document_title: The Good Doctor (TV series)

question_text: when does the good doctor season 1 episode 11

text: The Good Doctor (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from the small town of Casper, Wyoming, where he had a troubled childhood. He relocates to San Jose, California to work at the prestigious San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital.[3]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy: A surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome.[4] His savant abilities include near-photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes. He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere.[5]
Nicholas Gonzalez as Neil Melendez: Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents.[4] He is also engaged to Jessica Preston.
Antonia Thomas as Claire Browne: A surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun.[6]
Chuku Modu as Jared Kalu: A surgical resident from a wealthy family.[7]
Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston: The hospital in-house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management. She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[8] She is also engaged to Dr. Melendez.
Irene Keng as Elle McLean: A resident (appeared only in the pilot)[9][10]
Hill Harper as Marcus Andrews: Chief of surgery and board member.[9]
Richard Schiff as Aaron Glassman: President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14.[11][12]
Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki: Chairman and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital.[13]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy: Shaun's younger brother (in flashbacks).[5] He also portrays Evan Gallico, a boy in the present that resembles Shaun's brother and is suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma.
Paige Spara as Lea: Shaun's Love interest/neighbor.
Eric Winter as Matt Coyle: A suave doctor who charms the hospital's staff, until he makes explicit advances towards one of them.[14]
Fiona Gubelmann as Morgan: A new resident who joins the cast for five episodes with the possibility of becoming a regular in Season 2.[15] As a resident, Morgan will turn out to be a rival for Shaun. Gubelmann's upcoming first episode is titled "She".[16]
Will Yun Lee as Adam Park: An ex-cop who decided to become a doctor in a multi-episode arc beginning in February[17]

text: Notable guests[edit]

text:
Jasika Nicole as Carly[18]
Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday[18]
Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim
Marsha Thomason as Isabel Andrews: Marcus' wife.[19]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Burnt Food"
Seth Gordon
David Shore
September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)
11.22[20]

On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy. Another doctor is first on the scene and begins applying pressure to the child's neck. Shaun tells him that he's pressing on the wrong part of the neck for a child. With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools, Shaun is able to stabilize the boy. On the way to the hospital, Shaun notices that the boy's vitals have changed. Hospital staff are alerted to the arrival of the boy. Shaun tries to tell the doctors about the boy's vitals, stating that he needs an echo-cardiogram. The doctors disagree and begin surgery. While operating, something goes wrong and Claire Browne, a surgical resident, recalls Shaun mentioning an echo. Thanks to Shaun's diagnosis, the boy's life is saved. Meanwhile, in a hospital board meeting, Dr. Aaron Glassman, president of the hospital, tries to convince the board to hire Shaun, despite his autism. Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor.

2
"Mount Rushmore"
Mike Listo
David Shore
October 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)
10.93[21]

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Dr. Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Browne and Dr. Kalu. Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day. A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain. Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor. Melendez assigns Browne as his number two for the surgery while giving Shaun "scut work" - all the work that residents hate doing. On the operating table, the doctors find the tumor is much bigger than expected and has encased all of her arteries. Looking at biopsy results, the residents find out that she is suffering from leiomyosarcoma, making surgery seemingly impossible. Shaun's ability to visualize the internal organs allows him to figure out that removing one of her kidneys would allow a better look, enough to view and possibly remove the mass. To Browne's dismay, Kalu suggests Shaun's idea to Melendez, getting the credit for the idea. Meanwhile, Shaun's attention to detail in his scut work gets him into trouble. Instead of releasing patients ready for discharge, Shaun rechecks them and orders additional tests. Upon learning this, Melendez assigns Nurse Freydey as Shaun's "boss" for the day. Later, after rechecking a discharged young girl's test results, Shaun races to her home. The parents are annoyed that he's bothering them after midnight and at first refuse to let him in. Shaun insists he will not leave before seeing their daughter. His diagnosis is correct and they must rush her to the hospital for surgery to save her life.

3
"Oliver"
John Dahl
Bill Rotko
October 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)
10.69[22]

Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a patient a liver. They can't fly on their way back due to fog and are forced to use a police escort. Problems keep coming one after the other; first, the liver's temperature went above the required maximum, forcing them to have a sudden stop at a local store, where they cool it by submerging it in slush. As they proceed with their journey, Shaun discovers that the liver has a clot. With only two hours of viability left, the duo decide to perform an operation on the way in order to remove the clot and flash the left lobe, to protect it from the ice bath. Back at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, Chuck, the recipient of the liver, is discovered to have alcohol in his system; a likelihood that he might be moved to the bottom of the list. Chuck later confesses that he actually took a drink on his daughter's graduation. In order to protect its reputation and the future patients, the hospital decides to move Chuck to the bottom of the list. To their dismay, Shaun and Claire arrive back, only to find out that the liver has to be taken to another patient in another hospital.

4
"Pipes"
Steven DePaul
Thomas L. Moran
October 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)
10.60[23]

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Through an ultrasound, an expectant woman's baby is diagnosed with a tumor at his tail bone; the mom has Antiphospholipid syndrome, making surgery a high risk. Dr. Melendez suggests termination of the pregnancy but Shaun interjects by suggesting clotting pre-operatively with an infusion of unfractionated heparin. Things are further complicated when the woman and eventually her husband refuse to terminate the baby. During surgery, there is a complication; a blood clot at the artery in her heart. Dr. Kalu has an idea that they should stop her heart and put her on a bypass machine for the duration of the surgery; that way she won't have an heart attack, which turns out to be successful and the doctors reveal she's carrying a baby boy. With a patient needing a boil lanced, Dr. Melendez assigns Shaun and Dr. Browne on the case, as a punishment for being late. The patient turns out to be a pornographic actress; she doesn't have a boil but a large Bartholin gland abscess and they prep her for surgery the following day. They successfully drain the abscess but discover that she has a Perineal myoma underneath. The fibroid tumor is wrapped around the nerve that facilitates feeling in her genitals. Therefore, the doctors have to remove the tumor but they have to sever the nerve; hence, losing all feeling in her genitals. Shaun comes up the idea of grafting the distal end of the pudendal nerve to the branch of the femoral cutaneous nerve from her inner thigh; this will lead to her losing feeling in her thigh while preserving feeling in her genitals.

5
"Point Three Percent"
Larry Teng
David Hoselton
October 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)
10.39[24]

Shaun notices a young boy with an indubitable resemblance to his deceased brother Steve, forming a bond with him. The boy's name is actually Evan and was brought to the hospital by his parents for reportedly breaking an arm; unbeknownst to Evan, he is in fact suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma. Shaun later suspects that he might have been misdiagnosed with cancer but indeed was suffering from Langerhans cell histiocytosis. In order not to give both Evan and his parents false hopes, Shaun decides to lie, attempting to perform a bone marrow aspiration, but he is caught red-handed by the parents. Subsequently, Evan starts coughing out blood, sending him to the OR. While on the operating table, Dr. Neil Menendez and Dr. Claire Browne discover that the cancer had metastasized, undoubtable proof that he is indeed suffering with terminal cancer. The other doctors are trying to find a prognosis of a 66-year old man, brought to the hospital by his estranged son, with an allergy causing him to have convulsions. Dr. Browne later finds out that the man is suffering from Echinococcus, a cyst form of tapeworms. Saddened by Evan's fate, which Evan has in fact known about the whole time, Shaun reads Evan the final few pages of To Kill a Mockingbird, a book of Steve's that he never finished reading before he died.

6
"Not Fake"
Michael Patrick Jann
Simran Baidwan
October 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)
10.60[25]

Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in. Among the victims are a woman with severe, visible burns, on whom Dr. Kalu tries an experimental procedure, and a young man with a damaged leg who can either have it amputated, or have an artificial bone inserted. The relative newness of the latter procedure causes a conflict between the man's parents and his soon-to-be bride.

7
"22 Steps"
David Straiton
Johanna Lee
November 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)
10.14[26]

Shaun encounters Liam, an autistic patient brought in to San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital. Having to face prejudice from the young man's parents, Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities. On Dr. Glassman's directive, Claire continues her therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over the death of a patient she inadvertently caused in the previous episode. On the other hand, Dr. Kalu gets a 73-year-old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker but his desire is to die; in order to give him hope on life, Dr. Kalu does everything he can to have him accept treatment, to no avail in which the latter finally lets him sign the DNR.

8
"Apple"
Nestor Carbonell
David Renaud
November 20, 2017 (2017-11-20)
9.97[27]

While shopping at a grocery mart for apples, a robbery takes place. With Shaun's communication limitations, he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk, leading to a young woman getting shot. Shaun's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt. During surgery, Dr. Lim questions Claire's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient. This leads to a fight between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room. Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim.

9
"Intangibles"
Bronwen Hughes
Karen Struck
November 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)
9.25[28]

The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies; Murphy's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused. He takes flirting lessons from Dr. Browne and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the "flirting trifecta". Meanwhile, Dr. Browne along with a lab tech search for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer.

10
"Sacrifice"
Michael Patrick Jann
Lloyd Gilyard Jr.
December 4, 2017 (2017-12-04)
9.03[29]

Shaun has reluctantly agreed to Dr. Glassman's repeated suggestions to meet with a therapist, but ultimately changes his mind after a new patient, Bobby Otto, convinces Shaun to stop letting people tell him what to do. At the end of the episode, a confrontation with Glassman in the hospital lobby leads to Shaun having a meltdown, causing him to strike Glassman in the face and run out of the hospital. Meanwhile, Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with Dr. Matt Coyle, who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her during a patient consultation. Jared finds out and physically threatens him. As a result, Jared is fired. In later developments, after a tense dinner with Jessica, her father and Dr. Melendez, we learn that she doesn't want to have children.

11
"Islands Part One"
Bill D'Elia
Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko
January 8, 2018 (2018-01-08)
8.30[30]

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Shaun has not answered Dr. Glassman's calls prompting him to go to Lea's apartment where he barges in looking for Shaun. He is indeed hiding there, but when Lea threatens to call the police, Dr. Glassman leaves. At Lea's suggestion, the pair embark on an impromptu road trip. Besides driving for the first time, Shaun drinks Tequila, sings karaoke in a bar, and experiences his first kiss. However, Lea's revelation that she plans to move to Hershey, Pennsylvania to work in her family's auto body shop leaves Shaun devastated. In other developments, Dr. Melendez and Andrews operate on a conjoined set of twins, one of which needs a kidney. Complications develop and the operation to separate them, planned for six months after the kidney surgery, must be done immediately. The operation goes well until it's discovered the twins have not awakened from the surgery. In an effort to get his job back, Dr. Kalu apologizes to Dr. Coyle. When Coyle rejects the apology, Claire vows to ruin him by finding all the other women he has harassed. Dr. Andrews calls Kalu the next day with the news that Coyle came forward, but while he's willing to give him a recommendation for other hospitals, he cannot overlook the physical assault, and will not reinstate him at St. Bonaventure. We also learn that Dr. Melendez decides it's more important to be with Jessica and that he can be a "father" in other ways.

12
"Islands Part Two"
Cherie Nowlan
Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko
January 15, 2018 (2018-01-15)
9.33[31]

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Shaun returns to the hospital and gives Aaron his two weeks notice. Glassman is seemingly reluctant to sign the papers to allow Shaun to resign from St. Bonaventure. Glassman finds out from Shaun that he is moving to Hershey, Pennsylvania because of Lea. He gives Murphy a recommendation, but will back off if he stays. Shaun decides to stay and returns the letter to Glassman, then meets with Lea for the last time and kisses her before she leaves for Hershey. Meanwhile, there are complications with Jenny, one of the twins that were separated. She is not getting enough blood flow to the brain and the surgical team put a stint in to help save her. The mother signs a waiver to have a heart transplant between the twins. In the surgical room, Katie shows signs of life. Shaun suggests they re-conjoin them at the thigh which would eliminate the need for anti-clotting meds and can go ahead with the heart transplant once Katie dies. While staying the night in the same room, Jenny decides to go ahead with the surgery. However, another complication arises when Jenny's already weakened heart begins overworking, which leads to Jenny's death on the operating table before the twins can be re-separated. Jessica looks into previous misconduct at the hospital in which white doctors were only warned not fired like Kalu was leading to allegations of racism and getting more donors for the hospital and they keep their jobs. During lunch with his lawyer, Kalu rejects the settlement offer because he wants his job back at St. Bonaventure. Kalu is seen getting suited up for a shift at the hospital, but Dr. Andrews didn't want him back as he felt using the racism card was setting them back. Finally, Jessica tells Melendez that she wants to break up because she feels like she is standing in his way of being a father.

13
"Seven Reasons"[32]
Mike Listo
David Shore & David Hoselton
January 22, 2018 (2018-01-22)
TBD

14
"She"[33]
Seth Gordon
Simran Baidwan
February 5, 2018 (2018-02-05)
TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In May 2014, CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer. Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as "something that can fit into a recognizable world, with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run".[34] The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015.[35][36] However, CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television, with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016. The series is developed by David Shore, who is executive producing alongside Kim, Sebastian Lee, and David Kim.[37] ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017.[38]

text: On May 11, 2017, ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios,[39] and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3, 2017.[40]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On February 17, 2017, Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne, a strong-willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun.[6] A week later, Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez, the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital.[4] The next month, Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Kalu (originally Dr. Jared Unger);[7] Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Marcus Andrews (originally Dr. Horace Andrews); Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean;[9] and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Aaron Glassman (originally Dr. Ira Glassman), the hospital president and Shaun's mentor.[11][39] Schiff was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[8] In September 2017, Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki.[13]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6, 2017 in Vancouver, British Columbia.[42][43] Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26, 2017, and is set to conclude on March 1, 2018.[44] Although The Good Doctor is set in San Jose, California, the real San Jose is rarely seen.[45] In one of those scenes, a helicopter supposedly bound for San Francisco was clearly headed in the wrong direction.[45]

text: Music[edit]

text: Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series.[46]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Good Doctor began airing on September 25, 2017, on ABC in the United States,[47] and on CTV in Canada.[48] Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland.[49] Seven Network airs the series in Australia.[50] Wowow, the largest Japanese private satellite and pay-per-view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018.[51]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A full-length trailer was released for ABC's May 2017 Upfront presentation, which /Film's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like "House meets Rain Man, that just might be enough to make it interesting". However, he questioned "how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of [Highmore's] character's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace."[52] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was "both kinda progressive and really dated". He added, "Too much felt on-the-nose—especially Hill Harper as the main character's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender", while also commentating that "On-the-nose/premise is how you have to trailer a show like this, and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it won't grate."[53] Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it "a serious trailer for a serious subject. The first glimpse of Highmore's character hints that they're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon."[54] The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release, including over 22 million views on Facebook.[55]

text: The pilot was screened at ABC's PaleyFest event on September 9, 2017.[56]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Burnt Food"
September 25, 2017
2.2/9
11.22[20]
2.2
7.86
4.4
19.21[57]

2
"Mount Rushmore"
October 2, 2017
2.2/9
10.93[21]
2.1
7.21
4.3
18.12[58]

3
"Oliver"
October 9, 2017
2.0/7
10.69[22]
2.2
7.53
4.2
18.22[59]

4
"Pipes"
October 16, 2017
2.0/8
10.60[23]
2.1
7.34
4.1
17.96[60]

5
"Point Three Percent"
October 23, 2017
1.8/7
10.39[24]
2.0
7.10
3.8
17.50[61]

6
"Not Fake"
October 30, 2017
1.9/7
10.60[25]
2.0
6.93
3.9
17.51[62]

7
"22 Steps"
November 13, 2017
1.9/7
10.14[26]
1.9
6.92
3.8
17.14[63]

8
"Apple"
November 20, 2017
1.8/7
9.97[27]
1.8
6.98
3.6
16.99[64]

9
"Intangibles"
November 27, 2017
1.7/7
9.25[28]
1.8
6.66
3.5
15.91[65]

10
"Sacrifice"
December 4, 2017
1.6/7
9.03[29]
1.8
6.67
3.4
15.74[66]

11
"Islands Part One"
January 8, 2018
1.6/6
8.30[30]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

12
"Islands Part Two"
January 15, 2018
1.7/6
9.33[31]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

13
"Seven Reasons"
January 22, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: The series premiere earned a 2.2/9 rating in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic, with 11.22 million total viewers, making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years, since Dangerous Minds in September 1996, and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18–49 demographic in 8.5 years, since Castle in March 2009.[67] Factoring live plus seven-day ratings, the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million, surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016.[68] According to TV Guide's November 13-26 issue, the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers, beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week.[69]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 58% approval rating with an average rating of 5.49/10 based on 38 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "The Good Doctor's heavy-handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance, but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry, there's still plenty of room to improve."[70] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[71]

text: Giving his first impression of the series' pilot for TVLine, Matt Webb Mitovich stated, "The Good Doctor boasts great DNA... [and] has the potential to be a refreshingly thought-provoking hospital drama, based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone." He enjoyed the "warm dynamic" of Schiff and Highmore, while describing Thomas' character as "our emotional 'in' to Shaun's distinct, distant world". He noted that "it takes a while to build up momentum", but concluded that "the very final scene packs quite a punch, as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice".[72]

text: The New York Times television critic, James Poniewozik, notes in his Critic's Notebook column, that for the most part the drama is a "hospital melodrama with whiz-bang medical science, a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality." Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman (Richard Schiff) and Dr. Shaun Murphy (Freddie Highmore), however, Poniewozik writes that "Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his." [73]

text: Speaking of Freddie Highmore's Golden Globe nomination on Monday, December 11, 2017, for his role in The Good Doctor, Laura Bradley, writing for Vanity Fair says: "... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him..." Bradley feels that Highmore's perfomance has been "the central key" to the show's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews, most critics have praised Highmore's work. [74]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2018
Golden Globe Awards
Best Actor – Television Series Drama
Freddie Highmore
Nominated
[75]

Humanitas Prize
60-Minute Category
David Shore
Pending
[76]


document_title: Indian Science Congress Association

question_text: where was held the 98th indian science congress in early 2011

root

text: Indian Science Congress Association

text: Genesis[edit]

text: The Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) owes its origin to the foresight and initiative of two British chemists, namely, Professor J. L. Simonsen and Professor P. S. MacMahon. It occurred to them that scientific research in India might be stimulated if an annual meeting of research workers somewhat on the lines of the British Association for the Advancement of Science could be arranged.

tag: p

text: Objectives[edit]

text: The Association was formed with the following objectives :

text:
To advance and promote the cause of science in India;
To hold an annual congress at a suitable place in India;
To publish such proceedings, journals, transactions and other publications as may be considered desirable;
To secure and manage funds and endowments for the promotion of Science including the rights of disposing of or selling all or any portion of the properties of the Association;
To do and perform any or all other acts, matters and things as are conductive to, or incidental to, or necessary for, the above objects.

tag: ol

text: Indian Science Congress sessions[edit]

text: First Congress[edit]

text: The first meeting of the congress was held from 15–17 January 1914 at the premises of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta. Honorable justice Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, the then Vice Chancellor of the University of Calcutta presided over the Congress. One hundred and five scientists from different parts of India and abroad attended it. Altogether 35 papers under 6 different sections, namely Botany, Chemistry, Ethnography, Geology, Physics and Zoology were presented.

text: Silver Jubilee[edit]

text: The Silver Jubilee Session of the Science Congress was held at Calcutta in 1938 under the presidency of Lord Rutherford of Nelson but due to his sudden death, Sir James Hopwood Jeans took the chair. It was at this Jubilee Session that the participation of foreign scientists in session of the Indian Science Congress was first initiated.

text: 34th Edition – Participation of foreign scientists[edit]

text: The 34th Annual Session of the Indian Science Congress was held at Delhi in 3–8 January 1947 with Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, First Prime Minister of India, as General president. Pandit Nehru's personal interest in the Science Congress continued and there was hardly any session which he did not attend. He immensely enriched the activities of the Congress by his sustained interest in the development of scientific atmosphere in the country, particularly among young generations. From 1947, his programme for inviting representatives from foreign societies and academies was included in the Science Congress. This trend still continues with the support of the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.

text: Golden Jubilee[edit]

text: The Science Congress celebrated its Golden Jubilee in October 1963 at Delhi with Prof.D. S. Kothari as General president. On this occasion two special publications were brought out:

text:
A short History of the Indian Science Congress Association and
Fifty Years of Science in India (in 12 volumes, each volume containing reviews of particular branch of science)

text: Diamond Jubilee[edit]

text: The Diamond Jubilee Session of the Science Congress was held at Chandigarh in 3–9 January 1973, under the presidency of Dr.S.Bhagavantam. On this occasion two special publications were brought out:

text:
A Decade (1963–72) Indian Science Congress Association (with life-sketches of General presidents) and
A Decade (1963–72) of Science in India(in section-wise).

text: 63rd edition – Introduction of focal theme[edit]

text: The year 1976 witnessed a significant departure in the trend of deliberations during the congress. It was being felt for sometime that such a gathering of scientists, covering a wide spectrum, ought to be concerned with national issues that have scientific and technological implications. In 1976, Dr. M. S. Swaminathan, the then General President of ISCA introduced the Focal Theme of national relevance which is now discussed in every section, committee and forum during the annual session. These apart, several plenary sessions are organised around various facets of the Focal Theme in which scientists and technologists as well as policy makers and administrators interact with one another. ISCA thus became a platform where members from different disciplines and from different walks of life could contribute to discussions on the Focal Theme.

text: 67th edition – Setting up of a task force[edit]

text: Another significant breakthrough was made in 1980 when the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, set up a permanent Task Force involving representatives of ISCA and chiefs of different agencies and voluntary organizations chaired by Secretary, DST, as being responsible for following up various recommendations on the Focal Theme. Every year follow-up actions on recommendations made in the previous Science Congress are discussed at a General Session organized by DST during the Science Congress. Through this process, the Indian Science Congress Association has been contributing to the development of Science in general and National Science Policy, in particular.

text: Platinum Jubilee[edit]

text: The Indian Science Congress Association celebrated the seventy-fifth year of its inception, popularly called otherwise, Platinum Jubilee, in 1988, with Prof. C. N. R. Rao as General president. Keeping this in view, a special brochure, entitled "Indian Science Congress Association-Growth & Activities" was published so as to highlight the programmes of the Association over the years. The main programmes were:

text:
Bringing out special publication on the occasion of the Platinum Jubilee
Presentation of Plaques to the General presidents of the Association
Establishment of Platinum Jubilee Lectures to be organised in each section during the annual session of the Science Congress and
Extension of the recent activities of the ISCA and its further diversification to generate scientific temper and popularise science

text: 98th edition[edit]

text: The five-day-long session, from 3 to 7 January 2011, at the Campus of SRM University, Chennai was inaugurated by prime minister Manmohan Singh on 3 January 2011. The focal theme of this session was: "Quality education and excellence in scientific research in Indian universities". The prime minister said: "The Indian scientific community must apply its research findings and translate them into marketable products for the country to realize the true benefits of scientific progress. At the same time, he cautioned on "illiberal" uses of technology and cited use of nuclear weapons, applications of synthetic chemistry in agriculture and in poison gases and "perverse use" of genetics in Nazi Germany to drive home his point.

text: Nobel laureates Amartya Sen, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Ada Yonath, Thomas A. Steitz, Tim Hunt and Martin Chalfie delivered special lectures at the congress. Venkata Ramakrishnan inaugurated the parallel Children's Science Congress on Tuesday, 4 January 2011.[1]

text: 99th edition[edit]

text: The five-day, 99th edition of the ISCA, from 3 to 7 January 2012 was hosted by KIIT University and National Institute of Science Education and Research(NISER) in Bhubaneswar, Orissa. It saw the participation of more than 15000 delegates, which included 500 foreign scientists and 20 Nobel laureates. It was inaugurated by the incumbent Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh. On its sidelines, the first Women's Science Congress was inaugurated by Nirupama Rao, India's ambassador to United States of America and the Children's Science Congress was inaugurated by the former President of India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.

text: Centenary edition[edit]

text: The 100th edition was hosted by the University of Calcutta which is in the city of Kolkata from 3 to 7 January 2013. The theme of the Centenary Congress was, “Science for shaping the future of India.”[2] It was inaugurated by the former President of India Pranab Mukherjee in the presence of the former Prime Minister of India Dr.Manmohan Singh and the incumbent Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee.

text: 101st edition[edit]

text: The 101st edition of Indian Science Congress was held in Jammu starting from February 3, 2014 to February 8.[3]

text: 102nd edition[edit]

text: The 102nd edition of Indian Science Congress was held in Mumbai from January 3, 2015 to January 7, 2015.[4] It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Mumbai University.[5] Studies and papers on Ancient Indian Vedas were presented in this Congress.[6][7][8][9][10] Accomplishments of Ancient Indian Science in the fields of medicine, mathematics, surgery etc. were presented.[11][12] There was also a session on India's successful Mars Orbiter Mission.[13]

text: Sections, committees and forums of ISCA[edit]

text: From a modest beginning of only hundred and five members, ISCA has grown into a strong fraternity with more than ten thousand members as of 2012. Only thirty-five papers were presented at the first Congress, a number that has risen to nearly one thousand.

text: In 2000, there were sixteen sections, including Agricultural Science, Anthropology & Archaeology, Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Botany, Chemistry, Computer science, Earth system science, Engineering science, Material science, Mathematics, Medical & Veterinary sciences, Physics, Physiology, Psychology & Educational Science, Statistics, Zoology, Entomology & Fisheries;

text: Two committees, including Home science and Science & Society;

text: Six forums, including Communication & Information sciences, Environmental science, Forensic science, Science education, Science for school students and women & science.

text: There are now fourteen sections, including Agriculture and Forestry sciences, Animal, Veterinary and Fishery sciences, Anthropological and Behavioral sciences (including Archaeology and Psychology & Educational sciences), Chemical science, Earth system science, Engineering science, Environmental science, Information and Communication science & technology (including Computer science), Material science, Mathematical science (including Statistics), Medical science (including Physiology), New Biology (including Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology; and Biotechnology), Physical science, Plant science;

text: Interaction with foreign scientific academies/associations[edit]

text: After independence ISCA has been actively represented in various foreign scientific academies/associations, namely British Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, French Academy of Sciences, Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science, etc. with a view to have a first hand knowledge on topics of mutual interest.

text: Conflict within the Indian science system[edit]

text: Corruption in India is a major problem and the science sector is no exception.[14][15] ISCA has served as a platform to discuss the issues facing Indian scientists, with some calling for transparency, a meritocratic system, and an overhaul of the bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology.[16] In her commentary on the centenary session of ISCA, Sumit Bhaduri stated, “[t]he challenges of turning Indian science into part of an innovation process are many. … Many competent Indian scientists aspire to be ineffectual administrators [due to administrative power and political patronage], rather than do the kind of science that makes a difference.”[17] Prime minister Manmohan Singh spoke at the 99th Indian Science Congress and commented on the state of the sciences in India, after an advisory council informed him there were problems with "the overall environment for innovation and creative work" and a 'warlike' approach was needed.[18]

text: Sessions of Indian Science Congress[edit]

text:
Session
Year
Place
General President
Title/Theme

1st
1914
Kolkata
Ashutosh Mukherjee
About Science Congress

2nd
1915
Chennai
W. B. Bannermann
The importance of knowledge of biology of medical, sanitary and scientific men working in the tropics

3rd
1916
Lucknow
Sidney J. Burrard
The plains of northern India and their relationship to the Himalayan mountains

4th
1917
Bengaluru
Alfred Gibbs Bourne
On scientific research

5th
1918
Lahore
Gilbert T. Walker
On teaching of science

6th
1919
Mumbai
Leonard Rogers
Researches on cholera

7th
1920
Nagpur
Prafulla Chandra Roy
Dawn of science in modern India

8th
1921
Kolkata
Rajendranath Mookerjee
On science and industry

9th
1922
Chennai
C. S. Middlemiss
Relativity

10th
1923
Lucknow
M. Visvesvaraya
Scientific institutions and scientists

11th
1924
Bengaluru
N. Annandale
Evolution convergent and divergent

12th
1925
Varanasi
M. O. Forster
On experimental training

13th
1926
Mumbai
Albert Howard
Agriculture and science

14th
1927
Lahore
J. C. Bose
Unity of life

15th
1928
Kolkata
J. L. Simonsen
On chemistry of natural products

16th
1929
Chennai
C. V. Raman
On Raman Effect

17th
1930
Allahabad
C. S. Christopher
The science and disease

18th
1931
Nagpur
R. B. Seymour Sewell
The problem of evolution experimental modification of bodily structure

19th
1932
Bengaluru
Lala Shiv Ram Kashyap
Some aspects of the Alpine vegetation of the Himalaya and Tibet

20th
1933
Patna
Lewis L. Fermor
The place of geology in the life of a nation

21st
1934
Mumbai
Meghnad Saha
Fundamental cosmological problems

22nd
1935
Kolkata
J. H. Hutton
Anthropology and India

23rd
1936
Indore
U. N. Brahmachari
The Role of science in the recent progress of medicine

24th
1937
Hyderabad
T. S. Venkataraman
The Indian village – its past, present and future

25th
1938
Kolkata
James Jeans (Lord Rutherford of Nelson died prematurely)
Researches in India and in Great Britain

26th
1939
Lahore
J. C. Ghosh
On research in Chemistry in India

27th
1940
Chennai
Birbal Sahni
The Deccan Traps: an episode of the Tertiary era

28th
1941
Varanasi
Ardeshir Dalal
Science and industry

29th
1942
Vadodara
D. N. Wadia
The making of India

30th
1943
Kolkata
D. N. Wadia
Minerals’ share in the war

31st
1944
Delhi
S. N. Bose
The Classical Determinism and the Quantum Theory

32nd
1945
Nagpur
Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar
Give science a chance

33rd
1946
Bengaluru
M. Afzal Hussain
The food problem of India

34th
1947
Delhi
Jawaharlal Nehru
Science in the service of the nation

35th
1948
Patna
Ram Nath Chopra
Rationalisation of medicine in India

36th
1949
Allahabad
K. S. Krishnan

37th
1950
Pune
P. C. Mahalanobis
Why statistics?

38th
1951
Bengaluru
H. J. Bhabha
The present concept of the physical world

39th
1952
Kolkata
J. N. Mukherjee
Science and our problems

40th
1953
Lucknow
D. M. Bose
The living and the non-living

41st
1954
Hyderabad
S. L. Hora
Give scientists a chance

42nd
1955
Vadodara
S. K. Mitra
Science and progress

43rd
1956
Agra
M. S. Krishnan
Mineral resources and their problems

44th
1957
Kolkata
B. C. Roy
On science for human welfare and development of the country

45th
1958
Chennai
M. S. Thacker
Grammar of scientific development

46th
1959
Delhi
A. L. Mudaliar
Tribute to basic sciences

47th
1960
Mumbai
P. Parija
Impact of society on science

48th
1961
Roorkee
N. R. Dhar
Nitrogen problem

49th
1962
Cuttack
B. Mukherji
Impact of life sciences on man

50th
1963
Delhi
D. S. Kothari
Science and the universities

51st
1964
Kolkata
Humayun Kabir
Science and the state

52nd
1965
Kolkata
Humayun Kabir

53rd
1966
Chandigarh
B. N. Prasad
Science in India

54th
1967
Hyderabad
T. R. Seshadri
Science and national welfare

55th
1968
Varanasi
Atma Ram
Science in India – some aspects

56th
1969
Mumbai
A. C. Joshi (A. C. Banerjee died prematurely)
A breathing spell:plant sciences in the service of man

57th
1970
Kharagpur
L. C. Verman
Standardization: a triple point

58th
1971
Bengaluru
B. P. Pal
Agricultural science and human welfare

59th
1972
Kolkata
W. D. West
Geology in the service of India

60th
1973
Chandigarh
S. Bhagavantam
Sixty years of science in India

61st
1974
Nagpur
R. S. Mishra
Mathematics – queen or handmaid

62nd
1975
Delhi
Asima Chatterjee(the first lady scientist to be elected as the General President)
Science and technology in India: present and future

63rd
1976
Visakhapatnam
M. S. Swaminathan
Science and integrated rural development

64th
1977
Bhubaneswar
H. N. Sethna
Survey, conservation and utilisation of resources

65th
1978
Ahmedabad
S. M. Sircar
Science, education and rural development

66th
1979
Hyderabad
R. C. Mehrotra
Science and technology in India during the coming decades

67th
1980
Jadavpur
A. K. Saha
Energy strategies for India

68th
1981
Varanasi
A. K. Sharma
Impact of development of science and technology on environment

69th
1982
Mysuru
M. G. K. Menon
Basic Research as an integral component of self-reliant base of science and technology

70th
1983
Tirupati
Barry Ramachandra Rao
Man and the ocean – resource and development

71st
1984
Ranchi
R. P. Bambah
Quality science in India – ends and means

72nd
1985
Lucknow
A. S. Paintal
High altitude studies

73rd
1986
Delhi
T. N. Khoshoo
Role of science and technology in environment management

74th
1987
Bengaluru
Archana Sharma
Resources and human well-being-inputs from science and technology

75th
1988
Pune
C. N. R. Rao
Frontiers in science and technology

76th
1989
Madurai
A. P. Mitra
Science and technology in India:technology missions

77th
1990
Kochi
Yash Pal
Science in society

78th
1991
Indore
D. K. Sinha
Coping with natural disaster: an integrated approach

79th
1992
Vadodara
Vasant Gowarikar
Science, population and development

80th
1993
Goa
S. Z. Qasim
Science and quality of life

81st
1994
Jaipur
P. N. Shrivastava
Science in India: excellence and accountability

82nd
1995
Kolkata
S. C. Pakrashi
Science, technology and industrial development of India

83rd
1996
Patiala
U. R. Rao
Science and technology for achieving food, economic and healthy security

84th
1997
Delhi
S. K. Joshi
Frontiers in science and engineering, and their relevance to national development

85th
1998
Hyderabad
P. Rama Rao
Science & Technology in Independent India : Retrospect and Prospect

86th
1999
Chennai
Manju Sharma
New bioscience: opportunities and challenges as we move into the next millennium

87th
2000
Pune
R. A. Mashelkar
Indian science and technology into the next millennium

88th
2001
Delhi
R. S. Paroda
Food, nutrition and environmental security

89th
2002
Lucknow
S. K. Katiyar
Health care, education and information technology

90th
2003
Bengaluru
K. Kasturirangan
Frontiers of science and cutting-edge technologies

91st
2004
Chandigarh
Asis Datta
Science and society in the twenty first century : quest for excellence

92nd
2005
Ahmedabad
N. K. Ganguly
Health technology as fulcrum of development for the nation

93rd
2006
Hyderabad
I. V. Subba Rao
Integrated rural development: science and technology

94th
2007
Annamalainagar
Harsh Gupta
Planet Earth

95th
2008
Visakhapatnam
Ramamurthi Rallapalli
Knowledge Based Society Using Environmentally Sustainable Science And Technology

96th
2009
Shillong
T. Ramasami
Science Education and Attraction of Talent for Excellence in Research

97th
2010
Thiruvananthapuram.
G. Madhavan Nair
Science & Technology of 21st Century – National Perspective

98th
2011
Chennai
K. C. Pandey
Quality education and excellence in science research in Indian Universities.

99th
2012
Bhubaneshwar
Geetha Bali
Science And Technology for Inclusive Innovation- Role of Women

100th
2013
Kolkata
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
Science for shaping the future of India[19]

101st
2014
Jammu
Ranbir Chander Sobti
Innovations in Science & Technology for Inclusive Development

102nd
2015
Mumbai[20]
Sarjerao Bhaurao Nimse
Science and Technology for Human Development

103rd
2016
Mysore
Ashok Kumar Saxena
Science and Technology for Indigenous Development in India[21]

104th
2017
Tirupati (Venue -> S. V. University)[22]
D.Narayana Rao
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

105th
2018
Imphal (Manipur University)
Dr. Achyuta Samanta
Reaching the unreached through science and technology

tag: table


document_title: Stand by Me (song)

question_text: who sung stand by me in fear the walking dead

text: Stand by Me (song)

text: Song information[edit]

text: According to the documentary History of Rock 'n' Roll, Ben E. King had no intention of recording the song himself.[4] King had written it for the Drifters, who passed on recording it. After the "Spanish Harlem" recording session, he had some studio time left over. The session's producers, Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, asked if he had any more songs. King played it on the piano for them. They liked it and called the studio musicians back in to record it.

text: Stoller recalls it differently:

text: I remember arriving at our office as Jerry and Ben were working on lyrics for a new song. King had the beginnings of a melody that he was singing a cappella. I went to the piano and worked up the harmonies, developing a bass pattern that became the signature of the song. Ben and Jerry quickly finished the lyrics ... .[5]

text: In another interview, Stoller said:

text: Ben E. had the beginnings of a song—both words and music. He worked on the lyrics together with Jerry, and I added elements to the music, particularly the bass line. To some degree, it's based on a gospel song called "Lord Stand By Me". I have a feeling that Jerry and Ben E. were inspired by it. Ben, of course, had a strong background in church music. He's a 50% writer on the song, and Jerry and I are 25% each.... When I walked in, Jerry and Ben E. were working on the lyrics to a song. They were at an old oak desk we had in the office. Jerry was sitting behind it, and Benny was sitting on the top. They looked up and said they were writing a song. I said, "Let me hear it."... Ben began to sing the song a cappella. I went over to the upright piano and found the chord changes behind the melody he was singing. It was in the key of A. Then I created a bass line. Jerry said, "Man that's it!" We used my bass pattern for a starting point and, later, we used it as the basis for the string arrangement created by Stanley Applebaum.[6]

text: The personnel on the song included Romeo Penque on sax, Ernie Hayes on piano, Al Caiola and Charles McCracken on guitars, Lloyd Trotman on double bass, Phil Kraus on percussion, and Gary Chester on drums, plus a wordless mixed chorus and strings. Songwriting credits on the single were shown as King and Elmo Glick—a pseudonym used by Leiber and Stoller.

text: King's record went to No. 1 on the R&B charts[7] and was a Top Ten hit on the US charts twice—in its original release, entering the Billboard chart on May 13, 1961[8] and peaking at No. 4 on June 16, 1961, and a 1986 re-release coinciding with its use as the theme song for the movie of the same name following its appearance in the film, when it peaked at No. 9 on 20 December 1986 - 3 January 1987, and also in an advertisement for Levi Jeans. It also reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart in 1987 after its re-release, mostly because of the jeans spot, originally reaching No. 27 on its first release.

text: The song was not released on an album until it had been out as a single for two years. The song appeared on King's Don't Play That Song! album.

text: The song was ranked 122nd on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In 1999, BMI named it as the fourth most-performed song of the 20th century, with about seven million performances.[9]

text: On March 27, 2012, the Songwriters Hall of Fame announced that the song would receive its 2012 Towering Song Award and that King would be honored with the 2012 Towering Performance Award for his recording of it.[10]

text: Structure[edit]

text: The song uses a version of the common chord progression now called the 50s progression, which has been called the "'Stand by Me' changes" after the song.[11]

text: Other notable versions[edit]

text:
Adriano Celentano's 1962 Italian version, "Pregherò" (meaning "I will pray") reached no. 1 on the Italian charts.[12]
Muhammad Ali (as Cassius Clay) released a version on his 1963 spoken-word/comedy album I Am the Greatest. Clay's recording was released as the B-side of the eponymous single in 1964,[13] would chart on the Billboard "Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles".[14] It was included on the CD Beat Of The Pops Vol 34.
Spyder Turner's 1967 version climbed to No. 3 on the US Billboard Black Singles chart and No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[15]
John Lennon recorded his version of the song for his 1975 album Rock 'n' Roll. Lennon's remake was his last hit prior to his five-year retirement from the music industry. Lennon filmed a performance of the song for The Old Grey Whistle Test in 1975.[16] On May 3, 1975 this version peaked at #20 on the US Hot 100, right in front of King's comeback hit "Supernatural Thing - Part I" at #21.
Mickey Gilley released his version of the song in 1980, it was included in the movie Urban Cowboy. It was his eighth #1 on the US country charts and also reached #22 on the US Hot 100.
Maurice White's 1985 recording peaked at number 6, 11 and 50 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, Adult Contemporary and Billboard Hot 100 charts, respectively.[17]
A version of the song released by American R&B group 4 The Cause in 1998 was a #1 hit in Switzerland, reached No. 2 of the Austrian and German singles charts and number three in New Zealand, and was a top-ten hit in several other countries.[18][19]
Filipino rapper Andrew E. also sampled from the song "Banyo Queen" in year 2000.
Prince Royce recorded a bachata version of the song as his debut single, changing parts of the lyrics into Spanish. This version peaked No. 8 on US Hot Latin Tracks and No. 1 on US Tropical Airplay. At the Latin Grammy Awards of 2010, Royce performed a live version of the song along with Ben E. King.[20] Royce's remake received a Lo Nuestro award for "Tropical Song of the Year".[21]
Florence + The Machine recorded the song for the soundtrack and trailer of Final Fantasy XV in 2016.[22][23] The cover peaked at No. 15 on the Billboard Hot Rock Singles in December 2016.[24]
Michael Bolton covered the song for his 2017 album Songs of Cinema.
Indie Rock Musician Ki Theory's cover of the song has been featured on shows such as The Following and Fear the Walking Dead.

tag: ul

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: Ben E. King[edit]

text:
Chart (1961)
Peak
position

US Billboard Hot R&B Singles[25]
1

US Billboard Hot 100[25]
4

UK Singles Chart[26]
27

text:
Chart (1986)
Peak
position

US Billboard Hot 100[27]
9

text: For the year-end charts in the US, the song was the #63 song of 1961[28] and #67 of 1987.[29]

text:
Chart (1987)
Peak
position

UK Singles Chart[26]
1

Irish Singles Chart
1

German Top 75
2

Swiss Music Charts
3

Dutch Top 40
7

Austria Top 40
7

Sweden Singles Chart
8

Norway Singles Chart
9

text: John Lennon[edit]

text:
Chart (1975)
Peak
position

Canadian RPM Singles Chart
10

US Billboard Hot 100[30]
20

US Cashbox Top 100[31]
20

UK Singles Chart
30

German Singles Chart
22

text: Mickey Gilley[edit]

text:
Chart (1980)
Peak
position

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[32]
1

US Billboard Hot 100[33]
22

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[34]
3

Canadian RPM Country Chart
3

Canadian RPM Singles Chart
51

text: Maurice White[edit]

text:
Chart (1985)[17]
Peak
position

US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs
6

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[35]
11

US Billboard Hot 100[36]
50

text: 4 the Cause[edit]

text:
Chart (1998)
Peak
position

US Billboard Hot 100[37]
82

UK Single Charts
12

German Single Charts
2

Austrian Single Charts
2

Swiss Single Charts
1

text: Prince Royce[edit]

text:
Chart (2010)[38]
Peak
position

U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Tracks
8

U.S. Billboard Latin Tropical Airplay
1

U.S. Billboard Heatseekers Songs
17

text: Florence + The Machine[edit]

text:
Chart (2016)
Peak
position

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[39]
2

Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[40]
23

Belgium Digital Songs (Billboard)[41]
1

France (SNEP)[42]
162

Israel (Media Forest)[43]
5

US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[44]
15


document_title: List of best-selling game consoles

question_text: who has sold more consoles xbox or ps4

question_tokens: who has sold more consoles xbox or ps4

text: List of best-selling game consoles

text: Best-selling game consoles

text: The following tables contain video game consoles and handheld game consoles that have sold at least 1 million units worldwide either through to consumers or inside retail channels. Each console include sales from every iteration unless otherwise noted. The years correspond to when the home or handheld game console was first released—excluding test markets. Each year links to the corresponding "year in video gaming".

text: Hardware firms shaded  Atari ,  Microsoft ,  Nintendo ,  Sega  or  Sony  have more than two consoles listed; those with a white background do not.

text:
Million-selling game consoles

Platform

Firm

Released[2]

Units sold

Ref.

PlayStation 2

Sony

2000

>155 millionGT

[note 1]

Nintendo DS

Nintendo

2004

154.02 million

[17]

Game Boy, Game Boy Color

Nintendo

1989, 1998

118.69 million

[note 2]

PlayStation

Sony

1994

102.49 million

[33]

Wii

Nintendo

2006

101.63 million

[17]

PlayStation 4 #

Sony

2013

86.1 million

[34]

Xbox 360

Microsoft

2005

84 million

[note 3]

PlayStation 3

Sony

2006

>83.8 millionGT

[note 1]

PlayStation Portable

Sony

2004

82 million

[note 1]

Game Boy Advance

Nintendo

2001

81.51 million

[17]

Nintendo 3DS #

Nintendo

2011

73.53 million

[40]

Nintendo Entertainment System

Nintendo

1983

61.91 million

[17]

Super Nintendo Entertainment System

Nintendo

1990

49.10 million

[17]

Xbox One #

Microsoft

2013

39.1 million(estimate)

[note 3]

Nintendo 64

Nintendo

1996

32.93 million

[17]

Sega Genesis

Sega

1988

30.75 million

[note 4]

Atari 2600

Atari

1977

30 million

[41]

Xbox

Microsoft

2001

24 million

[42]

Nintendo Switch #

Nintendo

2017

22.86 million

[40]

GameCube

Nintendo

2001

21.74 million

[17]

Wii U

Nintendo

2012

13.56 million

[17]

Sega Game Gear

Sega

1990

10.62 million

[43]

PlayStation Vita #

Sony

2011

10–15 million(estimate)

[note 1]

Master System

Sega

1986

10–13 million

[note 5]

TurboGrafx-16

NEC/Hudson Soft[note 6]

1987

10 million

[51]

Sega Saturn

Sega

1994

9.26 million

[52]

Dreamcast

Sega

1998

9.13 million

[52][53][54][55]

Super NES Classic Edition

Nintendo

2017

5.28 million

[56]

Sega Pico

Sega

1993

>3.4 millionGT

[note 7]

WonderSwan

Bandai

1999

3.5 million

[note 8]

Color TV-Game

Nintendo

1977

3 million

[65][66]

Intellivision

Mattel

1980

3 million

[67]

N-Gage

Nokia

2003

3 million

[68]

NES Classic Edition

Nintendo

2016

2.3 million

[69]

ColecoVision

Coleco

1982

>2 millionGT

[note 9]

Magnavox Odyssey²

Magnavox/Philips

1978

2 million

[73]

Atari Lynx

Atari

1989

>1 millionGT

[note 10]

Philips CD-i

Philips

1991

>1 millionGT

[note 11]

Telstar

Coleco

1976

>1 millionGT

[78][note 12]

Atari 5200

Atari

1982

1 million

[80]

text: GTFinal sales are greater than the reported figure. See notes.

text: Home game consoles

text:
Million-selling home game consoles

Platform

Firm

Released[2]

Units sold

Ref.

PlayStation 2

Sony

2000

>155 millionGT

[note 1]

PlayStation

Sony

1994

102.49 million

[33]

Wii

Nintendo

2006

101.63 million

[17]

PlayStation 4 #

Sony

2013

86.1 million

[34]

Xbox 360

Microsoft

2005

84 million

[note 3]

PlayStation 3

Sony

2006

>83.8 millionGT

[note 1]

Nintendo Entertainment System

Nintendo

1983

61.91 million

[17]

Super Nintendo Entertainment System

Nintendo

1990

49.10 million

[17]

Xbox One #

Microsoft

2013

39.1 million(estimate)

[note 3]

Nintendo 64

Nintendo

1996

32.93 million

[17]

Sega Genesis

Sega

1988

30.75 million

[note 4]

Atari 2600

Atari

1977

30 million

[41]

Xbox

Microsoft

2001

24 million

[42]

Nintendo Switch #

Nintendo

2017

22.86 million

[40]

GameCube

Nintendo

2001

21.74 million

[17]

Wii U

Nintendo

2012

13.56 million

[17]

Master System

Sega

1986

10–13 million

[note 5]

TurboGrafx-16

NEC/Hudson Soft[note 6]

1987

10 million

[51]

Sega Saturn

Sega

1994

9.26 million

[52]

Dreamcast

Sega

1998

9.13 million

[52][53][54][55]

Sega Pico

Sega

1993

>3.4 millionGT

[note 7]

Intellivision

Mattel

1980

3 million

[67]

ColecoVision

Coleco

1982

>2 millionGT

[note 9]

Magnavox Odyssey²

Magnavox/Philips

1978

2 million

[73]

Philips CD-i

Philips

1991

>1 millionGT

[note 11]

Atari 5200

Atari

1982

1 million

[80]

text: Handheld game consoles

text:
Million-selling handheld game consoles

Platform

Firm

Released[2]

Units sold

Ref.

Nintendo DS

Nintendo

2004

154.02 million

[17]

Game Boy, Game Boy Color

Nintendo

1989, 1998

118.69 million

[note 2]

PlayStation Portable

Sony

2004

82 million

[note 1]

Game Boy Advance

Nintendo

2001

81.51 million

[17]

Nintendo 3DS #

Nintendo

2011

73.53 million

[40]

Nintendo Switch #

Nintendo

2017

22.86 million

[40]

Sega Game Gear

Sega

1990

10.62 million

[43]

PlayStation Vita #

Sony

2011

10–15 million(estimate)

[note 1]

WonderSwan

Bandai

1999

3.5 million

[note 8]

N-Gage

Nokia

2003

3 million

[68]

Atari Lynx

Atari

1989

>1 millionGT

[note 10]

text: Dedicated consoles

text:
Million-selling dedicated game consoles

Platform

Firm

Released[2]

Units sold

Ref.

Super NES Classic Edition

Nintendo

2017

5.28 million

[56]

Color TV Game

Nintendo

1977

3 million

[65][66]

NES Classic Edition

Nintendo

2016

2.3 million

[69]

Telstar

Coleco

1976

>1 millionGT

[78][note 12]

text: Total console sales by firm

text: Total amount of every console with at least 1 million units sold.

text:
Console sales by firm

Manufacturer

Home console sales

Handheld console sales

Total sales

Nintendo

283.67 million

415.79 million

699.46 million

Sony

>388.69 million

>86 million

>525.3 million[85]

Microsoft

118 million

–

118 million

Sega

59.14–62.14 million

>14.02 million

>76.16 million

Atari

31 million

>1 million

>32 million

Hudson Soft/NEC

10 million

–

10 million

Bandai

–

3.5 million

3.5 million

Coleco

>3 million

–

>3 million

Magnavox/Philips

>3 million

–

>3 million

Mattel

3 million

–

3 million

Nokia

–

3 million

3 million

text: Notes

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Sony stopped divulging individual platform sales starting with 2012 fiscal reports,[18][19] and continues to sporadically.[20] PlayStation 2: 138.8 million units sold as of Sony's first fiscal quarter ending June 2009 (Q1 FY2009).[21] Sony sold 16.2 million units from Q2 FY2009 until March 31, 2012.[22] It was discontinued worldwide on January 4, 2013.[23] PlayStation 3: A Sony press release reported 80 million sold as of November 2, 2013.[24] 3.4 million were shipped in 2014 and 0.4 million in the first quarter of 2015.[25] PlayStation Portable: 52.9 million units sold as of Q1 FY2009.[21] Sony sold 23.4 million units from Q2 FY2009 until March 31, 2012.[26] On June 3, 2014, IGN reported a sales figure of 80 million,[27] but the Associated Press noted "More than 76 million PSP machines were sold, as of two years ago, the last time a tally was taken."[28] Shipments to North America ended in January 2014, and to Japan in June 2014. Shipments to Europe ended during the latter part of 2014.[28] IGN reported in mid-November that 82 million PSP were manufactured and shipped at end of production.[29] PlayStation Vita: 4 million reported by The Guardian on January 4, 2013.[23] Glixel stated in June 2017 that 15 million were sold,[30] while the Electronic Entertainment Design and Research suggests a couple million less by end of 2015.[31]

^ Jump up to: a b Nintendo only provided a combined sales total.[32] Before Game Boy Color's release in late-1998,[2] previous models sold 64.42 million units combined worldwide.[17]

^ Jump up to: a b c d Microsoft announced in October 2015 that individual platform sales in their fiscal reports will no longer be disclosed.
The company shifted focus to the amount of active users on Xbox Live as its "primary metric of success".[35] Active XBox Live subscribers reached 59 million by March 2018.[36]
Xbox 360: Sold 84 million as of June 2014.[37]
Xbox One: Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella unveiled at a December 3, 2014 shareholder presentation that 10 million units were sold.[38] Research firm IHS Markit estimated 39.1 million units were sold by the end of March 2018.[39]

^ Jump up to: a b 30.75 million sold by Sega worldwide as of March 1996,[43][52] not including third-party sales. In addition, Tec Toy sold 3 million in Brazil,[82][83] and Majesco Entertainment projected it would sell 1.5 million in the United States.[84]

^ Jump up to: a b 10–13 million, not including recent Brazil sales figures.[44][45] Screen Digest wrote in a 1995 publication that the Master System's active installed user base in Western Europe peaked at 6.25 million in 1993. Those countries that peaked are France at 1.6 million, the United Kingdom at 1.35 million, Germany at 700 thousand, Spain at 550 thousand, the Netherlands at 200 thousand, and other Western European countries at 1.4 million. However, Belgium peaked in 1991 with 600 thousand, and Italy in 1992 with 400 thousand. Thus it is estimated approximately 6.8 million units were purchased in this part of Europe.[46] 1 million were sold in Japan as of 1986.[47] 2 million were sold in the United States.[48] 8 million were sold by Tectoy in Brazil as of 2016.[49]

^ Jump up to: a b Designed by Hudson and manufactured and marketed by NEC.[50]

^ Jump up to: a b Sega sold this amount as of April 2005.[57] Its successor launched on August 6, 2005.[58] Majesco re-manufactured and distributed the Pico in the United States starting at the end of 1999.[59]

^ Jump up to: a b Bandai released three WonderSwan iterations.[60] A March 2003 Famitsu article reported the original (March 1999)[61] and color (December 2000)[61] versions sold approximately 3 million units combined,[62] while the SwanCrystal (July 2002)[60] sold over 200 thousand units.[62] Bandai announced the transition from hardware to third-party development in February 2003 due to declining sales and will supply software to the competitor's Game Boy Advance by March 2004.[63] Average weekly Famitsu sales during the transition were only a couple hundred units,[1] and the SwanCrystal went build to order starting in autumn 2003.[62] WonderSwan hardware designer Koto claimed over 3.5 million were sold.[64]

^ Jump up to: a b The ColecoVision reached 2 million units sold by the spring of 1984. Console quarterly sales dramatically decreased at this time, but it continued to sell modestly[70][71] with most inventory gone by October 1985.[72]

^ Jump up to: a b The Wall Street Journal reported in November 1992 approximately 1 million were sold.[74] Around June 1994, Atari shifted its focus from the Lynx to its Jaguar console.[75]

^ Jump up to: a b This Philips-reported figure was in The New York Times on September 15, 1994.[76] The CD-i was discontinued in 1998.[77]

^ Jump up to: a b Coleco launched Telstar in 1976 and sold a million. Production and delivery issues, and dedicated consoles being replaced by electronic handheld games dramatically reduced sales in 1977. Over a million Telstars were scrapped in 1978, and it cost Coleco $22.3 million that year[71]—almost bankrupting the company.[79]


document_title: Ferrous

question_text: which metal does the word 'ferrous' refer to answer in words not symbols

question_tokens: which metal does the word ' ferrous ' refer to answer in words not symbols

text: Ferrous

text: In chemistry, ferrous (Fe2+), indicates a divalent iron compound (+2 oxidation state), as opposed to ferric, which indicates a trivalent iron compound (+3 oxidation state).[1] This usage has mostly been deprecated, with current IUPAC nomenclature having names containing the oxidation state in bracketed Roman numerals instead, such as iron(II) oxide for ferrous oxide (FeO), and iron(III) oxide for ferric oxide (Fe2O3).

text: Outside chemistry, ferrous indicates the presence of iron.[1] The word is derived from the Latin word ferrum ("iron").[2] Ferrous metals include steel and pig iron (with a carbon content of a few percent) and alloys of iron with other metals (such as stainless steel). Manipulation of atom-to-atom relationships between iron, carbon, and various alloying elements establishes the specific properties of ferrous metals.[3] Non-ferrous metals and alloys do not contain an appreciable amount of iron.[4]


document_title: Names of the Indian Rebellion of 1857

question_text: who called 1857 revolt first war of independence

text: Names of the Indian Rebellion of 1857

text: British nomenclature[edit]

text: The British and colonial press along with contemporary European referred to the events under a number of titles the most common being the Sepoy Mutiny or the Indian Mutiny.[2][3][4]  Contemporary 'anti-imperialists' viewed this term as propaganda, and pushed to characterize it as more than just the actions of a few mutinous native soldiers although the term The Indian Insurrection was used in the British and colonial press at the time.[5] Karl Marx was the first Western scholar to call the 1857 revolt a "national revolt",[6][7] though he used the term Sepoy Revolt to describe the event.[8]

text: Indian nomenclature[edit]

text: In India, the term First War of Independence was first popularized by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in his 1909 book The History of the War of Indian Independence, which was originally written in Marathi.[8][9][10]

text: Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, insisted on using the term First War of Independence to refer to the event, and the terminology was adopted by the Government of India.[9]

text: Some South Indian historians have opposed the use of the term First War of Independence by the Government to describe the 1857 revolt, and have unsuccessfully taken the issue to the court.[11] These historians insist that several other anti-British uprisings in South India, such as the Vellore Mutiny in 1806 had preceded the 1857 revolt, and should be called the First War of Indian independence. In 2006, when the Indian postal department issued a postal stamp to commemorate the Vellore Mutiny of 1806, M. Karunanidhi, the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, said that the move had given "due recognition" to India's "first war of independence".[12]

text: Some Sikh groups have also opposed the use of the term, they insist that the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46) should be called the First War of Independence instead. In May 2007, the Lok Sabha Deputy Speaker Charanjit Singh Atwal and three other MPs from Punjab protested against the commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the 1857 revolt over this issue.[13] Although many such wars had taken place before the First Anglo-Sikh war, like the First Anglo-Maratha War and First Anglo-Mysore War.

text: Some Indian writers also insist that none of the armed uprisings against the British in India, including the 1857 uprising, should be termed as a "war of independence", since they were not national in nature, not motivated by nationalist sentiment and only involving a minority of people  or soldiers.[11][14]


document_title: Roger Dean Stadium

question_text: where do st louis cardinals have spring training

text: Roger Dean Stadium

text:
Roger Dean Stadium

Full name
Roger Dean Stadium

Location
4751 Main Street
Jupiter, Florida 33458
(561) 775-1818

Coordinates
26°53′28″N 80°06′59″W / 26.89111°N 80.11639°W / 26.89111; -80.11639

Owner
Palm Beach County

Operator
Jupiter Stadium Limited[1]

Capacity
6,871[2]

Field size
Left Field: 335 ft
Left-Center: 380 ft
Center Field: 400 ft
Right-Center: 375 ft
Right Field: 325 ft

Surface
Grass

Construction

Broke ground
March 6, 1997[1]

Opened
February 28, 1998

Construction cost
US$28 million
($41.1 million in 2016 dollars[3])

Architect
Populous

Structural engineer
Bliss & Nyitray, Inc.

Services engineer
Bredson & Associates, Inc.[4]

General contractor
Case Contracting Company

Tenants

GCL Cardinals (GCL) (1998–present)
Jupiter Hammerheads (FSL) (1998–present)
Montreal Expos (MLB) (spring training) (1998–2002)
St. Louis Cardinals (MLB) (spring training) (1998–present)
Palm Beach Cardinals (FSL) (2003–present)
GCL Marlins (GCL) (2003–present)
Miami Marlins (MLB) (spring training) (2003–present)

text: Roger Dean Stadium is a baseball stadium located in the Abacoa community of the town of Jupiter, Florida. The stadium was built in 1998, holds 6,871 people,[2] and features luxury sky-box seating, two levels of permanent seating, parking and concessions. The Roger Dean Stadium Complex is the only stadium in the country to host four minor league teams: the Jupiter Hammerheads and Palm Beach Cardinals of the Class A-Advanced Baseball Florida State League, and the Gulf Coast Marlins and Gulf Coast Cardinals of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League.

text: Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training: the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals (the other is The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches, which opened in 2017, hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros). In both venues, the teams share the main stadium where the games are played. However, the teams have their own practice fields, outdoor batting cages, several pitching mounds, and state-of-the-art conditioning rooms.

text: History[edit]

text: Through 2002 the Montreal Expos shared the stadium with the Cardinals, until they swapped with the Marlins as part of the Marlins sale to Jeffrey Loria. The Expos, now known as the Washington Nationals, then moved to Space Coast Stadium in Viera, Florida.

text: Roger Dean Stadium was badly damaged in 2004 by hurricanes Frances and Jeanne.[5]

text: Cliff Politte threw the first pitch in the stadium's history in spring training, 1998.[6]

text: In September 2012, the stadium hosted a qualifying round for the 2013 World Baseball Classic. Spain, France, Israel, and South Africa took part in the qualifier.[7]


document_title: Miniature golf

question_text: where is the world's oldest mini golf course found

question_tokens: where is the world 's oldest mini golf course found

text: Miniature golf

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: While the international sports organization World Minigolf Sport Federation (WMF)[1] prefers to use the name "minigolf", the general public in different countries has also many other names for the game: miniature golf, mini-golf, midget golf, goofy golf, shorties, extreme golf, crazy golf, adventure golf, mini-putt, putter golf and so on. The name Putt-Putt is the trademark of an American company[2] that builds and franchises miniature golf courses in addition to other family-oriented entertainment, and the term "putt-putt" is sometimes used colloquially to refer to the game itself. The term "Minigolf" was formerly a registered trademark of a Swedish company that built its own patented type of minigolf courses. Resort towns such as Myrtle Beach, South Carolina; Branson, Missouri; Pigeon Forge, Tennessee; and Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin are known for their numerous minigolf courses.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: Geometrically-shaped minigolf courses made of artificial materials (carpet) began to emerge during the early 20th century. The earliest documented mention of such a course is in the 8 June 1912 edition of The Illustrated London News, which introduces a minigolf course called Gofstacle.[4]

text: The first standardized minigolf courses to enter commercial mass-production were the Thistle Dhu ("This'll Do") course 1916 in Pinehurst, North Carolina, and the 1927 Tom Thumb patent of Garnet Carter from Lookout Mountain, Tennessee. Thomas McCullough Fairbairn, a golf fanatic, revolutionized the game in 1922 with his formulation of a suitable artificial green—a mixture of cottonseed hulls, sand, oil, and dye. With this discovery, miniature golf became accessible everywhere; by the late 1920s there were over 150 rooftop courses in New York City alone, and tens of thousands across the United States.[5] This American minigolf boom of early 20th century came to an end during the economic depression in the late 1930s. Nearly all minigolf courses in the United States were closed and demolished before the end of the 1930s.[6] A rare surviving example from this period is the Parkside Whispering Pines Miniature Golf Course located near Rochester, New York, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.[7]

text: The first miniature golf course in Canada was at the Maples Inn in Pointe-Claire, Quebec. The "Mapes" was constructed as a summer home in the 1890s but was renovated into a club in 1902, opened to the public in 1914, and had a miniature golf course in 1930. The popular nightspot burned in 1985. (See: West Island Chronicle, June 29, 2008.)

text: European origins[edit]

text: One of the first documented minigolf courses in mainland Europe was built in 1926 by Fr. Schröder in Hamburg, Germany. Mr. Schröder had been inspired by his visit to the United States, where he had seen minigolf courses spreading across the country.[8]

text: In 1930 Edwin O. Norrman and Eskil Norman returned to Sweden from the United States, where they had stayed for several years and witnessed the golden days of the American minigolf boom. In 1931 they founded a company "Norman och Norrmans Miniatyrgolf", and began manufacturing standardized minigolf courses for the Swedish market. During the following years they spread this new leisure activity across Sweden, by installing minigolf courses in public parks and other suitable locations.[8]

text: Swedish minigolf courses typically had a rectangular wooden frame surrounding the playing area made of tennis field sand[9] (while the American manufacturers used newly developed and patented felt as the surface of their minigolf courses). Felt did not become popular as a surface material in Sweden until in the mid-1960s—but since then it has become practically the only surface material used in Scandinavia and Britain, due to its favorable playing qualities in wet weather. (Minigolf courses with a felt surface can be played in rainy weather, because water soaks through the felt into the ground. The other commonly used surface materials, beton and eternite, cannot be used in rainy weather, because the rainwater pools on them, stopping the ball from rolling.)

text: The Swedish Minigolf Federation (Svenska Bangolfförbundet)[10] was founded in 1937, being the oldest minigolf sport organization in the world. National Swedish championships in minigolf have been played yearly since 1939.[11] In other countries minigolf sport federations were not founded until the late 1950s, due to the post-war economical depression.

text: In 1954, the minigolf course in Ascona (Switzerland) opened, the oldest course worldwide following the norms of Paul Bongni.

text: Competitive games[edit]

text: The earliest documented minigolf competitions were played in the United States. The first National Tom Thumb Open minigolf tournament was arranged in 1930, with a total cash purse $10,000 (the top prize being $2,000). Qualification play-offs were played in all of the 48 states, and the final competition on Lookout Mountain, Chattanooga, Tennessee attracted over 200 players representing thirty states.[12] After the Depression ten years later, minigolf died out as a competition sport in America, and has begun to recover only during the most recent decades. The American minigolf sport boom of the 1930s inspired many European countries, and the sport of minigolf lived on in Europe even after the American game fell into Depression. They then went on to football.

text: Post-depression U.S.[edit]

text: In 1938 Joseph and Robert Taylor from Binghamton, New York started building and operating their own miniature golf courses. These courses differed from the ones in the late 20s and early 30s; they were no longer just rolls, banks, and curves, with an occasional pipe thrown in. Their courses not only had landscaping, but also obstacles, including windmills, castles, and wishing wells.

text: Impressed by the quality of the courses, many customers asked if the Taylors would build a course for them. By the early 1940s, Joe and Bob formed Taylor Brothers, and were in the business of building miniature golf courses and supplying obstacles to the industry. During both the Korean and Vietnam Wars, many a G.I. played on a Taylor Brothers prefabricated course that the U.S. Military had contracted to be built and shipped overseas.

text: By the late 50s almost all supply catalogs carried Taylor Brothers' obstacles. In 1961 Bob Taylor, Don Clayton of Putt-Putt, and Frank Abramoff of Arnold Palmer Miniature Golf organized the first miniature golf association known as NAPCOMS (or the "National Association of Putting Course Operators, Manufacturers, and Suppliers"). Their first meeting was held in New York City. Though this organization only lasted a few years it was the first attempt to bring miniature golf operators together to promote miniature golf.

text: In 1955, Lomma Golf, Inc., founded by Al Lomma and his brother Ralph Lomma, led the revival of wacky, animated trick hazards. These hazards required both accurately aimed shots and split-second timing to avoid spinning windmill blades, revolving statuary, and other careening obstacles.

text: The book Tilting At Windmills (How I Learned To Stop Worrying And Love Sport) by Andy Miller tells the story of the formerly sports-hating author attempting to change by competing in miniature golf, including events in Denmark and Latvia.

text: In the United States, National Miniature Golf Day is held yearly on the second Saturday of May. The event had its inaugural celebration on May 12, 2007, and was officially recognized and published in 2008's edition of Chase's Calendar of Events.

text: Other countries[edit]

text: Minigolf has so far not reached wide popularity outside Europe and North America.[citation needed] The reason is probably economic, at least to some extent: the less wealthy countries invest their limited sports funds into such sports that enjoy widest public attention and media coverage, leaving the less popular sports with little or no funding at all. (Minigolf is one of the most popular outdoor games in Europe and America, though, but only as an occasional leisure activity, not as a competitive sport.)

text: By the 1950s the American Putt-Putt company was exporting their minigolf courses to South Africa, Australia, Japan, Korea, India, Iran, Italy, Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil, and the Eastern Bloc.[13] Minigolf courses are found in all parts of the world, but their popularity is by far highest in the US, the UK, New Zealand, Scandinavia, and central Europe.[citation needed]

text: Governing body[edit]

text: The sport of miniature golf is governed internationally by the World Minigolf Sport Federation (WMF), headquartered in Göteborg, Sweden. The WMF is a member of SportAccord. It organises World Championships for youth and elite players, and Continental Championships in Europe, Asia and the USA, held in alternate years.

text: WMF Members[edit]

text:
Nation
Governing body

 Australia
Australian Mini Golf Association

 Austria
Österreichischer Bahnengolf-Verband

 Belgium
Union Belge de MiniGolf — Belgische Verbond voor MidgetGolf

 Canada
Trenton Putters Minigolf

 China
China Minigolf Sport Federation

 Croatia
Croatian Minigolf Federation

 Cyprus
City Mini Golf

 Czech Republic
Český minigolfový svaz

 Denmark
Dansk Minigolf Union

 Estonia
Estonian Minigolf Association

 Finland
Suomen Ratagolfliitto

 France
Fédération Française de Minigolf

 Germany
Deutscher Minigolfsport Verband

 Great Britain
British Mini Golf Association

 Hungary
Magyar Minigolf Országos Szakszövetség

 India
Minigolf Federation of India

 Indonesia
Persatuan Mini Golf Indonesia

 Iran
Iran Minigolf Societ

 Israel
Israeli Minigolf Association (R.A.)

 Italy
Federazione Italiana Golf su Pista

 Japan
Japan Mini Golf Association

 Kosovo
Federata e Minigolfit e Kosovës

 Latvia
Latvian Minigolf Clubs Association

 Liechtenstein
Liechtensteiner Minigolf-Sport-Verband

 Luxembourg
Fédération Luxembourgeoise de Golf sur Pistes

 Malaysia
Malaysian Minigolf Sport Association (MMGSA)

 Mexico
Federacion Mexicana de Minigolf

 Moldova
National Golf Federation of Moldova

 Mongolia
Mongolian Amateur Minigolf Federation

 Netherlands
Nederlandse Minigolf Bond (NMB)

 New Zealand
MiniatureGolf Association

 Norway
Norges Minigolf Forbund

 Philippines
Affiliation Minigolf of the Philippines

 Poland
Minigolf Club Sopot

 Portugal
Federacão Portuguesa de Minigolfe

 Romania
Club Sportiv Minigolf Riviera

 Russia
Russian Golf Association

 Serbia
Serbian Minigolf Association

 Singapore
Miniature Golf Association (Singapore)

 Slovakia
Slovenský zväz dráhového golfu

 Slovenia
Mini Golf Zveza Slovenije

 South Korea
Korea Newsports Association

 Sweden
Svenska Bangolfförbundet

  Switzerland
Swiss Minigolf

 Taipei
Minigolf Sport Association

 Thailand
Minigolf Association Thailand

 Turkey
Uluslararasi Minigolf & Tuna Minigolf

 Ukraine
Ukrainian Golf Federation

 UAE
Emirati Mini Golf

 USA
United States ProMiniGolf Association (USPMGA)

 Vietnam
Vietnam Minigolf Foundation

text: Course types[edit]

text: All competitions approved by World Minigolfsport Federation are played on standardized courses, whose design has been checked to be suitable for competitive play. The WMF currently approves four different course types:

text:
Beton[14] (abbreviated B, sometimes called "Bongni" and named after Paul Bongni of Geneva, Switzerland, "Minigolf" or "Abteilung 1")
Eternite[15] (abbreviated E (in Sweden EB), sometimes called "Europabana", "Miniaturgolf" or "Abteilung 2")
Felt[16] (abbreviated F or SFR, sometimes called "Swedish felt runs"), and
Minigolf Open System[17] (abbreviated "O", "OS" or "MOS"). The latter non-standardized playing system, MOS, covers all minigolf courses that the three standardized systems (B, E, F) do not cover.

text: The world record on one round of minigolf is 18 strokes on 18 holes. More than a thousand players have officially achieved this score on eternite. On other playing systems a perfect round of 18 holes-in-one is extremely rare, and has never been scored in an official national or international tournament. Unofficial 18-rounds on concrete and felt courses have been reported in Sweden.[18]

text: In addition to classical outdoor miniature golf, indoor "glow in the dark" miniature golf has achieved some popularity, especially in colder climates like Canada[19] and Finland.[20] It can be played throughout the year, and climate control allows building elaborate obstacles that would not withstand inclement weather. There are also a variety of portable miniature golf fairways or 'tracks'[21] that can be set up as temporary courses indoors or outdoors. The fairways are usually constructed of wooden or glass fibre frames. Portable fairways are often used for summer festivals and fairs, corporate events, team-building events, and product launches.

text: The 18th and final holes of many miniature golf courses are designed to literally capture the ball, effectively preventing the player from playing additional rounds without purchasing another game. This may be accomplished with a "drain" or trap-door hole setup that channels the ball to a lockbox. One popular method of theming the 18th hole in the United States is to use a gated, ramped target area depicting the face of a clown; if the ball lands "in" the clown's nose, a bell might sound and the player would win a discount ticket for another game.

text: Competitions and tournaments[edit]

text: Nearly all European countries have an official national federation for promoting minigolf as a competition sport. The bi-annual European Championships attract competitors from more than twenty European countries. As of 2012, Chris Beattie has been the holder of the European Championship title.[22] Outside Europe only a small number of countries have participated in international minigolf competitions. These countries include USA, Japan, China, India and Taiwan. A national minigolf federation exists also in Moldova, Mexico, Australia and New Zealand, but none of these countries has ever participated in international competitions, and probably are not arranging many domestic competitions either.[23]

text: World Minigolfsport Federation represents some 40,000 registered competition players from 37 countries.[24] The national minigolf federation of Germany has 11,000 members with a competing license,[25] and the Swedish federation has 8,000 registered competition players.[18] Other strong minigolf countries include Austria and Switzerland, each having a few thousand licensed competition players. Also Italy, Czech Republic and Netherlands have traditionally been able to send a strong team to international championships, even if they cannot count their licensed players in thousands.

text: The sceptre of competitive minigolf rests quite firmly in mainland Europe: no player from other countries (such as UK, USA, Japan et cetera) has ever reached even the top 50 in World Championships (in men's category).[22] Nearly all national federations outside Europe were founded only quite recently (within the last 10 years), and it will take time before the players of these countries learn all secrets of the game. USA has a longer history of minigolf competitions, but the standardized European competition courses are practically unknown in USA, and therefore the American players have been unable to learn the secrets of European minigolf. On the traditional American courses the best American players are able to challenge the European top players into a tough and exciting competition.[26]

text: The British Minigolf Association (BMGA) has an additional – and quite surprising – problem on their way to greater success in competitive minigolf. While the minigolf federations in mainland Europe receive annual funding from the government, in England the national sports organisation Sport England has refused to accept BMGA as its member – which means that BMGA is left without the public funding that other forms of sports enjoy. The rules of Sport England declare that only one variant of each sport can be accepted as member – and minigolf is interpreted as a variant of golf.[24]

text: No person is known to be earning his living by competing in minigolf. Many course owners and employees naturally earn their living by working at minigolf courses, and some of the best minigolf players earn their living from minigolf-related work, such as giving putting lessons to golf players.[27] Many miniature golf courses also offer other forms of entertainment such as carousels, go-cart tracks, batting cages, and redemption arcades.

text: The highest money prizes are paid in the United States, where the winner of a major competition may earn up to 5,000 US dollars. In mainland Europe the money prizes are generally quite low, and in many cases honor is the only thing at stake in the competition. International championships usually award no money prizes at all.

text: In the US there are two organizations offering national tournaments: the Professional Putters Association and the US Pro Mini-Golf Association (USPMGA). The USPMGA represents the United States in the World Minigolfsport Federation, having been an active member since 1995. USPMGA President Robert Detwiler is also the WMF representative for North and South America.

text: New Israeli Minigolf Association was established in February 2010 in Israel. Setting up, for the first time, league playing according to the rules of WMF and USPMGA. Now, a series of lush and inviting minigolf parks in prime locations are building around Israel and will be offering this need of adventure to the public at very attractive surrounding.

text: International tournaments[edit]

text: World Minigolfsport Federation (WMF), a member of AGFIS, organises World Championships biennially (on odd-numbered years), while the continental championships in Europe and Asia are organized on even-numbered years. Many of these competitions are arranged for three age groups: juniors (under 20 years), adults (no age limit), and seniors (over 45 years).[28] Men and women compete separately in their own categories, except in some team competitions and pair competitions. The difference in the playing skills of men and women is very small on top level, however: it is not unheard-of that the best player in a major international tournament is female. Typically the winner in women's category would be very close to medals also in men's category.[29]

text: World and European Championships have so far never been arranged on MOS courses (which are popular in USA and UK, and were approved by WMF for competition use only a few years ago). International competitions are typically arranged on two courses of 18 holes, of which one course is eternite, and the other course is usually concrete, less commonly felt. In the future, the WMF is expected to use also MOS courses in international championships – which will give American and British players a chance to show their skills on their own traditional course types.

text: The most prestigious MOS minigolf competitions in the world are the US Masters, US Open, British Open, Kent Open, World Crazy Golf Championships and the World Adventuregolf Masters.


document_title: Sikkim University

question_text: who is the first vice chancellor of sikkim university

text: Sikkim University

text:
Sikkim University

Type
Central

Established
2006

Chancellor
Justice Ruma Pal

Vice-Chancellor
Jyoti Prakash Tamang (Officiating)[1]

Location
Gangtok, Sikkim, India

Campus
Urban

Website
www.cus.ac.in

text: Sikkim University is a central university established under an Act of Parliament of India.[2] It is in Gangtok. The campus is expected to be built at Yangang in South Sikkim district, about 56 kilometres (35 mi) from Gangtok.[3] Its first chancellor was M. S. Swaminathan; Mahendra P. Lama was the first vice chancellor.

text: In 2008 the university started from four departments — Social System and Anthropology; Peace and Conflict Studies and Management; International Relations/Politics; and Microbiology. The university offers traditional courses in humanities, physical and life sciences and forestry along with non-traditional courses that are unique and related to the state including subjects like ethnic history, mountain studies, border studies, and hill music and culture.[4]

text: All the colleges in the state of Sikkim are affiliated to this university. In 2016 Bitu Subba became the first to successfully complete a PhD from Sikkim University.[5]