document_title: Deal or No Deal

question_text: who has won a million on deal or no deal

text: Deal or No Deal

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The gameplay of the show differs from country to country. In some countries, there is a preliminary contest in which the studio audience is whittled down to one final contender by several trivia question rounds, this final contender then proceeds to the main game. There are also some versions with the number of players equal to the number of cases, each player receives one case. Via a short trivia round or a random selection, one player is selected to be the contestant for the main game with his case. In other countries, there is only one preselected contestant who will play the main game without any preliminary contest.

text: The main game revolves around the opening of a set of numbered briefcases, each of which contains a different prize (cash or otherwise). The contents (i.e., the values) of all of the cases are known at the start of the game, but the specific location of any prize is unknown. The contestant claims (or is assigned) a case to begin the game. The case's value is not revealed until the conclusion of the game.

text: The contestant then begins choosing cases that are to be removed from play. The amount inside each chosen case is immediately revealed; by process of elimination, the amount revealed cannot be inside the case the contestant initially claimed (or was assigned). Throughout the game, after a predetermined number of cases have been opened, the "Banker" offers the contestant an amount of money and/or prizes to quit the game; the offer is based roughly on the amounts remaining in play and the contestant's demeanor, so the bank tries to 'buy' the contestant's case for a lower price than what's inside the case. The player then answers the titular question, choosing:

text:
"Deal", accepting the offer presented and ending the game, or
"No Deal", rejecting the offer and continuing the game.

text: This process of removing cases and receiving offers continues, until either the player accepts an offer to 'deal', or all offers have been rejected and the values of all unchosen cases are revealed. Should a player end the game by taking a deal, a pseudo-game is continued from that point to see how much the player could have won by remaining in the game. Depending on subsequent choices and offers, it is determined whether or not the contestant made a "good deal", i.e. won more than if the game were allowed to continue.

text: Since the range of possible values is known at the start of each game, how much the banker offers at any given point changes based on what values have been eliminated (i.e. the offer increases if lower values are eliminated and decreases if upper values are eliminated). To promote suspense and lengthen games, the banker's offer is usually less than the expected value dictated by probability theory, particularly early in the game.[2] Generally, the offers early in the game are very low relative to the values still in play, but near the end of the game approach (or even exceed) the average of the remaining values.

text: Only a few people have ever won the top prize on any version of the show (see table below). For a contestant to win the top prize the player would have to select the case containing the top prize and reject every offer the banker makes during the game. The chances of a player selecting the top prize are 4–5% depending on how many amounts are in the game.

text: International versions[edit]

text:
Country
Name
Host
Station
Language
Premiere date
End date
Top prize

 Afghanistan
گنجینه
Ganjina
Rahim Mehrzad
Mukhtar Lashkari
Tolo TV
Persian
May 30, 2010
May 14, 2013
Af. 1,000,000

 Albania
Kutia
Enkel Demi
TV Klan
Albanian
September 2004
2011
€5,000
€10,000
€20,000
€25,000

 Algeria
ادي ولا خلي
Éddi Ouela Kheli
Sofiane Dani
Echourouk TV
Algerian Arabic
June 17, 2015
present
5,000,000 DA
10,000,000 DA

 Arab Maghreb
الصندوق
Al Sandouk
Moez Toumi
Nessma TV
Arabic
November 24, 2012
2013

د.ت.500,000
د.ج.25,000,000
د.م.2,500,000

 Arab world
الصفقة
Al Safqa
Amir Karara
MBC1
September 14, 2004
late 2004
US$1,000,000

Deal or No Deal
Michel Sanan
LBC
April 1, 2005
2006
US$250,000

 Argentina
Trato Hecho
Julian Weich
Telefe
Spanish
July 13, 2003
March 2006
AR$500,000

 Armenia
Դիլ կամ Նո Դիլ
Dil kam No Dil

Armenia TV
Armenian
November 2006
2008
դր.50,000,000

 Australia
Deal or No Deal
Andrew O'Keefe
Seven Network
English
July 13, 2003
October 4, 2013
A$200,000
A$2,000,000

 Austria
Deal or No Deal
Rainhard Fendrich
ORF1
German
July 1, 2005
September 2, 2005
€250,000

 Azerbaijan
Davam Ya Tamam

Space TV
Azerbaijani
2010
2011
10,000 AZN

Murad Dadashov
Azad Azerbaijan TV
October 31, 2016
August 6, 2017
30,000 AZN

 Belgium
Miljoenenjacht
Walter Grootaers
Vtm
Dutch
October 16, 2004
2005
€1,000,000

Te Nemen Of Te Laten
Felice
VijfTV
August 21, 2006
2009
€200,000

 Belize
Tek It Or Leave It
Angela Gegg
Channel 5
English
December 2, 2008
March 3, 2009
BZ$15,000

 Brazil
Topa ou Não Topa
Silvio Santos
Roberto Justus
SBT
Portuguese
August 6, 2006
August 8, 2011
R$1,000,000

 Bulgaria
Сделка или не
Sdelka ili ne
Rumen Lukanov
Nova Television
Bulgarian
September 19, 2005
September 6, 2010
September 10, 2017
July 3, 2009
January 29, 2016
100,000лв (1-10)
1kg gold (11-)

 Cambodia
ព្រម ឬមិនព្រម
Prom Rer Min Prom
Ith Setha
CTN
Khmer
2009
2009
10,000,000 KHR

 Canada
Deal or No Deal Canada
Howie Mandel
Global
English
February 4, 2007
March 1, 2007
CA$1,000,000

 Canada
( Quebec)
Le Banquier
Julie Snyder
TVA
French
January 24, 2007
May 21, 2017
CA$500,000

 Chile
Trato Hecho
Don Francisco
Canal 13
Spanish
October 19, 2004
2006
CL$120,000,000

¡Allá Tú!
Julián Elfenbein
Chilevision
April 16, 2007
December 28, 2007
CL$10,000,000

 China
动感秀场
Dong Gan Xiu Chang
Cheng Qian
BTV-8
Mandarin
2007
2007
1,000,000 points

爱唱才会赢
Ai Chang Cai Hui Ying
Chen Huan
Tian Yue
Zuo Yan
Huang Ziwen
ZJSTV
November 15, 2008
October 31, 2010
CN¥100,000

 Colombia[3]
¡Hay Trato!
Julio Correal
Carlos Calero
Canal Caracol
Spanish
July 16, 2005
2006
COL$210,000,000

 Costa Rica
Trato Hecho
Gustavo Rojas
Teletica
April 10, 2012
2012
₡25,000,000

 Croatia
Uzmi ili ostavi
Željko Pervan
Mirko Fodor
Mario Petreković
HRT 2
Croatian
2006
2007
500,000Kn

 Czech Republic
Ber nebo neber
Pavel Zuna
TV Prima
Czech
February 11, 2007
December 27, 2008
5,000,000 Kč

 Denmark
Deal or No Deal
Casper Christensen
TV 2
Danish
August 28, 2006
November 22, 2007
2,000,000 Kr

 Dominican Republic
Trato Hecho con Nestlé
Frank Perozo
Mía Taveras
Antena Latina
Spanish
July 2008
2009
RD$3,000,000

 Ecuador
Trato Hecho
Roberto Angelelli
Teleamazonas
April 9, 2006
2007
US$100,000

El Familión Nestlé Trato Hecho
Daniel Sarcos
Gama TV and
Red Telesistema
January 26, 2010
late 2010
US$100,000

 Egypt
لعبة الحياة
Lebet el Hayat
Razan Maghrebi
Al-Hayat TV
Arabic
August 24, 2009
2010
ج.م. 250,000
ج.م. 500,000

ديل أور نو ديل: الإختيار
Deal or no deal: El Ikhtiyar
Maya Diab
Al-Nahar TV
May 27, 2012
late 2012
ج.م. 250,000

 El Salvador
Trato Hecho
Daniel Rucks
TCS
Spanish
May 1, 2012
2014
US$50,000

 Estonia
Võta või jäta
Alari Kivisaar
TV3
Estonian
2007
2010
1,000,000 krooni

March 8, 2013
2013
€100,000

 Finland
Ota tai jätä
Pauli Aalto-Setälä
Nelonen
Finnish
January 10, 2007
November 29, 2007
€500,000

 France
À prendre ou à laisser
Arthur
TF1
French
January 12, 2004
June 3, 2010
€500,000
€1,000,000

À prendre ou à laisser
Julien Courbet
D8
October 8, 2014
October 30, 2015
€100,000

 Georgia
ვა-ბანკი
Va-Bank
Misha Mshvildadze (2008)
Duta Skhirtladze (2009)
Rustavi 2
Georgian
November 11, 2008
June 23, 2009
50,000 ლარი

 Germany
Die Chance deines Lebens
Kai Pflaume
Sat.1
German
April 30, 2000
December 18, 2000
DM10,000,000

Der MillionenDeal
Linda de Mol
May 1, 2004
June 12, 2004
€2,000,000

Deal or No Deal – Die Show der Glücksspirale
Guido Cantz
June 23, 2005
December 20, 2008
€250,000

Deal or No Deal
Wayne Carpendale
July 30, 2014
August 5, 2015
€250,000

 Greece
 Cyprus

Deal
Christos Ferendinos
ANT1
Greek
February 12, 2005
March 4, 2011
€200,000
€150,000

Alpha TV
October 3, 2016
present
€60,000

Super Deal (weekends)
ANT1
2006
2007
€500,000

 Honduras
Trato Hecho
Erick Chavarría
Televicentro
Spanish
April 19, 2015
2015
Lps.1,000,000

 Hong Kong
一擲千金
Deal or No Deal
Michael Hui
TVB Jade
Cantonese
October 29, 2006
January 21, 2007
HK$3,000,000

Alfred Cheung
April 22, 2007
February 17, 2008

 Hungary
Áll az alku
Gábor Gundel Takács
TV2
Hungarian
April 4, 2004
September 29, 2006
50,000,000 Ft

October 2, 2006
December 31, 2006
100,000,000 Ft

Áron Kovács
May 4, 2009
June 4, 2010
21,000,000 Ft

Gábor Gundel Takács
August 28, 2017
October 6, 2017
100,000,000 Ft

February 5, 2018

100,000,000 Ft

 India
Deal Ya No Deal
R. Madhavan
Mandira Bedi
Rajeev Khandelwal
SET
Hindi, English
November 23, 2005
July 26, 2006
₹10,000,000

 Deala No Deala
Rishi
Sun TV
Tamil
October 31, 2009
2010
₹5,000,000

Deal or No Deal
Mukesh
Surya TV
Malayalam
November 7, 2009

Sai Kumar
Gemini TV
Telugu

Udaya TV
Kannada

Ronit Roy
&TV
Hindi, English
September 5, 2015
November 29, 2015
₹10,000,000

 Indonesia
Deal Or No Deal Indonesia
Tantowi Yahya
RCTI
Indonesian
May 19, 2007
December 18, 2008
Rp. 2,000,000,000

Deal or No Deal
Deddy Corbuzier
antv
December 1, 2011
February 3, 2012
Rp. 1,000,000,000

Deal Or No Deal Indonesia
Cak Lontong
Global TV
October 20, 2014
January 29, 2015
Rp. 500,000,000

 Iran
تمام یا دوام
Tamam Ya Davam
Sina Valiollah
FARSI1
Persian
January 16, 2012
April 27, 2012
US$20,000

 Ireland
Deal or No Deal
Keith Barry
TV3
English
November 13, 2009
March 12, 2010
€250,000

 Israel
הדיל הגדול
Hadil Hagadol
Moran Atias
Channel 10
Hebrew
March 16, 2005
2006
₪ 1,500,000

דיל או לא דיל
Dil o Lo Dil

 Italy
Affari Tuoi
Paolo Bonolis (2003-2005)
Pupo (2005-2006)
Antonella Clerici (2006)
Flavio Insinna (2006-2008; 2013-2017)
Max Giusti (2008-2013)
Rai 1
Italian
October 14, 2003
March 17, 2017
€500,000

 Jamaica
The Digicel Deal or No Deal
Simon Crosskill
TVJ
English
September 23, 2009
2009
JM$3,000,000

 Japan
ザ・ディール
Za Dīru
Shinsuke Shimada
TBS
Japanese
September 8, 2006
April 5, 2007
¥10,000,000

 Lebanon
Deal or No Deal
Michel Sannan
Murr Television
Arabic
October 20, 2009
June 7, 2010
ل.ل. 200,000,000

 Lithuania
Taip arba Ne
Marijonas Mikutavičius
TV3 Lithuania
Lithuanian
March 31, 2007
2010
500,000Lt.

 Macedonia
Земи или остави
Zemi ili ostavi
Igor Dzambazov
ALFA TV
Macedonian
November 3, 2007
2008
MKD6,000,000

Се или нешто
Se ili nešto
Lila Stojanovska
Sitel
December 18, 2011
present
MKD1,000,000

 Malaysia
Deal or No Deal Malaysia
Aanont Wathanasin
ntv7
English
November 3, 2007
2009
RM100,000

一擲千金
Yi zhi qian jin
Goh Wee Ping
Owen Yap
Mandarin
March 12, 2007
2008

 Malta
Deal or No Deal Malta
Paulo Micallef
TVM
Maltese
October 1, 2007
2010
€25,000

 Mexico
Vas o No Vas
Héctor Sandarti
Televisa
Spanish
2005
2007
MX$1,000,000
MX$5,000,000

Yoo si voy
Raul Araiza
September 2009
2010
MX$2,500,000

 Moldova
Da sau Nu
Dan Negru
Prime
Romanian
2010
2014
present
250,000 lei

 Myanmar
Deal or No Deal Myanmar
Kaung Htet Zaw
MRTV-4
Burmese
January 5, 2015
2015
2,000,000 Ks

 Netherlands
Miljoenenjacht
(original version) and season
Linda de Mol
TROS, Tien, RTL4
Dutch
November 25, 2000
present
€5,000,000

Deal or No Deal
(direct version) small program
Beau van Erven Dorens
Tien, RTL5
August 27, 2006
May 15, 2009
€250,000

 New Zealand
Deal or No Deal
Jeremy Corbett
TV3
English
June 6, 2007
December 26, 2007
NZ$200,000

 Nigeria
Deal or No Deal Nigeria
John Fashanu
M-Net Africa
July 7, 2007
December 29, 2007
US$100,000

 Norway
Deal or No Deal
Sturla Berg-Johansen
TV2
Norwegian
September 30, 2006
2007
3,000,000Kr

 Panama
El Familion Nestle
Nelson Bustamante
Telemetro
Spanish
2006
2007
US$125,000

Deal or No Deal
March 29, 2010
2012
US$50,000

 Peru
Trato Hecho
Adolfo Aguilar
ATV
Spanish
August 8, 2005
December 9, 2005
S/.1,000,000

Vas o No Vas
Jesús Alzamora
Panamericana
Spanish
September 12, 2016
December 21, 2016
S/.20,000

 Philippines
Kapamilya, Deal or No Deal
Kris Aquino
ABS-CBN
Filipino (Tagalog), English
June 5, 2006
March 27, 2009
₱1,000,000
₱2,000,000
₱3,000,000
₱4,000,000

Luis Manzano
February 25, 2012
September 28, 2013

February 9, 2015
March 4, 2016
₱1,000,000

 Poland
Grasz czy nie grasz
Zygmunt Chajzer
Polsat
Polish
October 1, 2005
August 31, 2007
1,000,000zł

 Portugal
Pegar ou Largar
Rui Unas
SIC
Portuguese
January 28, 2006
2006
€300,000

 Romania
Da sau nu
Virgil Ianţu/ Mihai Dobrovolschi
Prima TV
Romanian
September 5, 2005
2006
150,000lei

Accepți sau nu
Gabriel Coveşanu
Kanal D
March 1, 2008
2009
100,000lei

 Russia
Пан или пропал
Pan ili Propal
Nikolay Fomenko
Channel One
Russian
September 20, 2004
January 5, 2005
3,000,000рyб.

Сделка
Sdelka
Alexei Veselkin
REN TV
April 17, 2006
September 22, 2006

 Serbia
Uzmi ili ostavi
Milorad Mandić Manda
B92
Serbian
May 7, 2007
June 12, 2008
1,500,000din.

 Singapore
Deal or No Deal
Adrian Pang
MediaCorp TV Channel 5
English
May 13, 2007
January 31, 2008
S$250,000

 Slovakia
Ruku na to
Peter Šarkan Novák
STV
Slovak
September 2005
November 7, 2006
5,000,000 Sk

Veľký balík
Marcel Forgáč
JOJ
January 5, 2018

€250,000

 Slovenia
Vzemi ali pusti
Bojan Emeršič
POP TV
Slovene
2005
2007
15,000,000 SIT

2007
2008
€70,000

 South Africa
Deal or No Deal
Ed Jordan
M-Net
English
February 4, 2007
2008
R1,000,000

Doen met 'n Miljoen!
Casper de Vries
kykNET
Afrikaans
October 19, 2007
January 9, 2009

 South Korea
Yes or No
Shin Dong-Yeob
tvN
Korean
2006
July 2007
₩100,000,000

 Spain
¡Allá tú!
Jesús Vázquez
Silvia Jato
Arturo Valls
Telecinco
Spanish
January 26, 2004
2008
€300,000
€600,000
€1,000,000

Jesús Vázquez
Cuatro
January 10, 2011
November 4, 2011
€300,000

 Sri Lanka
Gando Nogando
Mahendra Perera
SirasaTV
Sinhalese
December 12, 2008
March 6, 2009
₨2,500,000

 Sweden
Deal or No Deal
Martin Timell
TV4
Swedish
March 25, 2006
December 1, 2007
5,000,000Kr

MiljonJakten [4]
Renée Nyberg
TV3
March 4, 2012
January 3, 2014
10,000,000Kr

Deal or no Deal med Miljonjakten
TV4
November 18, 2014
December 22, 2014

  Switzerland
Deal or No Deal – Das Risiko
Roman Kilchsperger
SF 1
German
September 1, 2004
2010
SFr250,000

 Taiwan
齊天大勝
Who's the Winner
Topic: The Deal 孤注一擲
Jacky Wu
TTV
Mandarin
July 9, 2005
September 29, 2007
NT$1,500,000

平民大富翁
Yes or No
Dennis Nieh
Jacky Wu
CTS
September 12, 2009
December 12, 2009
NT$500,000

 Thailand
เอาหรือไม่เอา
Dom Hetrakul
ThaiTV 3
Thai
2005
2006
฿1,000,000

 Tunisia
دليلك ملك
Dlilek Mlek
Sami El Fihri
Tunisie 7
Tunisian Arabic
2005
2007
300,000 د.ت.
500,000 د.ت.
1,000,000 د.ت.
2,000,000 د.ت.

El Hiwar Ettounsi
June 29, 2014
June 25, 2017

January 29, 2018
current

 Turkey
Trilyon Avı
Zafer Ergin
aTV
Turkish
December 9, 2003
February 3, 2004
YTL1,000,000

Büyük Teklif
Halit Ergenç
Kanal D
June 5, 2006
2006
YTL500,000

Var mısın? Yok musun?
Acun Ilıcalı
Show TV
September 10, 2007
September 16, 2010

Asuman Krause
Fox
November 8, 2011
March 29, 2012
TL500,000

Ahmet Çakar
Show TV
September 11, 2013
2014

 Ukraine
Граєш чи не граєш?
Hrayesh chy ne hrayesh?
Dmitriy Shepelev
TRK Ukrayina
Russian
March 7, 2010
December 19, 2010
₴1,000,000

 United Kingdom
Deal or No Deal
Noel Edmonds
Channel 4
English
October 31, 2005
December 23, 2016
£250,000

 United States
Deal or No Deal
Howie Mandel
NBC
December 19, 2005
May 18, 2009
US$1,000,000

Syndication
September 8, 2008
May 28, 2010
US$500,000

Vas o No Vas
Héctor Sandarti
Telemundo
Spanish
October 8, 2006
May 26, 2007
US$250,000

 Vietnam
Đi tìm ẩn số
Thanh Bạch
HTV7
Vietnamese
June 19, 2005
October 8, 2017
100,000,000Đ

Ần số vàng
Chí Trung
H1
September 10, 2006
2008
50,000,000Đ

text: The first German version "Die Chance deines Lebens" hosted by Kai Pflaume did not have the case game as the final round (they played a trivia game instead), however this was the show the original "Deal or No Deal" version (the Dutch "Miljoenenjacht" hosted by Linda de Mol) was actually based on. Miljoenenjacht started in November 2000 and introduced the case game in December 2002 after a 15-month hiatus of the show.

text: Véronique Landry is the only model to appear on more than one version of the show, on both the French and English Canadian versions.[citation needed] Howie Mandel, Héctor Sandarti, and Linda de Mol each have hosted multiple versions of the show: Mandel, with the American English and Canadian English versions, Sandarti with both the American Spanish and Mexican Spanish versions, and de Mol with both the Netherlands Dutch and German (in 2004) versions of the show. In the UK version Deal Or No Deal helped relaunch Noel Edmonds's career.

text: Top prize winners[edit]

text: All amounts below the prizes are their equivalents in United States dollars at the time of their win.

text:
Country
Name(s)
Date
Amount won
Previous offer
Other amount
Notes

 گنجین/Ganjina
Mohammad Easa Sediqi
Prior to October 25, 2010
Af. 1,000,000
($23,240)
Box Swap
(declined)
Af. 2,500
($58.10)
[5][6]
First top prize winner in Afghan history

(unknown)
Prior to November 28, 2012
Af. 1,000,000
($19,569)
Af. 342,000
($6,693)
Af. 10,000
($196)
[7]
The banker first offered Af. 311,000, then Af. 342,000, then a chance to swap the boxes. All were declined. Rebroadcast June 5, 2013.

(unknown)
Prior to June 6, 2013
Af. 1,000,000
($18,484)
Af. 355,500
($6,571)
Af. 30,000
($555)
The banker first offered Af. 263,300, then Af. 355,500. Both were declined. Rebroadcast June 6, 2013.

 ادي ولا خلي/Eddi Ouela Kheli
Mohamed Meziane
July 7, 2015
10,000,000 DA
($100,450)
3,200,000 DA
($32,144)
200 DA
($2.01)

Khemisti Mohammed bin Sayeh
March 15, 2016
5,000,000 DA + 1,000,000 DA
($45,117 + $9,023)
177,000 DA
($1,597)
10,000 DA
($90.23)
[8]
Won 5,000,000 DA from the box along with an 1,000,000 DA bonus.

 Deal or No Deal
Abbas Hussein
May 5, 2006
$250,000
$71,000
$25,000
[9]

 Deal or No Deal
Dean Cartechini
June 17, 2004
A$200,000
($137,384)
A$102,500
($70,409)
A$5
($3.43)
First top prize winner.

Anh Do (celebrity)
September 19, 2007
A$200,000
($167,238)
A$125,000
($104,524)
A$75,000
($62,714)
Second top prize winner. Money went to home viewer. The second celebrity (since David Graham) and the first to actually won the prize.

Leanne Benbow
June 2, 2010
A$200,000
($166,630)
A$115,000
($95,812)
A$100,000
($83,315)
The first woman (and the third) to win the top prize. Had the "Dream Finish" - the last 2 cases were the highest 2 in the game.

Chris Doyle
August 23, 2011
A$200,000
($208,014)
A$130,000
($135,209)
A$100,000
($104,007)
Last winner of the top prize before the series ends in 2013. Also had the "Dream Finish" - the last 2 cases were the highest 2 in the game.

 Davam Ya Tamam
Sevda
March 26, 2017
30,000 AZN
($17,595)
15,000 AZN
($8,798)
1 AZN
($0.59)
[10]

Rashad
July 9, 2017
30,000 AZN
($17,627)
11,030 AZN
($6,481)
1,500 AZN
($881)
[11]

 Tek It Or Leave It
Valerie Stevens
March 3, 2009
BZ$15,000
($7,615)
(Unknown)
(Unknown)
[12]

 Topa ou Não Topa
Paulo
April 2007
R$1,000,000
($490,000)
R$444,000
($218,000)
R$100
($49)

 Сделка или не Sdelka ili ne
Veneta Raykova (Венета Райкова)
(celebrity)
February 2006
75,000 BGN
($46,000)
(unknown)
(unknown)

(unknown)
December 8, 2006
100,000 BGN
($67,986)
(unknown)
5,000 BGN
($3,399)
[13]

Niki Kitaetsa (Ники Китаеца)
(celebrity)
September 18, 2007
100,000 BGN
($70,871)
40,000 BGN
($28,348)
1,000 BGN
($709)
[14]

Sevil Saliev
(Севил Салиев)
December 22, 2008
100,000 BGN
($71,179)
(unknown)
(unknown)
[15]

Mariela Pepeldzhiyska
(Мариела Пепелджийска)
January 23, 2012
100,000 BGN
($65,862)
Box Swap
(accepted)
2,500 BGN
($1,647)
[16]

Plevenchaninat Iskren
(Плевенчанинът Искрен)
January 24, 2013
100,000 BGN
($67,988)
25,000 BGN
($16,997)
0.20 BGN
($0.14)
[17]

 ព្រម ឬមិនព្រម Prom Rer Min Prom
(Unknown)
February 2009
10,000,000 KHR
($2,410)
(unknown)
(unknown)
[18]

(Unknown)
February 2009
10,000,000 KHR
(unknown)
750,000 KHR
($181)

 ¡Allá Tú!
Mauricio Hermosilla
May 4, 2007
CL$10,000,000
($19,050)
CL$6,500,000
($12,383)
CL$5,000,000
($9,525)

Farándula
August 29, 2007
CL$10,000,000
($19,010)
Box Swap
CL$50,000
($95.05)

 لعبة الحياة
Lebet el Hayat
Amal Mohammad
Prior to November 16, 2009
EGP250,000
($45,825)
(unknown)
EGP0.50
($0.09)

Sameh
Prior to April 15, 2010
EGP250,000
($45,323)
(unknown)
EGP0.50
($0.09)

Marwa Ali
Prior to September 3, 2010
EGP500,000
($87,660)
Box Swap
EGP250
($43.83)
[19]

 ديل أور نو ديل: الإختيار
Deal or no deal: El Ikhtiyar
Sibai Wahba
September 12, 2012
EGP250,000
($41,037)
Box Swap
(accepted)
EGP10,000
($1,641)
[20]

 À prendre ou à laisser
Mylène
March 4, 2004
€500,000
($609,850)
(unknown)
(unknown)
[21]

Sabrina
November 29, 2005
€500,000
($590,030)
€350,000
($413,021)
€75,000
($88,505)
The banker also offered €200,000 and €300,000; it is rare for a contestant to have more than one offer after a single round

Marie-Ange Franceschi
January 23, 2009
€500,000
($650,280)
€210,000
($273,118)
€100,000
($130,056)
[22]

Sébastien
November 25, 2014
€100,000
($124,240)
€31,000
($38,514)
€10
($12.42)
[23]

 ვა-ბანკი Va-Bank
Rezo and Archil Arveladze (celebrities)
February 3, 2009
50,000 lari
($30,018)
25,000 lari
($15,009)
50 lari
($30.02)

 Deal
Georgia Kastrada
(Γεωργία Καστράντα)
November 10, 2006
€200,000
($256,702)
€80,000
($102,681)
€1,000
($1,284)
[24]
Received €100,000, another half was received by a text winner

Giorgos Gkantadakis
(Γιώργος Γκανταδάκης)
April 6, 2017
€60,000
($63,858)
€47,000
($50,022)
€40,000
($42,572)
[25]

 Áll az alku
Szőke Sándor
May 23, 2006
50,000,000 Ft
($238,000)
13,000,000 Ft
($61,900)
6,000,000 Ft
($28,600)
[26]

Csorba Árpád
April 26, 2010
21,000,000 Ft
($106,680)
15,000,000 Ft
($76,200)
13,000,000 Ft
($66,040)
[27]

 Deal or No Deal
Ayushmann Khurrana (celebrity)
November 15, 2015
₹9,000,000
($136,445)
₹7,000,000
($106,124)
₹5,000,000
($75,803)
His briefcase contained the top prize ₹10,000,000 but his winnings were reduced by 10% due to answering the final question wrong.

 Affari Tuoi
Roberto Pepi
February 4, 2004
€500,000
($627,805)
€250,000
€15,000
[28]

Francesca Madeddu
December 16, 2004
€500,000
($671,175)
€300,000
($402,705)
€25,000
($33,559)
[29][30]

Clarissa Meneghini
December 19, 2007
€500,000
($719,525)
€170,000
($244,639)
€30,000
($43,172)
[31]

Danilo Anderlini
September 17, 2008
€500,000
($714,575)
€170,000
($242,956)
€30,000
($42,875)
[31][32]

Francesca Cataldo
October 22, 2008
€500,000
($666,895)
€185,000
($230,408)
€30,000
($40,014)
[33]

Roberto Caterina
November 23, 2008
€500,000
($629,450)
€375,000
($472,088)
€250,000
($314,725)
[34]

Mara Ancelotti
January 1, 2009
€500,000
($707,045)
€375,000
($530,284)
€250,000
($353,523)
[35]

Stefania Menegazzo
February 23, 2010
€500,000
($680,020)
€104,000
($141,444)
Maghetto
[36]

Gabriele Calvello
March 17, 2012
€1,000,000
($1,317,440)
€313,000
($412,359)
€0.20
($0.26)
[37]
The top prize was originally €500,000 as usual, but was doubled during the game when the player opened Pacco Matto (crazy box) and found Raddoppia (double).

Mauro Ghiraldini
November 21, 2012
€500,000
($640,625)
€150,000
($192,188)
€30,000
($38,438)
[38]

Patrizia Montalbano
January 25, 2013
€500,000
($668,467)
€350,000
($467,927)
€250,000
($334,234)
[39]

Pierangela Zaccaria
May 29, 2014
€500,000
($682,054)
€172,000
($234,626)
€100
($136)
[40]
Also won a €1,000 Provaci bonus.

Alberto Bindi
May 17, 2016
€500,000
($564,512)
€375,000
($423,384)
€250,000
($282,256)
[41]

Alessandro Corona
February 22, 2017
€500,000
($528,650)
€200,000
($211,460)
€100,000
($105,730)

 Deal or No Deal Malta
Maria (Doris) Abela
October 17, 2008
€25,000
($33,601)
€19,500
($26,209)
€15,000
($20,160)

 Vas o No Vas
Elena
June 11, 2005
Mex$5,000,000
($460,050) (Saturday)
(unknown)
(unknown)

Luis
December 6, 2005
Mex$1,000,000
($95,360) (weekday)
(unknown)
(unknown)

Laura
March 2, 2006
Mex$1,000,000
($95,580) (weekday)
Mex$700,000
($66,906)
Mex$400,000
($38,232)

Paty
June 3, 2006
Mex$1,000,000
($88,130) (weekday)
Mex$550,000
($48,472)
Mex$100,000
($8,813)

 (in English) Deal or No Deal Malaysia
Timothy Shim
March 2, 2008
RM100,000
($31,307)
RM 50,800
($15,904)
RM 250
($78.27)

 Deal or No Deal
Min Thu Rein (မင်းသူရိန်)
March 16, 2015
2,000,000 Ks
($1,930)
790,000 Ks
($762)
200,000 Ks
($193)
Rebroadcast March 31, 2015.

 Miljoenenjacht
Deal or No Deal
Arno Woesthoff[note 1]
September 2, 2001
Fl10,000,000
($4,142,220)
N/A
N/A
Woesthoff is the biggest winner in worldwide game show history.

Eelco Schumacher
April 2, 2009
€250,000
($331,468)
€170,000
($225,398)
€125,000
($165,734)

 Trato Hecho/Vas o No Vas
Licet
October 14, 2016
S/.20,000
($5,877)
Box Swap
(accepted)
S/.7,500
($2,204)
[42]

 Kapamilya, Deal or No Deal
Terry Lim Cua
December 29, 2006
P2,000,000 ($40,740)
P1,400,000
($28,518)
P1,000,000
($20,370)

Aiko Melendez and Candy Pangilinan (celebrities)
November 25, 2008
P1,000,000
($20,220)
P345,001
($6,976)
P10
($0.20)
Christmas Edition (5 P1,000,000 cases)

Jhaphet Flordeliza
December 1, 2008
P1,000,000
($20,400)
P150,000
($3,060)
P50
($1.02)

Arnel Pineda (celebrity)
December 11, 2008
P1,000,000
($20,570)
P249,999
($5,142)
P200
($4.11)

Bearwin Meily (celebrity)
March 23, 2015
P1,000,000
($22,312)
P614,000
($13,700)
P100,000
($2,231)

Ara Mina (celebrity)
April 17, 2015
P1,000,000
($22,626)
P355,000
($8,032)
P100
($2.26)

Joyce E. Bernal and Bela Padilla (celebrities)
August 14, 2015
P1,000,000
($21,656)
P699,000
($15,138)
P400,000
($8,662)

Kaye Abad and Nikki Valdez (celebrities)
September 7, 2015
P1,000,000
($21,281)
P510,000
($10,853)
P50,000
($1,064)

Janine Tugonon (celebrity)
January 8, 2016
P1,000,000
($21,164)
P650,000
($13,757)
P300,000
($6,349)

 Uzmi ili ostavi
Vidoje
October 19, 2007
RSD1,500,000
($24,475)
RSD615,000
($10,035)
RSD500,000
($8,158)

 Yes or No
Lee Chang-geun (이창근)
June 23, 2007
₩100,000,000
($107,750)
₩45,000,000
($48,488)
₩30,000,000
($32,325)
[43]

 ¡Allá tú!
Gilbert
June 19, 2007
€600,000
($804,018)
€240,000
($321,607)
€1,500
($2,010)
Received €300,000, another half was received by a text winner

María del Carmen Bonilla
July 25, 2011
€300,000
($431,622)
€29,999
($43,161)
€20
($28.77)
[44]

 齊天大勝
Who's the Winner
Topic: The Deal 孤注一擲
JUNIOR (celebrity)
April 14, 2007
NT$1,500,000
($45,250)
NT$330,000
($9,955)
NT$1, NT$100, NT$10,000, NT$20,000 and NT$50,000
($0.03, $3.02, $302, $603 and $1,508)
The host Jacky Wu, who also acted as the banker, decided to give the final offer with 6 out of 16 cases remaining.

 دليلك ملك
Mohamed Mabrouk
March 22, 2006
TND300,000
($221,706)
(unknown)
(unknown)
[45][46][47][48]
Each winner shared the prize with an SMS participant

Mohamed Bashir Menchari
November 13, 2006
TND500,000
($379,765)
(unknown)
(unknown)

Marbrouk
September 13, 2007
TND1,000,000
($792,390)
(unknown)
TND500,000
($396,195)

Aichoucha
June 13, 2017
TND2,000,000
($813,960)
TND1,100,000
($447,678)
Joke prize
The banker also offered 200.000 dinars ($81,396), which was refused. The winner also shared the prize with an SMS participant. [48]

 Var mısın? Yok musun?
Ülkühan Yılmaz
October 24, 2009
500,000TL
($339,790)
128,000TL
($86,986)
20,000TL
($13,591)

 Deal or No Deal
Laura Pearce
January 7, 2007
£250,000
($482,625)
£45,000
($86,873)
£3,000
($5,792)

Alice Munday
March 12, 2009
£250,000
($344,678)
Banker's Gamble
1p
($0.014)
Alice initially dealt at £17,500 but was dealt the Banker's Gamble when the 1p and £250,000 were remaining. She accepted the gamble going back into live play, she was then offered the swap, she declined and won £250,000.

Suzanne Mulholland
May 13, 2011
£250,000
($407,055)
£165,000
($268,656)
£100,000
($162,822)
Suzanne also won an additional prize of a 2-week holiday in Florida as part of "Banker's Birthday" special. Swapped box after final offer.

Tegen Roberts
September 22, 2011
£250,000
($387,735)
£77,000
($119,422)
£20,000
($31,019)
Tegen had the strongest board ever after round 3 to the end of the show, a staggering £560,250.60 was still in play after 10 boxes had been opened. She also had the distinction of having the 7th Biggest No Deal of £77,000.

Nong Nig Ham Nam
August 5, 2012
£250,000
($390,932)
£68,000
($106,334)
£5
($7.82)

Patrick "Paddy" Roberts
August 12, 2013
£250,000
($386,700)
£140,000
($216,622)
£75,000
($116,010)
First UK male top prize winner

Roop Singh
February 12, 2014
£250,000
($414,528)
£46,000
($76,273)
£500
($829)
Singh declined to buy Box 23 which contained the Double.

Ann Crawford
October 15, 2015
£250,000
($387,438)
£64,000
($99,184)
50p
($0.77)

Vikki Heenan
December 23, 2016
£250,000
($306,735)
£66,666
($81,795)
£750
($920)
[49]

 Deal or No Deal (primetime version)
Jessica Robinson
September 1, 2008
$1,000,000
$561,000
$200,000
Million Dollar Mission game (5 $1,000,000 cases)

Tomorrow Rodriguez
October 29, 2008
$1,000,000
$677,000
$300 and 3x $1,000,000
Million Dollar Mission game (9 $1,000,000 cases)

 Đi tìm ẩn số
Lê Bình (celebrity)
October 9, 2011
100,000,000Đ
($4,808)
75,411,000Đ
($3,626)
50,000,000Đ
($2,404)
[50]

Minh Trang
July 15, 2012
100,000,000Đ
($4,801)
40,010,000Đ
($1,921)
25,000Đ
($1.20)
[51]

Nguyễn Thị Đào
February 28, 2016
100,000,000Đ
($4,459)
26,100,000Đ
($1,164)
20,000,000Đ
($892)
[52]

Giáng Tiên (celebrity)
September 3, 2017[note 2]
100,000,000Đ
($4,400)
18,340,000Đ
($807)
75,000Đ
($3.30)
[53]

text:
Jump up ^ Arno Woesthoff was on Miljoenenjacht when the bonus round consisted of seven questions that could add up to 10,000,000 guilders (based on the German game show "Die Chance deines Lebens") instead of the case game, which is why there were no other amounts.
Jump up ^ Most recent top prize winner in the Deal or No Deal franchise to date

text: At the other end of the spectrum, in the UK edition broadcast on 7 December 2009, a contestant named Corinne opened her box to reveal (and thus win) 1p, having turned down first an offer of £88,000 and then an offer to swap boxes, which would have given her the top £250,000 prize. A similar event occurred on the U.S. version on August 25, 2008, where contestant Koshka Blackburn won $5,000 which was in her case after turning down the banker's offer of $530,000 and then the option to switch cases, which would've made her the first $1,000,000 winner. Also in the U.S. on September 22, 2006, Michelle Falco kept in $750,000 and $1,000,000 in play all the way to the end, she turned down the biggest offer of $880,000 and refused to switch her case, in her case was $750,000. She also would have been the first $1,000,000 winner had she switched cases. And again, in the U.S. on October 22, 2008, contestant Richie Bell won $1 which was in his case after rejecting the final offer of $416,000 and the option to switch cases, which would've made him the second $1,000,000 winner. Richie also won an additional $10,000 after completing the "Banker's Challenge" minigame, thus making his total winnings $10,001. Had he had switched, he would have won $1,010,000. Many other contestants around the world would have won the top prize if they had swapped their box/case.

text: Basis and antecedents[edit]

text: The game show has attracted attention from mathematicians, statisticians, and economists as a natural decision-making experiment. In 2008 a team of economists analyzed the decisions of people appearing in Dutch, German and U.S. episodes and found, among other things, that contestants are less risk-averse or even risk-seeking when they saw their expected winnings drop.[54] They went so far as to say that the show, “almost appears to be an economics experiment rather than a TV show.”[55] They found that contestants behave similarly in different versions of the show, despite large differences in the amounts at stake; amounts appear to be evaluated in relative terms, for example in proportion to the initial average, and not in terms of their absolute monetary value.[56] The research received a great deal of media attention, appearing on the front page of The Wall Street Journal[57] and being featured on National Public Radio.[58] This work was built upon by de Roos and Sarafidis, who analysed the Australian version of the show and determined that the risk-taking behaviour of a number of contestants would be inconsistent within each game (i.e. their aversion to risk would change), depending on the state of play and relative risk aversion of their confidant on the show.[59]

text: Australian Deal or No Deal contestants are selected "on the basis of being 'outgoing', but there is no screening of contestants on the basis of their risk preferences".[59] It is thought that other versions may screen contestants for being amicable to risk-taking behaviour.

text: Despite its air of originality and huge international success—there are more than 60 versions worldwide—there have been, in fact, numerous antecedents to the current run of shows. The first was the It's in the Bag, a New Zealand radio game show invented by Selwyn Toogood which began in the 1950s and which ran for decades after it was later adapted for television (1970s–90s). The show popularized the catch-phrases, "By hokey," and "What will it be, customers--the money or the bag?" in New Zealand. Similarly, in the 1950s, the UK TV show Take Your Pick offered contestants the choice of taking a money offer or risking opening a box. Later, in the 1980s, The Bong Game, a radio call-in show created by UK’s Capital FM, tested contestants by offering them increasing returns in tandem with increasing risk.

text: Another long-running game show, Let's Make a Deal, involved contestants deciding whether or not to take offers based on what may or may not be behind a curtain/door or inside a box. Let's Make a Deal ran in the U.S. for nearly three decades from 1963 to 1991, during which time Monty Hall was the program's "Big Dealer," and has recently been revived with Wayne Brady as the Big Dealer. Also in the U.S., in the 1970s and 1980s, was a game show called Treasure Hunt, hosted by Geoff Edwards and produced by Chuck Barris's company, which featured a similar concept to Deal or No Deal. The show featured contestants selecting a treasure chest or box with surprises inside in the hope of winning large prizes or a cash jackpot. Both game shows, however, also featured worthless or nearly-worthless joke prizes, which Let's Make a Deal called "zonks" and which Treasure Hunt called "klunks." Deal or No Deal does not feature such joke prizes. Finally, from 1997 to 2003, Win Ben Stein's Money pitted contestants against an in-house adversary.

text: Algorithm used by "The Bank"[edit]

text: There are several theories concerning the algorithm that "The Bank" uses to determine the appropriate bank offer. Naturally, this is a secret held by the various publishers around the world, however a number of people have approximated the algorithm with various levels of accuracy. It is a common understanding that the Bank does not know the contents of the briefcase, and therefore the Monty Hall Problem does not apply to the probability calculations.

text: User 'George Jones' suggested on the NSLog(); blog that a simple approximation could be banker's offer = average value * turn number / 10.[60]

text: Statistical studies of the US version of the show were undertaken by Daniel Shifflet in 2011, and showed a linear regression of bank offers against expected value.[61] In summary, Shifflet found that the bank would offer a percentage of the expected value (EV) of the remaining cases, and this percentage increased linearly from approximately 37% of EV at the first offer to approximately 84% of EV at the seventh offer. This version of the program also allowed players to 'hypothetically' play out the remainder of the game from the point where they accepted the bank's offer, and Shiffler noted that the hypothetical bank offers were significantly higher than real bank offers at equivalent points in the game.

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Innovative Concepts in Entertainment developed and currently sells an arcade redemption adaptation of the show, replacing prize money with redemption tickets.[62]
The U.K. version of Deal or No Deal was converted into a mobile game by Gameloft and featured the same rules and format as the TV show. The game was so well-received that versions of it were developed for other countries as well.[63] Its international success landed it on the top-sellers list.[64]
Almost all major formats of the game were converted into games for various gaming consoles, the PC, Macromedia Flash, and even a dedicated handheld made in China.
Various online gambling and gaming sites have adapted the Deal or No Deal concept for their games.[65]

text: Online Gambling[edit]

text: The Deal or No Deal television game show, based on the original Dutch Miljoenenjacht (Hunt for Millions), was introduced to the world by Endemol. The popular format, which requires the contestant to choose from 26 boxes or cases to reveal cash values, grew in popularity and eventually made its way into the online gambling industry as a result of the 2009 partnership between Playtech’s Virtue Fusion and Endemol Games.

text: Online Bingo licensees of Virtue Fusion, previously acquired by Playtech, introduced DOND themed 75-ball and 90-ball rooms in addition to a slot game based on the game show, scratch cards and the launch of a new bingo brand named after the game show, Deal or No Deal Bingo.

text: Online gamblers experience the show’s concept when securing a Full House win in the themed bingo rooms. The winner or winners enter a round of negotiations with the banker where they must make the ultimate decision, Deal or No Deal. The sense of community, often embraced by bingo players, is called upon as they assist the winner in determining the best option by commenting in the room’s chat section. The Community Jackpot is divided among the Full House winner (50%) and all game participants (50%).

text: In February 2016, Playtech announced the renewal of its licensing agreement with Endemol UK, which will see the availability of DOND licensed online products continue for an additional three years. Under this contract, Playtech is granted exclusive rights to deliver these themed games to the UK market.[66]

text: The range of DOND games are available at Virtue Fusion powered bingo brands such as bet365, Gala Bingo, Ladbrokes, Mecca Bingo and William Hill.


document_title: Mughal emperors

question_text: who was the last emperor of the mughal empire

root

text: Mughal emperors

text: Mughal Empire[edit]

text: The Mughal Empire (also referred to as Baburid Empire, Baburid Dynasty) was founded by Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, a Timurid prince and ruler from Turan or Turkistan, i.e. Central Asia (Uzbekistan). Babur was a direct descendant to the Turkic Emperor Timur on his father's side and also had links to Chagatai, the second son of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mother’s side.[7] Ousted from his ancestral domains in Turkistan by Sheybani Khan, the 14-year old Prince Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions. He established himself in Kabul and then pushed steadily southward into India from Afghanistan through the Khyber Pass.[7] Babur's forces occupied much of northern India after his victory at Panipat in 1526.[7] The preoccupation with wars and military campaigns, however, did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the gains he had made in India.[7] The instability of the empire became evident under his son, Humayun, who was driven out of India and into Persia by rebels.[7] Humayun's exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the Safavid and Mughal Courts, and led to increasing West Asian cultural influence in the Mughal court. The restoration of Mughal rule began after Humayun’s triumphant return from Persia in 1555, but he died from a fatal accident shortly afterwards.[7] Humayun's son, Akbar, succeeded to the throne under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped consolidate the Mughal Empire in India.[7]

tag: p

text: Through warfare and diplomacy, Akbar was able to extend the empire in all directions, and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the Godavari river. He created a new class of nobility loyal to him from the military aristocracy of India's social groups, implemented a modern government and supported cultural developments.[7] At the same time Akbar intensified trade with European trading companies. The Indian historian Abraham Eraly wrote that foreigners were often impressed by the fabulous wealth of the Mughal court, but the glittering court hid darker realities, namely that about a quarter of the empire's gross national product was owned by 655 families while the bulk of India's 120 million people lived in appalling poverty.[8] After suffering what appears to have been an epileptic seizure in 1578 while hunting tigers, which he regarded as a religious experience, Akbar grew disenchanted with Islam, and came to embrace a syncretistic mixture of Hinduism and Islam.[9] Akbar allowed free expression of religion and attempted to resolve socio-political and cultural differences in his empire by establishing a new religion, Din-i-Ilahi, with strong characteristics of a ruler cult.[7] He left his successors an internally stable state, which was in the midst of its golden age, but before long signs of political weakness would emerge.[7] Akbar's son, Jahangir, ruled the empire at its peak, but he was addicted to opium, neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence of rival court cliques.[7] During the reign of Jahangir's son, Shah Jahan, the culture and splendour of the luxurious Mughal court reached its zenith as exemplified by the Taj Mahal.[7] The maintenance of the court, at this time, began to cost more than the revenue.[7]

text: Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. However, a younger son, Aurangzeb, allied with the Islamic orthodoxy against his brother, who championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim religion and culture, and ascended to the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and had him executed.[7] Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb declared him incompetent to rule and had him imprisoned. During Aurangzeb's reign, the empire gained political strength once more, but his religious conservatism and intolerance undermined the stability of Mughal society.[7] Aurangzeb expanded the empire to include almost the whole of South Asia, but at his death in 1707, many parts of the empire were in open revolt.[7] Aurangzeb's attempts to reconquer his family's ancestral lands in Central Asia - Turan were not successful while his successful conquest of the Deccan region proved to be a Pyrrhic victory that cost the empire heavily in both blood and treasure.[10] A further problem for Aurangzeb was the army had always been based upon the land-owning aristocracy of northern India who provided the cavalry for the campaigns, and the empire had nothing equivalent to the Janissary corps of the Ottoman Empire.[11] The long and costly conquest of the Deccan had badly dented the "aura of success" that surrounded Aurangzeb, and from the late 17th century onwards, the aristocracy become increasing unwilling to provide forces for the empire's wars as the prospect of being rewarded with land as a result of a successful war was seen as less and less likely.[12] Furthermore, the fact that at the conclusion of the conquest of the Deccan, Aurangzeb had very selectively rewarded some of the noble families with confiscated land in the Deccan had left those aristocrats who received no confiscated land as reward and for whom the conquest of the Deccan had cost dearly, feeling badly disgruntled and unwilling to participate in further campaigns.[13] Aurangzeb's son, Shah Alam, repealed the religious policies of his father, and attempted to reform the administration. However, after his death in 1712, the Mughal dynasty sank into chaos and violent feuds. In the year 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne.[7]

text: During the reign of Muhammad Shah, the empire began to break up, and vast tracts of central India passed from Mughal to Maratha hands. Mughal warfare had always been based upon heavy artillery for sieges, heavy cavalry for offensive operations and light cavalry for skirmishing and raids.[10] To control a region, the Mughals had always sought to occupy a strategic fortress in some region, which would serve as a nodal point from which the Mughal army would emerge to take on any enemy that challenged the empire.[10] This system was not only expensive, but also made the army somewhat inflexible as the assumption was always the enemy would retreat into a fortress to be besieged or would engage in a set-piece decisive battle of annihilation on open ground.[10] The militantly Hindu Marathas were expert horsemen who refused to engage in set-piece battles, but rather engaged in campaigns of guerrilla warfare, a war of raids, ambushes and attacks upon the Mughal supply lines.[10] The Marathas were unable to take the Mughal fortresses via storm or formal siege as they lacked the artillery, but by constantly intercepting supply columns, they were able to starve Mughal fortresses into submission.[10] Successive Mughal commanders refused to adjust their tactics and develop an appropriate counter-insurgency strategy, which led to the Mughals losing more and more ground to the Maratha.[10] The Indian campaign of Nader Shah of Persia culminated with the Sack of Delhi and shattered the remnants of Mughal power and prestige,[7] as well as drastically accelerating its decline and alarming other far-off invaders, including the later British. Many of the empire's elites now sought to control their own affairs, and broke away to form independent kingdoms.[7] The Mughal Emperor, however, continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. Not only the Muslim gentry, but the Maratha, Hindu, and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of India.[14]

text: In the next decades, the Afghans, Sikhs, and Marathas battled against each other and the Mughals, only to prove the fragmented state of the empire. The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline, and ultimately had to seek the protection of outside powers. In 1784, the Marathas under Mahadji Scindia won acknowledgement as the protectors of the emperor in Delhi, a state of affairs that continued until after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Thereafter, the British East India Company became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi.[14] After a crushed rebellion which he nominally led in 1857-58, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British government, who then assumed formal control of a large part of the former empire,[7] marking the start of the British Raj.

text: List of Mughal Emperors[edit]

text:
Portrait
Titular Name
Birth Name
Birth
Reign
Death
Notes

Bābur
بابر
Zahir-ud-din Muhammad
ظہیر الدین محمد
23 February 1483, Andijan
1 April 1526 – 26 December 1530
4 years 8 months 25 days or 56 months 25 days or 247 weeks 1 days or 1730 days

26 December 1530 (aged 47)

Humayun
ہمایوں
Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Humayun
نصیر الدین محمد ہمایوں
17 March 1508
26 December 1530&Nbsp;– 17 May 1540
9 years 4 months 21 days or 112 months 21 days or 490 weeks 0 days or 3430 days and 11 months 5 days or 11 months 5 days or 48 weeks 3 days or 339 days Total 3,769 days
22 February 1555 - 27 January 1556

27 January 1556 (aged 48)
Humayun was overthrown in 1540 by Sher Shah Suri of the Suri dynasty but returned to the throne in 1555 after the death of Islam Shah Suri (Sher Shah Suri's son and successor).

Akbar-e-Azam
اکبر اعظم
Jalal-ud-din Muhammad
جلال الدین محمد اکبر
14 October 1542
27 January 1556 – 27 October 1605
49 years 9 months 0 days or 597 months 0 days or 2595 weeks 6 days or 18171 days

27 October 1605 (aged 63)
His mother was Persian princess Hamida Banu Begum.[15]

Jahangir
جہانگیر
Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim
نور الدین محمد سلیم
20 September 1569
15 October 1605 – 8 October 1627
21 years 11 months 23 days or 263 months 23 days or 1146 weeks 6 days or 8028 days

28 October 1627 (aged 58)
His mother was Rajput princess Mariam-uz-Zamani.[16]

Shah-Jahan-e-Azam
شاہ جہان اعظم
Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram
شہاب الدین محمد خرم
5 January 1592
8 November 1627 – 2 August 1658
30 years 8 months 25 days or 368 months 25 days or 1603 weeks 4 days or 11225 days

22 January 1666 (aged 74)
His mother was Rajput princess Jagat Gosaini.[17] Built Taj Mahal.

Alamgir I
عالمگیر
Muhy-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb
محی الدین محمداورنگزیب
4 November 1618
31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707
48 years 7 months 0 days or 583 months 0 days or 2535 weeks 1 days or 17746 days

3 March 1707 (aged 88)
His mother was Persian princess Mumtaz Mahal. He was married to Safavid Dynasty Princess Dilras Banu Begum. After his death, His younger Son Azam Shah became the King (for 1 year) .[18]

Bahadur Shah
بہادر شاہ
Qutb ud-Din Muhammad Mu'azzam Shah Alam
قطب الدین محمد معزام
14 October 1643
19 June 1708 – 27 February 1712
(3 years, 253 days)

27 February 1712 (aged 68)
He made settlements with the Marathas, tranquilised the Rajputs, and became friendly with the Sikhs in the Punjab.

Jahandar Shah
جہاندار شاہ
Ma'az-ud-Din Jahandar Shah Bahadur
معز الدین جہاندار شاہ بہادر
9 May 1661
27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713
(0 years, 350 days)

12 February 1713 (aged 51)
Highly influenced by his Grand Vizier Zulfikar Khan.

Farrukhsiyar
فرخ سیر
Farrukhsiyar
فرخ سیر
20 August 1685
11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719
(6 years, 48 days)

29 April 1719 (aged 33)
Granted a firman to the East India Company in 1717 granting them duty-free trading rights for Bengal, strengthening their posts on the east coast. The firman or decree helped British East India company to import goods into Bengal without paying customs duty to the government.

Rafi ud-Darajat
رفیع اُد درجات
Rafi ud-Darajat
رفیع اُد درجات
30 November 1699
28 February – 6 June 1719
(0 years, 98 days)

9 June 1719 (aged 19)
Rise of Syed Brothers as power brokers.

Shah Jahan II
شاہ جہاں دوم
Rafi ud-Daulah
شاہ جہاں دوم
June 1696
6 June 1719 – 19 September 1719
(0 years, 105 days)

19 September 1719 (aged 23)
----

Muhammad Shah
محمد شاہ
Roshan Akhtar Bahadur
روشن اختر بہادر
17 August 1702
27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748
(28 years, 212 days)

26 April 1748 (aged 45)
Got rid of the Syed Brothers. Fought a long war with the Marathas, losing Deccan and Malwa in the process. Suffered the invasion of Nader Shah of Persia in 1739. He was the last emperor to possess effective control over the empire.

Ahmad Shah Bahadur
احمد شاہ بہادر
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
احمد شاہ بہادر
23 December 1725
26 April 1748 – 2 June 1754
1 January 1775 (aged 49)
Mughal forces defeated by the Marathas at the Battle of Sikandarabad.

Alamgir II
عالمگیر دوم
Aziz-ud-din
عزیز اُلدین
6 June 1699
2 June 1754 – 29 November 1759
(5 years, 180 days)

29 November 1759 (aged 60)
Domination of Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk.

[[File:]]
Shah Jahan III
شاہ جہاں سوم
Muhi-ul-millat
محی اُلملت
1711
10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760
1772 (aged 60–61)
Consolidation of the Nizam of Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha, during the Battle of Buxar. Hyder Ali becomes Sultan of Mysore in 1761.

Shah Alam II
شاہ عالم دوم
Ali Gauhar
علی گوہر
25 June 1728
24 December 1759 – 19 November 1806 (46 years, 330 days)
19 November 1806 (aged 78)
The death of Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1799.

Akbar Shah II
اکبر شاہ دوم
Mirza Akbar
مرزا اکبر
22 April 1760
19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837
28 September 1837 (aged 77)
Titular figurehead under British protection.

Bahadur Shah II
بہادر شاہ دوم
Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar
ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد بہادر شاہ ظفر
24 October 1775
28 September 1837 – 23 September 1857 (19 years, 360 days)
7 November 1862 (aged 87)
Last Mughal Emperor. Deposed by the British and was exiled to Burma after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

tag: table

text: Note:The Mughal Emperors practised polygamy. Besides their wives, they also had a number of concubines in their harem, who produced children. This makes it difficult to identify all the offspring of each emperor.[19]

text: Family tree[edit]

text: Family tree of the first seven Mughal emperors:

text:
Babur

Maham Begum
(Turkic)

Humayun

Hamida Banu Begum
(Persian)

Akbar the Great

Mariam-uz-Zamani
(Rajput)

Jahangir

Jagat Gosaini
(Rajput)

Shah Jahan

Mumtaz Mahal
(Persian)

Aurangzeb

Dilras Banu Begum
(Persian)

Azam Shah


document_title: Types of chocolate

question_text: what type of chocolate has the most sugar

text: Types of chocolate

text: Terminology[edit]

text: The cocoa bean (or other alternative) products from which chocolate is made are known under different names in different parts of the world. In the American chocolate industry:

text:
chocolate liquor is the ground or melted state of the nib of the cacao bean, containing roughly equal parts cocoa butter and solids.
cocoa butter is the fatty component of the bean.
cocoa solids are the remaining nonfat part of the cocoa bean, which are ground into a powder.[1]

tag: ul

text: Types[edit]

text: Different forms and flavors of chocolate are produced by varying the quantities of the different ingredients. Other flavours can be obtained by varying the time and temperature when roasting the beans.

text: Milk chocolate is solid chocolate made with milk added in the form of powdered milk, liquid milk, or condensed milk. In 1875, a Swiss confectioner, Daniel Peter, developed the first solid milk chocolate using condensed milk, which had been invented by Henri Nestlé, who was Peter's neighbour in Vevey.[2][3] The US Government requires a 10% concentration of chocolate liquor. EU regulations specify a minimum of 25% cocoa solids. However, an agreement was reached in 2000 that allowed an exception from these regulations in the UK, Ireland, and Malta, where "milk chocolate" can contain only 20% cocoa solids. Such chocolate is labelled as "family milk chocolate" elsewhere in the European Union.[4] Cadbury is the leading brand of milk chocolate in the United Kingdom.[5][6] The Hershey Company is the largest producer in the US. The actual Hershey process is a trade secret, but experts speculate that the milk is partially lipolyzed, producing butyric acid, and then the milk is pasteurized,  stabilizing it for use. This process gives the product a particular taste, to which the US public has shown to have an affinity, to the extent that some rival manufacturers now add butyric acid to their milk chocolates.[3]

text: Dark chocolate, also known as "plain chocolate", is produced using a higher percentage of cocoa with all fat content coming from cocoa butter instead of milk, but there are also "dark milk" chocolates and many degrees of hybrids.[3] Dark chocolate can be eaten as is, or used in cooking, for which thicker baking bars, usually with high cocoa percentages ranging from 70% to 100%, are sold. Baking chocolates containing no added sugar may be labeled "unsweetened chocolate".

text: Semisweet and bittersweet are terms for dark chocolate used in the United States to indicate the amount of added sugar. Typically, bittersweet chocolate has less sugar and more chocolate liquor than semisweet chocolate,[7] but the two are interchangeable when baking. Both must contain a minimum of 35% cocoa solids; many brands now print on the package the percentage of cocoa in the chocolate.

text: Couverture chocolate is a high-quality class of dark chocolate, containing a high percentage of cocoa solids and cocoa butter, and precisely tempered. Couverture chocolate is used by professionals for dipping, coating, molding and garnishing ('couverture' means 'covering' in French). Popular brands of couverture chocolate used by pastry chefs include: Valrhona, Lindt & Sprüngli, Scharffen Berger, Callebaut, and Guittard.

text:
White chocolate is made of sugar, milk, and cocoa butter, without the cocoa solids. It is pale ivory color, and lacks many of the compounds found in milk and dark chocolates. It remains solid at room temperature as that is below the melting point of cocoa butter.
Cocoa powder is used for baking, and for drinking with added milk and sugar. There are two types of unsweetened cocoa powder: natural cocoa (like the sort produced by the Broma process), and Dutch-process cocoa. Both are made by pulverizing partially defatted chocolate liquor and removing nearly all the cocoa butter; Dutch-process cocoa is additionally processed with alkali to neutralize its natural acidity. Natural cocoa is light in colour and somewhat acidic with a strong chocolate flavor. Natural cocoa is commonly used in recipes that also use baking soda; as baking soda is an alkali, combining it with natural cocoa creates a leavening action that allows the batter to rise during baking. Dutch cocoa is slightly milder in taste, with a deeper and warmer colour than natural cocoa. Dutch-process cocoa is frequently used for chocolate drinks such as hot chocolate due to its ease in blending with liquids. However, Dutch processing destroys most of the flavonoids present in cocoa.[8] In 2005, Hershey discontinued their pure Dutch-process European Style cocoa and replaced it with Special Dark, a blend of natural and Dutch-process cocoa.
Raw chocolate is chocolate that has not been processed, heated, or mixed with other ingredients. It is sold in chocolate-growing countries, and to a much lesser extent in other countries, often promoted as healthy.[9]

text:
Compound chocolate is the name for a confection combining cocoa with other vegetable fat, usually tropical fats or hydrogenated fats, as a replacement for cocoa butter. It is often used for candy bar coatings. In many countries it may not legally be called "chocolate".
Modeling chocolate is a chocolate paste made by melting chocolate and combining it with corn syrup, glucose syrup, or golden syrup. It is primarily used by cakemakers and pâtisseries to add decoration to cakes and pastries.
Ruby chocolate is a new type of chocolate, created by Barry Callebaut. The variety was in development from 2004. The new chocolate type is made from the Ruby cocoa bean, resulting in a distinct red color and a different flavour, described as "sweet yet sour".[10]

text: Flavours such as mint, vanilla, coffee, orange, or strawberry are sometimes added to chocolate in a creamy form or in very small pieces. Chocolate bars frequently contain added ingredients such as peanuts, nuts, fruit, caramel, and crisped rice. Pieces of chocolate, in various flavours, are sometimes added to breakfast cereals and ice cream.

text: By country/region[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the naming and ingredients of cocoa products:[11][12]

text:
Product

Chocolate liquor

Milk solids

Sugar

Cocoa fat

Milk fat

Milk chocolate

≥ 10%

≥ 12%

Sweet chocolate

≥ 15%

< 12%

Semisweet or bittersweet (dark) chocolate

≥ 35%

< 12%

White chocolate

≥ 14%

≤ 55%

≥ 20%

≥ 3.5%

text: In March 2007, the Chocolate Manufacturers Association, whose members include Hershey's, Nestlé, and Archer Daniels Midland, began lobbying the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to change the legal definition of chocolate to allow the substitution of "safe and suitable vegetable fats and oils" (including partially hydrogenated vegetable oils) for cocoa butter in addition to using "any sweetening agent" (including artificial sweeteners) and milk substitutes.[13] Currently, the FDA does not allow a product to be referred to as "chocolate" if the product contains any of these ingredients.[14] To work around this restriction, products with cocoa substitutes are often branded or labeled as "chocolatey" or "made with chocolate".

text: Canada[edit]

text: The legislation for cocoa and chocolate products in Canada is found in Division 4 of the Food and Drug Regulations (FDR), under the Food and Drugs Act (FDA). The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is responsible for the administration and enforcement of the FDR and FDA (as it relates to food).[15]

text:
Product

Cocoa butter

Milk solids

Milk fat

Fat-free cocoa solids

Cocoa solids

Milk chocolate

≥ 15%

≥ 12%

≥ 3.39%

≥ 2.5%

≥ 25%

Sweet chocolate

≥ 18%

< 12%

≥ 12%

≥ 31%

Chocolate, bittersweet chocolate, semi-sweet chocolate or dark chocolate

≥ 18%

< 5%

≥ 14%

≥ 35%

White chocolate

≥ 20%

≥ 14%

≥ 3.5%

text: The use of cocoa butter substitutes in Canada is not permitted. Chocolate sold in Canada cannot contain vegetable fats or oils.[16]

text: The only sweetening agents permitted in chocolate in Canada are listed in Division 18 of the Food and Drug Regulations.[17] Artificial sweeteners such as aspartame, sucralose, acesulfame potassium, and sugar alcohols (sorbitol, maltitol, etc.) are not permitted.

text: Products manufactured or imported into Canada that contain non-permitted ingredients (vegetable fats or oils, artificial sweeteners) cannot legally be called "chocolate" when sold in Canada. A non-standardized name such as "candy" must be used.[16]

text: European Union[edit]

text: Products labelled as "Family Milk Chocolate" elsewhere in the European Union are permitted to be labelled as simply "Milk Chocolate" in Malta, the U.K. and the Republic of Ireland.[18]

text:
Product

Total dry cocoa solids

Cocoa butter

Non-fat cocoa solids

Total fat

Milk fat

Milk solids

Flour/starch

Chocolate

≥ 35%

≥ 18%

≥ 14%

Couverture chocolate

≥ 35%

≥ 31%

≥ 2.5%

Chocolate vermicelli or flakes

≥ 32%

≥ 12%

≥ 14%

Milk chocolate

≥ 25%

≥ 2.5%

≥ 25%

≥ 3.5%

≥ 14%

Couverture milk chocolate

≥ 25%

≥ 2.5%

≥ 31%

≥ 3.5%

≥ 14%

Milk chocolate vermicelli or flakes

≥ 20%

≥ 2.5%

≥ 12%

≥ 3.5%

≥ 12%

Family milk chocolate

≥ 20%

≥ 2.5%

≥ 25%

≥ 5%

≥ 20%

Cream chocolate

≥ 25%

≥ 2.5%

≥ 25%

≥ 5.5%

≥ 14%

Skimmed milk chocolate

≥ 25%

≥ 2.5%

≥ 25%

≤ 1%

≥ 14%

White chocolate

≥ 20%

≥ 14%

Chocolate a la taza

≥ 35%

≥ 18%

≥ 14%

≤ 8%

Chocolate familiar a la taza

≥ 30%

≥ 18%

≥ 12%

≤ 18%

Note 1: "Total Fat" refers to the combined cocoa butter and milk fat content.
Note 2: "Total Dry Cocoa Solids" as defined in this and all world regulations refers to combined cocoa powder and butter.

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, 'chocolate products' are classified on a complex scale (q.v. ja:チョコレート#チョコレートの規格).

text: Chocolate materials (チョコレート生地, chokorēto kiji):

text:
Pure chocolate material (純チョコレート生地, jun-chokorēto kiji)
Cocoa content ≥35%, cocoa butter ≥18%, sucrose ≤55%, lecithin ≤0.5%, no additives other than lecithin and vanilla flavouring, no fats other than cocoa butter and milk fats, water ≤3%
Pure milk chocolate material (純ミルクチョコレート生地, jun-miruku chokorēto kiji)
Cocoa content ≥21%, cocoa butter ≥18%, milk solids ≥14%, milk fats ≥3.5%, sucrose ≤55%, lecithin ≤0.5%, no additives other than lecithin and vanilla flavouring, no fats other than cocoa butter and milk fats, water ≤3%
Chocolate material (チョコレート生地, chokorēto kiji)
Cocoa content ≥35%, cocoa butter ≥18%, water ≤3%. It is also permitted to substitute milk solids for cocoa content as follows: cocoa content ≥21%, cocoa butter ≥18%, combined milk solids & cocoa content ≥35%, milk fats ≥3%, water ≤3%.
Milk chocolate material (ミルクチョコレート生地, miruku chokorēto kiji)
Cocoa content ≥21%, cocoa butter ≥18%, milk solids ≥14%, milk fats ≥3%, water ≤3%
Quasi chocolate material (準チョコレート生地, jun-chokorēto kiji) a
Cocoa content ≥15%, cocoa butter ≥3%, fats ≥18%, water ≤3%
Quasi milk chocolate material (準ミルクチョコレート生地, jun-miruku chokorēto kiji)
Cocoa content ≥7%, cocoa butter ≥3%, fats ≥18%, milk solids ≥12.5%, milk fats ≥2%, water ≤3%

text: Chocolate products (チョコレート製品, chokorēto seihin):

text: Products using milk chocolate or quasi milk chocolate as described above are handled in the same way as chocolate / quasi chocolate.

text:
Chocolate (チョコレート, chokorēto)
Processed chocolate products made from chocolate material itself or containing at least 60% chocolate material. Processed chocolate products must contain at least 40% chocolate material by weight. Amongst processed chocolate products, those containing at least 10% by weight of cream and no more than 10% of water can be called raw chocolate (生チョコレート, nama chokorēto)
Chocolate sweet (チョコレート菓子, chokorēto kashi)
Processed chocolate products containing less than 60% chocolate material
Quasi chocolate (準チョコレート, jun-chokorēto)
The Quasi symbol should officially be circled. Processed quasi chocolate products made from quasi chocolate material itself or containing at least 60% quasi chocolate material.
Quasi chocolate sweet (準チョコレート菓子, jun-chokorēto kashi)
Processed quasi chocolate products containing less than 60% quasi chocolate material

text: Definition[edit]

text: Chocolate is a product based on cocoa solid or cocoa fat or both. The amount and types of cocoa solids and fat that the term implies is a matter of controversy. Manufacturers have an incentive to use the term for variations that are cheaper to produce, containing less cocoa and more cocoa substitutes.

text: There has been disagreement in the EU about the definition of chocolate; this dispute covers several ingredients, including the types of fat used and the quantity of cocoa. In 1999, however, the EU resolved the fat issue by allowing up to 5% of chocolate's content to be one of 5 alternatives to cocoa butter: illipe oil, palm oil, sal, shea butter, kokum gurgi, or mango kernel oil.[19]

text: A recent workaround has been to reduce the amount of cocoa butter in candy bars without using vegetable fats by adding polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR), which is an artificial castor oil-derived emulsifier that simulates the mouthfeel of fat. Up to 0.3% PGPR may be added to chocolate for this purpose.[20]

text: Quality[edit]

text: Cacao beans can be tested for their quality as a certain variety using DNA tests, especially by testing single-nucleotide polymorphisms that act as markers.[21]