document_title: FIFA World Cup

question_text: where was the previous fifa world cup held

question_tokens: where was the previous fifa world cup held

text: FIFA World Cup

text: History

text: Previous international competitions

text: The world's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England,[5] which ended in a 0–0 draw. The first international tournament, the inaugural British Home Championship, took place in 1884.[6] As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the start of the 20th century, it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics (however, the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events), and at the 1906 Intercalated Games.[7]

text: After FIFA was founded in 1904, it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906. These were very early days for international football, and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure.[8]

text: At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, football became an official competition. Planned by The Football Association (FA), England's football governing body, the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition. Great Britain (represented by the England national amateur football team) won the gold medals. They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.

text: With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams, Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909. The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs (not national teams) from different nations, each one of which represented an entire nation. The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup,[9] and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy, Germany and Switzerland, but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team. Lipton invited West Auckland, an amateur side from County Durham, to represent England instead. West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title.

text: In 1914, FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a "world football championship for amateurs", and took responsibility for managing the event.[10] This paved the way for the world's first intercontinental football competition, at the 1920 Summer Olympics, contested by Egypt and 13 European teams, and won by Belgium.[11] Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928. Those were also the first two open world championships, as 1924 was the start of FIFA's professional era.

text: World Cups before World War II

text: Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments, FIFA, with President Jules Rimet as the driving force, again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics. On 28 May 1928, the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself.[12] With Uruguay now two-time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930, FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament.

text: The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team, but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides. Indeed, no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition. Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium, France, Romania, and Yugoslavia to make the trip. In total, 13 nations took part: seven from South America, four from Europe and two from North America.

text: The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930, and were won by France and the USA, who defeated Mexico 4–1 and Belgium 3–0 respectively. The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France.[13] In the final, Uruguay defeated Argentina 4–2 in front of 93,000 people in Montevideo, and became the first nation to win the World Cup.[14] After the creation of the World Cup, FIFA and the IOC disagreed over the status of amateur players, and so football was dropped from the 1932 Summer Olympics.[15] Olympic football returned at the 1936 Summer Olympics, but was now overshadowed by the more prestigious World Cup.

text: The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel, and war. Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 World Cup and all North and South American nations except Brazil and Cuba boycotted the 1938 tournament. Brazil was the only South American team to compete in both. The 1942 and 1946 competitions, which Germany and Brazil sought to host,[16] were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath.

text: World Cups after World War II

text: The 1950 World Cup, held in Brazil, was the first to include British participants. British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920, partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with, and partly as a protest against foreign influence on football,[17] but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA's invitation.[18] The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay, who had boycotted the previous two World Cups. Uruguay won the tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil, in the match called "Maracanazo" (Portuguese: Maracanaço).

text: In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978, 16 teams competed in each tournament, except in 1938, when Austria was absorbed into Germany after qualifying, leaving the tournament with 15 teams, and in 1950, when India, Scotland, and Turkey withdrew, leaving the tournament with 13 teams.[19] Most of the participating nations were from Europe and South America, with a small minority from North America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. These teams were usually defeated easily by the European and South American teams. Until 1982, the only teams from outside Europe and South America to advance out of the first round were: USA, semi-finalists in 1930; Cuba, quarter-finalists in 1938; North Korea, quarter-finalists in 1966; and Mexico, quarter-finalists in 1970.

text: Expansion to 32 teams

text: The tournament was expanded to 24 teams in 1982,[20] and then to 32 in 1998,[21] also allowing more teams from Africa, Asia and North America to take part. Since then, teams from these regions have enjoyed more success, with several having reached the quarter-finals: Mexico, quarter-finalists in 1986; Cameroon, quarter-finalists in 1990; South Korea, finishing in fourth place in 2002; Senegal, along with USA, both quarter-finalists in 2002; Ghana, quarter-finalists in 2010; and Costa Rica, quarter-finalists in 2014. Nevertheless, European and South American teams continue to dominate, e.g., the quarter-finalists in 1994, 1998, 2006 and 2018 were all from Europe or South America and so were the finalists of all tournaments so far.

text: Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[22]

text: Expansion to 48 teams

text: In October 2013, Sepp Blatter spoke of guaranteeing the Caribbean Football Union's region a position in the World Cup.[23] In the edition of 25 October 2013 of the FIFA Weekly Blatter wrote that: "From a purely sporting perspective, I would like to see globalisation finally taken seriously, and the African and Asian national associations accorded the status they deserve at the FIFA World Cup. It cannot be that the European and South American confederations lay claim to the majority of the berths at the World Cup."[24] Those two remarks suggested to commentators that Blatter could be putting himself forward for re-election to the FIFA Presidency.[25]

text: Following the magazine's publication, Blatter's would-be opponent for the FIFA Presidency, UEFA President Michel Platini, responded that he intended to extend the World Cup to 40 national associations, increasing the number of participants by eight. Platini said that he would allocate an additional berth to UEFA, two to the Asian Football Confederation and the Confederation of African Football, two shared between CONCACAF and CONMEBOL, and a guaranteed place for the Oceania Football Confederation.[26] Platini was clear about why he wanted to expand the World Cup. He said: "[The World Cup is] not based on the quality of the teams because you don't have the best 32 at the World Cup ... but it's a good compromise. ... It's a political matter so why not have more Africans? The competition is to bring all the people of all the world. If you don't give the possibility to participate, they don't improve."[26]

text: In October 2016 FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48-team World Cup in 2026.[27] On 10 January 2017, FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams.[28]

text: 2015 FIFA corruption case

text: By May 2015, the games were under a particularly dark cloud because of the 2015 FIFA corruption case, allegations and criminal charges of bribery, fraud and money laundering to corrupt the issuing of media and marketing rights (rigged bids) for FIFA games,[29] with FIFA officials accused of taking bribes totaling more than $150 million over 24 years. In late May, the U.S. Justice Department announced a 47-count indictment with charges of racketeering, wire fraud and money laundering conspiracy against 14 people. Arrests of over a dozen FIFA officials were made since that time, particularly on 29 May and 3 December.[30] By the end of May 2015, a total of nine FIFA officials and five executives of sports and broadcasting markets had already been charged on corruption. At the time, FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced he would relinquish his position in February 2016.[31]

text: On 4 June 2015 Chuck Blazer while co-operating with the FBI and the Swiss authorities admitted that he and the other members of FIFA's then-executive committee were bribed in order to promote the 1998 and 2010 World Cups.[32] On 10 June 2015 Swiss authorities seized computer data from the offices of Sepp Blatter.[33] The same day, FIFA postponed the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup in light of the allegations surrounding bribery in the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 tournaments. Then-secretary general Jérôme Valcke stated, "Due to the situation, I think it's nonsense to start any bidding process for the time being."[34] On 28 October 2015, Blatter and FIFA VP Michel Platini, a potential candidate for presidency, were suspended for 90 days; both maintained their innocence in statements made to the news media.[35]

text: On 3 December 2015 two FIFA vice-presidents were arrested on suspicion of bribery in the same Zurich hotel where seven FIFA officials had been arrested in May.[36] An additional 16 indictments by the U.S. Department of Justice were announced on the same day.[37]

text: Other FIFA tournaments

text: An equivalent tournament for women's football, the FIFA Women's World Cup, was first held in 1991 in China.[38] The women's tournament is smaller in scale and profile than the men's, but is growing; the number of entrants for the 2007 tournament was 120, more than double that of 1991.[39]

text: Men's football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932. Unlike many other sports, the men's football tournament at the Olympics is not a top-level tournament, and since 1992, an under-23 tournament with each team allowed three over-age players.[40] Women's football made its Olympic debut in 1996.

text: The FIFA Confederations Cup is a tournament held one year before the World Cup at the World Cup host nation(s) as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming World Cup. It is contested by the winners of each of the six FIFA confederation championships, along with the FIFA World Cup champion and the host country.[41]

text: FIFA also organises international tournaments for youth football (FIFA U-20 World Cup, FIFA U-17 World Cup, FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup), club football (FIFA Club World Cup), and football variants such as futsal (FIFA Futsal World Cup) and beach soccer (FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup). The latter three do not have a women's version, although a FIFA Women's Club World Cup has been proposed.[42]

text: The FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup is held the year before each Women's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process. The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition.[43]

text: Trophy

text: From 1930 to 1970, the Jules Rimet Trophy was awarded to the World Cup winning team. It was originally simply known as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde, but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament. In 1970, Brazil's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently. However, the trophy was stolen in 1983 and has never been recovered, apparently melted down by the thieves.[44]

text: After 1970, a new trophy, known as the FIFA World Cup Trophy, was designed. The experts of FIFA, coming from seven countries, evaluated the 53 presented models, finally opting for the work of the Italian designer Silvio Gazzaniga. The new trophy is 36 cm (14.2 in) high, made of solid 18 carat (75%) gold and weighs 6.175 kg (13.6 lb).[45] The base contains two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side of the trophy bears the engraved year and name of each FIFA World Cup winner since 1974.[45] The description of the trophy by Gazzaniga was: "The lines spring out from the base, rising in spirals, stretching out to receive the world. From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory."[46]

text: This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently. World Cup winners retain the trophy only until the post-match celebration is finished. They are awarded a gold-plated replica rather than the solid gold original immediately afterwards.[47]

text: Currently, all members (players, coaches, and managers) of the top three teams receive medals with an insignia of the World Cup Trophy; winners' (gold), runners-up' (silver), and third-place (bronze). In the 2002 edition, fourth-place medals were awarded to hosts South Korea. Before the 1978 tournament, medals were only awarded to the eleven players on the pitch at the end of the final and the third-place match. In November 2007, FIFA announced that all members of World Cup-winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners' medals.[48][49][50]

text: Format

text: Qualification

text: Since the second World Cup in 1934, qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament.[51] They are held within the six FIFA continental zones (Africa, Asia, North and Central America and Caribbean, South America, Oceania, and Europe), overseen by their respective confederations. For each tournament, FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand, generally based on the relative strength of the confederations' teams.

text: The qualification process can start as early as almost three years before the final tournament and last over a two-year period. The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations. Usually, one or two places are awarded to winners of intercontinental play-offs. For example, the winner of the Oceanian zone and the fifth-placed team from the Asian zone entered a play-off for a spot in the 2010 World Cup.[52] From the 1938 World Cup onwards, host nations receive automatic qualification to the final tournament. This right was also granted to the defending champions between 1938 and 2002, but was withdrawn from the 2006 FIFA World Cup onward, requiring the champions to qualify. Brazil, winners in 2002, were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches.[53]

text: Final tournament

text: The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nation(s). There are two stages: the group stage followed by the knockout stage.[54]

text: In the group stage, teams compete within eight groups of four teams each. Eight teams are seeded, including the hosts, with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and/or performances in recent World Cups, and drawn to separate groups.[55] The other teams are assigned to different "pots", usually based on geographical criteria, and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups. Since 1998, constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation.[56]

text: Each group plays a round-robin tournament, in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group. This means that a total of six matches are played within a group. The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams.[57] The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage. Points are used to rank the teams within a group. Since 1994, three points have been awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss (before, winners received two points).

text: If one considers all possible outcomes (win, draw, loss) for all six matches in a group, there are 729 (= 36) outcome combinations possible. However, 207 of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places. In such case, the ranking among these teams is determined as follows:[58]

text:
Greatest combined goal difference in all group matches
Greatest combined number of goals scored in all group matches
If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria, their ranking will be determined as follows:
Greatest number of points in head-to-head matches among those teams
Greatest goal difference in head-to-head matches among those teams
Greatest number of goals scored in head-to-head matches among those teams
Fair play points, defined by the number of yellow and red cards received in the group stage:
Yellow card: minus 1 point
Indirect red card (as a result of a second yellow card): minus 3 points
Direct red card: minus 4 points
Yellow card and direct red card: minus 5 points
If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria, their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots

text: The knockout stage is a single-elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one-off matches, with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary. It begins with the round of 16 (or the second round) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner-up of another group. This is followed by the quarter-finals, the semi-finals, the third-place match (contested by the losing semi-finalists), and the final.[54]

text: On 10 January 2017, FIFA approved a new format, the 48-team World Cup (to accommodate more teams), which consists of 16 groups of three teams each, with two teams qualifying from each group, to form a round of 32 knockout stage, to be implemented by 2026.[59]

text: Hosts

text: Selection process

text: Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA's congress. The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat. The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay, for example, led to only four European nations competing.[60] The next two World Cups were both held in Europe. The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed, as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents. Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup.[61]

text: Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup, to avoid future boycotts or controversy, FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe, which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup. The 2002 FIFA World Cup, hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan, was the first one held in Asia, and the first tournament with multiple hosts.[62] South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010. The 2014 FIFA World Cup was hosted by Brazil, the first held in South America since Argentina 1978,[63] and was the first occasion where consecutive World Cups were held outside Europe.

text: The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA's Council. This is done under an exhaustive ballot system. The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a "Hosting Agreement" from FIFA, which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid. The bidding association also receives a form, the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy. After this, a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced. The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament. However, there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time, as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups, which were awarded to Russia and Qatar, with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament.[64][65]

text: For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups, the final tournament is rotated between confederations, allowing only countries from the chosen confederation (Africa in 2010, South America in 2014) to bid to host the tournament. The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament. However, the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014, so any country, except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments, can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018.[66] This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament, where Brazil was the only official bidder.[67]

text: The 2026 FIFA World Cup was chosen to be held in the United States, Canada and Mexico, marking the first time a World Cup has been shared by three host nations.[68] The 2026 tournament will be the biggest World Cup ever held, with 48 teams playing 80 matches. Sixty matches will take place in the US, including all matches from the quarter-finals onward, while Canada and Mexico will host 10 games each.[68]

text: Performances

text:
Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland, the exceptions being Brazil, who finished as runners-up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semi-final against Germany in 2014, and Spain, which reached the second round on home soil in 1982. England (1966) won its only title while playing as a host nation. Uruguay (1930), Italy (1934), Argentina (1978) and
France (1998) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again, while Germany (1974) won their second title on home soil.[69]

text: Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament. Switzerland (quarter-finals 1954), Sweden (runners-up in 1958), Chile (third place in 1962), South Korea (fourth place in 2002), and Mexico (quarter-finals in 1970 and 1986) all have their best results when serving as hosts. So far, South Africa (2010) has been the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round.[70]

text: Attendance

text:
Year

Hosts

Venues/Cities

Totalattendance

Matches

Avg.attendance

Highest attendances †

Number

Venue

Game(s)

1930
 Uruguay
3/1
590,549
18
32,808
93,000
Estadio Centenario, Montevideo
Uruguay 6–1 Yugoslavia, Semi-final

1934
 Italy
8/8
363,000
17
21,353
55,000
Stadio Nazionale PNF, Rome
Italy 2–1 Czechoslovakia, Final

1938
 France
10/9
375,700
18
20,872
58,455
Olympique de Colombes, Paris
France 1–3 Italy, Quarter-final

1950
 Brazil
6/6
1,045,246
22
47,511
173,850[71]
Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro
Brazil 1–2 Uruguay, Deciding match

1954
  Switzerland
6/6
768,607
26
29,562
63,000
Wankdorf Stadium, Bern
West Germany 3–2 Hungary, Final

1958
 Sweden
12/12
819,810
35
23,423
50,928
Ullevi Stadium, Gothenburg
Brazil 2–0 Soviet Union, Group stage

1962
 Chile
4/4
893,172
32
27,912
68,679
Estadio Nacional, Santiago
Brazil 4–2 Chile, Semi-final

1966
 England
8/7
1,563,135
32
48,848
98,270
Wembley Stadium, London
England 4–2 West Germany, Final

1970
 Mexico
5/5
1,603,975
32
50,124
108,192
Estadio Azteca, Mexico City
Mexico 1–0 Belgium, Group stage

1974
 West Germany
9/9
1,865,753
38
49,099
83,168
Olympiastadion, West Berlin
West Germany 1–0 Chile, Group stage

1978
 Argentina
6/5
1,545,791
38
40,679
71,712
River Plate Stadium, Buenos Aires
Italy 1–0 Argentina, Group stage

1982
 Spain
17/14
2,109,723
52
40,572
95,500
Camp Nou, Barcelona
Argentina 0–1 Belgium, Opening match

1986
 Mexico
12/11
2,394,031
52
46,039
114,600
Estadio Azteca, Mexico City
Mexico 1–1 Paraguay, Group stageArgentina 3–2 West Germany, Final

1990
 Italy
12/12
2,516,215
52
48,389
74,765
San Siro, Milan
West Germany 4–1 Yugoslavia, Group stage

1994
 United States
9/9
3,587,538
52
68,991
94,194
Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California
Brazil 0(3)–(2)0 Italy, Final

1998
 France
10/10
2,785,100
64
43,517
80,000
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
Brazil 0–3 France, Final

2002
 South Korea Japan
10/1010/10
2,705,197
64
42,269
69,029
International Stadium, Yokohama, Japan
Brazil 2–0 Germany, Final

2006
 Germany
12/12
3,359,439
64
52,491
72,000
Olympiastadion, Berlin
Germany 1(4)–(2)1 Argentina, Quarter-final

2010
 South Africa
10/9
3,178,856
64
49,670
84,490
Soccer City, Johannesburg
Spain 1–0 Netherlands, Final

2014
 Brazil
12/12
3,429,873
64
53,592
74,738
Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro
Germany 1–0 Argentina, Final

2018
 Russia
12/11
3,031,768
64
47,371
78,011
Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow
Seven matches at the Luzhniki, including France 4–2 Croatia, Final

Overall
40,532,478
900
45,036
171,772
Maracanã Stadium, Rio (1950)

text: The best-attended single match, shown in the last three columns, has been the final in half of the 20 World Cups as of 2014. Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930, 1938, 1958, 1962, 1970–1982, 1990 and 2006.

text: Source: FIFA[72]

text: Broadcasting and promotion

text:
The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world. The cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion.[1] 715.1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament (a ninth of the entire population of the planet). The 2006 World Cup draw, which decided the distribution of teams into groups, was watched by 300 million viewers.[73] The World Cup attracts many sponsors such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's and Adidas. For these companies and many more, being a sponsor strongly impacts their global brands. Host countries typically experience a multimillion-dollar revenue increase from the month-long event.
The governing body of the sport, FIFA, generated $4.8 billion in revenue from the 2014 tournament.[74]

text: Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot or logo. World Cup Willie, the mascot for the 1966 competition, was the first World Cup mascot.[75] World Cups have also featured official match balls specially designed for each tournament.[76]

text: The World Cup even has a statistically significant effect on birth rates, the male/female sex ratio of newborns, and heart attacks in nations whose national teams are competing.[77][78][79]

text: Results

text:
#

Year

Hosts

Champions

Score and Venue

Runners-up

Third place

Score and Venue

Fourth place

Number of Teams

1

1930  Details

 Uruguay

Uruguay

4–2 Estadio Centenario, Montevideo

Argentina

United States

[note 1]

Yugoslavia

13

2

1934  Details

 Italy

Italy

2–1 (a.e.t.) Stadio Nazionale PNF, Rome

Czechoslovakia

Germany

3–2 Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli, Naples

Austria

16

3

1938  Details

 France

Italy

4–2 Stade de Colombes, Paris

Hungary

Brazil

4–2 Parc Lescure, Bordeaux

Sweden

15

1942

Editions not organized because of World War II.

1946

4

1950  Details

 Brazil

Uruguay

[note 2]2–1 Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro

Brazil

Sweden

[note 2]3–1 Pacaembu, São Paulo

Spain

13

5

1954  Details

  Switzerland

West Germany

3–2 Wankdorfstadion, Bern

Hungary

Austria

3–1 Hardturm, Zürich

Uruguay

16

6

1958  Details

 Sweden

Brazil

5–2 Råsundastadion, Solna

Sweden

France

6–3 Ullevi, Gothenburg

West Germany

16

7

1962  Details

 Chile

Brazil

3–1 Estadio Nacional, Santiago

Czechoslovakia

Chile

1–0 Estadio Nacional, Santiago

Yugoslavia

16

8

1966  Details

 England

England

4–2 (a.e.t.) Wembley Stadium, London

West Germany

Portugal

2–1 Wembley Stadium, London

Soviet Union

16

9

1970  Details

 Mexico

Brazil

4–1 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City

Italy

West Germany

1–0 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City

Uruguay

16

10

1974  Details

 West Germany

West Germany

2–1 Olympiastadion, Munich

Netherlands

Poland

1–0 Olympiastadion, Munich

Brazil

16

11

1978  Details

 Argentina

Argentina

3–1 (a.e.t.) Monumental de Núñez, Buenos Aires

Netherlands

Brazil

2–1 Monumental de Núñez, Buenos Aires

Italy

16

12

1982  Details

 Spain

Italy

3–1 Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid

West Germany

Poland

3–2 Estadio José Rico Pérez, Alicante

France

24

13

1986  Details

 Mexico

Argentina

3–2 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City

West Germany

France

4–2 (a.e.t.) Estadio Cuauhtémoc, Puebla

Belgium

24

14

1990  Details

 Italy

West Germany

1–0 Stadio Olimpico, Rome

Argentina

Italy

2–1 Stadio San Nicola, Bari

England

24

15

1994  Details

 United States

Brazil

0–0 (a.e.t.)(3–2 PSO) Rose Bowl, Pasadena

Italy

Sweden

4–0 Rose Bowl, Pasadena

Bulgaria

24

16

1998  Details

 France

France

3–0 Stade de France, Saint-Denis

Brazil

Croatia

2–1 Parc des Princes, Paris

Netherlands

32

17

2002  Details

 South Korea Japan

Brazil

2–0 International Stadium, Yokohama

Germany

Turkey

3–2 Daegu Stadium, Daegu

South Korea

32

18

2006  Details

 Germany

Italy

1–1 (a.e.t.)(5–3 PSO) Olympiastadion, Berlin

France

Germany

3–1 Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion, Stuttgart

Portugal

32

19

2010  Details

 South Africa

Spain

1–0 (a.e.t.) Soccer City, Johannesburg

Netherlands

Germany

3–2 Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Port Elizabeth

Uruguay

32

20

2014  Details

 Brazil

Germany

1–0 (a.e.t.) Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro

Argentina

Netherlands

3–0 Estádio Nacional, Brasília

Brazil

32

21

2018  Details

 Russia

France

4–2 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow

Croatia

Belgium

2–0 Krestovsky Stadium, Saint Petersburg

England

32

text:
a.e.t.: after extra time
PSO: after penalty shoot-out
TBD: to be determined

text:
Jump up ^ There was no third place match in 1930; the United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals. FIFA now recognises the United States as the third-placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth-placed team, using the overall records of the teams in the tournament.[80]

^ Jump up to: a b There was no official World Cup final match in 1950.[81] The tournament winner was decided by a final round-robin group contested by four teams (Uruguay, Brazil, Sweden, and Spain). Coincidentally, one of the last two matches of the tournament pitted the two top ranked teams against each other, with Uruguay's 2–1 victory over Brazil thus often being considered as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup.[82] Likewise, the game between the lowest ranked teams, played at the same time as Uruguay vs Brazil, can be considered equal to a 3rd place match, with Sweden's 3–1 victory over Spain ensuring that they finished third.

text: In all, 79 nations have played in at least one World Cup.[83] Of these, eight national teams have won the World Cup, and they have added stars to their badges, with each star representing a World Cup victory. (Uruguay, however, choose to display four stars on their badge, representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950).

text: With five titles, Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup (21) to date.[84] Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third (1970), fourth (1994) and fifth (2002) time. Italy (1934 and 1938) and Brazil (1958 and 1962) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles. West Germany (1982–1990) and Brazil (1994–2002) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals. Germany has made the most top-four finishes (13), medals (12), as well as the most finals (8).

text: Teams reaching the top four

text:
Teams reaching the top four

Team
Titles
Runners-up
Third place
Fourth place
Top 4 Finishes
Top 3 Finishes
Top 2 Finishes

 Brazil

5 (1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002)

2 (1950*, 1998)

2 (1938, 1978)

2 (1974, 2014*)

11
9
7

 Germany^

4 (1954, 1974*, 1990, 2014)

4 (1966, 1982, 1986, 2002)

4 (1934, 1970, 2006*, 2010)

1 (1958)

13
12
8

 Italy

4 (1934*, 1938, 1982, 2006)

2 (1970, 1994)

1 (1990*)

1 (1978)

8
7
6

 Argentina

2 (1978*, 1986)

3 (1930, 1990, 2014)

5
5
5

 France

2 (1998*, 2018)

1 (2006)

2 (1958, 1986)

1 (1982)

6
5
3

 Uruguay

2 (1930*, 1950)

3 (1954, 1970, 2010)

5
2
2

 England

1 (1966*)

2 (1990, 2018)

3
1
1

 Spain

1 (2010)

1 (1950)

2
1
1

 Netherlands

3 (1974, 1978, 2010)

1 (2014)

1 (1998)

5
4
3

 Hungary

2 (1938, 1954)

2
2
2

 Czechoslovakia#

2 (1934, 1962)

2
2
2

 Sweden

1 (1958*)

2 (1950, 1994)

1 (1938)

4
3
1

 Croatia

1 (2018)

1 (1998)

2
2
1

 Poland

2 (1974, 1982)

2
2

 Austria

1 (1954)

1 (1934)

2
1

 Portugal

1 (1966)

1 (2006)

2
1

 Belgium

1 (2018)

1 (1986)

2
1

 United States

1 (1930)

1
1

 Chile

1 (1962*)

1
1

 Turkey

1 (2002)

1
1

 Yugoslavia#

2 (1930, 1962)

2

 Soviet Union#

1 (1966)

1

 Bulgaria

1 (1994)

1

 South Korea

1 (2002*)

1

text: Best performances by continental zones

text: To date, the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA (Europe) and CONMEBOL (South America) confederations. European nations have won twelve titles, while South American have won nine. Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition: United States (North, Central America and Caribbean) in 1930 and South Korea (Asia) in 2002. The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter-finals: Cameroon in 1990, Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010. Only one Oceanian qualifier, Australia in 2006, has advanced to the second round.[85]

text: Brazil, Argentina, Spain and Germany are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation; Brazil came out victorious in Europe (1958), North America (1970 and 1994) and Asia (2002). Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986, while Spain won in Africa in 2010. In 2014, Germany became the first European team to win in the Americas. Only on five occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent, and currently it is the first time with four champions in a row from the same continental confederation. Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively, while Italy's triumph in 2006 has been followed by wins for Spain in 2010, Germany in 2014 and France in 2018. Currently, it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents (Europe) is ahead of the other (South America) by more than one championship.

text:
Total times teams qualified by confederation

Confederation

AFC

CAF

CONCACAF

CONMEBOL

OFC

UEFA

Total

Teams
37
44
42
85
4
245
457

Top 16
6
9
14
35
1
91
156

Top 8
2
3
5
34
0
100
144

Top 4
1
0
1
22
0
60
84

Top 2
0
0
0
14
0
28
42

1st
0
0
0
9
0
12
21

2nd
0
0
0
5
0
16
21

3rd
0
0
1
3
0
17
21

4th
1
0
0
5
0
15
21

text: Awards

text: At the end of each World Cup, awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament. There are currently six awards:[86]

text:
The Golden Ball for the best player, determined by a vote of media members (first awarded in 1982); the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively;[87]
The Golden Boot (sometimes called the Golden Shoe) for the top goalscorer (first awarded in 1982, but retrospectively applied to all tournaments from 1930); most recently, the Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively;[88]
The Golden Glove Award (formerly the Yashin Award) for the best goalkeeper, decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group (first awarded in 1994);[89]
The Best Young Player Award for the best player aged 21 or younger at the start of the calendar year, decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group (first awarded in 2006);[90]
The FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team with the best record of fair play, according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee (first awarded in 1978);[90]
The Most Entertaining Team for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup, determined by a poll of the general public (first awarded in 1994);[90]

text: An All-Star Team consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998.

text: Records and statistics

text: Three players share the record for playing in the most World Cups; Mexico's Antonio Carbajal (1950–1966) and Rafael Márquez (2002-2018); and Germany's Lothar Matthäus (1982–1998) all played in five tournaments.[91] Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall, with 25 appearances.[92] Brazil's Djalma Santos (1954–1962), West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer (1966–1974) and Germany's Philipp Lahm (2006–2014) are the only players to be named to three Finals All-Star Teams.[93]

text: Miroslav Klose of Germany (2002–2014) is the all-time top scorer at the finals, with 16 goals. He broke Ronaldo of Brazil's record of 15 goals (1998–2006) during the 2014 semi-final match against Brazil. West Germany's Gerd Müller (1970–1974) is third, with 14 goals.[94] The fourth placed goalscorer, France's Just Fontaine, holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament.[95]

text: In November 2007, FIFA announced that all members of World Cup-winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners' medals.[48] This made Brazil's Pelé the only player to have won three World Cup winners' medals (1958, 1962, and 1970, although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury),[96] with 20 other players who have won two winners' medals. Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals (winners', runner- ups', and third-place); five players were from West Germany's squad of 1966–1974 including Franz Beckenbauer, Jürgen Grabowski, Horst-Dieter Höttges, Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath (1966–1974), Italy's Franco Baresi (1982, 1990, 1994) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany (2002–2014) with four consecutive medals.[97]

text: Brazil's Mário Zagallo, West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer and France's Didier Deschamps are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach. Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach.[98] Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach,[99] and Deschamps repeated the feat in 2018, after having won in 1998 as captain.[100] Italy's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups (1934 and 1938).[101] All World Cup-winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory.[102]

text: Among the national teams, Germany and Brazil have played the most World Cup matches (109), Germany appeared in the most finals (8), semi-finals (13), quarter-finals (16), while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups (21), has the most wins (73) and has scored the most goals (229).[103][104] The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup, in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final.[105]

text: Top goalscorers

text:
Players with more than 10 goals at World Cup tournaments

Rank

Nation

Player

Goals scored

1

Miroslav Klose

16

2

Ronaldo

15

3

Gerd Müller

14

4

Just Fontaine

13

5

Pelé

12

6

Jürgen Klinsmann

11

Sándor Kocsis

11

text: All-time table for champions

text:
Position

Name of Team

Participations

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

AvgPts

Trophies

1

 Brazil

21

109

73

18

18

229

105

124

237

2.17

5

2

 Germany[106]

19

109

67

20

22

226

125

101

221

2.03

4

3

 Italy

18

83

45

21

17

128

77

51

156

1.88

4

4

 Argentina

17

81

43

15

23

137

93

44

144

1.78

2

5

 France

15

66

34

13

19

120

77

43

115

1.74

2

6

 England

15

69

29

21

19

91

64

27

108

1.59

1

7

 Spain

15

63

30

15

18

99

72

27

105

1.67

1

8

 Uruguay

13

56

24

12

20

87

74

13

84

1.50

2


document_title: Music of ancient Rome

question_text: what was the double-reed wind instrument that was an important part of ancient greek music

root

text: Music of ancient Rome

text: Musical notation[edit]

text: The Romans may have borrowed the Greek method[7][page needed] of 'enchiriadic notation' to record their music, if they used any notation at all. Four letters (in English notation 'A', 'G', 'F' and 'C') indicated a series of four succeeding tones. Rhythm signs, written above the letters, indicated the duration of each note.

tag: p

text: The Romans may have tuned their instruments to Greek modes.[8]

text: Instruments[edit]

text: Roman art depicts various woodwinds, "brass", percussion and stringed instruments.[9] Roman-style instruments are found in parts of the Empire where they did not originate, and indicate that music was among the aspects of Roman culture that spread throughout the provinces.

text: Wind instruments[edit]

text:
The Roman tuba was a long, straight bronze trumpet with a detachable, conical mouthpiece like that of the modern French horn. Extant examples are about 1.3 metres long, and have a cylindrical bore from the mouthpiece to the point where the bell flares abruptly,[10] similar to the modern straight trumpet seen in presentations of 'period music'. Since there were no valves, the tuba was capable only of a single overtone series that would probably sound familiar to the modern ear, given the limitations of musical acoustics for instruments of this construction.[11] In the military, it was used for "bugle calls". The tuba is also depicted in art such as mosaics accompanying games (ludi) and spectacle events.
The cornu (Latin "horn") was a long tubular metal wind instrument that curved around the musician's body, shaped rather like an uppercase G. It had a conical bore (again like a French horn) and a conical mouthpiece. It may be hard to distinguish from the buccina. The cornu was used for military signals and on parade.[12] The cornicen was a military signal officer who translated orders into calls. Like the tuba, the cornu also appears as accompaniment for public events and spectacle entertainments.
The tibia (Greek aulos - αὐλός), usually double, had two double-reed (as in a modern oboe) pipes, not joined but generally played with a mouth-band capistrum (Greek phorbeiá - φορβεία) to hold both pipes steadily between the player's lips.[13] Modern changes indicate that they produced a low, clarinet-like sound. There is some confusion about the exact nature of the instrument; alternate descriptions indicate each pipe having a single reed (like a modern clarinet) instead of a double reed.
The askaules — a bagpipe.
Versions of the modern flute and panpipes.

tag: ul

text:
Cornu at the Limesmuseum in Aalen, Germany

Cornicines on Trajan's Column (2nd century)

Horn player on the Ludovisi sarcophagus (3rd century)

Tibia player accompanying a sacrifice led by Marcus Aurelius

Panpipes played by Pan and aulos by a maenad (Mildenhall Treasure, 4th century)

text: String instruments[edit]

text:
The lyre, borrowed from the Greeks, was not a harp, but instead had a sounding body of wood or a tortoise shell covered with skin, and arms of animal horn or wood, with strings stretched from a cross bar to the sounding body.[14] The lyre was held or cradled in one arm and hand and plucked with the other hand.[citation needed] The Romans gradually abandoned this instrument in favour of the more sophisticated cithara,[citation needed] a larger instrument with a box-type frame with strings stretched from the cross-bar at the top to the sounding box at the bottom; it was held upright and played with a plectrum.[citation needed] The strings were tuned "by adjusting sticks seen in the engraving."[15]
The cithara was the premier musical instrument of ancient Rome and was played both in popular and elevated forms of music. Larger and heavier than a lyre, the cithara was a loud, sweet and piercing instrument with precision tuning ability. It was said some players could make it cry. From cithara comes the word guitar. Though the guitar more directly evolved from the lute, the same mystique surrounds the guitar idols of today as it did for the virtuoso cithara players, the citharista, and popular singers of ancient Rome.[citation needed] Like many other instruments, it came originally from Greece, and Greek images portray the most elaborately constructed citharas.
The lute (pandura or monochord) was known by several names among the Greeks and Romans. In construction, the lute differs from the lyre in having fewer strings stretched over a solid neck or fret-board, on which the strings can be stopped to produce graduated notes. Each lute string is thereby capable of producing a greater range of notes than a lyre string.[16] Although long-necked lutes are depicted in art from Mesopotamia as early as 2340–2198 BC, and also occur in Egyptian iconography, the lute in the Greco-Roman world was far less common than the lyre and cithara. The lute of the medieval West is thought to owe more to the Arab oud, from which its name derives (al ʿūd).[17]

text: Organs[edit]

text: Mosaics depict instruments that look like a cross between the bagpipe and the organ. The pipes were sized so as to produce many of the modes (scales) known from the Greeks. It is unclear whether they were blown by the lungs or by some mechanical bellows.

text: The hydraulic pipe organ (hydraulis), which worked by water pressure, was "one of the most significant technical and musical achievements of antiquity".[18] Essentially, the air to the pipes that produce the sound comes from a mechanism of a wind-chest connected by a pipe to a dome submerged in a tank of water. Air is pumped into the top of the dome, compressing the air and forcing water out the bottom; the displace water rises in the tank. This increased hydraulic head and the compression of the air in the dome provides a steady supply of air to the pipes[19][page needed] (also see Pipe organ#History). The instrument goes back to the ancient Greeks and a well-preserved model in pottery was found at Carthage in 1885.[20][not in citation given]

text: The hydraulis accompanied gladiator contests and events in the arena, as well as stage performances. It might also be found in homes, and was among the instruments that the emperor Nero played.[21]

text: Percussion[edit]

text:
Variations of a hinged wooden or metal device called a scabellum — a 'clapper' — used to beat time. Also, there were various rattles, bells and tambourines.
Drum and percussion instruments like timpani and castanets, the Egyptian sistrum, and brazen pans, served various musical and other purposes in ancient Rome, including backgrounds for rhythmic dance, celebratory rites like those of the Bacchantes, military uses, hunting (to drive out prey) and even for the control of bees in apiaries.[citation needed] Some Roman music was distinguished for its having a steady beat, no doubt through the use of drums and the percussive effects of clapping and stamping.[citation needed] Egyptian musicians often kept time by snapping the fingers.
The sistrum was a rattle consisting of rings strung across the cross-bars of a metal frame, which was often used for ritual purposes.
Cymbala (Lat. plural of cymbalum, from the Greek kymbalon) were small cymbals: metal discs with concave centres and turned rims, used in pairs which were clashed together.[22]

text: Music in society[edit]

text: In spite of the purported lack of musical originality on the part of the Romans, they did enjoy music greatly and used it for many activities. Music was also used in religious ceremonies. The Romans cultivated music as a sign of education.[23] Music contests were quite common and attracted a wide range of competition, including Nero himself, who performed widely as an amateur and once traveled to Greece to compete.[24]

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Synaulia, Music of Ancient Rome, Vol. I – Wind Instruments - Amiata Records ARNR 1396, Florence, 1996.
Synaulia, Music of Ancient Rome, Vol. II – String Instruments - Amiata Records, ARNR 0302, Rome, 2002.
Thaleia, Carmina Canere Music of Ancient Rome, Vol. I –Tarragona - Spain 2012.
Ludi Scaenici, E Tempore Emergo - Rome, Italy - 2001
Ludi Scaenici, Festina Lente - Rome, Italy - 2011
Ensemble Kérylos, dir. Annie Bélis, De la pierre au son : musique de l'antiquité, K617, 1996.
Ensemble Kérylos, dir. Annie Bélis, D'Euripide aux premiers chrétiens : musique de l'antiquité, 2016.


document_title: Tesla Model 3

question_text: when will the first tesla model 3 be delivered

text: Tesla Model 3

text: Early announcements and planning[edit]

text: Company officials said the standard model of the all-electric car will have an estimated EPA-rated range of 220 miles (350 km), a five-passenger seating capacity, front and rear trunks, and promised sports car levels of acceleration performance.[better source needed][29][30] With the introduction of the dual-motor all-wheel-drive version, this time will inevitably drop even lower, especially with the guarantee from Elon Musk that there will be a ludicrous version as well.[31] Tesla said it would have a 5-Star safety rating and have a drag coefficient of Cd=0.23.[32] This will be lower than the Tesla Model S drag coefficient of Cd=0.24, which, in 2014, was the lowest among current production cars.[32]

text: Industry experts were dubious when, in May 2016, Tesla announced its decision to advance its 500,000 total-unit build plan (combined for Model S, Model X, and Model 3) to 2018, two years earlier than previously planned, in order to accelerate its target for Model 3 output.[33][34][35] As predicted, there were "production bottlenecks" and "production hell". Tesla issued US$2 billion in new shares to the stock market to finance the plan.[36]

text: The company plans for the Model 3 are part of Tesla's three-step strategy to start with a high-price vehicle and move progressively towards lower-cost vehicles, while the battery and electric drivetrain were improved and paid for through the sales of the Roadster, Model S, and Model X vehicles.[37]

text: Model naming[edit]

text: The Model 3 was codenamed Tesla BlueStar in the original business plan in 2007.[38][39] The name Model 3, originally stylized as "Model ☰", was announced on Musk's Twitter account on July 16, 2014,[40] however, the intended name was Model E that was abandoned due to Ford's trademark on the name; Musk wanted the three current models to spell SEX, but settled with "S3X".[41] In early 2017, after trademark opposition from Adidas,[42] the triplicate horizontal-bar stylization was abandoned and changed to a numeric "3".[43]

text: Market[edit]

text: In September 2015, Tesla announced that the Model 3 would be unveiled in March 2016.[44] In January 2016, Musk said that the first official pictures of the car will be revealed at the end of March 2016.[45] Delivery would begin in late 2017 first on the US West Coast and then move eastwards.[46] Tesla collected deposits from prospective buyers to reserve a car.[better source needed][47] In February 2016, Tesla indicated that the unveiling would be on March 31, 2016.[48] Employees of Tesla[49][50] and SpaceX were given early access to Model 3 reservation,[51] and about 10,000 signed up without discount,[52] scheduled to receive the first batch of cars.[53][54] Current owners of Tesla vehicles will get priority sales after employees but before the general public, as a reward for helping pay for the development of the Model 3.[54] Early production is usually more flawed: both the Model S and the Model X had several problems at the start of their production,[55][54] but have since improved.[56]

text: On the morning of March 31, 2016, tens of thousands of people waited in lines to place the refundable deposit to reserve a Model 3 for 2017 delivery.[57][58] During the Model 3 unveiling event, Tesla said that over 115,000 people had reserved the Model 3 in less than 24 hours prior;[59][60] more cars than Tesla had sold by that time.[12] 24 hours after opening reservations, Tesla had advanced orders for over 180,000 cars.[better source needed][61][62] Two days later, Tesla said they had 232,000 reservations.[12][63]

text: One week after the unveiling, Tesla said it had over 325,000 reservations.[13] Musk said that 5% of reservations correspond to the maximum of two vehicles allowed per customer, "suggesting low levels of speculation",[64] and that 93% of Model 3 reservations are from new buyers who do not currently own a Tesla.[54] The previous record for advance deposits on a car was the 1955 Citroën DS that had 80,000 deposits during the ten days of the Paris Auto Show, while the Model 3 had 232,000 reservations in two days.[12]

text: According to Tesla's global vice-president Robin Ren, China is the second-largest market for the Model 3 after the US.[65] Tesla said the number of net reservations totaled about 373,000 as of May 15, 2016[update], after about 8,000 customer cancellations and about 4,200 reservations canceled by the automaker because these appeared to be duplicates from speculators.[66][67] Upon its release in July 2017, there had been over 500,000 reservations for the Model 3,[68] with Musk later clarifying there were a net of 455,000 reservations outstanding.[15]

text: Design[edit]

text: In 2013, design chief Franz von Holzhausen said that the Model 3 will "be an Audi A4, BMW 3 Series, Mercedes-Benz C-Class type of vehicle that will offer everything: range, affordability, and performance" that is targeted toward the mass market.[69] While technology from Tesla's Model S will be used in the Model 3,[70] it will be 20% smaller than the Model S[71] and have its own unique design.[72] According to Tesla's CTO, JB Straubel, in October 2015, most Tesla engineers were working on the 3 rather than S or X.[73][74] Since electric cars have lower cooling needs than combustion cars,[dubious – discuss] the Model 3 does not have a front grille. Musk intended for the final design to be released on June 30, 2016[75] but when the design was finished on July 27, it was not publicly released.[76] After the final design of the first Model 3, any further changes would be included in future versions of the Model 3.[77] The optional glass roof developed by Tesla Glass will be made of the same glass used for Tesla's roof tiles;[78] a glass roof was introduced on the Model S in late 2016.[79]

text: Production[edit]

text: The Model 3 is mostly steel, with some aluminum.[80] Tesla plans to increase the size of the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California to accommodate Model 3 production,[81][82][83]

text: Production stages[edit]

text: In May 2016, Tesla told its suppliers that it intended to double earlier-announced Model 3 production targets to 100,000 in 2017 and 400,000 in 2018 due to demand, which suppliers[84][85] and many experts viewed as unattainable.[86][87] In the Tesla Factory, paint lines for 500,000 automobiles commenced in 2015, and some stamping equipment for the Model 3 was operational by August 2016.[88] Tesla bought Grohmann Engineering, experienced in automated manufacturing, January 2017. This acquisition launched Tesla Advanced Automation Germany, which Tesla said would develop manufacturing processes to be used initially in Model 3 production.[89] According to Tesla in late 2016, the company expected to invest between US$2 billion and US$2.5 billion in capital expenditures ahead of the start of Model 3 production.[89]

text: After the two Alpha prototypes were shown (silver and black; red was a shell) in April 2016, Tesla finished the design in late July 2016. Tesla ordered parts equivalent to 300 Beta prototypes in August 2016, preparing for development of the assembly line. As of August 2016, the company intended to make release candidates for testing prior to actual production.[90][91] Tesla began building Model 3 prototypes in early February 2017 as part of the testing of the vehicle design and manufacturing processes. Tesla said in late 2016 that initial crash test results had been positive.[89]

text: In October 2016, Tesla said its production timeline was on schedule.[92][93][94] Again in February 2017, Tesla said that vehicle development, supply chain and manufacturing are on track to support volume deliveries of the Model 3 in the second half of 2017. Limited vehicle production began in July 2017 and volume production was scheduled at that time to start by September 2017. As of February 2017, Tesla planned to ramp up production to exceed 5,000 vehicles per week in Q4 2017 and reach 10,000 vehicles per week in 2018.[89] However, Tesla missed their Q4 production target by far, as only 2,425 vehicles were produced during the entire 3-month period.[95][96] 5 months before, Musk claimed on Twitter that Tesla would be able to produce 20,000 Model 3 per month by December of the same year. Tesla's actual production numbers were therefore 93% lower than his prediction.[95]

text: Gigafactory 1 had been intended to produce battery packs for Model 3 and it was announced in January 2017 that Tesla would also manufacture drive units at Gigafactory 1.[97] In February 2017, Tesla said that installation of Model 3 manufacturing equipment was underway in the Fremont factory and at Gigafactory 1, where in January, production of battery cells for energy-storage products began, which have the same form-factor as the cells that will be used in Model 3.[89]

text: Deliveries[edit]

text: As industry experts had predicted, Tesla did not meet the announced delivery targets.[98][99] The first delivery was on July 7, 2017, to Musk himself.[100] The first 30 production units were delivered on July 28, 2017.[101]

text:
Tesla Model 3 deliveries by quarter

Quarter
Units sold

Q3 2017[102]

220

Q4 2017[103]

1,550

Q1 2018[104]

8,180

tag: table

text: In early July 2017, Musk forecast at least six months of serious production difficulties.[105] Tesla's announced goal at that time was to produce 1,500 units in the third quarter of 2017, increasing to 20,000 per month by December 2017[106], but only 260 vehicles were manufactured during the third quarter. The company blamed product bottlenecks but said there were "no fundamental issues with the Model 3 production or supply chain" and expressed confidence about its ability to resolve the bottlenecks in the near future.[107][108] Tesla delivered 1,542 Model 3 cars in the fourth quarter of 2017,[21] about 2,900 less than Wall Street estimations, which were already halved previously after Tesla published the company's third quarter report.[109] Customer deliveries totaled 1,764 units in 2017.[20][21] By early November 2017, Musk postponed the target date for manufacturing 5,000 of the vehicles per week from December 2017 to March 2018.[110][23][110] An analyst with Cowan and Company, an investment banking firm, said "Elon Musk needs to stop over-promising and under-delivering".[111] In February 2018, the company stated that it targets weekly Model 3 production rates of 2,500 by the end of the March 2018 and 5,000 by the end of June.[21]

text: An estimated 1,875 cars were delivered in January 2018, making the Model 3 the top selling plug-in car in the U.S. that month.[112]

text: Specifications[edit]

text: The base Model 3 has a 50 kWh battery and a range of about 200 mi (320 km), and the extra-cost optional is 75 kWh battery has a range of about 310 mi (500 km).[6][113] The 2170-size lithium-ion cells,[114] have a higher energy density than the 18650-size lithium-ion cells used in previous Tesla vehicles by as much as 30%.[115]

text: The standard Model 3 battery pack is made of four longitudinal modules each containing the individual battery cells.[116] For the standard-range Model 3 there are 2,976 cells arranged in groups of 31 cells.[116] For the long-range Model 3, there are 4,416 cells arranged in groups of 46 cells.[116]

text:
Specifications of the Tesla Model 3

Model
Standard Range
Long Range

Range
220 mi (350 km)[117]
310 mi (500 km)[117]

Acceleration
5.6 second 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) time[117][118]
5.1 second 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) time[119][120]

Top speed
130 mph (210 km/h)[121]
140 mph (225 km/h)[121]

Battery capacity
50 kWh (180 MJ)[117]
75 kWh (270 MJ)[122][115][3][123]

DC charging
130 miles (210 km) range available after 30 minutes[124]
170 miles (270 km) range available after 30 minutes[119]

AC charging
30 miles (48 km) range per hour (240V outlet, 32A)[117]
37 miles (60 km) range per hour (240V outlet, 40A)[117]

AC voltage
Worldwide electrical voltage and amperage charging compatibility[125]

Autonomous capacity
Some active safety autonomy[118][126]

Layout
Rear-wheel drive[118][127]

Luggage
Rear 12 cu ft (340 L) and front 3 cu ft (85 L) trunks with 15 cu ft (425 L) total volume[118][128][129]

Rear seat
60/40-split-folding rear seat[10][130]

Roof
Center-roof-panel options: standard metal, glass,[118] roof rack[131] and probably solar[132]

Display
Single center-mounted 15.4-inch (39 cm) LCD touchscreen in landscape orientation that combines the instrument cluster and infotainment[133][4]

Entry
Keyless NFC keycard and Bluetooth smartphone connection for vehicle access[134]

Roof
Rear roof area is one continuous piece of glass[118]

Wheels
18-inch (460 mm) diameter

Optional upgrades

Driver assistance
Enhanced Autopilot's lane-keeping, lane-changing, and self-parking modes[135]

Paint
Non-black metallic-paint colors

Wheels
19-inch (480 mm) diameter

Layout
Dual-motor all-wheel drive (production to begin in the second quarter of 2018)[9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Car-design columnist and former car designer for GM Robert Cumberford said the Model 3 "is an excellent design" and praised the front fascia skin that he thinks is superior to the black plastic simulated grille of the pre-refresh Model S.[136][137] Cumberford praised the Model 3's minimalist design, and "elegant simplicity" akin to Apple products.[138] Although he criticized the car's spoiler, he said the Model 3 has a design that would age well, and "in 10 years it will still look contemporary and beautifully understated, not old and irrelevant."[138]

text: Motor Trend said the nose was controversial and polarizing, but probably intentionally so.[139] Vanity Fair and others compared the Model 3 to the Ford Model T for its intended affordability as a volume-produced electric vehicle[140][141][142][143] and for its limited set of options, namely range, wheels and exterior color of which all but black costs extra.[144][145] Automotive journalist Doug DeMuro said the Model 3 was better, though $2,000 more expansive than, the BMW 340i and that it was the "coolest car of the year," later clarifying that this was based on the "long waiting lists, obsessive interest and news stories."[146] Alex Roy said that DeMuro's review had concentrated on hardware details and missed out on the bigger picture.[143]

text: Automotive industry analyst Toni Sacconaghi of AllianceBernstein said after driving the latest Tesla vehicle in November 2017 that "Overall, we found the Model 3 to be a compelling offering, and believe it is likely to further galvanize the overall Electric Vehicle category." He was less impressed with build quality of the test samples. "Fit and finish on the two demo cars we saw—perhaps not surprisingly—was relatively poor." He said that there were quality issues at first with the Model X which led to some concern. "This is going to be a much, much higher-volume car, and if there are any quality issues, that could overwhelm the service centers and undermine the Tesla brand." Nonetheless, Sacconaghi was impressed with the ride quality, performance and interior space, and concluded that the 3 "risks cannibalizing the [very expensive] Model S going forward." [147]

text: Road and Track's Bob Sorokanich said the "Model 3 proves that Tesla is thinking far beyond the edges of the Model S and X. Stepping out of the 3, you realize that, as far as the S and X pushed the envelope, they were always meant as intermediaries, stepping stones designed to draw people away from comfortable convention and into the future of the automobile. ... The Model 3 is Tesla at its most unabashed. It's an automaker finally willing to abandon the skeuomorphism of a false radiator grille, the tradition of a driver-oriented gauge panel."[148]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Popular Mechanics named the Tesla Model 3 the magazine's Car of the Year. Popular Mechanics said the car representing the future of motoring, with "ferocious" acceleration, and novel and reliable autonomous features. The review said the car lacked a head-up display, but was overall impressive.[149]

text: In 2018, the Model 3 was given the 2018 Design of the Year award by Automobile magazine.[138]


document_title: Mesenteric arteries

question_text: where do the blood vessels in the mesenteries lead

text: Mesenteric arteries

text: The mesenteric arteries take blood from the aorta and distribute it to a large portion of the gastrointestinal tract.

text: Both the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries arise from the abdominal aorta.[1] Each of these arteries travel through the mesentery, within which they branch several times before reaching the gut. In humans, many of these branches are named, but in smaller animals the branches are more variable. In some animals, including humans, branches of these arteries join with the marginal artery of the colon, which means that occlusion of one of the main arteries does not necessarily lead to the death of the part of the gut that it usually supplies.

text: The term mesenteric artery is also used to describe smaller branches of these vessels which, particularly in smaller animals, provide a significant source of vascular resistance. These branches have a dense innervation by sympathetic nerves, allowing the brain to control their diameter and hence the resistance to blood flow to the gut. This is of particular importance when blood flow is required elsewhere, such as in exercise or shock, where a large proportion of the blood is required to supply the needs of skeletal muscle; by constricting the smaller mesenteric vessels, the resistance of blood flow to the gut increases, and hence blood flows more readily to other organs.[2]


document_title: Chrysler 300

question_text: what is the length of a chrysler 300

question_tokens: what is the length of a chrysler 300

text: Chrysler 300

text: First generation (2005–2010)[edit]

text:
First generation
OverviewAlso called
Chrysler 300CProduction
January 2004–2010Model years
2005–2010[3]Assembly
Brampton, Ontario, Canada (Brampton Assembly)[4] Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr) (2005–2010)Beijing, China (Beijing Benz) (2006–2009)[5]Designer
Ralph Gilles (2001)Freeman Thomas (2001)Body and chassisBody style
4-door notchback sedan5-door station wagon (Europe, Australia)Platform
Chrysler LX platformRelated
Dodge ChargerDodge ChallengerDodge MagnumMercedes-Benz E-Class (W211)PowertrainEngine
2.7 L EER V63.5 L EGG V65.7 L EZB HEMI V86.1 L ESF HEMI V8 3.0 L OM642 turbodiesel V6Transmission
4-speed 42RLE automatic5-speed W5A580 automaticDimensionsWheelbase
120.0 in (3,048 mm)[6]Length
197.8 in (5,024 mm)Width
74.1 in (1,882 mm)Height
58.4 in (1,483 mm) SRT8: 57.9 in (1,471 mm)Curb weight
3,721–4,046 lb (1,688–1,835 kg )[7][8]

text: The 300 debuted as a concept at the 2003 New York International Auto Show with styling by Ralph Gilles and production starting in January 2004 for the 2005 model year. The Chrysler 300 was designed as a modern interpretation of the Chrysler C-300 (and the letter series Chryslers that followed), featuring a large grille, long hood and low roofline that was prominent on those vehicles. The styling retained many elements of the 1998 Chrysler Chronos concept car, such as chrome interior accents and tortoiseshell finishings on the steering wheel and shifter knob.[9]

text: The Chrysler 300 is based on the rear-wheel drive Chrysler LX platform with components derived from the W211 Mercedes-Benz E-Class of 2003 to 2009.[10] Shared components include the rear suspension design, front seat frames, wiring harnesses, steering column, the 5-speed automatic transmission's design, and a derivative of the 4Matic all-wheel drive system.

text: Model range[edit]

text: Base[edit]

text: The basic 300 (or 300C in some countries) comes with standard 17-inch wheels, wheel covers, four-wheel disc brakes, single disc MP3 player, auxiliary input jack, power driver seat and a four-speed automatic transmission. It uses a 2,736 cc (2.736 L; 167.0 cu in) EER V6 making 190 hp (140 kW). In Canada, it comes standard with the Touring model's 3,518 cc (3.5 L; 214.7 cu in) V6 engine. The vehicle comes with standard rear wheel drive and available all wheel drive. The basic 300 model was renamed to LX for 2008 and remains as the code-name for the platform.[11]

text: Touring[edit]

text: The Touring model uses a 3,518 cc (3.5 L; 214.7 cu in) V6, producing 250 hp (190 kW) and 250 lb⋅ft (340 N⋅m) of torque, either a 4 or 5spd transmission depending on the year and drive configuration, and comes with 17-inch aluminium wheels, AM/FM radio with CD player and auxiliary audio jack, Electronic Stability Program (ESP), remote keyless entry, leather trimmed seats, and SIRIUS satellite radio. This model was renamed Touring Plus for the 2009 and 2010 model years.[11]

text: Limited[edit]

text: The Limited model included the Touring model's 3.5 L V6 engine, generating 250 hp (190 kW) and 250 lb⋅ft (340 N⋅m) and either a 4 or 5 speed transmission depending on the year and drive configuration. Additional features included 18-inch chrome-clad aluminium wheels, anti-roll bars.

text: The top-of-the-line 300C version uses a 5.7 L (345 cu in) Hemi V8.[11] Using the Multidisplacement System (MDS), this engine can run on four cylinders when less power is needed in order to reduce total fuel consumption. The USEPA-rated fuel consumption of the 300C is: 15 miles per US gallon (16 L/100 km; 18 mpg‑imp) city, and 23 miles per US gallon (10 L/100 km; 28 mpg‑imp) highway. When all eight cylinders are needed, the 300C can make 340 hp (250 kW) and 390 lb⋅ft (530 N⋅m) torque. It uses a five-speed automatic transmission and comes standard with 18-inch chrome-clad alloy wheels, Chrysler's MyGIG Infotainment System in 2008 and SIRIUS Satellite Radio and Backseat Television in 2008. The HEMI cylinder heads necessitate the use of a double rocker arm shaft configuration, with a cam-in-block, overhead valve (OHV) pushrod design. There are two spark plugs per cylinder to promote efficient fuel/air mixture burn and thereby reduce emissions. In 2009–2010 power output was increased to 360 hp (268 kW; 365 PS).

text: The SRT-8 model was equipped with a 6.1-liter Hemi engine producing 425 hp (317 kW; 431 PS) at 6,200 rpm and 420 pound force-feet (570 N⋅m) of torque at 4,800 rpm. The SRT8 can hit 0–60 mph in 4.9 seconds.[12]

text: Other variants[edit]

text: Station wagon[edit]

text: The 300C was sold in Europe, Australia, and Japan as both a four-door notchback sedan and a five-door station wagon. The five-door station wagon was sold as the 300C Touring (not to be confused with the North American notchback sedan's "Touring" trim level), which shared much of its sheet metal aft of the C-pillar and wheel designs with the Dodge Magnum. The base Chrysler 300 was not sold in Europe, instead all cars came with the 300C body style/interior and a choice of either V6 diesel or V8 gasoline powerplants. The economical Mercedes-based V6 diesel was popular in Europe, where gasoline prices are high. All 300C Touring models, along with European 300C sedans and right-hand drive models were assembled by Magna Steyr in Graz, Austria beginning in June 2005.[13] Steyr insisted on upgrading suspension components to suit European tastes. The five-door station wagon bodystyle was discontinued after the first generation.

text: Diesel (2006–2011)[edit]

text: In Europe and Australia, the 300C was available with a Mercedes-Benz 3.0 L diesel V6 engine (internal code OM642) rated 218 PS (160 kW; 215 hp)@3800rpm and 376 lb⋅ft (510 N⋅m)@1600rpm. Fuel economy for the 300C diesel is rated at 26.2 mpg‑US (9.0 L/100 km; 31.5 mpg‑imp) City, 42.8 mpg‑US (5.50 L/100 km; 51.4 mpg‑imp) Highway and 34.9 mpg‑US (6.74 L/100 km; 41.9 mpg‑imp) on the combined cycle. Acceleration from 0–60 mph happens in 7.9 seconds while the top speed remains the same as the gasoline V6 (140 mph (230 km/h)).

text: The 2008 UK models included the 300C SRT-Design model in sedan or Touring body, which included SRT 20-inch alloy wheels and wheel arch spats, chrome mesh grille, MyGIG satellite navigation, SRT-8 steering wheel, SRT-8 leather sports seats and carbon fiber interior details.[14]

text: ASC Helios 300[edit]

text: ASC created a convertible version of the Chrysler 300C, dubbed the ASC Helios 300, and unveiled it at the North American International Auto Show in early 2005. Despite rumours, Chrysler confirmed that the vehicle would not be produced.[15][16]

text: Executive Series 300[edit]

text: The Walter P. Chrysler Executive Series 300 was an extended wheelbase version shown at the 2006 New York Auto Show. It added six inches (152 mm) to the rear passenger compartment.[17]

text:
Heritage Edition 300C
The Chrysler 300C Heritage Edition debuted in 2006 and was a performance oriented trim that used the 5.7 Hemi and had styling cues from the Chrysler 300 "letter series" of the 1950s and the 1960s.[18]

text: Reception and legacy[edit]

text: In the USA, the 300C enjoyed a wave of popularity in the mid-2000s, aided by celebrity owners (including US President Barack Obama,[19]) and appearances in music videos. In 2004, rapper Snoop Dogg famously called then-Chrysler CEO, Dieter Zetsche, asking for his own 300C; he later appeared in a commercial for the car alongside Lee Iacocca.[20] The 300C was ranked #12 in a Complex.com article, "The 25 Most Iconic Hip-Hop Cars" due to its popularity in many hip-hop music videos following its introduction.[21] Chrysler 300 designer Ralph Gilles reflected on the vehicle's success in 2008, saying that the "300 turned out to be a bit of an icon for Chrysler".[22]

text: In the UK, the BBC Top Gear team described the 300C as "something different with a bit of kitsch gangster cool". They praised the spacious and well-equipped interior and the low price while criticizing the quality of materials, ride, steering and low engine torque.[23] The first generation model was popular with British buyers who regarded it as the "poor man's Bentley".[24]

text: On Hip-hop artist Drake's album Views, the song "Keep The Family Close" references the Chrysler 300 with the lyrics: "Always saw you for what you could've been / Ever since you met me / Like when Chrysler made that one car that looked just like the Bentley".[25]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The 300C was the 2005 Motor Trend Car of the Year.[26] It was on Car and Driver's Ten Best list for both 2005 and 2006.[27][28] Automobile Magazine named it its Automobile of the Year.[29]

text: It also won the North American Car of the Year award.[30] It was voted Canadian Car of the Year by automobile journalists as the Best New Luxury Car.[31]

text: Receiving numerous other recognitions during its debut year, it was promoted as being one of the most awarded new cars ever.[32]

text: The 300C was also included in the finalists for 2005 World Car of the Year, but final points total put it in fifth place equal to the BMW 1-series.[33]

text: Second generation LD (2011–present)[edit]

text:
Second generation
OverviewAlso called
Lancia Thema (Europe)Chrysler 300C (global)Production
2011–presentModel years
2011–presentAssembly
Brampton, Ontario, Canada (Brampton Assembly)[4]Body and chassisBody style
4-door notchback sedanPlatform
Chrysler LD platformRelated
Dodge ChargerDodge ChallengerPowertrainEngine
3.6 L Pentastar V65.7 L HEMI V86.4 L HEMI V83.0 L VM A630 turbodiesel V6Transmission
5-speed 5G-Tronic automatic  8-speed 8HP45 automatic [34]DimensionsWheelbase
120.2 in (3,053 mm)Length
198.6 in (5,044 mm)Width
75.1 in (1,908 mm)Height
58.4 in (1,483 mm)

text: A mildly redesigned 300 was introduced in 2011 as a four-door notchback sedan, the five-door station wagon version of the 300 having been retired.

text: Exterior design[edit]

text: Exterior changes included revised sheet metal, thinner roof pillars, a more raked windshield, bi-xenon HID projector headlights, LED daytime running strips within the headlights, new taillights with LEDs and a horizontally slotted front grille with an updated version of the Chrysler winged brand emblem. Options included a dual-pane panoramic sunroof and 20-inch polished-aluminium wheels.

text: Variants[edit]

text: The 2011 model was offered in Touring, Limited, 300C, and 300C AWD trim levels. Touring and Limited trims included the Pentastar V6, while the 300C line offered a standard 5.7 HEMI.[35]

text:
A new 300C Executive Series luxury trim level was introduced alongside a new 300S trim at the 2011 New York International Auto Show. The Executive/Luxury Series was also sold in Europe, rebranded as the Lancia Thema from 2011–2014.
The sport themed 300S featured black treatment for grille and headlamps, 20-inch polished-face aluminium wheels with black painted pockets, 10-speaker Beats by Dr. Dre sound system,[36] and steering wheel mounted paddle shifters.[37]

text: SRT[edit]

text:
An SRT version was unveiled at the 2011 New York International Auto Show, powered by a 6.4-litre 392 HEMI V8 engine.
The 6.4 392 Hemi engine is also used in other Chrysler Group SRT vehicles. With 470 hp (350 kW), the new 300 SRT can go from zero to 60 mph (97 km/h) in the low 4 second range.[38]

text: In addition to the increase in power, the SRT receives specific exterior trim including a lower front fascia, large exhaust tips, body color instead of chrome trim and large 20-inch aluminium wheels. The car also gets a lowered, sportier suspension setup and a large Brembo brake package.[39]

text: The 300 SRT (or SRT8) was discontinued for the 2015 model year in the United States, but is still sold in Australia, New Zealand, and the Middle East. Contrary to past statements by Chrysler, the 300 SRT is still sold in left-hand drive abroad.[40]

text: Special editions[edit]

text:
Mopar '12, available as a 2012 model year vehicle. This Special Edition Chrysler 300 was designed by Mopar Performance to mark Mopar's 75th anniversary. Featuring a 3:91 gear ratio, sport-tuned suspension, and unique badging, only 500 Mopar Edition 300's were made.
300S Glacier Edition, available in the fall of 2012 as a 2013 model year vehicle. Based on the Chrysler 300S, the Glacier Edition adds signature details not found on other Chrysler 300 models.
The 300 Motown Edition model sales began in the spring of 2013. The Motown Edition is a tribute to the Motown genre of music. Additions to the Chrysler 300C features include special chrome wheels, a Beats by Dr. Dre ten-speaker sound system, "Motown Edition" badges on the front fenders, as well as 100 Motown songs preloaded on a USB drive.[41] Berry Gordy, Jr., the creator of the Motown genre, appears in a 2012 TV ad for the Chrysler 300 Motown Edition, promoting his musical, and saying "This is Motown. And this is what we do". The song playing in the commercial is "Ain't No Mountain High Enough".
John Varvatos Edition available in 2013 and 2014 in "Luxury" or "Limited" trim.[42] Each version featured unique exterior and interior colors and materials.
In early 2016, Chrysler announced a new 300S Alloy Edition. Features included dark bronze 20" wheels (19" on AWD) and 300S badge, titanium exhaust tips and wing badge, as well as gloss-black window, headlight and taillight accents.

text: Powertrain[edit]

text:
The predecessors' 2.7- and 3.5-litre engines were replaced with Chrysler's new 3.6-litre Pentastar V6 engine producing 292 horsepower (218 kW) and 260 lb⋅ft (350 N⋅m) of torque. The 5.7-litre HEMI V8 engine remained available with 363 horsepower. A 3.0-litre VM Motori V6 turbodiesel is also available in Europe, and Australia.[43]
Beginning with model year 2012 all V6 models were equipped with the 8-speed 8HP45 automatic transmission, licensed from ZF Friedrichshafen.[44]

text:
Chrysler

Model
Engine
Displacement
Power @ rpm
Torque @ rpm
Years

Touring

3.6 V6 Pentastar

3,604 cc (219.9 cu in)

296 PS (218 kW; 292 hp) @ 6350 rpm

350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) @ 4800 rpm

2011–

Limited

300S[45]
3.6 V6 Pentastar
3,604 cc (219.9 cu in)
304 PS (224 kW; 300 hp)
350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) @ 4800 rpm
2011–

300C and 300S (2012)
5.7 V8 HEMI
5,654 cc (345.0 cu in)
368 PS (271 kW; 363 hp) @ 5150 rpm
527 N⋅m (389 lb⋅ft) @ 4250 rpm
2011–

300 SRT-8
6.4L 392 Hemi V8 engine
6,430 cc (392 cu in)
477 PS (351 kW; 470 hp)
637 N⋅m (470 lb⋅ft)
2012–

Lancia - (Chrysler UK)

Petrol

3.6 V6 Pentastar

3,604 cc (219.9 cu in)

286 PS (210 kW; 282 hp) @ 6350 rpm

340 N⋅m (250 lb⋅ft) @ 4650 rpm

2011–2014

Diesel

3.0 V6 VM Motori A630

2,987 cc (182.3 cu in)

190 PS (140 kW; 190 hp) @ 4000 rpm

440 N⋅m (320 lb⋅ft) @ 1600–2800 rpm

2011–2014

239 PS (176 kW; 236 hp) @ 4000 rpm

550 N⋅m (410 lb⋅ft) @ 1800–2800 rpm

text: Source for Lancia[46]

text: Interior changes[edit]

text: Interior changes included a revised instrument panel with localized "soft-touch" materials, 8.4-inch Uconnect Touch, new steering wheel and center console, and standard leather seating on all trim levels. Both seat-mounted and curtain side airbags were standard.

text: 2015 facelift[edit]

text: In late 2014 a facelift version of the 300 was introduced. Changes include:

text:
Full speed-range Adaptive Cruise Control with Stop
Full-Speed Forward Collision Warning (FCW) with Active Braking
Lane Departure Warning with Lane Keep Assist
Uconnect Systems: Bluetooth Streaming Audio, Uconnect Voice Command and Bluetooth (with Uconnect Access). The 8.4AN System adds, navigation, featuring full-color 3-D graphics and HD Radio
7-inch customizable Driver Information Display (DID) electronic instrument cluster
Standard TorqueFlite eight-speed automatic transmission with Rotary E-shift
Restyled front and rear fascia
New black and silver mesh chrome grille

text: Marketing[edit]

text: As part of the 2011 Chrysler 300 advertising campaign, three TV commercials were produced. "Homecoming" featured Detroit Lions defensive lineman Ndamukong Suh driving through his rainy hometown of Portland, Oregon, in his new 2011 Chrysler 300, retracing his humble beginnings. "Attitude" featured John Varvatos seeking inspiration at a record store in Brooklyn and record under his arm and into his Chrysler 300. "Good Things" featured Dr. Dre driving through the streets of Los Angeles in a Beats by Dre equipped 2012 Chrysler 300.[47]

text: The 'See It Through' TV commercial featured the Chrysler 300 and notable Detroit locals, including Detroit Lion Ndamukong Suh and a poem written in 1917 by Edgar Guest titled "See It Through".[48]

text: Safety[edit]

text: The Lancia version was safety tested by Euro NCAP in autumn 2011 and got the following results:

text:
Euro NCAP test results

Lancia Thema (2011)[49]

Test

Points

%

Overall:

Adult occupant:

29.7

83%

Child occupant:

37.7

77%

Pedestrian:

21.3

59%

Safety assist:

5

71%

text: Concept cars[edit]

text:
In 2000, Chrysler introduced the 300 HEMI C,[50] a 2+2 convertible powered by the new 5.7 litre HEMI engine with 353 hp (263 kW) and 353 lb⋅ft (479 N⋅m) of torque. It had rear wheel drive and a four-speed automatic transmission. It was capable of 0–60 mph in under 6 seconds.
In 1991, Chrysler introduced a Monteverdi High Speed inspired concept 300,[51] employing the Dodge Viper engine. It was inspired by a 1970s Swiss-built sedan powered by Chrysler.

text: Sales[edit]

text:
Calendar year

US

Canada

2004[52]

112,930

10,048

2005[52]

144,068

14,654

2006[53]

143,647

13,316

2007[53]

120,636

10,021

2008[54]

62,352

7,443

2009[55]

38,606

5,234

2010[56]

37,116

4,180

2011[57]

36,285

3,045

2012[58]

70,747

5,760

2013[59]

57,724

5,375

2014[60]

53,382

4,117

2015[61]

53,109

4,443

2016[62]

53,241

3,662

2017[63]

51,237

3,838

Total sales to date

1,035,080

95,136


document_title: May the Good Lord Bless and Keep You

question_text: who sang may the good lord bless and keep you

text: May the Good Lord Bless and Keep You

text: "May the Good Lord Bless and Keep You" is a popular song by Meredith Willson, originally published in 1950.

text: The song is now considered a standard, recorded by many artists.

text: It was used as Tallulah Bankhead's theme song for her NBC radio program, "The Big Show." Bankhead would recite the words in her husky voice, with guest stars joining in reciting the words, one line per star, which made a memorable ending for the show.

text: However, it was most popular when it was regularly sung by Kate Smith on her early 1950s TV show as the closing song.

text: Notable recordings[edit]

text: Many singers have recorded the song, including:

text:
Eddy Arnold, The Tennessee Plough Boys and his Guitar recorded in New York City on December 13, 1950. It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-0425 (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number MH 148.[1]
Jose Mari Chan - included in his album Christmas in Our Hearts (1990).
Perry Como - for his album When You Come to the End of the Day (1958)
Bing Crosby - a single release recorded December 13, 1950 for Decca Records.[2]
Joni James - for her album Give Us This Day (1957).[3]
Katherine Jenkins - included in her album Sacred Arias (2008).
Teddy Johnson - A 1951 single release for Columbia Records in the UK. Included in the compilation album These Were Our Songs - The Early 50s.[4]
Frankie Laine - A single release on Mercury-5580 and included in his album Music, Maestro, Please (1952).[5]
Liberace - included in his album My Inspiration (1961).[6]
Johnny Mathis - for his album Good Night, Dear Lord (1959)
Jim Reeves - for his album Songs to Warm the Heart (1959).[7]
Cliff Richard - included in his album Good News (1967).[8]
Ernest Tubb - a single release for Decca in 1951.[9]
Tammy Wynette - included in her album Inspiration (1969)
Faron Young - for his album My Garden of Prayer (1959)


document_title: What We Do in the Shadows

question_text: where was what we do in the shadows filmed

text: What We Do in the Shadows

text: Plot[edit]

text: A documentary crew follows four vampire roommates — Viago, Vladislav, Deacon, and Petyr — who share a flat in the Wellington suburb of Te Aro. Although Viago, Vladislav, and Deacon are all several centuries old, they have retained normal human appearances, but the 8,000-year-old Petyr resembles Count Orlok and acts more savagely than the younger vampires. Each night, Viago, Vladislav, and Deacon prowl the streets of Wellington searching for people to kill, but they must stay in the flat during the day to avoid sunlight — which is lethal to vampires — and as such have not adapted to 21st-century life. Deacon has a human servant (familiar), Jackie, who runs errands for the vampires, but she is frustrated that Deacon will not turn her into a vampire as he has promised. Jackie leads her ex-boyfriend Nick to the vampire's flat so they can drink his blood; he escapes before they can kill him, but as he leaves the flat, Petyr attacks him and later turns Nick into a vampire.

text: Two months later the vampires accept Nick into their group and also bond with his human friend Stu, a computer programmer who shows them how to use modern technology such as YouTube (to watch sunrises) and cameras (so they can see themselves). Viago in particular is able to find Katherine, his love from many years past, now an old woman in a rest home in Wellington. Despite being able to get his new friends into more popular bars and clubs, Nick struggles to adapt to life as a vampire and carelessly reveals his secret to strangers he meets. One of these strangers, a vampire hunter, breaks into the flat during the day and kills Petyr by exposing him to sunlight. The vampires are furious when they discover Nick has indirectly caused Petyr's death, and banish him from the flat.

text: Some time later, the vampires receive an invitation to a masquerade ball, where they meet other undead and supernatural beings such as zombies and witches, as well as Vladislav's ex-girlfriend Pauline, whom he nicknamed "The Beast" due to their hard break-up. Nick, Stu and Jackie also attend. To Deacon's annoyance, Nick has turned Jackie into a vampire. When Pauline realizes that Stu and the camera-crew are human, the other guests try to kill them and Vladislav fights Pauline's new boyfriend. Stu saves Vladislav by impaling Pauline's boyfriend on a stick. The vampires manage to escape the ball with Stu and the film-crew, but encounter a group of werewolves who are about to transform in a forest. Stu and one of the cameramen are caught and attacked by the werewolves. Assuming Stu is dead, the vampires grieve for him.

text: A while later, Stu (having been turned into a werewolf himself) reappears, and eventually reconciles the werewolves with the vampires, who allow them to stay in their flat with them. Nick also resurfaces and is accepted back into the home. Viago reconnects with Katherine, turning her into a vampire and ensuring they can be together forever.

text: Scenes during the credits reveal that Vladislav has gotten back together with Pauline and Jackie has made her husband her new familiar. A post-credits scene shows Deacon attempting to hypnotize the audience to forget the events of the film.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Taika Waititi as Viago, aged 379 – the uptight leader of the household.
Jemaine Clement as Vladislav, aged 862 – a former tyrant with extreme powers.
Jonathan Brugh as Deacon, aged 183 – the "young rebel" of the group who is fond of knitting, erotic dancing, and "being cool."
Ben Fransham as Petyr, aged 8,000 – a Nosferatu-like vampire who lives on the bottom floor of the flat in a stone coffin and generally keeps to himself.[7][8]
Jackie Van Beek as Jackie – a human and Deacon's familiar who cleans up after the vampires and connects them with potential victims.
Cori Gonzalez-Macuer as Nick – an intended victim who is turned into a vampire by Petyr.
Stu Rutherford as Stu – Nick's best friend who introduces the vampires to modern technology.
Rhys Darby as Anton – the leader of a local pack of werewolves.
Ethel Robinson as Katherine – the love of Viago's life.
Elena Stejko as Pauline – Vladislav's ex-girlfriend whom he calls "The Beast."
Karen O'Leary as Officer O'Leary – an officer who gets called to the vampires' house.
Mike Minogue as Officer Minogue – an officer who gets called to the vampires' house.

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2016)

text: The film is based on a 2006 short film of the same name by Waititi and Clement. The new film was shot in Wellington in September 2012, and is Waititi's first feature since Boy.[5][6]

text: Stu Rutherford, an IT technician in real life, was initially told he would only have a bit part in the film so he would act more natural when filming his parts. He did not realize his role was so important until the film's premiere. Stu had a cameo appearance in the original short film.[9]

text: Waititi revealed that there was so much footage filmed that three cuts were made: one focused primarily on jokes, one focused on story, and the final cut, a mix of the two.[citation needed]

text: Music[edit]

text: The score for the film was composed by Plan 9.[10] The film's opening credits feature the song "You're Dead" by Norma Tanega, after Clement and Waititi were introduced to the song by film editor Tom Eagles.[11][12] The film's trailer and ending feature the song "Lastochka" by the Russian rock band Leningrad.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released in a limited release on February 13, 2015 in New York City and Los Angeles, followed by a screening in San Francisco, Irvine, Philadelphia, Boston, Seattle, and Washington, D.C.[13] The film received a regional release in the U.S. in March 2015, by Unison Films, The Orchard, and Paramount Pictures in association with Funny or Die and Paladin Pictures.[14]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: What We Do in the Shadows received critical acclaim and has a "Certified Fresh" score of 96% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 161 reviews with an average rating of 7.8 out of 10. It is rated #68 on the website's list of Top 100 comedies of all time. The critical consensus states: "Smarter, fresher, and funnier than a modern vampire movie has any right to be, What We Do in the Shadows is bloody good fun."[15] The film also has a score of 76 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews.[16]

text: Fearnet called the film "a great vampire comedy".[17] Film School Rejects wrote a predominantly positive review, commenting that some of the film's broader moments fell flat but compared it favorably to similar mockumentaries such as Best in Show.[18] The film was warmly received by UK newspapers, with The Guardian's film critic Peter Bradshaw describing it as "the best comedy of the year",[19] while The Telegraph's Tim Robey found it "desperately funny".[8] Film International, in a positive review, commended the film for noting, with a double of Count Orlok locked in the vampires' basement, that the true vampire film tradition is repressed by the current craze.[20] Variety was more critical, writing that "Some genre fans who prefer the silly to the satiric may bite, but the anemic pic isn't remotely weird or witty enough for cult immortality."[10]

text: Box office[edit]

text: What We Do in the Shadows grossed US$2 million[21] in New Zealand and $3.4 million in the US.[citation needed]

text: Home media[edit]

text: What We Do in the Shadows was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 26, 2014 by Weltkino Filmverleih.[citation needed]

text: Sequel and spin-off series[edit]

text: A sequel to the film, which will focus on the werewolves depicted in What We Do in the Shadows, is currently in development. Originally rumoured to be titled What We Do in the Moonlight, the working title was later announced as We're Wolves.[22][23]

text: In September 2016, it was revealed that Waititi and Clement are planning a procedural comedy series based on the cops, Karen and Mike, who had minor roles in the film, titled Paranormal Event Response Unit. The series is being funded by NZ On Air by granting Waititi and Clement $1 million to produce six 30-minute episodes for the series, which will air on New Zealand channel TVNZ 2.[24][25]


document_title: 2018 Winter Olympics medal table

question_text: who won the most gold medals in the 2018 olympics

text: 2018 Winter Olympics medal table

text: Medal table[edit]

text: The medal table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won, where nation is an entity represented by a National Olympic Committee (NOC). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If there is still a tie after that, then the nations shared the tied rank and are listed alphabetically according to their NOC code.

text: *   Host nation (South Korea)[12]

text:
Rank

NOC

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

1

 Norway (NOR)

14
14
11
39

2

 Germany (GER)

14
10
7
31

3

 Canada (CAN)

11
8
10
29

4

 United States (USA)

9
8
6
23

5

 Netherlands (NED)

8
6
6
20

6

 Sweden (SWE)

7
6
1
14

7

 South Korea (KOR)*

5
8
4
17

8

 Switzerland (SUI)

5
6
4
15

9

 France (FRA)

5
4
6
15

10

 Austria (AUT)

5
3
6
14

11

 Japan (JPN)

4
5
4
13

12

 Italy (ITA)

3
2
5
10

13

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)

2
6
9
17

14

 Czech Republic (CZE)

2
2
3
7

15

 Belarus (BLR)

2
1
0
3

16

 China (CHN)

1
6
2
9

17

 Slovakia (SVK)

1
2
0
3

18

 Finland (FIN)

1
1
4
6

19

 Great Britain (GBR)

1
0
4
5

20

 Poland (POL)

1
0
1
2

21

 Hungary (HUN)

1
0
0
1

 Ukraine (UKR)

1
0
0
1

23

 Australia (AUS)

0
2
1
3

24

 Slovenia (SLO)

0
1
1
2

25

 Belgium (BEL)

0
1
0
1

26

 Spain (ESP)

0
0
2
2

 New Zealand (NZL)

0
0
2
2

28

 Kazakhstan (KAZ)

0
0
1
1

 Latvia (LAT)

0
0
1
1

 Liechtenstein (LIE)

0
0
1
1

Total (30 NOCs)
103
102
102
307

text: Changes in medal standings[edit]

text:
Ruling date
Sport/Event
NOC

Total
Comment

List of official changes in medal standings (during the Games)

22 February 2018

CurlingMixed doubles

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)

−1
−1

On 18 February 2018, it was reported that Russian curler Alexander Krushelnitskiy failed a doping test for meldonium.[13][14] After the testing of the B sample, the Court of Arbitration for Sport confirmed that they were instituting the formal proceedings.[15] On 22 February 2018, Krushelnitskiy and his partner Anastasia Bryzgalova were stripped of their bronze medals in the mixed doubles.[16] The bronze medals were then awarded to the Norwegian mixed curling team, who had lost the bronze medal game to Krushelnitskiy and Bryzgalova.[17]

 Norway (NOR)

+1
+1