document_title: World Snooker Championship

question_text: who has won the most world snooker championships

question_tokens: who has won the most world snooker championships

text: World Snooker Championship

text: History[edit]

text: Professional Snooker Championship (1927–34)[edit]

text:
Year
Champion

1927
Joe Davis

1928
Joe Davis

1929
Joe Davis

1930
Joe Davis

1931
Joe Davis

1932
Joe Davis

1933
Joe Davis

1934
Joe Davis

text: The first championship was held in 1927 and was called the Professional Snooker Championship. It was the first important professional snooker tournament although the English Amateur Championship has been contested since 1916. Ten professionals entered including most of the leading billiards players.[1] The draw was made at the start of the season and the players made their own arrangements about the dates and venue for the matches, although it was decided in advance that the semi-finals and final would be in Birmingham. Matches were over 15 frames with the semi-finals over 23 frames and final over 31 frames. The first match played was between Melbourne Inman and Tom Newman at Thurston's Hall, Leicester Square in London. The snooker was played as an added extra to the main event, a billiards match played over two weeks. The match started on Monday 29 November 1926 and one frame of snooker was played at the end of each session.[2] Inman won 8–5, the match finishing on the Monday afternoon, a week after it started.[3] One other match was played in connection with a billiards contest but the remaining matches were snooker-only matches. With minimal prize money, players mainly made money from their share of the gate receipts. Because of this it was common for "dead" frames to be played after the result of the match had been decided. The final between Joe Davis and Tom Dennis was played over four days in early May at Camkin's Hall in Birmingham. Davis won the first seven frames[4] and led throughout, taking a winning 16–7 lead on the third day,[5] eventually winning 20–11.[6] The highest break of the tournament was 60, made by Albert Cope[7] in his semi-final match against Davis, in a dead frame after Davis had won the match.[8] Davis made a 57 break in the final.[9]

text: The 1928 Championship was played on a challenge basis, with the other 6 entries playing off for the right to challenge Joe Davis in the final. Davis met Fred Lawrence in the final, winning 16–13.[10] The challenge system was dropped in 1929. Davis met Tom Dennis in the final, played in Dennis's home town of Nottingham. Davis made a new record break of 61[11] on the way to a 17–12 victory.[12] The same pair met in the 1930 final, played for the first time at Thurston's Hall in London. The final was extended to 49 frames played over 6 days. Davis won comfortably, 25–12,[13] with a day to spare and made a new record break of 79.[14] With little prospect of success and little prospect of financial gain, most of the professionals saw little point in entering the championship and, despite an upsurge in interest in snooker, there were only two entries for the 1931 championship. Davis and Tom Dennis met for the fourth time, the event being played in Nottingham. Dennis led 19–16 at one stage[15] but Davis won 9 of the next 11 frames to take the Championship 25–21.[16]

text: There were three entries in 1932 including New Zealander Clark McConachy. McConachy met Joe Davis in the final, played at Thurston's Hall. Davis took the title 25–18[17] and set a new record with a break of 99, missing out on his century after he snookered himself.[18] There were five entries in 1933 including 47-year-old Willie Smith who entered for the first time and met Joe Davis in the final. Smith had won the World Billiards Championship twice. The match was played at Davis's own snooker hall in Chesterfield. The match was close until Davis pulled away in the later stages, as he often did, winning 25–18. There were just two entries in 1934, Davis being opposed by Tom Newman, six times World Billiards Champion. The match was held partly in Nottingham before finishing in Kettering.[19][20] Davis won 25–22,[21] although Newman led 14–13 at one stage.

text: Thurston's Hall era (1935–40)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner

1935
Joe Davis

1936
Joe Davis

1937
Joe Davis

1938
Joe Davis

1939
Joe Davis

1940
Joe Davis

text: In the early years of the championship, snooker had been seen, in the professional game, as secondary to billiards but from the mid-1930s snooker dominated. The 1935 Championship introduced some significant changes. It was the first to incorporate "world" in its name, being called the World's Professional Snooker Championship.[22][23] There was also a change in the organisation of the event with the matches being played consecutively at the same venue, Thurston's Hall in London. Previously the draw had been made early in the season and the players made their own arrangements about the dates and venue of matches. The change in format proved a great success and Thurston's Hall became the primary venue for professional snooker matches. In the period from 1935 to 1940, nearly all World Championship matches were played there and with good attendances the professionals could make some money from their share of the entrance charges. Because of the importance of gate receipts, dead frames were played out, whatever the state of the game. This had often been the case in the early championships but now became universal.

text: There were 5 entries in 1935 Championship. Joe Davis beat Willie Smith 28–21 in the final, having earlier taken a winning 25–20 lead.[24] Davis recorded the first century break in the history of the championship, 110 in his semi-final match against Tom Newman.[25] The break was made in a dead frame but was still regarded as a championship record. The success of the 1935 championship resulted in a record 13 entries for 1936.[26] A number of younger professionals entered for the first time, including an Australian, Horace Lindrum, the nephew of Walter Lindrum, the reigning World Billiards Champion. Joe Davis and Horace Lindrum won all their matches easily and met in the final. Davis had won one of his matches 29–2 after taking a winning 16–0 lead.[27] Lindrum won his semi-final by the same score, 29–2,[28] making a break of 101, although, like Davis's record 110 break, it was made in a dead frame.[29] In the final Lindrum led 26–24 at the start of the final day and then won the first frame on the last day. However Davis won the last ten frames in a row to win 34–27, having won the match 31–27.

text: Qualifying was introduced for the first time in 1937 and, with 9 entries, two players were chosen to play a qualification match to reduce the field to 8. The two were Fred Davis, Joe's younger brother and Bill Withers, an unknown Welsh professional. Withers won the match 17–14,[30] a defeat that Fred put down to ignoring his worsening eyesight.[31] Unfortunately for Withers he met Joe in the quarter-finals. Davis won the first two frames before Withers won the third, doubling the final black to win the frame. This was to be Withers last frame as Davis won the next 14 to win the match 16–1. Davis then won the remaining 14 dead frames, to win 28 frames in succession.[32] Davis and Horace Lindrum were not troubled in reaching the final, which was a repeat of 1936. Lindrum led 17–13 at the half-way stage,[33] but Davis recovered to win the match 32–29.[34] Davis made a break of 103 in the final, the first championship century in live play.[35]

text: Horace Lindrum chose not to enter in 1938 and Joe Davis won easily, beating Sidney Smith in the final. In his semi-final Davis made breaks of 104 and 96 in successive frames [36] and finished the winning frame in the final with a 98 clearance.[37] Brothers Joe and Fred Davis met at the semi-final stage in 1939. Joe won but Fred had the satisfaction of making a 113 clearance, a new record break for the championship,[38] Joe met Sidney Smith in the final for the second successive year. Joe again won comfortably, taking a winning 37–25 early on the final day.[39] The 1940 Championship was played during the "Phoney War" stage of World War II. Joe and Fred Davis met in the final. Joe led 15–10 but then Fred won 11 frames in succession to lead 21–15.[40] On the final day Joe made a 101 break to take a winning 37–35 lead. The spectators cheered for nearly a minute when Joe made his century.[41][42] In October 1940, during The Blitz, Thurston's Hall was destroyed by a parachute mine which demolished the south-western corner of Leicester Square.[43] No tournaments were played during the remainder of World War II.

text: Post-war era (1946–52)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner

1946
Joe Davis

1947
Walter Donaldson

1948
Fred Davis

1949
Fred Davis

1950
Walter Donaldson

1951
Fred Davis

1952
Horace Lindrum

text: The championship resumed in 1946 and Joe Davis met Horace Lindrum in the final, a repeat of 1936 and 1937. The final was organised on a much larger scale than anything previously. The Royal Horticultural Hall in London was converted to a snooker venue, seating 1,250.[44] The match was extended from one week to two, allowing up to 30,000 spectators to be accommodated with prices ranging from 5s to £3.[44] Davis maintained a small lead throughout and won, early on the final day, leading 73–62.[45] Davis made six centuries in the final, setting new championship records of 133 and 136.[46] The event proved a financial success for the players, Davis receiving £1,800 and Lindrum £550 together with the championship table and all the equipment, their share of the gate receipts.[47]

text: In October 1946 Joe Davis announced that he would "retire" from the World Championship.[48] Davis had never lost a match in the championship from its inception in 1927. He did not, in any other sense, retire from snooker, continuing to play in other tournaments and exhibition matches for many years. There were a record 20 entries for the 1947 championship. 13 had to play in a qualifying competition, the winner joining the other 7 in the quarter-finals. The semi-finals were completed by the middle of March but the two finalists, Fred Davis and Walter Donaldson, agreed to delay the final until the autumn so that it could be played at the rebuilt Thurston's Hall, now renamed Leicester Square Hall.[49] The final was again over 145 frames and was played from 13 to 25 October. Donaldson got off to a good start, leading 44–28 after the first week[50] and eventually taking a winning 73–49 lead early on the 11th day.[51] The first qualifying match for the 1948 championship started just 5 weeks later. Fred Davis and Walter Donaldson again reached the final. This time it was Davis who got off to a good start, leading 45–27 after the first week.[52] The second week was closer but Davis eventually took a winning 73–49 lead on the 11th day.[53] Fred Davis and Walter Donaldson met again in the 1949 final. Donaldson led 39–33 after the first week[54] but Davis pulled ahead on the second week and eventually took a winning 73–58 lead.[55]

text: After three finals at Leicester Square Hall the 1950 final moved to Blackpool Tower Circus, moving out of London for the first time since 1934. The final was reduced to 97 frames over 8 days. Fred Davis and Walter Donaldson met, yet again, in the final. The score was level at 18–18 after three days but Donaldson pulled ahead to lead 45–39 at the start of the last day.[56] Donaldson won 4 of the first 7 frames on the final day to lead 49–42 and win back the championship.[57] The 1951 final was a repeat of the 1950 final, same venue and another Fred Davis/Walter Donaldson contest. Davis led 44–28 after six days and, although Donaldson won 8 of the 12 frames on the seventh day, Davis won comfortably early on the final day.

text: Following a dispute between the Professional Billiards Players' Association (PBPA) and the Billiards Association and Control Council (BACC), members of the PBPA boycotted the championship.[58] The BACC thought the championship should be primarily a matter of honour, and financial considerations should come second.[59] As a consequence of the boycott there were only two entries, Australian Horace Lindrum and New Zealander Clark McConachy. Both players were well past their best.[60] McConachy had played in the recent News of the World Tournament but had performed badly, losing all 8 of his matches. Although Lindrum did not play in the News of the World Tournament, he had been receiving more generous starts in recent handicap tournaments and had even withdrawn from a tournament in 1950, complaining about his overly generous handicap which gave the public the wrong impression about his ability.[61] Lindrum won the championship easily, reaching a winning 73–37 position early on the 10th day,[62][63] becoming the first non-British player to win the World Championship.

text: World Professional Match-play Championship (1952–57)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner

1952
Fred Davis

1953
Fred Davis

1954
Fred Davis

1955
Fred Davis

1956
Fred Davis

1957
John Pulman

text: Having boycotted the official championship, the Professional Billiards Players' Association (PBPA) established their own championship called the PBPA Snooker Championship which attracted 9 entries. The entries did not include Joe Davis, who chose not to enter the new tournament. Fred Davis and Walter Donaldson were given byes to the semi-final stage. They both reached the final again, although Donaldson had a close match against Albert Brown. The final was over 73 frames and was held at Blackpool Tower Circus. Davis had the best of the first four days and led 29–19.[64] Donaldson won 16 frames on the last two days but Davis held on to win the championship.[65] Davis made a break of 140 in the final, a record for championship play, beating brother Joe's 136 set in 1946.[66] The second unofficial championship was called the 1953 World Professional Match-play Championship and resulted in another final between Fred Davis and Walter Donaldson. The 71-frame final and was the last held at Leicester Square Hall before its closure in 1955. The match was tied at 33–33 at the start of the final session but Davis was again successful.[67] Fred Davis and Walter Donaldson met in the 1954 final, held in Manchester, the eighth successive final between the pair. The final was the most one-sided of the eight finals, Davis taking a winning 36–15 lead early on the fifth day.[68][69]

text: After his heavy defeat in 1954 Walter Donaldson chose not to enter in 1955. Fred Davis met John Pulman in the final at Blackpool Tower Circus. Davis got off to a good start and held on to win his seventh championship. Fred Davis and John Pulman met again in the 1956 final, played again in Blackpool. The match was again close but Davis won for the eighth time. The 1957 championship attracted only four entries and was held over two weeks in Jersey. Fred Davis, the reigning champion, could not afford to travel such a distance and did not enter.[70] John Pulman beat Jackie Rea in the final to win his first world title. In the recent News of the World Tournament Pulman had been handicapped as the fourth strongest player. None of the three higher-handicapped players (Joe Davis, Fred Davis and Walter Donaldson) played in the championship and, with little interest in the event, there was no championship in 1958.

text: Challenge matches (1964–68)[edit]

text:
Date
Champion

April 1964
John Pulman

October 1964
John Pulman

March 1965
John Pulman

late 1965
John Pulman

late 1965
John Pulman

April 1966
John Pulman

March 1968
John Pulman

text: No world championship, official or unofficial, was held between 1958 and 1963 but in 1964, with the approval of the BACC, the championship was revived on a challenge basis.[60] The first contest was played in Burroughes Hall, London in April 1964 between 40-year-old John Pulman and 50-year-old Fred Davis. Pulman won the 37-frame match 19–16 to become the official world champion.[71] Pulman won two further challenge matches played at Burroughes Hall, beating Rex Williams in October 1964[72] and then Fred Davis again in March 1965.[73]

text: In late 1965 John Pulman and Rex Williams played a long series of short matches in South Africa. Pulman won 25 of the 47 matches to retain the title. Williams set a new championship record with a break of 142 in the 24th match.[74] After this series of matches Pulman played the South African Fred Van Rensburg, winning 39 frames to 12. Back in England, Fred Davis met John Pulman for the third time. There were 7 separate matches played in Liverpool. Pulman won 4 of the first 6 matches to retain the title.[75]

text: After April 1966 there were no more contests until Australian Eddie Charlton challenged John Pulman and the pair met in a 73-frame match in Bolton, played in March 1968.[76] Pulman led 19–17 at the half-way stage[77] but then pulled ahead and won the match 37–28.[78] This was to be the last challenge match as the championship then reverted to a knock-out format.

text: Knockout tournaments (1969–76)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner

1969
John Spencer

1970
Ray Reardon

1971
John Spencer

1972
Alex Higgins

1973
Ray Reardon

1974
Ray Reardon

1975
Ray Reardon

1976
Ray Reardon

text: In 1969 the WPBSA took over regulation of the professional game from the BACC and staged a knockout tournament. 8 professionals entered, 4 from the 1950s and 4 new professionals. The first match, played in late 1968 saw the end of John Pulman's reign as champion, beaten by one of the new professionals, John Spencer. Spencer led 24–18 after the final afternoon session and clinched the match by winning the first frame in the evening with a 97 break.[79] Spencer and another of the new professionals, Gary Owen met in the final at the Victoria Hall in London. Spencer won the 73-frame final 37–24. Spencer lost to Ray Reardon at the semi-final stage of the 1970 Championship. Reardon went on to win the final against John Pulman to win his first title.

text: The next world championship was held in Australia in late 1970. For the only time there was a group stage with 9 players, the top 4 moving on to a knock-out stage. Ray Reardon and John Spencer met in one semi-final with Spencer winning easily. The other semi-final was between two Australians, Warren Simpson and Eddie Charlton. Simpson caused a major upset by beating Charlton.[80] In the final in Sydney, Spencer led throughout and won the 6-day final 37–29.[81] 1972 saw the emergence of Alex Higgins. winning his two qualifying matches he beat John Pulman, Rex Williams and then Spencer in the final to win the title at his first attempt.[82] At 22 years, 345 days Higgins was the youngest world champion. Previously only Joe Davis had won the title while under the age of 30, being 26 years, 27 days when he won in 1927.

text: The 1973 Championship marked a change in format, with the tournament played over two weeks at a single venue rather than over an extended period. 16 played in the first round, the 8 winners playing 8 seeded players in the second round. In the semi-finals, defending champion Alex Higgins lost 23–9[83] to Eddie Charlton while Ray Reardon beat John Spencer 23–22. In the 5-day final Charlton led 7–0 after the opening session[84] but Reardon led 17–13 after two days. The match continued to be close but Reardon pulled ahead on the final day to win 38–32, for his second title. The 1974 Championship followed a similar format but with somewhat shorter matches and event reduced to 10 days. 60-year-old Fred Davis beat Alex Higgins in the quarter-finals before losing to Ray Reardon. Reardon met Graham Miles in the 3-day final. Reardon led 17–11 after two days and won comfortably 22–12.[85]

text: The 1975 Championship was held in Australia. Twenty-seven players competed including 8 from Australia, 16 from the United Kingdom, two from Canada and one from South Africa. Ray Reardon beat John Spencer and Alex Higgins to reach the final where he met Eddie Charlton. The final was held near Melbourne but matches were held in many locations, the semi-finals having been held in Canberra and Brisbane. In the final Reardon won 10 of the 12 frames on the second day to lead 16–8[86] but Charlton won the first 9 frames on day 3 to lead.[87] Reardon then led 23–21[88] before Charlton won 8 frames in a row to lead 29–23, needing just 2 of the last 9 frames to win. However Reardon then won 7 frames in a row to lead again and, although Charlton levelled the match at 30–30, Reardon won the deciding frame.[89]

text: The 1976 World Snooker Championship was held at two venues; half the draw was held in Middlesbrough and half in Manchester, which also hosted the final. Alex Higgins won three close matches to reach the final, where he met Ray Reardon. Reardon led 24–15 at the start of the last day and, winning 3 of the first 4 frames, took the title 27–16, his fourth successive title.[90] There were a number of problems during the tournament including the standard of the tables.[91] This was the first year the championship was sponsored under the cigarette brand Embassy.

text: Crucible era starts (1977–80)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner

1977
John Spencer

1978
Ray Reardon

1979
Terry Griffiths

1980
Cliff Thorburn

text: In 1977 the championship was played at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield where it has remained ever since. 16 players competed, 8 seeds being joined by 8 qualifiers. John Spencer beat defending champion Ray Reardon 13–6 in the quarter-finals.[92] and met Cliff Thorburn in the final. The final was close with the score being 9–9 after the first day and 18–18 after two days.[93] Spencer led 22–20 after the first session on the final day and pulled ahead to win 25–21 in the final session. Defending champion John Spencer lost to Perrie Mans in the first round of the 1978 championship. Eddie Charlton beat Cliff Thorburn 13–12 in the quarter-finals, winning the last 5 frames,[94] but lost to Ray Reardon in the semi-finals. Charlton led 12–9 after three sessions but Reardon won all 7 frames in the fourth session and eventually won 18–14.[95] In the other semi-final Perrie Mans met 64-year-old Fred Davis and won 18–16. Ray Reardon won the final 25–18 to win the championship for the sixth time.[96] At 45 years, 203 days Reardon became the oldest World Champion.[97] The first seven players to win the World Snooker Championship all won a championship in their 40s, the last of which was Reardon. No player since has won in their 40s.

text: The 1979 championship was won by Terry Griffiths. Griffiths had only been a professional for 7 months and played two qualifying matches to reach the Crucible.[98] In the semi-final Griffiths was trailing 16–17 to Eddie Charlton, before winning 19–17 at 1.40am,[99] and then beat Dennis Taylor 24–16 in the final, winning the record first prize of £10,000.[98] Bill Werbeniuk made a break of 142 in his quarter-final match against John Virgo, equalling the championship record set by Rex Williams set in South Africa in 1965. The 1980 championship was extended to 24 players. Players seeded 9 to 16 met a qualifier in the first round, the winner meeting one of the top 8 seeds in the second round. A number of changes were made to accommodate the extra matches, including reducing the final to 35 frames. In the final Cliff Thorburn met Alex Higgins. The match was level at 9–9 after the first day and level again at 13–13 after the final afternoon session. During the evening session the scores was tied at 16–16 before Thorburn made a 119 clearance in frame 33 and a break of 51 in frame 34 to win the championship.[100]

text: Steve Davis years (1981–89)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner

1981
Steve Davis

1982
Alex Higgins

1983
Steve Davis

1984
Steve Davis

1985
Dennis Taylor

1986
Joe Johnson

1987
Steve Davis

1988
Steve Davis

1989
Steve Davis

text: Despite being the number 13 seed, Steve Davis was the favourite for the 1981 championship.[101] Davis won a close match 10–8 against Jimmy White in the first round and beat three past world champions to meet 14th seed Doug Mountjoy in the final. Davis won the first six frames of the final but only led 10–8 at the end of the first day. Davis led 14–12 at the start of the final evening session and won the first four frames to win 18–12.[102] At 23-years-old, Davis was the second youngest champion. Doug Mountjoy set a new championship record of 145 during his semi-final match against Ray Reardon.

text: The 1982 championship was extended to 32 players with 16 seeded players and 16 qualifiers. There was a surprise in the first round when Tony Knowles beat defending champion Steve Davis 10–1. In the semi-finals Jimmy White led 15–14 and 59–0 before missing an easy red with the rest. Higgins then made a 69 clearance and then won the deciding frame to reach the final.[103] Higgins met Ray Reardon in the final. The score was 15–15 before Higgins won three frames in a row to win the championship, finishing with a clearance of 135, thereby denying Reardon the chance to win a seventh world title.[104]

text: Cliff Thorburn made the first maximum break in the world championship in 1983 during his second round match against Terry Griffiths. The importance of this achievement at the time is demonstrated by the fact that play was stopped on the other table. This was the break that gave the World Championship one of its most iconic words of commentary, "oh, good luck mate" on the final black, courtesy of Jack Karnehm. Thorburn beat Griffiths in a final frame decider, a match that finished at 03:51, the latest ever finish for a match at the Crucible. Thorburn then also won his quarter-final and semi-final matches in the deciding frame. Exhausted and deflated by the news that his wife had suffered a miscarriage [105] meant that the final against Steve Davis was one-sided with Davis winning 18–6. The 1984 final was between Steve Davis and Jimmy White, in his first final. Davis led 12–4 after the first day but White won 7 of the 8 frames on the final afternoon. Davis led 16–12 at the evening interval and, despite a comeback from White, Davis won 18–16.[106]

text: In the 1985 final, Dennis Taylor beat Steve Davis 18–17 on the final ball of the final frame, in one of the most closely contested matches of all time. It finished at 00:19. With an audience of 18.5 million, it remains the most watched programme in the history of BBC2, as well as the record post-midnight audience for any channel in the United Kingdom.[107] In the 1986 final Steve Davis met 16th seed Joe Johnson. Johnson led 13–11 at the start of the evening session and won 5 of the first 6 frames to win 18–12.[108] Johnson had trailed 9–12 in his quarter-final against Terry Griffiths but won the last 4 frames to win 13–12. Joe Johnson and Steve Davis met again in the 1987 final although, on this occasion, Davis was the winner by a score of 18–14.

text: Steve Davis and Terry Griffiths met in the 1988 final. The score was 8–8 after the first day but Davis pulled ahead on the final day and won 18–11.[109] Steve Davis made his 7th successive final in 1989 meeting John Parrott. Davis led 13–3 after the first day and won the first five frames on the final day to win 18–3.[110] Davis won £105,000 for his victory, a new record.

text: Hendry dominates (1990–99)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner

1990
Stephen Hendry

1991
John Parrott

1992
Stephen Hendry

1993
Stephen Hendry

1994
Stephen Hendry

1995
Stephen Hendry

1996
Stephen Hendry

1997
Ken Doherty

1998
John Higgins

1999
Stephen Hendry

text: In 1990 Steve Davis failed to reach the final for the first time since 1982, losing in the semi-finals 16–14 to Jimmy White. In the final Stephen Hendry beat White 18–12 becoming, at 21 years, 106 days, the youngest ever world champion. In 1991 Hendry, the number 1 seed, lost in the quarter-finals to Steve James. The final was between John Parrott and Jimmy White, Parrott winning 18–11.

text: In 1992 Jimmy White became the second player to make a maximum break in the world championship, during his 10–4 first round win over Tony Drago. Defending champion John Parrott beat 10–0 Eddie Charlton, the only whitewash in the Crucible era. Stephen Hendry met Jimmy White in the final. White led 14–8 but Hendry won 10 frames in a row frame to win 18–14. In 1993, James Wattana, from Thailand, became the first Asian player to the reach the semi-finals, where he lost to Jimmy White. The final was one-sided, with Stephen Hendry beating White 18–5. Total prize money reached £1,000,000 for the first time.

text: In 1994 Jimmy White reached his sixth final, meeting Stephen Hendry for the fourth time in the final. Hendry led 5–1 but White won 6 frames in a row to lead 7–5. Thereafter the match was always close and the match went to a final frame. White missed a black off the spot, after which Hendry made a break of 58 to clinch the title. Fergal O'Brien made a century in his first frame at the Crucible, the only player to do so. In 1995 Hendry and White met in the semi-finals, where Hendry won again, making a maximum break during the match. In the other semi-final Nigel Bond beat unseeded Andy Hicks. In the final, The final was initially close until Hendry won 9 frames in a row to take the score from 5–5 to 14–5. Hendry eventually won 18–9. Hendry made a record 12 century breaks during the tournament.

text: In 1996 Peter Ebdon reached the final beating Jimmy White, Steve Davis and Ronnie O'Sullivan on the way. He met Stephen Hendry in the final. Ebdon led 4–2 in the early stages but Hendry eventually won 18–12 to win his fifth successive title. There were 48 century breaks during the final stages, a new record. In the first round of 1997 championship Ronnie O'Sullivan made the fastest maximum break in snooker history, taking just 5 minutes and 20 seconds. The final was between Stephen Hendry and Irishman Ken Doherty. Doherty led 15–7 before Hendry won 5 frames in a row. Doherty then won the next three frames to win 18–12, ending Hendry's winning run of 29 consecutive matches.

text: Stephen Hendry lost to Jimmy White in the first round of the 1998 championship. Doherty reached the final again meeting 22-year-old John Higgins. Higgins won 18–12, making 5 centuries in the final. There were 59 centuries during the tournament of which Higgins made 14, both records. The following year, Stephen Hendry won his seventh and final world title, the most in the modern era. In the final he beat Mark Williams 18–11. In the semi-final between Hendry and Ronnie O'Sullivan each player made 4 century breaks, the 8 centuries being a record for a world championship match.

text: The class of '92 (2000–13)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner

2000
Mark Williams

2001
Ronnie O'Sullivan

2002
Peter Ebdon

2003
Mark Williams

2004
Ronnie O'Sullivan

2005
Shaun Murphy

2006
Graeme Dott

2007
John Higgins

2008
Ronnie O'Sullivan

2009
John Higgins

2010
Neil Robertson

2011
John Higgins

2012
Ronnie O'Sullivan

2013
Ronnie O'Sullivan

text: The period from 2000 to 2013 was dominated by three players, all turning professional in 1992. Ronnie O'Sullivan won five times in this period, John Higgins three times and Mark Williams twice. Higgins had also won in 1998.

text: In 2000 Stephen Hendry was beaten 10–7 in the first round by Crucible debutant Stuart Bingham. In his semi-final Mark Williams trailed 11–15 to John Higgins but took 6 frames in a row to win 17–15. In the final Williams met fellow Welshman Matthew Stevens. Stevens led 13–7 but Williams made another comeback to win 18–16, becoming the first left-handed champion.

text: Ronnie O'Sullivan won his first world championship in 2001, defeating John Higgins 18–14 in the final. O'Sullivan led 14–7 before Higgins won four frames in a row. O'Sullivan looked likely to win the title in the 31st frame as he led 17–13 and 69–6. However he missed a red in the middle pocket and Higgins won the frame with a break of 65. Higgins made a break of 45 in frame 32 but O'Sullivan made an 80 break to take the title.[111]

text: Stephen Hendry beat Ronnie O'Sullivan 17–13 in the semi-final of the 2002 Championship, Hendry reaching his ninth final. Peter Ebdon beat Matthew Stevens 17–16 in the other semi-final. Stevens led 16–14 but Ebdon won the last 3 frames. The final went to the deciding frame where Ebdon made a break of 59 and clinched the title. There were a record 68 centuries in the tournament including a record 16 by Stephen Hendry who made 5 in the semi-final and a further 4 in the final.

text: Mark Williams won his second World title in 2003 by defeating Ken Doherty 18–16 in the final. Prize money peaked in 2003 with the winner receiving a record £270,000 and the 32 Crucible players getting at least £15,000. Ronnie O'Sullivan made the fifth maximum break in the World Championship, becoming the first player to score two 147s in the event.

text: Ronnie O'Sullivan won his second world title in 2004 by defeating Graeme Dott 18–8 in the final, despite Dott having led 5–0.

text: Shaun Murphy won the 2005 championship by defeating Matthew Stevens 18–16 in the final. Murphy was only the second qualifier to win the World Championship, after Terry Griffiths in 1979. Murphy won 2 qualifying matches and then 5 matches at the Crucible to take the title.

text: Graeme Dott beat Peter Ebdon 18–14 in the 2006 final. The match finished at 00:52 am, the latest finish in the final. This was the first Championship sponsored by a betting company after the banning of tobacco sponsorship. Dott won £200,000 for his victory with the 32 Crucible players getting at least £9,600, both significant reductions on the 2003 prize money. In the last round of the qualifying competition Robert Milkins had the first 147 break made during qualifying for the championship.[112] Despite his maximum, Milkins lost to Mark Selby.

text: The 2007 Championship was won by John Higgins who beat qualifier Mark Selby 18–13 in the final. The match finished at 00:55 am, even later than the 2006 final and setting another record for the latest finish in the final. Shaun Murphy came back from 7–12 down to win his quarter-final match against Matthew Stevens,[113] but lost in the deciding frame of his semi-final to Mark Selby.

text: The 2008 Championship was won by Ronnie O'Sullivan who beat Ali Carter 18–8 in the final. Both O'Sullivan and Carter had made maximum breaks earlier in the tournament, the first time there had been two 147 breaks in the same World Championship. It was O'Sullivan's third maximum in the Championship.

text: John Higgins won his third world title in 2009, beating Shaun Murphy 18–9 in the final. Michaela Tabb refereed the final, becoming the first woman to do so in a World Championship final.[114] There were a record 83 century breaks in the Championship, well ahead of the previous highest of 68. Stephen Hendry won his 1000th frame at the Crucible Theatre, the first play to do so.[115] The championship included the longest ever frame at the Crucible which lasted 74 minutes 58 seconds between Stephen Maguire and Mark King.[116][117]

text: The 2010 Championship was won by Neil Robertson who beat qualifier Graeme Dott 18–13 in the final, becoming the fourth non-British winner of the title after Horace Lindrum, Cliff Thorburn and Ken Doherty.

text: John Higgins won his fourth world title in 2011, beating Judd Trump 18–15 in the final. 21-year-old Trump became the youngest finalist since Stephen Hendry in 1990. Trump had beaten David Gilbert in the qualifying competition and then defeated defending champion Neil Robertson in the first round.[118]

text: Ronnie O'Sullivan won his fourth world title in 2012, defeating Ali Carter 18–11 in the final. On the opening day Hendry made his third maximum break at the Crucible, equalling Ronnie O'Sullivan's record.[119] He announced his retirement from professional snooker following his loss to Stephen Maguire in the quarter-finals.[120] Aged 17 years, 45 days, Luca Brecel became the youngest player to compete at the Crucible.[121][122]

text: Defending champion Ronnie O'Sullivan retained the title in 2013 despite having played only one competitive match all season.[123] He defeated Barry Hawkins 18–12 in the final to win the title for the fifth time. He broke Hendry's record of 127 career Crucible centuries, finishing the tournament with 131. He also became the first player to make six century breaks in a Crucible final.[124]

text: Mark Selby: Three wins in four years (2014–17)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner

2014
Mark Selby

2015
Stuart Bingham

2016
Mark Selby

2017
Mark Selby

text: Mark Selby won the world title in 2014 by beating defending champion Ronnie O'Sullivan 18–14 in the final, having trailed 5–10. Selby won a record £300,000 for his victory; the prize exceeding the previous highest of £270,000 in 2003, although prize money for first round losers remained at £12,000.

text: Selby lost 9–13 in the second round of the 2015 Championship to Crucible debutant Anthony McGill. Stuart Bingham won the title, defeating Ronnie O'Sullivan 13–9 in the quarter-finals, Judd Trump 17–16 in the semi-finals, and Shaun Murphy 18–15 in the final to win the first world title of his 20-year professional career.[125] At the age of 38, Bingham became the oldest player to win the title since Ray Reardon in 1978.[126] The tournament set a new record for the most century breaks made at the Crucible, with 86.

text: Defending champion Stuart Bingham lost 9–10 against Ali Carter in the first round of the 2016 Championship. Mark Selby defeated Ding Junhui 18–14 in the final to claim his second world title. Ding was the first Asian player to reach a World Championship final. There were 86 century breaks made during the Championship, equalling the record set in 2015. A new record of 10 centuries in a professional match was set in the semi-final between Ding Junhui and Alan McManus, with Ding also setting a new record of 7 centuries by one player in a World Championship match. Mark Selby and Marco Fu set a new record for the longest frame of snooker ever played at the Crucible, 76 minutes 11 seconds.

text: Prize money for the 2017 Championship was a record £1,750,000 with the winner receiving £375,000. In a high-quality and tightly contested semi-final, defending champion Mark Selby beat Ding Junhui 17–15 in a repeat of the previous year's final.[127] Selby met John Higgins, in a repeat of the 2007 final. Higgins was the second oldest Crucible finalist at 41 years, 348 days; only Ray Reardon had been older.[128] Selby trailed 4–10 during the second session but then won 12 of the next 14 frames to lead 16–12. Higgins won the next three frames but Selby took the title 18–15, becoming champion for the third time in four years, joining Steve Davis, Stephen Hendry, and Ronnie O'Sullivan as the only men to have successfully defended the title since its move to the Crucible.[129][130]

text: Future venues[edit]

text: Barry Hearn has stated on a number of occasions that he wishes for the tournament to remain at the Crucible forever, providing it continues to draw large numbers of visitors and revenue to the city of Sheffield. It was announced live on television, in front of the audience of the 2016 final session, that the Crucible would continue to host the event until 2027.[131]

text: Format[edit]

text: The format for the World Championship has been largely unchanged since 1982. It has a knock-out format with 32 players, contested over 17 days ending on the first Monday in May, which is a public holiday in the United Kingdom.

text: 16 of the players reach the final stages directly while the other 16 get there through a qualifying competition. The reigning world champion receives a direct entry and is the number 1 seed. The remaining direct entries are based on the latest world rankings, players being seeded based on these world rankings. Since the defending champion is normally ranked in the top 16, the top 16 ranked players generally receive a direct entry.

text: The first round is played over 19 frames, played in two sessions. The second round and quarter-finals are the best of 25 frames played over 3 sessions while the semi-finals and final are played over 4 sessions, the semi-finals being over 33 frames and the final 35 frames. For the first 12 days of the tournament two matches are played concurrently. For the last 5 days (the semi-finals and final) only one table is used.

text: Prior to 1997 the semi-finals were played over 31 frames. Occasionally the dates of the Championship are changed. In 1982 the Championship ended on Sunday 16 May while in 1985, 1990 and 1995 it ended on the last Sunday in April. In each of these years the tournament started on a Friday.

text: A number of changes to the qualifying system came into effect for the 2015 championship. All living world champions would be extended an opportunity to play in the qualifying rounds. The top 16 seeds would still qualify automatically for the first round at the Crucible, but all non-seeded players would have to start in the first of three qualifying rounds. Previously players seeded 17 to 32 only had to win one qualifying match to reach the final stages. The overall championship would increase from 128 to 144 players, with the additional places made available to former world champions and players from emerging countries.[132]

text: Before 1982 there were a number of different formats used for the Championship. In 1980 and 1981, 24 players played in the final stages at the Crucible. The top 8 seeds had a bye in the first round while seeds 9 to 16 played in the first round against 8 qualifiers. From 1977 to 1979, the first three years at the Crucible, only 16 players reached the final stages, 8 seeds playing 8 qualifiers in the first round.

text: Winners[edit]

text: Top performers of the modern era[edit]

text: The 'modern' era is considered to start in 1969, when the championship reverted to a knock-out tournament format from a challenge format. In the modern game, the best record is that of Stephen Hendry, who won seven times in the 1990s. Steve Davis won six times in the 1980s, as did Ray Reardon in the 1970s.

text:
Name
Nationality
Winner
Runner-up
Semi-final
or better
147s
Appearances
Winrate

Hendry, StephenStephen Hendry
 Scotland
7
2
12
3
27
25.9%

Davis, SteveSteve Davis
 England
6
2
11
0
30
20.0%

Reardon, RayRay Reardon
 Wales
6
1
10
0
19
31.6%

O'Sullivan, RonnieRonnie O'Sullivan
 England
5
1
11
3
25
20.0%

Higgins, JohnJohn Higgins
 Scotland
4
2
8
0
23
17.4%

Spencer, JohnJohn Spencer
 England
3
1
6
0
18
16.7%

Selby, MarkMark Selby
 England
3
1
5
0
13
23.1%

Higgins, AlexAlex Higgins
 Northern Ireland
2
2
7
0
19
10.5%

Williams, MarkMark Williams
 Wales
2
1
5
1
19
10.5%

Thorburn, CliffCliff Thorburn
 Canada
1
2
6
1
19
5.3%

Ebdon, PeterPeter Ebdon
 England
1
2
4
0
24
4.2%

Murphy, ShaunShaun Murphy
 England
1
2
4
0
15
6.7%

Doherty, KenKen Doherty
 Ireland
1
2
3
0
19
5.3%

Dott, GraemeGraeme Dott
 Scotland
1
2
3
0
18
5.6%

Taylor, DennisDennis Taylor
 Northern Ireland
1
1
5
0
21
4.8%

Griffiths, TerryTerry Griffiths
 Wales
1
1
3
0
19
5.3%

Parrott, JohnJohn Parrott
 England
1
1
3
0
23
3.3%

Johnson, JoeJoe Johnson
 England
1
1
2
0
8
12.5%

Robertson, NeilNeil Robertson
 Australia
1
0
3
0
13
7.8%

Bingham, StuartStuart Bingham
 England
1
0
1
0
11
9.1%

White, JimmyJimmy White
 England
0
6
10
1
25
0%

Charlton, EddieEddie Charlton
 Australia
0
2
8
0
22
0%

Stevens, MatthewMatthew Stevens
 Wales
0
2
6
0
15
0%

Carter, AliAli Carter
 England
0
2
3
1
15
0%

Hawkins, BarryBarry Hawkins
 England
0
1
4
0
12
0%

Ding JunhuiDing Junhui
 China
0
1
3
0
11
0%

Trump, JuddJudd Trump
 England
0
1
3
0
8
0%

Bond, NigelNigel Bond
 England
0
1
2
0
15
0%

Mans, PerriePerrie Mans
 South Africa
0
1
2
0
13
0%

Owen, GaryGary Owen
 Wales
0
1
2
0
7
0%

Pulman, JohnJohn Pulman[133]
 England
0
1
2
0
11
0%

Miles, GrahamGraham Miles
 England
0
1
1
0
12
0%

Mountjoy, DougDoug Mountjoy
 Wales
0
1
1
0
17
0%

Simpson, WarrenWarren Simpson
 Australia
0
1
1
0
4
0%

text:
Active players are shown in bold.
Only players who reached the final are included.
In the event of identical records, players are sorted in alphabetical order by family name.

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: Except for two championships played in Australia, all championships from 1969 to 2005 were sponsored by tobacco companies. In 1969 and 1970 the championship was sponsored by John Player under the brand Player's No.6. The Gallaher Group sponsored under the brand Park Drive from 1972 to 1974, while from 1976 to 2005 Imperial Tobacco sponsored under the brand Embassy. Legislation in 2003 placed restrictions on tobacco advertising, including sponsorship of sporting events. Embassy received special dispensation to continue snooker sponsorship until 2005.

text: Since 2006 all championships have been sponsored by betting companies. In 2006 888.com took over the sponsorship of the event, and they signed a five-year deal,[134] but pulled out after just three years.[135] Betfred.com were the sponsor from 2009 to 2012,[136] followed by Betfair in 2013,[137] Dafabet in 2014 [138] and by Betfred again, from 2015 to 2017.[139]

text: Television coverage[edit]

text: Before the world championship moved to the Crucible in 1977, TV coverage was very limited. In the 1950s, the BBC occasionally showed snooker on television, including 30-minute programmes of the 1953 and 1955 finals, with commentary by Sidney Smith.[140][141] Despite the launch of Pot Black in 1969 there was little coverage of the World Championship. There was some coverage of the 1973, 1974 and 1976 championships in Manchester on one or two Saturday afternoon Grandstand programmes each year. Commentary was by Ted Lowe.[142][143]

text: BBC TV coverage for the first Crucible championship in 1977 was increased but was limited to highlights of the semi-finals and some coverage of the final on Grandstand and a late night highlights programme. The commentator was Ted Lowe with the highlight programmes presented by Alan Weeks.[144][145][146] The 1978 championship was the first to have daily BBC TV coverage with 14 nightly highlights programmes as well as Saturday afternoon coverage on Grandstand.[147] Ted Lowe commentated while the programmes were presented by David Vine and Alan Weeks.[148] In 1979, TV coverage was extended to include an early-evening "Frame of the Day"[149] as well as live coverage of parts of the final. David Vine was the presenter while the commentary team was extended to include Jack Karnehm and Clive Everton.[150] In 1980, TV coverage included daily live coverage for the first time.[151] Coverage of the final was interrupted to bring live coverage of the Iranian Embassy Siege.[152]

text: David Vine continued to be the main host for BBC TV coverage until 2000. For some years commentary was primarily by Ted Lowe, Clive Everton and Jack Karnehm although John Pulman, Vera Selby and others were used. In 1986 Jim Meadowcroft, John Spencer and John Virgo were used as summarisers. From 2001–2009 the BBC coverage has been hosted by Hazel Irvine or Ray Stubbs. Since 2010 Hazel Irvine has taken over with highlights presented by Rishi Persad. In February 2013, the BBC announced that Rishi Persad had been replaced by Jason Mohammad. Commentators included Willie Thorne, Dennis Taylor, John Virgo, John Parrott, Steve Davis, Ken Doherty, Stephen Hendry, Terry Griffiths and Neal Foulds: however, the presence of the commentary team varies with all four events covered by the BBC. All the listed commentators are involved during the World Championships, but only Willie Thorne and Terry Griffiths commentate during the Welsh Open, as other Welsh players are used instead (such as Terry and Darren Morgan) in replacement of the other usual commentary team. Neal Foulds only ever commentates for the World Championship and is mostly present on Eurosport coverage instead.

text: In January 2013, it was announced that the BBC had renewed their contract to broadcast the Triple Crown tournaments up until the end of the 2016/2017 season.[153] Eurosport also provides coverage of the event, with ex-pro commentators Joe Johnson, Mike Hallett, Neal Foulds and Alan McManus. Often Eurosport cover both matches simultaneously on their two British Eurosport channels.

text: Crucible curse[edit]

text: The 'Crucible curse' refers to the fact that no first-time world champion has retained the title the following year, since the tournament moved to the Crucible Theatre in 1977.[154][155]


document_title: The Algonquin Resort St. Andrews By-The-Sea

question_text: how many rooms does the algonquin hotel have

root

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
The Algonquin Resort
The Algonquin Resort
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMapGeneral informationLocation
St. Andrews, New Brunswick, CanadaCoordinates
45°04′49″N 67°03′17″W / 45.08028°N 67.05472°W / 45.08028; -67.05472Coordinates: 45°04′49″N 67°03′17″W / 45.08028°N 67.05472°W / 45.08028; -67.05472Opening
June 1889Owner
Charlotte County Hospitality PartnershipManagement
New Castle Hotels & ResortsHeightTop floor
4Technical detailsFloor count
4Lifts/elevators
2Other informationNumber of rooms
233Number of restaurants
3Website
www.algonquinresort.com

text: The Algonquin Resort is a coastal resort hotel in the Tudor Revival style, in St. Andrews, New Brunswick.[1] An architectural icon of New Brunswick, the hotel is the most famous symbol of St. Andrews and one of the most photographed buildings in the province.

tag: p

text: History[edit]

text: The original Algonquin hotel was a massive wooden Shingle Style building built in 1889 by the St. Andrews Land Company, established in 1883 by American businessmen. Designed by a Boston architecture firm, it contained 80 guest rooms and opened in June of that year. By the late 19th century, the residents of St. Andrews and businessmen from Montreal and New England helped to develop the summer tourism that the hotel was creating among residents of humid inland cities of North America. The entire hotel, except for two later wings built in 1908 and 1912, succumbed to a 1914 fire and was destroyed. It was replaced on its same footprint by the present four-story Tudor Revival concrete replacement with a faux half-timbered façade and red slate roof. The architects of the 1914 hotel (which is essentially what is considered the present-day Algonquin) were Barott, Blackadder & Webster of Montreal.[2] Large additional wings were added in the early 1990s and in the early 2010s.

text: One of the original Algonquin's best known attractions was its saltwater baths. Saltwater was pumped from Passamaquoddy Bay to the hotel atop the hill overlooking St. Andrews and held in water tanks in the hotel attic. Guests used bathtubs designed with four taps, two for fresh water and two for saltwater.

text: In addition to the saltwater baths, the air offered by the Bay of Fundy, along with the local "Samson Spring" were believed to offer healing properties to guests. Advertising proclaiming "No hay fever here" and "A general air of restfulness" attracted many wealthy tourists, some of whom established elaborate summer "cottages" in the town of St. Andrews and its surrounding countryside.

text: The New Brunswick Railway operated the rail line serving St. Andrews.  One of the principal private shareholders of the NBR was also the first president of the CPR (1881–1888), George Stephen.  Stephen started the process which would see CPR purchase the NBR, as well as build a line across Maine from southern Quebec to connect with the rail network - what would be known as the International Railway of Maine.  In 1888, Stephen retired and was replaced by William Cornelius Van Horne, who on July 1, 1890, oversaw the Canadian Pacific Railway's lease of the NBR for 990 years.

text: That summer, Van Horne also visited St. Andrews, staying in its resort hotel.  Van Horne, a Montreal resident, purchased nearby Minister's Island and soon began construction of his "Covenhoven" estate, which still stands today.

text: Van Horne retired from the presidency in 1899, opting to spend more time at his Covenhoven estate.  In 1903, the Canadian Pacific Railway Company purchased The Algonquin and built golf courses as well as bringing the hotel into its hotel chain.  A 1902 CPR promotional brochure describes The Algonquin as follows:

text: "an incomparable resting-place and retreat from the cares of business and the heat and dust and bustle of the city" [3]

text: Under CPR ownership, the resort operated with numerous guests during the 20th century.  As the majority of guests arrived at St. Andrews by passenger train, CPR built a large transfer station at the junction between the St. Andrews line and the Saint John-Montreal main line in McAdam.  This station also included a large 30-room hotel on its second floor, largely built to service the patrons of the St. Andrews resort.

text: In 1970, CPR sold The Algonquin Resort to local interests.  It was then leased by the Government of New Brunswick in 1973.  The property, along with adjacent golf courses and private beach at Katy's Cove was purchased entirely by the provincial government in 1984.  Throughout this period of change in ownership of the property, the resort was continuously contracted to operate under and be marketed by Canadian Pacific Hotels and Resorts.

text: In 1999, CPR purchased Fairmont Hotels and Resorts.  In 2001, Canadian Pacific Hotels and Resorts were consolidated under the Fairmont name.  Later that year in October 2001, Canadian Pacific Limited spun off its subsidiaries, including Fairmont Hotels and Resorts into individually controlled companies.

text: The hotel's guests have included heads of state and royalty, including Presidents of the United States Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Lyndon B. Johnson, HRH Prince Charles and Diana, Princess of Wales,[4] as well as Sir John A. Macdonald and virtually every Prime Minister of Canada since its Confederation.[citation needed]

text: In late 2010, the Fairmont chain asked the government of New Brunswick for a set amount of money in order to refit the property on a large scale. After deliberation, the province took the decision in early 2011 that they would seek different management for the property other than the Fairmont chain. From 31 Dec 2011 the Fairmont web site stated that the Fairmont would no longer be managing the property, and that all Fairmont club benefits for guests would cease after that date. The hotel was sold in 2012 to New Castle Hotels and Resorts and Southwest Properties, which formed the Charlotte County Hospitality Partnership, and in 2012 underwent renovation and restoration.[5][6] In 2013 the resort was reopened as a property of Marriott's Autograph Collection,[7] making it the first Canadian hotel in the Marriott chain.


document_title: Estates General of 1789

question_text: why did the third estate leave the estates general meeting

text: Estates General of 1789

text: The decision to summon the Estates[edit]

text: First Assembly of Notables and peasants[edit]

text: The suggestion to summon the Estates General came from the Assembly of Notables installed by the King on 22 February 1787. It had not met since 1626. The usual business of registering the King's edicts as law was performed by the Parlement of Paris. In this year it was refusing to cooperate with Charles Alexandre de Calonne's program of badly needed financial reform, due to the special interests of its noble members. Calonne was the Controller-General of Finances, appointed by the King to address the state deficit. As a last measure, Calonne was hoping to bypass them by reviving an archaic institution.[2] The initial roster of Notables included 137 nobles, among them many future revolutionaries, such as the Comte de Mirabeau and the Marquis de Lafayette, hero of the American Revolution. Lafayette had served in George Washington's army. Much of the debt had been incurred on behalf of the Americans. The final defeat of Lord Cornwallis at the Battle of Yorktown was due in large part to the participation of the French army and navy. If Calonne thought he would find more cooperation by changing the assembly, he was mistaken. He proposed a "land tax," Subvention Territoriale, to be imposed on all land-holders, rich or poor. A storm of protest arose. Charges of mismanagement were made. Calonne was dismissed on 8 April 1787 and then was exiled. He commented on the French political scene from London.[3]

text: Calonne's replacement was Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne, President of the Assembly of Notables. He was offered the post of Prime Minister, which was to include being Controller. The Notables nevertheless remained recalcitrant. They made a number of proposals but they would not grant the King money. Lafayette suggested that the problem required a national assembly. Brienne asked him if he meant the Estates General. On receiving an affirmative answer, Brienne recorded it as a proposal. Frustrated by his inability to obtain money, the King staged a day-long harangue, and then on 25 May dissolved the Notables. Their proposals reverted to the Parlement.[4]

text: Rebellion of the parliament[edit]

text: Turning again to the parliament, the King found that they were inclined to continue the issues that had been raised in the Assembly of Notables. Their proper legal function, besides giving advice to the King, was only to register, or record, his edicts as law, a matter of simple obedience, which the King's father and grandfather had been able to command, sometimes by sternness, threats, and losses of temper. Unless registered, the edicts were not lawful.

text: On 6 July 1787, Loménie forwarded the Subvention Territoriale and another tax, the Edit du Timbre, or "Stamp Act," based on the American model, for registration. Parlement refused an illegal act, demanding accounting statements, or "States," as a prior condition. It was the King's turn to refuse. The members of the Parlement began to jest that they required either the accounting States or the Estates General. The King could not let this slight to his authority pass. Parlement was commanded to assemble at the King's palace at Versailles where, on 6 August, he ordered them in person to register the taxes. On 7 August back in Paris, the Parlement declared, in earnest this time, that the order was null and void, repudiating all previous registrations of taxes. Only the Estates General, they said, could register taxes.[5]

text: For the second time, the King summoned Parlement away from Paris, where crowds of people cheered their every act from the street, this time to meet at Troyes, Champagne on 15 August. He did not personally appear. By messenger he and Parlement negotiated an agreement: the King withdrew the Stamp Tax and modified the Land Tax to exclude the lands of people of title in return for the assured registration of further loans. Parlement was allowed to return on 20 September. Encouraged, Loménie, with the support of the King, went beyond the intent of the Parlement which was to grant specific loans. He proposed an Emprunt Successif (Successive Loan) until 1792 giving the King a blank cheque. When Parlement delayed the King resorted to a ruse; he scheduled a Royal Hunt for 19 November. On that day at 11:00 AM the King and his peers noisily entered the session of Parlement dressed in hunting clothes. They would confer with each other and have the decisions registered immediately, they said.[6]

text: Nearly the entire government was now face-to-face. They argued the problems and issues concerned until dusk, some six hours later. Parlement believed that the problem had gone beyond the government and needed the decisions of the Estates General which did not correspond to the King's concept of monarchy. At the end of the day, the King demanded the registration of the Successive Loan. The Duc d'Orléans (a previous Notable, a relative of the King, and an ardent revolutionary), known as Philippe Égalité, asked if this were a Royal Session of the Peers or a Session of Parlement. On being told it was a Royal Session he replied that edicts were not registered at Royal Sessions. The King retorted, Vous êtes bien le maître (do as YOU will) with some sarcasm as the King's will was legally required, and strode angrily from the session with a retinue. Lettres de Cachet, or arbitrary arrest warrants, followed on the 20th for D'Orleans and two others. They were taken into custody and held under comfortable conditions away from Paris; D'Orleans on his country estate. Parlement began a debate on the legality of Lettres de Cachet. The men being held became a cause célèbre.[7]

text: As the King and Parlement could accomplish no more together De Brienne, over the winter, pressed for an alternative plan; to resurrect even more archaic institutions. The Grand Bailliages, or larger legal jurisdictions that once had existed, would assume Parlement legal functions, while the Plenary Court, last known under Louis IX, when it had the power to register edicts, would assume the registration duties of the Parlement, leaving it with no duties to perform. The King planned a sudden revelation and dismissal of Parlement. However, Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil heard the government presses running and bribed the printer to give him the proofs of the edict. Hearing it read the next day, 3 May 1788, Parlement swore an oath not to be disbanded and defined a manifesto of their rights.

text: Warrants were issued for Eprémesnil and another but they escaped from their homes over the rooftops in the early morning to seek refuge in Parlement. The King sent his guards into Parlement to arrest them. They surrendered. Parlement filed silently out between a line of guards. The commander gave the key to the building to the King.[8]

text: The Return of Necker[edit]

text: The transfer of power to the new government was to begin on 8 May 1788 with the registration of the edicts establishing it in the regional Parlement. The latter refused unanimously following the Parlement of Paris. If the King's commissioners forced the issue Parlement abandoned the meeting place only to return the next day to declare the registration null and void. Armed protest swept the kingdom. Street fighting broke out at Rennes, Brittany. A deputation sent to Paris from there was imprisoned in the Bastille. The Bretons in Paris founded the Breton Club, later the Jacobin Society. The Grand Bailliages could not be created and the Plenary Court met only once.[9]

text: Convening the Estates-General[edit]

text: Edict of 24 January 1789[edit]

text: The Estates-General were summoned by a royal edict dated to 24 January 1789. It comprised two parts: a Lettre du Roi, and a Règlement.[10]

text: The Lettre announces:

text: The King promises to address the grievances of his people. The "most notable persons" of each community and judicial district are summoned "to confer and to record remonstrances, complaints, and grievances." Elections for Deputies are to be held. He says that he intends "reform of abuse," "establishment of a fixed and durable order," and "general prosperity." The Lettre is signed "Louis."

text: Lettres de Convocation were sent to all the provinces with the Règlement prescribing the methods of election. During the preceding autumn the Parlement of Paris, an aristocratic advisory body to the King, had decided that the organization of the convention would be the same as in 1614, the last time the Estates had met. As 175 years had gone by since then it is clear the Estates were not a functional institution in French society. By reviving them as much as possible like they had been the King and the Parlement intended to control the authority of the people. The previous Estates had voted by order; that is, the Nobles and the Clergy could together outvote the Commons by 2 to 1.

text: If on the other hand, each delegate were to have one vote, the majority would prevail. The issue was widely discussed in the press during the autumn of 1788. The people would nevertheless accept any national convention confident that enough members of the Nobility and the Clergy would be with them to sway the votes. A National Party was formed. It argued that France had never had a constitution and the proper function of the Convention was to establish one. The royalist defenders, however, accepted the absolute monarchy as the constitution. Just to be certain the press began to demand that the Commons be allocated twice as many delegates as each of the other two Estates. In an attempt to bolster his failing popularity the King acceded to this measure of "doubling the Third." He was confident of his influence over the Nobility and Clergy.[11]

text: Elections of early Spring 1789[edit]

text: The First Estate represented 100,000 Catholic clergy; the Church owned about 10 percent of the land and collected its own taxes (the tithe) on peasants. The lands were controlled by bishops and abbots of monasteries, but two-thirds of the 303 delegates from the First Estate were ordinary parish priests; only 51 were bishops.[12] The Second Estate represented the nobility, about 400,000 men and women who owned about 25 percent of the land and collected seigneurial dues and rents from their peasant tenants. About a third of the 282 deputies representing the Second Estate were nobles, mostly with minor holdings. The Third Estate representation was doubled to 578 men, representing 95 percent of the population of roughly 25 million. Half were well-educated lawyers or local officials. Nearly a third were in trades or industry; 51 were wealthy land owners.[13][14]

text: The Réglement that went out by post in January thus specified separate voting for delegates of each Estate. Each tax district (cities, boroughs, and parishes) would elect their own delegates to the Third Estate. The Bailliages, or judicial districts, would elect delegates to the First and Second Estates in separate ballots. Each voting assembly would also collect a Cahier, or "Notebook", of grievances to be considered by the Convocation. The election rules differed somewhat depending on the type of voting unit, whether city, parish or some other. Generally, the distribution of delegates was by population: the most populous locations had the greatest number of delegates. The City of Paris was thus dominant. The electorate consisted of males 25 years and older, property owners, and registered taxpayers. They could be native or naturalized citizens.[15]

text: The number of delegates elected was about 1,200, half of whom formed the Third Estate. The First and Second Estates had 300 each. But French society had changed since 1614, and these Estates-General were not identical to those of 1614. Members of the nobility were not required to stand for election to the Second Estate, and many of them were elected to the Third Estate. The total number of nobles in the three Estates was about 400. Noble representatives of the Third Estate were among the most passionate revolutionaries in attendance, including Jean Joseph Mounier and the comte de Mirabeau. Despite their status as elected representatives of the Third Estate, many of these nobles were executed by guillotine during the Terror.[16]

text: The Nobles in the Second Estate were the richest and most powerful in the kingdom. The King could count on them, but that was of little use to him in the succeeding course of history. He had also expected that the First Estate would be predominantly the noble Bishops. The electorate, however, returned mainly parish priests, most of whom were sympathetic to the Commons. The Third Estate elections returned predominantly magistrates and lawyers. The lower levels of society, the landless, working men, though present in large numbers in street gangs, were totally absent from the Estates-General, as the King had called for "the most notable persons".

text: The grievances returned were mainly about taxes, which the people considered a crushing burden.[17] Consequently, the people and the King were totally at odds from the very beginning. Aristocratic privilege was also attacked. The people resented the fact that nobles could excuse themselves from most of the burden of taxation and service that fell on the ordinary people. A third type complained that the ubiquitous tolls and duties levied by the nobility hindered internal commerce.[18]

text: Opening of the Convention[edit]

text: On 5 May 1789,[19] amidst general festivities, the Estates-General convened in an elaborate but temporary Île des États set up in one of the courtyards of the official Hôtel des Menus Plaisirs in the town of Versailles near the royal château. With the étiquette of 1614 strictly enforced, the clergy and nobility ranged in tiered seating in their full regalia, while the physical locations of the deputies from the Third Estate were at the far end, as dictated by the protocol. When Louis XVI and Charles Louis François de Paule de Barentin, the Keeper of the Seals of France, addressed the deputies on 6 May, the Third Estate discovered that the royal decree granting double representation also upheld the traditional voting "by orders", i.e. that the collective vote of each estate would be weighed equally.

text: The apparent intent of the King and of Barentin was for everyone to get directly to the matter of taxes. The larger representation of the Third Estate would remain merely a symbol while giving them no extra power. Director-General of Finance Jacques Necker had more sympathy for the Third Estate, but on this occasion he spoke only about the fiscal situation, leaving it to Barentin to speak on how the Estates-General was to operate.

text: Trying to avoid the issue of representation and to focus solely on taxes, the King and his ministers had gravely misjudged the situation. The Third Estate wanted the estates to meet as one body and for each delegate to have one vote. The other two estates, while having their own grievances against royal absolutism, believed – correctly, as history was to prove – that they stood to lose more power to the Third Estate than they stood to gain from the King. Necker sympathized with the Third Estate in this matter, but the astute financier lacked equal astuteness as a politician. He decided to let the impasse play out to the point of stalemate before he would enter the fray. As a result, by the time the King yielded to the demand of the Third Estate, it seemed to all to be a concession wrung from the monarchy, rather than a magnanimous gift that would have convinced the populace of the King's goodwill.[20]

text: Proceedings and dissolution[edit]

text: The Estates-General reached an impasse. The Second Estate pushed for meetings that were to transpire in three separate locations, as they had traditionally. The Comte de Mirabeau, a noble himself but elected to represent the Third Estate, tried but failed to keep all three orders in a single room for this discussion. Instead of discussing the King's taxes, the three estates began to discuss separately the organization of the legislature. These efforts continued without success until 27 May, when the nobles voted to stand firm for separate verification. The following day, the Abbé Sieyès (a senior member of the clergy, but, like Mirabeau, elected to represent the Third Estate) moved that the representatives of the Third Estate, who now called themselves the Communes ("Commons"), proceed with verification and invite the other two estates to take part, but not to wait for them.

text: On 13 June 1789, the Third Estate had arrived at a resolution to examine and settle the powers of the three orders. They invited the clergy and nobles to work with them on this endeavor. On 17 June, with the failure of efforts to reconcile the three estates, the Communes completed their own process of verification and almost immediately voted a measure far more radical: they declared themselves redefined as the National Assembly, an assembly not of the estates, but of the people. They invited the other orders to join them but made it clear that they intended to conduct the nation's affairs with or without them. As their numbers exceeded the combined numbers of the other estates, they could dominate any combined assembly.

text: The King tried to resist. Under the influence of the courtiers of his privy council, he resolved to go in state to the Assembly, annul its decrees, command the separation of the orders, and dictate the reforms to be effected by the restored Estates-General. On 20 June, he ordered the hall where the National Assembly met, closed.[21] The Assembly moved their deliberations to the nearby tennis court, where they proceeded to swear the 'Tennis Court Oath', by which they agreed not to separate until they had settled the constitution of France. Two days later, deprived of the use of the tennis court as well, the Assembly met in the Church of Saint Louis, where the majority of the representatives of the clergy joined them: efforts to restore the old order had served only to accelerate events.

text: In the séance royale of 23 June, the King granted a Charte octroyée, a constitution granted by royal favor, which affirmed, subject to the traditional limitations, the right of separate deliberation for the three orders, which constitutionally formed three chambers. This move failed; soon, that part of the deputies of the nobles who still stood apart joined the National Assembly at the request of the King. The Estates-General had ceased to exist, having become the National Assembly (and after 9 July 1789, the National Constituent Assembly).


document_title: 4 Your Eyez Only World Tour

question_text: who's opening for j cole 4 your eyez only

question_tokens: who 's opening for j cole 4 your eyez only

text: 4 Your Eyez Only World Tour

text: Background[edit]

text: To further promote his fourth studio album, 4 Your Eyez Only, Cole announced 4 Your Eyez Only World Tour on February 21, 2017.[1] The tour will include 62 dates across North America, Europe and Australia. The first 13 dates took place in smaller, intimate venues, while the remaining set of dates will take place in arenas. The tour began June 1, 2017 in Columbia, South Carolina and concluded December 9, 2017 in  Perth, Australia.[5] A limited edition 4 Your Eyez Only collectors set was made available for pre-order on February 22, 2017 via Dreamville's website, with a shipping and release date of April 28, 2017.[6] The bundle included 4 Your Eyez Only on vinyl, cassette and CD, or you could purchase each individually, the set also included limited artwork and 4 Your Eyez Only tour pre-sale access.[7]

text: Opening acts[edit]

text:
J.I.D (Leg 1, leg 2, European leg)
Ari Lennox (Leg 1, leg 2, European leg)
Lute (Leg 1)
Anderson .Paak (Leg 2, selected dates)
Bas (Leg 2)
Cozz (performed with Bas during the opening act for majority of Leg 2)
EarthGang (European leg)

tag: ul

text: Set list[edit]

text:
"For Whom the Bell Tolls"
"Immortal"
"Deja Vu"
"Ville Mentality"
"Change" (with Ari Lennox)
"Lights Please"
"Nobody's Perfect"
"Can't Get Enough"
"Forbidden Fruit"
"Neighbors"
"Foldin Clothes"
"She's Mine, Pt. 2"
"Love Yourz"
"Wet Dreamz"
"A Tale of 2 Citiez"
"G.O.M.D."
"Power Trip"
"No Role Modelz"
"4 Your Eyez Only"

tag: ol

text:
During the Las Vegas show, Cozz joined Ari Lennox during the opening act to perform "Backseat".[8] Dennis Smith Jr., Statik Selektah, Joey Badass and DJ Mustard also attended the show.[9][10][11]
During the first Inglewood show, EarthGang joined J.I.D during the opening act,[12] Russ also attended the show.[13]
During the second Toronto show, Cozz joined Bas during the opening act,[14] WondaGurl and Michael B. Jordan also attended the show.[15][16]
Colin Kaepernick attended the second Brooklyn show.[17]

text: Tour dates[edit]

text:
List of concerts, showing date, city, venue, attendance, revenue

Date

City

Country

Venue

Attendance

Revenue

North America[5]

June 1, 2017

Columbia

United States

Music Farm

—

—

June 2, 2017

Jacksonville

Maverick's

—

—

June 3, 2017

Tallahassee

Potbelly's

—

—

June 5, 2017

Jackson

Hal and Mal's

—

—

June 6, 2017

Birmingham

Avondale

—

—

June 7, 2017

Baton Rouge

Varsity Theater

—

—

June 9, 2017

Little Rock

Metroplex

—

—

June 11, 2017

Kansas City

Arvest Bank Theatre at The Midland

—

—

June 13, 2017

St. Louis

The Pageant

—

—

June 14, 2017

Memphis

The New Daisy Theatre

—

—

June 15, 2017

Louisville

Mercury Ballroom

900 / 900

$32,625

June 17, 2017

Norfolk

Norva Theatre

1,450 / 1,450

$50,750

June 18, 2017

Greensboro

Cone Denim Entertainment Center

—

—

July 6, 2017

Phoenix

Talking Stick Resort Arena

12,411 / 13,853

$924,354

July 8, 2017

Las Vegas

MGM Grand Garden Arena

—

—

July 9, 2017

Anaheim

Honda Center

—

—

July 11, 2017

Inglewood

The Forum

—

—

July 12, 2017

July 14, 2017[3]

Oakland

Oracle Arena

—

—

July 15, 2017

July 17, 2017

Seattle

KeyArena

11,417 / 11,417

$921,347

July 19, 2017

Vancouver

Canada

Rogers Arena

—

—

July 22, 2017

Saint Paul

United States

Xcel Energy Center

8,892 / 8,892

$614,762

July 24, 2017

Chicago

United Center

12,685 / 14,068

$1,166,321

July 25, 2017

Auburn Hills

The Palace of Auburn Hills

8,946 / 12,905

$700,507

July 28, 2017

Toronto

Canada

Air Canada Centre

26,071 / 30,521

$1,936,090

July 29, 2017

August 1, 2017

New York City

United States

Barclays Center

26,984 / 26,984

$2,122,600

August 2, 2017

August 4, 2017

Boston

TD Garden

12,338 / 12,338

$1,150,575

August 5, 2017

Uniondale

Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum

10,544 / 10,544

$775,124

August 6, 2017

Baltimore

Royal Farms Arena

8,165 / 13,157

$615,657

August 8, 2017

Washington, D.C.

Capital One Arena

14,176 / 15,084

$1,083,698

August 9, 2017

Charlotte

Spectrum Center

15,122 / 15,297

$1,297,367

August 11, 2017

Duluth

Infinite Energy Arena

—

—

August 14, 2017

Miami

American Airlines Arena

12,330 / 12,330

$1,034,901

August 16, 2017

Orlando

Amway Center

10,478 / 10,478

$1,084,733

August 18, 2017

Houston

Toyota Center

—

—

August 19, 2017

Austin

Frank Erwin Center

—

—

August 20, 2017

Dallas

American Airlines Center

13,579 / 13,579

$1,051,808

Europe[5]

September 29, 2017

Copenhagen

Denmark

Tap1

—

—

September 30, 2017

Oslo

Norway

Oslo Spektrum

—

—

October 1, 2017

Stockholm

Sweden

Annexet

—

—

October 3, 2017

Cologne

Germany

Palladium

—

—

October 5, 2017

Amsterdam

Netherlands

Ziggo Dome

—

—

October 6, 2017

Berlin

Germany

Columbiahalle

—

—

October 7, 2017

Offenbach

Stadthalle Offenbach

—

—

October 9, 2017

Zürich

Switzerland

Samsung Hall

—

—

October 10, 2017

Paris

France

Le Zénith Paris - La Villette

—

—

October 12, 2017

Nottingham

England

Motorpoint Arena Nottingham

—

—

October 14, 2017

Birmingham

Barclaycard Arena

—

—

October 15, 2017

London

The O2 Arena

—

—

October 16, 2017

October 18, 2017

Dublin

Republic of Ireland

3Arena

—

—

October 20, 2017

Cardiff

Wales

Motorpoint Arena Cardiff

—

—

October 21, 2017

Manchester

England

Manchester Arena

—

—

October 22, 2017

Leeds

First Direct Arena

—

—

Oceania[5]

December 1, 2017

Auckland

New Zealand

Spark Arena

—

—

December 2, 2017

Brisbane

Australia

Riverstage

—

—

December 5, 2017

Sydney

Hordern Pavilion

—

—

December 6, 2017

Melbourne

Margaret Court Arena

—

—

December 9, 2017

Perth

HBF Stadium

—

—

Total

190,456 / 221,447 (86%)

$39,600,000

text:
July 18, 2017

Vancouver, Canada

Rogers Arena

Rescheduled to July 19, 2017[18]

July 21, 2017

Saint Paul, Minnesota

Xcel Energy Center

Rescheduled to July 22, 2017[18]

July 23, 2017

Auburn Hills, Michigan

The Palace of Auburn Hills

Rescheduled to July 25, 2017[18]

July 25, 2017

Chicago, Illinois

United Center

Cancelled[18]


document_title: List of Latin American rail transit systems by ridership

question_text: first latin american country to have a railroad

text: The following is a list of all urban rail transit systems in Latin America, ranked by passenger ridership. These kinds of systems are most commonly known as metro (or subway in English), but may also be known as subte, tren, or tranvía systems. Daily and annual passengers ridership figures in this chart are based on annual and daily (not just weekday) average passenger trips. The year of the source date varies and is provided on the right.

text: Overall, Brazil has the largest number of metros, with 10 such systems, followed by Venezuela with 4 metro systems. The Mexico City Metro has the highest passenger ridership in Latin America, and second in the Americas, after the New York City Subway.

text:
System
Country
City
served
Annual
Ridership*
Average
daily
boardings*
System
length
Ave. daily
boardings
per km*
Year
opened
Stations
Lines
Source
date

1
Mexico City Metro
 MEX
Mexico City
1,662,562,714[1]
4,615,375[note 1]
7005226500000000000♠226.5 km (140.7 mi)[2]
20,377
1969
195[2]
12[2]
2016

2
Metrô
 BRA
São Paulo
895,561,000[3]
2,453,590
7004784000000000000♠78.4 km (48.7 mi)[4]
32,246
1974[4]
64[4]
5[4]
2014

3
Santiago Metro
 CHI
Santiago
670,100,000[5]
2,200,000[6]
7005103000000000000♠103 km (64.0 mi)
17,255
1975
108
5
07/2016

4
Caracas Metro
 VEN
Caracas
484,600,000[7]
1,328,000
7004524000000000000♠52.4 km (32.6 mi)
25,337
1983
48
4
2009

5
MetrôRio
 BRA
Rio de Janeiro
401,500,000[8]
1,100,000
7004580000000000000♠58 km (36.0 mi)
26,830
1979
35
2
2012

6
Subte
 ARG
Buenos Aires
365,000,000[9]
1,000,000[10]
7004519000000000000♠51.9 km (32.2 mi)
19,267
1913
83
6
2014

7
Medellín Metro
 COL
Medellín
165,400,000[11]
465,387
7004320000000000000♠32 km (19.9 mi)
14,543
1995
34
5
2011

8
Monterrey Metro
 MEX
Monterrey
156,900,000[12]
446,100
7004320000000000000♠32 km (19.9 mi)
13,938
1991
31
2
2012

9
Lima Metro
 PER
Lima
115,000,000[13]
320,000[14]
7004346000000000000♠34.6 km (21.5 mi)
10,250
1990
26
1
12/2014

10
Tren Ligero de Guadalajara
 MEX
Guadalajara
87,600,000[note 2][15]
240,000
7004240000000000000♠24 km (14.9 mi)
10,000
1989
29
2
11/2013

11
Recife Metro
 BRA
Recife
79,600,000[16]
285,000
7004442000000000000♠44.2 km (27.5 mi)
6,448
1985
30
4
2012

12
Panama Metro
 PAN
Panama City
68,500,000[17]
260,000[17]
7004137000000000000♠13.7 km (8.5 mi)
12,409
2014
12
1
2015

13
Santo Domingo Metro
 DOM
Santo Domingo
66,236,092[18]
181,468[18][note 1]
7004274000000000000♠27.4 km (17.0 mi)[19][20]
5,497
2008
30
2
09/2013

14
Trensurb
 BRA
Porto Alegre
62,000,000[21]
170,000
7004390000000000000♠39 km (24.2 mi)
4,359
1985
19
1
2011

15
Belo Horizonte Metro
 BRA
Belo Horizonte
57,419,280[22]
157,300
7004281000000000000♠28.1 km (17.5 mi)
5,598
1986
19
1
2012

16
Metrô-DF
 BRA
Brasília
54,750,000[23]
150,000
7004424000000000000♠42.4 km (26.3 mi)
3,538
2001
24
2
2009

17
Xochimilco Light Rail
 MEX
Mexico City
21,000,000[24]
57,534
7004128000000000000♠12.8 km (8.0 mi)
4,495
1986
18
1
2007

18
Valencia Metro
 VEN
Valencia
17,200,000[25]
62,000
7003620000000000000♠6.2 km (3.9 mi)
10,000
2006
7
1
2012

19
Valparaíso Metro
 CHI
Valparaíso
20,120,000[26]
55,123
7004430000000000000♠43 km (26.7 mi)[26]
1,096
2005
20
1
2013

20
Los Teques Metro[note 3]
 VEN
Los Teques/Caracas
13,000,000[27]
35,616
7004102000000000000♠10.2 km (6.3 mi)
3,490
2006
3
1
08/2013

21
Tren Urbano
 PUR
San Juan
11,023,500 [28]
40,600
7004172000000000000♠17.2 km (10.7 mi)
2,360
2004
16
1
Q4 2012

22
Maracaibo Metro
 VEN
Maracaibo
9,000,000[29]
42,000
7003650000000000000♠6.5 km (4.0 mi)
3,490
2006
6
1
2011

23
Teresina Metro[note 4]
 BRA
Teresina
4,300,000[30]
12,000
7004145000000000000♠14.5 km (9.0 mi)
828
1989
9
1
2009

24
Fortaleza Metro
 BRA
Fortaleza
n/a
n/a
7004430000000000000♠43 km (26.7 mi)
n/a
2012
28
2
n/a

25
Metrotranvía Mendoza
 ARG
Mendoza
n/a
n/a
7004125000000000000♠12.5 km (7.8 mi)
n/a
2012
26
1
n/a

26**
Salvador Metro
 BRA
Salvador
n/a
300,000 (Projected)
7004300000000000000♠30 km (18.6 mi)
n/a
2014
19
2
n/a

27**
Maceió Metro
 BRA
Maceió
n/a
40,000 (Projected)
7004320000000000000♠32 km (19.9 mi)
n/a
2014(?)
n/a
1
n/a

28
Cariri Metro[note 4]
 BRA
Crato–Juazeiro
n/a
5,000
7004139000000000000♠13.9 km (8.6 mi)
360
2009
9
1
n/a

text:
*Corresponds to the ridership source provided for each transit system.
**Under construction. Set to open in 2014.


document_title: Shootout at Wadala

question_text: real name of veera in shootout at wadala

text: Shootout at Wadala

text: Plot[edit]

text: In a police van, Afaaque Baaghran (Anil Kapoor) listens to the story narrated by a gangster, Manya Surve (John Abraham), who is gravely injured with a bullet-riddled body. Surve is a decent student at Kirti college, Dadar. He is in love with Vidya Joshi (Kangana Ranaut) and takes her to his mother to discuss about their marriage. Manya has an older brother named Bhargav Surve, who is a gangster after an underworld don named Bhatkar (Ranjeet).

text: Soon enough, Bhargav is attacked and beaten up by Bhatkar's goons. Manya steps in to save him. While Manya Surve clutches one of the goons, Bhargav stabs the goon and he dies on the spot. On the day of Manya's exam results, before he can discover his grades, Manya and his brother are arrested and publicly humiliated at college by Inspector Ambolkar (Raju Kher) and end up in Yerwada Central Jail. In prison, another convict named Munir (Tusshar Kapoor) saves Manya from being attacked by a goon named Potya (Chetan Hansraj) during lunch time. During this assault, Bhargav is killed. Munir befriends Manya and another convict named Veera. Veera trains Manya to become stronger. Manya trains and then eventually is challenged by Potya. Potya attacks him from behind and beats Manya up, to which Manya responds by stabbing Potya to death.

text: Later on, both Manya and Munir escape from prison while they are working on a railway track and try to join hands with two brothers who rule Mumbai's deals. The first brother, Zubair Imtiaz Haksar (Manoj Bajpayee), is cool and is impressed by Manya. However, the second brother, Dilawar (Sonu Sood), disapproves of Manya and dislikes him. After this, Manya forms his own gang which consists of him, Munir, Veera, and Gyancho, a sharpshooter brought by Munir. Soon enough, Manya finishes off Bhatkar (the gangster who had him and his brother arrested). Jamal, Bhatkar's bodyguard, also joins them. Next, Manya brings Ambolkar to his knees by beating him brutally in public. The story next shows the death of Sadiq, (Arif Zakaria) an unscrupulous news reporter, by Mastan. This breaks a fight between Haskar brothers and Mastan. Due to this, a truce is called by Haji Maqsood (Akbar Khan). The truce is short lived as Maqsood asks Manya Surve to finish Zubair. After Zubair's assassination, Dilawar kills Gyancho with the help of Jamal. He is about to kill Munir when Manya saves him. Later, Afaaque is asked to kill Manya by Dilawar. Even after his refusal, at first he agrees when police commissioner (Jackie Shroff) orders him to. The story comes to an end after the shootout and Manya's killing by police.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Abraham as Manya Surve
Anil Kapoor as ACP Afaaque Baaghran (character based on Isaque Bagwan)
Kangana Ranaut as Vidya Joshi
Tusshar Kapoor as Sheikh Munir[6]
Manoj Bajpayee as Zubair Imtiaz Haksar (character based on Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar)
Sonu Sood as Dilawar Imtiaz Haksar (character based on Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar)
Akbar Khan as Haji Maqsood (character based on Haji Mastan) (cameo)
Ronit Roy as Inspector Raja Ambat (character based on Raja Tambat)
Mahesh Manjrekar as Inspector Bhinde (character based on Madhukar Zende)
Siddhanth Kapoor as Gyancho (character based on Vishnu Patil)
Ranjeet as Bhatkar Dada
Jackie Shroff as Police Commissioner (fictional) (cameo)
Raju Kher as Inspector Ambolkar (character based on Inspector Dabholkar)
Arif Zakaria as Sadiq (news reporter) (character based on Iqbal Naatiq)
Chetan Hansraj as Potya (character based on Suhas Bhatkar)
Karan Patel as Jamal (Bhaskar's bodyguard) (fictional)
Sanjeev Chadda as Veera (character based on Uday Shetty)
Vineet Sharma as Bhargav Surve[7][8]

text: Special appearances

text:
Sunny Leone as Laila in the item number "Laila"[7][8] (role inspired from Shabir's girlfriend Chitra)[9]
Priyanka Chopra in the item number "Babli Badmaash"[7][8]
Sophie Choudry in the item number "Aala Re Aala"[7][8]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Director Sanjay Gupta knew the consequences of using Dawood Ibrahim's real name while shooting the film, but he carried on with Sonu Sood being addressed as "Dilawar Imtiaz" in the film.[10] On 27 January 2013, Balaji Motion Pictures uploaded a new version of the theatrical trailer, and trimmed nearly every dialogue from the film off. The character of Dawood Ibrahim is only seen for three seconds in the new trailer, to avoid any problems. Also, the character names have been changed as well, except for Abraham's character, whose name remains the same in the film.[11]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Shootout at Wadala

Soundtrack album by

Anu Malik
Meet Bros Anjjan
Mustafa Zahid
Anand Raj Anand

Released
13 June 2013

Recorded
2013

Genre
Feature film soundtrack

Length
49:26

Language
Hindi

Label
Sony Music

Anu Malik chronology

Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai
(2012)Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai2012
Shootout at Wadala
(2013)
Hera Pheri 4
(2014)Hera Pheri 42014

Meet Bros Anjjan chronology

OMG – Oh My God!
(2012) OMG – Oh My God!2012
Shootout at Wadala
(2013) Shootout at Wadala2013
Policegiri
(2013) Policegiri2013

Mustafa Zahid chronology

Murder 3
(2013) Murder 32013
Shootout at Wadala
(2013) Shootout at Wadala2013
Aashiqui 2
(2013) Aashiqui 22013

Anand Raj Anand chronology

Deewana Main Deewana
(2013) Deewana Main Deewana2013
Shootout at Wadala
(2013) Shootout at Wadala2013
Zanjeer
(2013) Zanjeer2013

Singles from Shootout at Wadala

"Babli Badmaash"
Released: 14 March 2013
"Aala Re Aala"
Released: 24 April 2013
"Laila"
Released: 28 April 2013
"Aye Manya"
Released: 7 May 2013

text: The music of Shootout at Wadala is composed by Anu Malik, Anand Raj Anand, Meet Bros Anjjan and Mustafa Zahid. Anu Malik was asked to compose for two songs for this film which became instant chartbusters.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Music
Artist(s)
Length

1.
"Aala Re Aala"
Anu Malik
Sunidhi Chauhan, Mika Singh
5:44

2.
"Laila"
Anand Raaj Anand & Anu Malik
Mika Singh
3:36

3.
"Babli Badmaash"
Anu Malik
Sunidhi Chauhan
4:27

4.
"Ek Din Ke Liye"
Anu Malik
Sunidhi Chauhan & Anu Malik
0:48

5.
"Yeh Junoon"
Mustafa Zahid
Mustafa Zahid
4:52

6.
"Aye Manya"
Meet Bros Anjjan
Adnan Sami, Meet Bros Anjjan & Shaan
4:56

7.
"Goli"
Meet Bros Anjjan
Meet Bros Anjjan, Sudesh Bhosle, Anil Kapoor & John Abraham
4:08

8.
"Babli Badmaash (Remix by Gourav Das Gupta & Roshan Balu)"
Anu Malik
Sunidhi Chauhan & Anu Malik
4:47

9.
"Aala Re Aala (Remix by Gourav Das Gupta & Roshan Balu)"
Anu Malik
Sunidhi Chauhan, Mika Singh & Anu Malik
5:02

10.
"Laila (Remix by Gourav Das Gupta & Roshan Balu)"
Anand Raaj Anand
Mika Singh & Anand Raj Anand
3:27

11.
"Yeh Junoon (Remix by Mayur Sahani)"
Mustafa Zahid
Mustafa Zahid
4:01

12.
"Goli (Remix by Mayur Sahani)"
Meet Bros Anjjan
Meet Bros Anjjan, Sudesh Bhosle, Anil Kapoor, John Abraham
3:38

Total length:
49:26

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received a mixed reception from critics and audiences.

text:
Review scores

[hide]Source
Rating

Bollywood Hungama[12]

Times of India[13]

Koimoi[14]

Zee News[15]

DNA India[16]

NDTV[17]

Yahoo![18]

IBN[19]

The Indian Express[20]

Rediff[21]

text: Box office[edit]

text: India[edit]

text: Shootout at Wadala had an opening of around 65% occupancy[22] and went on to collect ₹101.9 million (US$1.6 million) on first day.[23] After five days of release, the film had amassed a collection of ₹268.5 million (US$4.2 million).[24] The two-week domestic distributor share is ₹ 255.0 million approx.[2][25] The final total came out to be ₹546.4 million (US$8.5 million).[26]

text: Overseas[edit]

text: Shootout at Wadala collected $900,000 over its first weekend.[27] Its final overseas collection was US$1.625 million.[28]

text: Budget and marketing[edit]

text: Shootout at Wadala was made with a budget of ₹32 crore (US$5.0 million) of production costs. The prints and marketing budget was ₹15 crore (US$2.3 million).

text: Pre-release business[edit]

text: Shootout at Wadala was released in 2013 in theaters across the country through AA Films.

text:
Shootout at Wadala pre-release business

Territories and ancillary revenues
Price

First weekend domestic (net)
₹28 crore (US$4.4 million)

Satellite rights with a TV channel
₹22 crore (US$3.4 million)

Overseas & home video rights with Eros International
₹5 crore (US$780,000)

Music rights (T~Series)
₹5 crore (US$780,000)

Total
₹75 crore (US$12 million)

text: •  These figures do not include Print and Advertising (P&A) costs.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Director Sanjay Gupta has stated his plans to make a third installment to the franchise. He has also said that he will restart his movie Alibaug, starring Sanjay Dutt, and turn it into the third sequel of the Shootout series. Also, actors Abhishek Bachchan and John Abraham have been rumoured to star alongside each other. Abraham will portray real encounter specialist Vijay Salaskar. The project is currently untitled, but it has been reported to be an "epic revenge saga".


document_title: Raven's Home

question_text: how old is levi off of raven's home

question_tokens: how old is levi off of raven 's home

text: Raven's Home

text: Premise[edit]

text: Best friends Raven and Chelsea, both divorced single mothers, are now raising their children in an apartment together in Chicago. Their house is turned upside down when they realize one of Raven's children, Booker, has inherited the same psychic abilities as his mother.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21)
October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)

2
TBA
June 25, 2018 (2018-06-25)
TBA

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Raven Baxter[2] (Raven-Symoné) is the single mother of twins Nia and Booker, who works as a fashion designer for dogs. It is revealed that prior to the series, Raven has gotten divorced from Devon Carter (Jonathan McDaniel), an ex-boyfriend from high school, and now lives with Chelsea and her son in Chicago. Raven possesses psychic powers, able to glimpse "visions" of the future. She decides not to tell her children about her visions as she believes they would not understand.
Booker Baxter-Carter[4] (Issac Ryan Brown) is the 11-year-old son of Raven and twin brother of Nia, who has inherited his mother's psychic abilities.[2][5] After he gets his first vision at school, he decides not to tell his mother about his psychic abilities as he thinks she would not believe him, unaware that his mother is also psychic.
Nia Baxter-Carter[4] (Navia Robinson) is the 11-year-old daughter of Raven and twin sister of Booker.[2][5] She initially does not believe her brother's psychic abilities, insisting it's one of his made up stories. When her brother has a vision of Nia getting hit by a boxing bag and later becomes true, she finally believes him.
Levi Grayson[4] (Jason Maybaum) is the 9-year-old son of Chelsea.[5] He is very mature for his age and often acts as the parent in his relationship with his mother.
Tess (Sky Katz) is the street-wise best friend of Nia who lives in the same building as the rest of the family.
Chelsea Grayson[4] (Anneliese van der Pol) is Raven's somewhat dim-witted, but sweet best friend and the mother of Levi. It is revealed that prior to the series, Chelsea made a substantial sum of money from an infomercial product she invented called the "Schmop," but her fortune was stolen by her husband Garrett Grayson. Afterwards, Garrett was arrested for tax evasion and ended up having an affair with the federal agent that arrested him. Chelsea subsequently divorced him upon reclaiming some of her money and moved in with Raven. While living with Raven, Chelsea often tries to cook for the family, which goes horribly awry.

text: Production[edit]

text: Eight years after That's So Raven ended, there was speculation and rumors that the series would get a second spinoff or revamp. On August 14, 2015, a reunion with Raven-Symoné and her former co-stars happened on The View, where they discussed all things about the series and past times. T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh and Rondell Sheridan were not present, but got a special mention from Raven-Symoné herself.[6]

text: A pilot for the series was announced by Disney Channel on October 27, 2016,[1] and Raven-Symoné also announced that she was departing as co-host of The View later in 2016 in order to work on the series full time.[7] On November 14, 2016, it was announced that Anneliese van der Pol would reprise her role of Chelsea Daniels in the series as a divorced mother who is raising a son, Levi, and moves in with Raven.[3] Disney Channel officially greenlit it to series, with the title of Raven's Home, on April 4, 2017.[8][9] Executive producers Jed Elinoff and Scott Thomas serve as showrunners and head writers, with Raven-Symoné also on the writing team as an executive producer.[10] The series premiered on Disney Channel on July 21, 2017, and is filmed at Hollywood Center Studios.

text: Disney Channel renewed the series for a second season on October 10, 2017, which began filming in November 2017.[11] Additionally, starting with the second season, Dava Savel and Michael Feldman will replace Jed Elinoff and Scott Thomas as showrunners. Both Savel and Feldman served as writers and producers on That's So Raven.[12] The second season is scheduled to premiere on Disney Channel on June 25, 2018.[13][14]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The world premiere of Raven's Home aired immediately after the premiere of Descendants 2 on the Disney Channel on July 21, 2017.[15]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical[edit]

text: Raven's Home has received positive reviews. Writing for The Post, Georgia Davis appreciated the pilot for "maintain[ing] the charm and energy" of the original, praising Raven and Chelsea's characterizations, as well as the performances of the child actors.[16] Davis concluded, "It might be too early to tell, but it seems Raven's Home is on the right path for success."[16] Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media wrote that "That's So Raven fans will find plenty more of what they loved about the original series in this sharply written sitcom that plays up the woes of adulting and tween trials in a surprisingly great balance."[17]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
13
July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21)
3.50[18]
October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)
1.27[19]
1.50

2
TBA
June 25, 2018 (2018-06-25)
TBD
TBA
TBD
TBD

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.

2018
NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Children’s Program
Raven's Home
Nominated
[20]

Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Performer in a Children's Program
Raven-Symoné
Nominated
[21]

Young Entertainer Awards
Best Leading Young Actor - Television Series
Jason Maybaum
Won
[22]