current symbol is Es.
[nb 2]

E
Erbium
68
Current symbol is Er.
[nb 2]

Ea
Ekaaluminium
31
Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, gallium closely matched the prediction.
[nb 4][nb 5]

Eb
Ekaboron
21
Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, scandium closely matched the prediction.
[nb 4][nb 5]
[7]

El
Ekaaluminium
31
Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, gallium closely matched the prediction.
[nb 4][nb 5]
[7]

Em
Ekamanganese
43
Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, technetium closely matched the prediction.
[nb 4][nb 5]
[7]

Em
Emanation
86
Also called "radium emanation", the name was originally given by Friedrich Ernst Dorn in 1900. In 1923, this element officially became radon (the name given at one time to 222Rn, an isotope identified in the decay chain of radium).
[nb 2]
[7]

Em
Emanium
89
Alternate name formerly proposed for actinium.
[nb 4]

Es
Ekasilicon
32
Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, germanium closely matched the prediction. The symbol is now used for einsteinium.
[nb 4][nb 5]
[7]

Es
Esperium
94
Discredited claim to discovery of plutonium. The symbol is now used for einsteinium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Fa
Francium
87
Current symbol is Fr.
[nb 2]

Fl
Florentium
61
Discredited claim to discovery of promethium. The symbol is now used for flerovium.
[nb 3]

Fl
Fluorine
9
Current symbol is F. The symbol is now used for flerovium.
[nb 2]

Fr
Florentium
61
Discredited claim to discovery of promethium. The symbol is now used for francium.
[nb 3]
[7]

G
Glucinium
4
Former name for beryllium.
[nb 2]

Gl
Glucinium
4
Former name for beryllium.
[nb 2]
[7]

Ha
Hahnium
105
Proposed name for dubnium.
[nb 4]

Hn
Hahnium
108
Proposed name for hassium.
[nb 4]
[7]

Hv
Helvetium
85
Discredited claim to discovery of astatine.
[nb 3]
[8]

Hy
Mercury
80
Hy from the Greek hydrargyrum for "liquid silver". Current symbol is Hg.
[nb 2]
[6]

I
Iridium
77
Current symbol is Ir. The symbol is now used for iodine.
[nb 2]

Il
Illinium
61
Discredited claim to discovery of promethium.
[nb 3]
[7]

J
Jodium
53
Former name for iodine.
[nb 2]

Jg
Jargonium
72
Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Jl
Joliotium
105
Proposed name for dubnium.
[nb 4]
[7]

Ka
Potassium
19
Current symbol is K.
[nb 2]

Ku
Kurchatovium
104
Proposed name for rutherfordium.
[nb 4]
[7]

L
Lithium
3
Current symbol is Li.
[nb 2]

Lw
Lawrencium
103
Current symbol is Lr.
[nb 2]

M
Muriaticum
17
Former name for chlorine.
[nb 2]

Ma
Manganese
25
Current symbol is Mn.
[nb 2]

Ma
Masurium
43
Disputed claim to discovery of technetium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Md
Mendelevium
97
Proposed name for berkelium. The symbol and name were later used for element 101.
[nb 2][nb 4]

Ml
Moldavium
87
Discredited claim to discovery of francium.
[nb 3]
[8]

Ms
Magnesium
12
Current symbol is Mg.
[nb 2]

Ms
Masurium
43
Disputed claim to discovery of technetium.
[nb 3]

Mv
Mendelevium
101
Current symbol is Md.
[nb 2]

Ng
Norwegium
72
Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium.
[nb 3]

No
Norium
72
Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium. The symbol is now used for nobelium.
[nb 3]

Np
Nipponium
43
Discredited claim to discovery of technetium. The symbol is now used for neptunium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Ns
Nielsbohrium
105
Proposed name for dubnium.
[nb 4]
[7]

Ns
Nielsbohrium
107
Proposed name for bohrium.
[nb 4]
[7]

Nt
Niton
86
Former name for radon.
[nb 2]
[7]

Ny
Neoytterbium
70
Former name for ytterbium.
[nb 2]

P
Lead
82
Current symbol is Pb. The symbol is now used for phosphorus.
[nb 2]

Pa
Palladium
46
Current symbol is Pd. The symbol is now used for protactinium.
[nb 2]

Pe
Pelopium
41
Former name for niobium.
[nb 2]

Pl
Palladium
46
Current symbol is Pd.
[nb 2]

Po
Potassium
19
Current symbol is K. The symbol is now used for polonium.
[nb 2]

R
Rhodium
45
Current symbol is Rh.
[nb 2]

Rd
Radium
88
Current symbol is Ra.
[nb 2]

Rf
Rutherfordium
106
Proposed name for seaborgium. The symbol and name were instead used for element 104.
[nb 2][nb 4]
[7]

Ro
Rhodium
45
Current symbol is Rh.
[nb 2]

Sa
Samarium
62
Current symbol is Sm.
[nb 2]
[7]

So
Sodium
11
Current symbol is Na.
[nb 2]

St
Antimony
51
Current symbol is Sb.
[nb 2]

St
Tin
50
Current symbol is Sn.
[nb 2]

Tn
Tungsten
74
Current symbol is W.
[nb 2]

Tr
Terbium
65
Current symbol is Tb.
[nb 2]

Tu
Thulium
69
Current symbol is Tm.
[nb 2]

Tu
Tungsten
74
Current symbol is W.
[nb 2]

Unb
Unnilbium
102
Temporary name given to nobelium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Une
Unnilennium
109
Temporary name given to meitnerium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Unh
Unnilhexium
106
Temporary name given to seaborgium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uno
Unniloctium
108
Temporary name given to hassium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Unp
Unnilpentium
105
Temporary name given to dubnium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Unq
Unnilquadium
104
Temporary name given to rutherfordium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uns
Unnilseptium
107
Temporary name given to bohrium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Unt
Unniltrium
103
Temporary name given to lawrencium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Unu
Unnilunium
101
Temporary name given to mendelevium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uub
Ununbium
112
Temporary name given to copernicium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uuh
Ununhexium
116
Temporary name given to livermorium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uun
Ununnilium
110
Temporary name given to darmstadtium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uuo
Ununoctium
118
Temporary name given to oganesson until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uup
Ununpentium
115
Temporary name given to moscovium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uuq
Ununquadium
114
Temporary name given to flerovium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uus
Ununseptium
117
Temporary name given to tennessine until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uut
Ununtrium
113
Temporary name given to nihonium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uuu
Unununium
111
Temporary name given to roentgenium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Ur
Uranium
92
Current symbol is U.
[nb 2]

Vi
Virginium
87
Discredited claim to discovery of francium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Vm
Virginium
87
Discredited claim to discovery of francium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Va
Vanadium
23
Current symbol is V.
[nb 2]

Wo
Tungsten
74
Current symbol is W.
[nb 2]

X
Xenon
54
Current symbol is Xe.
[nb 2]

Yt
Yttrium
39
Current symbol is Y.
[nb 2]
[7]

text: Pictographic symbols[edit]

text: The following is a list of pictographic symbols employed to symbolize elements known since ancient times (for example to the alchemists). Not included in this list are symbolic representations of substances previously called elements (such as certain rare earth mineral blends and the classical elements fire and water of ancient philosophy) which are known today to be multi-atomic. Also not included are symbolic representations currently used for elements in other languages such as the Chinese characters for elements. Modern alphabetic notation was introduced in 1814 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.

text:
Chemical symbol
Original name
Modern name
Atomic number
Origin of symbol

☉
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
1
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

⬤
Carbon
Carbon
6
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

⦶
Azote
Nitrogen
7
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

◯
Oxygen
Oxygen
8
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

⦷
Soda
Sodium
11
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

⊛
Magnesium
Magnesium
12
Alchemical symbol.

Sulfur
Sulfur
16
Alchemical symbol.

Pallas
Sulfur
16
Alchemical symbol.

🜍
Sulfur
Sulfur
16
Alchemical symbol.

ⴲ
Sulfur
Sulfur
16
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

♂
Mars
Iron
26
Alchemical symbol.

Ⓘ
Iron
Iron
26
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

Stellae Fixae
Copper
29
Pre–16th-century alchemical symbol.

♀
Venus
Copper
29
Alchemical symbol.

Copper
Copper
29
Alchemical symbol.

Ⓒ
Copper
Copper
29
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

Ⓩ
Zinc
Zinc
30
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

Arsenic
Arsenic
33
Alchemical symbol.

🜺
Arsenic
Arsenic
33
Alchemical symbol.

☽
Luna
Silver
47
Alchemical symbol.

🜛
Silver
Silver
47
Alchemical symbol.

Ⓢ
Silver
Silver
47
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

♃
Iupiter
Tin
50
Alchemical symbol.

♁
Antimony
Antimony
51
Alchemical symbol.

☉☾
Platinum
Platinum
78
Alchemical symbol.

⛢
Uranus
Platinum
78
Alchemical symbol.

☼
Sol
Gold
79
Alchemical symbol from the 16th century.

☉
Sol
Gold
79
Alchemical symbol from 1700 through 1783.

🜚
Gold
Gold
79
Alchemical symbol.

♓
Pisces
Mercury
80
Pre–16th-century alchemical symbol.

♆
Neptunus
Mercury
80
Alchemical symbol from the 17th century.

☿
Mercurius
Mercury
80
Alchemical symbol from 1700 through 1783.

♄
Saturnus
Lead
82
Alchemical symbol circa 1783.

Ⓛ
Lead
Lead
82
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

♉
Taurus
Bismuth
83
Alchemical symbol.

text: Symbols for named isotopes[edit]

text: The following is a list of isotopes of elements given in the previous tables which have been designated unique symbols. By this it is meant that a comprehensive list of current systematic symbols (in the uAtom form) are not included in the list and can instead be found in the Isotope index chart. The symbols for the named isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (D) and tritium (T) are still in use today, as is thoron (Tn) for radon-220 (though not actinon; An is usually used instead for a generic actinide). Heavy water and other deuterated solvents are commonly used in chemistry, and it is convenient to use a single character rather than a symbol with a subscript in these cases. The practice also continues with tritium compounds. When the name of the solvent is given, a lowercase d is sometimes used. For example, d6-benzene and C6D6 can be used instead of [2H6]C6H6.[10]

text: The symbols for isotopes of elements other than hydrogen and radon are no longer in use within the scientific community. Many of these symbols were designated during the early years of radiochemistry, and several isotopes (namely those in the actinium decay family, the radium decay family, and the thorium decay family) bear placeholder names using the early naming system devised by Ernest Rutherford.[11]

text:
Chemical symbol
Name
Atomic number
Origin of symbol

Ac
Actinium
89
From the Greek aktinos. Name restricted at one time to 227Ac, an isotope of actinium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 89.

AcA
Actinium A
84
From actinium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to 215Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcB
Actinium B
82
From actinium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to 211Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcC
Actinium C
83
From actinium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to 211Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcC'
Actinium C'
84
From actinium and C'. Placeholder name given at one time to 211Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcC"
Actinium C"
81
From actinium and C". Placeholder name given at one time to 207Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcK
Actinium K
87
Name given at one time to 223Fr, an isotope of francium identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcU
Actino-uranium
92
Name given at one time to 235U, an isotope of uranium.

AcX
Actinium X
88
Name given at one time to 223Ra, an isotope of radium identified in the decay chain of actinium.

An
Actinon
86
From actinium and emanation. Name given at one time to 219Rn, an isotope of radon identified in the decay chain of actinium.

D
Deuterium
1
From the Greek deuteros. Name given to 2H.

Io
Ionium
90
Name given to 230Th, an isotope of thorium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

MsTh1
Mesothorium 1
88
Name given at one time to 228Ra, an isotope of radium.

MsTh2
Mesothorium 2
89
Name given at one time to 228Ac, an isotope of actinium.

Pa
Protactinium
91
From the Greek protos and actinium. Name restricted at one time to 231Pa, an isotope of protactinium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 91.

Ra
Radium
88
From the Latin radius. Name restricted at one time to 226Ra, an isotope of radium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 88.

RaA
Radium A
84
From radium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to 218Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaB
Radium B
82
From radium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to 214Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaC
Radium C
83
From radium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to 214Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaC'
Radium C'
84
From radium and C'. Placeholder name given at one time to 214Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaC"
Radium C"
81
From radium and C". Placeholder name given at one time to 210Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaD
Radium D
82
From radium and D. Placeholder name given at one time to 210Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaE
Radium E
83
From radium and E. Placeholder name given at one time to 210Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaE"
Radium E"
81
From radium and E". Placeholder name given at one time to 206Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaF
Radium F
84
From radium and F. Placeholder name given at one time to 210Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of radium.

RdAc
Radioactinium
90
Name given at one time to 227Th, an isotope of thorium.

RdTh
Radiothorium
90
Name given at one time to 228Th, an isotope of thorium.

Rn
Radon
86
From radium and emanation. Name restricted at one time to 222Rn, an isotope of radon identified in the decay chain of radium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 86 in 1923.

T
Tritium
1
From the Greek tritos. Name given to 3H.

Th
Thorium
90
After Thor. Name restricted at one time to 232Th, an isotope of thorium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 90.

ThA
Thorium A
84
From thorium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to 216Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of thorium.

ThB
Thorium B
82
From thorium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to 212Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of thorium.

ThC
Thorium C
83
From thorium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to 212Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of thorium.

ThC'
Thorium C'
84
From thorium and C'. Placeholder name given at one time to 212Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of thorium.

ThC"
Thorium C"
81
From thorium and C". Placeholder name given at one time to 208Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of thorium.

ThX
Thorium X
88
Name given at one time to 224Ra, an isotope of radium identified in the decay chain of thorium.

Tn
Thoron
86
From thorium and emanation. Name given at one time to 220Rn, an isotope of radon identified in the decay chain of thorium.

UI
Uranium I
92
Name given at one time to 238U, an isotope of uranium.

UII
Uranium II
92
Name given at one time to 234U, an isotope of uranium.

UX1
Uranium X1
90
Name given at one time to 234Th, an isotope of thorium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

UX2
Uranium X2
91
Name given at one time to 234mPa, an isotope of protactinium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

UY
Uranium Y
90
Name given at one time to 231Th, an isotope of thorium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

UZ
Uranium Z
91
Name given at one time to 234Pa, an isotope of protactinium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

text: Other symbols[edit]

text: General:

text:
A: A deprotonated acid or an anion
An: any actinide
B: A base, often in the context of Lewis acid–base theory or Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
E: any element or electrophile
L: any ligand
Ln: any lanthanide
M: any metal
Mm: mischmetall (occasionally used)[12]
Ng: any noble gas (Rg is sometimes used, but that is also used for the element roentgenium: see above)
Nu: any nucleophile
R: any unspecified radical (moiety) not important to the discussion
St: steel (occasionally used)
X: any halogen

text: From organic chemistry:

text:
Ac: acetyl – (also used for the element actinium: see above)
Ad: adamantyl
Ar: aryl – (also used for the element argon: see above)
Bn: benzyl
Bu: butyl
Bz: benzoyl
Cp: cyclopentadienyl
Cy: cyclohexyl
Et: ethyl
i-Pr, iPr, Pri: isopropyl
Me: methyl
Mes: mesityl (2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)
Ms: mesyl (methylsulfonyl)
Np: neopentyl – (also used for the element neptunium: see above)
Ph: phenyl
Pr: propyl – (also used for the element praseodymium: see above)
s-Bu: sec-butyl
R: In organic chemistry contexts, an unspecified "R" is often understood to be an alkyl group
t-Bu: tert-butyl
Tf: triflyl (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)
Tr: trityl (triphenylmethyl)
Ts (occasionally Tos): tosyl (para toluenesulfonyl) – (also used for the element tennessine: see above)

text: Exotic atoms:

text:
Mu: muonium
Pn: protonium
Ps: positronium


document_title: Happy Meal

question_text: when did mcdonald's start giving out toys

question_tokens: when did mcdonald 's start giving out toys

root

text: Happy Meal

text: Product description[edit]

text: The Happy Meal contains a main item (typically a hamburger, cheeseburger, or small serving of Chicken McNuggets), a side item (french fries, apple slices, or a salad in some areas), and a drink (milk, juice, or a soft drink). The choice of items changes from country to country, and may depend on the size of the restaurant.

tag: p

text: In some countries, the choices have been expanded to include items such as a grilled cheese sandwich (known as a "Fry Kid"), or more healthy options such as apple slices, a mini snack wrap, salads, or pasta, as one or more of the options.[1]

text: In most countries, McDonald's has introduced a "healthy option" to the Happy Meal. Children have always been able to choose milk with their Happy Meal and the chain added fruit juice drink instead of a soft drink, and bags of dried fruit (or a whole piece of fruit such as an apple or carrot sticks) in place of fries.

text: Variants[edit]

text:
The Mighty Kids Meal is a meal from McDonald's designed for preteens, who are older than those who might eat a Happy Meal, but still not hungry enough to eat from the full menu. The concept is similar to the Happy Meal, in that it provides a burger or Chicken McNuggets, french fries, apple slices, a drink and a toy. The difference is that the Mighty Kid's Meal provides more food than what is typically found in a Happy Meal, providing a McDouble (a cheeseburger consisting of two patties and one slice of cheese) instead of a cheeseburger or a hamburger, and more Chicken McNuggets (6 versus 4), plus a larger drink (16oz vs 12oz). McDonald's began offering the Mighty Kids Meal on March 30, 2001, as a response to Burger King's Big Kids Meal, which had debuted in 1998. Its advertising campaign involved kids being put in infantile situations, to represent that the regular Happy Meal was for younger kids. In the UK it was called the Happy Meal Extra.
The Go Active! Meal was a promotion for adults introduced in 2004, and lasted from May 11 to June 7.[2] The Go Active! Meal featured a Dasani water bottle, a salad, a pedometer instead of a toy, and an exercise booklet.

tag: ul

text: International naming[edit]

text: In some regions different names are used. In French Canada, it is called "Joyeux Festin" (literally meaning Happy Feast in Canadian French). In Latin America and Puerto Rico (not so in Spain) it is known as Cajita Feliz (Happy little box in Latin Spanish). In Brazil it is known as McLanche Feliz (Happy McSnack in Brazilian Portuguese).

text: In Japan, it was called Okosama Lunch from 1987 to 1988, then Okosama Set from 1988 to 1995 (Okosama is a polite word for "child"), before being renamed to Happy Set. In Germany, it was known as Juniortüte (Bag for Juniors in German) until 1999.

text: History[edit]

text: In the mid-1970s, Yolanda Fernández de Cofiño began working with her husband operating McDonald's restaurants in Guatemala. She created what she called the "Menu Ronald" (Ronald menu), which offered a hamburger, small fries and a small sundae to help mothers feed their children more effectively while at McDonald's restaurants.[3][4] The concept was eventually brought to the attention of McDonald's management in Chicago. The company gave the development of the product to Bob Bernstein, founder and CEO of Bernstein-Rein, an agency that has counted McDonald's as a key client since 1967. Bernstein came up with the Happy Meal.[5]

text: In 1977, the McDonald's restaurant owner clients who regularly met with Bernstein were looking for ways to create a better experience for families with kids. Bernstein reasoned that if kids could get a packaged meal all their own instead of just picking at their parent's food, everybody would be happier. He had often noticed his young son at the breakfast table poring over the various items on cereal boxes and thought, "Why not do that for McDonald's? The package is the key!" He then called in his creative team and had them mock up some paperboard boxes fashioned to resemble lunch pails with the McDonald's Golden Arches for handles. They called in nationally known children's illustrators and offered them the blank slate of filling the box's sides and tops with their own colorful ideas from art to jokes to games to comic strips to stories to fantasy: whatever they thought might appeal to kids, at least 8 items per box. Inside the box would be a burger, small fries, packet of cookies and a surprise gift. A small drink would accompany these items. Bernstein named it The Happy Meal and it was successfully introduced with television and radio spots and in-store posters in the Kansas City market in October 1977. Other markets followed and the national roll-out happened in 1979.

text: Bernstein received Trademark #1136758 (Serial #73148046)[6] for his idea in 1977 which he assigned to his valued client, McDonald's Corporation, on June 10, 1980. In 1987 at the annual McDonald's marketing meeting, he was recognized for his accomplishment with a full-size bronze replica of the Happy Meal box with the following inscription:

text:
McDonald's Happy Meal 10th Anniversary 1977-1987
To Robert A. Bernstein, Bernstein-Rein Advertising
Thank you for bringing the Happy Meal, a bold idea, to the McDonald's System.
Your insight and conviction truly has made McDonald's a fun place for children for the past 10 years!
McDonald's Corporation
September, 1987

text: Often, the Happy Meal is themed to promote a current family-oriented movie. The first such promotion was the Star Trek Meal, to promote Star Trek: The Motion Picture in December 1979. The packaging used for the Star Trek Meal consisted of various images and games related to the film, as well as a comic strip adaptation of the film. Consumers had to buy numerous meals in order to complete the set. In 1992, McDonald's withdrew their range of Happy Meal toys for the film Batman Returns, after complaints from parents that the film was unsuitable for children.[7]

text: In July 2011, McDonald's announced plans to make Happy Meals healthier, including the addition of apples. The redesigned meals will contain a smaller portion (1.1 ounces) of fries, along with the apples. On February 4, 2013, McDonald's announced that Fish McBites, fried Alaskan pollock, the same fish used in Filet-O-Fish, would be added as an entree, which would run until March, intended to coincide with Lent.[8]

text: In 2014, McDonald's added a mascot to Happy Meals in the United States, known as Happy. Happy was originated from France in 2009. Reactions were mixed, with criticism that the mascot's design was too frightening.[9]

text: Happy Meal toy[edit]

text: The Happy Meal did not introduce the practice of providing small toys to children. When the Happy Meal started in 1979, the toys back then were a McDoodle stencil, a McWrist wallet, an ID bracelet, a puzzle lock, a spinning top, or a McDonaldland character-shaped eraser. In Canada, the promotion prior to the Happy Meal was called the "Treat of the Week", where a different toy was available free on request each week.[10] This promotion continued after the Happy Meal was introduced in 1979. Happy Meal toys have become increasingly elaborate in recent years. While initially they were little more than a cheap plastic trinket such as a Frisbee or ball, they have gradually been replaced with increasingly sophisticated toys, many of which are a tie-in to an existing TV show, film, or toy line.

text: Bans[edit]

text: On November 2, 2010, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed a law requiring that children's meals sold in restaurants must meet certain nutritional standards before they could be sold with toys, to reduce triggering of childhood obesity. The law, urged in part by an increase of childhood obesity in the United States, would allow toys to be included with children's meals that have less than 600 calories and less than 640 milligrams of sodium, contain fruits and vegetables, and include beverages without excessive fat or sugar. The board overturned the veto of Mayor Gavin Newsom on November 23 to pass the law.[11] The law has been ridiculed by the satirical news program The Daily Show.[12] McDonald's circumvented the ban by charging 10 cents for the toys.[13]

text: A class action lawsuit seeking to ban Happy Meal toys in California was filed in 2010. The suit was dismissed in April 2012.[14]

text: In Chile, the Happy Meal, along with kids' meals at other fast food chains, will no longer include free toys, in response to a law banning such toys in a move to curb obesity.[15]


document_title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

question_text: when did the song cotton eye joe come out

text: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: History[edit]

text: The origins of this song are unclear, although it pre-dates the 1861–1865 American Civil War.[1] American folklorist Dorothy Scarborough (1878–1935) noted in her 1925 book On the Trail of Negro Folk-songs, that several people remember hearing the song before the war. Scarborough's account of the song came from her sister, Mrs. George Scarborough, who learned the song from "the Negroes on a plantation in Texas, and other parts from a man in Louisiana." The man in Louisiana knew the song from his earliest childhood and heard slaves singing it on plantations.[2] Both the dance and the song had many variants.[3] The first printed one dates from 1882[4]. American publishing house Harper and Brothers published a version in 1882, heard by author Louise Clarke Pyrnelle (born 1850) on the Alabama plantation of her father when she was a child,[5] that was later republished in 1910:[6]

text: "Cotton-eyed Joe, Cotton-eyed Joe,

text:
What did make you sarve me so,
Fur ter take my gal erway fum me,
An' cyar her plum ter Tennessee?
Ef it hadn't ben fur Cotton-eyed Joe,
I'd er been married long ergo.

"His eyes wuz crossed, an' his nose wuz flat,
An' his teef wuz out, but wat uv dat?
Fur he wuz tall, an' he wuz slim,
An' so my gal she follered him.
Ef it hadn't ben fur Cotton-eyed Joe,
I'd er been married long ergo.

"No gal so hansum could be foun',
Not in all dis country roun',
Wid her kinky head, an' her eyes so bright,
Wid her lips so red an' her teef so white.
Ef it hadn't ben fur Cotton-eyed Joe,
I'd been married long ergo.

"An' I loved dat gal wid all my heart,
An' she swo' fum me she'd never part;
But den wid Joe she runned away,
An' lef' me hyear fur ter weep all day.

O Cotton-eyed Joe, O Cotton-eyed Joe,
What did make you sarve me so?
O Joe, ef it hadn't er ben fur you,
I'd er married dat gal fur true."

text: By 1884, the same year Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was published, the fiddle-based song was referred to as "an old, familiar air."[7] In 1925, another version was recorded by folklorist Dorothy Scarborough and published.[8]

text: Don't you remember, don't you know,

text:
Don't you remember Cotton-eyed Joe?
Cotton-eyed Joe, Cotton-eyed Joe,
What did make you treat me so?
I'd 'a' been married forty year ago
Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton-eyed Joe!

Cotton-eyed Joe, Cotton-eyed Joe,
He was de nig dat sarved me so, —
Tuck my gal away fum me,
Carried her off to Tennessee.
I'd 'a' been married forty year ago
If it had n't a-been for Cotton-eyed Joe.

Hi's teeth was out an' his nose was flat,
His eyes was crossed, — but she did n't mind dat.
Kase he was tall, and berry slim,
An' so my gal she follered him.
I'd 'a' been married forty year ago
Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton-eyed Joe.

She was de prettiest gal to be found
Anywhar in de country round;
Her lips was red an' her eyes was bright,
Her skin was black but her teeth was white.
I'd 'a' been married forty year ago
Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton-eyed Joe.

Dat gal, she sho' had all my love,
An swore fum ne she'd never move,
But Joe hoodooed her, don't you see,
An' she run off wid him to Tennessee,
I'd 'a' been married forty years ago,
Ef it hadn't a-been for Cotton-eyed Joe."

text: Scarborough noted that the song seemed to be well known in the South prior to the Civil War, and parts of it had been sent in by various persons.[8]

text:
Over the years, many different versions of the song have been performed and/or recorded with many different versions of the lyrics (and many without lyrics).
"Cotton-Eyed Joe", on occasion referred to as "The South Texas National Anthem", was played for minstrel-type jigs, and it has long been popular as a square dance hoedown and a couple dance polka.[9]

text: A resident of Central Texas who learned the dance in Williamson County in the early 1880s described it as nothing but a heel and toe "poker" with fringes added. These fringes added to the heel and toe polka were clog steps which required skill and extraversion on the part of the dancer.[10]

text:
During the first half of the 20th century, the song was a widely known folk song all over English-speaking North America.
One discography lists 134 recorded versions released since 1950.[11] In more recent decades, the song has waned in popularity in most regions except some parts of the American South, where it is still a popular folk song.[12]

text: A list of the possible meanings of the term "cotton-eyed" that have been proposed includes: to be drunk on moonshine, or to have been blinded by drinking wood alcohol, turning the eyes milky white; a black person with very light blue eyes; someone whose eyes were milky white from bacterial infections of trachoma or syphilis, cataracts or glaucoma; or the contrast of dark skin tone around white eyeballs in black people.[13]

text: Bob Wills and Adolph Hofner and his San Antonians both recorded the song, and Hofner's version (Columbia 37658), issued in 1941,[14] apparently[clarification needed] was the one that did the most to popularize the song.[15]

text: A 1967 instrumental version of the song (KIKR k202) by Al Dean, who recalled the song called "The Gingerbread Man" in South Texas, inspired a new round dance polka for couples. This dance was adapted into a simplified version as a nonpartner waist-hold, spoke line routine. Heel and toe polka steps were replaced with a cross-lift followed by a kick with two-steps. The lift and kick are sometimes accompanied by shouts of "whoops, whoops", or the barnyard term "bull shit", mimicking the act of kicking off barnyard muck.[9] The practice continues to this day. The Kickin′ album included "Cotton-Eyed Joe" by Dean. (KIK-R: 10012)

text: One version of a dance called "Cotton-Eyed Joe" can be found in the 1975 edition of Encyclopedia of Social Dance. This version has the men on the inside of a circle facing out, and the women on the outside facing in. The dance consists of eight kick steps, side, close left together, right together, and a series of struts.[16]

text: The spoke line version gained popularity not only in Texas, but also across the US and overseas.[clarification needed] in the 1980s.[9]

text: Ray Benson of the Western Swing band Asleep at the Wheel talks about playing the Bob Wills version of "Cotton-Eyed Joe" in Texas in the 1970s when the dance was very much alive.[17]

text: A Western "Craze" followed the 1980 release of Urban Cowboy.

text: "Cotton-Eyed Joe", and its continued popularity in Texas, was referred to in the lyrics to Alabama's song "If You're Gonna Play in Texas." "I remember down in Houston we were puttin' on a show when a cowboy in the back stood up and yelled, 'Cotton-Eyed Joe'!"

text: In Merle Haggard's "Texas Fiddle Song", the final verse makes reference to the "Cotton-Eyed Joe" and features the melody of both the Bob Wills and Al Dean versions.

text: The song has become a staple song played at many professional and college baseball games during the seventh-inning stretch with the preference going to the Rednex version.

text: Select list of recorded versions[edit]

text:
Fiddlin' John Carson (earliest known recording)
1928: Gid Tanner's Skillet Lickers, Columbia 15283D, 4/10/1928[18][19][20][21]
1928: Carter Brothers, Vocalion 5349, 11/?/1928 [22]
1941: Burl Ives on the album, The Wayfaring Stranger
1942: Adolph Hofner and his San Antonians, with J. R. Chatwell on fiddle
1947: Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys[23]
1959: Nina Simone on the album, Nina Simone at Town Hall
1960: Walter Brennan
1962: Karen Dalton on the album, Cotton Eyed Joe
1967: Al Dean & the All-Stars
1968: Terry Callier on the album, The New Folk Sound of Terry Callier
1976: Leona Williams on the album, San Quentin's First Lady
1976: The Country Roland Band
1980: Isaac Payton Sweat
1985: Asleep at the Wheel on their self-titled album, Asleep at the Wheel
1985: The Moody Brothers on their self-titled album, The Moody Brothers, Grammy-nominated
1992: The Chieftains with Ricky Skaggs on the album, Another Country, Grammy-nominated
1992: The Muldoon Brothers on the album, Back O' The Barn
1992: Michelle Shocked, adapted version, "Prodigal Daughter (Cotton Eyed Joe)", on the album Arkansas Traveler
1993: Bill Monroe & His Bluegrass Boys on the album, Off the Record
1994: Black Lace, released under the song title, Bullshit
1994: Rednex
2003: Vanessa-Mae on the album, The Ultimate Vanessa-Mae
2010: Josh Rouse on the album, "El Turista"
2010: Hot Club of Cowtown
2011: Bass and Infinity released an a cappella parody version[24]
2014: Lee Matthews, Country and Irish singer, produced a version that topped the Irish Country Singles chart.
2017: Daniel Radcliffe, Andy Hull, and Robert McDowell, for the film Swiss Army Man

text: Rednex version[edit]

text: In August 1994, Swedish recording group Rednex covered the song as "Cotton Eye Joe" for their album Sex & Violins, combining their style with traditional American instruments, such as banjos,[25] and fiddles. In 2002, "Cotton Eye Joe" was remixed in a dance version, and was released from Rednex's greatest hits album, The Best of the West.

text: The Rednex version of the song (using "Eye" instead of "Eyed"), along with a dance-mix version, was very successful in Europe, where it remained at number one in Norway for 15 weeks, Switzerland for 13 weeks, Germany for 10 weeks, Sweden for 8 weeks, Austria for 7 weeks, 3 weeks on the UK Singles Chart and 2 weeks on the Dutch Top 40. In Oceania, it topped the New Zealand Singles Chart for 6 consecutive weeks. In Australia it peaked at number 8 in April 1995. In the US, it peaked at number 25 in March 1995.

text: Modern "Cotton-Eyed Joe" versions[edit]

text: The Country and Irish singer Lee Matthews released his version of the song with new added lyrics. The single on his own independent label topped the Irish Country Singles Download Chart in January 2015.[citation needed]


document_title: Law of holes

question_text: who said if you find yourself in a hole stop digging

text: Law of holes

text: Attribution[edit]

text: The adage has been attributed to a number of sources. It appeared in print on page six of The Washington Post dated October 25, 1911, in the form: "Nor would a wise man, seeing that he was in a hole, go to work and blindly dig it deeper..."[3] In The Bankers Magazine, it was published in 1964 as: "Let me tell you about the law of holes: If you find yourself in a hole, stop digging."[4]

text: In the United Kingdom, it has been referred to as "Healey's first law of holes"[2] after politician Denis Healey, who used the adage in the 1980s and later.[1]

text: Use[edit]

text: It has been quoted by American humorist Will Rogers.[5]


document_title: God Friended Me

question_text: who is the star of god friended me

question_tokens: who is the star of god friended me

text: God Friended Me

text: Plot[edit]

text: God Friended Me is described as a humorous, uplifting series that explores questions of faith, existence and science. It centers on Miles (Hall), an atheist whose life is turned upside down when he is friended by God on Facebook. Unwittingly, he becomes an agent of change in the lives and destinies of others around him. Cara (Violett Beane) is a leading writer at an online magazine. Under pressure for her next big story, her life takes an interesting turn when she meets Miles—thanks to God's friend suggestion.[4]

text: Use of Facebook[edit]

text: God Friended Me uses Facebook frequently as a narrative device. The "Friended" in the title God Friended Me refers to the act of friending someone on social media, granting that person special privileges (on the service in question) with respect to oneself.[5]  On Facebook, for example, one's friends have the privilege of viewing and posting to one's timeline.[6] In God Friended Me, this allows for God to contact Miles.[4]

text: While the majority of Facebook's revenue is advertisement-derived,[7][8] show creator Steven Lilien says that their conversations with Facebook have been limited to discussing "how much we can portray it".[9] According to executive producer Bryan Wynbrandt, the "God" of the show will be active on Facebook outside the show, with liking pages and changing their profile picture given as examples of their possible online activities.[10]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Brandon Micheal Hall[1] as Miles Finer
Violett Beane[1] as Cara Bloom
Javicia Leslie[1] as Ali Finer
Suraj Sharma[1] as Rakesh Sehgal
Joe Morton[1] as 	Rev. Arthur Finer
Kyle Harris[11] as Eli James

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date [12]Prod.codeU.S. viewers(millions)1"Pilot"Marcos SiegaSteven Lilien & Bryan WynbrandtSeptember 30, 2018 (2018-09-30)[a]T33.0100210.14[14]
Miles Finer is the son of a preacher, but now runs a podcast wherein he supports atheism. He receives a Facebook friend request from "God", which he thinks is a hoax. Curious, he follows up on God's first suggested friend and unwittingly saves a man's life. He meets his second suggested friend, Cara, and discovers the two have more in common than either one knew.
2"The Good Samaritan"Marcos SiegaSteven Lilien & Bryan WynbrandtOctober 7, 2018 (2018-10-07)T40.101028.37[15]
As Miles prepares for his first national podcast about atheism, he gets another friend request from God that leads him to help a single mother connect with her autistic son. Cara gets closer to her estranged mother, while Ali convinces her father to support Miles and congratulate him on his podcast's success. Miles disagrees with his new producer, who wants a one-sided presentation about atheism. Miles instead wants his show to be more of an open conversation. Meanwhile, Rakesh is disappointed to see his new love interest on a date with another guy.
3"Heavenly Taco Truck"Kenneth FinkRobert HullOctober 14, 2018 (2018-10-14)T40.101037.90[16]
4"Error Code 1.61"Marcos SiegaAllison MooreOctober 21, 2018 (2018-10-21)T40.101048.86[17]
5"Unfriended"Erin FeeleySafia M. DirieOctober 28, 2018 (2018-10-28)T40.101056.94[18]
6"A House Divided"[19]Louis MilitoTeleplay by: Steven Lilien & Bryan WynbrandtStory by: Robert HillNovember 4, 2018 (2018-11-04)TBATBD
7"The Prodigal Son"[20]Marcos SiegaCarmen Pilar GoldenNovember 11, 2018 (2018-11-11)TBATBD
8"Matthew 621"[21]Holly DaleJessica GrangerNovember 18, 2018 (2018-11-18)TBATBD

tag: table

text: Jump up ^ The pilot received an early digital release on August 31, 2018.[13]

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 60%  based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 6.38 out of 10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A sincere and thoughtful handling of spiritual themes helps God Friended Me overcome -- and even benefit from -- its earnest approach to a potentially off-putting premise."[22] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 57 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[23]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Pilot"

September 30, 2018
1.3/5
10.14[14]
N/A
2.01
N/A
12.15[24]

2

"The Good Samaritan"

October 7, 2018
0.9/4
8.37[15]
N/A
1.91
N/A
10.29[25]

3

"Heavenly Taco Truck"

October 14, 2018
1.0/5
7.90[16]
0.4
2.11
1.4
10.01[26]

4

"Error Code 1.61"

October 21, 2018
1.2/5
8.86[17]
N/A
1.95
N/A
10.82[27]

5

"Unfriended"

October 28, 2018
0.7/3
6.94[18]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD