document_title: Automobile air conditioning

question_text: when did air conditioning became standard in cars

text: Automobile air conditioning

text: History[edit]

text: A company in New York City in the United States first offered installation of air conditioning for cars in 1933. Most of their customers operated limousines and luxury cars.[1]

text: In 1939, Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars.[2] These were manufactured by Bishop and Babcock Co, of Cleveland, Ohio. The "Bishop and Babcock Weather Conditioner" also incorporated a heater. Cars ordered with the new "Weather Conditioner" were shipped from Packard's East Grand Boulevard facility to the B&B factory where the conversion was performed. Once complete, the car was shipped to a local dealer where the customer would take delivery.

text: Packard fully warranted and supported this conversion, and marketed it well. However, it was not commercially successful for a number of reasons:

text:
The main evaporator and blower system took up half of the trunk space (though this became less of a problem as trunks became larger in the post-war period).
It was superseded by more efficient systems in the post-war years.
It had no temperature thermostat or shut-off mechanism other than switching the blower off. (Cold air would still sometimes enter the car with any movement as the drive belt was continuously connected to the compressor—later systems would use electrically operated clutches to remedy this problem.)
The several feet of plumbing going back and forth between the engine compartment and trunk proved unreliable in service.
The price, at US $274 ($4,692.12 in 2014 US dollars), was unaffordable to most people in post-depression/pre-war America.

text: The option was discontinued after 1941.[3]

text: Chrysler Airtemp[edit]

text: The 1953 Chrysler Imperial was one of the first production cars in twelve years to offer modern automobile air conditioning as an option, following tentative experiments by Packard in 1940 and Cadillac in 1941.[4] Walter Chrysler had seen to the invention of Airtemp air conditioning in the 1930s for the Chrysler Building, and had offered it on cars in 1941-42, and again in 1951-52.

text: The Airtemp was more advanced than rival automobile air conditioners by 1953. It was operated by a single switch on the dashboard marked with low, medium, and high positions. As the highest capacity unit available at that time, the system was capable of quickly cooling the passenger compartment and also reducing humidity, dust, pollen, and tobacco smoke. The system drew in more outside air than contemporary systems; thus, reducing the staleness associated with automotive air conditioning at the time. Instead of plastic tubes mounted on the rear window package shelf as on GM cars, small ducts directed cool air toward the ceiling of the car where it filtered down around the passengers instead of blowing directly on them, a feature that modern cars have lost.[4]

text: Cadillac, Buick, and Oldsmobile added air conditioning as an option on some of their models in the 1953 model year.[5] All of these Frigidaire systems used separate engine and trunk mounted components.[6][7]

text: Nash integrated system[edit]

text: In 1954, the Nash Ambassador was the first American automobile to have a front-end, fully integrated heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system.[8][9] The Nash-Kelvinator corporation used its experience in refrigeration to introduce the automobile industry's first compact and affordable, single-unit heating and air conditioning system optional for its Nash models.[10] This was the first mass market system with controls on the dash and an electric clutch.[11] This system was also compact and serviceable with all of its components installed under the hood or in the cowl area.[12]

text: Combining heating, cooling, and ventilating, the new air conditioning system for the Nash cars was called the "All-Weather Eye".[13] This followed the marketing name of "Weather Eye" for Nash's fresh-air automotive heating and ventilating system that was first used in 1938.[12] With a single thermostatic control, the Nash passenger compartment air cooling option was "a good and remarkably inexpensive" system.[14] The system had cold air for passengers enter through dash-mounted vents.[15] Nash's exclusive "remarkable advance" was not only the "sophisticated" unified system, but also its $345 price that beat all other systems.[16]

text: Most competing systems used a separate heating system and an engine-mounted compressor, driven by the engine crankshaft via a belt, with an evaporator in the car's trunk to deliver cold air through the rear parcel shelf and overhead vents. General Motors made a front-mounted air conditioning system optional in 1954 on Pontiacs with a straight-eight engine that added separate controls and air distribution. The alternative layout pioneered by Nash "became established practice and continues to form the basis of the modern and more sophisticated automatic climate control systems."[17]

text: Growth in demand[edit]

text: Air-conditioning for automobiles came into wide use from the late twentieth century. Although air conditioners use significant power; the drag of a car with closed windows is less than if the windows are open to cool the occupants. There has been much debate on the effect of air conditioning on the fuel efficiency of a vehicle. Factors such as wind resistance, aerodynamics and engine power and weight must be considered, to find the true difference between using the air conditioning system and not using it, when estimating the actual fuel mileage. Other factors can affect the engine, and an overall engine heat increase can affect the cooling system of the vehicle.

text: The innovation was adopted quickly and new features to air conditioning like the Cadillac Comfort Control which was a completely automatic heating and cooling system set by dial thermostat was introduced as an industry first in the 1964 model year.[18] By 1960 about 20% of all cars in the U.S. had air-conditioning, with the percentage increasing to 80% in the warm areas of the Southwest.[19] American Motors made air conditioning standard equipment on all AMC Ambassadors starting with the 1968 model year, a first in the mass market, with a base price starting at $2,671.[20][21] By 1969, 54% of domestic automobiles were equipped with air conditioning, with the feature needed not only for passenger comfort, but also to increase the car's resale value.[22]

text: Evaporative cooling[edit]

text: A car cooler is an automobile evaporative cooler, sometimes referred to as a swamp cooler.[23][24] Most are aftermarket relatively inexpensive accessories consisting of an external window-mounted metal cylinder without moving parts, but internal under dashboard or center floor units with an electric fan are available.[25][26] It was an early type of automobile air conditioner[27] and is not used in modern cars relying on refrigerative systems to cool the interior.

text: To cool the air it used latent heat (in other words, cooling by water evaporation).[28] Water inside the device evaporates and in the process transfers heat from the surrounding air. The cool moisture-laden air is then directed to the inside of the car.[28][29] The evaporate "cooling" effect decreases with humidity because the air already saturated with water. Therefore, the lower humidity, such as in dry desert regions, the better the system works. Car coolers were popular, especially among summer tourists visiting or crossing the southwestern United States states of California, Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, and Nevada.[26]

text: Operating principles[edit]

text: In the refrigeration cycle, heat is transported from the passenger compartment to the environment. A refrigerator is an example of such a system, as it transports the heat out of the interior and into the ambient environment.

text: Circulating refrigerant gas vapor (which also carries the compressor lubricant oil across the system along with it) from the evaporator enters the gas compressor in the engine bay, usually an axial piston pump compressor, and is compressed to a higher pressure, resulting in a higher temperature as well. The hot, compressed refrigerant vapor is now at a temperature and pressure at which it can be condensed and is routed through a condenser, usually in front of the car's radiator. Here the refrigerant is cooled by air flowing across the condenser coils (originating from the vehicle's movement or from a fan, often the same fan of the cooling radiator if the condenser is mounted on it, automatically turned on when the vehicle is stationary or moving at low speeds) and condensed into a liquid. Thus, the circulating refrigerant rejects heat from the system and the heat is carried away by the air.

text: The condensed and pressurized liquid refrigerant is next routed through the receiver-drier, that is, a one way desiccant and filter cartridge that both dehydrates the refrigerant and compressor lubricant oil mixture in order to remove any residual water content (which would become ice inside the expansion valve and therefore clog it) that the vacuum done prior to the charging process didn't manage to remove from the system, and filters it in order to remove any solid particles carried by the mixture, and then through a thermal expansion valve where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure. That pressure reduction results in flash evaporation of a part of the liquid refrigerant, lowering its temperature. The cold refrigerant is then routed through the evaporator coil in the passenger compartment.

text: The air, often after being filtered by a cabin air filter, is blowed by an adjustable speed electric powered centrifugal fan across the evaporator, causing the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture to evaporate as well, further lowering the temperature. The warm air is therefore cooled, and also deprived of any humidity (which condenses on the evaporator coils and is drained outside of the vehicle) in the process. It is then passed through an heater matrix, inside of which the engine's coolant circulates, where it can be reheated to a certain degree or even a certain temperature selected by the user and then delivered inside the vehicle's cabin through a set of adjustable vents. Another way of adjusting the desired air temperature, this time by working on the system's cooling capacity, is precisely regulating the centrifugal fan speed so that only the strictly required volumetric flow rate of air is cooled by the evaporator. The user is also given the option to close the vehicle's external air flaps, in order to achieve even faster and stronger cooling by recirculating the already cooled air inside the cabin to the evaporator.

text: To complete the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant vapor is routed back into the compressor.

text: The warmer is the air that reaches the evaporator, the higher is the pressure of the vapor mixture discharged from it and therefore the higher is the load placed on the compressor and therefore on the engine to keep the refrigerant flowing through the system.

text: The compressor can be driven by the car's engine (e.g. via a belt, often the serpentine belt, and an electromagnetically actuated clutch; an electronically actuated variable displacement compressor can also be always directly driven by a belt without the need of any clutch and magnet at all) or by an electric motor.

text: Power consumption[edit]

text: In a modern automobile, the A/C system will use around 4 horsepower (3 kW) of the engine's power, thus increasing fuel consumption of the vehicle.[30]


document_title: List of countries by proven oil reserves

question_text: who has the biggest oil reserves in the world

root

text: Countries[edit]

text: Reserves amounts are listed in millions of barrels (MMbbl). The column "Years until exhaustion" uses the daily production figures as of 2016 [1] (multiplied with 365).

tag: p

text:
Proven reserves (millions of barrels)

U.S. EIA (start of 2017)[2]

OPEC (end of 2015)[3]

BP (end of 2015)[4]

Other

Years until exhaustion

Country

Rank

Reserves

Rank

Reserves

Rank

Reserves

Source/Date

Reserves

Production per year(MMbbl/year, 2016)[1]

Years

 Venezuela (see: Oil reserves in Venezuela)
1
300,878
1
300,878
1
300,900

831.1
362

 Saudi Arabia (see: Oil reserves in Saudi Arabia)
2
266,455
2
266,455
2
266,600

3818.1
69

 Canada (see: Oil reserves in Canada)
3
169,709
26
4,118[5]
3
172,200
Natural Resources Canada, end 2014[6]
171,000
1336.8
126

 Iran (see: Oil reserves in Iran)

4

158,400

3

158,400

4

157,800

1452.9
109

 Iraq (see: Oil reserves in Iraq)
5
142,503
4
142,503
5
143,100

1624.8
88

 Kuwait (see: Oil reserves in Kuwait)
6
101,500
5
101,500
7
101,500

1067.2
95

 UAE (see: Oil reserves in the United Arab Emirates)
7
97,800
6
97,800
8
97,800

1133.7
86

 Russia (see: Oil reserves in Russia)
8
80,000
7
80,000
6
102,400

3851.3
21

 Libya (see: Oil reserves in Libya)
9
48,000
8
74,363
9
78,400

366.1
131

 Nigeria (see: Oil reserves in Nigeria)
10
37,062
9
37,062
11
37,100

730.0
51

 United States (see: Oil reserves in the United States)
11
35,000
10
36,685
10
55,000
ENI, end of 2015[7]
43,629
3239.7
10

 Kazakhstan
12
30,000
11
30,000
12
30,000

582.2
52

 China
13
25,620
13
25,132
14
18,500

1452.9
17

 Qatar
14
25,244
12
25,244
13
25,244

555.9
45

 Brazil
15
12,999
14
16,184
15
13,000
ENI, end of 2015[7]
16,848
918.1
14

 Algeria
16
12,200
15
12,200
17
12,200

492.1
25

 Angola
17 / 18
8,273
17
9,524
16
12,700

645.9
22

 Ecuador
17 / 18
8,273
18
8,273
19 / 20
8,000

200.2
41

 Mexico (see: Oil reserves in Mexico)
19
7,300
16
9,711
18
10,800
PEMEX[8] Start of 2015
9.700
798.2
9

 Azerbaijan
20
7,000
19
7,000
21
7,000

304.2
23

 Norway
21
6,611
33
5,139
19 / 20
8,000

601.5
11

 Oman
22
5,373
21
5,306
23
5,300

367.5
23

 Sudan/South Sudan
23
5,000
32
5,000
24
Sudan 1,500 / S. Sudan 3,500

93.1
53

 India
24
4,600
20
5,680
22
5,680
ENI, end of 2015[7]
5,692
267
17

 Egypt
25 / 26
4,400
24 / 25
4,400
29
3,500

180.4
24

 Vietnam
25 / 26
4,400
24 / 25
4,400
25
4,000

110.2
40

 Indonesia
27 / 28
3,600
29
3,230
27 / 28
3,600
ENI, end of 2015[7]
3,497
304.2
11

 Malaysia
27 / 28
3,600
28
3,750
27 / 28
3,600
ENI, end of 2015[7]
5,542
241.3
15

 Yemen
29
3,000

30
3,000

 United Kingdom
30
2,564
30
2,755
31
2,800
UK Oil & Gas Authority, end 2015[9]
2,618
343.1
7.5

 Syria
31 / 32
2,500
31
2,500
32
2,500

 Uganda
31 / 32
2,500

 Argentina
33
2,185
32
2,380
33
2,400
Argentine Petroleum Institute[10]
2,330

 Colombia
34
2,002
33
2,308
34
2,300

 Gabon
35
2,000
34
2,000
35
2,000

 Australia
36
1,821
27
3,982
26
4,000
Geoscience Australia[11] end of 2014
4,002

 Congo, Republic of the (Brazzaville)
37
1,600

36
1,600

 Chad
38
1,500

37
1,500

 Brunei
39 / 40
1,100
35
1,100
39 / 40
1,100

 Equatorial Guinea
39 / 40
1,100

39 / 40
1,100

 Ghana (see: Oil reserves in Ghana)
41
660

 Romania
42 / 43
600

42 / 46
600

 Turkmenistan
42 / 43
600
36
600
42 / 46
600

 Uzbekistan
44
594
37
594
42 / 46
600

 Italy
45
557

42 / 46
600
ENI, end of 2015[7]
595

 Denmark
46
491
38
511
42 / 46
600
ENI, end of 2015[7]
550

 Peru
47
473

38
1,400
ENI, end of 2015[7]
1,489

 Tunisia
48
425

47 / 48
400

 Thailand
49
396

47 / 48
400

 Ukraine
50
395
39
395

 Pakistan
51
350

ENI, end of 2015[7]
236

 Turkey
52
300

ENI, end of 2015[7]
284

 Trinidad and Tobago
53
243

41
700
ENI, end of 2015[7]
830

 Bolivia
54
211

ENI, end of 2015[7]
210

 Cameroon
55
200

 Belarus
56
198
40
198

 Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Kinshasa)
57
180

 Albania
58
168

 Papua New Guinea
59
159

ENI, end of 2015[7]
158

 Chile
60 / 62
150

 Niger
60 / 62
150

 Spain
60 / 62
150

 Germany
63
145

ENI, end of 2015[7]
229

 Myanmar
64
139

 Philippines
65
139

 Poland
66
138

ENI, end of 2015[7]
151

 Bahrain
67
125

 Cuba (see: Oil reserves in Cuba)
68
124

ENI, end of 2015[7]
124

 Netherlands
69
113

ENI, end of 2015[7]
141

 Ivory Coast
70
100

 Suriname
70
83.9

 Guatemala
71
83.1

 France
72
72.4

 Serbia
73
77.5

 Croatia
74
71.0

 New Zealand
75
56.9

 Japan
76
44.1

 Austria
77
43.0

 Kyrgyzstan
78
40.0

 Georgia
79
35.0

 Bangladesh
80
28.0

 Hungary
81
25.1

ENI, end of 2015[7]
35

 Mauritania
82
20.0

 Bulgaria
83 / 85
15.0

 Czech Republic
83 / 85

15.0

 South Africa
83 / 85

15.0

 Israel
86
12.7

ENI, end of 2015[7]
12

 Lithuania
87 / 88
12.0

 Tajikistan
87 / 88
12.0

 Greece
89
10.0

 Slovakia
90
9.00

 Benin
91
8.00

 Belize
92
6.70

 Taiwan
93
2.38

 Barbados
94
2.08

 Jordan
95
1.00

ENI, end of 2015[7]
1

 Morocco
96
0.68

 Ethiopia
97
0.43

 Afghanistan

0

US Geological Survey[12]
80

World total

1,726,685

1,481,526

1,697,600

29427
59

tag: table

text: Different sources[edit]

text: Sources sometimes differ on the volume of proven oil reserves. The differences sometimes result from different classes of oil included, and sometimes result from different definitions of proven.

text: Comparison of proven oil reserves from some widely used sources (billions of barrels, as of 31 Dec. 2014/1 Jan. 2015)

text:
Source

Canada

Iran

Russia

Saudi Arabia

United States

Venezuela

BP[13]

172.9

157.8

103.2

267.0

48.5

298.3

OPEC[14]

4.2[4]

157.5

80.0

266.6

36.5

300.0

US Central Intelligence Agency[15]

171.0

157.8

103.2

268.3

36.5

298.4

US Energy Information Administration[16]

172.5

157.8

80.0

268.3

39.9

298.4