document_title: List of all-time NASCAR Cup Series winners

question_text: who is the most winning driver in nascar

text: Win table[edit]

text: All figures correct as of the 2017 Ford EcoBoost 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway (November 19, 2017).

text:
Key

Driver is competing full-time in the 2018 season

Driver is competing part-time in the 2018 season

Driver has been inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame

text:
Driver
Strictly Stock
(1949)
Grand National
(1950–1970)
Winston
Cup
(1971–2003)
Playoffs era
(2004–present)
Modern era
total
(1972–present)
[1]
Combined
total
[2]

Petty, RichardRichard Petty
119
81
0
60
200

Pearson, DavidDavid Pearson
58
47
0
45
105

Gordon, JeffJeff Gordon
0
64
29
93
93

Allison, BobbyBobby Allison
19
65
0
55
84

Waltrip, DarrellDarrell Waltrip
0
84
0
84
84

Johnson, JimmieJimmie Johnson
0
6
77
83
83

Yarborough, CaleCale Yarborough
14
69
0
69
83

Earnhardt, DaleDale Earnhardt
0
76
0
76
76

Wallace, RustyRusty Wallace
0
54
1
55
55

Petty, LeeLee Petty
54
0
0
0
54

Jarrett, NedNed Jarrett
50
0
0
0
50

Johnson, JuniorJunior Johnson
50
0
0
0
50

Stewart, TonyTony Stewart
0
17
32
49
49

Thomas, HerbHerb Thomas
48
0
0
0
48

Baker, BuckBuck Baker
46
0
0
0
46

Elliott, BillBill Elliott
0
44
0
44
44

Busch, KyleKyle Busch
0
0
43
43
43

Martin, MarkMark Martin
0
33
7
40
40

Flock, TimTim Flock
39
0
0
0
39

Kenseth, MattMatt Kenseth
0
7
32
39
39

Harvick, KevinKevin Harvick
0
4
33
37
37

Isaac, BobbyBobby Isaac
32
5
0
1
37

Roberts, FireballFireball Roberts
33
0
0
0
33

Jarrett, DaleDale Jarrett
0
31
1
32
32

Hamlin, DennyDenny Hamlin
0
0
31
31
31

Busch, KurtKurt Busch
0
8
21
29
29

Edwards, CarlCarl Edwards
0
0
28
28
28

White, RexRex White
28
0
0
0
28

Earnhardt Jr., DaleDale Earnhardt Jr.
0
9
17
26
26

Lorenzen, FredFred Lorenzen
26
0
0
0
26

Paschal, JimJim Paschal
25
0
0
0
25

Weatherly, JoeJoe Weatherly
25
0
0
0
25

Keselowski, BradBrad Keselowski
0
0
24
24
24

Rudd, RickyRicky Rudd
0
23
0
23
23

Labonte, TerryTerry Labonte
0
22
0
22
22

Burton, JeffJeff Burton
0
17
4
21
21

Labonte, BobbyBobby Labonte
0
21
0
21
21

Parsons, BennyBenny Parsons
0
21
0
21
21

Smith, JackJack Smith
21
0
0
0
21

Thompson, SpeedySpeedy Thompson
20
0
0
0
20

Allison, DaveyDavey Allison
0
19
0
19
19

Baker, BuddyBuddy Baker
3
16
0
15
19

Biffle, GregGreg Biffle
0
1
18
19
19

Flock, FontyFonty Flock
19
0
0
0
19

Bodine, GeoffreyGeoffrey Bodine
0
18
0
18
18

Bonnett, NeilNeil Bonnett
0
18
0
18
18

Gant, HarryHarry Gant
0
18
0
18
18

Kahne, KaseyKasey Kahne
0
0
18
18
18

Logano, JoeyJoey Logano
0
0
18
18
18

Newman, RyanRyan Newman
0
9
9
18
18

Panch, MarvinMarvin Panch
17
0
0
0
17

Turner, CurtisCurtis Turner
17
0
0
0
17

Irvan, ErnieErnie Irvan
0
15
0
15
15

Truex Jr., MartinMartin Truex Jr.
0
0
15
15
15

Hutcherson, DickDick Hutcherson
14
0
0
0
14

Yarbrough, LeeRoyLeeRoy Yarbrough
14
0
0
0
14

Rathmann, DickDick Rathmann
13
0
0
0
13

Richmond, TimTim Richmond
0
13
0
13
13

Allison, DonnieDonnie Allison
5
5
0
4
10

Marlin, SterlingSterling Marlin
0
10
0
10
10

Goldsmith, PaulPaul Goldsmith
9
0
0
0
9

Owens, CottonCotton Owens
9
0
0
0
9

Welborn, BobBob Welborn
9
0
0
0
9

Bowyer, ClintClint Bowyer
0
0
8
8
8

Petty, KyleKyle Petty
0
8
0
8
8

Dieringer, DarelDarel Dieringer
7
0
0
0
7

Foyt, A. J.A. J. Foyt
3
4
0
2
7

McMurray, JamieJamie McMurray
0
1
6
7
7

Reed, JimJim Reed
7
0
0
0
7

Teague, MarshallMarshall Teague
7
0
0
0
7

Burton, WardWard Burton
0
5
0
5
5

Gurney, DanDan Gurney
5
0
0
0
5

Kulwicki, AlanAlan Kulwicki
0
5
0
5
5

Larson, KyleKyle Larson
0
0
5
5
5

Lund, TinyTiny Lund
5
0
0
0
5

Marcis, DaveDave Marcis
0
5
0
5
5

Mayfield, JeremyJeremy Mayfield
0
3
2
5
5

Moody, RalphRalph Moody
5
0
0
0
5

Dane, LloydLloyd Dane
4
0
0
0
4

Flock, BobBob Flock
4
0
0
0
4

Glotzbach, CharlieCharlie Glotzbach
3
1
0
0
4

Gray, EddieEddie Gray
4
0
0
0
4

Hamilton, BobbyBobby Hamilton
0
4
0
4
4

Hamilton, PetePete Hamilton
3
1
0
0
4

Jones, ParnelliParnelli Jones
4
0
0
0
4

McGriff, HershelHershel McGriff
4
0
0
0
4

Nemechek, JoeJoe Nemechek
0
3
1
4
4

Pagan, EddieEddie Pagan
4
0
0
0
4

Schrader, KenKen Schrader
0
4
0
4
4

Shepherd, MorganMorgan Shepherd
0
4
0
4
4

Stacy, NelsonNelson Stacy
4
0
0
0
4

Wade, BillyBilly Wade
4
0
0
0
4

Waltrip, MichaelMichael Waltrip
0
4
0
4
4

Wood, GlenGlen Wood
4
0
0
0
4

Blair, BillBill Blair
3
0
0
0
3

Gordon, RobbyRobby Gordon
0
3
0
3
3

Linder, DickDick Linder
3
0
0
0
3

Mundy, FrankFrank Mundy
3
0
0
0
3

Sadler, ElliottElliott Sadler
0
1
2
3
3

Staley, GwynGwyn Staley
3
0
0
0
3

Vickers, BrianBrian Vickers
0
0
3
3
3

Ambrose, MarcosMarcos Ambrose
0
0
2
2
2

Andretti, JohnJohn Andretti
0
2
0
2
2

Beauchamp, JohnnyJohnny Beauchamp
2
0
0
0
2

Byron, RedRed Byron
2
0
0
0
2

Cope, DerrikeDerrike Cope
0
2
0
2
2

Craven, RickyRicky Craven
0
2
0
2
2

Elder, RayRay Elder
0
2
0
1
2

Hylton, JamesJames Hylton
1
1
0
1
2

Johns, BobbyBobby Johns
2
0
0
0
2

Johnson, Joe LeeJoe Lee Johnson
2
0
0
0
2

Keller, AlAl Keller
2
0
0
0
2

Langley, ElmoElmo Langley
2
0
0
0
2

Letner, DannyDanny Letner
2
0
0
0
2

Montoya, Juan PabloJuan Pablo Montoya
0
0
2
2
2

Myers, BillyBilly Myers
2
0
0
0
2

Pardue, JimmyJimmy Pardue
2
0
0
0
2

Park, SteveSteve Park
0
2
0
2
2

Pistone, TomTom Pistone
2
0
0
0
2

Porter, MarvinMarvin Porter
2
0
0
0
2

Ragan, DavidDavid Ragan
0
0
2
2
2

Reutimann, DavidDavid Reutimann
0
0
2
2
2

Sosebee, GoberGober Sosebee
2
0
0
0
2

Spencer, JimmyJimmy Spencer
0
2
0
2
2

Stenhouse Jr., RickyRicky Stenhouse Jr.
0
0
2
2
2

Zervakis, EmanuelEmanuel Zervakis
2
0
0
0
2

Allen, JohnnyJohnny Allen
1
0
0
0
1

Allmendinger, A. J.A. J. Allmendinger
0
0
1
1
1

Almirola, AricAric Almirola
0
0
1
1
1

Amick, BillBill Amick
1
0
0
0
1

Andretti, MarioMario Andretti
1
0
0
0
1

Balmer, EarlEarl Balmer
1
0
0
0
1

Bayne, TrevorTrevor Bayne
0
0
1
1
1

Benson, JohnnyJohnny Benson
0
1
0
1
1

Blaney, RyanRyan Blaney
0
0
1
1
1

Bodine, BrettBrett Bodine
0
1
0
1
1

Bouchard, RonRon Bouchard
0
1
0
1
1

Brickhouse, RichardRichard Brickhouse
1
0
0
0
1

Brooks, DickDick Brooks
0
1
0
1
1

Buescher, ChrisChris Buescher
0
0
1
1
1

Burdick, BobBob Burdick
1
0
0
0
1

Burke, MarvinMarvin Burke
1
0
0
0
1

Cole, NeilNeil Cole
1
0
0
0
1

Cook, JimJim Cook
1
0
0
0
1

Dillon, AustinAustin Dillon
0
0
1
1
1

Donohue, MarkMark Donohue
0
1
0
1
1

Eubanks, JoeJoe Eubanks
1
0
0
0
1

Figaro, LouLou Figaro
1
0
0
0
1

Florian, JimmyJimmy Florian
1
0
0
0
1

Frank, LarryLarry Frank
1
0
0
0
1

Graves, DannyDanny Graves
1
0
0
0
1

Haggerty, RoyceRoyce Haggerty
1
0
0
0
1

Hillin Jr., BobbyBobby Hillin Jr.
0
1
0
1
1

Hurtubise, JimJim Hurtubise
1
0
0
0
1

Kieper, JohnJohn Kieper
1
0
0
0
1

Kite, HaroldHarold Kite
1
0
0
0
1

Lewis, PaulPaul Lewis
1
0
0
0
1

Mantz, JohnnyJohnny Mantz
1
0
0
0
1

McQuagg, SamSam McQuagg
1
0
0
0
1

Mears, CaseyCasey Mears
0
0
1
1
1

Menard, PaulPaul Menard
0
0
1
1
1

Moore, LloydLloyd Moore
1
0
0
0
1

Nadeau, JerryJerry Nadeau
0
1
0
1
1

Nelson, NormNorm Nelson
1
0
0
0
1

Norton, BillBill Norton
1
0
0
0
1

Parsons, PhilPhil Parsons
0
1
0
1
1

Passwater, DickDick Passwater
1
0
0
0
1

Pond, LennieLennie Pond
0
1
0
1
1

Rexford, BillBill Rexford
1
0
0
0
1

Ridley, JodyJody Ridley
0
1
0
1
1

Rollins, ShortyShorty Rollins
1
0
0
0
1

Roper, JimJim Roper
1
0
0
0
1

Ross, EarlEarl Ross
0
1
0
1
1

Rostek, JohnJohn Rostek
1
0
0
0
1

Rutherford, JohnnyJohnny Rutherford
1
0
0
0
1

Sacks, GregGreg Sacks
0
1
0
1
1

Sales, LeonLeon Sales
1
0
0
0
1

Schneider, FrankieFrankie Schneider
1
0
0
0
1

Scott, WendellWendell Scott
1
0
0
0
1

Shuman, BuddyBuddy Shuman
1
0
0
0
1

Smith, ReganRegan Smith
0
0
1
1
1

Soares, JohnJohn Soares
1
0
0
0
1

Speed, LakeLake Speed
0
1
0
1
1

Stevenson, ChuckChuck Stevenson
1
0
0
0
1

Thomas, DonaldDonald Thomas
1
0
0
0
1

Thompson, TommyTommy Thompson
1
0
0
0
1

Watts, ArtArt Watts
1
0
0
0
1

Weinberg, DannyDanny Weinberg
1
0
0
0
1

White, JackJack White
1
0
0
0
1

text: Most wins at different tracks[edit]

text: Modern era[edit]

text:
Key

Driver and Track is part of 2018 season

Track was part of the NASCAR Cup between 1972 and 2017

text:
Driver
Total
AMS
ACS
BMS
CMS
CHI
DAR
DAY
DOV
HMS
IMS
KAN
KEN
LVS
MAR
MIS
NAS
NHS
NCS
NWS
OMS
PHO
POC
RIC
RIV
SON
TAL
TMS
TWS
TRE
WGL

Jeff Gordon
24 of 25
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

Kyle Busch
23 of 23
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

Tony Stewart
21 of 24
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X

X
-

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

Kevin Harvick
21 of 24
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X

X
-

X
-
X

X
X
X

X

Mark Martin
21 of 27
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
-
-
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X

X
-
X
-
X
X
X

X

Jimmie Johnson
20 of 24
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X

X
-

X
X
X

X
X
X

-

Matt Kenseth
19 of 24
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X

X
X

X
X
X

-
X
X

-

Denny Hamlin
17 of 23
X
-
X
x
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
-
-
X
X

X

X
X
X

-
X
X

X

Rusty Wallace
17 of 25
X
X
X
X
-
-
x
X
-
-
-

-
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
-
-

X

Dale Earnhardt
17 of 26
X
-
X
X

X
X
X
-
X

-
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
-

-

Cale Yarborough
16 of 17
X

X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
-

X
X
X

X

X

Bobby Allison
16 of 19
X

X
X

X
X
X

-
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

-
X
-

Dale Jarrett
16 of 25
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
-

-
X
X

X
X
-

X
X
X
-
-
X
X

-

Darrell Waltrip
16 of 26
X
-
X
X

X
X
X
-
-

-
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
-
X
X
-
X
X
-
X

-

Richard Petty
15 of 21
X

X
X

-
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
-
-
X
X
X
-
X

X
-
-

Brad Keselowski
15 of 23
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
-

X

-
X
X

-
X
-

-

Kurt Busch
15 of 24
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
X

X
-

X
X
X

X
-
X

-

Bill Elliott
15 of 26
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-

-
-
X
-
-
X
-

X
X
X
X
-
X
-

-

text: Note:

text:
X - at least one win in a points race
x - at least one win in a non-points race
- - participation, but no win
no entry = no participation

text: Most wins at each track[edit]

text: Current NASCAR tracks[edit]

text:
Track
Driver
Wins
Active drivers
Wins

Atlanta Motor Speedway
Dale Earnhardt
9
Jimmie Johnson
5

Auto Club Speedway
Jimmie Johnson
6
Jimmie Johnson
6

Bristol Motor Speedway
Darrell Waltrip
12
Kyle Busch
6

Charlotte Motor Speedway
Jimmie Johnson
8
Jimmie Johnson
8

Chicagoland Speedway
Tony Stewart
3
Brad Keselowski, Kevin Harvick & Martin Truex Jr.
2

Darlington Raceway
David Pearson
10
Jimmie Johnson
3

Daytona International Speedway
Richard Petty
10
Jimmie Johnson
3

Dover International Speedway
Jimmie Johnson
11
Jimmie Johnson
11

Homestead-Miami Speedway
Greg Biffle & Tony Stewart
3
Denny Hamlin
2

Indianapolis Motor Speedway
Jeff Gordon
5
Jimmie Johnson
4

Kansas Speedway
Jeff Gordon & Jimmie Johnson
3
Jimmie Johnson
3

Kentucky Speedway
Brad Keselowski
3
Brad Keselowski
3

Las Vegas Motor Speedway
Jimmie Johnson
4
Jimmie Johnson
4

Martinsville Speedway
Richard Petty
15
Jimmie Johnson
9

Michigan International Speedway
David Pearson
9
Kurt Busch & Kyle Larson
3

New Hampshire Motor Speedway
Jeff Burton
4
Jimmie Johnson, Ryan Newman, Kurt Busch, Denny Hamlin, & Kyle Busch
3

Phoenix International Raceway
Kevin Harvick
8
Kevin Harvick
8

Pocono Raceway
Jeff Gordon
6
Denny Hamlin
4

Richmond International Raceway
Richard Petty
13
Kyle Busch
4

Sonoma Raceway
Jeff Gordon
5
Kyle Busch
2

Talladega Superspeedway
Dale Earnhardt
10
Brad Keselowski
5

Texas Motor Speedway
Jimmie Johnson
7
Jimmie Johnson
7

Watkins Glen International
Tony Stewart
5
Kyle Busch
2

text: Former NASCAR tracks[edit]

text:
Track
Driver
Wins

Albany-Saratoga Speedway
Richard Petty
2

Asheville-Weaverville Speedway
Rex White
5

Augusta Speedway
Joe Weatherly, Richard Petty, Bobby Isaac & David Pearson
2

Beltsville Speedway
Bobby Isaac
3

Birmingham International Raceway
Ned Jarrett
3

Bowman Gray Stadium
Rex White
6

California State Fairgrounds
Eddie Gray
2

Central City Speedway
Herb Thomas
2

Champion Speedway
Bob Welborn
2

Charlotte Speedway
Buck Baker
3

Cleveland County Fairgrounds
Buck Baker & Ned Jarrett
2

Columbia Speedway
Richard Petty
7

Concord Speedway
Jack Smith
3

Dayton Speedway
Dick Rathman
2

Daytona Beach and Road Course
Marshall Teague & Tim Flock
2

Dog Track Speedway
Ned Jarrett
4

Fonda Speedway
Richard Petty
2

Fort Miami Speedway
Tim Flock
2

Greenville-Pickens Speedway
Richard Petty
6

Heidelberg Raceway
Lee Petty
2

Hickory Motor Speedway
Junior Johnson
7

Islip Speedway
Richard Petty & Bobby Allison
2

Jacksonville Speedway Park
Herb Thomas & Lee Petty
2

Kingsport Speedway
Richard Petty
2

Lakewood Speedway
Herb Thomas & Buck Baker
2

Langhorne Speedway
Dick Rathmann & Herb Thomas
3

Langley Speedway
David Pearson
3

Lincoln Speedway
Buck Baker
2

Middle Georgia Raceway
Richard Petty
4

Monroe County Fairgrounds
Tim Flock & Lee Petty
2

Montgomery Speedway
Tim Flock
2

Morristown Speedway
Tim Flock
2

Myrtle Beach Speedway
Ned Jarrett
3

Nashville Speedway
Richard Petty
9

New Asheville Speedway
Ned Jarrett & Richard Petty
2

Newport Speedway
Fireball Roberts
2

North Wilkesboro Speedway
Richard Petty
15

Occoneechee Speedway
Buck Baker, Lee Petty & Richard Petty
3

Old Dominion Speedway
Ned Jarrett & Richard Petty
2

Ontario Motor Speedway
A.J. Foyt, Bobby Allison & Benny Parsons
2

Oxford Plains Speedway
Bobby Allison
2

Palm Beach Speedway
Herb Thomas
4

Piedmont Interstate Fairgrounds
Ned Jarrett
6

Portland Speedway
Eddie Pagan
2

Raleigh Speedway
Fonty Flock, Herb Thomas & Fireball Roberts
2

Reading Fairgrounds
Junior Johnson
2

Riverside International Raceway
Bobby Allison
6

Rockingham Speedway
Richard Petty
11

Savannah Speedway
Richard Petty
3

Smoky Mountain Raceway
Richard Petty
6

South Boston Speedway
Richard Petty
5

Southern States Fairgrounds
Lee Petty
3

Starkey Speedway
Junior Johnson
2

Tar Heel Speedway
Jim Paschal
2

Texas World Speedway
Richard Petty
3

Trenton Speedway
Richard Petty
3

West Virginia International Speedway
Richard Petty
3

Wilson Speedway
Herb Thomas
3


document_title: River valley civilization

question_text: when did the human settlements came about in the nile valley

root

text: River valley civilization

text: History[edit]

text: The first great civilizations all grew up in river valleys, The oldest known civilization, 3300 to 2500 BCE, was along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East; the name given to that civilization, Mesopotamia, means "land between the rivers". The Nile valley in Egypt had been home to agricultural settlements as early as 5500 BCE, but the growth of Egypt as a civilization began around 3100 BCE. A third civilization grew up along the Indus River around 2600 BCE, in parts of what are now India and Pakistan. The fourth great river civilization emerged around 1700 BCE along the Yellow River in China, also known as the Huang-He River Civilization.[1][2]

tag: p

text: Causes[edit]

text: Civilizations tended to grow up in river valleys for a number of reasons.The most obvious is access to a usually reliable source of water for agriculture and human needs. Plentiful water, and the enrichment of the soil due to annual floods, made it possible to grow excess crops beyond what was needed to sustain an agricultural village. This allowed for some members of the community to engage in non-agricultural activities such as construction of buildings and cities (the root of the word "civilization"), metal working, trade, and social organization.[3][4]

text: Early civilizations[edit]

text: Mesopotamia[edit]

text: Mesopotamia was the earliest river valley civilization, starting to form around 3500 BCE. The civilization was created after regular trading started relationships between multiple cities and states around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Mesopotamian cities became self-run civil governments. One of the cities within this civilization, Uruk, was the first literate society in history. Eventually, they all joined together to irrigate the two rivers in order to make their dry land fertile for agricultural growth. The increase in successful farming in this civilization allowed population growth throughout the cities and states within Mesopotamia.[5]

text: Egypt[edit]

text: Egypt also created irrigation systems from its local river, the Nile River, more intricate than previous systems. The Egyptians would rotate legumes with cereal which would stop salt buildup from the fresh water and enhance the fertility of their fields. The Nile River also allowed easier travel among the civilization, eventually resulting in the creation of two kingdoms in the north and south areas of the river until both were unified into one society by 3000 BCE.[6]

text: Indus valley[edit]

text: Much of the history of the Indus valley civilization, discovered in the 1920s, is unknown. Discovered in the 1920s, Harappan society remains a mystery because the Harappan system of writing has not yet been deciphered. It was larger than either Egypt or Mesopotamia. Historians have found no evidence of violence or a ruling class; there are no distinctive burial sites and there is not a lot of evidence to suggest a formal military. However, historians believe that the lack of knowledge about the ruling class and the military is mainly due to the inability to read Harappan writing.[7]

text: Yellow River[edit]

text: The Yellow River (Huang He) area became settled around 4000 BC.[8] Many tribes settled along the river, sixth longest in the world, which was distinguished by its heavy load of yellow silt and its periodic devastating floods. Recorded Chinese history begins with the first great wall, the Xia Dynasty, which went through the Yellow River valley from 2100 to 1600 BC. A major impetus for the tribes to unite into a single kingdom was the desire to find a solution to the frequent deadly floods. The Xia dug canals to channel excess water away from the area, resulting in a strong civilization with bountiful harvests and powerful leaders. The Yellow River is often called "The Cradle of Chinese Civilization".[9]


document_title: Federal lands

question_text: government ownership of property and resources in the united states is

text: Federal lands

text: Legal background[edit]

text: The United States Supreme Court has upheld the broad powers of the federal government to deal with federal lands, for example having unanimously held in Kleppe v. New Mexico[5] that "the complete power that Congress has over federal lands under this clause necessarily includes the power to regulate and protect wildlife living there, state law notwithstanding."[1]

text: Lands held by the United States in trust for Native American tribes are generally not considered public lands.[6] There are some 55 million acres of land held in trust by the federal government for Indian tribes and almost 11 million acres of land held in trust by the federal government for individual Natives. Although the United States holds legal title to these lands, the tribe or individual holds beneficial title (the right to use and benefit from the property).[7] As a result, Indian Country is "quasi-private, not public, land."[6] Nevertheless, "because the United States is a legal title holder, the federal government is a necessary part in all leases and dispositions of resources including trust land. For example, the secretary of the interior must approve any contract for payment or grant by an Indian tribe for services for the tribe 'relative to their lands' (25 U.S.C. § 81)."[7]

text: Primary federal land holders[edit]

text: The four primary federal land holders are:

text:
Department of the Interior

Bureau of Land Management (BLM) - Manages about 248.3 million acres of federal lands as of 2017, more than any other agency. Of these, 99.4% are in the 11 Western states or Alaska. BLM primarily emphasizes rangeland, but also administers lands for purposes other than grazing, including "recreation, ... timber, watershed, wildlife and fish habitat, and conservation."[4]
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) - Manages about 89.1 million acres of federal land, of which 86% are in Alaska. FWS-administered land is primarily for conservation and promotion of wildlife; however, some other uses (such as resource extraction) are permitted under certain conditions and in certain areas.[4]
National Park Service (NPS) - Manages about 79.8 million acres of federal land, of which 66% are in Alaska. There are slightly over 417 official NPS units with a variety of titles, including national park, national monument, national historic site, national recreation area, and national battlefield.[4]

Department of Agriculture

United States Forest Service (FS) - Manages about 192.9 million acres of national forests. Although Forest Service holdings are mostly in the West, FS also manages about 60% of all federal lands in the Eastern United States.[4]

tag: ul

text: The fifth largest federal landowner is the U.S. Department of Defense, which owns, leases, or possessed 26.1 million worldwide, of which 11.4 million acres are located in the United States. DOD land is mostly military bases and reservations. The largest single DOD-owned tract is the 2.3-million-acre White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico.[4]

text: Together, the BLM, FWS, NPS, Forest Service, and DOD manage 97% of federal land. Federal agencies that control smaller amounts of land include the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, the United States Postal Service, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the U.S. Department of Energy.[4]

text: Distribution and changes over time[edit]

text: Federal land is concentrated in Alaska and the Western United States. Nationwide, the federal government owns 27.4% of all land area. There are significant variations regionally; the federal government owns 61.3% of the land area in Alaska, 46.4% of the land area in the 11 contiguous Western states; and 4.2% of the land area of other stares. The state with the highest percentage of land held by the federal government is Nevada (79.6%); the states with the lowest percentage of land held by the federal government are Connecticut and Iowa (0.3%).[4]

text: From 1990 to 2015, federal acreage declined by about 3.9% due to a decline in land held by DOD and BLM.[4]

text: Primary laws regarding federal lands[edit]

text:
Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.)
Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA)
Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act (Baca Act) (P.L. 106-248)
Mineral Leasing Act
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
Omnibus Public Land Management Act (Public Law 111-11)
Taylor Grazing Act (43 U.S.C. 315 et seq.)
Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971


document_title: 2014 FIFA World Cup statistics

question_text: who scored the most goals in the 2014 world cup

text: 2014 FIFA World Cup statistics

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text: The winner of the Golden Boot was James Rodríguez.

text: James Rodríguez

text: Thomas Müller

text:
Lionel Messi
 Neymar
 Robin van Persie

text:
Enner Valencia
 Karim Benzema
 André Schürrle
 Arjen Robben
 Xherdan Shaqiri

text:
Abdelmoumene Djabou
 Islam Slimani
 Tim Cahill
 David Luiz
 Oscar
 Alexis Sánchez
 Jackson Martínez
 Bryan Ruiz
 Mario Mandžukić
 Ivan Perišić
 Mario Götze
 Mats Hummels
 Miroslav Klose
 Toni Kroos
 André Ayew
 Asamoah Gyan
 Wilfried Bony
 Gervinho
 Memphis Depay
 Ahmed Musa
 Clint Dempsey
 Luis Suárez

text:
Yacine Brahimi
 Sofiane Feghouli
 Rafik Halliche
 Ángel Di María
 Gonzalo Higuaín
 Marcos Rojo
 Mile Jedinak
 Kevin De Bruyne
 Marouane Fellaini
 Romelu Lukaku
 Dries Mertens
 Divock Origi
 Jan Vertonghen
 Edin Džeko
 Vedad Ibišević
 Miralem Pjanić
 Avdija Vršajević
 Fernandinho
 Fred
 Thiago Silva
 Joël Matip
 Charles Aránguiz
 Jean Beausejour
 Jorge Valdivia
 Eduardo Vargas
 Pablo Armero
 Juan Cuadrado
 Teófilo Gutiérrez
 Juan Quintero
 Joel Campbell
 Óscar Duarte
 Marco Ureña
 Ivica Olić
 Wayne Rooney
 Daniel Sturridge
 Olivier Giroud
 Blaise Matuidi
 Paul Pogba
 Moussa Sissoko
 Mathieu Valbuena
 Sami Khedira
 Mesut Özil
 Sokratis Papastathopoulos
 Georgios Samaras
 Andreas Samaris
 Carlo Costly
 Reza Ghoochannejhad
 Mario Balotelli
 Claudio Marchisio
 Keisuke Honda
 Shinji Okazaki
 Giovani dos Santos
 Andrés Guardado
 Javier Hernández
 Rafael Márquez
 Oribe Peralta
 Daley Blind
 Stefan de Vrij
 Leroy Fer
 Klaas-Jan Huntelaar
 Wesley Sneijder
 Georginio Wijnaldum
 Peter Odemwingie
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Nani
 Silvestre Varela
 Aleksandr Kerzhakov
 Aleksandr Kokorin
 Koo Ja-cheol
 Lee Keun-ho
 Son Heung-min
 Xabi Alonso
 Juan Mata
 Fernando Torres
 David Villa
 Blerim Džemaili
 Admir Mehmedi
 Haris Seferović
 Granit Xhaka
 John Brooks
 Julian Green
 Jermaine Jones
 Edinson Cavani
 Diego Godín

text:
Sead Kolašinac (against Argentina)
 Marcelo (against Croatia)
 John Boye (against Portugal)
 Noel Valladares (against France)
 Joseph Yobo (against France)

text: Source: FIFA[1]

text: Assists[edit]

text: Toni Kroos topped the assists table with four assists during the tournament.

text: Toni Kroos

text:
Juan Cuadrado
 Karim Benzema
 André Schürrle

text:
Kevin De Bruyne
 Eden Hazard
 Alexis Sánchez
 Abel Aguilar
 James Rodríguez
 Christian Bolaños
 Walter Ayoví
 Mathieu Valbuena
 Philipp Lahm
 Thomas Müller
 Mesut Özil
 Serge Aurier
 Daley Blind
 Daryl Janmaat
 Josip Drmić
 Graham Zusi

text:
Yacine Brahimi
 Abdelmoumene Djabou
 Sofiane Feghouli
 Carl Medjani
 Islam Slimani
 Ángel Di María
 Ezequiel Garay
 Gonzalo Higuaín
 Lionel Messi
 Marcos Rojo
 Ryan McGowan
 Tommy Oar
 Romelu Lukaku
 Divock Origi
 Edin Džeko
 Senad Lulić
 Miralem Pjanić
 Tino-Sven Sušić
 Dante
 David Luiz
 Luiz Gustavo
 Marcelo
 Neymar
 Oscar
 Thiago Silva
 Allan Nyom
 Charles Aránguiz
 Mauricio Pinilla
 Jorge Valdivia
 Eduardo Vargas
 Teófilo Gutiérrez
 Adrián Ramos
 Joel Campbell
 Júnior Díaz
 Cristian Gamboa
 Eduardo
 Nikica Jelavić
 Ivan Perišić
 Danijel Pranjić
 Ivan Rakitić
 Juan Carlos Paredes
 Glen Johnson
 Wayne Rooney
 Mathieu Debuchy
 Paul Pogba
 Benedikt Höwedes
 Sami Khedira
 Kwadwo Asamoah
 John Boye
 Asamoah Gyan
 Sulley Muntari
 Theofanis Gekas
 Georgios Samaras
 Brayan Beckeles
 Javad Nekounam
 Antonio Candreva
 Andrea Pirlo
 Gervinho
 Keisuke Honda
 Yuto Nagatomo
 Giovani dos Santos
 Héctor Herrera
 Rafael Márquez
 Memphis Depay
 Klaas-Jan Huntelaar
 Arjen Robben
 Wesley Sneijder
 Michel Babatunde
 Emmanuel Emenike
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Miguel Veloso
 Dmitri Kombarov
 Lee Keun-ho
 Yun Suk-young
 Cesc Fàbregas
 Andrés Iniesta
 Juanfran
 Gökhan Inler
 Admir Mehmedi
 Ricardo Rodríguez
 Michael Bradley
 Edinson Cavani
 Fernando Muslera
 Gastón Ramírez

text: Source: UEFA[2]

text: Scoring[edit]

text:
Total number of goals scored: 171
Average goals per match: 2.67
Total number of braces: 14
Karim Benzema, Toni Kroos, Mario Mandžukić, Jackson Martínez, Lionel Messi, Ahmed Musa, Neymar (2), Robin van Persie, Arjen Robben, James Rodríguez, André Schürrle, Luis Suárez, Enner Valencia
Total number of hat-tricks: 2
Thomas Müller, Xherdan Shaqiri
Total number of penalty kicks awarded: 13
Total number of penalty kicks scored: 12
Xabi Alonso, Karim Benzema, Edinson Cavani, Juan Cuadrado, Sofiane Feghouli, Klaas-Jan Huntelaar, Mile Jedinak, Thomas Müller, Neymar, Robin van Persie, James Rodríguez, Georgios Samaras
Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved: 1
Karim Benzema
Penalty kick success rate: 7001923100000000000♠92.31%
Own goals scored: 5
John Boye, Sead Kolašinac, Marcelo, Noel Valladares, Joseph Yobo

text:
First goal of the tournament: Marcelo (own goal) for Croatia against Brazil
First brace of the tournament: Neymar for Brazil against Croatia
First hat-trick of the tournament: Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal
Last goal of the tournament: Mario Götze for Germany against Argentina
Last brace of the tournament: André Schürrle for Germany against Brazil
Last hat-trick of the tournament: Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras
Fastest goal in a match from kickoff: 1st minute (0:30)
Clint Dempsey for United States - MS against Ghana
Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute: 2 minutes
Marco Ureña for Costa Rica against Uruguay (introduced in the 83rd minute), Admir Mehmedi for Switzerland against Ecuador (introduced in the 46th minute), Miroslav Klose for Germany against Ghana (introduced in the 69th minute), Leroy Fer for Netherlands against Chile (introduced in the 75th minute), Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium (introduced in the 105+2nd minute)
Latest goal in a match without extra time: 90+5th minute
Silvestre Varela for Portugal against United States - MS
Latest goal in a match with extra time: 120+1st minute
Abdelmoumene Djabou for Algeria against Germany
Latest winning goal in a match without extra time: 90+4th minute
Klaas-Jan Huntelaar for Netherlands against Mexico
Latest winning goal in a match with extra time: 118th minute
Ángel Di María for Argentina against Switzerland
Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match: 2 minutes (1:06)
Olivier Giroud and Blaise Matuidi for France against Switzerland

text:
Most goals scored by a team: 18
Germany
Fewest goals scored by a team: 1
Cameroon, Honduras, Iran
Most goals conceded by a team: 14
Brazil
Fewest goals conceded by a team: 2
Costa Rica
Best goal difference: +14
Germany
Worst goal difference: -8
Cameroon
Most goals scored in a match by both teams: 8
Brazil 1–7 Germany
Most goals scored in a match by one team: 7
Germany against Brazil
Most goals scored in a match by the losing team: 2
Australia against Netherlands, Switzerland against France, South Korea against Algeria, Nigeria against Argentina
Biggest margin of victory: 6 goals
Brazil 1–7 Germany
Most clean sheets achieved by a team: 4
Argentina, Germany, Netherlands
Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0
Algeria, Australia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cameroon, Ghana, Honduras, Italy, Ivory Coast, Portugal, Russia, South Korea, United States
Most clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2
Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Costa Rica, France, Greece, Honduras, Iran, Italy, Netherlands, Nigeria
Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0
Algeria, Colombia, Croatia, Germany, Ghana, Ivory Coast
Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 3
Argentina, Netherlands
Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2
Argentina, Cameroon, Greece, Iran, Italy, Netherlands

text:
Most goals scored by an individual: 6
James Rodríguez
Most assists given by an individual: 4
Juan Cuadrado, Toni Kroos
Most goals and assists produced by an individual: 8
James Rodríguez (6 goals, 2 assists), Thomas Müller (5 goals, 3 assists)
Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 4
Jasper Cillessen, Manuel Neuer, Sergio Romero
Fewest clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 0
Igor Akinfeev, Boubacar Barry, Asmir Begović, Beto, Gianluigi Buffon, Iker Casillas, Fatau Dauda, Panagiotis Glykos, Joe Hart, Tim Howard, Charles Itandje, Jung Sung-ryong, Kim Seung-gyu, Adam Kwarasey, Raïs M'Bolhi, Rui Patrício, Mathew Ryan, Salvatore Sirigu, Noel Valladares
Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 3
Jasper Cillessen, Sergio Romero
Most goals scored by one player in a match: 3
Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal, Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras
Oldest goal scorer: 37 years and 43 days[3]
Noel Valladares (own goal) for France against Honduras
Youngest goal scorer: 19 years and 25 days[3]
Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium

text: Wins and losses[edit]

text:
Most wins: 6 – Germany
Fewest wins: 0 – Australia, Cameroon, England, Ghana, Honduras, Iran, Japan, Russia, South Korea
Most losses: 3 – Australia, Cameroon, Honduras
Fewest losses: 0 – Costa Rica, Germany, Netherlands
Most draws: 3 – Costa Rica
Fewest draws: 0 – Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cameroon, Colombia, Croatia, Honduras, Italy, Ivory Coast, Spain, Switzerland, Uruguay
Most points in the group stage: 9 – Argentina, Belgium, Colombia, Netherlands
Fewest points in the group stage: 0 – Australia, Cameroon, Honduras

text: Match awards[edit]

text: Man of the Match[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Opponent
Awards

1
Messi, LionelLionel Messi
 Argentina
Bosnia and Herzegovina (GS), Iran (GS), Nigeria (GS), Switzerland (R16)
4

2
Navas, KeylorKeylor Navas
 Costa Rica
England (GS), Greece (R16), Netherlands (QF)
3

Robben, ArjenArjen Robben
 Netherlands
Australia (GS), Chile (GS), Brazil (TP)

Rodriguez, JamesJames Rodríguez
 Colombia
Greece (GS), Ivory Coast (GS), Uruguay (R16)

5
Benzema, KarimKarim Benzema
 France
Honduras (GS), Switzerland (GS)
2

Gotze, MarioMario Götze
 Germany
Ghana (GS), Argentina (F)

Howard, TimTim Howard
 United States
Portugal (GS), Belgium (R16)

Muller, ThomasThomas Müller
 Germany
Portugal (GS), United States (GS)

Neymar, Neymar
 Brazil
Croatia (GS), Cameroon (GS)

Ochoa, GuillermoGuillermo Ochoa
 Mexico
Brazil (GS), Netherlands (R16)

Shaqiri, XherdanXherdan Shaqiri
  Switzerland
Ecuador (GS), Honduras (GS)

Slimani, IslamIslam Slimani
 Algeria
South Korea (GS), Russia (GS)

13
Balotelli, MarioMario Balotelli
 Italy
England (GS)
1

Buffon, GianluigiGianluigi Buffon
 Italy
Uruguay (GS)

Campbell, JoelJoel Campbell
 Costa Rica
Uruguay (GS)

Julio Cesar Júlio César
 Brazil
Chile (R16)

De Bruyne, KevinKevin De Bruyne
 Belgium
Algeria (GS)

Dempsey, ClintClint Dempsey
 United States
Ghana (GS)

Cristiano Ronaldo, Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
Ghana (GS)

Domínguez, AlexanderAlexander Domínguez
 Ecuador
France (GS)

Dzeko, EdinEdin Džeko
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Iran (GS)

Hazard, EdenEden Hazard
 Belgium
Russia (GS)

Higuaín, GonzaloGonzalo Higuaín
 Argentina
Belgium (QF)

Honda, KeisukeKeisuke Honda
 Japan
Greece (GS)

Hummels, MatsMats Hummels
 Germany
France (QF)

Kroos, ToniToni Kroos
 Germany
Brazil (SF)

David Luiz, David Luiz
 Brazil
Colombia (QF)

M'Bolhi, RaïsRaïs M'Bolhi
 Algeria
Germany (R16)

Mandzukic, MarioMario Mandžukić
 Croatia
Cameroon (GS)

Marquez, RafaelRafael Márquez
 Mexico
Croatia (GS)

Martinez, JacksonJackson Martínez
 Colombia
Japan (GS)

Mikel, John ObiJohn Obi Mikel
 Nigeria
Iran (GS)

Odemwingie, PeterPeter Odemwingie
 Nigeria
Bosnia and Herzegovina (GS)

Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie
 Netherlands
Spain (GS)

Pogba, PaulPaul Pogba
 France
Nigeria (R16)

Romero, SergioSergio Romero
 Argentina
Netherlands (SF)

Ruiz, BryanBryan Ruiz
 Costa Rica
Italy (GS)

Samaras, GeorgiosGeorgios Samaras
 Greece
Ivory Coast (GS)

Sanchez, AlexisAlexis Sánchez
 Chile
Australia (GS)

Santos, Giovani dosGiovani dos Santos
 Mexico
Cameroon (GS)

Son, Heung-minSon Heung-min
 South Korea
Russia (GS)

Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez
 Uruguay
England (GS)

Toure, YayaYaya Touré
 Ivory Coast
Japan (GS)

Valencia, EnnerEnner Valencia
 Ecuador
Honduras (GS)

Vargas, EduardoEduardo Vargas
 Chile
Spain (GS)

Vertonghen, JanJan Vertonghen
 Belgium
South Korea (GS)

Villa, DavidDavid Villa
 Spain
Australia (GS)

tag: table

text: Clean sheets[edit]

text: The winner of the Golden Glove was Manuel Neuer.

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Opponent
Awards

1
Cillessen, JasperJasper Cillessen
 Netherlands
Chile (GS), Costa Rica (QF), Argentina (SF), Brazil (TP)
4

Neuer, ManuelManuel Neuer
 Germany
Portugal (GS), United States (GS), France (QF), Argentina (F)

Romero, SergioSergio Romero
 Argentina
Iran (GS), Switzerland (R16), Belgium (QF), Netherlands (SF)

4
Lloris, HugoHugo Lloris
 France
Honduras (GS), Ecuador (GS), Nigeria (R16)
3

Navas, KeylorKeylor Navas
 Costa Rica
Italy (GS), England (GS), Netherlands (QF)

6
Courtois, ThibautThibaut Courtois
 Belgium
Russia (GS), South Korea (GS)
2

Enyeama, VincentVincent Enyeama
 Nigeria
Iran (GS), Bosnia and Herzegovina (GS)

Karnezis, OrestisOrestis Karnezis
 Greece
Japan (GS), Ivory Coast (GS)

Ochoa, GuillermoGuillermo Ochoa
 Mexico
Cameroon (GS), Brazil (GS)

Ospina, DavidDavid Ospina
 Colombia
Greece (GS), Uruguay (R16)

11
Benaglio, DiegoDiego Benaglio
  Switzerland
Honduras (GS)
1

Bravo, ClaudioClaudio Bravo
 Chile
Spain (GS)

Julio Cesar Júlio César
 Brazil
Mexico (GS)

Domínguez, AlexanderAlexander Domínguez
 Ecuador
France (GS)

Eduardo, Eduardo
 Portugal
Ghana (GS)

Foster, BenBen Foster
 England
Costa Rica (GS)

Haghighi, AlirezaAlireza Haghighi
 Iran
Nigeria (GS)

Kawashima, EijiEiji Kawashima
 Japan
Greece (GS)

Krul, TimTim Krul
 Netherlands
Costa Rica (QF)

Mondragón, FarydFaryd Mondragón
 Colombia
Japan (GS)

Muslera, FernandoFernando Muslera
 Uruguay
Italy (GS)

Pletikosa, StipeStipe Pletikosa
 Croatia
Cameroon (GS)

Reina, PepePepe Reina
 Spain
Australia (GS)

Vorm, MichelMichel Vorm
 Netherlands
Brazil (TP)

text: Discipline[edit]

text:
Total number of yellow cards: 187
Average yellow cards per match: 2.92
Total number of red cards: 10
Average red cards per match: 0.16
First yellow card of the tournament:
Neymar for Brazil against Croatia
First red card of the tournament:
Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica
Fastest yellow card from kick off: 2 minutes
Thiago Silva for Brazil against Netherlands
Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute: 3 minutes
José Miguel Cubero for Costa Rica against Italy (introduced in the 68th minute)
Latest yellow card in a match without extra time: 90+4 minutes
João Moutinho for Portugal against Ghana
Latest yellow card in a match with extra time: 120+4 minutes
Ezequiel Garay for Argentina against Switzerland
Fastest dismissal from kick off: 37 minutes
Pepe for Portugal against Germany
Fastest dismissal of a substitute: 20 minutes
Ante Rebić for Croatia against Mexico (introduced in the 69th minute)
Latest dismissal in a match without extra time: 90+4 minutes
Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica
Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player: 11 minutes
Kostas Katsouranis for Greece against Japan (booked in the 27th minute and again in the 38th minute)
Most yellow cards (team): 14
Brazil
Most red cards (team): 1
Belgium, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Croatia, Ecuador, Greece, Honduras, Italy, Portugal, Uruguay
Fewest yellow cards (team): 2
Portugal
Most yellow cards (player): 3
Thiago Silva
Most red cards (player): 1
Steven Defour, Óscar Duarte, Kostas Katsouranis, Claudio Marchisio, Wilson Palacios, Pepe, Maxi Pereira, Ante Rebić, Alex Song, Antonio Valencia
Most yellow cards (match): 8
Costa Rica vs Greece
Most red cards (match): 1
Uruguay vs Costa Rica, France vs Honduras, Germany vs Portugal, Cameroon vs Croatia, Japan vs Greece, Croatia vs Mexico, Italy vs Uruguay, Ecuador vs France, South Korea vs Belgium, Costa Rica vs Greece
Fewest yellow cards (match): 1
England vs Italy, Iran vs Nigeria, Switzerland vs France, Germany vs Ghana, United States vs Portugal, Honduras vs Switzerland, Ecuador vs France, France vs Nigeria, Brazil vs Germany
Most cards in one match: 1 red card, 8 yellow cards
Costa Rica vs Greece

text: Multiple World Cups[edit]

text:
Name
 2002
 2006
 2010
 2014
Total goals

Goals
Against
Goals
Against
Goals
Against
Goals
Against

Cahill, Tim ! Tim Cahill
N/A
2
JPN (2)
1
SRB
2
CHI, NED
5

Cristiano Ronaldo ! Cristiano Ronaldo
N/A
1
IRN
1
PRK
1
GHA
3

Dempsey, Clint ! Clint Dempsey
N/A
1
GHA
1
ENG
2
GHA, POR
4

Gyan, Asamoah ! Asamoah Gyan
N/A
1
CZE
3
SRB, AUS, USA
2
GER, POR
6

Klose, Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose
5
KSA (3), IRL, CMR
5
CRC (2), ECU (2), ARG
4
AUS, ENG, ARG (2)
2
GHA, BRA
16

Marquez, Rafael ! Rafael Márquez
0
N/A
1
ARG
1
RSA
1
CRO
3

Persie, Robin van ! Robin van Persie
N/A
1
CIV
1
CMR
4
ESP (2), AUS, BRA
6

Robben, Arjen ! Arjen Robben
N/A
1
SCG
2
SVK, URU
3
ESP (2), AUS
6

Villa, David ! David Villa
N/A
3
UKR (2), FRA
5
HON (2), CHI, POR, PAR
1
AUS
9

text:
Name
 1998
 2002
 2006
 2010
 2014
Total

Apps
Against
Apps
Against
Apps
Against
Apps
Against
Apps
Against

Beasley, Da Marcus ! DaMarcus Beasley
N/A
3
POR, KOR, POL
3
CZE, ITA, GHA
1
ALG
4
GHA, POR, GER, BEL
11

Buffon, Gianluigi ! Gianluigi Buffon
0
N/A
4
ECU, CRO, MEX, KOR
7
GHA, USA, CZE, AUS, UKR, GER, FRA
1
PAR
2
CRC, URU
14

Casillas, Iker ! Iker Casillas
N/A
5
SVN, PAR, RSA, IRL, KOR
3
UKR, TUN, FRA
7
SUI, HON, CHI, POR, PAR, GER, NED
2
NED, CHI
17

Eto'o, Samuel ! Samuel Eto'o
1
ITA
3
IRL, KSA, GER
N/A
3
JPN, DEN, NED
1
MEX
8

Klose, Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose
N/A
7
KSA, IRL, CMR, PAR, USA, KOR, BRA
7
CRC, POL, ECU, SWE, ARG, ITA, POR
5
AUS, SRB, ENG, ARG, ESP
5
GHA, USA, FRA, BRA, ARG
24

Marquez, Rafael ! Rafael Márquez
N/A
4
CRO, ECU, ITA, USA
4
IRN, ANG, POR, ARG
4
RSA, FRA, URU, ARG
4
CMR, BRA, CRO, NED
16

Xavi ! Xavi
N/A
3
PAR, RSA, KOR
3
UKR, TUN, FRA
7
SUI, HON, CHI, POR, PAR, GER, NED
1
NED
14

text:
Gianluigi Buffon attended the 1998 FIFA World Cup as an unused substitute.
In 2014, Rafael Márquez became the first player to captain his team in four different World Cups.

text: Overall results[edit]

text: Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column.

text: By team[edit]

text: The Netherlands was the only team that used all 23 players during the tournament, making it the first team in World Cup history to ever use all of its squad players.[4]

text:
Team
Pld
W
D
L
Pts
APts
GF
AGF
GA
AGA
GD
AGD
CS
ACS
YC
AYC
RC
ARC

 Algeria
4
1
1
2
4
1.00
7
1.75
7
1.75
0
0.00
0
0.00
6
1.50
0
0.00

 Argentina
7
5
1
1
16
2.29
8
1.14
4
0.57
+4
0.57
4
0.57
8
1.14
0
0.00

 Australia
3
0
0
3
0
0.00
3
1.00
9
3.00
-6
-2.00
0
0.00
6
2.00
0
0.00

 Belgium
5
4
0
1
12
2.40
6
1.20
3
0.60
+3
0.60
2
0.40
7
1.40
1
0.20

 Bosnia & Herz.
3
1
0
2
3
1.00
4
1.33
4
1.33
0
0.00
0
0.00
3
1.00
0
0.00

 Brazil
7
3
2
2
11
1.57
11
1.57
14
2.00
-3
-0.43
1
0.14
14
2.00
0
0.00

 Cameroon
3
0
0
3
0
0.00
1
0.33
9
3.00
-8
-2.67
0
0.00
4
1.33
1
0.33

 Chile
4
2
1
1
7
1.75
6
1.50
4
1.00
+2
0.50
1
0.25
7
1.75
0
0.00

 Colombia
5
4
0
1
12
2.40
12
2.40
4
0.80
+8
1.60
2
0.40
5
1.00
0
0.00

 Costa Rica
5
2
3
0
9
1.80
5
1.00
2
0.40
+3
0.60
3
0.60
12
2.40
1
0.20

 Croatia
3
1
0
2
3
1.00
6
2.00
6
2.00
0
0.00
1
0.33
4
1.33
1
0.33

 Ecuador
3
1
1
1
4
1.33
3
1.00
3
1.00
0
0.00
1
0.33
5
1.67
1
0.33

 England
3
0
1
2
1
0.33
2
0.67
4
1.33
-2
-0.67
1
0.33
4
1.33
0
0.00

 France
5
3
1
1
10
2.00
10
2.00
3
0.60
+7
1.40
3
0.60
5
1.00
0
0.00

 Germany
7
6
1
0
19
2.71
18
2.57
4
0.57
+14
2.00
4
0.57
6
0.86
0
0.00

 Ghana
3
0
1
2
1
0.33
4
1.33
6
2.00
-2
-0.67
0
0.00
6
2.00
0
0.00

 Greece
4
1
2
1
5
1.25
3
0.75
5
1.25
-2
-0.50
1
0.25
8
2.00
1
0.25

 Honduras
3
0
0
3
0
0.00
1
0.33
8
2.67
-7
-2.33
0
0.00
7
2.33
1
0.33

 Iran
3
0
1
2
1
0.33
1
0.33
4
1.33
-3
-1.00
1
0.33
4
1.33
0
0.00

 Italy
3
1
0
2
3
1.00
2
0.67
3
1.00
-1
-0.33
0
0.00
3
1.00
1
0.33

 Ivory Coast
3
1
0
2
3
1.00
4
1.33
5
1.67
-1
-0.33
0
0.00
7
2.33
0
0.00

 Japan
3
0
1
2
1
0.33
2
0.67
6
2.00
-4
-1.33
1
0.33
4
1.33
0
0.00

 Mexico
4
2
1
1
7
1.75
5
1.25
3
0.75
+2
0.50
2
0.50
8
2.00
0
0.00

 Netherlands
7
5
2
0
17
2.43
15
2.14
4
0.57
+11
1.57
4
0.57
11
1.57
0
0.00

 Nigeria
4
1
1
2
4
1.00
3
0.75
5
1.25
-2
-0.50
2
0.50
3
0.75
0
0.00

 Portugal
3
1
1
1
4
1.33
4
1.33
7
2.33
-3
-1.00
0
0.00
2
0.67
1
0.33

 Russia
3
0
2
1
2
0.67
2
0.67
3
1.00
-1
-0.33
0
0.00
4
1.33
0
0.00

 South Korea
3
0
1
2
1
0.33
3
1.00
6
2.00
-3
-1.00
0
0.00
6
2.00
0
0.00

 Spain
3
1
0
2
3
1.00
4
1.33
7
2.33
-3
-1.00
1
0.33
3
1.00
0
0.00

  Switzerland
4
2
0
2
6
1.50
7
1.75
7
1.75
0
0.00
1
0.25
3
0.75
0
0.00

 United States
4
1
1
2
4
1.00
5
1.25
6
1.50
-1
-0.25
0
0.00
4
1.00
0
0.00

 Uruguay
4
2
0
2
6
1.50
4
1.00
6
1.50
-2
-0.50
1
0.25
8
2.00
1
0.25

Total
64(1)
51
13(2)
51
179
1.40
171
1.34
171
1.34
0
0.00
37
0.29
187
1.46
10
0.08

text:
Team(s) rendered in italics represent(s) the host nation(s). The competition's winning team is rendered in bold.
(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)
(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)
(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

text: By confederation[edit]

text:
Confederation
T
Pld
W
D
L
Pts
APts
Pts/T

AFC
4
12
0
3
9
3
0.25
0.75

CAF
5
17
3
3
11
12
0.71
2.40

CONCACAF
4
16
5
5
6
20
1.25
5.00

CONMEBOL
6
30
17
5
8
56
1.87
9.33

UEFA
13
53
26
10
17
88
1.66
6.77

Total
32
64(1)
51
13(2)
51
179
1.40
5.59

text:
Host nation(s) are situated in the region(s) rendered in italics.
(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)
(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)
(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

text: Stadiums[edit]

text:
Stadium
City
Capacity
Elevation[5]
Matches
played
Total
attendance
Average
attendance
per match
Average
attendance
as % of capacity
Total
goals
scored
Average
goals scored
per match

Arena da Amazônia
Manaus
40,549[6]
0072 !72 m
4
160,227
40,057
98.79%
14
3.50

Arena da Baixada
Curitiba
39,631[7]
0920 !920 m
4
156,991
39,248
99.03%
8
2.00

Arena das Dunas
Natal
39,971[8]
0045 !45 m
4
158,167
39,542
98.93%
5
1.25

Arena de São Paulo
São Paulo
63,321[9]
0792 !792 m
6
375,593
62,599
98.86%
11
1.83

Arena Fonte Nova
Salvador
51,900[10]
0 !0 m
6
300,674
50,112
96.56%
24
4.00

Arena Pantanal
Cuiabá
41,112[11]
0165 !165 m
4
158,717
39,679
96.52%
12
3.00

Arena Pernambuco
Recife
42,610[12]
0 !0 m
5
204,882
40,976
96.17%
11
2.20

Estádio Beira-Rio
Porto Alegre
43,394[13]
0047 !47 m
5
214,969
42,994
99.08%
22
4.40

Estádio Castelão
Fortaleza
60,342[14]
0 !0 m
6
356,896
59,483
98.58%
17
2.83

Estádio do Maracanã
Rio de Janeiro
74,738[15]
0 !0 m
7
519,189
74,170
99.24%
10
1.43

Estádio Mineirão
Belo Horizonte
58,170[16]
0800 !800 m
6
345,350
57,558
98.95%
17
2.13

Estádio Nacional
Brasília
69,349[17]
1172 !1172 m
7
478,218
68,317
98.51%
20
2.86


document_title: Battery charger

question_text: what is the use of power bank charger

question_tokens: what is the use of power bank charger

text: Battery charger

text: C-rates[edit]

text: Charge and discharge rates are often denoted as C or C-rate, which is a measure of the rate at which a battery is charged or discharged relative to its capacity. As such the C-rate is defined as the charge or discharge current divided by the battery's capacity to store an electrical charge. While rarely stated explicitly, the unit of the C-rate is h−1, equivalent to stating the battery's capacity to store an electrical charge in unit hour times current in the same unit as the charge or discharge current. The C-rate is never negative, so whether it describes a charging or discharging process depends on the context.

text: For example, for a battery with a capacity of 500 mAh, a discharge rate of 5000 mA (i.e. 5 A) corresponds to a C-rate of 10 (per hour), meaning that such a current can discharge 10 such batteries in one hour. Likewise, for the same battery a charge current of 250 mA corresponds to a C-rate of 1/2 (per hour), meaning that this current will increase the state of charge of this battery by 50% in one hour.[3]

text: Since the unit of the C-rate is typically implied, some care is required with its notation to avoid confusing it with the battery's capacity to store a charge, which in the SI has unit coulomb with unit symbol C.

text: If both the (dis)charge current and the battery capacity in the C-rate ratio is multiplied by the battery voltage, the C-rate becomes a ratio of the (dis)charge power to the battery's energy capacity. For example, when the 100 kWh battery in a Tesla Model S P100D is undergoing supercharging at 120 kW the C-rate is 1.2 (per hour) and when that battery delivers its maximum power of 451 kW, its C-rate is 4.51 (per hour).

text: Very high C-rates, 1 per hour or higher, generally require the charger to carefully monitor battery parameters such as terminal voltage and temperature to prevent overcharging and damage to the cells. Such high charging rates are possible only with some battery types. Others will be damaged or possibly overheat or catch fire. Some batteries may even explode.[citation needed] For example, an automobile SLI (starting, lighting, ignition) lead-acid battery carries several risks of explosion.

text: Types of battery chargers[edit]

text: Simple chargers[edit]

text: A simple charger works by supplying a constant DC or pulsed DC power source to a battery being charged. A simple charger typically does not alter its output based on charging time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple charger is inexpensive, but there are tradeoffs. Typically, a carefully designed simple charger takes longer to charge a battery because it is set to use a lower charging rate to prevent damage. Even so, many batteries left on a simple charger for too long will be weakened or destroyed due to over-charging. These chargers also vary in that they can supply either a constant voltage, or a constant current, to the battery.

text: Simple AC-powered battery chargers usually have much higher ripple current and ripple voltage than other kinds of battery chargers because they are inexpensively designed and built. Generally, when the ripple current is within a battery's manufacturer recommended level, the ripple voltage will also be well within the recommended level. The maximum ripple current for a typical 12 V 100 Ah VRLA lead acid battery is 5 amps. As long as the ripple current is not excessive (more than 3 to 4 times the battery manufacturer recommended level), the expected life of a ripple-charged VRLA battery will be within 3% of the life of a constant DC-charged battery.[4]

text: Fast chargers[edit]

text: Fast chargers make use of control circuitry to rapidly charge the batteries without damaging any of the cells in the battery. The control circuitry can be built into the battery (generally for each cell) or in the external charging unit, or split between both. Most such chargers have a cooling fan to help keep the temperature of the cells at safe levels. Most fast chargers are also capable of acting as standard overnight chargers if used with standard NiMH cells that do not have the special control circuitry.

text: Inductive chargers[edit]

text: Inductive battery chargers use electromagnetic induction to charge batteries. A charging station sends electromagnetic energy through inductive coupling to an electrical device, which stores the energy in the batteries. This is achieved without the need for metal contacts between the charger and the battery. Inductive battery chargers are commonly used in electric toothbrushes and other devices used in bathrooms. Because there are no open electrical contacts, there is no risk of electrocution. At present, this charging technique is only applicable to small batteries, not to high capacity systems.

text: Intelligent chargers[edit]

text: A "smart charger" should not be confused with a "smart battery". A smart battery is generally defined as one containing some sort of electronic device or "chip" that can communicate with a smart charger about battery characteristics and condition. A smart battery generally requires a smart charger it can communicate with (see Smart Battery Data). A smart charger is defined as a charger that can respond to the condition of a battery, and modify its charging actions accordingly.

text: Some smart chargers are designed to charge:

text:
"smart" batteries.
"dumb" batteries, which lack any internal electronic circuitry.

text: The output current of a smart charger depends upon the battery's state. An intelligent charger may monitor the battery's voltage, temperature or time under charge to determine the optimum charge current and to terminate charging.

text: For Ni-Cd and NiMH batteries, the voltage across the battery increases slowly during the charging process, until the battery is fully charged. After that, the voltage decreases, which indicates to an intelligent charger that the battery is fully charged. Such chargers are often labeled as a ΔV, "delta-V," or sometimes "delta peak", charger, indicating that they monitor the voltage change.

text: The problem is, the magnitude of "delta-V" can become very small or even non-existent if (very) high[quantify] capacity rechargeable batteries are recharged.[citation needed] This can cause even an intelligent battery charger to not sense that the batteries are actually already fully charged, and continue charging. Overcharging of the batteries will result in some cases. However, many so called intelligent chargers employ a combination of cut off systems, which are intended to prevent overcharging in the vast majority of cases.

text: A typical intelligent charger fast-charges a battery up to about 85% of its maximum capacity in less than an hour, then switches to trickle charging, which takes several hours to top off the battery to its full capacity.[5]

text: Motion-powered charger[edit]

text: Several companies have begun making devices that charge batteries based on human motions. One example, made by Tremont Electric, consists of a magnet held between two springs that can charge a battery as the device is moved up and down, such as when walking. Such products have not yet achieved significant commercial success.[6]

text: A pedal powered charger for mobile phones, fitted into desks has been created by a Belgian company WeWatt, for installation in public spaces, such as at airports, railway stations and universities have been installed in a number of countries on several continents.[7]

text: Pulse chargers[edit]

text: Some chargers use pulse technology in which a series of voltage or current pulses is fed to the battery. The DC pulses have a strictly controlled rise time, pulse width, pulse repetition rate (frequency) and amplitude. This technology is said to work with any size, voltage, capacity or chemistry of batteries, including automotive and valve-regulated batteries.[8] With pulse charging, high instantaneous voltages can be applied without overheating the battery. In a Lead–acid battery, this breaks down lead-sulfate crystals, thus greatly extending the battery service life.[9]

text: Several kinds of pulse charging are patented.[10][11][12] Others are open source hardware.

text: Some chargers use pulses to check the current battery state when the charger is first connected, then use constant current charging during fast charging, then use pulse charging as a kind of trickle charging to maintain the charge.[13]

text: Some chargers use "negative pulse charging", also called "reflex charging" or "burp charging". Such chargers use both positive and brief negative current pulses. There is no significant evidence, however, that negative pulse charging is more effective than ordinary pulse charging.

text: Solar chargers[edit]

text: Solar chargers convert light energy into DC current. They are generally portable, but can also be fixed mount. Fixed mount solar chargers are also known as solar panels. Solar panels are often connected to the electrical grid, whereas portable solar chargers are used off-the-grid (i.e. cars, boats, or RVs).

text: Timer-based(HI) chargers[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The output of a timer charger is terminated after a pre-determined time. Timer chargers were the most common type for high-capacity Ni-Cd cells in the late 1990s for example (low-capacity consumer Ni-Cd cells were typically charged with a simple charger).

text: Often a timer charger and set of batteries could be bought as a bundle and the charger time was set to suit those batteries. If batteries of lower capacity were charged then they would be overcharged, and if batteries of higher capacity were charged they would be only partly charged. With the trend for battery technology to increase capacity year on year, an old timer charger would only partly charge the newer batteries.

text: Timer based chargers also had the drawback that charging batteries that were not fully discharged, even if those batteries were of the correct capacity for the particular timed charger, would result in over-charging.

text: Trickle chargers[edit]

text: A trickle charger is typically a low-current (usually between 5–1,500 mA) battery charger or one which has a trickle charging operating mode. A trickle charger is generally used to charge small capacity batteries (2–30 Ah). These types of battery chargers are also used to maintain larger capacity batteries (> 30 Ah) that are typically found on cars, boats, RVs and other related vehicles. In larger applications, the current of the battery charger is sufficient only to provide a maintenance or trickle current (trickle is commonly the last charging stage of most battery chargers). Depending on the technology of the trickle charger, it can be left connected to the battery indefinitely. Some battery chargers that can be left connected to the battery without causing the battery damage are also referred to as smart or intelligent chargers. Some battery types are not suitable for trickle charging. For instance, most Li-ion batteries cannot be safely trickle charged, and the damage caused can be enough to cause a fire or even an explosion.

text: Universal battery charger–analyzers[edit]

text: The most sophisticated types are used in critical applications (e.g. military or aviation batteries). These heavy-duty automatic “intelligent charging” systems can be programmed with complex charging cycles specified by the battery maker. The best are universal (i.e. can charge all battery types), and include automatic capacity testing and analyzing functions too.

text: USB-based chargers[edit]

text: Since the Universal Serial Bus specification provides for a five-volt power supply, it is possible to use a USB cable to connect a device to a power supply. Products based on this approach include chargers for cellular phones, portable digital audio players, and tablet computers. They may be fully compliant USB peripheral devices adhering to USB power discipline, or uncontrolled in the manner of USB decorations.

text: Although portable solar chargers obtain energy from the sun only, they still can (depending on the technology) be used in low light (i.e. cloudy) applications. Portable solar chargers are typically used for trickle charging, although some solar chargers (depending on the wattage), can completely recharge batteries. Other devices may exist, which combine this with other sources of energy for added recharging efficacy.

text: Power Bank[edit]

text: Powerbanks are popular for charging smartphones and mobile tablet devices. A powerbank is a portable device that can supply power from its built-in batteries through a USB port. They usually recharge with USB power supply. Technically, a powerbank consists of rechargeable Lithium-ion or Lithium-Polymer batteries installed in a protective casing, guided by a printed circuit board (PCB) which provides various protective and safety measures. Due to its general purpose, powerbanks are also gaining popularity as a branding and promotional tool. Different brands and promotional companies use it as a promotional tool and provide a customized product.

text: Specifications:

text:
Capacity in Wh: Total power capacity measured by multiplying mAh by voltage.[14]
Capacity in mAh:[15] mAh stands for milli Ampere-hour and measures the amount of power flow that can be supplied by a certain powerbank at a specific voltage. Many manufacturers rate their products at 3.7 V, the voltage of cell(s) inside. Since USB outputs at 5 V, calculations at this voltage will yield a lower mAh number. For example, a battery pack advertised with a 3000 mAh capacity (at 3.7 V) will produce 2220 mAh at 5 V. Power losses due to efficiency of the charging circuitry also occur.[16]
Simultaneous charging and discharging: need to specify if the powerbank can be used while it is charging.
Number of output USB ports: This specifies the number of devices that can be charged simultaneously.
Output current rating: This specifies the current rating that it can charge maximum. The higher the number, the better the powerbank. This can vary from output port to output port.
Input Current Rating: Input current rating is the amount of current the powerbank is able to draw at its maximum level while getting charged.
Safety Protections: Over Voltage Protection, Over Charge Protections, Over Current Protections, Over Heat Protections, Short-Circuit Protections and Over Discharge Protections are the common safety measures observed with standard powerbanks.
LED Indications: The Led glows as per indicating the amount of charging ability left with the powerbank.

text: Compatibility[edit]

text: Although a standard exists for USB chargers,[17] there are two areas of common incompatibility.

text:
The connector on the device to be charged. There are several current and many obsolete connectors, including:

The Micro USB connector
The Mini USB connector
The USB-C connector
The lightning connector
The J10 connector
Various sizes of coaxial power connector, particularly the smaller sizes
The 3.5 mm jack and 2.5 mm jack

text: The charging port. This may be smart or dumb, and each in various current ratings. Compatibility varies. A mismatched charger will charge more slowly, and sometimes not at all.

text: Applications[edit]

text: Since a battery charger is intended to be connected to a battery, it may not have voltage regulation or filtering of the DC voltage output. Battery chargers equipped with both voltage regulation and filtering are sometimes termed battery eliminators.

text: Battery charger for vehicles[edit]

text: There are two main types of chargers used for vehicles:

text:
To recharge a fuel vehicle's starter battery, where a modular charger is used; typically an 3-stage charger.
To recharge an electric vehicle (EV) battery pack; see Charging station.

text: Chargers for car batteries come in varying ratings. Chargers that are rated up to two amperes may be used to maintain charge on parked vehicle batteries or for small batteries on garden tractors or similar equipment. A motorist may keep a charger rated a few amperes to ten or fifteen amperes for maintenance of automobile batteries or to recharge a vehicle battery that has accidentally discharged. Service stations and commercial garages will have a large charger to fully charge a battery in an hour or two; often these chargers can briefly source the hundreds of amperes required to crank an internal combustion engine starter.

text: Electric vehicle batteries[edit]

text: Electric vehicle battery chargers come in a variety of brands and characteristics. Zivan, Manzanita Micro, Elcon, Quick Charge, Rossco, Brusa, Delta-Q, Kelly, Lester and Soneil are the top 10 EV chargers in 2011 according to EVAlbum.com. These chargers vary from 1 kW to 7.5 kW maximum charge rate. Some use algorithm charge curves, others use constant voltage, constant current. Some are programmable by the end user through a CAN port, some have dials for maximum voltage and amperage, some are preset to specified battery pack voltage, amp-hour and chemistry. Prices range from $400 to $4500.

text: A 10 amp-hour battery could take 15 hours to reach a fully charged state from a fully discharged condition with a 1 amp charger as it would require roughly 1.5 times the battery's capacity.

text: Public EV charging stations provide 6 kW (host power of 208 to 240 VAC off a 40 amp circuit). 6 kW will recharge an EV roughly 6 times faster than 1 kW overnight charging.

text: Rapid charging results in even faster recharge times and is limited only by available AC power, battery type, and the type of charging system.[18]

text: Onboard EV chargers (change AC power to DC power to recharge the EV's pack) can be:

text:
Isolated: they make no physical connection between the A/C electrical mains and the batteries being charged. These typically employ some form of Inductive charging. Some isolated chargers may be used in parallel. This allows for an increased charge current and reduced charging times. The battery has a maximum current rating that cannot be exceeded
Non-isolated: the battery charger has a direct electrical connection to the A/C outlet's wiring. Non-isolated chargers cannot be used in parallel.

text: Power Factor Correction (PFC) chargers can more closely approach the maximum current the plug can deliver, shortening charging time.

text: Project Better Place was deploying a network of charging stations and subsidizing vehicle battery costs through leases and credits until filing for bankruptcy in May 2013.

text: Researchers at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) have developed an electric transport system (called Online Electric Vehicle, OLEV) where the vehicles get their power needs from cables underneath the surface of the road via non-contact magnetic charging, (where a power source is placed underneath the road surface and power is wirelessly picked up on the vehicle itself.[19]

text: Mobile phone charger[edit]

text: Most mobile phone chargers are not really chargers, only power adapters that provide a power source for the charging circuitry which is almost always contained within the mobile phone. Older ones are notoriously diverse, having a wide variety of DC connector-styles and voltages, most of which are not compatible with other manufacturers' phones or even different models of phones from a single manufacturer.

text: Users of publicly accessible charging kiosks must be able to cross-reference connectors with device brands/models and individual charge parameters and thus ensure delivery of the correct charge for their mobile device. A database-driven system is one solution, and is being incorporated into some designs of charging kiosks.

text: Mobile phones can usually accept a relatively wide range of voltages[citation needed], as long as it is sufficiently above the phone battery's voltage. However, if the voltage is too high, it can damage the phone. Mostly, the voltage is 5 volts or slightly higher, but it can sometimes vary up to 12 volts when the power source is not loaded.[citation needed].

text: There are also human-powered chargers sold on the market, which typically consists of a dynamo powered by a hand crank and extension cords. A French startup offers a kind of dynamo charger inspired by the ratchet that can be used with only one hand.[20] There are also solar chargers, including one that is a fully mobile personal charger and panel, which you can easily transport.

text: China, the European Commission and other countries are making a national standard on mobile phone chargers using the USB standard.[21] In June 2009, 10 of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed a Memorandum of Understanding to develop specifications for and support a microUSB-equipped common External Power Supply (EPS) for all data-enabled mobile phones sold in the EU.[22] On October 22, 2009, the International Telecommunication Union announced a standard for a universal charger for mobile handsets (Micro-USB).[23]

text: Stationary battery plants[edit]

text: Telecommunications, electric power, and computer uninterruptible power supply facilities may have very large standby battery banks (installed in battery rooms) to maintain critical loads for several hours during interruptions of primary grid power. Such chargers are permanently installed and equipped with temperature compensation, supervisory alarms for various system faults, and often redundant independent power supplies and redundant rectifier systems. Chargers for stationary battery plants may have adequate voltage regulation and filtration and sufficient current capacity to allow the battery to be disconnected for maintenance, while the charger supplies the DC system load. Capacity of the charger is specified to maintain the system load and recharge a completely discharged battery within, say, 8 hours or other interval.

text: Use in experiments[edit]

text: A battery charger can work as a DC power adapter for experimentation. It may, however, require an external capacitor to be connected across its output terminals in order to "smooth" the voltage sufficiently, which may be thought of as a DC voltage plus a "ripple" voltage added to it. There may be an internal resistance connected to limit the short circuit current, and the value of that internal resistance may have to be taken into consideration in experiments.

text: Prolonging battery life[edit]

text: What practices are best depend on the type of battery. NiCd cells must be fully discharged occasionally, or else the battery loses capacity over time due to a phenomenon known as "memory effect." Once a month (once every 30 charges) is sometimes recommended.[citation needed] This extends the life of the battery since memory effect is prevented while avoiding full charge cycles which are known to be hard on all types of dry-cell batteries, eventually resulting in a permanent decrease in battery capacity.

text: Most modern cell phones, laptops, and most electric vehicles use Lithium-ion batteries.[24] These batteries last longest if the battery is frequently charged; fully discharging them will degrade their capacity relatively quickly.[citation needed] When storing however, lithium batteries degrade more while fully charged than if they are only 40% charged. As with all battery types, degradation also occurs faster at higher temperatures. Degradation in lithium-ion batteries is caused by an increased internal battery resistance due to cell oxidation. This decreases the efficiency of the battery, resulting in less net current available to be drawn from the battery.[citation needed] However, if Li-ION cells are discharged below a certain voltage a chemical reaction occurs that make them dangerous if recharged, which is why probably all such batteries in consumer goods now have an "electronic fuse" that permanently disables them if the voltage falls below a set level. The electronic fuse draws a small amount of current from the battery, which means that if a laptop battery is left for a long time without charging it, and with a very low initial state of charge, the battery may be permanently destroyed.

text: Motor vehicles, such as boats, RVs, ATVs, motorcycles, cars, trucks, and more use lead–acid batteries. These batteries employ a sulfuric acid electrolyte and can generally be charged and discharged without exhibiting memory effect, though sulfation (a chemical reaction in the battery which deposits a layer of sulfates on the lead) will occur over time. Typically sulfated batteries are simply replaced with new batteries, and the old ones recycled. Lead–acid batteries will experience substantially longer life when a maintenance charger is used to "float charge" the battery. This prevents the battery from ever being below 100% charge, preventing sulfate from forming. Proper temperature compensated float voltage should be used to achieve the best results.


document_title: True Grit (1969 film)

question_text: where was the movie true grit filmed with john wayne

text: True Grit (1969 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Frank Ross (John Pickard) is murdered by his hired hand, Tom Chaney (Jeff Corey). Ross's young daughter, Mattie (Kim Darby), travels to Fort Smith, Arkansas, where she hires aging U.S. Marshal Reuben "Rooster" J. Cogburn (John Wayne) to bring Chaney in, raising his fee by shrewdly horse trading with Colonel Stonehill (Strother Martin). Mattie has heard that Cogburn has "true grit." She gives him a payment to track and capture Chaney, who has taken up with outlaw "Lucky" Ned Pepper (Robert Duvall) in Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma).

text: A young Texas Ranger, La Boeuf (Glen Campbell), is also pursuing Chaney and joins forces with Cogburn, despite Mattie's protest. The two try to ditch Mattie, but she catches up and is permitted to ride along.

text: After several days, the three discover horse thieves Emmett Quincy (Jeremy Slate) and Moon (Dennis Hopper), who are waiting for Ned Pepper at a remote dugout cabin. Cogburn captures and interrogates the two men. Moon's leg is injured and Cogburn uses the injury as leverage to get information about Lucky Ned. In terrible pain and about to talk, Moon is stabbed by Quincy, who is then killed by Cogburn. In the remaining minute before Moon dies, he reveals that Pepper and his gang are due at the cabin that night to get fresh mounts.

text: Rooster and La Boeuf lay a trap. But as soon as Pepper and his men arrive, La Boeuf blows their cover by firing too soon. A firefight ensues, during which Cogburn and La Boeuf kill two of the gang, but Pepper and the rest of his men escape. Cogburn, La Boeuf, and Mattie make their way to McAlester's store with the dead bodies. Cogburn tries to persuade Mattie to stay at McAlester's, but she refuses.

text: The three resume their pursuit. Fetching water one morning, Mattie finds herself face-to-face with Chaney in a stream. When he comes toward her menacingly, she shoots Chaney with her father's Colt Dragoon, injuring him and calling out to her partners. Pepper and his gang get there first, capturing her. Lucky Ned then forces Cogburn and La Boeuf to abandon the girl and ride away. Pepper decides to leave Mattie in the care of Chaney, who has lost his horse. He promises he will send a horse back for Chaney, vowing to kill him if any harm comes to the girl.

text: Cogburn doubles back and attacks Pepper and his gang single-handedly. La Boeuf, meantime, finds Mattie. They watch from a high bluff as a mounted Cogburn confronts Pepper's gang. Cogburn gives Pepper a choice between being killed right there or surrendering and being hanged in Fort Smith. Calling this "bold talk for a one-eyed fat man," Pepper enrages Cogburn, who charges the four outlaws, guns blazing. He kills two of the gang and mortally wounds Pepper. In the fight, Ned shoots Rooster's horse, trapping Rooster's leg under him as he goes down. As a last act, the wounded Pepper prepares to kill Rooster, until La Boeuf makes a long shot with his Sharps Rifle, doing away with Pepper once and for all.

text: As La Boeuf and Mattie return to Pepper's camp, Chaney comes out from behind a tree and strikes La Boeuf in the head with a rock, fracturing his skull and knocking him unconscious. Mattie is able to shoot Chaney and wound him, but, driven back by the recoil, falls into a snake pit and breaks her arm. Chaney begins to taunt Mattie about the snakes, whereupon Cogburn appears and shoots Chaney. With great difficulty, Cogburn descends into the pit on a rope to retrieve Mattie, who is bitten by a rattlesnake before Cogburn can kill it. The mortally injured La Boeuf helps them out of the pit, saving their lives. La Boeuf dies from the effort.

text: Cogburn is forced to leave La Boeuf's body behind as they race to get help for Mattie at McAlester's on Mattie's pony. After stealing a buckboard, they arrive at their destination. There, an Indian doctor treats Mattie's snakebite and broken arm.

text: Some time later, Mattie's attorney, J. Noble Daggett (John Fiedler) meets Cogburn in Fort Smith. On Mattie's behalf Daggett pays Cogburn for Cogburn's part in Chaney's capture. Cogburn offers to wager the money on a bet that Mattie will recover just fine, a bet Daggett declines.

text: In the epilogue Mattie, her arm in a sling, is back at home recovering from her injuries. She promises Cogburn he will be buried next to her in the Ross family plot after his death. Cogburn reluctantly accepts her offer and leaves, jumping over a fence on his new horse to disprove her good-natured jab that he was too old and fat to clear a four-rail fence, and rides off into the valley below.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kim Darby as Mattie Ross
John Wayne as Reuben J. "Rooster" Cogburn
Glen Campbell as La Boeuf
Jeremy Slate as Emmett Quincy
Robert Duvall as Lucky Ned Pepper
Dennis Hopper as Moon
Strother Martin as Col. G. Stonehill
Jeff Corey as Tom Chaney
Donald Woods as Barlow
John Fiedler as Lawyer Daggett
James Westerfield as Judge Parker
John Doucette as Sheriff
Edith Atwater as Mrs. Floyd
Carlos Rivas as Dirty Bob
Isabel Boniface as Mrs. Bagby
H.W. Gim as Chen Lee
Ginger Cat as General Sterling Price (uncredited)
John Pickard as Frank Ross
Elizabeth Harrower as Mrs. Ross
Ken Renard as Yarnell
Hank Worden as R. Ryan, the undertaker at Fort Smith
Ron Soble as Captain Boots Finch
Alfred Ryder as Goudy
Jay Ripley as Harold Parmalee
Kenneth Becker as Farrell Parmalee
Wilford Brimley as Minor Role (uncredited)
Leo Alton as Boarding House Guest (uncredited)
Forrest Burns as Courtroom Spectator (uncredited)
Gene Coogan as Boarding House Guest (uncredited)
Myron Healey as Deputy at Prisoner Unloading (uncredited)
Boyd "Red" Morgan as Red (Ferryman) (uncredited)
James McEachin as Judge Parker's Bailiff (uncredited)
Dennis McMullen as Bailiff (uncredited)
Robin Morse as Bit Part (uncredited)
Stuart Randall as McAlester (uncredited)
Connie Sawyer as Talkative Woman at Hanging (uncredited)
Jeffrey Sayre as Courtroom Spectator (uncredited)
Jay Silverheels as Condemned Man at Hanging (uncredited)
Dean Smith as Minor Role (uncredited)
Vince St. Cyr as Gaspargoo (uncredited)
Max Wagner as Courtroom Spectator (uncredited)
Guy Wilkerson as The Hangman (uncredited)
Chalky Williams as Courtroom Spectator (uncredited)
Tom Gosnell as John Wayne Stunt Double (uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming took place mainly in Ouray County, Colorado, in the vicinity of Ridgway (now the home of the True Grit Cafe), around the town of Montrose (Montrose County), and the town of Ouray.[2][3][4] (The script maintains the novel's references to place names in Arkansas and Oklahoma, in dramatic contrast to the Colorado topography.) The courtroom scenes were filmed at Ouray County Courthouse in Ouray.[5][6]

text: The scenes that take place at the "dugout" and along the creek where Quincy and Moon are killed, as well as the scene where Rooster carries Mattie on her horse Little Blackie after the snakebite, were filmed at Hot Creek on the east side of the Sierra Nevada near the town of Mammoth Lakes, California. Mount Morrison and Laurel Mountain form the backdrop above the creek. This location was also used in North to Alaska.[3] Filming was done from September to December 1968.[7]

text: Mia Farrow was originally cast as Mattie and was keen on the role. However, prior to filming she made a film in England with Robert Mitchum, who advised her not to work with director Henry Hathaway because he was "cantankerous." Farrow asked producer Hal B. Wallis to replace Hathaway with Roman Polanski, who had directed Farrow in Rosemary's Baby, but Wallis refused. Farrow quit the film, which was then offered to Sondra Locke and Tuesday Weld, both of whom turned it down. John Wayne met Karen Carpenter at a talent show he was hosting and recommended her for the part, though the producers decided against it because she had no acting experience. Wayne had also lobbied for his daughter Aissa to win the part. After also considering Sally Field, the role went to Kim Darby.[8]

text: Elvis Presley was the original choice for LaBoeuf but the producers turned him down when his agent demanded top-billing over both Wayne and Darby. Glen Campbell was then cast instead. Wayne began lobbying for the part of Rooster Cogburn after reading the novel by Charles Portis.

text: Wayne called Marguerite Roberts' script "the best script he had ever read," and was instrumental in getting her script approved and credited to her name after Roberts had been blacklisted for alleged leftist affiliations years before. This came in spite of Wayne's own right-wing ideals.[3] He particularly liked the scene with Darby where Rooster tells Mattie about his life in Illinois (where he has a restaurant, his wife Nola leaves him because of his degenerate friends, and has a clumsy son named Horace), calling it "about the best scene I ever did."[9] Garry Wills notes in his book, John Wayne's America: The Politics of Celebrity, that Wayne's performance as Rooster Cogburn bears close resemblance to the way Wallace Beery portrayed similar characters in the 1930s and 1940s, an inspired if surprising choice on Wayne's part. Wills comments that it's difficult for one actor to imitate another for the entire length of a movie and that the Beery mannerisms temporarily recede during the aforementioned scene in which Cogburn discusses his wife and child.[10]

text: Veteran John Wayne stunt-double Tom Gosnell does the stunt in the meadow, where "Bo" goes down, on his longtime horse Twinkle Toes.[11] In the last scene, Mattie gives Rooster her father's gun. She comments that he's gotten a tall horse, as she expected he would. He notes that his new horse can jump a four-rail fence. Then she admonishes him, "You're too old and fat to be jumping horses." Rooster responds with a smile, saying, "Well, come see a fat old man sometime," and jumps his new horse over a fence. Although many of Wayne's stunts over the years were done by Hayward and Chuck Roberson, it is Wayne on Twinkle Toes going over the fence.[11] Darby's stunts were done by Polly Burson.[12]

text: The horse shown during the final scene of True Grit (before he jumps the fence on Twinkle Toes) was Dollor, a two-year-old (in 1969) chestnut Quarter horse gelding. Dollor ('Ole Dollor) was Wayne's favorite horse for 10 years. Wayne fell in love with the horse, which would carry him through several more Westerns, including his final movie, The Shootist. Wayne had Dollor written into the script of The Shootist because of his love for the horse; it was a condition for him working on the project. Wayne would not let anyone else ride the horse, the lone exception being Robert Wagner, who rode the horse in a segment of the Hart to Hart television show, after Wayne's death.[13]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The cast and crew were initially skeptical about the film. John Wayne, in particular, was disappointed with the finished result. He hated Kim Darby's performance, saying that they hardly spoke off-camera and that she behaved inappropriately on the set. For his part, Henry Hathaway hated the casting and performance of Glen Campbell, who he felt had been pushed on him by the studio to get a hit with the film's title song. Both Wayne and Hathaway had difficulties with Robert Duvall, with the director having constant shouting matches with his supporting actor and Duvall and Wayne nearly coming to blows.

text: The film earned an estimated $11.5 million in rentals at the North American box office during its first year of release.[14] As of May 2014, the film maintains a rating of 90% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 48 reviews.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: John Wayne won a Golden Globe and the Academy Award for Best Actor. Upon accepting his Oscar, Wayne said, "Wow! If I'd known that, I'd have put that patch on 35 years earlier."[15] The title song, by composer Elmer Bernstein and lyricist Don Black, and sung by Glen Campbell, who co-starred in the movie, received nominations for both the Academy Award for Best Song and the Golden Globe.

text: Differences from the novel[edit]

text: Unlike the book, the movie doesn’t introduce Mattie as an old woman telling a story of her childhood, but instead begins and ends in late 1880, when Mattie is 14. In the book, Mattie remains the central character throughout; in the movie Rooster Cogburn gets an equal share of the limelight. The film also downplays the novel's biblical tone and adds a hint of romance between Mattie and La Boeuf. La Boeuf also does not die in the novel, but survives his head injury. Another significant difference from Portis' tale is that Mattie has her arm amputated as a result of the rattlesnake attack, in contrast to the final scene in the film where Mattie is seen with only a sling on her arm—indicating that she is recovering from the snake bites and intact physically. The novel's conclusion makes the reader aware that the story has been recounted by Mattie as an elderly, one-armed woman who never married. Also in the book, Mattie shoots Chaney in the head with her Dragoon but he survives until Rooster hits him with the butt of his rifle and he falls into the pit. In the movie, Rooster shoots Chaney.

text: In the book and both this movie and the 2010 film version, Mattie's Colt Dragoon misfires at a critical moment. The book explains this as, while drunk, Rooster used it to shoot a rat. Mattie insisted he re-load the two chambers fired, which he did, while still drunk, using defective old caps from a box under his bed. In the 1969 film, Rooster shoots the rat with his own Peacemaker, removing the reloading scene. Thus, during the scene where the Dragoon misfires it is unfairly portrayed as an unreliable weapon. However, during the graveyard scene at the end of the movie, when Mattie presents Rooster with the Dragoon as a gift, he states "It almost got you killed when it misfired once," to which she responds "That is because you loaded it wrong when you were in a state of drunkenness." When or why he reloaded it is not explained, but the misfire itself is.

text: In the book, Tom Chaney was a young man; Mattie guessed his age to be around 25. Jeff Corey, who played Chaney in the movie, was 55 at the time. In the movie, La Boeuf claims to have a girl in Texas who would "look with favor" on his capture of Tom Chaney. In the book, La Boeuf made no mention of a girlfriend; his motive for capturing Chaney was purely financial.

text: In the book, Rooster Cogburn had a mustache and did not wear an eye patch, though he had only one eye. In his fight with Ned Pepper, he wielded two Navy six-shooters. In the movie, Wayne carried a six-shooter in his left hand and his Winchester Model 1892 large-loop rifle in the other (the rifle is anachronistic, being introduced 12 years after the setting of the movie). The character of Rooster was supposed to be around 40 in the novel; in the film, he was played by 61-year-old Wayne.

text: In the book, Mattie has her arm amputated due to the snakebite and break. Rooster pays her a visit while she is recovering from the procedure, but she is too sedated to remember. She tries to meet him 25 years later while he is traveling in a wild west show, but he passes away a few days before they can meet. She has his remains exhumed and re-interred in her family plot.

text: Also, the film's Colorado location and mountain scenery are in sharp contrast to the script's references to place names in Arkansas and Oklahoma. Further, the film is set in autumn, while the book clearly sets the story in winter, with snow on the ground outside the dugout where Quincy and Moon awaited Pepper's gang. In the book, when Mattie falls into the snake pit her left arm is broken; in the movie it is her right arm. In the book she faces a ball of snakes which are disturbed in their winter quarters when Chaney falls on them. In the film Mattie faces a single rattlesnake.

text: Sequels and other film versions[edit]

text: A film sequel, Rooster Cogburn, was made in 1975, with Wayne reprising his role and Katharine Hepburn as an elderly spinster, Eula Goodnight, who teams up with him. The plot has been described as a rehash of the original True Grit with elements of the Bogart-Hepburn film The African Queen.[16] A further made-for-television sequel titled True Grit: A Further Adventure appeared in 1978, starring Warren Oates as Rooster Cogburn and Lisa Pelikan as Mattie Ross and featuring subsequent adventures of the valiant pair.

text: In 2010, Joel and Ethan Coen directed another adaptation of the novel. Their adaptation focuses more on Mattie's point of view, as in the novel, and is more faithful to its Oklahoma setting.[17] Hailee Steinfeld portrays Mattie Ross, Jeff Bridges plays Rooster Cogburn, and the cast also includes Matt Damon as La Boeuf and Josh Brolin as Tom Chaney.