document_title: Clash of the Titans (2010 film)

question_text: who plays andromeda in clash of the titans

text: Clash of the Titans (2010 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In ancient times, after defeating their predecessors, the Titans, the gods divided the Universe among themselves. Zeus took the skies, Poseidon took the seas, and Hades was left with the Underworld upon being tricked by Zeus. The gods created the mortals, whose faith and prayers has fueled the gods' immortality. As time passed, however, mortals began to question and soon resist their creators, angering the Olympians.

text: A fisherman named Spyros finds a coffin adrift in the sea, discovering a baby, Perseus, and his mother, Danaë. Spyros and his wife, Marmara, raise Perseus as their own son, alongside their daughter, Tekla. One day, an adult Perseus and his family watch soldiers from the city of Argos destroying the statue of Zeus. Infuriated at this, the Gods unleash the Furies who attack the soldiers and destroy the family's fishing vessel, resulting in Perseus' family drowning. Only Perseus survives and is found by a group of the soldiers.

text: Perseus is brought before King Cepheus and Queen Cassiopeia, who are celebrating their campaign against the gods. Queen Cassiopeia compares her daughter Andromeda to the gods and boasts that she is more beautiful than Aphrodite. The revelry is cut short by the arrival of Hades, who has been given leave by Zeus to punish the mortals for their defiance. Hades threatens to unleash his monster, the Kraken, against Argos, unless Andromeda is offered as a sacrifice. Before leaving, he also reveal that Perseus is a demigod and the son of Zeus. Perseus meets Io, who confirms his origin. According to Io, a king of Argos named Acrisius defied the Gods and laid siege on Olympus. Zeus wanted to teach him a lesson, but he could not kill the humans because he loved them so much. Instead, he decided to make an example out of Acrisius and disguised himself as the king, and then had sex with Queen Danae. When Acrisius realized this, he executed his wife and son, while cursing Zeus and denying him their bodies. Zeus punished him further by changing him into the deformed creature Calibos, who became obsessed with killing Perseus, the son of Queen Danae and Zeus.

text: Perseus leads the King's Guard to the Stygian Witches, looking for a way to kill the Kraken. After being betrayed by the power-hungry Hades, Zeus gives Perseus a sword forged on Mount Olympus and a winged horse named Pegasus. Perseus refuses the sword, but the captain of the King's guard, Draco, keeps the sword for when Perseus needs it. However, Perseus likes Pegasus. Soon after, they are attacked by Calibos. Draco severs Calibos's hand and forces him to flee. The band gives chase but they are under attacked by giant scorpions called Scorpiochs that spring from spilled drops of Calibos's blood. They are saved by a band of Djinn, non-human desert sorcerers led by Sheik Suleiman, who tame the remaining Scorpioxs. Also wishing for the gods' defeat, the Djinn lend their aid to Perseus and his band.

text: The group arrives at the lair of the Stygian Witches and learn that to kill the Kraken, they must obtain and use the head of Medusa, a gorgon who resides in a temple in the Underworld. Any living creature that looks on Medusa's eyes will turn into stone. Perseus, Io, Solon, Draco, and their remaining men heading into the Underworld. The men enter Medusa's temple lair while Io, being a woman and forbidden from entering, remains outside. Medusa kills most of the band, but Perseus finally manages to behead her by using his reflective shield to see her with his back turned. As he leaves the temple, Calibos appears behind Io and fatally stabs her. As Perseus and Calibos fight, Perseus accepts that he is a son of Zeus, picks up the Olympian sword, and stabs Calibos through the chest, which has restored him to his human form. With his last breath, Calibos urges Perseus not to become a god. As Io lies dying, she urges Perseus to leave her and save Andromeda and Argos. Pegasus takes Perseus back to the city of Argos as the Kraken is released. The people of Argos seize and bind Andromeda to sacrifice her to the Kraken. Meanwhile, Hades reveals he does not require the faith or worship of mortals as Zeus does, as he has learned to survive on their fear. Hades then subdues the weakened Zeus.

text: Perseus arrives at Argos and exposes Medusa's head to the Kraken, which makes eye contact just before it is able to reach Andromeda. The Kraken, petrified, slowly turns to stone and shatters. Prokopion, the insane leader of the Cult of Hades, attempt to kill Perseus, but Cepheus stops him and is stabbed, before killing them both when the Kraken's petrified hand falls on them. Hades appears, intending to kill Perseus, but Perseus, calling upon Zeus, throws his sword at Hades, forcing him back to the Underworld. Perseus rescues Andromeda, who is now crowned as Queen of Argos. She asks Perseus to stay by her side as King, but he declines. Perseus also refuses another offer of godhood from Zeus, who then proclaims that if Perseus is to live as a human, he should not be alone, and subsequently revives Io, intending that she and Perseus become lovers.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sam Worthington as Perseus
Gemma Arterton as Io
Mads Mikkelsen as Draco
Alexa Davalos as Princess Andromeda
Liam Neeson as Zeus
Ralph Fiennes as Hades
Liam Cunningham as Solon
Jason Flemyng as King Acrisius/Calibos
Ian Whyte as Sheikh Suleiman

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The Clash of the Titans remake project started in 2002 under producer Adam Schroeder and writers John Glenn and Travis Wright. They wanted to drop the "cheesy chessboard manipulation of characters" by the gods.[citation needed] In the Wright/Glenn version of Clash, various pantheons were mixed together. The main villain was the Sumerian Sea Goddess of Death and Destruction, Tiamat.[citation needed] Perseus was originally kidnapped by an avatar of an unidentified Chthonian Earth Goddess, who planned to have him married to Andromeda so as to develop better relations with humanity. The Earth Goddess and Perseus proceed to fall in love. Zeus prepared to engage in war with Tiamat; taking the aids of other gods (such as Thoth, Marduk, Yahweh and Osiris). A High Priest named Fantasos starts a Cult of Tiamat that quickly conquers the city. Andromeda was originally a promiscuous spoiled Princess who possessed various male sex slaves. Though the mixing of Mythologies and the Perseus-Earth Goddess romance was abandoned, the concept of a Goddess enraged at arrogant humans and demanding a sacrifice and the Cult of the Evil God (Changed from Tiamat to Hades) was retained into the final production.[8] Producer Basil Iwanyk revived the project in 2006 with a rewrite by Travis Beacham, a fan of the original, who intended the script to be "darker and more realistic".[9] Lawrence Kasdan and director Stephen Norrington signed on in 2007. Kasdan gave the script another rewrite from the Beacham version.[10] But Norrington was unsure about his direction for the project because he did not grow up with the original. Leterrier, who did, contacted Norrington through their shared agent about replacing him.[11] By June 2008 Leterrier joined the project and Warner Bros. greenlit the film.[12] Leterrier noted the original Clash of the Titans inspired the climax of his previous film The Incredible Hulk – a battle in a burnt-down courtroom with temple-like columns – and has compared modern superheroes to Greek mythology.[13][14]

text: Writers Phil Hay and Matt Manfredi took over the script during July 2008 and used Beacham's draft as a starting point. They focused on the mythology and telling the story through Leterrier's eyes. Hay and Manfredi had to rewrite the script in less than a year using a very active process.[15] Leterrier sought Ray Harryhausen's involvement,[11] and reunited with Hulk concept artist Aaron Sims, who had already been working on Clash of the Titans with Norrington.[16]

text: Louis Leterrier, during an interview, revealed that he is a big fan of Masami Kurumada's Saint Seiya manga (also known as Knights of the Zodiac) and its anime adaptation. He specifically cited the armor that the Gods wear in his film remake as a sign of homage and respect to Saint Seiya. Masami Kurumada, the author of Saint Seiya, was even asked to collaborate with the production team on poster designs.[17]

text: Sam Worthington took the role of Perseus because he wanted to make a Clash of the Titans for his nine-year-old nephew's generation. During filming the cast had a few laughs about the costumes, but he took it very seriously "so the audience doesn't have to."[18] Worthington also did not wear sandals while filming; he instead painted toes on his sports shoes so he could perform the stunts better.[19]

text: For the 2D to 3D conversion, Leterrier approached the studio early on about a 3D conversion, but it was expensive and very new technology.[20] After Avatar, the studio put pressure on Leterrier to convert the film. He was worried because of his previous concerns but was convinced after seeing the View-D conversion process.[21] Leterrier considered the 3D conversion to improve the viewing experience, and states that it should not be seen as a gimmick.[20]

text: In 2013 Leterrier said of the 3D conversion;

text: It was famously rushed and famously horrible. It was absolutely horrible, the 3D. Nothing was working, it was just a gimmick to steal money from the audience. I’m a good boy and I rolled with the punches and everything, but it’s not my movie.[22]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: Filming began April 27, 2009, near London, at Shepperton Studios, and also at Pinewood Studios and at Longcross Studios, near Chertsey, in Surrey.[23] Filming also took place in Wales, the Canary Islands (Spain) (primarily at the World Heritage Site, Teide National Park in Tenerife), Maspalomas Dunes, Gran Canaria, and Timanfaya National Park in Lanzarote. Aerial photography was conducted in Iceland and Ethiopia.[2]

text: Filming of volcano scenes at the Harriet hole in Dinorwic Slate Quarry in Wales wrapped at the end of July.[24] This slate quarry has also been used for locations for Willow and Street Fighter.[25]

text: Homage[edit]

text: Bubo, Athena's mechanical owl in the original 1981 film, makes a cameo appearance in this remake and its sequel.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Release[edit]

text: Clash of the Titans was originally set for standard release on March 26, 2010.[3][4] The Heat Vision Blog reported on January 27, 2010, that after a 3D conversion test of the film which Warner Bros. found to be a "roaring success", the film would be converted to 3D and would premiere on April 2, 2010. The national premiere in Spain took place on March 30 in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the capital city of the Canary Islands.[5][6][26]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Clash of the Titans has received generally negative reviews from critics, who criticized the film for its use of 3D, flat characters and divergences from the original film and the myth. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 28% of critics have given the film a positive review, based on 239 reviews with an average rating of 4.3/10. The site's consensus stated "An obviously affectionate remake of the 1981 original, Louis Leterrier's Clash of the Titans doesn't offer enough visual thrills to offset the deficiencies of its script."[27] On Metacritic, the film was assigned a weighted average score of 39 out of 100, based on 37 reviews from mainstream critics.[28] Even before release the film attracted some negative attention for its original tagline, "Titans Will Clash".[29]

text: In his review for the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4, stating "I don't say it's good cinema, although I recognize the craftsmanship that went into it. I don't say it's good acting, when the men have so much facial hair they all look like Liam Neeson. I like the energy, the imagination, the silliness".[30] Richard Corliss of Time could understand why the film received negative reviews, but found it "a full-throttle action-adventure, played unapologetically straight." He dismissed other critics' complaints, writing that the film is "very watchable in 2-D", that other critics were biased by nostalgia for the original, and that 15 seconds of Bubo is enough for his tastes.[31] Colin Covert gave the film a mildly positive review, stating the film was "all flash, trash, and crash; a tasty hunk of baloney; mindless yet shamelessly thrilling." He considered Worthington to have a "Shatneresque heaviness about him", and found that all the laughs came from the fact that the heavyweight actors were "slumming through their roles".[32] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B-, writing "The new Clash isn't a cynical rehash. It has the flavor of a certain pre-CGI innocence."[33] James Berardinelli gave it a mixed review, concluding that Clash of the Titans is a flawed but mildly entertaining regurgitation of Greek mythological elements, but it's also an example of how poorly executed 3D can hamstring a would-be spectacle.[34]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film 1 star out of four, stating "The film is a sham, with good actors going for the paycheck and using beards and heavy makeup to hide their shame."[35] In a review for the Chicago Tribune, Turan complained that the film is worse in 3D; he went on further to explain that the action scenes are "more of a distraction than an enhancement", with the battle scenes being cluttered and "harder to follow rather than exciting".[36] Claudia Puig for USA Today wrote that the film's "most outstanding achievement is the ability to be both chaotic and dull". Justification for her opinion came from the frantic action sequences and muddled special effects.[37] Dan Kois blamed the director for making a "muddled disappointment" instead of a "camp classic that could have endured for generations". Kois also accused Leterrier of not knowing how to direct an action scene, and that the film is lacking in "wit and flair".[38] David Stratton also criticized the film's action scenes, suggesting to Leterrier: "check out your local video store for something by Kurosawa, or almost any movie with sword fight scenes, to see how it's done."[39] AskMen.com felt actor Sam Worthington's heavy Australian drawl was so distracting it "manages not only to single-handedly unhinge any suspension of disbelief we might have had, but his fellow actors often seem to be visibly struggling as they impart fantastical ancient truths to a true-blue brickie in a studded leather dress."

text: The film was nominated for "Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel" and "Worst Eye-Gouging Misuse of 3D" at the 31st Golden Raspberry Awards, but lost to Sex and the City 2 and The Last Airbender, respectively.

text: Box office[edit]

text: Clash of the Titans earned $61,235,105 in its opening weekend in 3,777 theaters in the United States and Canada (not including Thursday previews).[1] The movie was #1 for two weeks in a row, edging out Date Night and the previous winner How to Train Your Dragon.[40] Clash of the Titans made $163,214,888 domestically, as of July 22, 2010, and $330,000,000 overseas, as of September 19, 2010, for a worldwide total of $493,214,888. On the all-time worldwide chart it ranks 80th and in North America it is below #100.[41]

text: Home video[edit]

text: Clash of the Titans was released on DVD and Blu-ray combo pack on July 16 (Mexico), July 26 (UK), July 27 (USA) and (Canada), October 6 (Japan) 2010. A Blu-ray 3D version of the film was also released and also comes packed with the 2D version, the DVD version and a Digital Copy.[42]

text: Video game[edit]

text: Namco Bandai Games.inc & Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment released a video game adaptation of the movie on July 27, 2010, on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 with the film's home video release. It was originally planned to come out in March 2010, though the game was delayed due to difficulties. The game follows Perseus on his quest to fight Hades and his minions.

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Production of a sequel titled, Wrath of the Titans, directed by Jonathan Liebesman began on March 23, 2011, with Sam Worthington, Ralph Fiennes and Liam Neeson returning to star and released on March 30, 2012.[43]

text: In November 2011, Warner Bros. hired Dan Mazeau and David Leslie Johnson' who wrote Wrath of the Titans, to write and develop a sequel with Johnson announced a title called Revenge of the Titans but it was later cancelled.[44]


document_title: Indigenous peoples of Mexico

question_text: which native civilization lived in the region that is now eastern and southern mexico

question_tokens: which native civilization lived in the region that is now eastern and southern mexico

root

text: Indigenous peoples of Mexico

text: Definition[edit]

text: In the second article of its Constitution, Mexico is defined as a "pluricultural" nation in recognition of the diverse ethnic groups that constitute it and where the indigenous peoples[6] are the original foundation.[7]

tag: p

text: The number of indigenous Mexicans is judged using the political criteria found in the 2nd article of the Mexican constitution. The Mexican census does not report racial-ethnicity but only the cultural-ethnicity of indigenous communities that preserve their indigenous languages, traditions, beliefs and cultures.[8]

text: The category of indigena (indigenous) can be defined narrowly according to linguistic criteria including only persons that speak one of Mexico's 89 indigenous languages, this is the categorization used by the National Mexican Institute of Statistics. It can also be defined broadly to include all persons who self identify as having an indigenous cultural background, whether or not they speak the language of the indigenous group they identify with. This means that the percentage of the Mexican population defined as "indigenous" varies according to the definition applied; cultural activists have referred to the usage of the narrow definition of the term for census purposes as "statistical genocide".[9][10]

text: The indigenous peoples in Mexico have the right of free determination under the second article of the constitution. According to this article the indigenous peoples are granted:

text:
the right to decide the internal forms of social, economic, political, and cultural organization;
the right to apply their own normative systems of regulation as long as human rights and gender equality are respected;
the right to preserve and enrich their languages and cultures;
the right to elect representatives before the municipal council where their territories are located;

text: amongst other rights. Also, the Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Languages recognizes 89 indigenous languages as "national languages", which have the same validity as Spanish in all territories where they are spoken.[11] According to the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Data Processing (INEGI), approximately 5.4% of the population speaks an indigenous language - that is, approximately half of those identified as indigenous.[12] The recognition of indigenous languages and the protection of indigenous cultures is granted not only to the ethnic groups indigenous to modern-day Mexican territory but also to other North American indigenous groups that migrated to Mexico from the United States[13] in the nineteenth century and those who immigrated from Guatemala in the 1980s.[14]

text: History of the Indigenous Peoples[edit]

text: Pre-Columbian civilizations[edit]

text: The pre-Columbian civilizations of what now is known as Mexico are usually divided in two regions: Mesoamerica, in reference to the cultural area where several complex civilizations developed before the arrival of the Spanish in the sixteenth century, and Aridoamerica (or simply "The North")[15] in reference to the arid region north of the Tropic of Cancer where few civilizations developed and was mostly inhabited by nomadic or semi-nomadic groups.[citation needed] Despite the conditions however, it is argued that the Mogollon culture and Peoples successfully established population centers at Casas Grandes and Cuarenta Casas in a vast territory that encompassed northern Chihuahua state and parts of Arizona and New Mexico in the United States.

text: Mesoamerica was densely populated by diverse indigenous ethnic groups[15][page needed][16] which, although sharing common cultural characteristics, spoke different languages and developed unique civilizations.

text: One of the most influential civilizations that developed in Mesoamerica was the Olmec civilization, sometimes referred to as the "Mother Culture of Mesoamerica".[16] The later civilization in Teotihuacán reached its peak around 600 AD, when the city became the sixth largest city in the world,[16] whose cultural and theological systems influenced the Toltec and Aztec civilizations in later centuries. Evidence has been found on the existence of multiracial communities or neighborhoods in Teotihuacan (and other large urban areas like Tenochtitlan).[17][18]

text: The Maya civilization, though also influenced by other Mesoamerican civilizations, developed a vast cultural region in south-east Mexico and northern Central America, while the Zapotec and Mixtec culture dominated the valley of Oaxaca, and the Purépecha in western Mexico.

text: Trade[edit]

text: There is common academic agreement that significant systems of trading existed between the cultures of Mesoamerica, Aridoamerica and the American Southwest, and the architectural remains and artifacts share a commonality of knowledge attributed to this trade network. The routes stretched far into Mesoamerica and reached as far north to ancient communities that included such population centers in the United States such as at Snaketown,[19] Chaco Canyon, and Ridge Ruin near Flagstaff (considered some of the finest artifacts ever located).

text: Colonial era[edit]

text: By the time of the arrival of the Spanish in central Mexico, many of the diverse ethnic civilizations (with the notable exception of the Tlaxcaltecs and the Purépecha Kingdom of Michoacán) were loosely joined under the Aztec Empire, the last Nahua civilization to flourish in Central Mexico. The capital of the empire, Tenochtitlan, became one of the largest urban centers in the world, with an estimated population of 350,000 inhabitants.[15][page needed]

text: During the conquest of the Aztec Empire, the Spanish conquistadors, vastly outnumbered by indigenous peoples, used the ethnic diversity of the country and exploited the discontentment of the subjugated groups, making important alliances with rivals of the Aztecs.[15][page needed] While the alliances were decisive to the Europeans' victory, the indigenous peoples were soon subjugated by an equally impressive empire. However, as the Spanish consolidated their rule in what became the viceroyalty of New Spain, the crown recognized the indigenous nobility in Mesoamerica as nobles and kept the existing basic structure of indigenous city-states. Indigenous communities were incorporated as communities under Spanish rule and with the indigenous power structure largely intact.[20]

text: As part of the Spanish incorporation of indigenous into the colonial system, the friars taught indigenous scribes to write their languages in Latin letters so that there are huge corpus of colonial-era documentation in the Nahuatl language, Mixtec, Zapotec, and Yucatec Maya as well as others. Such a written tradition likely took hold because there was an existing tradition of pictorial writing found in many indigenous codices. Scholars have utilized the colonial-era alphabetic documentation in what is currently called the New Philology to illuminate the colonial experience of Mesoamerican peoples from their own viewpoints.[21]

text: Since Mesoamerican peoples had an existing requirement of labor duty and tribute in the pre-conquest era, Spaniards who were awarded the labor and tribute of particular communities in encomienda could benefit financially. Indigenous officials in their communities were involved in maintaining this system. There was a precipitous decline in indigenous populations due to the spread of European diseases previously unknown in the New World. Pandemics wrought havoc, but indigenous communities recovered with fewer members.[15][page needed][22][23]

text: With contact between Europeans, the black slaves that they brought, and indigenous populations, there was intermingling of the groups, with mixed-race castas, particularly mestizos, becoming a component of Spanish cities and to a lesser extent indigenous communities. The Spanish legal structure formally separated what they called the república de indios (the republic of Indians) from the república de españoles (republic of Spaniards), the latter of which encompassed all those in the Hispanic sphere: Europeans, Africans, and mixed-race castas. Although in many ways indigenous peoples were marginalized in the colonial system,[24] the paternalistic structure of colonial rule supported the continued existence and structure of indigenous communities. The Spanish crown recognized the existing ruling group, gave protection to the land holdings of indigenous communities, and communities' and individuals had access to the Spanish legal system.[22][23][25] In practice in central Mexico this meant that until the nineteenth-century liberal reform that eliminated the corporate status of indigenous communities, indigenous communities had a protected status.

text: Although the crown recognized the political structures and the ruling elites in the civil sphere, in the religious sphere indigenous men were banned from the Christian priesthood, following an early Franciscan experiment that included fray Bernardino de Sahagún at the Colegio de Santa Cruz Tlatelolco to train such a group. Mendicants of the Franciscan, Dominican, and Augustinian orders initially evangelized indigenous in their own communities in what is often called the "spiritual conquest".[26] Later on the northern frontiers where nomadic indigenous groups had no fixed settlements, the Spanish created missions and settled indigenous populations in these complexes. The Jesuits were prominent in this enterprise until their expulsion from Spanish America in 1767. Catholicism with particular local aspects was the only permissible religion in the colonial era.

text: Independence from Spain[edit]

text: As the New Spain became independent from Spain, the new country was named after its capital city, Mexico City. Mexico declared the abolition of black slavery in 1829 and the equality of all citizens under the law. Indigenous communities continued to have rights as corporations to maintain land holdings until the liberal Reforma. Some indigenous individuals integrated into the Mexican society, like Benito Juárez of Zapotec ethnicity, the first indigenous president of a country in the New World.[27] As a political liberal, however, Juárez supported the removal of protections of indigenous community corporate land holding.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: The greatest change came about as a result of the Mexican Revolution, a violent social and cultural movement that defined 20th century Mexico. The Revolution produced a national sentiment that the indigenous peoples were the foundation of Mexican society. Several prominent artists promoted the "Indigenous Sentiment" (sentimiento indigenista) of the country, including Frida Kahlo, and Diego Rivera. Throughout the twentieth century, the government established bilingual education in certain indigenous communities and published free bilingual textbooks.[28] Some states of the federation appropriated an indigenous inheritance in order to reinforce their identity.[29]

text: In spite of the official recognition of the indigenous peoples, the economic underdevelopment of the communities, accentuated by the crises of the 1980s and 1990s, has not allowed for the social and cultural development of most indigenous communities.[30] Thousands of indigenous Mexicans have emigrated to urban centers in Mexico as well as in the United States. In Los Angeles, for example, the Mexican government has established electronic access to some of the consular services provided in Spanish as well as Zapotec and Mixe.[31] Some of the Maya peoples of Chiapas have revolted, demanding better social and economic opportunities, requests voiced by the EZLN.[citation needed]

text: The Chiapas conflict of 1994 led to collaboration between the Mexican government and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, an indigenous political group.[32] This large movement generated international media attention and united many indigenous groups.[33] In 1996 the San Andrés Larráinzar Accords were negotiated between the Zapatista Army of National Liberation and the Mexican government.[32] The San Andres accords were the first time that indigenous rights were acknowledged by the Mexican government.[32]

text: The government has made certain legislative changes to promote the development of the rural and indigenous communities and the preservation and promotion of their languages. The second article of the Constitution was modified to grant them the right of self-determination and requires state governments to promote and ensure the economic development of the indigenous communities as well as the preservation of their languages and traditions.

text: Rights of indigenous peoples[edit]

text: List of rights[edit]

text: The Spanish crown had legal protections of indigenous as individuals as well as their communities, including establishing a separate General Indian Court.[34] The mid-nineteenth century liberal reform removed those, so that there was equality of individuals before Mexican law.[35] The creation of a national identity not linked to racial or ethnic identity was an aim of Mexican liberalism.

text: In the late twentieth century there has been a push for indigenous rights and a recognition of indigenous cultural identity. According to the constitutional reform of 2001, the following rights of indigenous peoples are recognized:[36]

text:
acknowledgement as indigenous communities, right to self-ascription, and the application of their own regulatory systems
preservation of their cultural identity, land, consultation and participation
access to the jurisdiction to the state and to development
recognition of indigenous peoples and communities as subject of public law
self-determination and self-autonomy
remunicipalization for the advancement of indigenous communities
administer own forms of communication and media

text: Land rights[edit]

text: During the early colonial era in central Mexico, Spaniards were more interested in having access to indigenous labor than in ownership of land. The institution of the encomienda, a crown grant of the labor of particular indigenous communities to individuals was a key element of the imposition of Spanish rule, with the land tenure of indigenous communities continuing largely in its preconquest form. The Spanish crown initially kept intact the indigenous sociopolitical system of local rulers and land tenure, with the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire eliminating the superstructure of rule, replacing it with Spanish.[37][38] The crown had several concerns about the encomienda. First was that the holders of encomiendas, called encomenderos were becoming too powerful, essentially a seigneurial group that might challenge crown power (as shown in the conspiracy by conqueror Hernán Cortés's legitimate son and heir). Second was that the encomenderos were monopolizing indigenous labor to the exclusion of newly arriving Spaniards. And third, the crown was concerned about the damage to the indigenous vassals of the crown and their communities by the institution. Through the New Laws of 1542, the crown sought to phase out the encomienda and replace it with another crown mechanism of forced indigenous labor, known as the repartimiento. Indigenous labor was no longer monopolized by a small group of privileged encomienda holders, but rather labor was apportioned to a larger group of Spaniards. Natives performed low-paid or underpaid labor for a certain number of weeks or months on Spanish enterprises.[39]

text: The land of indigenous peoples is used for material reasons as well as spiritual reasons. Religious, cultural, social, spiritual, and other events relating to their identity are also tied to the land.[40] Indigenous people use collective property so that the aforementioned services that the land provides are available to the entire community and future generations.[40] This was a stark contrast to the viewpoints of colonists that saw the land purely in an economic way where land could be transferred between individuals.[40] Once the land of the indigenous people and therefore their livelihood was taken from them, they became dependent on those that had land and power.[40] Additionally, the spiritual services that the land provided were no longer available and caused a deterioration of indigenous groups and cultures.[40]

text: Colonial-era racial categories and post-independence[edit]

text: The Spanish legal system divided racial groups into two basic categories, the República de Españoles, consisting of all non-indigenous but initially white Spaniards and black Africans, and the República de Indios. As there was greater intermixture and resulting offspring, a more formal casta system came into place, with specific terms for different racial mixtures. This system gave more political and social power to Spaniards so that Indigenous people and blacks could be kept in lower positions.[41] When the ethnic origins of the person were not known, phenotypic characteristics were relied upon to determine the status of the individual.[41] Those that were in lower statuses had to pay more to the crown.[41]

text: When Mexico gained independence in 1821, the casta system was eliminated as a legal structure, but racial divides remained. White Mexican argued about what the solution was to the Indian Problem, that is indigenous who continued to live in communities and were not integrated politically or socially as citizens of the new republic.[42] The Mexican constitution of 1824 has several articles pertaining to indigenous peoples. The second article of the constitution of Mexico recognizes and enforces the right of indigenous peoples and communities to self-determination and therefore their autonomy to:

text: V. Preserve and improve their habitat as well as preserve the integrity of their lands in accordance with this constitution. VI. Be entitled to the estate and land property modalities established by this constitution and its derived legislation, to all private property rights and communal property rights as well as to use and enjoy in a preferential way all the natural resources located at the places which the communities live in, except those defined as strategic areas according to the constitution. The communities shall be authorized to associate with each other in order to achieve such goals.[43]

text: Under the Mexican government, some indigenous people had land rights under ejido and agrarian communities.[44] Under ejidos, indigenous communities have usufruct rights of the land. Indigenous communities choose to do this when they do not have the legal evidence to claim the land. In 1992, shifts were made to the economic structure and ejidos could now be partitioned and sold. For this to happen, the PROCEDE program was established. The PROCEDE program surveyed, mapped, and verified the ejido lands. This privatization of land undermined the economic base of the indigenous communities much like the taking of their land during colonization.[44]

text: Linguistic rights[edit]

text: The history of linguistic rights in Mexico began when Spanish first made contact with Indigenous Languages during the colonial period.[32] During the early sixteenth century mestizaje, mixing of races of culture, led to mixing of languages as well.[32] The Spanish Crown proclaimed Spanish to be the language of the empire; however, indigenous languages were used during conversion of individuals to Catholicism.[32] Because of this, indigenous languages were more widespread than Spanish from 1523-1581.[32] During the late sixteenth century, the status of Spanish language increased.[32]

text: By the seventeenth century, the elite minority were Spanish speakers.[32] After independence in 1821 there was a shift to Spanish to legitimize the Mexican Spanish created by the Mexican criollos.[32] Since then, indigenous tongues were discriminated against and seen as not modern.[45] The nineteenth century brought with it programs to provide bilingual education at primary levels where they would eventually transition to Spanish only education.[32] Linguistic uniformity was sought out to strengthen national identity; however, this left indigenous languages out of power structures.[32]

text: The Chiapas conflict of 1994 led to collaboration between the Mexican government and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, an indigenous political group.[32] In 1996 the San Andrés Larráinzar Accords were negotiated between the Zapatista Army of National Liberation and the Mexican government.[32] The San Andres accords were the first time that indigenous rights were acknowledged by the Mexican government.[32] The San Andres Accords did not explicitly state language but language was involved in matters involving culture and education.[32]

text: In 2001, the constitution of Mexico was changed to acknowledge indigenous peoples and grant them protection. The second article of the constitution of Mexico recognizes and enforces the right of indigenous peoples and communities to self-determination and therefore their autonomy to:

text: Preserve and enrich their language, knowledge, and every part of their culture and identity.[43]

text: In 2003, the General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples explicitly stated the protection of individual and collective linguistic rights of indigenous peoples.[46] The final section also sanctioned the creation of a National Institute for Indigenous Languages (INALI) whose purpose is to promote the growth of indigenous languages in Mexico.[46]

text: However, there has been a lack of enforcement of the law. For example, the General Law on Linguistic Rights of Indigenous People guarantees the right to a trial in the language of indigenous peoples with someone who understands their culture.[46] According to the National Human Rights Commission (Mexico), Mexico has not abided by this law.[45] Examples of this include Jacinta Francisca Marcial, an indigenous woman who was imprisoned for kidnapping in 2006.[45] After three years and the assistance of Amnesty International she was released for lack of evidence.[45]

text: Additionally, the General Law on Linguistics also guarantees bilingual and intercultural education.[46] However, it is a common complaint that teachers do not know the indigenous language or do not prioritize teaching the indigenous language.[45] In fact, some studies argue that formal education has decreased the prevalence of indigenous languages.[45]

text: Some parents do not teach their children their indigenous language and some children refuse to learn their indigenous language for fear that they will be discriminated against. Scholars argue that there needs to be a social change to elevate the status of indigenous languages in order for the law to be withheld so that indigenous languages are protected.[45]

text: Rights of indigenous women[edit]

text: Indigenous women are often taken advantage of because they are women, indigenous, and often poor.[47] Indigenous culture has been used as a pretext for Mexican government to enact laws that deny human rights to women such as the right to own land.[47] Additionally, violence against women has been regarded by the Mexican government as a cultural practice.[47] The government has enforced impunity of the exploitation of indigenous women by its own government[clarification needed] including by the military.[47]

text: The EZLN accepted a Revolutionary Law for Women on March 8, 1993.[47] The law is not fully enforced but shows solidarity between the indigenous movement and women.[47] The Mexican government has increased militarization of indigenous areas which makes women more susceptible to harassment through military abuses.[47]

text: Indigenous women are forming many organizations to support each other, improve their position in society, and gain financial independence.[47] Indigenous women use national and international legislation to support their claims that go against cultural norms such as domestic violence.[48]

text: Reproductive justice is an important issue to indigenous communities because there is a lack of development in these areas and is less access to maternal care. Conditional cash transfer programs such as Oportunidades have been used to encourage indigenous women to seek formal health care.[49]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Definition[edit]

text: The number of indigenous Mexicans is judged using the political criteria found in the 2nd article of the Mexican constitution. The Mexican census does not report racial-ethnicity but only the cultural-ethnicity of indigenous communities that preserve their indigenous languages, traditions, beliefs, and cultures.[8]

text: Languages[edit]

text: The Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Languages recognizes 62 indigenous languages as "national languages" which have the same validity as Spanish in all territories where they are spoken.[11] According to the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Data Processing (INEGI), approximately 6.7% of the population speaks an indigenous language.[50] That is, less than half of those identified as indigenous.[51] 6,695,228 people 5 years or older were tallied as indigenous-language speakers in the 2010 census, an increase of about 650,000 from the 2000 census. In 2000, 6,044,547 people 5 years or older spoke an indigenous language.[52]

text: In previous censuses, information on the indigenous speaking population five years of age and older was obtained from the Mexican people. However, in the 2010 census, this approach was changed and the Government also began to collect data on people 3 years and older because from the age of 3, children are able to communicate verbally. With this new approach, it was determined that there were 6,913,362 people 3 years of age or more who spoke an indigenous language (218,000 children 3 and 4 four years of age fell into this category), accounting for 6.6% of the total population. The population of children aged 0 to 2 years in homes where the head of household or a spouse spoke an indigenous language was 678 954. The indigenous language speaking population has been increasing in absolute numbers for decades, but have nonetheless been falling in proportion to the national population.[51]

text: The recognition of indigenous languages and the protection of indigenous cultures is granted not only to the ethnic groups indigenous to modern-day Mexican territory, but also to other North American indigenous groups that migrated to Mexico from the United States[13] in the nineteenth century and those who immigrated from Guatemala in the 1980s.[1][2][14]

text: States[edit]

text: The five states with the largest indigenous-language-speaking populations are:

text:
Oaxaca, with 1,165,186 indigenous language speakers, accounting for 34.2% of the state's population.
Chiapas, with 1,141,499 indigenous language speakers, accounting for 27.2% of the state's population.
Veracruz, with 644,559 indigenous language speakers, accounting for 9.4% the state's population.
Puebla, with 601,680 indigenous language speakers, accounting for 11.7% of the state's population.
Yucatán, with 537,516 indigenous language speakers, accounting for 30.3% of the state's population.

text: These five states accounted for 61.1% of all indigenous language speakers in Mexico. Most indigenous Mexicans do not speak their own languages and speak only Spanish. This is reflected in these five states' populations. Although Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz, Puebla, and Yucatán have 34.2%, 27.2%, 9.4%, 11.7%, and 30.3% of their populations speaking an indigenous language, these states' indigenous populations are 65.73%, 36.15%, 29.25%, 35.28%, 65.4% respectively.[51]

text: Population statistics[edit]

text: According to the National Commission for the Development of the Indigenous Peoples (CDI), there were 25,694,928 indigenous people reported in Mexico in 2015,[1][2] which constitutes 21.5% of the population of Mexico. This is a significant increase from the 2010 census, in which indigenous Mexicans accounted for 14.9% of the population, and numbered 15,700,000[53] Most indigenous communities have a degree of financial, political autonomy under the legislation of "usos y costumbres", which allows them to regulate internal issues under customary law.

text: The indigenous population of Mexico has in recent decades increased both in absolute numbers as-well as a percentage of the population. This is largely due to increased self-identification as indigenous, as-well as indigenous women having higher birth rates as compared to the Mexican average.[2][12][54][55] Indigenous peoples are more likely to live in more rural areas, than the Mexican average, but many do reside in urban or suburban areas, particularly, in the central states of Mexico, Puebla, Tlaxcala, the Federal District and the Yucatán Peninsula.

text: According to the CDI, the states with the greatest percentage of indigenous population are:[56] Yucatán, with 65.40%, Quintana Roo with 44.44% and Campeche with 44.54% of the population being indigenous, most of them Maya; Oaxaca with 65.73% of the population, the most numerous groups being the Mixtec and Zapotec peoples; Chiapas has 36.15%, the majority being Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya; Hidalgo with 36.21%, the majority being Otomi; Puebla with 35.28%, and Guerrero with 33.92%, mostly Nahua people and the states of San Luis Potosí and Veracruz both home to a population of 19% indigenous people, mostly from the Totonac, Nahua and Teenek (Huastec) groups.[1][2]

text: States[edit]

text: The majority of the indigenous population is concentrated in the central and southern states. According to the CDI, the states with the greatest percentage of indigenous population as of 2015 are:[1][2][51][57]

text:
Oaxaca, 65.73%
Yucatán, 65.40%
Campeche, 44.54%
Quintana Roo, 44.44%
Hidalgo, 36.21%
Chiapas, 36.15%
Puebla, 35.28%
Guerrero, 33.92%
Veracruz, 29.25%
Morelos, 28.11%
Michoacán, 27.69%
Tabasco, 25.77%
Tlaxcala, 25.24%
San Luis Potosí, 23.20%
Nayarit, 22.18%
Colima, 20.43%
Querétaro, 19.17%
Sonora, 17.83%
State of Mexico, 17.00%
Baja California Sur, 14.47%
Sinaloa, 12.83%
Aguascalientes, 11.69%
Chihuahua, 11.28%
Jalisco, 11.12%
Guanajuato, 9.13%
Distrito Federal, 8.80%
Baja California, 8.54%
Durango, 7.94%
Zacatecas, 7.61%
Coahuila, 6.93%
Nuevo León, 6.88%
Tamaulipas, 6.30%

text: Population genetics[edit]

text: In 2011 a large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans revealed 85 to 90% of maternal mtDNA lineages are of Native American origin, with the remainder having European (5-7%) or African ancestry (3-5%). Thus the observed frequency of Native American mtDNA in Mexican/Mexican Americans is higher than was expected on the basis of autosomal estimates of Native American admixture for these populations i.e. ~ 30-46%[58]

text:
Amerindian (Mexico) Reference Population

5%
87%
4%
  2%

     Finland & Northern Siberia
     Native American

     Southern Europe
     Western & Central Africa

"This population is based on samples collected from regions in central Mexico. These are the descendants of the original settlers of the Americas over 15,000 years ago, accounting for the large Native American percentage. The Finland and Siberia component is reflective of the origins of the Native Americans in northeastern Asia over 20,000 years ago, while the European components reflect the influence of Spanish colonization on Mesoamerica."

Source: Geno 2.0 Next Generation (2018)[59]

tag: table

text: Development and socio-economic indicators[edit]

text: Generally, indigenous Mexicans live more poorly than non-indigenous Mexicans however, social development varies between states, different indigenous ethnicities and between rural and urban areas. In all states indigenous people have higher infant mortality, in some states almost double of the non-indigenous populations.[60]

text: Some indigenous groups, particularly the Yucatec Maya in the Yucatán peninsula[61][62] and some of the Nahua and Otomi peoples in central states have maintained higher levels of development while indigenous peoples in states such as the Guerrero[63] or Michoacán[64] are ranked drastically lower than the average Mexican citizen in these fields. Despite certain indigenous groups such as the Maya or Nahua retaining high levels of development, the general indigenous population lives at a lower level of development than the general population.

text: Literacy rates are much lower for the indigenous, particularly in the southwestern states of Guerrero and Oaxaca due lack of access to education and a lack of the educational literature available in indigenous languages. Literacy rates are also much lower, with 27% of indigenous children between 6 and 14 being illiterate compared to a national average of 12%.[60] The Mexican government is obligated to provide education in indigenous languages, but many times fails to provide schooling in languages other than Spanish. As a result, many indigenous groups have resorted to creating their own small community educational institutions.

text: The indigenous population participate in the workforce longer than the national average, starting earlier and continuing longer. A major reason for this is that significant number of the indigenous practice economically under productive agriculture and receive no regular salaries. Indigenous people also have less access to health care.[60]

text: Indigenous groups with a population of more than 100,000[edit]

text:
Indigenous peoples of Mexico

Group
Population
Speakers¹

Nahuatl (Nāhuatlācah [naːwaˈt͡ɬaːkaʔ])
2,445,969
1,659,029

(Yucatec) Maya (Maya’wiinik [majaˈwiːnik])
1,475,575
892,723

Zapotec (Binizaa)
777,253
505,992

Mixtec (Tu'un savi)
726,601
510,801

Otomi (Hñähñü)
646,875
327,319

Totonac (Tachiwin)
411,266
271,847

Tzotzil (Batzil k'op)
406,962
356,349

Tzeltal (K'op o winik atel)
384,074
336,448

Mazahua (Hñatho)
326,660
151,897

Mazatec (Ha shuta enima)
305,836
246,198

Huastec (Téenek)
296,447
173,233

Ch'ol (Winik)
220,978
189,599

Chinantec (Tsa jujmí)
201,201
152,711

Purépecha (P'urhépecha)
202,884
136,388

Mixe (Ayüükjä'äy)
168,935
135,316

Tlapanec (Me'phaa)
140,254
119,497

Tarahumara (Rarámuri)
121,835
87,721

Source: CDI (2000) [65]

text: ¹Number of indigenous peoples that still speak their Indigenous language

text: Indigenous groups with a population of more than 20,000 and less than 100,000[edit]

text:
Indigenous Languages of Mexico

Group
Population
Speakers1

Mayo (Yoreme)
91,261
60,093

Zoque (O'de püt)
86,589
34,770

Chontal Maya (Yokot)
79,438
43,850

Popoluca (Tuncápxe)
62,306
44,237

Chatino (Cha'cña)
60,003
47,762

Amuzgo (Tzañcue)
57,666
48,843

Tojolabal (Tojolwinik)
54,505
44,531

Huichol (Wixárika)
43,929
36,856

Tepehuan (O'dam, Audam, and Ódami)
37,548
30,339

Triqui (Tinujéi)
29,018
24,491

Popoloca
26,249
18,926

Cora (Nayeeri)
24,390
19,512

Mame (Qyool)
23,812
8,739

Yaqui (Yoeme)
23,411
15,053

Cuicatec (Nduudu yu)
22,984
15,078

Huave (Ikoods)
20,528
16,135

Source: CDI (2000) [65]

text: 1Number of indigenous peoples that still speak their Indigenous language

text: Indigenous groups with a population of less than 20,000[edit]

text:
Indigenous Languages of Mexico

Group
Population
Speakers1

Tepehua (Hamasipini)
16,051
10,625

Kanjobal (K'anjobal)
12,974
10,833

Chontal of Oaxaca (Slijuala sihanuk)
12,663
5,534

Pame (Xigüe)
12,572
9,768

Chichimeca Jonaz (Uza)
3,169
1,987

Huarijio (Makurawe)
2,844
1,905

Chuj
2,719
2,143

Chocho (Runixa ngiigua)
2,592
1,078

Tacuate
2,379
2,067

Mexicanero (Mexikatlajtolli)
2,296
1,300

Ocuiltec (Tlahuica)
1,759
522

Pima Bajo
1,540
836

Jacaltec (Abxubal)
1,478
584

Kekchí (K'ekchí)
987
835

Lacandon (Hach t'an)
896
731

Ixcatec
816
406

Seri (Comcáac)
716
518

K'iche' (Quiché, Q'iché)
524
286

Motocintleco (Qatok)
692
186

Kaqchikel (K'akchikel)
675
230

Paipai (Akwa'ala)
418
221

Tohono O'odham (Papago)
363
153

Cocopah (Es péi)
344
206

Kumiai (Ti'pai)
328
185

Kikapú (Kikapooa)
251
144

Cochimi (Laymón, mti'pá)
226
96

Ixil
224
108

Kiliwa (Ko'lew)
107
55

Aguacatec
59
27

Other groups2
728
337

2 Includes Opata, Soltec and Papabuco

Source: CDI (2000) [65]


document_title: Lab Rats: Elite Force

question_text: who plays roman and riker in lab rats

question_tokens: who plays roman and riker in lab rats

text: Lab Rats: Elite Force

text: Plot[edit]

text: Davenport has come up with a plan to form an elite team of bionic heroes and superheroes to fight a common threat from their headquarters in Centium City. He puts his plan into action after villains have destroyed Mighty Med Hospital.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
William Brent as Chase[note 1]
Bradley Steven Perry as Kaz[note 1]
Jake Short as Oliver
Paris Berelc as Skylar
Kelli Berglund as Bree

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b William Brent and Bradley Steven Perry are given equal billing as lead actors in the series.

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: Lab Rats: Elite Force is created by Chris Peterson and Bryan Moore, the duo who created Lab Rats. It is produced by Britelite Productions and It's a Laugh Productions for Disney XD. On September 3, 2015, it was announced that Lab Rats and Mighty Med would have a joint spinoff series called Lab Rats: Elite Force. Only William Brent, formerly credited as Billy Unger, and Kelli Berglund from Lab Rats and Bradley Steven Perry, Jake Short, and Paris Berelc from Mighty Med were announced as returning for the new spinoff series. Production on the series began in October 2015.[3] It was subsequently announced that Lab Rats: Elite Force would premiere on Disney XD broadcast services on March 2, 2016, and will be available for earlier viewing on the channel's video-on-demand services on February 29, 2016.[1]

text: In October 2016, actress Kelli Berglund reported on Twitter that there would not be a second season of Lab Rats: Elite Force.[4]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series premiered in Canada on Disney XD on March 2, 2016,[5] and on Disney Channel on March 6, 2016.[6]

text: On October 13, 2016, series co-creator Bryan Moore posted on Twitter that there would be a Lab Rats marathon followed by the finale of Lab Rats: Elite Force, "The Attack", which aired on October 22, 2016.[7]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title [8][9]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [8][9]
Prod.
code [8][10]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"The Rise of Five"
Guy Distad
Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore
March 2, 2016 (2016-03-02)
101
0.52[11]

Following the events of the Lab Rats finale, Davenport introduces Chase and Bree to their new team's headquarters in Centium City and new teammates, Kaz, Oliver, and Skylar, and together they will form an Elite Force. Kaz immediately wants to find the people who recently destroyed Mighty Med, while the others want to come up with a plan first. A mysterious box then shatters their window, which contains a flash drive that shows a video of the two people who destroyed Mighty Med. The pair declares that Kaz, Oliver, and Skylar will be eliminated as well as anyone else who protects them. Kaz runs off to find the culprits and meets them in an alley, but he is surprised to find that they are shapeshifters Roman and Riker, the sons of a former superhero named Rodissius whose superpowers Kaz and Oliver had earlier taken away in order to save his life, and as such, Roman and Riker want to eliminate Kaz and Oliver to get revenge. A confrontation between the villains and the Elite Force takes place, but they are eventually knocked out cold and Roman and Riker take Skylar away. The remaining heroes later locate the villains and Skylar and Oliver freezes the cloud that Roman and Riker form into. As the Elite Force team celebrates with a team selfie, Roman and Riker escape.
Special guest star: Hal Sparks as Davenport
Guest stars: Booboo Stewart as Roman, Ryan Potter as Riker

2
"Holding Out for a Hero"
Guy Distad
Mark Brazill
March 9, 2016 (2016-03-09)
102
0.64[12]

Oliver works to master his superpowers after being outshined by Kaz during superhero training. Meanwhile, when Bree says Skylar is like a sister to her, they work out their new sisterhood. Later, Kaz discovers a new superpower, which enables him to shoot fire out of his mouth and Chase and Davenport are impressed; however, Oliver feels intimidated as he's still struggling with controlling his new superpowers. Meanwhile, Bree is having trouble bonding with Skylar as a sister because on her planet all girls roughhouse with their siblings as a way of having fun and showing love to them. Oliver later discovers a new superpower that he calls cyclone fingers, but when Oliver shows Davenport his new superpower, things go awry and he knocks him off his feet and Davenport is sent flying in the air and goes over the terrace railing. Rather than plummeting to the ground below, Davenport is able to hang off a bust of his head on the side of the skyscraper. Oliver goes to save him, while Kaz and Chase watch him with no backup plan. Oliver hangs from the head for a while, but he eventually saves Davenport. Later, Skylar and Bree finally form a bond in the meantime.
Special guest star: Hal Sparks as Davenport

3
"Power Play"
Guy Distad
Andy Schwartz
March 16, 2016 (2016-03-16)
103
0.58[13]

Oliver has always had a major crush on Skylar, and now that Oliver has superpowers, Skylar does not like it because she has lost her superpowers. Chase decides to come up with a solution to give Skylar her superpowers back, but he must inject coal into her body, though it is her one weakness. Oliver gets jealous because he wants to be the one to give Skylar her superpowers back, so Chase decides to let Oliver take the credit despite being reluctant to it. After injecting the cure, Skylar starts to become weak and ill from the coal and is coughing up vapor that can kill everyone in the building. Skylar pulls through and gets her superpowers back and learns that the illness was just a side effect. Meanwhile, Kaz goes behind Bree's back and agrees to babysit Mrs. Ramsey's pig; however, this is all just a scheme for the woman impersonating their neighbor to rob the penthouse. Later, the pig outsmarts both Kaz and Bree and locks them out on the balcony and they then watch Mrs. Ramsey stealing everything until Kaz notices an open window above them and flies back into the penthouse. Chase, Oliver, and Skylar come upstairs and Skylar stops Mrs. Ramsey with her newly restored superpowers.
Guest star: Patrika Darbo as Mrs. Ramsey

4
"The Superhero Code"
Victor Gonzalez
Julia Miranda
March 23, 2016 (2016-03-23)
106
0.44[14]

When Kaz's little brother, Kyle, visits, Kaz becomes jealous that Kyle seems to like Chase more than him, and Kaz cannot reveal his identity as a superhero due to the "superhero code". Chase's controlling attitude gets on Kaz's nerves and Kaz and Kyle explore the unauthorized areas of the base. Kyle ends up trapped after messing with the mainframe computer and Chase attempts to get him out of the cage, but he is knocked out by a shock from the cage. Kaz is forced to reveal his superhero identity and uses his firepower to break the cage open. As Kaz is about to reveal the truth, Kyle thinks they made Kaz bionic, with which he goes along. Oliver and Skylar agree they will also have to pass themselves off as bionic in public so that they can use their superpowers freely.
Guest star: Tristan DeVan as Kyle

5
"Need for Speed"
Victor Gonzalez
Greg Schaffer
March 30, 2016 (2016-03-30)
104
0.50[15]

Douglas comes to see the team and wants to start making the mission suits for them. Chase initially competes with Douglas to make the mission suits for the team and Chase and Kaz work together to make their version of mission suits while Oliver and Douglas work together to make their version of the mission suits. When Kaz and Oliver test out their mission suits, they fail to catch a fly, which proves their suits' impracticality. Chase and Douglas decide to put their differences aside and work together to make the best mission suits for the team. Meanwhile, Bree is filming a shoe commercial and she and Skylar compete in a super speed race. The shoe commercial is not successful as Bree and Skylar end up sabotaging each other in the super speed race.
Guest stars: Jeremy Kent Jackson as Douglas, Johnathan McClain as Tony

6
"Follow the Leader"
Guy Distad
Ken Blankstein
April 6, 2016 (2016-04-06)
105
0.58[16]

After Chase is left behind during a mission because Perry shot out the controls of the hyperlift, Skylar steps in as mission leader. However, this makes Chase jealous, and on the next mission, when Skylar is downstairs with Perry, Chase disables the hyperlift. Perry helps Skylar out of headquarters and to the mission site through the underground tunnels that Perry used to break into headquarters. At the mission location, the tunnel becomes unstable and almost collapses on Skylar and Perry, but Chase pushes them out of the way; however, it traps them in the process. Perry tells Skylar that Chase disabled the hyperlift before the mission so that he could be mission leader again and Chase later admits that he feared losing the respect of the entire team. On the other side of the rubble, Kaz manages to make a stable tunnel to where Chase, Skylar, and Perry are trapped and rescues Chase, Skylar, and Perry. Later, when Skylar is asked by the rest of the team as to why she missed the mission, she tells them that the hyperlift malfunctioned again. When Chase asks why she didn't say anything about the incident, she explains it was the exact same way she felt when she lost her superpowers and that she would not wish that to happen to anyone. Perry uses this opportunity to blackmail Chase into getting her a penthouse next door to theirs.
Guest star: Maile Flanagan as Perry

7
"The List"
Victor Gonzalez
Kenny Byerly
April 13, 2016 (2016-04-13)
107
0.62[17]

This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

The team receives a box from Davenport with all the gadgets they used back at Mission Creek. Chase hosts a team meeting and compiles a list of all the superheroes from Mighty Med and warns them that they are being hunted. Along with Skylar's mentor and first friend: Crossbow. Skylar wants to see her again, but Chase refuses. Skylar is worried that Crossbow did not get the message and she and Oliver set out to find her. When they leave, it's discovered that Roman and Riker had been eavesdropping on them as ravens. As soon as they start to leave, Roman shows up and attacks Crossbow who suffers a tough blow. When Bree talks about the dolls that Kaz was playing with, he does not remember it as he's not Kaz and transforms into Riker, who was looking for the list. Back at the park, Oliver tries to attack Roman, but he is easily defeated; then Skylar attacks him, but she is defeated as well. As Roman tries to walk away with Crossbow, Riker shows up and informs him that the other superheroes know of their presence. Chase and Bree follow Riker to the park and Roman and Riker try to form their deadly swarm. Bree informs Roman that Riker is locked in a freezer, causing Roman to make a deal. Skylar agrees and Bree brings back Riker; however, when Roman tosses the list to Riker, Crossbow destroys it and is defeated in the process. Skylar becomes upset and attacks Roman and Riker and defeats them. Roman and Riker retreat. Later, Kaz and Oliver are able to revive Crossbow.
Guest stars: Booboo Stewart as Roman, Ryan Potter as Riker, Eric Steinberg as Rodissius, Pepi Sonuga as Crossbow

8
"Coming Through in the Clutch"
Hal Sparks
Jason Dorris
July 25, 2016 (2016-07-25)
TBA
0.44[18]

This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

When Oliver's hero is in town, he gets excited and wants to meet him at the Olympics Send-off Celebration at the park. Kaz, Oliver, and Skylar go to meet Clutch while Chase and Bree go to a mini-Olympics competition for children, where they run into Bob. When Clutch arrives, he shows off his skills, impressing Oliver. However, things go wrong when Oliver asks Kaz to hold his sign and Clutch notices Kaz instead and asks Kaz to be his spotter, which causes Oliver to become jealous. Clutch attempts to lift 1,000 pounds, but he quickly starts struggling; when Oliver attempts to help, he drops the weight on Clutch's foot. Later, Oliver feels sorry for hurting his hero and Skylar runs to the hospital and abducts Clutch. She brings Clutch back to the penthouse and Skylar pep talks Oliver to fix him with his old Mighty Med supplies. Meanwhile, Bree has found a child named Zoe who was originally going to compete in the competition with her dad; however, something had come up and Bree decides to become her new coach, though her plan is also to use her bionics. When Chase sees that Zoe is winning, he cheats and uses his bionics to hold Zoe back, so Bree uses her bionics and pushes Bob back. Chase and Bree start fighting while Bob and Zoe run to the finish line.
Guest stars: Brandon Salgado-Telis as Bob, Justin Lopez as Clutch, Sanai Victoria as Zoe

9
"The Intruder"
Jody Margolin Hahn
Ken Blankstein
September 10, 2016 (2016-09-10)
112
0.41[19]

A ten-year-old computer genius boy living on the floor below the Elite Force manages to break into the penthouse, so Chase improves the security system by installing retina scanners, but the boy manages to get back in because he hacked Chase's chip. He later uses his tablet to make Chase disable the security system. Meanwhile, the others are having a contest to determine who can go longer without using superpowers or bionics and they make two teams: Oliver and Kaz versus Bree and Skylar. Bree uses her super speed when Oliver lies and says he sees Harry Styles from One Direction in front of their building. In retaliation, Bree asks to borrow Oliver's phone and throws it off from the terrace and Oliver uses his flying power to go after it, which gets him disqualified. Bree tries the same thing with Kaz by throwing off many of his valuables, but he resists using his superpowers. Meanwhile, Chase's magnetism app glitches because of what AJ did to his chip and every metal object starts flying toward Chase. As a result, Kaz and Skylar have to put the contest on hold to help Chase. AJ then realizes that Chase's capsule can reset his operating system and fix the glitch and Oliver and Bree quickly bring down his capsule. With Chase rescued, the contest is back on and Bree manages to trick Kaz into using his superpowers by using her cyber cloak to pretend to be Oliver and make him fire up the grill; as a result, the girls win the contest.
Guest stars: Jeremy Kent Jackson as Douglas, Elisha Henig as AJ

10
"The Rock"
Hal Sparks
Mark Brazill
September 17, 2016 (2016-09-17)
114
0.46[20]

AJ reveals that he knows that Kaz, Oliver, and Skylar are superheroes and compiles a list of the team's usefulness, causing hurt feelings with Chase and Bree. Meanwhile, Oliver discovers that Kaz has been keeping the Arcturion in storage, though he wasn't aware of it, and Chase tells Kaz and Oliver to take the Arcturion to Facility Y, which is one of Davenport's storage locations. However, they discover it is missing and suspect AJ who was fascinated by it earlier. Chase kicks AJ out of the penthouse in anger, but the team later realizes that Bree took it because she was jealous of the others. Meanwhile, Bree plans on touching the Arcturion to get more powers, but Skylar blasts the Arcturion before Bree can grab it; however, the blast redirects and hits Bree. Later, Chase is determined to raise his rank and builds a hover bike with AJ in order to get to missions faster; however, when the bike goes missing and it's discovered that AJ has taken it, Chase, Kaz, and Oliver go to his rescue. Meanwhile, Bree grows weak from the Arcturion's blast and Skylar is forced to touch the Arcturion to redirect its healing energy into Bree. However, it comes with a cost because Skylar loses a few of her superpowers. Since Bree made indirect contact with the Arcturion, she gains superpowers known as thermo touch and proton ring generation, which makes Bree the world's first bionic superhero hybrid, and Bree and Skylar agree to keep Bree's new powers a secret for now.
Guest star: Elisha Henig as AJ

11
"Home Sweet Home"
Victor Gonzalez

Greg Schaffer
Andy Schwartz

September 24, 2016 (2016-09-24)
110
0.54[21]

When Skylar's friend Scarlett from Caldera visits. She attempts to convince Skylar to come back to Caldera. But when she refuses, Scarlett kidnaps her and takes her to Caldera and imprisons her. Scarlett reveals that Caldera is having a civil war with ones wanting to help others and the opposition, who want to help themselves and she is part of the opposition. Bree and Oliver find out about Skylar and head to Caldera to rescue her. There Bree reveals her new superpowers to Oliver when they are attacked by Scarlett. Oliver and Bree find Skylar but are too imprison with Skylar. Scarlett threatens Oliver and Bree unless Skylar joins. Skylar agrees and is stripped of her powers. Bree send an email to Chase. Skylar reveals that she is leaving the team and joining the opposition. Meanwhile, Chase creates a robotic girlfriend named Sabrina. But she falls in love with Kaz. Chase creates multiple girlfriends but they all fall in love with Kaz. When they get Bree's message they head for Caldera. When Bree and Oliver try to leave Caldera, Oliver refuses to leave Skylar but is beaten by Scarlett, who imprisons them in a metal cage hovering over lava. Chase, Kaz and the robotic girls come and saves them. Bree reveals her superpowers to Kaz and Chase when she uses it to defeat Scarlett. Scarlett attempts to kill the group but falls to her death trying to do so. Once they get back home, Skylar is depressed over Caldera's civil war. But Bree informs her that Earth is her home. Kaz and Chase play a prank on Oliver using the robotic girls.
Guest stars: Angeline Appel as Christina, Alexxis Lemire as Scarlett Double, Melissa Christine as Skylar Double
Note: This is a double-length special episode.

12
"Sheep-Shifting"
Bradley Steven Perry
Maxwell Theodore Vivian
October 1, 2016 (2016-10-01)
115
0.41[22]

Chase attempts to learn more about Roman and Riker's shape-shifting abilities by developing a potion. While Chase is not around, Kaz drinks the potion to test it out on himself, and gains shape-shifting abilities. While demonstrating his abilities to Oliver and Skylar, Kaz turns himself into a sheep, but then does not revert to his human appearance. Chase discovers that Kaz drank the potion, and explains that when he became a sheep, he took on the mental capacity of the animal, preventing him from knowing how to change back. The effects of the potion eventually wear off and Kaz returns to his former self. Meanwhile, Perry reveals to Bree that she starred on a television series when she was a child, and that a cast or crew member has died on every Halloween since the show ended. Perry is the last surviving member of the series and fears for her life, so she has Bree protect her.
Guest star: Maile Flanagan as Perry

13
"Game of Drones"
Guy Distad
Mark Brazill
October 8, 2016 (2016-10-08)
108
0.34[23]

Oliver becomes jealous when Kaz begins spending time with Chase to build a drone for a drone race. Chase agrees to implement Kaz's unusual ideas into the drone design, but reveals to Oliver that he plans to remove the designs before the competition to increase the chances of winning. After Oliver tells Kaz about Chase's plans, they decide to take one of Davenport's drones to enter it in the competition against Chase. At the competition, Chase tells Kaz and Oliver that the drone they activated is an attack drone designed to destroy any threat it senses. Chase also reveals that he chose to leave Kaz's design ideas intact. Meanwhile, Perry reveals that she comes from a family of circus people, and that the women in her family were skilled tightrope walkers. Perry, feeling the need to achieve an accomplishment of her own, decides to tightrope-walk between two skyscrapers, which makes Bree nervous for Perry's safety. Perry dresses up with a circus outfit and umbrella for the stunt. Perry slips from the tightrope after the attack drone flies past her, although she manages to grab onto the rope before falling. The attack drone targets Perry, who destroys it with her umbrella.
Guest star: Maile Flanagan as Perry

14
"They Grow Up So Fast"
Paul Hoen
Julia Miranda
October 15, 2016 (2016-10-15)
113
0.27[24]

Chase becomes obsessed with developing an age-reversal device after Kaz uses a mobile phone app to show him a picture of what he will look like when he is older. Tasha brings her baby daughter Naomi to visit the Elite Force. Naomi cries whenever she is held by Bree, who becomes jealous when she sees that Naomi likes being held by Skylar. Tasha says she has had little free time since Naomi was born, and asks the children if they would like to watch the baby for a while. Despite that she is not well-liked by Naomi, Bree insists on taking care of the baby to show Tasha that she can be trusted. While Bree is distracted by cleaning baby food off of her shirt, Naomi wanders away and finds the mission command center, where she uses Chase's anti-aging device. However, the device was not finished and instead ages Naomi by 12 years. Tasha returns and meets the older Naomi, whom Bree and Skylar say is actually a friend of theirs. When Chase is unable to turn Naomi back into a baby, Bree realizes she must confess to Tasha. As Bree is about to tell Tasha, Chase realizes how to turn Naomi back, and successfully does so without Tasha finding out what happened.
Guest stars: Angel Parker as Tasha, Camille Hyde as Naomi

15
"The Attack"
William Brent
Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore
October 22, 2016 (2016-10-22)
116
0.55[25]

The Elite Force is surprised to see that Chase now has a girlfriend named Reese, who he just met at a library. They later learn that Roman and Riker are using their shape-shifting abilities to terrorize the city. Power goes out all over the city, and the Elite Force goes out to stop Roman and Riker. Reese is left at the penthouse with Douglas. Perry comes to be with Douglas as she is afraid of the chaos outside. Douglas leaves to activate the skyscraper's emergency generator, while Perry insists on her and Reese giving each other makeovers. The Elite Force arrives on the city streets to battle Roman and Riker, but they realize that they are actually up against a dozen shape-shifters. Rodissius arrives and reveals that the shape-shifters are his children, who are avenging him and the loss of his powers by attacking the city. Rodissius reveals that Reese is one of his children, and that his plan is for her to obtain the superhero list from the mission command center while it is unprotected by the Elite Force. Bree uses a new superhero ability to attack Rodissius. Douglas activates the generator, and then flees after seeing Perry's makeover, allowing Reese to enter the mission command center. Douglas retreats to the command center, where he is attacked by Reese. She escapes with the superhero list and then rescues her father. Perry and the Elite Force find Douglas badly injured, and discover that communications have been blocked, preventing them from warning the superheroes of Rodissius' plan. Chase declares war against Rodissius and his children.
Guest stars: Maile Flanagan as Perry, Jeremy Kent Jackson as Douglas, Eric Steinberg as Rodissius, Fivel Stewart as Reese

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
15
March 2, 2016 (2016-03-02)
0.52[11]
October 22, 2016 (2016-10-22)
0.55[25]
0.49

text: Reception[edit]

text: Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the series four out of five stars.[26]


document_title: We Have All the Time in the World

question_text: who wrote we have all the time in the world

text: We Have All the Time in the World

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"We Have All the Time in the World"

Single by Louis Armstrong

from the album On Her Majesty's Secret Service

B-side
"Pretty Little Missy"

Released
1969, 1994 (re-released)

Format
7-inch single

Genre
Jazz

Label
United Artists

Songwriter(s)
Hal David, John Barry

Producer(s)
Phil Ramone

Louis Armstrong singles chronology

"The Kinda Love Song"
(1969)
"We Have All the Time in the World"
(1969)
"Give Peace a Chance"
(1970)

"The Kinda Love Song"
(1969)
"We Have All the Time in the World"
(1969)
"Give Peace a Chance"
(1970)

text: "We Have All the Time in the World" is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in the 1969 Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service, the title theme being the instrumental "On Her Majesty's Secret Service," also composed by Barry. The song title is taken from Bond's final words in both the novel and the film, spoken after his wife's death. Armstrong was too ill to play his trumpet.[1] Barry chose Armstrong because he felt he could "deliver the title line with irony".[2]

text: The song was released as a single in both the US and the UK to coincide with the release of the film in December 1969, but did not chart in either market. The recording became a hit in the UK twenty-five years later, in 1994, as a result of a Guinness beer commercial, after My Bloody Valentine chose to cover it for charity. Armstrong's version was then re-released on vinyl and CD and reached #3 in the UK Singles Chart and #4 in Ireland. In 2005, a BBC survey found that it was the third most popular love song played at weddings.[3]

text: In addition to My Bloody Valentine, "We Have All the Time in the World" has been covered by Iggy Pop, Fun Lovin' Criminals, Vic Damone, Michael Ball, Giorgia Todrani, The Puppini Sisters, Tindersticks, The Pale Fountains, Shirley Bassey (for a later withdrawn album of Bond themes), Thomas White and Alfie Boe. Iggy Pop's version plays during the end credits of the film The Jacket.

text: John Barry cited "We Have All The Time In The World" as one of his favourite Bond compositions, saying it was the finest piece of music he had written for a Bond movie; also because of the pleasure of working with Louis Armstrong.[citation needed]


document_title: Keeping Up with the Kardashians (season 14)

question_text: when does keeping up with the kardashians season 14 end

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Kris Jenner
Kourtney Kardashian
Kim Kardashian
Khloé Kardashian
Kendall Jenner
Kylie Jenner

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Rob Kardashian
Kanye West
Jonathan Cheban
Tristan Thompson
Mary Jo Campbell
Malika Haqq
Corey Gamble

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On August 3, 2017 It was announced the show's 10 year anniversary will premiere on September 24, 2017 following the show's season 14 premiere.[1]

text: On September 19, 2017 E! introduced a new promo for the new season, in which the girls recreated the opening credits from the first season. [2]

text: This season has a new open sequence, which has not changed since Season 11.

text: This season will also have a Christmas themed episode.[3]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

196
1
"Cleveland Show"
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
1.44[4]

Kim and Kourtney finally get a glimpse into Khloé's private life in Cleveland. Kendall receives some harsh feedback on a recent project. The family is blindsided when Cait reveals some shocking news.

197
2
"MILFs Gone Wild"
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
1.40[5]

Scott gets jealous when Kourtney goes on a girls trip to Mexico for her birthday. Meanwhile Kim feels violated when some unflattering photos of her in Mexico surface on the Internet.

198
3
"Cheers To That"
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
1.26[6]

Kim struggles to regain her confidence after her trip to Mexico. Khloé's spirits sour when Kris becomes too busy for mother-daughter bonding. Kourtney acts sneaky about her dating life.

199
4
"Clothes Quarters"
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
1.13[7]

Kourtney is distracted during a sister getaway with Kendall. Kim stages an unwelcome intervention on Khloé's wardrobe.

200
5
"Catch Me If You Cannes"
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)
0.89[8]

Scott threatens to ruin Kourtney's trip to Cannes with her new romantic interest. Kim struggles to set clear boundaries with her assistant. The girls get educated about Planned Parenthood.

201
6
"Fan-Friction"
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)
1.15[9]

Khloé fears that Cleveland fans may turn on her family during a trip to see Tristan. The girls wonder how to treat Scott after his bad behavior in Cannes. Kim gets fed up with her lack of willpower and makes a drastic lifestyle change.

202
7
"Beauty Queen"
November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)
1.01[10]

Kim anxiously preps for the launch of her new KKW Beauty line. Kourtney tries to adopt a new positive attitude. Khloé scrambles to make arrangements for Tristan's upcoming move to LA.

203
8
"Close To Home"
November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)
0.77[11]

Kim is shocked to learn about the rising rate of homelessness in LA and sets out to bring awareness to the growing crisis. Meanwhile Kris hires a scribe to document her every word.

204
9
"Dog Tired"
December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03)
0.96[12]

Khloé and Kendall consider getting guns for protection. Kris imposes strict guidelines for her mom to follow in her new condo. Kim can't handle her rambunctious new puppy.

205
10
"Baby One More Time"
December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10)
1.06[13]

Kim gets some big news about the future of her family. The girls wonder if Kourtney sees a future with her current beau. Kim and Khloé compete to win Kris's affection.

206
11
"Press Pass"
December 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)
1.03[14]

Khloé and Kourtney butt heads over the design of their fitness line. Kim thinks the family needs media training to learn to handle controversial topics.

207
12
"My Mother's Keeper"
January 7, 2018 (2018-01-07)
1.05[15]

Khloé struggles to keep her explosive temper under control. Kris plants a secret tracking device on her mother and Kim wonders if Kourtney’s gluten-free diet is truly healthy.

208
13
"Mime Over Matter"
January 14, 2018 (2018-01-14)
1.44[16]

A guilt-ridden Kourtney must decide whether to take a trip to Egypt without her kids. Khloé recognizes that the stress of dealing with six kids is weighing on Kris, so she hires a mime to cheer her mom up.

209
14
"Bun In The Oven"
January 15, 2018 (2018-01-15)
1.33[17]

Khloé has some big news to share with her family, but her strained relationship with Corey threatens to overshadow the big reveal. Kris gets a complex about her sagging earlobes.

210
15
"Diamonds Are Forever"
January 21, 2018 (2018-01-21)
1.16[18]

Scott's behavior takes a turn for the worse after he learns that Kourtney has a boyfriend. Kourtney struggles to find her career passion. Kris comes up with a creative way to preserve her memory long after she's gone.

211
16
"A Tangled Web"
February 11, 2018 (2018-02-11)
1.14[19]

Kim fears for her surrogate's safety when sources begin exposing her personal information. Kris keeps a watchful eye on Scott during Fashion Week. Kourtney deals with a scary infestation.

212
17
"Kris Jenner's Legacy"
February 18, 2018 (2018-02-18)
1.05[20]

Scott sets out to make Kris a commemorative legacy video. Kendall's anxiety strikes again right before Milan Fashion week. Khloé attempts to rebuild her friendship with Malika after a falling out.

213
18
"Trimester Trouble"
February 25, 2018 (2018-02-25)
1.01[21]

Khloé attempts to keep her pregnancy a secret while dealing with some complications. Kourtney questions whether she is done having children. Kris debuts a loud new hairdo.

214
19
"The Gender Reveal"
March 4, 2018 (2018-03-04)
1.28[22]

The girls take one last sister getaway to San Francisco before their babies arrive, but they quickly tire of Kourtney's bad attitude. Kim wants to include her family in the surrogacy process. Khloé anxiously awaits news of her baby's gender.