document_title: English law

question_text: when was the emergence of the english court system

text: English law

text: Principal elements of English law[edit]

text: England's most authoritative law is statutory legislation, which comprises Acts of Parliament, Regulations and Bye-Laws. In the absence of any statutory law, the common law with its principle of stare decisis forms the residual source of law, based on judicial decisions, custom, and usage.[3] Its essence is that it is made by sitting judges applying both statutory law and the body of common law principles which have been established over the years from the reasoning of decisions in previous legal cases. A decision of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, the highest civil appeal court of the United Kingdom, is binding on every other court. Equity is a further source of judge-made law.

text: International treaties such as the European Union's Treaty of Rome[4] or the Hague-Visby Rules have effect in English law only when adopted and ratified by Act of Parliament.[5] Adopted treaties may be subsequently denounced by executive action.[6]

text: Not being a civil law system, English law has no comprehensive codification. However, most of its criminal law has been codified from its common law origins, in the interests both of certainty and of ease of prosecution.[7] For the time being, murder remains a common law crime rather than a statutory offence.[8] Common law can be amended or repealed by Parliament; for example section 4 of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 effectively overrules Grant v Norway.[9][10]

text: Following Montesquieu's theory of the "separation of powers", only Parliament has the power to legislate; but in the event of a statute being ambiguous, only the courts have the power to decide its true meaning, using the principles of statutory interpretation. The courts have no authority to legislate, so the "legal fiction" is that they "declare" (rather than "create") the common law. The House of Lords took this "declaratory power" a stage further in DPP v Shaw[11], where, in creating the new crime of "conspiracy to corrupt public morals", Viscount Simonds claimed the court had a "residual power to protect the moral welfare of the state".[12][13]

text: Although Scotland and Northern Ireland form part of the United Kingdom, they have separate legal systems, although they share Westminster as a primary legislature, and Supreme Court decisions of any UK country is binding on the others, as in Donoghue v Stevenson. [14] Even though Scotland became part of the UK over 300 years ago, Scots law has remained remarkably distinct from English law.

text: Statute law[edit]

text: Statutory framework[edit]

text: The first schedule of the Interpretation Act 1978, defines the following terms: "British Islands", "England", and "United Kingdom". The use of the term "British Isles" is virtually obsolete in statutes and, when it does appear, it is taken to be synonymous with "British Islands". For interpretation purposes, England includes a number of specified elements:

text:
Wales and Berwick Act 1746, section 3 (entire Act now repealed) formally incorporated Wales and Berwick-upon-Tweed into England. But section 4 Welsh Language Act 1967 provided that references to England in future Acts of Parliament should no longer include Wales (see now Interpretation Act 1978, Schedule 3, part 1). But Dicey & Morris say (at p28) "It seems desirable to adhere to Dicey's [the original] definition for reasons of convenience and especially of brevity. It would be cumbersome to have to add "or Wales" after "England" and "or Welsh" after "English" every time those words are used."
the "adjacent islands" of the Isle of Wight and Anglesey are a part of England and Wales by custom, while Harman v Bolt (1931) 47 TLR 219 expressly confirms that Lundy is a part of England.
the "adjacent territorial waters" by virtue of the Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act 1878 and the Continental Shelf Act 1964 as amended by the Oil and Gas Enterprise Act 1982.

text: "Great Britain" means England, Wales, Scotland, their adjacent territorial waters and the islands of Orkney and Shetland, the Hebrides and, by virtue of the Island of Rockall Act 1972, Rockall. "United Kingdom" means Great Britain and Northern Ireland and their adjacent territorial waters, but not the Isle of Man, nor the Channel Islands, whose independent status was discussed in Rover International Ltd. v Canon Film Sales Ltd. (1987) 1 WLR 1597 and Chloride Industrial Batteries Ltd. v F. & W. Freight Ltd. (1989) 1 WLR 823. "British Islands" – but not "British Isles" – means the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.

text: Types of statute law[edit]

text:
Acts of the Old Irish Parliament
Acts of the Scottish Parliament
Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament
Measures of the Northern Ireland Assembly
Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
Acts of the National Assembly for Wales
Ministerial Order
Northern Ireland Statutory Rules
UK Statutory Instruments

text: Citation style[edit]

text: Statutes are cited in this fashion: "Short Title Year", e.g. Theft Act 1968.[15][16] By contrast, American convention inserts "of", as in "Civil Rights Act of 1964".

text: This became the usual way to refer to Acts in the second half of the 19th century, starting in the 1840s; previously Acts were referred to by their long title together with the regnal year of the parliamentary session in which they received Royal Assent, and the chapter number. For example, the Pleading in English Act 1362 was referred to as 36 Edw. III c. 15, meaning "36th year of the reign of Edward III, chapter 15", though in the past this was all spelt out, together with the long title.

text: Common law[edit]

text: Description[edit]

text: Common law is a term with historical origins in the legal system of England. It denotes, in the first place, the judge-made law that developed from the early Middle Ages as described in a work published at the end of the 19th century, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,[17] in which Pollock and Maitland expanded the work of Coke (17th century) and Blackstone (18th century). Specifically, the law developed in England's Court of Common Pleas and other common law courts, which became also the law of the colonies settled initially under the crown of England or, later, of the United Kingdom, in North America and elsewhere; and this law as further developed after those courts in England were reorganised by the Supreme Court of Judicature Acts passed in the 1870s, and developed independently, in the legal systems of the United States and other jurisdictions, after their independence from the United Kingdom, before and after the 1870s. The term is used, in the second place, to denote the law developed by those courts, in the same periods (pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial), as distinct from within the jurisdiction, or former jurisdiction, of other courts in England: the Court of Chancery, the ecclesiastical courts, and the Admiralty court.

text: In the Oxford English Dictionary (1933) "common law" is described as "The unwritten law of England, administered by the King's courts, which purports to be derived from ancient usage, and is embodied in the older commentaries and the reports of abridged cases", as opposed, in that sense, to statute law, and as distinguished from the equity administered by the Chancery and similar courts, and from other systems such as ecclesiasical law, and admiralty law.[18] For usage in the United States the description is "the body of legal doctrine which is the foundation of the law administered in all states settled from England, and those formed by later settlement or division from them".[19]

text: Early development[edit]

text: Since 1189, English law has been described as a common law rather than a civil law system; in other words, no comprehensive codification of the law has taken place and judicial precedents are binding as opposed to persuasive. This may be a legacy of the Norman conquest of England, when a number of legal concepts and institutions from Norman law were introduced to England. In the early centuries of English common law, the justices and judges were responsible for adapting the system of writs to meet everyday needs, applying a mixture of precedent and common sense to build up a body of internally consistent law. An example is the Law Merchant derived from the "Pie-Powder" Courts, named from a corruption of the French pieds-poudrés ("dusty feet") implying ad hoc marketplace courts. As the Parliament of England became ever more established and influential, legislation gradually overtook judicial law-making such that today, judges are only able to innovate in certain very narrowly defined areas.

text: In 1276, the concept of "time immemorial" often applied in common law was defined as being any time before 6 July 1189 (i.e. before Richard I's accession to the English throne).

text: Precedent[edit]

text: One of the major challenges in the early centuries was to produce a system that was certain in its operation and predictable in its outcomes. Too many judges were either partial or incompetent, acquiring their positions only by virtue of their rank in society. Thus, a standardised procedure slowly emerged, based on a system termed stare decisis which roughly means "let the decision stand". The doctrine of precedent which requires similar cases to be adjudicated in a like manner, falls under the principle of stare decisis. Thus, the ratio decidendi (reason for decision) of each case will bind future cases on the same generic set of facts both horizontally and vertically in the court structure. The highest appellate court in the UK is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and its decisions are binding on every other court in the hierarchy which are obliged to apply its rulings as the law of the land. The Court of Appeal binds the lower courts, and so on.

text: Overseas influences[edit]

text: The influences are two-way.

text:
England exported English Common law and English Statute law to most parts of the British Empire, and many aspects of that system have survived after Independence or otherwise cessation of British rule. "English law" prior to the American Revolutionary Wars (American War of Independence) is still an influence on United States law, and provides the basis for many American legal traditions and policies. Many jurisdictions that have maintained the use of English Common law continue to incorporate modern developments of the Common law in England, and decisions from England are in many jurisdictions usually considered persuasive. The common law as taken or received from England has developed within each jurisdiction, and in that context, "common law" has been described as a body of judge-made law enforced and developed by the courts which includes equity and admiralty law, but has always been "unintelligible without reference to statute". After the colonial period, the common law was developed within each jurisdiction under its final court of appeal: for a time in jurisdictions remaining under the British crown, it was the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, while from the founding of the United States each state has its own supreme court with final appellate jurisdiction, and in respect of federal law the US Supreme Court has the final appellate jurisdiction.[20]
For a number of jurisdictions within the Commonwealth of Nations, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Britain remains the ultimate court of appeal in place of a local Supreme Court. The decisions of the committee made before the change of jurisdiction remain binding legal precedent.
Britain is a dualist in its relationship with international law, i.e., international obligations have to be formally incorporated into English law before the courts are obliged to apply supranational laws. For example, the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms was signed in 1950 and Britain allowed individuals to directly petition the European Commission on Human Rights from 1966. Now s6(1) Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) makes it unlawful "... for a public authority to act in a way which is incompatible with a convention right", where a "public authority" is any person or body which exercises a public function, expressly including the courts but expressly excluding Parliament. Although the European Convention has begun to be applied to the acts of non-state agents, the HRA does not make the Convention specifically applicable between private parties. Courts have taken the Convention into account in interpreting the common law. They also must take the Convention into account in interpreting Acts of Parliament, but must ultimately follow the terms of the Act even if inconsistent with the Convention (s3 HRA).
Similarly, because Britain remains a strong international trading nation, international consistency of decision making is of vital importance, so Admiralty Law is strongly influenced by Public International Law and the modern commercial treaties and conventions regulating shipping.

text: Application to Wales[edit]

text: Unlike Scotland and Northern Ireland, Wales is not a separate jurisdiction within the United Kingdom. The customary laws of Wales within the Kingdom of England were abolished by King Henry VIII's Laws in Wales Acts which brought Wales into legal conformity with England. While Wales now has a devolved Assembly, any legislation which that Assembly passes is enacted in particular circumscribed policy areas defined by the Government of Wales Act 2006, other legislation of the British Parliament, or by Orders in Council given under the authority of the 2006 Act.

text: Between 1746 and 1967, any reference to England in legislation was deemed to include Wales. This ceased with the enactment of the Welsh Language Act 1967 and the jurisdiction is now commonly referred to as "England and Wales". Although devolution has accorded some degree of political autonomy to Wales in the National Assembly for Wales, it did not have the ability to pass primary legislation until the Government of Wales Act 2006 came into force after the 2007 Welsh general election. That said, the Welsh legal system remains English common law, in that the legal system administered through both civil and criminal courts remains unified throughout England and Wales. This is different from the situation of Northern Ireland, for example, which did not cease to be a distinct jurisdiction when its legislature was suspended (see Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972). A major difference is also the use of the Welsh language, as laws concerning it apply in Wales and not in the rest of the United Kingdom. The Welsh Language Act 1993 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which put the Welsh language on an equal footing with the English language in Wales with regard to the public sector. Welsh may also be spoken in Welsh courts.

text: Subjects and links[edit]

text: Administrative law[edit]

text: Company and insolvency law[edit]

text: Contract[edit]

text: Criminal law[edit]

text: English criminal law derives its main principles from the common law. The main elements of a crime are the actus reus (doing something which is criminally prohibited) and a mens rea (having the requisite criminal state of mind, usually intention or recklessness). A prosecutor must show that a person has caused the offensive conduct, or that the culprit had some pre-existing duty to take steps to avoid a criminal consequence. The types of different crimes range from those well known ones like manslaughter, murder, theft and robbery to a plethora of regulatory and statutory offences. It is estimated that in the UK, there are 3,500 classes of criminal offence. Certain defences may exist to crimes, which include self-defence, intention, necessity, duress, and in the case of a murder charge, under the Homicide Act 1957, diminished responsibility, provocation and, in very rare cases, survival of a suicide pact. It has often been suggested that England and Wales should codify its criminal law in an English Criminal Code, but there has been no overwhelming support for this in the past.

text: Equity[edit]

text: Evidence[edit]

text:
Hearsay
Ladd v Marshall

text: Family law[edit]

text:
Alimony
Residence in English family law
Bastard

text: Labour law[edit]

text: Property[edit]

text: Chose

text: Public law[edit]

text: Tort[edit]

text: Trusts[edit]


document_title: Mexico at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: what is the furthest mexico has ever gone in the world cup

root

text: Mexico at the FIFA World Cup

text: Records[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup record

Year

Round

Position

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

 1930

Group stage

13th

3

0

0

3

4

13

 1934

Did not qualify

 1938

Withdrew

 1950

Group stage

12th

3

0

0

3

2

10

 1954

Group stage

14th

2

0

0

2

2

8

 1958

Group stage

16th

3

0

1

2

1

8

 1962

Group stage

11th

3

1

0

2

3

4

 1966

Group stage

12th

3

0

2

1

1

3

 1970

Quarterfinal

6th

4

2

1

1

6

4

 1974

Did not qualify

 1978

Group stage

16th

3

0

0

3

2

12

 1982

Did not qualify

 1986

Quarterfinal

6th

5

3

2

0

6

2

 1990

Banned

 1994

Round of 16

13th

4

1

2

1

4

4

 1998

Round of 16

13th

4

1

2

1

8

7

  2002

Round of 16

11th

4

2

1

1

4

4

 2006

Round of 16

15th

4

1

1

2

5

5

 2010

Round of 16

14th

4

1

1

2

4

5

 2014

Round of 16

10th

4

2

1

1

5

3

 2018

Round of 16

12th

4

2

0

2

3

6

 2022

To be determined

 2026

To be determined

Total

Quarterfinal

16/21

57

16

14

27

60

98

tag: table

text: By match[edit]

text:
World Cup

Round

Against

Score

Scorers

1930
Group stage
 France
1–4
Carreño

 Chile
0–3

 Argentina
3–6
Manuel Rosas (2), Gayón

1950
Group stage
 Brazil
0–4

 Yugoslavia
1–4
Héctor Ortiz

  Switzerland
1–2
Casarín

1954
Group stage
 Brazil
0–5

 France
2–3
Lamadrid, Balcázar

1958
Group stage
 Sweden
0–3

 Wales
1–1
Belmonte

 Hungary
0–4

1962
Group stage
 Brazil
0–2

 Spain
0–1

 Czechoslovakia
3–1
Díaz, del Águila, Hernández

1966
Group stage
 France
1–1
Borja

 England
0–2

 Uruguay
0–0

1970
Group stage
 Soviet Union
0–0

 El Salvador
4–0
Valdivia (2), Fragoso, Basaguren

 Belgium
1–0
Peña

Quarterfinal
 Italy
1–4
González

1978
Group stage
 Tunisia
1–3
Vázquez Ayala

 West Germany
0–6

 Poland
1–3
Rangel

1986
Group stage
 Belgium
2–1
Quirarte, Hugo Sánchez

 Paraguay
1–1
Luis Flores

 Iraq
1–0
Quirarte

Round of 16
 Bulgaria
2–0
Negrete, Servín

Quarterfinal
 West Germany
0–0 (AET), 1–4 (p)

1994
Group stage
 Norway
0–1

 Republic of Ireland
2–1
García (2)

 Italy
1–1
Bernal

Round of 16
 Bulgaria
1–1 (AET), 1–3 (p)
García Aspe

1998
Group stage
 South Korea
3–1
Peláez, Hernández (2)

 Belgium
2–2
García Aspe, Blanco

 Netherlands
2–2
Peláez, Hernández

Round of 16
 Germany
1–2
Hernández

2002
Group stage
 Croatia
1–0
Blanco

 Ecuador
2–1
Borgetti, Torrado

 Italy
1–1
Borgetti

Round of 16
 United States
0–2

2006
Group stage
 Iran
3–1
Bravo (2), Zinha

 Angola
0–0

 Portugal
1–2
Fonseca

Round of 16
 Argentina
1–2 (AET)
Márquez

2010
Group stage
 South Africa
1–1
Márquez

 France
2–0
Javier Hernández, Blanco

 Uruguay
0–1

Round of 16
 Argentina
1–3
Javier Hernández

2014
Group stage
 Cameroon
1–0
Peralta

 Brazil
0–0

 Croatia
3–1
Márquez, Guardado, Javier Hernández

Round of 16
 Netherlands
1–2
G. Dos Santos

2018
Group stage
 Germany
1–0
Lozano

 South Korea
2–1
Vela, Javier Hernández

 Sweden
0–3

Round of 16
 Brazil
0–2

text: Record players[edit]

text: Mexico's record World Cup player, Rafael Márquez, and goalkeeper Antonio Carbajal have appeared in five FIFA World Cups each, a record they only share with German midfielder Lothar Matthäus.

tag: p

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1
Rafael Márquez
19
2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018

2

Andrés Guardado
12
2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018

Javier Hernández
12
2010, 2014 and 2018

4

Antonio Carbajal
11
1950, 1954, 1958, 1962 and 1966

Cuauhtémoc Blanco
11
1998, 2002 and 2010

Gerardo Torrado
11
2002, 2006 and 2010

7

Carlos Salcido
10
2006, 2010 and 2014

8

Chava Reyes
9
1958, 1962 and 1966

Giovani Dos Santos
9
2010, 2014 and 2018

Héctor Moreno
9
2010, 2014 and 2018

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text:
No.

Name

Goals

World Cups

1
Luis Hernández
4
1998

Javier Hernández
4
2010 (2), 2014 (1), and 2018 (1)

3

Cuauhtémoc Blanco
3
1998, 2002 and 2010

Rafael Márquez
3
2006, 2010 and 2014

5

Manuel Rosas
2
1930

Javier Valdivia
2
1970

Fernando Quirarte
2
1986

Luis García
2
1994

Alberto García Aspe
2
1994 and 1998

Ricardo Peláez
2
1998

Jared Borgetti
2
2002

Omar Bravo
2
2006


document_title: Minimum wage in the United States

question_text: when was the last time the federal minimum wage increased

question_tokens: when was the last time the federal minimum wage increased

text: Minimum wage in the United States

text: History[edit]

text:
It seems to me to be equally plain that no business which depends for existence on paying less than living wages to its workers has any right to continue in this country.

-- President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933[15][16]

tag: div

text: Minimum wage legislation emerged at the end of the nineteenth century from the desire to end sweated labor which had developed in the wake of industrialization.[17] Sweatshops employed large numbers of women and young workers, paying them what were considered nonliving wages that did not allow workers to afford the necessaries of life.[18] Besides substandard wages, sweating was also associated with long work hours and unsanitary work conditions.[19] From the 1890s to the 1920s, during the Progressive Era, a time of social activists and political reform across the United States, progressive reformers, women's organizations, religious figures, academics, and politicians all played an important role in getting state minimum wage laws passed throughout the United States.[20]

text: The first successful attempts at using minimum wage laws to ameliorate the problem of nonliving wages occurred in the Australian state of Victoria in 1896.[21][22] Factory inspector reports and newspaper reporting on the conditions of sweated labor in Melbourne, Victoria led in 1895 to the formation of the National Anti-Sweating League which pushed the government aggressively to deal legislatively with the problem of substandard wages.[23] The government, following the recommendation of the Victorian Chief Secretary Alexander Peacock, established wage boards which were tasked with establishing minimum wages in the labor trades which suffered from nonlivable wages. During the same time period, campaigns against sweated labor were occurring in the United States and England.[24]

text: Progressive Era[edit]

text: In the United States in 1890, a group of concerned female reformers who wanted to improve the harsh conditions of sweated workers formed the Consumer's League of the City of New York. The consumer group sought to improve working conditions by boycotting products which were made under sweated conditions and did not conform to a code of "fair house" standards drawn up by them. Similar, consumer leagues formed throughout the United States, and in 1899, they united under the National Consumer League (NCL) parent organization.[25] Consumer advocacy, however, was extremely slow at changing conditions in the sweated industries. When NCL leaders in 1908 went to an international anti-sweatshop conference in Geneva, Switzerland and were introduced to Australian minimum wage legislation, which had successfully dealt with sweated labor, they came home believers and made minimum wage legislation part of their national platform.[26]

text: In 1910, in conjunction with advocacy work led by Florence Kelley of the National Consumer League, the Women's Trade Union League (WTLU) of Massachusetts under the leadership of Elizabeth Evans took up the cause of minimum wage legislation in Massachusetts. Over the next two years, a coalition of social reform groups and labor advocates in Boston pushed for minimum wage legislation in the state.[27] On June 4, 1912, Massachusetts passed the first minimum wage legislation in the United States, which established a state commission for recommending non-compulsory minimum wages for women and children.[28][29] The passage of the bill was significantly assisted by the Lawrence textile strike which had raged for ten weeks at the beginning of 1912. The strike brought national attention to the plight of the low wage textile workers, and pushed the state legislatures, who feared the magnitude of the strike, to enact progressive labor legislation.[30]

text: By 1923, fifteen U.S. states and the District of Columbia had passed minimum wage laws, with pressure being placed on state legislatures by the National Consumers League in a coalition with other women's voluntary associations and organized labor.[31][32] The United States Supreme Court of the Lochner era (1897–1937), however, consistently invalidated labor regulation laws. Advocates for state minimum wage laws hoped that they would be upheld under the precedent of Muller v. Oregon (1908), which upheld maximum working hours laws for women on the grounds that women required special protection that men did not.[32] The Supreme Court, however, did not extend this principle to minimum wage laws.[31]:518 The court ruled in Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923) that the District of Columbia's minimum wage law was unconstitutional, because the law interfered with the ability of employers to freely negotiate wage contracts with employees. The court also noted that women did not require anymore special protection by the law, following the passage in 1920 of the Nineteenth Amendment, which gave women the right to vote and equal legal status.[33]

text: New Deal[edit]

text: In 1933, the Roosevelt administration during the New Deal made the first attempt at establishing a national minimum wage regiment with the National Industrial Recovery Act, which set minimum wage and maximum hours on an industry and regional basis. The Supreme Court, however, in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935) ruled the act unconstitutional, and the minimum wage regulations were abolished.[34] Two years later after President Roosevelt's overwhelming reelection in 1936 and discussion of judicial reform, the Supreme Court took up the issue of labor legislation again in West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937) and upheld the constitutionality of minimum wage legislation enacted by Washington state and overturned the Adkins decision which marked the end of the Lochner era.[35] In 1938, the minimum wage was re-established pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act, this time at a uniform rate of $0.25 per hour ($4.78 in 2017 dollars[36]). The Supreme Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act in United States v. Darby Lumber Co. (1941), holding that Congress had the power under the Commerce Clause to regulate employment conditions.[37]

text: The 1938 minimum wage law only applied to "employees engaged in interstate commerce or in the production of goods for interstate commerce," but in amendments in 1961 and 1966, the federal minimum wage was extended (with slightly different rates) to employees in large retail and service enterprises, local transportation and construction, state and local government employees, as well as other smaller expansions; a grandfather clause in 1990 drew most employees into the purview of federal minimum wage policy, which now set the wage at $3.80.[38]

text: Legislation[edit]

text: The federal minimum wage in the United States was reset to its current rate of $7.25 per hour in July 2009.[38] Some U.S. territories (such as American Samoa) are exempt. Some types of labor are also exempt: Employers may pay tipped labor a minimum of $2.13 per hour, as long as the hour wage plus tip income equals at least the minimum wage. Persons under the age of 20 may be paid $4.25 an hour for the first 90 calendar days of employment (sometimes known as a youth, teen, or training wage) unless a higher state minimum exists.[39] The 2009 increase was the last of three steps of the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007, which was signed into law as a rider to the U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans' Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007, a bill that also contained almost $5 billion in tax cuts for small businesses.

text: Inflation indexing[edit]

text: Some politicians in the United States advocate linking the minimum wage to the consumer price index, thereby increasing the wage automatically each year based on increases to the consumer price index. Linking the minimum wage to the consumer price index avoids the erosion of the purchasing power of the minimum wage with time because of inflation. In 1998 Washington state became the first state to approve consumer price indexing for its minimum wage.[40] In 2003 San Francisco, California and Santa Fe, New Mexico were the first cities to approve consumer price indexing for their minimum wage.[41][42][43] Oregon and Florida were the next states to link their minimum wages to the consumer price index.[40] Later in 2006, voters in six states (Arizona, Colorado, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, and Ohio) approved statewide increases in the state minimum wage. The amounts of these increases ranged from $1 to $1.70 per hour, and all increases were designed to annually index to inflation.[44] As of 2018, the minimum wage is indexed to inflation in 17 states.[6]

text: Living wage protests[edit]

text:
Living wage to cover basic needs in select U.S. cities (2017)[45][46]

City
Living wage

Houston
$14.60[47]

Cleveland
$14.61[48]

New Orleans
$15.04[49]

Atlanta
$15.30[50]

Tampa
$15.44[51]

United States
$16.07[52]

Philadelphia
$16.35[53]

Chicago
$16.88[54]

Boston
$18.36[55]

Los Angeles
$18.95[56]

New York City
$21.55[57]

San Francisco
$23.79[58]

text: Since 2012, a growing protest and advocacy movement called "Fight for $15", initially growing out of fast food worker strikes, has advocated for an increase in the minimum wage to a living wage.[59] Since the start of these protests, a number of states and cities have increased their minimum wage. In 2014 Connecticut for instance passed legislation to raise the minimum wage from $8.70 to $10.10 per hour by 2017, making it one of about six states at the time to aim at or above $10.00 per hour.[60] In 2014 and 2015, several cities, including San Francisco, Seattle, Los Angeles, and Washington D.C. passed ordinances that gradually increase the minimum wage to $15.00 per hour.[61][62] In 2016 New York and California became the first states to pass legislation that would gradually raise the minimum wage to $15 per hour in each state.[63][64]

text: In April 2014, the U.S. Senate debated the minimum wage on the federal level by way of the Minimum Wage Fairness Act. The bill would have amended the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) to increase the federal minimum wage for employees to $10.10 per hour over the course of a two-year period.[65] The bill was strongly supported by President Barack Obama and many of the Democratic Senators, but strongly opposed by Republicans in the Senate and House.[66][67][68] Later in 2014, voters in the Republican-controlled states of Alaska, Arkansas, Nebraska and South Dakota considered ballot initiatives to raise the minimum wage above the national rate of $7.25 per hour, which were successful in all four states. The results provided evidence that raising minimum wage has support across party lines.[69]

text: In April 2017, Senator Bernie Sanders and Senator Patty Murray, backed by 28 of the Senate's Democrats, introduced new federal legislation which would raise the minimum wage to $15 per hour by 2024 and index it to inflation.[70] The Raise the Wage Act of 2017, which was simultaneously introduced in the House of Representatives with 166 Democratic cosponsors, would raise the minimum wage to $9.25 per hour immediately, and then gradually increase it to $15 per hour by 2024, while simultaneously raising the minimum wage for tipped workers and phasing it out.[71] The legislation was introduced according to Senator Bernie Sanders to make sure that every worker has at least a modest and decent standard of living.[72]

text: State laws[edit]

text: In the United States, different states are able to set their own minimum wages independent of the federal government. When the state and federal minimum wage differ the higher wage prevails. As of January 2018, there were 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum.[5] Washington has the highest state minimum wage at $11.50 per hour.[8] A number of states have also in recent years enacted state preemption laws, which restrict local community rights, and bar local governments from setting their own minimum wage amounts.[73] As of 2017, state preemption laws for local minimum wages have passed in 25 states.[74]

text: Legislation has passed recently in multiple states that significantly raises the minimum wage. California is set to raise its minimum wage to $15.00 per hour by January 1, 2023.[75] Colorado is set to raise its minimum wage from $9.30 per hour to $12 per hour by January 1, 2020, rising $0.90 per year.[76] New York has also passed legislation to increase its minimum wage to $15.00 per hour over time, certain counties and larger companies are set on faster schedules than others.[77] A number of other cities and states across the country are also debating and enacting legislation to increase the minimum wage for low wage workers to a livable wage.[78]

text: Local ordinances[edit]

text: Some government entities, such as counties and cities, observe minimum wages that are higher than the state as a whole. In 2003 San Francisco, California and Santa Fe, New Mexico were the first two cities to introduce local minimum wage ordinances.[43] Another device to increase wages locally are living wage ordinances, which generally apply only to businesses that are under contract to the local government itself. In 1994 Baltimore, Maryland was the first city in the United States to pass such a living wage ordinance. These targeted living wage ordinances for city contract workers have led in subsequent years to citywide local minimum wage laws which apply to all workers.[80]

text: In the current wave of minimum wage legislative action, Seattle, Washington was the first city to pass on June 2, 2014 a local ordinance to increase the minimum wage for all workers to $15.00 per hour,[81] which phases in over seven years.[82] This ordinance followed the referendum in SeaTac, Washington in November 2013, which raised on a more limited scale the local minimum wage to $15.00 for transportation and hospitality workers.[83][84] Numerous other cities have followed Seattle's example since. San Francisco is expected to become the first U.S. city to reach a minimum wage of $15.00 per hour on July 1, 2018.[85] New York City's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018.[86] The minimum wage in Los Angeles and Washington, D.C., will be $15.00 per hour in 2020.[87][88] Similarly, the minimum wage in Minneapolis, Minnesota will be $15.00 per hour by 2022.[89] A growing number of other California cities have also enacted local minimum wage ordinances to increase the minimum wage to $15.00 per hour, including Berkeley, El Cerrito, Emeryville, Mountain View, Oakland, Richmond, and San Jose.[90]

text: Union exemptions[edit]

text: Some minimum wage ordinances have an exemption for unionized workers. For instance, the Los Angeles City Council approved a minimum salary in 2014 for hotel workers of $15.37 per hour which has such an exemption.[91] This led in some cases to longtime workers at unionized hotels such as the Sheraton Universal making $10.00 per hour, whereas non-union employees at a non-union Hilton less than 500 feet away making at least $15.37 as mandated by law for non-unionized employees.[92] Similar exemptions have been adopted in other cities. As of December 2014, unions were exempt from minimum wage ordinances in Chicago, Illinois, SeaTac, Washington, and Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, as well as the California cities of Los Angeles, San Francisco, Long Beach, San Jose, Richmond, and Oakland.[93] In 2016, the Washington, D.C. Council passed a minimum wage ordinance that included a union waiver, but Mayor Vincent Gray vetoed it. Later that year, the council approved an increase without the union waiver.[94]

text: Historical trend[edit]

text: The federal minimum wage was introduced in 1938 at the rate of $0.25 per hour ($4.78 in 2018 dollars).[10][95] By 1950 the minimum wage had risen to $0.75 per hour.[36][10] The minimum wage had its highest purchasing power in 1968, when it was $1.60 per hour ($11.65 in 2018 dollars).[36][96][97] From January 1981 to April 1990, the minimum wage was frozen at $3.35 per hour, then a record-setting minimum wage freeze. From September 1, 1997 through July 23, 2007, the federal minimum wage remained constant at $5.15 per hour, breaking the old record. In 2009 the minimum wage was adjusted to $7.25 where it has remained fixed for the past nine years.[10]

text: The purchasing power of the federal minimum wage has fluctuated. Since 1984, the purchasing power of the federal minimum wage has decreased. Measured in real terms (adjusted for inflation) using 1984 dollars, the real minimum wage was $3.35 in 1984, $2.33 in 1994, $1.84 in 2004, and $1.46 in 2014.[36] If the minimum wage had been raised to $10.10 in 2014, that would have equated to $4.40 in 1984 dollars.[98][99] This would have been equal to a 31% increase in purchasing power, despite the nominal value of the minimum wage increasing by 216% in the same time period.

text: Economic effects[edit]

text:
The owner, the employees, and the buying public are all one and the same, and unless an industry can so manage itself as to keep wages high and prices low it destroys itself, for otherwise it limits the number of its customers. One's own employees ought to be one's own best customers.

-- Henry Ford, 1926[100][101]

text: The economic effects of raising the minimum wage are controversial. Adjusting the minimum wage may affect current and future levels of employment, prices of goods and services, economic growth, income inequality, and poverty. The interconnection of price levels, central bank policy, wage agreements, and total aggregate demand creates a situation in which conclusions drawn from macroeconomic analysis are highly influenced by the underlying assumptions of the interpreter.[102]

text: Employment[edit]

text: In neoclassical economics, the law of demand states that—all else being equal—raising the price of any particular good or service reduces the quantity demanded.[103] Therefore, neoclassical economists argue that—all else being equal—raising the minimum wage will have adverse effects on employment. Conceptually, if an employer does not believe a worker generates value equal to or in excess of the minimum wage, they do not hire or retain that worker.[104]

text: Other economists of different schools of thought argue that a limited increase in the minimum wage does not affect or increases the number of jobs available. Economist David Cooper for instance estimates that a higher minimum wage would support the creation of at least 85,000 new jobs in the United States.[105] This divergence of thought began with empirical work on fast food workers in the 1990s which challenged the neoclassical model. In 1994, economists David Card and Alan Krueger studied employment trends among 410 restaurants in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania following New Jersey's minimum wage hike (from $4.25 to $5.05) in April 1992. They found "no indication that the rise in the minimum wage reduced employment."[106] In contrast, a 1995 analysis of the evidence by David Neumark found that the increase in New Jersey's minimum wage resulted in a 4.6% decrease in employment. Neumark's study relied on payroll records from a sample of large fast-food restaurant chains, whereas the Card-Krueger study relied on business surveys.[107]

text: A literature review conducted by David Neumark and William Wascher in 2007 (which surveyed 101 studies related to the employment effects of minimum wages) found that about two-thirds of peer-reviewed economic research showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment—especially for young and unskilled workers. Neumark's review further found that, when looking at only the most credible research, 85% of studies showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment.[108]

text: Statistical meta-analysis conducted by Tom Stanley in 2005 in contrast found that there is evidence of publication bias in minimum wage literature, and that correction of this bias shows no relationship between the minimum wage and unemployment.[109] In 2008 Hristos Doucouliagos and Tom Stanley conducted a similar meta-analysis of 64 U.S. studies on disemployment effects and concluded that Card and Krueger's initial claim of publication bias was correct. Moreover, they concluded, "Once this publication selection is corrected, little or no evidence of a negative association between minimum wages and employment remains."[110]

text: The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) in 2014 estimated the theoretical effects of a federal minimum wage increase under two scenarios: an increase to $9.00 and an increase to $10.10. According to the report, approximately 100,000 jobs would be lost under the $9.00 option, whereas 500,000 jobs would be lost under the $10.10 option (with a wide range of possible outcomes).[112] The Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) in contrast in 2013 found in a review of multiple studies since 2000 that there was "little or no employment response to modest increases in the minimum wage."[113] CEPR found in a later study that job creation within the United States is faster within states that raised their minimum wage.[114] In 2014 the state with the highest minimum wage in the nation, Washington, exceeded the national average for job growth in the United States.[115] Washington had a job growth rate 0.3% faster than the national average job growth rate.[105]

text: A 2012 study led by Joseph Sabia estimated that the 2004-6 New York State minimum wage increase (from $5.15 to $6.75) resulted in a 20.2% to 21.8% reduction in employment for less-skilled, less-educated workers.[116] Similarly, a study led by Richard Burkhauser in 2000 concluded that minimum wage increases "significantly reduce the employment of the most vulnerable groups in the working-age population—young adults without a high school degree (aged 20-24), young black adults and teenagers (aged 16-24), and teenagers (aged 16-19)."[117]

text: The Economist wrote in December 2013 in sum that: "A minimum wage, providing it is not set too high, could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs...Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages, others see a small one, but none finds any serious damage...High minimum wages, however, particularly in rigid labour markets, do appear to hit employment. France has the rich world's highest wage floor, at more than 60% of the median for adults and a far bigger fraction of the typical wage for the young. This helps explain why France also has shockingly high rates of youth unemployment: 26% for 15- to 24-year-olds."[118]

text: Prices[edit]

text: Conceptually, raising the minimum wage increases the cost of labor, ceteris paribus. Thus, employers may accept lower profits, raise their prices, or both. If prices increase, consumers may demand a lesser quantity of the product, substitute other products, or switch to imported products, due to the effects of price elasticity of demand. Marginal producers (those who are barely profitable enough to survive) may be forced out of business if they cannot raise their prices sufficiently to offset the higher cost of labor. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago research from 2007 has shown that restaurant prices rise in response to minimum wage increases.[119] However, there are studies that show that higher prices for products due to increased labor cost are usually only by about 0.4% of the original price.[105]

text: Effects on crime[edit]

text: A 2016 White House report based on "back of envelope calculations and literature review" argued that higher hourly wages led to less crime.[120] The study by the Council of Economic Advisers calculated that "raising the minimum wage reduces crime by 3 to 5 percent." To get those numbers, the study assumed that "such a minimum wage increase would have no employment impacts, with an employment elasticity of 0.1 the benefits would be somewhat lower."[120]

text: In contrast in a 1987 journal article, Masanori Hashimoto noted that minimum wage hikes lead to increased levels of property crime in areas affected by the minimum wage after its increase.[121] According to the article, by decreasing employment in poor communities, total legal trade and production are curtailed. The report also argued that to compensate for the decrease in legal avenues for production and consumption, poor communities increasingly turn to illegal trade and activity.[121]

text: Economic growth[edit]

text: Whether growth (GDP, a measure of both income and production) increases or decreases depends significantly on whether the income shifted from owners to workers results in an overall higher level of spending. The tendency of a consumer to spend their next dollar is referred to as the marginal propensity to consume or MPC. The transfer of income from higher income owners (who tend to save more, meaning a lower MPC) to lower income workers (who tend to save less, with a higher MPC) can actually lead to an increase in total consumption and higher demand for goods, leading to increased employment.[112] Recent research has shown that higher wages lead to greater productivity.[122]

text: The CBO reported in February 2014 that income (GDP) overall would be marginally higher after raising the minimum wage, indicating a small net positive increase in growth. Raising the minimum wage to $10.10 and indexing it to inflation would result in a net $2 billion increase in income during the second half of 2016, while raising it to $9.00 and not indexing it would result in a net $1 billion increase in income.[112]

text: Income inequality[edit]

text: An increase in the minimum wage is a form of redistribution from higher-income persons (business owners or "capital") to lower income persons (workers or "labor") and therefore should reduce income inequality. The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage under either scenario described above would improve income inequality. Families with income more than 6 times the poverty threshold would see their incomes fall (due in part to their business profits declining with higher employee costs), while families with incomes below that threshold would rise.[112]

text: Poverty[edit]

text: Among hourly-paid workers In 2016, 701,000 earned the federal minimum wage and about 1.5 million earned wages below the minimum.Together, these 2.2 million workers represented 2.7% of all hourly-paid workers.[124]

text: The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage would reduce the number of persons below the poverty income threshold by 900,000 under the $10.10 option versus 300,000 under the $9.00 option.[112] Similarly, Arindrajit Dube, professor of economics at University of Massachusetts Amherst, found in a 2017 study "robust evidence that higher minimum wages lead to increases in incomes among families at the bottom of the income distribution and that these wages reduce the poverty rate." According to the study "a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage reduces the nonelderly poverty rate by about 5 percent."[125][126]

text: In contrast, research conducted by David Neumark and colleagues in 2004 found that minimum wages are associated with reductions in the hours and employment of low-wage workers.[127] A separate study by the same researchers found that minimum wages tend to increase the proportion of families with incomes below or near the poverty line.[128] Similarly, a 2002 study led by Richard Vedder, professor of economics at Ohio University, concluded that "The empirical evidence is strong that minimum wages have had little or no effect on poverty in the U.S. Indeed, the evidence is stronger that minimum wages occasionally increase poverty…"[129]

text: Federal budget deficit[edit]

text: The CBO reported in February 2014 that "[T]he net effect on the federal budget of raising the minimum wage would probably be a small decrease in budget deficits for several years but a small increase in budget deficits thereafter. It is unclear whether the effect for the coming decade as a whole would be a small increase or a small decrease in budget deficits." On the cost side, the report cited higher wages paid by the government to some of its employees along with higher costs for certain procured goods and services. This might be offset by fewer government benefits paid, as some workers with higher incomes would receive fewer government transfer payments. On the revenue side, some would pay higher taxes and others less.[112]

text: Commentary[edit]

text: Economists[edit]

text:
Effective minimum wage
adjusted for cost of living
for select U.S. cities (2015)[130][131]

City
Effective
minimum wage

Seattle
$8.51

Denver
$7.57

Houston
$7.26

United States
$7.25

San Francisco
$7.03

Chicago
$7.01

Boston
$6.59

Washington, D.C.
$6.53

Los Angeles
$6.38

Philadelphia
$6.08

New York City
$3.86

text: According to a survey conducted by economist Greg Mankiw, 79% of economists agreed that "a minimum wage increases unemployment among young and unskilled workers."[132]

text: A 2015 survey conducted by the University of New Hampshire Survey Center found that a majority of economists believes raising the minimum wage to $15 per hour would have negative effects on youth employment levels (83%), adult employment levels (52%), and the number of jobs available (76%). Additionally, 67% of economists surveyed believed that a $15 minimum wage would make it harder for small businesses with less than 50 employees to stay in business.[133]

text: A 2006 survey conducted by economist Robert Whaples of a sample of 210 Ph.D. economists randomly selected from the American Economic Association, found that, regarding the U.S. minimum wage:[134]

text:
46.8% favored eliminating it
14.3% favored keeping it the same
1.3% favored decreasing it
5.2% favored increasing it by about 50 cents per hour
15.6% favored increasing it by about $1 per hour
16.9% favored increasing it by more than $1 per hour

tag: ul

text: In 2014, over 600 economists signed a letter in support of increasing the minimum wage to $10.10 with research suggesting that a minimum wage increase could have a small stimulative effect on the economy as low-wage workers spend their additional earnings, raising demand and job growth.[135][136][137][138] Also, seven recipients of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences were among 75 economists endorsing an increase in the minimum wage for U.S. workers and said "the weight" of economic research shows higher pay doesn't lead to fewer jobs.[139][140]

text: According to a February 2013 survey of the University of Chicago IGM Forum, which includes approximately 40 economists:

text:
34% agreed with the statement that "Raising the federal minimum wage to $9 per hour would make it noticeably harder for low-skilled workers to find employment", with 32% disagreeing and 24% uncertain
42% agreed that "...raising the minimum wage to $9 per hour and indexing it to inflation...would be a desirable policy", with 11% disagreeing or strongly disagreeing and 32% uncertain.[141]

text: According to a fall 2000 survey conducted by Fuller and Geide-Stevenson, 73.5% (27.9% of which agreed with provisos) of American economists surveyed[How many?] agreed that minimum wage laws increase unemployment among unskilled and young workers, while 26.5% disagreed with the statement.[142]

text: Economist Paul Krugman advocated raising the minimum wage moderately in 2013, citing several reasons, including:

text:
The minimum wage was below its 1960s purchasing power, despite a near doubling of productivity;
The great preponderance of the evidence indicates there is no negative impact on employment from moderate increases; and
A high level of public support, specifically Democrats and Republican women.[143]

text: Major political parties[edit]

text: Democratic candidates, elected officials, and activists support an increase in the minimum wage.[144] In his 2013 State of the Union Address, President Barack Obama called for an increase in the federal minimum wage to $9 an hour; several months later, Democrats Tom Harkin and George Miller proposed legislation to increase the federal minimum wage to $10.10; and in 2015, congressional Democrats introduced a proposal to increase the federal minimum wage to $12 an hour.[145] These efforts did not succeed, but increases in city and state minimum wages prompted congressional Democrats to continue fighting for an increase on the federal level.[145] After much internal party debate,[146] the party's official platform adopted at the 2016 Democratic National Convention stated: "We should raise the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour over time and index it, give all Americans the ability to join a union regardless of where they work, and create new ways for workers to have power in the economy so every worker can earn at least $15 an hour."[147][148]

text: Most Republican elected officials oppose action to increase the minimum wage,[149][150] and have blocked Democratic efforts to increase the minimum wage.[151] Republican leadership such as Speakers of the House John Boehner[149] and Paul Ryan have opposed minimum wage increases.[152] Some Republicans oppose having a minimum wage altogether, while a few, conversely, have supported minimum wage increases or indexing the minimum wage to inflation.[149]

text: Former President Bill Clinton advocated raising the minimum wage in 2014: "I think we ought to raise the minimum wage because it doesn't just raise wages for the three or four million people who are directly affected by it, it bumps the wage structure everywhere...The estimates are that 35 million Americans would get a pay raise if the federal minimum wage was raised...If you [raise the minimum wage] in a phased way, it always creates jobs. Why? Because people who make the minimum wage or near it are struggling to get by, they spend every penny they make, they turn it over in the economy, they create jobs, they create opportunity, and they take better care of their children. It's just the right thing to do, but it's also very good economics."[153][better source needed]

text: Polls[edit]

text: The Pew Center reported in January 2014 that 73% of Americans supported raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10. By party, 53% of Republicans and 90% of Democrats favored this action.[154] Pew found a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage in 2017 with most blacks and Hispanics supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage, and 54% of whites opposing it.[13]

text: A Lake Research Partners poll in February 2012 found the following:

text:
Strong support overall for raising the minimum wage, with 73% of likely voters supporting an increase to $10 and indexing it to inflation during 2014, including 58% who strongly support the action;
Support crosses party lines, with support from 91% of Democrats, 74% of Independents, and 50% of Republicans; and
A majority (56%) believe that raising the minimum wage will help the economy, 16% believe it won't make a difference, and only 21% felt it would hurt the economy.[155]

text: List by jurisdiction[edit]

text: This is a list of the minimum wages (per hour) in each state and territory of the United States, for jobs covered by federal minimum wage laws. If the job is not subject to the federal Fair Labor Standards Act, then state, city, or other local laws may determine the minimum wage.[156] A common exemption to the federal minimum wage is a company having revenue of less than $500,000 per year while not engaging in any interstate commerce.

text: Under the federal law, workers who receive a portion of their salary from tips, such as waitstaff, are required only to have their total compensation, including tips, meet the minimum wage. Therefore, often, their hourly wage, before tips, is less than the minimum wage.[157] Seven states, and Guam, do not allow for a tip credit.[158] Additional exemptions to the minimum wage include many seasonal employees, student employees, and certain disabled employees as specified by the FLSA.[159]

text: In addition, some counties and cities within states may implement a higher minimum wage than the rest of their state. Sometimes this higher wage applies only to businesses that contract with the local government, while in other cases the higher minimum applies to all work.

text: Federal[edit]

text:
Type
Min. wage ($/h)
Notes

Tipped
$2.13
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 has been requiring a minimum wage of $2.13 for tipped workers with the expectation that wages plus tips total no less than $7.25 per hour since September 1, 1991.[160] The employer must pay the difference if total income does not add up to $7.25 per hour.[161]

Non-tipped
$7.25
Per the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 (FMWA) since July 24, 2009.[162]

Youth
$4.25
The Fair Labor Standards Act has since September 1, 1996 allowed for persons under the age of 20 to be paid $4.25 for the first 90 calendar days of their employment .[163]

text: State[edit]

text: The average US minimum wage per capita (2017) is $8.49 based on the population size of each state and generally represents the average minimum wage experienced by a person working in one of the fifty US states. Cities, counties, districts, and territories are not included in the calculation.[citation needed] As of October 2016, there have been 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum. From 2014 to 2015, nine states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments, while increases in 11 other states occurred through referendum or legislative action.[96] Beginning in January 2017, Massachusetts and Washington state have the highest minimum wages in the country, at $11.00 per hour.[164] New York City's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018.[165]

text:
State
Min. wage
($/h)[166][167]
Tipped
($/h)[168][a]
Youth/
training
($/h)[b]
Automatic indexed adjustment
Notes

Alabama
None[c]

No

Alaska
$9.84
$9.84

Yes
Minimum wage increased to $9.84 on January 1, 2018.[170]

Arizona
$10.50
$7.50

Yes
Voters passed Proposition 206 in 2016 to schedule a series of wage increases starting with $10.00/hour in 2017, $10.50 in 2018, $11.00 in 2019, $12.00 in 2020 and every year afterwards will be tied to inflation.[171]

Arkansas
$8.50
$2.63

No
Minimum wage increased to $8.50 on January 1, 2017. The rate applies to employers of four or more employees.[172]

California
$11.00[173]
$11.00

Yes
Minimum wage increased to $11.00 for business with 26 employees or more; $10.50 for business with 25 employees or fewer, effective on January 1, 2018[174] and increases to $15.00 by 2022.[175] At least 20 California cities will have a minimum wage higher than the state minimum on January 1, 2018.[176] Berkeley: $13.75 since October 1, 2017 and increases to $15.00 by 2018.[177] El Cerrito: $13.60 since January 1, 2018 and increases to $15.00 by 2019.[178] Emeryville: $15.20 for businesses with 56 or more employees; $14.00 for businesses with 55 employees or fewer, effective July 2017.[179] Jackson Rancheria: $10.60 since January 1, 2014 on the Tribe's sovereign 1,500-acre reservation in Amador County. Oakland: $13.23 since January 1, 2018. Unions are exempt from Oakland's minimum wage law. Los Angeles: $12.00 for Businesses with 26 or more employees $10.50 for businesses with 25 employees or fewer since July 1, 2017 and increases to $15.00 by 2020. Unions are exempt from Los Angeles's minimum wage law. San Francisco: $14.00 since July 1, 2017 and increases to $15.00 by 2018.[180] Unions are exempt from San Francisco's minimum wage law.[93] San Jose: $13.50 since January 1, 2018. Unions are exempt from San Jose's minimum wage law.[93] San Diego $11.50 since January 1, 2017.

Colorado
$10.20
$7.18

Yes
On January 1, 2018, the minimum wage increased to $10.20 and will increase annually by $0.90 until it becomes $12 in January 2020. Starting in 2021, it will be adjusted in line with the Consumer Price Index (CPI).[181] The tipped wage is $3.02 less than the minimum wage.[182]

Connecticut
$10.10
$6.59

No
On March 26, 2014, the state passed legislation to raise the minimum wage to $10.10 by January 1, 2017.[183] Connecticut's tipped minimum wage is 65.2% of the state minimum wage (tipped employees defined as $10/wk or $2/day in tips).[184]

Delaware
$8.25
$2.23

No
Minimum wage increased to $8.25 on June 1, 2015.[185]

Florida
$8.25
$5.08

Yes
Minimum wage is increased annually on September 30 (effective January 1 of the following calendar year) based upon a cost of living formula (the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, not seasonally adjusted, for the South Region or a successor index as calculated by the United States Department of Labor, using the rate of inflation for the 12 months prior to September 1).[186] Florida's minimum wage increased to $8.10 and the tipped minimum wage to $5.08 on January 1, 2017.[187]

Georgia
$5.15[188][189]
$2.13

No
Only applicable to employers of 6 or more employees. The state law excludes from coverage any employment that is subject to the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act when the federal rate is greater than the state rate.[190]

Hawaii
$10.10
$9.35

No
Minimum wage increased to $10.10 on January 1, 2018. Tipped employees earn 75 cents less than the current state minimum wage.[191]

Idaho
$7.25[192]
$3.35

No

Illinois
$8.25
$4.95
$7.75
No
Employers may pay anyone under the age of 18, or anyone for the first 90 days of employment, fifty cents less. Tipped employees earn 60% of the minimum wage (employers may claim credit for tips, up to 40% of wage). There is a training wage for tipped employees.[193] Chicago: $11.00 from July 1, 2017 and increases to $13.00 by 2019.[194] Unions are exempt from Chicago's minimum wage law.[93]

Indiana
$7.25[195]
$2.13

No

Iowa
$7.25[196]
$4.35

No
Most small retail and service establishments grossing less than $300,000 annually are not required to pay the minimum wage.[196] A tipped employee who makes $30.00 per month or more in tips, can be paid 60% of the minimum wage, i.e. as little as $4.35 per hour.[196] Increased minimum wage laws in Johnson and Linn counties were nullified by the legislature.[197]

Kansas
$7.25[198]
$2.13

No
Kansas had the lowest legislated, non-tipped worker, minimum wage in the U.S., $2.65 per hour, until it was raised to $7.25, effective January 1, 2010.[199]

Kentucky
$7.25[200]
$2.13

No
Louisville: $8.10 from July 1, 2015 and increases to $9.00 by 2017.[201][202] However, the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that localities do not have authority to increase the minimum wage.[203]

Louisiana
None[c]

No

Maine
$10.00
$5.00

Yes
Tipped rate is half of the current state minimum wage.[204] On July 6, 2015, the city council of Portland voted 6-3 to raise the city's minimum wage to $10.10 beginning on January 1, 2016 – an increase of 34%.[205] Note: The tipped wage returns to 50% of the regular minimum wage starting January 1, 2018. Minimum wage will increase to $10 in January 2018, $11 in January 2019, and $12 in January 2020.[206][207]

Maryland
$9.25
$3.63

No
Minimum wage is $9.25 as of July 1, 2017; and $10.10 as of July 1, 2018.[208][209]
For employees working in Prince George's County, the minimum wage is $11.50 per hour, effective October 1, 2017.[208]
For employees working in Montgomery County, the minimum wage is $11.50 per hour starting July 1, 2017.[210] County Council bill 12-16 was enacted on January 17, 2017 to adjust the minimum wage to $15 and base future adjustments on the Consumer Price Index, but was later vetoed by the County Executive.[211][212]

Massachusetts
$11.00
$3.75

No
Minimum wage increased to $11.00 ($3.75 for tipped workers) on January 1, 2017. Massachusetts is the only state in the country that mandates time-and-a-half for retail workers working on Sunday. With state minimum wage at $11 an hour the effective minimum wage for a retail worker working on Sunday is $16.50 an hour.[213] As of 2017, Massachusetts has the largest gap between the hourly minimum wage for tipped workers ($3.75) and the general minimum wage ($11).[214]

Michigan
$9.25[215]
$3.52
$4.25 (training) $7.86 (youth)
Yes
Annual minimum wage increases, linked to the consumer price index, will start on February 1, 2019, and shall not exceed 3.5%. There is no increase in minimum wage if the unemployment rate rises to or above 8.5% in the previous year. Tipped workers must earn at least standard Michigan minimum wage once tips are included in their wages.[216][217]

Minnesota
$9.65[188]
$9.65
$7.87 (for small employers, training, youth and J-1 Visas)[218]
Yes
Small employers, whose annual receipts are less than $500,000 and who do not engage in interstate commerce, can pay their employees $7.25 per hour. Overtime applies after 48 hours per week.[219] Note: For large employers, the minimum wage became $9.00 on August 1, 2015; and $9.50 on August 1, 2016. For small employers the minimum wage became $7.25 on August 1, 2015; and $7.75 on August 1, 2016. Beginning January 1, 2018, all minimum wage rates will increase by the national implicit price deflator or 2.5%, whichever is lower.[220]

Mississippi
None[c]

No

Missouri
$7.85
$3.85

Yes
Minimum wage rate is automatically adjusted annually based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index rounded to the nearest five cents, and increased to $7.85 on January 1, 2018.[221] While a city ordinance was passed in St. Louis area to increase the minimum wage was set to $8.25 in 2015,[222] in October 2015 the law was voided by a new statewide bill barring cities from setting their own minimum wages.[223] The State Supreme Court ruled on 28 February 2017 that the ordinance was lawful and could go into effect, with the minimum wage rate set to rise to $11.00 an hour by 2018 in St. Louis.[224] However, on July 5, 2017, another law was passed to nullify the increase and to have a statewide minimum wage of $7.70.[225]

Montana
$8.30
$8.30

Yes
Minimum wage rate is automatically adjusted annually based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index, and increased to $8.30 on January 1, 2018. Income from tips cannot offset an employee's pay rate. The state minimum wage for business with less than $110,000 in annual sales is $4.00.[166]

Nebraska
$9.00[226]
$2.13

No
Minimum wage increased to $9.00 January 1, 2016.[227]

Nevada
$8.25
$8.25

Yes
The minimum wage has been $8.25 ($1 higher than the federal minimum) since July 1, 2010. Employers who offer health benefits can pay employees $7.25.[228] The rate is adjusted every July 1, based on the federal minimum or the accumulated inflation since 2006, whichever is higher, based on a 2006 Minimum Wage Amendment to the Nevada Constitution.[229]

New Hampshire
$7.25[230]
$3.27

No

New Jersey
$8.60[231]
$2.13

Yes
Minimum wage increased to $8.60 on January 1, 2018.[231]

New Mexico
$7.50
$2.13

No
Santa Fe: $10.84 since January 1, 2015.[232] Albuquerque: $8.75 since January 1, 2015.[233]

New York
$10.40[234]
Varies

Yes
The minimum wage rate increased to $9.00 on December 31, 2015.[235] As of July 24, 2009 there has been a minimum for exempt employees of $543.75 per week.[236] Tipped employee minimum ranges from $4.90 to $5.65 depending on industry.[169] Effective December 31, 2013, there have been different rules for the minimum cash wage for tipped employees outside of the hospitality industry, (e.g., in car washes and in salons). For workers earning more than $1.95 on average per hour in tips, the minimum cash wage has been $6.05 per hour; for workers earning between $1.20 and $1.95 in tips on average per hour, the cash wage has been $6.80.[237]
A 2016 law changed the minimum wage over the following six years. "Large" employers have 11 or more employees, and "small" have between 1 and 10. "Downstate" includes Nassau, Suffolk, and Westchester Counties.[238] NYC large employers: $11.00, NYC small employers: $10.50, Downstate employers: $10.00, Upstate employers: $9.70. As of December 31, 2017: NYC large employers: $13.00; NYC small employers: $12.00; Downstate employers: $11.00; Upstate employers: $10.40. As of December 31, 2018: NYC large employers: $15.00; NYC small employers: $13.50; Downstate employers: $12.00; Upstate employers: $11.10. As of December 31, 2019: NYC large employers: $15.00; NYC small employers: $15.00; Downstate employers: $13.00; Upstate employers: $12.50. As of December 31, 2020: NYC large employers: $15.00; NYC small employers: $15.00; Downstate employers: $14.00; Upstate employers: $12.50. As of December 31, 2021: NYC large employers: $15.00; NYC small employers: $15.00; Downstate employers: $15.00; Upstate employers: Set by Commissioner of Labor based on economic conditions, up to $15.00.
Tipped food service workers will be paid $7.50 per hour, or two-thirds of the applicable minimum wage rate rounded to the nearest $0.05, whichever is higher.[citation needed]

North Carolina
$7.25[239]
$2.13

No
The employer may take credit for tips earned by a tipped employee and may count them as wages up to the amount permitted in section 3(m) of the Fair Labor Standards Act.[239]

North Dakota
$7.25[240]
$4.86

No
Tipped minimum is 67% of the minimum wage.[169]

Ohio
$8.30
$4.15
$7.25 under 16 years old
Yes
The rate is $7.25 for employers grossing $299,000 or less.[241] The rate is adjusted annually on January 1 based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index[242] Ohio's minimum wage will increase to $8.30 ($4.15 for tipped employees) on January 1, 2018

Oklahoma
$7.25[243]
$2.13

No
Minimum wage for employers grossing under $100,000 and with fewer than 10 employees per location is $2.00.[244](OK Statutes 40-197.5).

Oregon
$10.00 (rural counties)
$10.25 (non-rural counties)
$11.25 (Portland metro)[245]
$10.00 (rural counties)
$10.25 (non-rural counties)
$11.25 (Portland metro)

Yes
On March 2, 2016, Senate Bill 1532 was signed into law, increasing minimum wage depending on the county. Beginning July 1, 2016 the minimum wage increased to $9.75 for non-rural counties and to $9.50 for rural counties, thereafter increasing each year by fixed amounts until June 30, 2022 when the minimum wage will be $14.75 for the Portland metro area, $13.50 for other non-rural counties, and $12.50 for rural counties. Thereafter, the minimum wage will be adjusted each year based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index.[246] Non-rural counties are defined as Benton, Clackamas, Clatsop, Columbia, Deschutes, Hood River, Jackson, Josephine, Lane, Lincoln, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Tillamook, Wasco, Washington, and Yamhill counties.[247] Rural counties are defined as Baker, Coos, Crook, Curry, Douglas, Gilliam, Grant, Harney, Jefferson, Klamath, Lake, Malheur, Morrow, Sherman, Umatilla, Union, Wallowa, Wheeler counties.[247] The Portland Metro rate ($1.25 over the non-rural rate) applies to employers located within the urban growth boundary (UGB) of the Portland metropolitan service district.[245]

Pennsylvania
$7.25[248]
$2.83

No

Rhode Island
$10.10
$3.39

No
Minimum wage increased to $9.60 January 1, 2016.

South Carolina
None[c]

No

South Dakota
$8.85[249]
$4.425

Yes
Minimum wage increased to $8.85 on January 1, 2018, and is indexed to inflation.

Tennessee
None[c]

No

Texas
$7.25[250]
$2.13

No
Applies to all workers in the state, excluding patients of the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation who have diminished production capacity and who work on behalf of the Department; their salary is calculated at the minimum wage times a percentage of their diminished capacity.

Utah
$7.25
$2.13

No

Vermont
$10.50
$5.00

Yes
Minimum wage increased to $10.50 on January 1, 2018 and will be indexed to inflation beginning on January 1, 2019.[251]

Virginia
$7.25[252]
$2.13

No

Washington
$11.50[253]
$11.50[253]
$9.78[254]
Yes
Minimum wage increases annually by a voter-approved cost-of-living adjustment based on the federal Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W).[255] Seattle: $11.00 for businesses with fewer than 500 employees, $15.00 for businesses with 500 employees or more, and for all businesses by 2021.[256][257] SeaTac: $15.00 for airport-related businesses.[258] Union workshops are exempt from SeaTac's $15 minimum wage law.[259]

West Virginia
$8.75[260]
$2.62

No
Minimum wage increased to $8.75 on December 31, 2015.[261] The state minimum wage is applicable to employers of six or more employees at one location not involved in interstate commerce[166] and for tipped employees is 30% of the federal minimum wage.[169]

Wisconsin
$7.25[262]
$2.33

No

Wyoming
$5.15[188]
$2.13

No

text:
Jump up ^ Generally applies to employees who make over $30 in tips per month, unless otherwise noted.[169]
Jump up ^ Applies to persons under age 20, for the first 90 days of employment (per FMWA), unless otherwise noted.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e No state minimum wage law. Federal rates apply, although some small businesses exempt from FMWA may not be covered.

tag: ol

text: Territory[edit]

text:
Territory
Min. wage ($/h)[166]
Tipped
($/h)[168]

Notes

American Samoa
$4.58–$5.99
$2.13
Varies by industry.[263] On September 30, 2010, President Obama signed legislation that delays scheduled wage increases for 2010 and 2011. On July 26, 2012, President Obama signed S. 2009 into law, postponing the minimum wage increase for 2012, 2013, and 2014. Annual wage increases of $0.40 recommenced on September 30, 2015 and will continue every three years until all rates have reached the federal minimum.[264]

Guam
$8.25
$8.25

Northern Mariana Islands
$7.05
$2.13
Since September 30, 2016. Wages are to go up $0.50 annually until reaching the federal $7.25 rate by 2018.[265] Bill S. 256 to delay the planned increases to the full rate until 2018 passed in Sept. 2013.[266]

Puerto Rico
$7.25
$2.13
Following the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007, Employers covered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)[which?] are subject to the federal minimum wage and all applicable regulations. Employers not covered by the FLSA will be subject to a minimum wage that is at least 70 percent of the federal minimum wage or the applicable mandatory decree rate, whichever is higher. The Secretary of Labor and Human Resources may authorize a rate based on a lower percentage for any employer who can show that implementation of the 70 percent rate would substantially curtail employment in that business. Puerto Rico also has minimum wage rates that vary according to the industry. These rates range from a minimum of $5.08 to $7.25 per hour.

U.S. Virgin Islands
$9.50
$3.80
The Virgin Islands' minimum wage increased to $9.50 on June 1, 2017 for all employees, with the exception of tourist service and restaurant employees (or those businesses with gross annual receipts of less than $150,000 set at $4.30). It is scheduled to increase to $10.50 on June 1, 2018.[267]

text: Federal District[edit]

text:
Federal District
Min. wage
($/h)
Tipped
($/h)
Youth/
training
($/h)
Notes

District of Columbia
$12.50
$3.47
None
In accordance with a law signed on June 27, 2016,[268][269] the minimum wage became $12.50 per hour as of July 1, 2017; $13.25 per hour as of July 1, 2018; $14.00 per hour as of July 1, 2019; and $15.00 per hour as of July 1, 2020.[270] As of each successive July 1, the minimum wage will increase by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers in the Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area for the preceding twelve months.[270]
The minimum wage for tipped-employees will increase to $4.17 per hour as of July 1, 2018; $4.87 per hour as of July 1, 2019; and $5.55 per hour as of July 1, 2020.[270]
The minimum wage established by the federal government may be paid to newly hired individuals during their first 90 calendar days of employment, students employed by colleges and universities, and individuals under 18 years of age.[271]

text: Low-paying occupations, 2006 and 2009[edit]

text: Jobs that a minimum wage is most likely to directly affect are those that pay close to the minimum.

text: According to the May 2006 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, the four lowest-paid occupational sectors in May 2006 (when the federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour) were the following:[272]

text:
Sector
Workers employed
Median wage
Mean wage
Mean annual

Food preparation and serving related occupations
11,029,280
$7.90
$8.86
$18,430

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
450,040
$8.63
$10.49
$21,810

Personal care and service occupations
3,249,760
$9.17
$11.02
$22,920

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
4,396,250
$9.75
$10.86
$22,580

text: Two years later, in May 2008, when the federal minimum wage was $5.85 per hour and was about to increase to $6.55 per hour in July 2008, these same sectors were still the lowest-paying, but their situation (according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data)[273] was:

text:
Sector
Workers employed
Median wage
Mean wage
Mean annual

Food preparation and serving related occupations
11,438,550
$8.59
$9.72
$20,220

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
438,490
$9.34
$11.32
$23,560

Personal care and service occupations
3,437,520
$9.82
$11.59
$24,120

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
4,429,870
$10.52
$11.72
$24,370

text: In 2006, workers in the following 13 individual occupations received, on average, a median hourly wage of less than $8.00 per hour:[272]

text:
Occupation
Workers employed
Median wage
Mean wage
Mean annual

Gaming dealers
82,960
$7.08
$8.18
$17,010

Waiters and waitresses
2,312,930
$3.14
$4.27
$11,190

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
2,461,890
$7.24
$7.66
$15,930

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
401,790
$7.36
$7.84
$16,320

Cooks, fast food
612,020
$7.41
$7.67
$15,960

Dishwashers
502,770
$7.57
$7.78
$16,190

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
101,530
$7.64
$8.41
$17,500

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop
524,410
$7.76
$8.15
$16,950

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
340,390
$7.78
$8.10
$16,860

Shampooers
15,580
$7.78
$8.20
$17,050

Amusement and recreation attendants
235,670
$7.83
$8.43
$17,530

Bartenders
485,120
$7.86
$8.91
$18,540

Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse
230,780
$7.95
$8.48
$17,630

text: In 2008, only two occupations paid a median wage less than $8.00 per hour:[273]

text:
Occupation
Workers employed
Median wage
Mean wage
Mean annual

Gaming dealers
91,130
$7.84
$9.56
$19,890

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
2,708,840
$7.90
$8.36
$17,400

text: According to the May 2009 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates,[274] the lowest-paid occupational sectors in May 2009 (when the federal minimum wage was $7.25 per hour) were the following:

text:
Sector
Workers employed
Median wage
Mean wage
Mean annual

Gaming dealers
86,900
$8.19
$9.76
$20,290

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
2,695,740
$8.28
$8.71
$18,120

Waiters and waitresses
2,302,070
$8.50
$9.80
$20,380

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
402,020
$8.51
$9.09
$18,900

Cooks, fast food
539,520
$8.52
$8.76
$18,230


document_title: Greenhouse Academy

question_text: when does the new season of greenhouse academy start

text: Greenhouse Academy

text: Plot[edit]

text: Eight months after losing their astronaut mother in a rocket explosion, a brother and a sister enroll at a private boarding school for gifted future leaders. Separately, they join two competing houses within the school and become rivals. Soon, mysterious events draw kids from both competing houses into a secret investigation. The kids uncover a deadly plot to destroy the planet. Only by joining forces and working together, will they be able to save the world.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Ariel Mortman[1] as Hayley Woods
Finn Roberts[1] as Alex Woods
Chris O'Neal[1] as Daniel Hayward
Dallas Hart[1] as Leo Cruz
Cinthya Carmona[1] as Sophie Cardona
Grace Van Dien[1] as Brooke Osmond
Benjamin Papac[1] as Max Miller
Jessica Amlee[1] as Jackie Sanders[4]
BJ Mitchell[1] as Parker Grant
Aviv Buchler as Emma Geller
Ishai Golan[1] as Carter Woods
Selina Giles as Ryan Woods
Yiftach Mizrahi as Jason Osmond
Nitsan Levartovsky as Suzanne McGill
Parker Stevenson[1] as Louis Osmond
Nadine Ellis[1] as Judy Hayward
Yuval Yanai as Eric Simmons
Reina Hardesty[1] as Aspen Fairchild

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Efrat Dor as Michelle Wallace
Natalie Berkowitz as Meredith
Dean Gerber as Owen
Jake Miller as Seth
Stephanie Troyak as Tammy
Amit Yagur[5] as Becca
Zvika Fohrman as Coach Davies
Jonathan Miller as Kyle
Maayan Bloom as Marcus
Errol Trotman Harewood as David Diggs
Iftach Ophir as Perry FBI Agent
Aaron Kaplan as Brandon Thomas

text: Production[edit]

text: Greenhouse Academy is a Netflix original series based on the Israeli tween-drama The Greenhouse (Ha-Hamama), which ran on Nickelodeon Israel.[6] Both versions were created by Giora Chamizer and produced by Nutz Productions, a subsidiary of Ananey Communications.[7] Two seasons consisting of a total of 24 episodes were produced. The series was filmed in summer 2016 in Tel Aviv and at other locations in Israel.[8] The first season was released on Netflix on September 8, 2017.[3] Season 2 is scheduled to be released in March 2018.[9]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
"Pilot"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

Guest starring: Tamir Ginsburg as Tyler Shaw, Dan Mor as Sergeant Archer

2
"The Opening Challenge"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

3
"Breaking and Entering"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

4
"Private Screening"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

5
"Black Smoke"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

Guest starring: Dor Zweigenbaum as Dr. Schwartz

6
"Captain Material"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

7
"Swimming Lessons"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

8
"The Outsider"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

Guest starring: Omri Doron as JPL Security Guard

9
"Steph"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

Guest starring: Herzl Tobey as Park Ranger

10
"Guilt-Free Cupcakes"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

Guest starring: Herzl Tobey as Park Ranger

11
"Great Scott"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

12
"L.D.R."
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)


document_title: Anne (TV series)

question_text: where do they film anne with an e

question_tokens: where do they film anne with an e

text: Anne (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: In the late 19th century, brother and sister Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert, both in their old age by that historical period's standards (Matthew is 60), decide to take on an orphan boy to help out around their ancestral farm of Green Gables, on the outskirts of the town of Avonlea, on Prince Edward Island. When Matthew goes to pick the child up at the railway station, he finds not a boy, but a high-spirited and talkative girl, Anne Shirley. At first, the Cuthberts are inclined to send her back, particularly after Marilla's brooch goes missing, and Anne, in despair, runs away. Reconciled and settled in her new home and school, Anne once again displays boundless enthusiasm which is nevertheless easily turned into despair when things go wrong, which they often do. Slowly, her ebullient nature wins over those around her.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Amybeth McNulty as Anne Shirley[7]
Geraldine James as Marilla Cuthbert[7]
R. H. Thomson as Matthew Cuthbert[7]
Dalila Bela as Diana Barry[8]
Lucas Jade Zumann as Gilbert Blythe[9]
Corrine Koslo as Rachel Lynde[8]
Aymeric Jett Montaz as Jerry Baynard[8]

text: Others[edit]

text:
Jonathan Holmes as Mr. William Barry
Helen Johns as Mrs. Eliza Barry
Ryan Kiera Armstrong as Minnie Mary Barry
Deborah Grover as Josephine Barry
Wayne Best as John Blythe
Phillip Williams as Thomas Lynde
David Ingram as Mr. Harmon Andrews
Janet Porter as Mrs. Andrews
Christian Martyn as Billy Andrews
Lia Pappas-Kemps as Jane Andrews
Ella Jonas Farlinger as Prissy Andrews
Jim Annan as Mr. Gillis
Fiona Byrne as Mrs. Gillis
Kyla Matthews as Ruby Gillis
Jacob Ursomarzo as Moody Spurgeon
Stephen Tracey as Mr. Phillips
Cory Gruter-Andrew as Cole Mackenzie
Miranda McKeon as Josie Pye
Glenna Walters as Tillie Boulter
Katelyn Wells as Mary Joe
Jacob Horsley as Charlie Sloane

text: Production[edit]

text: According to executive producer Miranda de Pencier, this adaptation of the novel has a different look and feel to past productions, aiming for a "documentary level of realism", as reflected in the extraordinary detail which has gone into the design of sets and costumes.[10]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Besides the show itself having a larger number of female characters than male, women serving as executive producer and showrunner, the series has several female directors.[11] For the second season, showrunner and scriptwriter Moira Walley-Beckett is joined by a team of women writers.[12]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Approximately 1800 girls on three continents auditioned for the role of Anne Shirley. Amybeth McNulty was chosen for her ability to deliver dialogue which is "incredibly thick and dynamic and beautiful", according to Miranda de Pencier. Walley-Beckett describes her as at once "luminous," transparent, smart, soulful and emotional.[11]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The series is filmed partially in Prince Edward Island as well as locations in Southern Ontario (including Millbrook[13] and Caledon).[14]

text: Music[edit]

text: The opening theme is the song "Ahead by a Century" performed and originally composed by Canadian band The Tragically Hip.[11]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Moira Walley-Beckett had this to say about her treatment, which is darker than the previous productions: "In this day and age, themes of identity, prejudice, bullying, being an outsider, searching for a way to be accepted and how to belong are entirely topical and super relevant, and those are themes that are built into the story of 'Anne.'" She went on to call Anne Shirley an "accidental feminist", and how she "really wanted to tell this story now."[11]

text: Broadcast and release[edit]

text: The series initially premiered on March 19, 2017, on CBC and aired on a weekly basis, the season finale airing on April 30, 2017.

text: The series debuted on Netflix on May 12, 2017, under the title Anne with an E.[15][16]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Can. viewers
(millions)

1
"Your Will Shall Decide Your Destiny"
Niki Caro
Moira Walley-Beckett
March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)
0.999[17]

When a miscommunication brings a girl, Anne Shirley, to Green Gables instead of a boy, Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert are faced with a life-changing decision.

2
"I Am No Bird, and No Net Ensnares Me"
Helen Shaver
Moira Walley-Beckett
March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)
0.780[18]

Hoping all is not lost, Matthew races to catch up with Anne while Marilla anxiously hopes and waits for their return to Green Gables.

3
"But What Is So Headstrong as Youth?"
Sandra Goldbacher
Moira Walley-Beckett
April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)
0.994[19]

Anne is excited to begin school and make friends, but is unprepared for the bullying that occurs when she doesn't fit in. Marilla too, is testing new waters as she accepts an invitation to join a "Progressive Mothers" group.

4
"An Inward Treasure is Born"
David Evans
Moira Walley-Beckett
April 9, 2017 (2017-04-09)
0.654[20]

Anne is faced with the decision of whether or not to return to school. But a fire at the Gillis house and Anne's generous actions help her in her choice.

5
"Tightly Knotted to a Similar String"
Patricia Rozema
Moira Walley-Beckett
April 16, 2017 (2017-04-16)
N/A

Anne must deal with the inevitability of womanhood when she gets her first period. At the same time, Marilla and Matthew acclimatize to parenthood and revisit moments of their youth through Anne.

6
"Remorse Is the Poison of Life"
Paul Fox
Moira Walley-Beckett
April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)
0.656[21]

When her little sister Minnie May becomes ill, Diana runs to Anne for help. Meanwhile, the Blythe farm sees change, as Marilla is reminded of what she gave up and Matthew receives some unsettling news.

7
"Wherever You Are Is My Home"
Amanda Tapping
Moira Walley-Beckett
April 30, 2017 (2017-04-30)
N/A

The Cuthberts vow to do whatever it takes to save the farm which reminds Anne of the strength of friendship and love.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The series has achieved a rating of 88% on Rotten Tomatoes, the site's critical consensus stating: "Anne with an E uses its complex central character to offer a boldly stylish, emotionally resonant spin on classic source material that satisfies in its own right."[22] The series has received a rating of 79 on Metacritic based on fifteen reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[23]

text: Emily Ashby, writing for Common Sense Media, calls the series an "exceptional" and "spectacular" interpretation, giving it four out of five stars.[24] Tasha Cerny, contributor for the Tracking Board, praises the cinematography as lush and colourful, the characters vibrant, and the plot "surprisingly thrilling for a story about a young girl living in a small secluded community in the late nineteenth century. I laughed, I cried, and I didn’t expect either from a show about a little girl."[25] Gwen Inhat of the A.V. Club, calls the series "at once darker and sweeter than the original" novel, praising the core cast, reserving the highest for the series lead: "Amybeth McNulty defies her youth with a performance that’s less a portrayal of Anne than an absolute possession. It can’t be easy to make Anne’s fanciful language sing the way she does, and McNulty captures the endearing awkwardness that enables Anne to win over everyone she comes in contact with."[26] Writing of the 90-minute premiere episode for the Toronto Star, Johanna Schneller was appreciative of Walley-Beckett's departures from the novel, bringing its subtext to the fore: "Reading between the novel's lines and adding verisimilitude, she gives us quick but potent glimpses of the miseries many orphans faced in 1890s imperialist culture."[27] Hanh Nguyen, reviewing the series for IndieWire, concurs with this assessment, saying: "Rather than ruining the series, they give the context for why Anne would be filled with gratitude for the beauties of nature, basic human decency and having a family to call her own. Montgomery had based much of Anne’s need for escape into imagination on her own lonely childhood, and her stories have always had an underlying poignancy that made them all the sweeter."[28] Jen Chaney, writing for Vulture.com, agrees, saying: "What distinguishes it from other previous Anne iterations is its willingness to harden some of the story’s softness, just enough, to create an element of realism that period pieces, Gables-related or not, can be inclined to avoid."[29] Neil Genzlinger writing for The New York Times, commenting on reports of darkness and grittiness, goes so far as to call the adaptation "richer" than the source material: "Ms. McNulty’s Anne is still wonderfully ebullient and eminently likable; she’s just not the one-dimensional figure of other adaptations".[30] Annie Hirschlag, writing for Mic, suggests that a genuinely contemporary Anne is bound to reflect the current television landscape and wider culture of its times (the 2010s): "Since today's entertainment is peppered with antiheroes — characters who are far from perfect, even occasionally villainous — it makes sense that Anne's familiar idealism is fringed with darkness and agony."[31]

text: Some reviewers were more ambivalent, mainly about Walley-Beckett's changes to the story. Canadian novelist Saleema Nawaz, who reviewed the 90-minute first episode for Toronto Life, said she enjoyed it more than she expected, particularly the set designs and costumes, as well as the performances by McNulty and Thomson, and she approved of the choice of theme song as reflective of the continued relevance of the source material. She was less sure about how far the series intended to stray from that source material, and disapproved of the "manufactured drama, such as Matthew’s wild horse ride".[32] Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Isabella Beidenharn expressed similar feelings, but, "putting the source material aside, it’s a fine show on its own", and she conceded that "inventing a dark side might help Anne With an E fit into today’s TV landscape".[33] Allison Keene, writing for Collider, agrees that Anne is a good drama on its own terms, but allows it is "only a fair adaptation" of the novel, at its best in the home scenes: "Anne with an E is undeniably the most stylish adaptation we’ve ever seen of Anne of Green Gables. But its desire to reveal more of Anne’s miserable past in order to be more true to what the desperation of an orphan is like feels at odds with Montgomery’s story."[34] Writing for Variety, critic Sonia Saraiya is even more ambivalent, describing the series as on the one hand "a brilliant adaptation" which "succeeds admirably", but on the other hand, "the show can’t quite sustain the brilliance, veering first into maudlin territory and then into the oddly saccharine as it tests out its tone", contending that "the show gets a bit bogged down in telling the story of Anne’s dysfunction", presenting "a slightly soapy view of Anne’s trials and tribulations that at times really humanize her and in others, are rather infantilizing".[35]

text: Sarah Larson, writing for The New Yorker, was not at all impressed with changes made to the story, arguing that they alter Anne's character to the point of non-recognition. While she acknowledges that bringing subtext to the fore is a fine idea, she is not pleased with the execution, saying that the result is part "the Anne we know and love" and part "untrustworthy stranger", calling the alteration and addition of scenes a "betrayal" of Montgomery's novel, comparing the treatment unfavourably to Patricia Rozema's 1999 adaptation of Jane Austen's Mansfield Park.[36] For Joanna Robinson, writing for Vanity Fair, a central problem with the show is that it "seems to think that in order for Anne to be a feminist figure, she has to butt up against a straw-man-filled patriarchy," and so it turned many of the male characters into misogynists, most notably the Reverend Allan, who is considered by Anne to be a "kindred spirit" in the book: "Anne with an E seems to think Anne’s triumphs are only noteworthy if she's continually told she can't succeed, when in fact her unfettered brilliance needs no such clumsy opposition. It also seems to think that Anne needs a radical feminist makeover when, in fact, the story of her success was feminist in its own right." This is part of a more general problem Robinson notes, that conflicts are exaggerated and overdone: "this series thrives on non-stop tragedy."[37]