document_title: Drag Me to Hell

question_text: where does drag me to hell take place

question_tokens: where does drag me to hell take place

text: Drag Me to Hell

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1969, Pasadena, California, a couple seeks the aid of the medium Shaun San Dena, saying their son has been hearing evil spirits' voices after stealing a silver necklace from a “gypsy wagon”. San Dena aids the family by carrying out a seance, but they are attacked by an unseen force (revealed later to be Lamia) that pulls the boy into Hell. The medium says she will encounter the force again one day.

text: In present-day Los Angeles, bank loan officer Christine Brown hopes to be promoted to assistant manager over her co-worker Stu Rubin. Her boss, Jim Jacks, advises her to demonstrate that she can make tough decisions to get a promotion. Christine is visited by an elderly woman, Sylvia Ganush, who asks for a third extension on her mortgage payment. Despite knowing Ganush is on a fixed income, and that she suffers from medical ailments, Christine denies Ganush an extension to prove herself to her boss. Ganush begs Christine not to repossess her house and kneels in front of her. Christine becomes frightened of the woman's persistent, desperate pleading as she is helping her to stand up and calls security, who take Ganush away while Ganush blames Christine for "shaming" her and vows to take revenge. Jim compliments Christine on how she handled the situation, and embellishes his positive statements, alluding to a promotion.

text: When Christine leaves work and gets to the parking garage to drive home, Ganush, hiding in the backseat, attacks Christine in her car. Despite sustaining what should be fatal injuries, Ganush rips a button off Christine's coat and uses it to place a curse on Christine. Later, Christine and her boyfriend Clay Dalton meet fortune teller Rham Jas, who tells Christine that she is being haunted by a dark spirit, likely the result of a curse. At home, Christine is attacked by the entity and has repulsive nightmares about Ganush. At work the next day, after hallucinating flies buzzing in her stomach and Ganush’s hands in place of Stu’s, Christine snaps at Stu and has a projectile nose bleed that soaks her boss in blood. She runs out of the office, and in the occurring panic, Stu steals a file from Christine's desk.

text: Christine goes to talk to Ganush for forgiveness in efforts to lift the curse. Ganush’s granddaughter answers the door, skeptical of Christine’s remorse, and Christine finds that Ganush cannot lift the curse, seeing as Ganush has died, and her granddaughter was hosting the funeral/viewing for her in the basement.

text: Christine returns to Rham Jas, who explains that as long as Christine is the owner of an accursed object, she will be haunted by a powerful demon called the Lamia (loosely based on the Greek Lamia, a child eating demon), that will torment her for three days before taking her to Hell for eternity. He suggests a sacrifice to appease the demon. Desperate to stop the attacks, Christine reluctantly sacrifices her pet kitten. At a dinner party, she meets Clay’s parents for the first time,. She is again tormented by the Lamia, plagued with grotesque hallucinations like bugs appearing in a cake she bought for the night, and auditory illusions which cause her to scream abruptly and frighten Clay and his parents.

text: Christine returns to Rham Jas who says that Shaun San Dena will risk her life to stop the demon for a fee of $10,000. San Dena prepares a seance to trap the Lamia's spirit in a goat and kill it, and then allows the Lamia to inhabit her body. Rham Jas tries to persuade it not to steal Christine's soul, but it vows never to stop until Christine dies. Christine then places San Dena's hand on the goat, causing the spirit to enter its body. San Dena's assistant, Milos, attempts to kill the goat, but is bitten by the goat and becomes possessed and attacks the members of the seance. San Dena banishes the Lamia from the seance, but dies in the process. Christine thinks the medium has overcome the Lamia, but Rham Jas explains that she only managed to drive the spirit away until the next day. Then, he seals the cursed button in an envelope and tells Christine that she can get rid of the curse by giving the button to someone as a gift, thereby passing the curse on to that person.

text: Christine decides to give the envelope to Stu in revenge for his stealing her work, but changes her mind after seeing how pathetic Stu is when he meets up with her. With guidance from Rham Jas, Christine learns that she can give it back to Ganush even though she is dead. Christine digs up Ganush's grave, and after struggling momentarily with the corpse, Christine “formally” gives back the button, and callously jams the envelope in Ganush’s mouth just in time before dawn, seemingly ending the curse.

text: Christine returns home and prepares to meet Clay at Los Angeles Union Station for a weekend trip. She gets a message from her boss telling her that she landed her dream position after Stu confessed to stealing her work and was fired. At the station, Christine buys a coat that she has been wanting as a sign of a new beginning. Clay, planning to propose, reveals to Christine that he found the envelope containing the cursed button in his car; Christine then realizes she mixed up her envelope with another that she gave to Clay when she accidentally dropped it and that the curse was never lifted. Horrified, Christine backs away and falls onto the tracks. As Clay looks on, unable to reach Christine, a train barrels towards her, while fiery hands suddenly emerge from the tracks and drag Christine into what looks like the pits of Hell. Clay, holding the button in his hand at the edge of the train platform, with tears rolling down his face, stares at the tracks in utter disbelief and horror.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Alison Lohman as Christine Brown: A young mild-mannered bank employee who desires the position of assistant manager. After turning down Sylvia Ganush's request for a third extension on her mortgage, she is cursed by her and attacked by a demon called the Lamia.
Justin Long as Professor Clayton "Clay" Dalton: Christine's boyfriend who is a college professor born to a wealthy family. Clayton is skeptical about Rham Jas's help and the existence of the demon.
Lorna Raver as Mrs. Sylvia Ganush: An elderly gypsy Hungarian woman who attacks Christine Brown and places a curse on her. Ganush dies the day after the attack, but her soul constantly haunts Christine throughout the film.
Dileep Rao as Rham Jas: A young psychic who informs Christine that she is cursed. Rham Jas later introduces Christine to Shaun San Dena who has a seance with her.
David Paymer as Mr. Jim Jacks: Christine's concerned boss who is considering whether Christine or Stu Rubin deserves the job of assistant manager at the bank.
Adriana Barraza as Shaun San Dena: A psychic who has a seance to draw out the Lamia to kill it for Christine.

Flor de Maria Chahua as young Shaun San Dena

Bojana Novakovic as Ilenka Ganush: Sylvia Ganush's cynical granddaughter. She lets Christine into her home when she asks to meet the elderly Ganush.
Reggie Lee as Stu Rubin: A conniving employee of the bank Christine works at. Stu tries to make Christine look bad at work in order to get the promotion.
Chelcie Ross as Leonard Dalton: Clay's father who does not approve of Clayton dating Christine.
Molly Cheek as Trudy Dalton: Clay's mother who also does not approve of Clayton dating Christine due to her "peasant" origin and bizarre behavior (which was caused by the Lamia).
Art Kimbro as the voice of the Lamia: A powerful demon that is summoned after Ganush curses Christine. Its task is to torment Christine for three days before literally dragging her into Hell to burn for eternity.
Octavia Spencer as bank co-worker
Alex Veadov as the man with ponytail at the death feast

tag: ul

text: The film includes cameo appearances by Raimi himself as an uncredited ghost at the seance, Raimi's younger brother Ted as a doctor, members of Raimi's family Emma, Henry, and Lorne in minor roles, frequent Raimi collaborator Scott Spiegel as a mourner at the death feast, and John Paxton and Irene Roseen as the old couple at the diner.

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The original story for Drag Me to Hell was written ten years before the film went into production and was written by Sam Raimi and his brother Ivan Raimi. The film went into production under the name The Curse.[3] The Raimis wrote the script as a morality tale, desiring to write a story about a character who wants to be a good person, but makes a sinful choice out of greed for her own betterment and pays the price for it.[4] The Raimis tried to make the character of Christine the main focal point in the film, and tried to have Christine in almost all the scenes in the film.[3] Elements of the film's story are drawn from the British horror film Night of the Demon (itself an adaptation of M.R. James' short story "Casting the Runes") such as the similar-shaped demons and the three-day curse theme in the film.[5][6] The most significant parallel is that both stories involve the passing of a cursed object, which has to be passed to someone else, or its possessor will be devoured by one or more demons. Unlike his past horror films, Raimi wanted the film to be rated PG-13 and not strictly driven by gore, stating, "I didn't want to do exactly the same thing I had done before."[3][7]

text: After finishing the script, Raimi desired to make the picture after the first draft of the script was completed, but other projects such as the Spider-Man film series became a nearly decade-long endeavor, pushing opportunities to continue work on Drag Me to Hell to late 2007.[3] Raimi offered director Edgar Wright to direct Drag Me to Hell which Wright turned down as he was filming Hot Fuzz and felt that "If I did it, it would just feel like karaoke."[8] After the previous three Spider-Man films, Raimi came back to the script of Drag Me to Hell, wanting to make a simpler and lower-budget film.[9] In 2007, Sam Raimi's friend and producer Robert Tapert of Ghost House Pictures had the company sign on to finance the film.[3] Universal Studios agreed to distribute domestically.[3]

text: Casting[edit]

text: After completing the script and having the project greenlit, Raimi started casting the film.[3] Ellen Page was originally cast for the main role of Christine, but dropped out of the project due to SAG strike-related scheduling issues.[10] The main role eventually went to Lohman, who didn't enjoy horror films, but enjoyed doing the stunts during filming.[3] Stage actress Lorna Raver auditioned for the role of Mrs. Ganush. Raver was not aware of the specific nature of her character until being cast, stating that all she had read was "about a little old lady coming into the bank because they're closing down her house. It was only later that I saw the whole script and said, 'Oh my!'"[3] To prepare for this role, Raver met with a Hungarian dialect coach and asked to have portions of the script translated into Hungarian.[3] Raimi would later ask Raver to use some of the Hungarian words in the scenes of Ganush's attacking Christine.[3] Dileep Rao, who plays Rham Jas, made producer Grant Curtis mildly hesitant in casting him, stating that during his audition "he was a little bit younger than he read in the script. But as we were looking at his reading, Sam said, 'There's no minimum age requirement on wisdom.' Dileep has that wisdom and presence on screen, and that’s what made him right. Once he got on camera, he brought that shoulder for Alison to lean on."[3] Many of the actors playing secondary characters in Drag Me to Hell have appeared previously in Raimi's films, including Joanne Baron, Tom Carey, Molly Cheek, Aimee Miles, John Paxton, Ted Raimi, Bill E. Rogers, Chelcie Ross, and Octavia Spencer.[3]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Raimi said he set out to create “a horror film with lots of wild moments and lots of suspense and big shocks that’ll hopefully make audiences jump. But I also wanted to have a lot of dark humor sprinkled throughout. I spent the last decade doing Spider-Man and you come to rely on a lot of people doing things for you and a lot of help, but it’s refreshing and wonderful to be reminded that, as with most filmmakers, the best way to do it is yourself, with a tight team doing the main jobs."[11]

text: Production for Drag Me to Hell began on location in Tarzana, California.[3] The production team included director of photography Peter Deming (Evil Dead II, Mulholland Dr.), production designer Steve Saklad (Juno), and visual effects supervisor Bruce Jones. The film was produced by Grant Curtis and Rob Tapert. Tapert and Raimi are longtime collaborators, having attended college together in Michigan.[11]

text: Editing[edit]

text: Drag Me to Hell was edited by Bob Murawski, who has collaborated with Raimi on several films including the Spider-Man series, The Gift, and Army of Darkness.[11]

text: Raimi has said of working with Murawski on Drag Me to Hell, "He’d come (down to the set) to see how things were going and to let me know if he’d just cut something that wasn’t working the way he’d wanted it to, or to suggest a pick-up shot I should get for a piece he felt we needed in a sequence I hadn’t realized I needed. He’s very detail-oriented... So we’re very close collaborators."

text: Raimi finds editing with Murawski to be "relaxing", adding, "I love it. For me, it's so relaxing, unlike pre-production, which is fraught with anxiety and fear about how we'e going to do things, and production, which is so rushed and a sleepless time and you're just racing to finish every shot and worrying about focus and so on. So post is soothing and I can watch the film come together, so it's a time of discovery for me as Bob and I fit all the pieces together. I see new possibilities in post, as Bob puts the film together, sometimes in a way I never imagined..."[11]

text: The film was edited by Murawski on an Avid computer system in a West Los Angeles facility. The color grading was completed at Company 3 with colorist Stephen Nakamura. Nakamura used DaVinci Resolve. It was CO3's first start-to-finish feature in 4K resolution.[11]

text: "For us, post is a very creative time where it's not just about this factory producing the blueprinted product. It's really a very creative, experimental time where we try and take everything that's been written and then shot to the next level," said Raimi.[11]

text: The final sound mix was completed at the Dub Stage in Burbank with mixers Marti Humphrey and Chris Jacobson.[11]

text: Effects[edit]

text: The effects in Drag Me to Hell were created in many different ways, including green screen, puppets, prosthetics and computer-generated imagery.[3] Bruce Jones was the visual effects supervisor on the film. Of Jones, Raimi commented, "He brought a great can-do approach to the film... He's got a great team of artists and technicians with him, and he's got great instincts."[11]

text: There were hundreds of visual effects in the film, and different effects houses were utilized. According to Raimi, the Bay Area's Tippett Studio was a big player. "We also had work done by Amalgamated Pixels, Ghost VFX, KNB Effects, Home Digital, Cinesoup and IE Effects," said Raimi. According to Raimi, “Bob (Murawski) and I kept adding visual effects as post proceeded. In this film, the supernatural, the unseen, is almost another character, so sequences were developed — even in post — that would suggest the presence of the supernatural, and we kept on adding. The same with the sound effects, so it was a very ongoing, very live process in post."[11]

text: Director of photography Peter Deming tried to use realistic lighting in the film. Said Deming, "Normally, you'd put all corrected bulbs in, but we went with what was there, including the shots in the street. We used the streetlight look and mixed that with interior lighting. There were a lot of odd color sources that we chose to leave the way they would be naturally. It's a heightened sense of realism."[3] One of the earliest projects the special effects teams did was the scene in which Mrs. Ganush attacks Christine in her car. To film the action, which included close-ups of Christine jamming her foot on the pedal, hitting the brake, and shifting gears, the team created a puzzle car which allowed the front engine compartment and back trunk — as well as all four sides and doors — to come away from the car. The roof came off in two directions.[3]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Drag Me to Hell

Soundtrack album by Christopher Young

Released
August 18, 2009

Genre
Film score

Length
52:27

Producer
Brian McNelis, Flavio Motalla, Skip Williamson, Christopher Young[12]

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[13]

Soundtrack.Net
[14]

text: The film score was composed by Christopher Young. Young has worked with director Raimi previously on his films The Gift and Spider-Man 3. The soundtrack was released on August 18, 2009.[15] Sam Raimi stated that emphasis was on using the soundtrack to create a world that didn't exist, a world of the "supernatural".[11] The score contains elements of Young's previous work on Flowers in the Attic. This is particularly apparent in the utilization of the ethereal childlike soprano vocals that feature prominently throughout the soundtrack.

text: All tracks composed by Christopher Young.

text:
Drag Me to Hell (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Drag Me to Hell"
2:32

2.
"Mexican Devil Disaster"
4:33

3.
"Tale of a Haunted Banker"
1:52

4.
"Lamia"
4:06

5.
"Black Rainbows"
3:24

6.
"Ode to Ganush"
2:23

7.
"Familiar Familiars"
2:11

8.
"Loose Teeth"
6:31

9.
"Ordeal by Corpse"
4:35

10.
"Bealing Bells with Trumpet"
5:12

11.
"Brick Dogs Ala Carte"
1:46

12.
"Muttled Buttled Brain Stew"
2:51

13.
"Auto-Da-Fe"
4:31

14.
"Concerto to Hell"
5:58

Total length:
52:25

text: Release[edit]

text: Drag Me to Hell was first shown to the public as a "Work in Progress" print at the South by Southwest festival on March 15, 2009.[16] The film debuted in its full form at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival, where it was shown out of competition on May 21 as a midnight screening.[17][18]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was released in American theaters on May 29, 2009.[19] The film opened at #4 with $15,825,480 from 2,900 screens at 2,508 theaters, for an average of $6,310 per theater ($5,457 average per screen). In its second weekend, it dropped 56%, falling to #7, with $7,040,550 from 2,800 screens at 2,510 theaters, for an average of $2,805 per theater ($2,514 average per screen), and bringing the 10-day gross to $28,233,230.[20] Drag Me to Hell closed on August 6, 2009, with a final gross in the United States and Canada of $42,100,625, and an additional $48,742,021 internationally for a total of $90,842,646 worldwide.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Drag Me to Hell received mostly positive reviews from critics upon its release. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 92% based on 254 reviews, and an average rating of 7.6/10. The site's critical consensus states, "Sam Raimi returns to top form with Drag Me to Hell, a frightening, hilarious, delightfully campy thrill ride."[21] On Metacritic the film has received an average score of 83 out of 100, based on 32 reviews, signifying "universal acclaim".[19]

text: Positive critical reception of the film generally praised the film's scary but humorous and campy tone. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A rating, stating that "Raimi has made the most crazy, fun, and terrifying horror movie in years."[22] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times praised the film, stating that it "should not be dismissed as yet another horror flick just for teens. The filmmakers have given us a 10-story winding staircase of psychological tension that is making very small circles near the end."[23] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune described the film as a "hellaciously effective B-movie [that] comes with a handy moral tucked inside its scares, laughs and Raimi's specialty, the scare/laugh hybrid."[24] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, and stated that the film "is a sometimes funny and often startling horror movie. That is what it wants to be, and that is what it is."[25] In a positive review, Variety said of the film: "Scant and barren of subtext, the pic is single-mindedly devoted to pushing the audience's buttons... Still, there's no denying it delivers far more than competing PG-13 thrillers."[6]

text: Bloody Disgusting gave the film four and a half stars out of five, with the review calling it "quite simply the most PERFECT horror film I've seen in a long, long while... [It's] a blast and moved quickly from start to finish [and] is well on its way to becoming an immediate classic."[26] The film was then ranked thirteenth in Bloody Disgusting's list of the 'Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade'.[27]

text: Kyle Smith of the New York Post thought it was cheesy, with too many "gross-outs",[28] Rex Reed of the New York Observer thought that the plot wasn't believable enough,[29] and Peter Howell of The Toronto Star disliked Lohman's performance and thought it was "just not very funny".[30] The film was nominated for "Choice Movie: Horror/Thriller" at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards, which the film lost to Friday the 13th (2009).[31][32] At the 2009 Scream Awards show, Drag Me to Hell won the awards for Best Horror Movie and Best Scream-play.[33][34]

text: Reviews have also received the film as a comedy horror in a more classic Raimi vein. Vic Holtreman of Screenrant claims the film is a long-awaited movie that combines both genres as Army of Darkness had done.[35] A reviewer at UGO Networks says that the film is very much more a comedy than horror and that this is in keeping with Raimi not having produced a "true horror" film since he began directing.[36]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Drag Me to Hell was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in the US on October 13, 2009. Both media include an Unrated Director's Cut as well as the Theatrical Version.[37] In its first two weeks the DVD sold 459,217 copies generating $7.98 million in sales.[38] It since accumulated $13.9 million in DVD sales in the United States.

text: On February 13th, 2018, Scream Factory released a two-disc Collector's Edition of Drag Me to Hell, which included both edits of the film remastered from the 2k digital intermediate, archival interviews and featurettes and all-new interviews with Alison Lohman, Lorna Raver and Christopher Young.


document_title: Justin Guarini

question_text: who's the guy that does the diet dr. pepper commercials

question_tokens: who 's the guy that does the diet dr. pepper commercials

root

text: Justin Guarini

text: Early life[edit]

text: Guarini was born in Columbus, Georgia. His father, Eldrin Bell, is African-American and is a former Atlanta, Georgia, Chief of Police, and former Chairperson of Clayton County Commission (Georgia). His mother, Kathy Pepino Guarini is Italian American, and was a journalist for WTVM TV in Columbus, and later for CNN. Guarini was primarily raised by his mother and stepfather, physicist Jerry Guarini, in Philadelphia's suburb of Doylestown, Pennsylvania. He attended Central Bucks High School East.

tag: p

text: Career[edit]

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: Guarini's musical experience started at age four when he was accepted by the Atlanta Boy Choir.[1][2] After moving to Pennsylvania in 1985, he joined the Archdiocese of Philadelphia Boys Choir.[3] Throughout his school years Guarini sang in school choirs, and from 1996 to 2000 was the lead soloist in an award-winning a cappella group named The Midnight Voices. The group released an independent album in 1999 with proceeds benefiting a music scholarship fund at Guarini's alma mater, Central Bucks High School East in Buckingham, Pennsylvania. He was a director/performer at the Riverside Haunted Woods in Bridgeton, Pennsylvania, in 2001.

text: His high school and college theatre credits include the lead roles in The Mystery of Edwin Drood, The Little Prince, The Pirates of Penzance, The Taming of the Shrew, and Once on This Island. In addition to singing and stage performing, Guarini plays the piano, guitar, and banjo.

text: After studying vocal performance and theater studies at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia, Guarini later moved to New York City, where he attended the School for Film and Television. He worked in New York nightclubs, and auditioned for New York Theatre before successfully auditioning for American Idol in April 2002. Shortly after being chosen for American Idol, he was offered a role in the Broadway production of The Lion King. Guarini wrote about his decision between the two offers in his exclusive 2008 blog for the television site, Fancast, stating, "I had attended master classes… I learned Zulu and Sotho phrases, as well as the music from the show. It was a dream almost come true at the time. But, now I knew I was onto something, and I wasn’t letting go. I politely declined the offer of a role...". He was also considering a contract offer from an independent record label, but the show's rules prohibited participants from having existing record contracts.

text: American Idol[edit]

text: Idol judge Simon Cowell praised Guarini's performance in the show's first season, at one early audition telling him "Justin, you know, occasionally you're very privileged when you do a competition like this to hear somebody undiscovered who has a voice like yours", with Guarini ultimately becoming the runner-up to winner Kelly Clarkson in September 2002. Soon after, Guarini signed with American Idol's 19 Management and secured a record deal with RCA. Prior to the American Idol Tour, he was the only contestant asked to appear on The Oprah Winfrey Show, on which Oprah Winfrey told him, "Justin, you have it."

text: American Idol performances[edit]

text:
Week
Theme
Song Sung
Artist
Order
Result

Top 30
Semifinal Group 2
"Ribbon in the Sky"
Stevie Wonder
10
Advanced

Top 10
Motown
"For Once in My Life"
Stevie Wonder
6
Safe

Top 8
1960s
"Sunny"
Bobby Hebb
7
Safe

Top 7
1970s
"Someday We'll All Be Free"
Donny Hathaway
4
Bottom 2

Top 6
Big Band
"Route 66"
Nat King Cole
2
Safe

Top 5
Burt Bacharach Love Songs
"The Look of Love"
Dusty Springfield
4
Safe

Top 4
1980s
1990s
"P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)"
"Get Here"
Michael Jackson
Brenda Russell
4
8
Safe

Top 3
Idol's Choice
Judges' Choice
"Let's Stay Together"
"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me"
Al Green
Elton John
2
5
Safe

Top 2
Finale
"Before Your Love"
"Get Here"
"A Moment Like This"
Justin Guarini
Oleta Adams
Justin Guarini
1
3
5
Runner-Up

tag: table

text: 2003–2004: Justin Guarini[edit]

text: His self-titled album, Justin Guarini, debuted in June 2003, coinciding with the single releases of the current second season American Idol top two finalists and the movie From Justin to Kelly, in which Guarini co-starred with Kelly Clarkson. The film was critically panned,[4] while the album sold 146,000 copies. In December 2003 Guarini was dropped from RCA Records.[5]

text: Guarini had a role in the 2004 pre-Broadway New York Stage and Film Powerhouse Theater workshop/presentation of the musical Good Vibrations at Vassar College. His performance (which included singing, dancing, acting, and playing guitar) landed Guarini an offer to continue the role in the original Broadway production, which he eventually declined.[6]

text: 2005–2007: Stranger Things Have Happened[edit]

text: Guarini co-produced his second album Stranger Things Have Happened, independently released in December 2005 through his own production company, Justice Entertainment, Ltd.. The album of reinvented jazz standards was described by Allmusic as "a successful reinvention... where his natural skills shine", The Philadelphia Inquirer said that "Guarini displays an agile, attractive voice with good phrasing, supported by a sophisticated and funky backing ensemble."

text: Guarini wrote, co-arranged and recorded a benefit song released with H.H. Gayuna Cealo, and a song for the documentary series Project Everlasting, in August 2006 and featured on the Today Show. The title track from his album Stranger Things Have Happened was also used in the documentary.

text: From 2007 to 2011, TV Guide Network signed Guarini as permanent co-host for Idol Wrap and Idol Tonight. On-air duties with the network expanded to include guest hosting/appearances on other TV Guide Network shows, hosting movie premiere specials, and serving as a member of TV Guide Network's awards show team with on-air coverage of awards shows such as the Grammy Awards and Emmy Awards.

text: 2008–2009: Revolve[edit]

text: In May 2008, Guarini released an acoustic EP titled Revolve comprising three songs ("Sweet Time", "Rock Bottom", and "When She Cries") co-written and co-produced with Shaun Ingram. Versions of the songs are planned to be included on a future solo album.

text: While stepping out to support the opening of The American Idol Experience at Disney's Hollywood Studios[7] in February 2009, Guarini confirmed his impending marriage to his fiancée, Reina Capodici. In an exclusive pictorial of the wedding, People reported that the couple married on September 26, 2009.[8]

text: 2010–present: Acting, hosting and performing[edit]

text: Guarini became a part of the Broadway community with his 2010 Broadway debut as Carlos in a musical adaptation of Pedro Almodovar's film, Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown.[9] Critics called Guarini's debut "surprisingly charming", "captivating" and "extremely likeable".[10][11][12]

text: Guarini played Will, one of the three male leads in Green Day's rock musical American Idiot performing March 1, 2011, through the show's closing night, April 24, 2011.[13]

text: On April 26, 2011, his first child with Capodici, William Neko Bell Guarini, was born.[14] His second child, Asher, was born on February 25, 2013.[15]

text: In 2013, Guarini was cast in a modern Broadway production of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet as Paris. After its Broadway run, the live-filmed stage play was released in movie theaters.[16] Guarini joined the Broadway production of Wicked, in the role of Fiyero from February 25 to December 14, 2014.[17][18]

text: Other stage work includes lead roles in regional reproductions of Rent, Chicago, Company and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. Original regional productions include Ghost Brothers of Darkland County as one of two feuding brothers in 2012 at the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia.[19][20] In It's a Wonderful Life, A Live Radio Play Guarini voiced George Bailey in a 2015 on-stage comedic production.[21]

text: In 2015, he starred in the New York City Center Encores presentation Paint Your Wagon. Praised by critics,[22][23] Guarini played the outcast Mexican miner. Guarini starred in the 2015 original musical "Moonshine: The Hee Haw Musical" premiering at the Dallas Theater Center on September 2 through October 11,[24][25][26] and Mamma Mia! in 2016.[27] Also in 2016, Guarini was cast in Broadway's new In Transit, the first a cappella musical with book, music and lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez.[28]

text: Guarini participates in Equity staged readings of The Awakening of Angel DeLuna,[29] hosts and/or performs for various Broadway and stage-related benefits,[30][31] and other industry-related events including Broadway on the Hudson,[31][32] the Times Square Tony Awards Simulcast in 2014 and 2015,[33] adding executive producer duties in 2015.[34] He was an executive producer for the 2015 revival of the musical Side Show.

text: In 2016 Guarini attended the Tony Awards, and co-hosted backstage coverage of the live broadcast in conjunction with BroadwayHD.com.[35][36]

text: He's also acted in independent film projects such as the drama and action film Fast Girl, The Unknown: Frankie The Squirrel, Mafioso II: The Son and short film Tilt-a-Whirl for the Dances With Films festival.

text: Since 2015, Guarini has been starring as Lil' Sweet in Diet Dr Pepper television commercials, and web marketing.[37][38][39] In 2016, Dr Pepper "promoted" tunes for a Lil' Sweet "album" with video clips, promotional pictures of the character, and the character's own Twitter page.[40][41] All commercials and clips are available on Dr Pepper's YouTube channel.

text: Discography[edit]

text: Albums[edit]

text: An EP of original music will be released by Guarini approximately July 30, 2016.[42]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
Year
Album details
Peak
Certifications
(sales threshold)

US

1999
The Midnight Voices

As lead vocalist
Released: 1999

—

US sales: N/A

2003
Justin Guarini

Released: June 10, 2003
Label: RCA Records

20

US sales:146,000[43]

2005
Stranger Things Have Happened

Released: December, 2005
Label: Justice Entertainment, Ltd

—

US sales: N/A

"—" denotes releases that did not chart

text: Other contributions[edit]

text:
Foreign Shores by David Hughes (featured vocalist) 2009
The Awakening of Angel DeLuna (cast album) 2009
I Could Use a Drink by Drew Gasparini (featured vocalist) 2012
Where the Sky Ends: Music by Michael Mott by Michael Mott (featured vocalist) 2014[44]
Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (Original Broadway Cast) 2011
Paint Your Wagon (cast album) 2014

text: EPs[edit]

text: Revolve (Acoustic) (May 2008)

text: Songs[edit]

text:
Did You Know That I Know Your Journey? (2006) (vocals, music, co-produced)
Everlasting for documentary Project Everlasting (2006) (vocals, music, lyrics, piano)
What You Won't Do for Love for Drivetime Reflections (2010) (vocals)

text: Filmography and theater[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role

2003
From Justin to Kelly
Justin Bell

2008
Fast Girl
Darryl K. Sands

2014
Romeo and Juliet
Paris

text: Theater roles[edit]

text:
Good Vibrations (2004) as Jan[45]
The Awakening of Angel DeLuna (2009) as Fred[46]
Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (2010–2011 Broadway) as Carlos[47]
American Idiot (2011 Broadway) as Will[48]
Rent (2011 Regional) as Roger Davis[49]
Chicago (2011 Regional) as Billy Flynn[50]
Ghost Brothers of Darkland County (2012 Regional) as Drake McCandless[51]
Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat (2012 Regional) as Joseph[52]
It's a Wonderful Life: A Live Radio Play (2012 Regional) as Jake[21]
Romeo and Juliet (2013 Broadway) as Paris[53]
Wicked (2014 Broadway) as Fiyero[54]
Paint Your Wagon (2015 New York City Center) as Julio [55][56]
Company (2015 Regional) as Bobby[57]
Moonshine: That Hee Haw Musical (2015 Regional)[58][59]
First Gentleman (2016 NYC)[60]
Mamma Mia! (2016 Regional) as Sam Carmichael [27]
Cake Off (2016 Regional) multiple roles [61]
In Transit (2016 Broadway) as Trent [28][62]


document_title: Pierogi

question_text: where is the pierogi pocket located in the united states

text: Pierogi

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The English word "pierogi" (plural: "pierogi", "pierogies", or "pierogis") comes from Polish pierogi [pʲɛˈrɔgʲi], which is the plural form of pieróg [ˈpʲɛruk], a generic term for filled dumplings. It derives from Old East Slavic пиръ (pirŭ) and further from Proto-Slavic *pirъ, "feast".[8] While dumplings as such are found throughout Eurasia, the specific name pierogi, with its Proto-Slavic root and its cognates in the West and East Slavic languages, including Russian пирог (pirog, "pie") and пирожки (pirozhki, "baked pastries"), shows the name's common Slavic origins, antedating the modern nation states and their standardized languages. In most of these languages the word means "pie".

text: Varenyky comes from Ukrainian вареники (varenyky), the plural form of вареник (varenyk), which derives from Ukrainian вар (var) "boiling liquid", indicating boiling as the primary cooking method for this kind of dumpling.

text: Bryndzové pirohy is the Slovakian term for dumplings filled with sheep milk cheese.[9]

text: Colțunași is Romanian term for filled dumplings.[10] It is derived from Greek καλτσούνι, itself a borrowing from Italian calzoni.

text: Origin legends[edit]

text: The origins of pierogi are disputed. Some legends say that pierogi came from China through Italy from Marco Polo's expeditions.[11] Others contend that pierogi were brought to Poland by Saint Hyacinth of Poland, who brought them back from Kiev (the center of Kievan Rus', nowadays the capital of Ukraine).[12] On July 13, 1238, Saint Hyacinth visited Kościelec, and on his visit, a storm  destroyed all crops; Hyacinth told everyone to pray and by the next day, crops rose back up.  As a sign of gratitude, people made pierogi from those crops for Saint Hyacinth.  Another legend states that Saint Hyacinth fed the people with pierogi during a famine caused by an invasion by the Tatars in 1241.  Yet another legend that holds that pierogi were brought by the Tatars to the West from the former Russian Empire,[11][12] it has been said that in the 13th century, pierogi had first arrived on Polish territories.[13]  None of these legends is supported by the etymological origin of the root pirŭ- from the proto-Slavic for "feast". While the origin of the pierogi is often under debate, the exact origin of the dish is unknown and unverifiable. It likely originated somewhere in Central Europe or Eastern Europe, and has been consumed in these regions long before any of the present political nations existed. Today, it is a large part of many Central European and Eastern European cultures.

text: Ingredients and preparation[edit]

text: Fillings[edit]

text: Pierogi may be stuffed (singularly or in combinations) with mashed potatoes, fried onions, quark (sometimes called farmer cheese), cabbage, sauerkraut, meat, mushrooms, spinach, cheese, or other ingredients depending on the cook's preferences. Dessert versions of the dumpling can be stuffed with sweetened quark or with a fresh fruit filling such as cherry, strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, apple or plum; stoned prunes are sometimes used, as well as jam. For more flavor, sour cream can be added to the dough mixture, and this tends to lighten the dough.

text: Preparation[edit]

text: The dough, which is made by mixing flour and warm water, sometimes with an egg, is rolled flat and then cut into squares with a knife or circles using a cup or drinking glass. The dough can be made with some mashed potato, creating a smoother texture.[citation needed] Another variation popular among Czechs and Slovaks, uses dough made of flour and curd with eggs, salt, and water.[citation needed]

text: The filling is placed in the middle and the dough folded over to form a half circle or rectangle or triangle if the dough is cut squarely. The seams are pressed together to seal the pierogi so that the filling will remain inside when it is cooked. The pierogi or vareniki are simmered until they float, drained, and then sometimes fried or baked in butter before serving or fried as leftovers.  They can be served with melted butter or sour cream, or garnished with small pieces of fried bacon, onions, and mushrooms.[14] Dessert varieties may be topped with apple sauce, jam, or varenye.

text:
Cutting the dough into circles

Placing the filling into a dough pocket

Closing the dough pocket

Sealing the pierogi

text: Varenyky are crescent- or more rarely square-shaped. They are stuffed with fillings such as mashed potato, ground meat, liver or offal, cabbage, sauerkraut, fish, hard-boiled egg, or a combination of these. Typical sweet fillings include quark or cottage cheese, or fruits such as sour cherries, berries, and currants.[5][6][7] Compared to Russian pelmeni, varenyky are usually larger include a much broader selection of traditional fillings. In case of varenyky meat-based filling, it is usually cooked and then minced. The cooking is required due to the larger size of varenyky and generally brief cooking time.

text: During preparation, the filling is wrapped with dough, boiled for several minutes in salted water, and then covered with butter or cooking oil. In certain regions of Ukraine, varenyky are steamed instead of boiled.

text: Savoury varenyky are typically topped with fried salo bits (shkvarky) and onions and accompanied with smetana (sour cream). Leftover varenyky can be fried. As a dessert, varenyky are served with smetana and sugar, varenye (jam) or honey. Raw varenyky (with the dough uncooked) can be stored frozen, then cooked in a few minutes, which makes them a convenience food. Other preparation methods include the Latvian tradition of glazing with egg white, baking, and serving with soup; the Mennonite tradition bakes and serves them with borscht.

text: Varenyky were mentioned in the Description of Kharkov Viceroyalty, Ukraine, a report prepared for the Russian Empire government in 1785:

text: In the evenings, [the dwellers] cook pirozhki called varenyky, with a wheat or buckwheat flour crust, and a stuffing made of fresh quark which is called cheese; these are not baked but boiled in water, which possibly gave them their name.[15]

text: This passage suggests, in contrast to baked piroshki, varenyky were not yet widely known in Great Russia at that time.

text:
The process of cooking. Poltava region

The process of cooking. Poltava region

The process of cooking. Poltava region

The process of cooking. Poltava region

The process of cooking. Poltava region

text: Poland[edit]

text: Traditionally considered peasant food, pierogi eventually gained popularity and spread throughout all social classes including nobles. Some cookbooks from the 17th century describe how during that era, the pierogi were considered a staple of the Polish diet, and each holiday had its own special kind of pierogi created. Different shapes and fillings were made for holidays such as Christmas and Easter. Important events like weddings had their own special type of pierogi kurniki – filled with chicken. Also, pierogi were made especially for mournings or wakes, and some for caroling season in January.[citation needed]

text: Pierogi are an important part of Polish culture and cuisine today.[citation needed] They are served in a variety of forms and tastes (ranging from sweet to salty to spicy) in Polish cuisine, considered to be the national dish.[16] They are served at many festivals, playing an important role as a cultural dish. At the 2007 Pierogi Festival in Kraków, 30,000 pierogi were consumed daily.[17]

text: Polish pierogi are often filled with fresh quark, boiled and minced potatoes, and fried onions. This type is called in Polish pierogi ruskie, which literally means "Ruthenian pierogi" (sometimes being mistranslated as “Russian pierogi”). Ruskie pierogi are probably the most popular kind of pierogi in North America.[citation needed] This variety is not necessarily the most popular in Europe, although very much liked. The most popular in Poland are pierogi filled with ground meat, mushrooms and cabbage, or for dessert an assortment of fruits (berries, with strawberries or blueberries the most common).[citation needed]

text: Sweet pierogi are usually served with sour cream mixed with sugar, and savory pierogi with bacon fat and bacon bits. Poles traditionally serve two types of pierogi for Christmas Eve supper. One kind is filled with sauerkraut and dried mushrooms, another – small uszka filled only with dried wild mushrooms – is served in clear borscht.[18] Leniwe pierogi ("lazy pierogi") are a different type of food, similar to lazy vareniki (see below), kopytka, or halušky.

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: Varenyky in Ukraine are a popular dish, served both as a common everyday meal and as a part of some traditional celebrations, such as Christmas Eve Supper.[citation needed] In some regions in or bordering modern-day Western Ukraine, particularly in Carpathian Ruthenia and Galicia, the terms varenyky and pyrohy are used to denote the same dish. The name pyrohy is also common among Canadian Ukrainians. This can be attributed to the history of Ukrainian and Rusyn immigration to Canada, which came not from the Russian Empire, but predominantly from the former Austria-Hungary, where the local dialects had many common words with Polish, German, Romanian, and other Central European languages.

text: In other regions of Ukraine, the names pyrohy and pyrizhky refer to baked pies and buns as opposed to the boiled dumplings. The name of a popular type of Polish pierogi, pierogi ruskie ("Ruthenian pierogi"), is related to Rus', the historical region and naming of Eastern Slavs.

text: Varenyky are considered by Ukrainians as one of their national dishes and plays a fundamental role in Ukrainian culture. Contrary to many other countries that share these dumplings Ukrainians tended to use fermented milk products (Ukrainian: kesla moloko or Ryazhenka) to bind the dough together however today eggs tend to be used instead. Typical Ukrainian fillings for varenyky include cottage cheese, potato, boiled beans, mushy peas, sauerkraut, plum (and other fruits), potato and cheese, cabbage, meat, fish, buckwheat.

text: Slovakia[edit]

text: A traditional dish in Slovak cuisine is bryndzové pirohy, dumplings filled with salty bryndza cheese mixed with mashed potatoes. Brydzové pirohy are served with some more bryndza (mixed with milk or sour cream, so it has texture of a liquid and serves as a dip) and topped with bacon or fried onion. In Slovakia, pirohy are semicircular shaped.

text: Along with bryndzové halušky, brydzové pirohy is one of Slovakia's national dishes.

text: Slovenia[edit]

text: Ajdovi krapi (literally buckwheat carps) are a dish popular in north-eastern and Alpine regions of Slovenia. Made with buckwheat rather than wheat flour and filled with a mixture of cottage cheese (skuta), millet, and fried onions, they are traditionally topped with pork fat crisps, fried bacon or fried onion, but today often with butter breadcrumbs.[19] Along with žganci and štruklji, they form a trio of buckwheat based dishes typical of Slovenian cuisine.

text: Russia[edit]

text: Pierogi are not to be confused with the Russian baked good Pirozhki. Furthermore, the Ukranian varenyky are widespread in the western and in the asian regions of Russia. Mostly they are filled in Russia with cherries, quark, fruits, wild berries, blue berries, potatoes, cabbage or beef.[20][21][22]

text: Hungary[edit]

text: In Hungarian cuisine, the derelye  is similar of pierogi, pasta pockets filled with jam, cottage cheese, or sometimes meat.[23] Derelye is consumed primarily as a festive food for special occasions such as weddings. And also used as common meals, (at least in the southern parts,) but as many other traditions this becomes rare.[citation needed]

text: Romania[edit]

text: In Romania, a similar recipe is called colțunași,[10] in Transylvania and Bukovina called piroști and in Moldova called chiroște.[24] Colţunaşi is often a dessert filled with jam (usually plum), fresh sour cherries[25] or cottage cheese, or savory, filled with dill seasoned cheese (telemea or urdă), mashed potatoes or chopped meat. The dough is made with wheat flour and the colțunași are boiled in salted water,[26] pan-fried in oil or baked in the oven.

text: The word is a cognate with Slavic kalduny, a type of dumplings.

text: In Transylvania, the name piroști is used in Romanian families of German or Slavic origin and the filling can also be a whole, fresh, seedless plum. The term colțunaș is used by native Romanian families and are usually filled with cottage cheese or quark and served topped with sour cream smântână, traditionally called colțunași cu smântână.

text: German-speaking countries and regions[edit]

text: The common term Pirogge (pl. Piroggen) describes all kinds of Eastern European filled dumplings and buns,[27] including pierogi, pirozhki, pirogs and pīrādziņi. Certain types of piroggen, both boiled and baked, were common fare for Germans living in Eastern Europe and are still prepared by their descendants living there and in Germany. In particular, baked pīrādziņi are known as Kurländer Speckkuchen ("Courland bacon/speck pies") in the cuisine of Baltic Germans.[28]

text: Dishes closely resembling pierogi are common in southern German-speaking regions. In particular, Schlutzkrapfen are common in Tirol and in northern Italy's German-speaking region of South Tyrol, and are occasionally found in Bavaria.[29] Fillings may include meat or potatoes, but the most widespread filling is a combination of spinach and quark (Topfen) or ricotta.[30] Another similar Austrian dish, known as Kärntner Nudel (Carinthian noodles), is made with a wide range of fillings, from meat, mushrooms, potato or quark to apples, pears or mint.[31] These regional specialties differ significantly from the most common German filled dumplings known as Maultaschen.[32]

text: The US and Canada[edit]

text: Pierogi are widespread in Canada and the United States, having been popularized by Central and Eastern European immigrants. They are particularly common in areas with large Polish, Ukrainian, or Ruthene populations, such as Pittsburgh, Buffalo, Chicago, Omaha, Massachusetts, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Detroit, Cleveland, Philadelphia, and New Jersey in the United States, and the provinces of Manitoba, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Ontario in Canada. Pierogi at first were a family food among immigrants as well as being served in ethnic restaurants. In the post-World War II era, freshly cooked pierogi became a staple of fundraisers by ethnic churches. By the 1960s, pierogi were a common supermarket item in the frozen food aisles in many parts of the United States and Canada. Pierogi have maintained their place in grocery stores to this day.

text: While pierogi are often eaten as a main dish in Canada and European countries, Americans often consider them a side dish, frequently served with meat.[33][self-published source]

text: Numerous towns with Central and Eastern-European heritage celebrate the pierogi. The city of Whiting, Indiana, celebrates the food at its Pierogi Fest every July.[18] Pierogis are also commonly associated with Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania especially, where there is a "pierogi race" at every home Pittsburgh Pirates baseball game. In the race, six runners wearing pierogi costumes race toward a finish line. In 1993, the village of Glendon in Alberta, Canada, erected a roadside tribute to this culinary creation: a 25-foot (7.6 m) fibreglass perogy (preferred local spelling), complete with fork.[34]

text: The United States enjoys the most developed pierogi market[citation needed] because of its having the largest Central and Eastern European immigrant population in North America (Canada being second). Unlike other countries with newer populations of European settlers, the modern pierogi is found in a wide selection of flavors throughout grocery stores in the United States. Many of these grocery-brand pierogi contain non-traditional ingredients to appeal to American tastes, including spinach, jalapeño and chicken.

text: Pierogi enjoyed a brief popularity as a sports food when Paula Newby-Fraser adopted them as her food of choice for the biking portion of the 1989 Hawaii Ironman Triathlon.[35] For more than a decade thereafter, Mrs. T's (the largest American pierogi manufacturer) sponsored triathlons,[36] some professional triathletes and "fun runs" around the country. For many triathletes, pierogi represented an alternative to pasta as a way to boost their carbohydrate intakes.[37] However, the pierogi trend in the United States is not dying.  Several cities such as San Diego now have their own pierogi trucks with popular flavors and restaurants across the United States from San Francisco, Seattle, to New York City are adding gourmet pierogi flavors to their menus.[citation needed]

text: According to pierogi manufacturer Mrs. T's, based in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, pierogi consumption in the United States is largely concentrated in a geographical region dubbed the "Pierogi Pocket", an area including New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Chicago, Detroit, parts of the northern Midwest and southern New England which accounts for 68 percent of annual US pierogi consumption.[38]

text:
Part of a series onCanadian cuisine
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Ingredients[show]
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Styles and dishes[show]
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bagel
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Rituals and festivals[show]
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 Canada portalvte

text: Canada has a large Polish population, and an even larger[citation needed] Ukrainian or Rusyn population, and their pyrohy, perogy or pyrogy are very common.  Since Canada also has immigrants from many other perogy-making people (such as the Mennonites), a wide diversity of recipes are used. The Canadian market for perogi is second only to that of the U.S. market, the latter having been the destination of choice for the majority of Central and Eastern European immigrants before and during World War II.[34]

text: Packed frozen pierogi can be found wherever Central and Eastern European immigrant communities exist and are generally ubiquitous across Canada, even in big chain stores. Typically frozen flavours include analogs of ruskie pierogi filled with potato and either Cheddar cheese, onion, bacon, cottage cheese or mixed cheeses. Home-made versions are typically filled with either mashed potatoes (seasoned with salt and pepper and often mixed with dry curd cottage cheese or cheddar cheese), sauerkraut, or fruit. These are then boiled, and either served immediately, put in ovens and kept warm, or fried in oil or butter. Popular fruit varieties include strawberry, blueberry, and saskatoon berry.

text: Potato and cheese or sauerkraut versions are usually served with some or all the following: butter or oil, sour cream (typical), fried onions, fried bacon bits or kielbasa (sausage), and a creamy mushroom sauce (less common). Some ethnic kitchens will deep-fry perogies; dessert and main course dishes can be served this way. A good method is to par-boil the dumplings, then after drying, they are pan fried or deep-fried.

text: The frozen varieties are sometimes served casserole-style with a mixture of chopped ham, onions, peppers and cheddar cheese or with an Italian-style mixture of ground beef, onions and tomato sauce.[39]

text: National chain restaurants feature the dish or variations. Boston Pizza has a sandwich and a pizza flavoured to taste like perogies, while Smitty's serves theirs as an appetizer deep-fried with salsa. Some Chinese cafés in the Canadian Prairies have taken to billing their dumplings (jiaozi) as "Chinese pierogies".[citation needed]

text: Although called varenyky in standard Ukrainian, speakers of the Canadian Ukrainian or Rusyn dialect refer to them as pyrohy, which can be misheard pedaheh or pudaheh by Anglophones unaccustomed to the rolled-r sound, or alveolar flap. This is due to the history of Ukrainian or Rusyn (Ruthenian) immigration to Canada, which came predominantly from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire.

text: Lazy pierogi and lazy varenyky[edit]

text: Lazy varenyky (Ukrainian: книдлі, ліниві вареники, Russian: ленивые вареники) in Russian and Ukrainian cuisine or leniwe pyrohy in Rusyn are gnocchi-shaped dumplings made by mixing tvoroh (curd cheese) with egg and flour into quick dough. The cheese-based dough is formed into a long sausage about 2 cm thick, which is cut diagonally into gnocchi, called halushky in Ukrainian and Rusyn, galushki in Russian. The dumplings are then quickly boiled in salted water and served with sour cream or melted butter. The name "lazy varenyky" faithfully reflects the very quick preparation time of the dish: It usually takes 10 to 15 minutes from assembling the simple ingredients to serving the cooked dumplings.[40] Lazy varenyky differ from standard varenyky in the same way that Italian gnocchi differ from ravioli or tortellini: these are fluffy solid dumplings, not stuffed pockets of dough. The same dish in Polish cuisine is called lazy pierogi (Polish: leniwe pierogi).

text: Lazy varenyky Polish style, garnished with cinnamon

text: In culture[edit]

text: Pierogi are probably[citation needed] the only Polish dish that has its own patron saint. "Święty Jacek z pierogami!" (St. Hyacinth and his pierogi!) is an old Polish expression of surprise, roughly equivalent to the English language "good grief" or American "holy smokes!" The origin of this expression is unknown.[41]

text: In Ukrainian literature varenyky appeared as a symbol of national identity, sometimes stressing its distinction from Russian. In the poem by Stepan Rudansky Varenyky-Varenyky (1858), a Russian soldier is asking a Ukrainian countrywoman to cook varenyky for him. However, he cannot bring to mind the word "varenyky", while the woman pretends not to understand him.[42]

text: The Great Pittsburgh Pierogi Race N'at, commonly called the Great Pierogi Race, is an American mascot race between innings during a Pittsburgh Pirates baseball game that features six contestants racing in giant pierogi costumes: Potato Pete (blue hat), Jalapeño Hannah (green hat), Cheese Chester (yellow hat), Sauerkraut Saul (red hat), Oliver Onion (purple hat), and Bacon Burt (orange hat).

text: Monuments[edit]

text: A monument to varenyky (right) was inaugurated in Cherkasy, Ukraine in September 2006.[43] The monument erected at the entrance to a hotel shows Cossack Mamay (a Ukrainian folklore hero whose fondness for varenyky was narrated by Taras Shevchenko and Nikolay Gogol) eating varenyky from an earthenware pot, with a huge crescent-shaped varenyk behind him.

text: A monument to halushky was inaugurated in Poltava, Ukraine in 2006.[44] In 1991, a giant perogy on a fork was erected in the village of Glendon in Alberta, Canada.[45] The statue is 7.6 m (24.9 ft) tall. In January 2010, a pierogi statue was proposed to be erected in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[46]


document_title: Crisis of the Third Century

question_text: who invaded roman territory in the third century

text: Crisis of the Third Century

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Roman imperial dynasties

Crisis of the Third Century

Chronology

Barracks Emperors
235–284

Gordian dynasty
238–244

Valerian dynasty
253–261

Gallic Emperors
260–274

Illyrian Emperors
268–284

Caran dynasty
282–285

Britannic Emperors
286–297

Succession

Preceded by
Severan dynasty
Followed by
Diocletian and the Tetrarchy

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Crisis of the Third Century

Reign of Maximinus Thrax (235–238)

Death of Alexander Severus (235)
Usurpation of Magnus (c. 235)
Usurpation of Quartinus (235)

Year of the Six Emperors (238)

Gordian Revolt (238)
Aquileia (238)
Reign of Pupienus and Balbinus (238)
Invasion of the Carpi (238–239)

Reign of Gordian III (238–244)

Sabinianus Revolt (240)
Resaena (243)
Misiche (244)

Reign of Philip the Arab (244–249)

Invasion of the Carpi (245–247)
Secular Games of 248 (248)
Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s)
Usurpation of Pacatianus (248)
Usurpation of Jotapianus (249)
Usurpation of Silbannacus (249 or 253)
Decius' Rebellion (249)

Reign of Decius and Herennius Etruscus (249–251)

Plague of Cyprian (250–270)
Decian persecution (250–251)
Gothic invasion of Cniva (250–251)
Carpi invasion of Dacia (250)
Beroe (250)
Philippopolis (250)
Usurpation of Titus Julius Priscus (251)
Abritus (251)

Reign of Trebonianus Gallus (251–253)

Death of Hostilian (251)
Mariades' Revolt (252)
Nisibis (252)
Gothic invasion (252–253)
Barbalissos (253)
Interamna Nahars (c 253)
Death of Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus (253)

Reign of Aemilianus (253)

Antioch (253)
Assassination of Aemilianus (253)

Reign of Valerian & Gallienus (253–260)

Dura-Europos (256)
Gothic invasion (256–257)
Invasion of Shapur (258)
Invasion of Alamannai (258–260 approx)
Mediolanum (259)
Scythian invasion (259–260)
Edessa (260)

Reign of Gallienus (260–268)

Caesarea (260)
Usurpation of Ingenuus (260)
Usurpation of Regalianus (260)
Usurpation of Macrianus Major (c. 259–261)

Reign of Postumus (260–269) (Gallic Empire)

Death of Saloninus (260)
Roxolani Invasion of Pannonia (260)
Postumus' Campaign against the Franks (262)
Postumus' Campaign against the Alamanni (263)
Usurpation of Laelianus (269)
Reign of Marcus Aurelius Marius (269)

Reign of Victorinus (269–271)

Augustodunum Haeduorum
Usurpation of Quietus (261)
Usurpation of Balista (261)
Usurpation of Valens Thessalonicus (261)
Usurpation of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (261)
Usurpation of Macrianus Minor (261)
Usurpation of Mussius Aemilianus (261–262)
Campaigns of Odaenathus (260–267)
Pannonian Rebellion (261)
Revolt of Aemilianus (262)
Ctesiphon (263)
Scythian Invasion (265–266)
Assassination of Odaenathus (267)
Usurpation of Maeonius (266–267)
Scythian Invasion (267–269)
Heruli Raids (267)
Usurpation of Manius Acilius Aureolus (268)
Mainz
Zenobia Invasion of Egypt (269)
Reign of Claudius II (268–270)
Naissus (268/269)
Lake Benacus (268 or 269)
Capture of Athens (269)
Palmyrene Empire (270–273)
Zenobia Campaign Against Probus (270)
Vandal Invasion (270)

Reign of Aurelian (270–275)

Usurpation of Victorinus Junior (271)
Junthungi Invasion (271)
Domitianus II (271)
Tetricus I & Tetricus II (271–274)
Rebellion of Felicissimus (270s)
Placentia (271)
Fano (271)
Pavia (271)
Tyana (272)
Battle of Antioch (272)
Immae (272)
Emesa (272)
Razing of Palmyra (273)
Usurpation of Faustinus (c. 273)
Châlons (274)

text: The situation of the Roman Empire became dire in 235 AD, when emperor Severus Alexander was murdered by his own troops. Many Roman legions had been defeated during a campaign against Germanic peoples raiding across the borders, while the emperor was focused primarily on the dangers from the Sassanid Persian Empire. Leading his troops personally, Severus Alexander resorted to diplomacy and paying tribute in an attempt to pacify the Germanic chieftains quickly. According to Herodian this cost him the respect of his troops, who may have felt they should be punishing the tribes that were intruding on Rome's territory.[2]

text: In the years following the emperor's death, generals of the Roman army fought each other for control of the empire and neglected their duties of defending the empire from invasion. Provincials became victims of frequent raids along the length of the Rhine and Danube rivers by such foreign tribes as the Carpians, Goths, Vandals, and Alamanni, and attacks from Sassanids in the east. Climate changes and a rise in sea levels ruined the agriculture of what is now the Low Countries forcing tribes to migrate.[3] Additionally, in 251, the Plague of Cyprian (possibly smallpox) broke out, causing large-scale death, and possibly weakened the ability of the empire to defend itself.[citation needed]

text: After the loss of Valerian in 260, the Roman Empire was beset by usurpers, who broke it up into three competing states. The Roman provinces of Gaul, Britain, and Hispania broke off to form the Gallic Empire. After the death of Odaenathus in 267, the eastern provinces of Syria, Palestine, and Aegyptus became independent as the Palmyrene Empire, leaving the remaining Italian-centered Roman Empire-proper in the middle.[citation needed]

text: An invasion by a vast host of Goths was defeated at the Battle of Naissus in 268 or 269. This victory was significant as the turning point of the crisis, when a series of tough, energetic soldier-emperors took power. Victories by the emperor Claudius II Gothicus over the next two years drove back the Alamanni and recovered Hispania from the Gallic Empire. When Claudius died in 270 of the plague, Aurelian, who had commanded the cavalry at Naissus, succeeded him as the emperor and continued the restoration of the Empire.[citation needed]

text: Aurelian reigned (270–275) through the worst of the crisis, defeating the Vandals, Visigoths, Palmyrenes, Persians, and then the remainder of the Gallic Empire. By late 274, the Roman Empire was reunited into a single entity, and the frontier troops were back in place. More than a century would pass before Rome again lost military ascendancy over its external enemies, however, dozens of formerly thriving cities, especially in the Western Empire, had been ruined, their populations dispersed and, with the breakdown of the economic system, could not be rebuilt. Major cities and towns, including Rome itself, had not needed fortifications for many centuries, but then surrounded themselves with thick walls.[citation needed]

text: Finally, although Aurelian had played a significant role in restoring the empire's borders from external threat, more fundamental problems remained. In particular, the right of succession had never been clearly defined in the Roman Empire, leading to continuous civil wars as competing factions in the military, senate, and other parties put forward their favoured candidate for emperor. Another issue was the sheer size of the empire, which made it difficult for a single autocratic ruler to effectively manage multiple threats at the same time. These continuing problems would be radically addressed by Diocletian, allowing the empire to continue to survive in the West for more than a century and in the East for over a millennium.[citation needed]

text: Dynasties[edit]

text: Several emperors who rose to power through acclamation of their troops attempted to create stability by appointing their descendants as Caesar, resulting in several brief dynasties. These generally failed to maintain any form of coherence beyond one generation, although there were exceptions.

text: Gordian dynasty[edit]

text:
Portrait
Name
Birth
Succession
Reign
Death
Time in office

Gordian I
CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS SEMPRONIANVS AFRICANVS AVGVSTVS
c. 159 AD, Phrygia?
Proclaimed emperor, whilst Pro-consul in Africa, during a revolt against Maximinus Thrax. Ruled jointly with his son Gordian II, and in opposition to Maximinus. Technically a usurper, but retrospectively legitimised by the accession of Gordian III
March 22, 238 AD – April 12, 238 AD
April 238 AD
Committed suicide upon hearing of the death of Gordian II
21 days

Gordian II
CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS SEMPRONIANVS ROMANVS AFRICANVS AVGVSTVS
c. 192 AD, ?
Proclaimed emperor, alongside father Gordian I, in opposition to Maximinus by act of the Senate
March 22, 238 AD – April 12, 238 AD
April 238 AD
Killed during the Battle of Carthage, fighting a pro-Maximinus army
21 days

Pupienus (non-dynastic)
CAESAR MARCVS CLODIVS PVPIENVS MAXIMVS AVGVSTVS
c. 178 AD, ?
Proclaimed joint emperor with Balbinus by the Senate in opposition to Maximinus; later co-emperor with Balbinus
April 22, 238 AD – July 29, 238 AD
July 29, 238 AD
Assassinated by the Praetorian Guard
3 months and 7 days

Balbinus (non-dynastic)
CAESAR DECIMVS CAELIVS CALVINVS BALBINVS PIVS AVGVSTVS
?
Proclaimed joint emperor with Pupienus by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus; later co-emperor with Pupienus and Gordian III
April 22, 238 AD – July 29, 238 AD
July 29, 238 AD
Assassinated by Praetorian Guard
3 months and 7 days

Gordian III
CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS AVGVSTVS
January 20, 225 AD, Rome
Proclaimed emperor by supporters of Gordian I and II, then by the Senate; joint emperor with Pupienus and Balbinus until July 238 AD. Grandson of Gordian I
April 22, 238 AD – February 11, 244 AD
February 11, 244 AD
Unknown; possibly murdered on orders of Philip I
5 years, 9 months and 20 days

text: Decian dynasty[edit]

text:
Portrait
Name
Birth
Succession
Reign
Death
Time in office

Trajan Decius
CAESAR GAIVS MESSIVS QVINTVS TRAIANVS DECIVS AVGVSTVS

with Herennius Etruscus
c. 201 AD, Budalia, Pannonia Inferior
Governor under Philip I; proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions then defeating & killing Philip in the Battle of Verona; made his son Herennius Etruscus co-emperor in early 251 AD
September/ October 249 AD – June 251 AD
June 251 AD
Both killed in the Battle of Abrittus fighting against the Goths
2 years

Hostilian
CAESAR CAIVS VALENS HOSTILIANVS MESSIVS QVINTVS AVGVSTVS
Sirmium
Son of Trajan Decius, accepted as heir by the Senate
June 251 AD – late 251 AD
September/October 251 AD
Natural causes (plague)
4–5 months

text: Valerian dynasty[edit]

text:
Portrait
Name
Birth
Succession
Reign
Death
Time in office

Valerian
CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS VALERIANVS AVGVSTVS
c. 195 AD
Governor of Noricum and Raetia, proclaimed emperor by Rhine legions after death of Gallus; accepted as emperor after death of Aemilian
October 253 AD – 260 AD
After 260 AD
Captured in Battle of Edessa against Persians, died in captivity
7 years

Gallienus
CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS EGNATIVS GALLIENVS AVGVSTVS

with Saloninus
218 AD
Son of Valerian, made co-emperor in 253 AD; his son Saloninus is very briefly co-emperor in c. July 260 before assassination by Postumus
October 253 AD – September 268 AD
September 268 AD
Murdered at Aquileia by his own commanders
15 years

text: Caran dynasty[edit]

text:
Portrait
Name
Birth
Succession
Reign
Death
Time in office

Carus
CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CARVS AVGVSTVS
c. 230 AD, Narbo, Gallia Narbonensis
Praetorian Prefect to Probus; seized power either before or after Probus was murdered; made his son Carinus co-emperor in early 283 AD
September/ October 282 AD – late July/ early August 283 AD
Late July/early August 283 AD
Natural causes? (Possibly killed by lightning)
10–11 months

Numerian
CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS NVMERIVS NVMERIANVS AVGVSTVS
?
Son of Carus, succeeded him jointly with his brother Carinus
Late July/early August 283 AD – 284 AD?
284 AD
Unclear; possibly assassinated
1 year

Carinus
CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CARINVS AVGVSTVS
?
Son of Carus, ruled shortly with him and then with his brother Numerian
Early 283 AD – 285 AD
285 AD
Died in battle against Diocletian?
2 years

text: Economic impact[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Internally, the empire faced hyperinflation caused by years of coinage devaluation.[4] This had started earlier under the Severan emperors who enlarged the army by one quarter,[5] and doubled the base pay of legionaries. As each of the short-lived emperors took power, they needed ways to raise money quickly to pay the military's "accession bonus" and the easiest way to do so was by inflating the coinage severely, a process made possible by debasing the coinage with bronze and copper.

text: This resulted in runaway rises in prices, and by the time Diocletian came to power, the old coinage of the Roman Empire had nearly collapsed. Some taxes were collected in kind and values often were notional, in bullion or bronze coinage. Real values continued to be figured in gold coinage, but the silver coin, the denarius, used for 300 years, was gone (1 pound of gold = 40 gold aurei = 1000 denarii = 4000 sestertii).[citation needed] This currency had almost no value by the end of the third century, and trade was carried out without retail coinage.

text: Breakdown of internal trade network[edit]

text: One of the most profound and lasting effects of the Crisis of the Third Century was the disruption of Rome's extensive internal trade network. Ever since the Pax Romana, starting with Augustus, the empire's economy had depended in large part on trade between Mediterranean ports and across the extensive road systems to the Empire's interior. Merchants could travel from one end of the empire to the other in relative safety within a few weeks, moving agricultural goods produced in the provinces to the cities, and manufactured goods produced by the great cities of the East to the more rural provinces.

text: Large estates produced cash crops for export, and used the resulting revenues to import food and urban manufactured goods. This resulted in a great deal of economic interdependence among the empire’s inhabitants. The historian Henry Moss describes the situation as it stood before the crisis:

text: Along these roads passed an ever-increasing traffic, not only of troops and officials, but of traders, merchandise and even tourists. An interchange of goods between the various provinces rapidly developed, which soon reached a scale unprecedented in previous history and not repeated until a few centuries ago. Metals mined in the uplands of Western Europe, hides, fleeces, and livestock from the pastoral districts of Britain, Spain, and the shores of the Black Sea, wine and oil from Provence and Aquitaine, timber, pitch and wax from South Russia and northern Anatolia, dried fruits from Syria, marble from the Aegean coasts, and – most important of all – grain from the wheat-growing districts of North Africa, Egypt, and the Danube Valley for the needs of the great cities; all these commodities, under the influence of a highly organized system of transport and marketing, moved freely from one corner of the Empire to the other.[6]

text: With the onset of the Crisis of the Third Century, however, this vast internal trade network broke down. The widespread civil unrest made it no longer safe for merchants to travel as they once had, and the financial crisis that struck made exchange very difficult with the debased currency. This produced profound changes that, in many ways, foreshadowed the very decentralized economic character of the coming Middle Ages.

text: Large landowners, no longer able to successfully export their crops over long distances, began producing food for subsistence and local barter. Rather than import manufactured goods from the empire's great urban areas, they began to manufacture many goods locally, often on their own estates, thus beginning the self-sufficient "house economy" that would become commonplace in later centuries, reaching its final form in the manorialism of the Middle Ages. The common, free people of the Roman cities, meanwhile, began to move out into the countryside in search of food and better protection.

text: Made desperate by economic necessity, many of these former city dwellers, as well as many small farmers, were forced to give up hard-earned basic civil rights in order to receive protection from large land-holders. In doing so, they became a half-free class of Roman citizen known as coloni. They were tied to the land, and in later Imperial law, their status was made hereditary. This provided an early model for serfdom, the origins of medieval feudal society and of the medieval peasantry.

text: Increased localism[edit]

text: Even the Roman cities began to change in character. The large, open cities of classical antiquity slowly gave way to the smaller, walled cities that became common in the Middle Ages. These changes were not restricted to the third century, but took place slowly over a long period, and were punctuated with many temporary reversals. In spite of extensive reforms by later emperors, however, the Roman trade network was never able to fully recover to what it had been during the Pax Romana (27 BC – AD 180). This economic decline was far more noticeable and important in the western part of the empire, which was also invaded several times during the century. Hence, the balance of power clearly shifted eastward during this period, as evidenced by the choice of Diocletian to rule from Nicomedia in Asia Minor, putting his second in command, Maximian, in Milan. This would have considerable impact on the later development of the empire with a richer, more stable eastern empire surviving the end of Roman rule in the west.

text: While imperial revenues fell, imperial expenses rose sharply. More soldiers, greater proportions of cavalry, and the ruinous expense of walling in cities all added to the toll. Goods and services previously paid for by the government were now demanded in addition to monetary taxes. The steady exodus of both rich and poor from the cities and now-unprofitable professions forced Diocletian to use compulsion; most trades were made hereditary, and workers could not legally leave their jobs or travel elsewhere to seek better-paying ones.

text: The decline in commerce between the imperial provinces put them on a path toward increased self-sufficiency. Large landowners, who had become more self-sufficient, became less mindful of Rome’s central authority, particularly in the Western Empire, and were downright hostile toward its tax collectors. The measure of wealth at this time began to have less to do with wielding urban civil authority and more to do with controlling large agricultural estates in rural regions, since this guaranteed access to the only economic resource of real value — agricultural land and the crops it produced. The common people of the empire lost economic and political status to the land-holding nobility, and the commercial middle classes waned along with their trade-derived livelihoods. The Crisis of the Third Century thus marked the beginning of a long gradual process that would transform the ancient world of Classical antiquity into the medieval one of the Early Middle Ages.