document_title: Richmond Football Club

question_text: when was last time richmond played in a grand final

question_tokens: when was last time richmond played in a grand final

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text: Richmond Football Club

text: History[edit]

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text: Origins and VFA years (1885–1907)[edit]

text: A short-lived football club named Richmond was established in 1860 with Tom Wills, one of the founders of Australian rules football, serving as its inaugural secretary and captain.[2][3] Wills' cousin H. C. A. Harrison captained Richmond briefly in the early 1860s before moving to Geelong.[4] This club has no continuity to the present club. A number of teams formed in Richmond during the game's rapid expansion in the 1870s and early 1880s.[5] However, all played at a junior level and it was considered an anomaly that Richmond, one of Melbourne's most prominent suburbs, did not boast a senior side. The wait ended when the Richmond Football Club was officially formed at the Royal Hotel in Richmond on 20 February 1885.[6] A successful application for immediate admission to the Victorian Football Association (VFA) followed. The club shared the Punt Road Oval with the Richmond Cricket Club, one of the strongest cricket clubs in Australia which had been playing on the ground since 1856.[7]

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text: At first the team wore blue guernseys and caps with yellow and black stripes in the style of the Richmond Cricket Club. The football club soon adopted yellow and black as its official colours. The team was variously called the "Richmondites", the "Wasps" or, most commonly, the "Tigers".

text: During the late 1880s, Richmond struggled to make an impression in the VFA, and after a promising season in 1888 (when they finished fifth with eleven wins), the club slipped backwards, in the process losing players to more successful sides. As the local economy slipped into severe depression in the early 1890s and the crowds began to dwindle, some of the VFA's strongest clubs began to agitate for a reform of the competition. Richmond was not considered part of this elite group, which usually voted as a block at VFA meetings. In 1896, Richmond walked off the field duirng a match against South Melbourne in protest the umpiring. Later in the season, the Tigers had their score annulled against Essendon when it was discovered that they had too many men on the ground. In the closing three weeks of the season, Richmond's gate takings amounted to just five pounds. Richmond finished the season last of the 13 clubs.

text: In October 1896, the cabal of six strong clubs broke with the association to form the Victorian Football League (VFL). As a struggling club with a poor following, Richmond was not invited to join the new league. Richmond's performances did not immediately improve in the emaciated VFA until the turn of the century.

text: The Tigers were boosted by a significant country recruit in 1901. George "Mallee" Johnson was an instant sensation and the first true star player at the club. Richmond leapt to third place and then in 1902, with Johnson dominating the ruck, Richmond entered the closing weeks of the season neck and neck with Port Melbourne at the head of the ladder. Port Melbourne faltered against Williamstown to hand Richmond its first flag.

text: Having missed a potential bonanza from a premiership play-off, the VFA decided to emulate the VFL and introduce a finals series in 1903, a fateful decision for the Tigers. After recruiting the competition's leading goalkicker, Jack Hutchinson, and finishing the season as minor premier, Richmond lost both finals and were runner-up. The following season, the club became embroiled in a feud with umpire Allen, whom the Tigers accused of failing to curb field invasions or the dubious tactics of arch-rival North Melbourne. When the two clubs were scheduled to meet in the 1904 VFA Grand Final, Richmond announced that they wouldn't play with Allen as umpire. The VFA called Richmond's bluff, and appointed Allen as umpire for the match, meaning that the Grand Final was scratched and North Melbourne won the premiership on forfeit. Richmond were now openly at odds with the VFA and matters failed to improve in the next few years.

text: The club was campaigning against violence (both on-field and among the crowd), ungentlemanly conduct and poor sportsmanship, issues that plagued the VFA to a far greater extent than the rival VFL. Richmond cultivated links with some VFL clubs by playing practice matches against them. Richmond knew that they were a major asset to the VFA. They had built up a large following and played on one of the best grounds in the competition, where they remained unbeaten for five consecutive seasons. In 1905, Richmond confirmed their status with a second premiership, this time overcoming bitter rivals North Melbourne, "Mallee" Johnson had moved to Carlton, but youngster Charlie Ricketts dominated the season and won plaudits among the pressmen, who voted him the best player in the VFA.

text: However, Ricketts was also lost to the VFL and injury hit the club hard. In 1906–07, the Tigers played finals without looking likely to win the flag. The club earned a rebuke from the VFA for scheduling a practice match against Geelong before the 1907 season. Richmond went ahead with the commitment and earned further censure. Later in the year it became clear that the VFL wanted to expand its competition and Richmond won a place ahead of North Melbourne, which had been strengthened by an amalgamation with the bankrupt West Melbourne as part of their bid. Richmond were granted admission along with the now defunct University Football Club.

text: Entry into the VFL (1908–1944)[edit]

text: The first few seasons in the VFL were less than spectacular. Although the club turned up some star players, it let a lot of talent leave and the administration was unstable after George Bennett's death at the end of the 1908 season. In 1916, the side played in the finals for the first time, however, with World War I having reduced the competition to just four clubs, finals qualification was automatic.

text: Finally, in 1919, Richmond made their first Grand Final appearance, losing to Collingwood. Richmond stoked a rivalry with Collingwood by recruiting their former skipper Dan Minogue as playing coach and gained vengeance by beating Collingwood in the 1920 VFL Grand Final to secure a first flag in the big league. This was followed by an even better performance the next year. The only club that continued to beat Richmond on a regular basis was Carlton. Finishing minor premier with only one loss for the season in 1921, Carlton were the hottest premiership favourite, yet Richmond managed to beat them in two classic finals matches played over successive weeks to go back-to-back.

text: The rest of the decade saw four more Grand Final appearances, all of which would end in frustration. From 1927 to 1929 Richmond became the first club in the VFL to lose three consecutive Grand Finals, all of which were to neighbouring archrivals, Collingwood.

text: The next VFL flag came in 1932, with Richmond's triumph over Carlton in a tough encounter which saw Richmond wingman Alan Geddes play the second half with a broken jaw. Another premiership came in 1934, this time against South Melbourne's famed "Foreign Legion", avenging Richmond's loss in the 1933 VFL Grand Final.

text: Prior to the commencement of the 1940 season, internal problems were brewing between the key personalities at the club. Some felt that the uneven performance of the team was due to Percy Bentley's coaching methods, and that he should be replaced. Jack Dyer walked out on the club and threatened to play in the VFA after his father, a committeeman who was involved with the anti-Bentley faction, lost his position at the board elections. Finally, the matter was resolved and Bentley kept his job, while Dyer returned to training on the eve of the season. The problems appeared to have been solved when Richmond won the semi-final against Melbourne to go straight into the 1940 VFL Grand Final. However, Melbourne reversed this result with a crushing win to pinch the premiership. Richmond had been out-thought by their old mentor Frank 'Checker' Hughes, who had assigned a tagger to negate Dyer. Dyer was furious that Bentley had done nothing to prevent his opponent taking him out of the game. The Richmond committee agreed with this assessment, so when Bentley (after retiring as a player) attempted to negotiate a higher fee to continue his coaching tenure, he was rebuffed. Incensed, Bentley quit Punt Road and moved to Carlton as coach, adding further spice to an already fierce rivalry between the two clubs.

text: Despite the tribulations created by the Second World War, Richmond was able to maintain a commendable level of consistency on the field. The club had quite a lot of players in reserved occupations who remained at home, while the administration became adept at securing star players who were temporarily in Melbourne on war service.[citation needed][examples needed] Dyer was a fearsome presence in his role as playing coach, but he was unable to improve Richmond's ability to win finals matches. A loss in the 1942 VFL Grand Final to Essendon (after starting as favourite) meant that over the previous 18 years, Richmond had won two flags but been runner-up eight times. Jack Titus set a still unbeaten record of playing in six losing Grand Final teams. In 1943, Richmond broke through to beat Essendon in a thrilling Grand Final by five points, a win that the club dedicated to ex-player Bill Cosgrove, an RAF pilot who had been killed in action a few weeks before the match. But another Grand Final loss followed in 1944, when Dyer's team failed against Fitzroy on a very hot day.

text: Tough times at Tigerland (1945–1965)[edit]

text: In the immediate post-war era, despite an influx of excellent new players, Richmond struggled to make the four, appearing in the finals only once, in 1947. Dyer continued on as coach for three years after his playing retirement at the end of 1949, but was asked to retire by the committee who felt the club needed a shake up. Under a succession of coaches in the 1950s, With the demands of potential players increasing with each passing year, the club refused to allocate sufficient funds to recruit and they failed to replace star players as they retired. When stalwarts such as Des Rowe and dual-Brownlow Medallist Roy Wright left, the team slumped dramatically and finished with a wooden spoon in 1960.

text: Success through Hafey Era (1966–1982)[edit]

text: 1966 heralded the start of the Tom Hafey era. Hafey, a former player of the club, was appointed coach and lead the club to winning four premierships under his leadership. They won the 1967 flag in a thrilling encounter with Geelong, ending a 24-year premiership drought. In 1969, it became two in three years as Richmond, who had finished fourth on the ladder, beat the much fancied Carlton in the 1969 VFL Grand Final by 25 points.

text: Richmond were dominant in 1972 and were hot favourites in the 1972 VFL Grand Final against Carlton. However, Carlton stunned Richmond in a game of ridiculous high scoring. Even Richmond equalled the then record highest score in a Grand Final of 22.18 (150), but Carlton beat it with 28.9 (177). Richmond got their revenge in an intensely physical clash in the 1973 VFL Grand Final and went back-to-back in 1974 with a strong win against a resurgent North Melbourne.

text: Richmond won its next premiership with a then record-breaking margin of 81 points over arch-rivals Collingwood in 1980. After reaching and losing the 1982 VFL Grand Final, it has been a rocky road for Richmond who have struggled to come to grips with the rules and regulations of a modernised VFL, including the draft and salary cap. The successes of the early 1980s were bought at high financial cost through expensive recruiting, and were followed by severe cut backs that saw several top players depart.

text: Recruiting war (1983–1986)[edit]

text: Still smarting from the loss of star players to Collingwood, Richmond set themselves for war with Collingwood in 1984 by signing three of their players: John Annear, Craig Stewart and Phil Walsh. Not only were there big contracts and transfer fees to pay, but the costs of an expensive court action as well.

text: Richmond also signed a number of mediocre players on big contracts, and the club's financial situation took a battering. With the team failing to improve, a challenge to the committee was brewing and Richmond's traditional political stability threatened. The rebel group, organised by long-time servant Bill Durham, convinced former player and coach Barry Richardson to be leader. An election in late 1984 failed to clarify the situation.

text: Ian Wilson held on to the presidency into the new year. When the one hundredth birthday of the club arrived in February 1985, there was too much dissension to mark the moment fittingly. Eventually, Wilson handed over to Richardson, who had selected his former premiership teammate Paul Sproule to return from Tasmania and take over the coaching position on a guaranteed contract.

text: As the season progressed with Richmond still struggling, Sproule came under pressure. Richardson guaranteed his position, but at the end of the year, the committee overruled Richardson and sacked Sproule. Incensed, Richardson walked out of Punt Road, which was in turmoil again. Desperately, Richmond turned back to Tony Jewell, who was appointed coach for a second time, the only man in the club's history to get a second go at the job. Jewell later commented on the destruction wrought on the club during his four-year absence: "the supporters were gone, the members were gone, the money was gone, ... a real shame."

text: With the competition set to expand, Richmond made a number of misguided moves in 1986. To fill the vacancy left by Richardson, Richmond wooed high-flying West Australian entrepreneur Alan Bond to become president. Bond came with an agenda to raise money for the club by listing on the stockmarket and relocating to Brisbane. When the latter plan was revealed in the media, a furious reaction from supporters and high-profile club personalities buried the proposal almost immediately. Early in 1987, Bond's tenure at the club ended in farce when he resigned without presiding over a single game. The off-field confusion was reflected in the players' performance as Richmond slumped to only its second wooden spoon in 70 years.

text: Save Our Skins and a return to the finals (1987–1995)[edit]

text: Although the new president, ex-captain Neville Crowe, had stabilised the club and scored a coup by persuading club legend Kevin Bartlett to coach, The club managed to stay solvent by cutting expenses to the bone and paying only two-thirds of the allowable salary cap. But there was no money for recruiting to improve an impoverished playing list. The club struggled to come to terms with the draft after its inception in 1986, and made a number of poor choices—notably, the number one pick in 1987 was used on a player who had only two games with Richmond.

text: Finally, with the economy in serious recession and interest rates touching seventeen per cent, Richmond's creditors came knocking. At one point, an attempt was made to seize the club's 1973 and 1974 premiership trophies as securities for unpaid debts, an embarrassing situation. For a number of years, the exact amount that the club owed was not publicly known. After Bartlett came Allan Jeans, who then passed the job to ex-Richmond premiership player John Northey for 1993. Northey returned the team to the simple long-kicking style of the halcyon days under the legendary Tom Hafey. Along with some draft concessions granted by the AFL, Northey's efforts gradually improved Richmond. The team fumbled an opportunity to make the 1994 finals, then opened 1995 with its best start to a season in 75 years and eventually made it to the preliminary final. With a talented playing list and a strong administration led by Leon Daphne (Richmond's first president from the corporate world, the Alan Bond farce aside), Richmond looked set to become regular finalists again.

text: Lost opportunities (1996–2004)[edit]

text: The anticipated success failed to materialise, partly because Richmond allowed the coaching position to again become unstable. With over a year still to run on his contract, John Northey demanded a contract extension that the club refused. This was because of a rumour that some people with an association with the club were pursuing Essendon coach and former Richmond premiership player Kevin Sheedy. So Northey walked out on Richmond and accepted a longer-term contract to coach the Brisbane Bears. Richmond, caught short, appointed the Bears' ex-coach Robert Walls for 1996. After several humiliating thrashings in 1997, Robert Walls became the first Richmond coach to be sacked mid-season. After two-and-a-half seasons under Jeff Gieschen, the club appointed ex-St Kilda captain Danny Frawley. After a Preliminary Final appearance in Frawley's second season, Richmond overestimated the strength of the list and settled for trading for established players rather than drafting youth. Over the next three seasons, the team managed just 18 wins. The administration continued to support Frawley and ensured that he would see out his contract, a far cry from the way many of his predecessors were treated. However, midway through the 2004 season (a season in which Richmond only managed 4 wins, and lost their last 14 H&A matches), Frawley announced he would be relinquishing his role as Richmond coach at seasons' end.

text: Beginning to rebuild and another wooden spoon (2005–2007)[edit]

text: The 2005 pre-season began with renewed optimism at the club, with No. 1 draft pick Brett Deledio being touted as a future star and leader. However, the Tigers' first match of the season (against Geelong), quickly dashed that hope, as they were thrashed by 62 points. However, this loss would spark a change in the Tigers, and in the next 8 weeks of the season, they would go on to win 7 matches (the one exception being a 68-point loss at the hands of St Kilda in Round 5). This included wins over the then-reigning premiers, Port Adelaide, and over then-runners up, the Brisbane Lions. Sitting pretty at 7 wins and 2 losses, and 3rd on the ladder, the impossible prospect of finals football loomed large. However, in the Round 10 match against Melbourne, star player Nathan Brown suffered a horrible leg injury, that would sideline him for the rest of the season. They went on to lose the match by 57 points, and would only register 3 more wins for the season (one of those was against eventual premiers the Sydney Swans by one point, who had a one-point win against Collingwood the round before), eventually finishing 12th.

text: 2006, a year which many experts predicted continued improvement for the Tigers, saw them lose their first H&A match by 115 points, against the Western Bulldogs, after which followed losses to St Kilda and West Coast. By the end of Round 3, things were looking grim for the Tigers once again. However, just as they did in 2005, the Tigers would respond to their poor start by winning 8 of their next 11 matches, and by the end of Round 14, the Tigers were in the Top 8 by a game and percentage. However, their spot in the Top 8 would be short lived, as 4 straight losses between Rounds 15 and 18 would effectively end their finals chances. They finished the 2006 season in 9th place, with 11 wins and 11 losses.

text: After promising seasons in 2005 and 2006, it was expected that the Tigers would take the next step in 2007, and play finals football. After massive hype in the off-season, the Tigers had a terrible start to the 2007 season, losing their first 9 matches (this included suffering their biggest ever defeat, at the hands of eventual premiers Geelong, by a whopping 157 points). Their first premiership points came in a draw against the Brisbane Lions in Round 10, and their first win of the season didn't come until Round 12 against fellow straggler Melbourne. After Round 18 of the season, the Tigers had registered a mere 1 win, 1 draw, and 16 losses, and were looking like recording their worst ever recorded season. However, late-season victories over old rivals Collingwood in Round 19, and Essendon in Round 21, saved them from this fate. They would eventually finish the year as wooden-spooners, with 3 wins, 1 draw, and 18 losses.

text: Centenary (2008)[edit]

text: After the end of the 2007 season, Richmond elected to delist Patrick Bowden, Brent Hartigan, Andrew Krakouer and Carl Peterson. These four joined another four players in leaving Punt Road—veteran Darren Gaspar, Kent Kingsley, Trent Knobel and Ray Hall. While these players left the club Jake King and Angus Graham were elevated off the rookie list.

text: Next up came the 2007 AFL Draft, in which the Tigers recruited highly rated midfielder Trent Cotchin with their first pick (No. 2 overall), backman Alex Rance (pick No. 18 overall) and ruckman Dean Putt (pick No. 51 overall). Then, in the pre-season draft, they elected to pick David Gourdis with the number one pick. The Tigers also picked Clayton Collard, Jarrod Silvester, Tristan Cartledge and Cameron Howat for the rookie list. Cam Howat had previously been on the rookie list but was delisted then picked up again.

text: Richmond began the 2008 season with a surprise win over Carlton, but from Rounds 2 to 11, registered only two more wins (and a controversial draw against the Western Bulldogs). The club fought back in the latter half of the season, winning eight of its last 11 matches. However, this was not enough to reach the finals, as Richmond finished two premiership points short (and percentage) of 8th placed Collingwood.

text: Wallace era ends[edit]

text: At the start of 2009, Richmond was said to be rising as a team, and they would be in the eight .[citation needed] They had recruited former Brownlow Medal winner Ben Cousins – who had previously been released by the West Coast Eagles due to drug trouble – and they had rising stars in Brett Deledio and Trent Cotchin. However, the club was beaten by 83 points in Round 1 by Carlton, and did not register a win until Round 5, against North Melbourne. With a record of 2–9 after eleven weeks, Terry Wallace stepped down as coach, having announced his intention during the previous week. Jade Rawlings was announced as caretaker senior coach; he adopted a youth policy for the remainder of the year, which saw experienced players Joel Bowden and Matthew Richardson retire by the end of the year. Rawlings led Richmond to three wins and a draw from eleven games. Richmond finished fifteenth with a record of 5–16–1. On 25 August, Damien Hardwick was appointed to be the senior coach from 2010.

text: As Jade Rawlings and Craig McRae and Brian Royal left the Tigers assistant coaching panel, Brendon Lade and Justin Leppitsch were appointed as assistant coaches, leaving only Wayne Campbell as a previous Richmond assistant coach. Brendon Gale was also appointed CEO of the Tigers.

text: New coach, new list and a new beginning (2010–2012)[edit]

text: Richmond was not expected to be competitive in 2010, with many commentators predicting the team would win no more than four games. From the 2009 AFL Draft, the Tigers drafted seven new players, which included midfielder Dustin Martin. At the 2010 Pre-season Draft, Richmond recruited young key defender Dylan Grimes, brother of Melbourne defender Jack Grimes.

text: Damien Hardwick selected a young team at the start of the season, with four debutants, and only three players (Ben Cousins, Chris Newman and Troy Simmonds) over 25 in the Round 1 loss against Carlton. Richmond was winless after nine games, before a scrappy win over Port Adelaide in Round 10. This was the start of a turnaround in Richmond's form, with the team winning six out of eight games, to sit with a record of 6–12 after eighteen rounds. After losing the final four matches, Richmond finished fifteenth out of sixteen with a record of 6–16. Young key forward Jack Riewoldt finished the season with 78 goals, to win the Coleman Medal.

text: Very early in the season, Richmond were criticised for "partying too much" in the wake of its winless start to the season; after the Round 3 loss to the Sydney Swans, Richmond players were reported to be at the bar drinking and acting in a disorderly manner.[8]

text: Richmond continued to show improvement to finish 12th out of 17 teams in 2011 with eight wins and a draw.

text: Jack Riewoldt again led the goalkicking with 62 majors, down on his previous year's tally of 78. Young midfielder Trent Cotchin won his first Jack Dyer Medal with 236 votes.[9] Cotchin also polled the most votes of any Richmond player in the 2011 Brownlow Medal count with 15 votes. Dustin Martin was next best, polling 12 votes.[10]

text: Richmond's 2012 season did not see an improvement from the previous three years, as they lost 6 games by 12 points or less and finished 12th for the second year running. They were the first team to be beaten by the Gold Coast in the season, having led by ten points with less than a minute remaining, the Tigers produced what former Sydney Swans coach Paul Roos labelled "the worst 47 seconds in footy" to lose by two points.[11] They did, however, defeat both of the eventual grand finalists Hawthorn and Sydney during the season, the only team to do so the entire year. 2012 also saw Richmond have its first Brownlow Medallist in over 40 years when Trent Cotchin polled 26 votes to be the joint winner with Hawthorn's Sam Mitchell.

text: Return to finals and premiership run (2013–2017)[edit]

text: 2013 saw Richmond claim a victory over Hawthorn (making it one of only two clubs that season to defeat the eventual premiers) and go on to qualify for its first finals series in over a decade.[12][13] However, before 94,690 fans—the largest week-one crowd since the VFL/AFL adopted its current finals system—Richmond lost to Carlton in the first elimination final.[14] Also that year, Peggy O'Neal, an American-born lawyer, became the AFL's first female club president when she got the position at Richmond.[15]

text: After its drought-breaking finals appearance the previous year, Richmond failed to live up to expectations in the first half of the 2014 season, losing 10 of its first 13 matches and dropping to 16th place on the ladder. Despite public sentiment that the season was lost, the club rallied behind a five-goal performance by Cotchin to win against St Kilda.[16] It catalysed a nine-match winning streak, with a Round 23 victory against eventual grand-finalists Sydney raising Richmond to 8th on the ladder and putting the club into its first back-to-back finals appearance since 1975. A 57-point loss to Port Adelaide in an elimination final knocked Richmond out in the first week of the finals.[17] Cotchin won the Jack Dyer Medal for the third time in four years, making him the youngest Richmond player to win three club best and fairest awards.[18]

text: Richmond faced the prospect of another disappointing season in 2015, losing 4 of its first 6 games. In the following weeks, however, the club registered 4 straight wins, including an upset victory over the previously undefeated Fremantle in Perth,[19] and went on to defeat top-four teams Sydney and reigning premiers Hawthorn. Richmond would go on to win the final four games of the home and away season to finish fifth on the ladder. Facing North Melbourne in an elimination final, Richmond lost by 17 points in front of a crowd of 90,186, making it the club's third consecutive first weeks finals loss.[20]

text: In 2016, Richmond failed to qualify for the finals for the first time in four years. Following a comprehensive Round 3 loss to Adelaide, coach Hardwick said the team would have to "take a little half-step back to go two steps forward."[21] It would go on to be the story of the season with several major defeats including one against Greater Western Sydney in which Richmond registered its lowest score since 1961.[22] The club debuted six players and brought in two recruits for their first games in the yellow and black.

text: During the preseason period for 2016/17, Richmond made a number of changes to its playing list and coaching staff. Among these changes was the departure of Brett Deledio to Greater Western Sydney, in a three-way deal involving Geelong that saw the Tigers receive a 2017 first-round draft selection from the Cats, as well as a 2017 third-round selection from the Giants. Richmond also attained the services of Gold Coast Suns midfielder Dion Prestia, Geelong player Josh Caddy, and young Sydney Swans ruckman Toby Nankervis in preparation for the 2017 season.

text: Richmond began the season with 5 straight wins, a feat it had not achieved since 1995. A series of close losses hampered the Tigers throughout the middle of the season, including a 5-point loss to the Western Bulldogs, 2-point loss to Fremantle, and a 3-point loss to the Giants. Richmond ended the season strongly with convincing victories over Fremantle and St Kilda in the final two rounds, elevating the club to 3rd on the ladder. Richmond's first final of the season against the Cats at the MCG attracted a record qualifying final crowd of 95,028; the Tigers won by 51 points. Having advanced to the first preliminary finals for the first time since 2001, Richmond defeated Greater Western Sydney by 36 points in front of a crowd of 94,258 to progress to the Grand Final against Adelaide, their first Grand Final appearance since 1982. The attendance was 100,021, the largest crowd to a grand final since 1986. The Crows led at quarter time and led by as many as 13, but the Tigers took over the game as it progressed and scored seven straight goals at one point. They eventually would win by 48 points – 16.12 (108) to Adelaide's 8.12 (60) – to end their 37-year flag drought.[23] Dustin Martin also became the first player to win a Premiership medal, the Brownlow Medal and the Norm Smith Medal in the same season.

text: Club identity and culture[edit]

text: Initially, Richmond saw itself as a gentlemanly and sportsman-like club; it even went to the extent of sacking a player who used poor language. During the early 1900s, the club used the press as a forum to publicise a campaign against violence in the game, which earned the derision of some rival clubs. This image followed the club into the VFL in 1908 and during the First World War the club emphasised the number of men associated with the club who had enlisted and served overseas. But the club's actions in 1916, when it voted with three other clubs seen as representative of the working class (Collingwood, Fitzroy and Carlton) to continue playing football, left no doubt as to which side of the class divide that the Tigers belonged. The club's self-consciously non-confrontational image can be partly attributed to two of long serving presidents—George Bennett (1887–1908) and Frank Tudor (1909–1918). Both were Richmond men and respected parliamentarians who took the view that how the game was played was more important than whether the game was won.

text: After World War I, the club's attitude hardened as they attempted to match it with the then power clubs Collingwood and Carlton. Eventually, the Tigers became more prosaic in their approach to recruiting and training.

text: The Hafey era transformed Richmond into one of the most feared combinations in the then VFL. The club's football administrator, Graham Richmond, drove the "win at all costs" mentality across the whole club, making Richmond a formidable force, winning five premierships from 1967 to 1980.

text: Since the Tigers' grand final appearance in 1982, the club has appeared in six finals series (1995, 2001, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017). Board and coaching instability during the 1980s and 1990s distracted the club and forced its focus away from becoming an on-field force.

text: Guernseys[edit]

text: The club's current home jumper design is black and features a yellow sash running from the top left of the jumper to the bottom right. For away games against teams with dark coloured jumpers, the club wears a clash strip with a reverse of this design, a black sash on a yellow base. In its first season, Richmond wore a blue jumper with a thin yellow-and-black sash running from right to left. Between 2011 and 2016, the club guernseys were manufactured by sportswear company BLK, who were known as KooGa Australia prior to 2014,[24] before it went into receivership in November 2016. Puma manufactures the club's on-and-off field apparel.[25]

text: Song: We're from Tigerland[edit]

text: Jack Malcolmson is credited with writing the words to the song in 1962, adapting them to the tune of "Row, Row, Row" (Monaco/Jerome), a show tune from the Ziegfeld Follies of 1912. Richmond were using words sung to the tune of Waltzing Matilda at the time and approached Malcolmson, a cabaret singer who was performing regularly at the Richmond Football Club Social Club, to write the lyrics. The current version of the song used by the club is a 1972 recording performed by the Fable Singers.[26] In 2014, the Herald Sun named it the top club song of any AFL team.[27]

text: Mascot[edit]

text: Richmond's club mascot is called Tiger "Stripes" Dyer, named after AFL legend Jack "Captain Blood" Dyer. After taking over from Tiggy (Richmond's earlier mascot), Stripes displays character and attributes synonymous to the club's "never say die" attitude. He remains as a solid foundation for fan engagement and is commonly seen as the team's playful and entertaining jokester, prowling the stands and getting among the fans, to be known as the league's most loved mascot.[28][neutrality is disputed]

text: Stadium[edit]

text: The club's home ground is the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) where the team plays most of their home matches in the regular season. The MCG has a capacity of 100,024 and the club usually draws large attendances against Victorian clubs, particularly rivals such as Essendon, Collingwood, Carlton and Hawthorn.

text: The club also plays select home games against smaller local and interstate clubs at the smaller capacity Docklands Stadium.

text: Richmond's training ground and base of operations is located at the Punt Road Oval, currently branded as the Swinburne Centre, located a few hundred metres from the MCG.

text: Administration and corporate[edit]

text: Club administration since 1908[29]

text:
[show]Year
President
Chief Executive Officer
Treasurer

2013–present
Peggy O'Neal
Brendon Gale
Robert Dalton

2010–2012
Gary March
Brendon Gale
Robert Dalton

Year
President
General Manager
Treasurer

2006–2009
Gary March
Steve Wright
Garry Cameron

2005
Clinton Casey
Gary March
Steve Wright
Garry Cameron

2004
Clinton Casey
Ian Campbell
Steve Wright
Garry Cameron

2003
Clinton Casey
Ian Campbell
Garry Cameron

2001–2002
Clinton Casey
Mark Brayshaw
Garry Cameron

2000
Clinton Casey
Mark Brayshaw
Terry Grigg

1999
Leon Daphne
Jim Malone
Terry Grigg

1995–1998
Leon Daphne
Jim Malone
Keith Miller

1994
Leon Daphne
Cameron Schwab
Jim Malone
Keith Miller

1993
Neville Crowe
Leon Daphne
Cameron Schwab
Keith Miller

1991–1992
Neville Crowe
Cameron Schwab
Keith Miller

1989–1990
Neville Crowe
Cameron Schwab
Michael Humphris

1988
Neville Cowe
Richard Doggett
Cameron Schwab
Michael Humphris

1987
Alan Bond
Neville Crowe
Richard Doggett
Michael Humphris

1986
Bill Durham
Kevin Dixon
Richard Doggett
John McCormack
Michael Humphris

1985
Ian Wilson
Barry Richardson
Kevin Dixon
John McCormack

1981–1984
Ian Wilson
Kevin Dixon
Ron Carson

1980
Ian Wilson
Richard Doggett
Richard Doggett

1979
Ian Wilson
Gareth Andrews
Richard Doggett
Gareth Andrews
Richard Doggett

1978
Ian Wilson
Gareth Andrews
Gareth Andrews

[show]Year
President
Secretary
Treasurer

1977
Ian Wilson
Max Scales
Max Scales

1974–1976
Ian Wilson
Alan Schwab
Alan Schwab

1973
Al Board
Alan Schwab
Alan Schwab

1972
Al Board
Alan Schwab
Pat Kennelly
Alan Schwab

1971
Ray Dunn
Al Board
Alan Schwab
Pat Kennelly

1970
Ray Dunn
Alan Schwab
Ron Carson

1969
Ray Dunn
Alan Schwab
Graeme Richmond

1968
Ray Dunn
Graeme Richmond
Alan Schwab
Ron Carson
Graeme Richmond

1966–1967
Ray Dunn
Graeme Richmond
Ron Carson

1965
Ray Dunn
Graeme Richmond
Graeme Richmond

1964
Ray Dunn
Graeme Richmond
I Cameron

1963
Maurie Fleming
Graeme Richmond
Bill Tymms

1962
Maurie Fleming
Bill Tymms
Graeme Richmond
Bill Tymms

1960–1961
Maurie Fleming
Bill Tymms
Bill Tymms

1959
Maurie Fleming
Bill Tymms
Bill Quinn

1958
Harry Dyke
Maurie Fleming
Bill Tymms
Bill Quinn

1956–1957
Harry Dyke
Bill Tymms
Bill Quinn

1955
Harry Dyke
Hector Lingwood-Smith
Bill Tymms
Bill Quinn

1953–1954
Harry Dyke
Maurie Fleming
Bill Quinn

1952
Harry Dyke
Maurie Fleming
Hector Lingwood-Smith
Bill Quinn

1950–1951
Harry Dyke
Maurie Fleming
Bill Quinn

1949
Harry Dyke
Maurie Fleming
Jack Smith
Bill Quinn

1947–1948
Harry Dyke
Maurie Fleming
Jack Smith

1940–1946
Harry Dyke
Maurie Fleming
Charlie Turner

1939
Barney Herbert
Maurie Sheahan
Charlie Turner

1938
Lou Roberts
John Smith
Charlie Turner

1937
Lou Roberts
John Smith
George Smith

1936
Lou Roberts
John Smith
Jos Langdon

1932–1935
Barney Herbert
John Smith
Jos Langdon

1925–1931
Jack Archer
Percy Page
Jos Langdon

1924
Jack Archer
Percy Page
Abe Aarons

1921–1923
Alf Wood
Bill Maybury
Abe Aarons

1919–1920
Alf Wood
Bill Maybury
Jack Archer

1917–1918
Frank Tudor
Bill Maybury
Jack Archer

1913–1916
Frank Tudor
Bill Lohse
Jack Archer

1912
Frank Tudor
George Beachcroft
James MacDermott

1909–1911
Frank Tudor
Andrew Manzie
Archie McNair

1908
George Bennett
Andrew Manzie
Archie McNair

text: Supporter base[edit]

text: Richmond has a large supporter base and which is known for its dedication, including its personal cheer squad who attend both home and away matches for the club. Membership record for the club hit 74,000 in 2017 making it one of the most supported clubs in the Australian Football League.

text: The building of the fan base was a slow process for Richmond. In the 1890s, the club never sold more than 300 season tickets, but the following was built up with success in the VFA and membership numbered about 2,000 at the time of admission to the VFL in 1908. Between the wars, the club captured the imagination of the residents of Richmond. The successful Tigers were a positive motif for the oppressed working class community which suffered deprivation during the Great Depression. At this time, the Richmond community was almost half Catholic, and this demographic was reflected in the club among the players and officials.

text: As Melbourne dramatically spread out in the post-war years, so too did the Richmond supporters. Many were now concentrated in the eastern suburbs, which eventually formed the club's metropolitan recruiting zone. Indeed, at one point during the early development of the Waverley Park ground, the Tigers considered making the stadium its home for this reason. Following the barren period of the 1950s, Richmond was able to tap into the large number of fans by moving home matches to the MCG and almost doubled attendance figures. The Tigers maintained this advantage over the other clubs until the mid-1980s, when poor administration led to a downturn in every area of the club. As the club struggled for funds, the membership plummeted from over 10,000 to under 3,000.

text: The greatest display of loyalty from the fans occurred during 1990. Threatened by liquidation, the supporters rallied to pay off the multimillion-dollar debt via the "Save Our Skins" campaign.[30] In 2011, the club launched the Fighting Tiger Fund to reduce the club's debt and to allow it to increase spending on the football department in order to be more competitive on field.[31]

text: In 2013, the club launched The Roar is Back membership promotion aiming at signing up 60,000 members in a season for the first time ever. Following a successful campaign, on 24 June 2013, Richmond chief executive Brendon Gale confirmed that membership had passed 60,000.[32][33] The club created a limited edition commemorative Sherrin football to celebrate the achievement and it was distributed free to families at the 'Thank you for 60,000 members BBQ/Training Morning' at Punt Road Oval on 29 June 2013. The official membership total for 2013 was 60,321.[34]

text: For statistical purposes 30 June is the cut-off date for membership numbers although it does continue to sell memberships. In 2013, after 30 June the club commenced bundling 2013 and 2014 membership years into a special "Sign up as a member for 2014 and get the rest of 2013 free!" offer.[35] The 2014 membership total of 66,122[36] gave Richmond the 3rd biggest membership base in the AFL behind Collingwood and Hawthorn (80,793 and 68,650 respectively). This record was again broken in 2015 with the club signing up 70,809 members, still ranking 3rd in total membership numbers. The club averaged the highest crowds in the AFL of 49,841 in 2015, home crowd averaged 53,236 the highest in the 2015 AFL season

text: Membership[edit]

text:
Season
Ticketed
Members
Finishing
Position
Total
Attendance
Average Home
Attendance

2017
75,777
3rd
1,314,058
55,958

2016
72,206
12th
900,237
40,921

2015
70,809
5th
1,146,335*
49,841 *

2014
66,122
8th
889,658*
38,681*

2013
60,321
5th
1,134,980*
49,347*

2012
53,027
12th
871,504
39,614

2011
40,184
12th
895,290
40,695

2010
35,960
15th
834,590
37,936

2009
36,985
15th
868,855
39,493

2008
30,820
9th
935,002
42,500

2007
30,044
16th
909,203
41,327

2006
29,406
9th
855,556
38,888

2005
28,029
12th
802,885
36,494

2004
27,133
16th
751,982
34,181

2003
25,101
13th
830,841
37,765

2002
27,251
14th
776,113
35,277

2001
26,501
3rd
1,173,875*
46,955*

2000
26,869
9th
853,916
38,814

1999
29,047
12th
885,159
40,234

1998
27,092
9th
1,023,821
46,537

1997
24,975
13th
783,517
35,614

1996
20,308
9th
850,966
38,680

1995
14,647
3rd
1,104,607*
44,184*

1994
8,229
9th
646,301
29,377

1993
9,918
14th
484,041
24,202

1992
8,158
13th
474,575
21,571

text:
Club records in bold text.
* Includes three finals in 1995, 2001, 2017 and one final in 2013, 2014, 2015.

text: Cheer squad[edit]

text: The Official Richmond Cheer Squad is an organised group of passionate supporters who attend every Richmond game whether in Melbourne or interstate. There are also supporter groups located in each state of Australia.[37]

text: Club honour board[edit]

text: Premiership teams[edit]

text: Richmond Team of the Century[edit]

text: In 1998, Richmond announced its Team of the 20th Century. The selection of the 22 players shows an even spread of champions from all the eras of the club: Thorp from the club's first premiership wins of 1920–21; McCormack, Strang, Titus and Dyer from the inter-war years; Rowe, Morris and Wright from the battling era after the war; Richardson and Knights from recent times. But the great days from the late 1960s to the early 1980s provide the bulk of the side: Sheedy, Green, Keane, Bourke, Barrot, Clay, Hart, Dean and Bartlett who made up the core of Tom Hafey's teams, and later success stories Weightman and Raines. Ian Stewart, named on the bench, managed selection in a team of the century at two clubs—he was named in the centre of St Kilda's team as well. Richmond has four players denoted below with an asterisk who are also members of AFL Team of the Century. This is the second-most of any club.

text:
Richmond Team of the Century

B:
Kevin Sheedy
1967–79, 180cm 81k,
251 games 91 goals

Vic Thorp
1910–25, 178cm 83k,
263 games 7 goals

Michael Green
1966–75, 193cm 94k,
146 games 83 goals

HB:
Basil McCormack
1925–36, 180cm 80k,
199 games 1 goal

Gordon Strang
1931–38, 185cm 83k,
116 games 108 goals

Mervyn Keane
1972–84, 185cm 82k,
238 games 36 goals

C:
Francis Bourke *
1967–81, 185cm 83k,
300 games 71 goals

Bill Barrot
1961–70, 180 cm 76k,
120 games 91 goals

Dick Clay
1966–76, 185cm 85k,
213 games 80 goals

HF:
Matthew Richardson
1993–2009 , 197cm 103k,
282 games 800 goals

Royce Hart *
1967–77, 187cm 86k,
187 games 369 goals

Roger Dean
1957–73, 175cm 73k,
245 games 204 goals

F:
Dale Weightman
1978–93, 170cm 69k,
274 games 344 goals

Jack Titus
1926–43, 175cm 66k,
294 games 970 goals

Bill Morris
1942–51, 188cm 86k,
140 games 98 goals

Foll:
Roy Wright
1946–59, 188cm, 102k,
195 games 127 goals

Jack Dyer * (capt)
1931–49, 185cm 89k,
312 games 443 goals

Kevin Bartlett
1965–83, 175cm 71k,
403 games 778 goals

Int:
Des Rowe
1946–57, 182cm 83k,
175 games 24 goals

Geoff Raines
1976–82, 180cm 78k,
134 games 53 goals

Ian Stewart *
1971–75, 180cm 78k,
78 games 55 goals

Matthew Knights
1988–2002, 179cm 74k,
279 games 141 goals

Coach:
Tom Hafey
Played 248 Won 173 Lost 73 Drawn 2

text: Australian Football Hall of Fame members[edit]

text: As legends of the game:

text:
Jack Dyer
Kevin Bartlett
Ian Stewart
Royce Hart

tag: ul

text: As players of the game:

text:
Percy Bentley
Francis Bourke
Dan Minogue
Bill Morris
Charlie Pannam
Vic Thorp
Jack Titus
Dale Weightman
Roy Wright
Matthew Richardson
Maurice Rioli

text: As coaches of the game:

text:
Tom Hafey
Frank 'Checker' Hughes

text: Richmond Hall of Fame[edit]

text: The club's hall of fame was created in 2002 with 23 inductees. Below is a list, separated into categories, of members and the year they were inducted. To date, six Richmond "Immortals" have been named, the first of whom was Jack Dyer, the year before his death in 2003. Dyer was followed by Kevin Bartlett, Tom Hafey, Francis Bourke, Royce Hart and Vic Thorp.

text:
Players
Players
Players
Players
Coaches
Servants

Neil Balme 2010
Bill Barrot 2007
Kevin Bartlett 2002
Percy Bentley 2002
Martin Bolger 2005
Francis Bourke 2002
Ron Branton 2006
Wayne Campbell 2013
Dick Clay 2002
David Cloke 2007
Roger Dean 2002

Donald Don 2015
Jack Dyer 2002
Alec Edmond 2007
Alan Geddes 2007
Michael Green 2004
Clarrie Hall 2006
Dick Harris 2004
Royce Hart 2002
Frank Hughes 2004
Hugh James 2005
Jim Jess 2008

Mervyn Keane 2005
Mark Lee 2010
Ray Martin 2010
Basil McCormack 2004
Bill Morris 2002
Tom O'Halloran 2013
Kevin O'Neill 2008
Max Oppy 2004
Geoff Raines 2008
Matthew Richardson 2015
Michael Roach 2002

Des Rowe 2004
Havel Rowe 2015
Barry Rowlings 2015
Kevin Sheedy 2002
Ian Stewart 2013
Vic Thorp 2002
Jack Titus 2002
Wayne Walsh 2013
Dale Weightman 2002
Bryan Wood 2006
Roy Wright 2002

Tom Hafey 2002
Dan Minogue 2002

Charlie Backhouse 2002
Charlie Callander 2002
James Charles 2002
Allan Cooke 2006
Neville Crowe 2002
Ray Dunn 2002
Barney Herbert 2004
Tony Jewell 2002
Barry Richardson 2004
Graeme Richmond 2002
Alice Wills 2002
Ian Wilson 2010

text: "100 Tiger Treasures"[edit]

text: During the centenary season the tigers announced their 100 Tiger Treasures consisting of 10 awards, each with 10 nominees given by the Richmond Football Club in 2008 to celebrate their centenary year of competition in the VFL/AFL.[38] The awards were mostly given to players but also club moments and campaigns. On Saturday, 28 June Richmond held a centenary celebration at Punt Road Oval before the centenary game at the MCG against arch rivials Carlton later that day.

text:
Award
Winner
Nominees

Best Individual Performance of the Century
Kevin Bartlett
"Put his unique stamp on the 1980 finals series, kicking 21 goals as a half-forward in Richmond's three appearances, including seven in the Grand Final massacre of the Magpies, which earned him the Norm Smith Medal for being best afield."

Jack Titus
Doug Strang
Jack Dyer
Roy Wright
Tommy Hafey
Bill Barrot
Michael Green
David Cloke
Matthew Knights

Class of the Century
Royce Hart
"Thrilled Tiger fans for a decade with his match-winning exploits at centre half-forward. His dominance up forward was a major factor in the Club's run of four premierships from 1967–74. He was an extraordinary mark, a deadeye shot for goal, very courageous and, when the ball hit the ground, he swooped on it like a rover."

Vic Thorp
Bill Morris
Ian Stewart
Kevin Bartlett
Dick Clay
Paul Sproule
Geoff Raines
Dale Weightman
Maurice Rioli

The Strong & the Bold
Jack Dyer
"No player in the history of the game epitomises his club more than the man known as 'Captain Blood'. He struck fear into the hearts and minds of all opposition players during the 1930s and 40s. Was renowned for his bone-jarring shirtfronts, which left many an opponent bloodied, battered and bruised. He bled for the Tigers and expected his teammates to do likewise."

Basil McCormack
Percy Bentley
Max Oppy
Roger Dean
Martin Bolger
Des Rowe
Matthew Richardson
Kevin Sheedy
Francis Bourke

Defining Moment
Save Our Skins
"On 15 August 1990, Richmond announced that it needed to raise $1 million by 31 October that year, or it would cease to exist. The Save Our Skins campaign was immediately established to keep the Tigers alive. With Club president Neville Crowe as the figurehead, the SOS campaign did exactly what it set out to achieve, raising the necessary funds to stave off the threat of extinction."

Joining The VFL
The Sash
First Premiership
Eat 'Em Alive
Jack Dyer's Debut
The Theme Song
Move To The MCG
Tommy Hafey's Appointment As Coach
Breaking The Drought In '67
Breaking the 37 Year Drought

Servant of the Century
Graeme Richmond
"Graeme Richmond filled a variety of important roles at Tigerland over more than 30 years of devoted service. He was a shrewd, ruthless administrator, who never wasted an opportunity that could benefit his beloved Tigers. His strength lay in his relentless persuasiveness—he was a masterly recruiter and negotiator. And, as a speaker, arguably there have been none finer in league football history."

Charlie Callander
Charlie Priestley
Ray Dunn
Alan Schwab
Allan Cooke
Maurie Fleming
Neville Crowe
Alice Wills
Ian Wilson

Brave Act of the Century
Francis Bourke
"Bourke collided with teammate Stephen Mount in a tense Round 21, 1980 clash with North Melbourne at Arden Street and had trouble seeing because of the blood streaming down his face. He was subsequently moved from full-back to the opposite end of the ground, where he immediately made his presence felt, taking a diving chest mark and slotting through a crucial goal."

Bill Burns
George Smeaton
Eric Moore
Francis Bourke
Royce Hart
Laurie Fowler
Robert Lamb
Tony Free
Matthew Richardson

Premiership of the Century
1967
"Richmond, under coach Tommy Hafey, finished the 1967 home-and-away season on top. The Tigers disposed of Carlton by 40 points in the second-semi, then faced up to a star-studded Geelong combination in the Grand Final. At the end of a spectacular contest, Richmond had broken a 24-year premiership drought. Barrot, Brown, Hart, Dean and Bartlett starred, while unsung hero Ronaldson kicked three vital goals."

1920
1921
1932
1934
1943
1969
1973
1974
1980
2017

Mark of the Century
Michael Roach
"The superstar full-forward was a noted high-flyer during his 200-game career at Tigerland, but the mark he took against Hawthorn at the MCG in 1979 was, almost literally, out of this world. 'Roachy' actually rose so high over a huge nest of Hawk players, he ended up making it a chest mark!"

Thomas O'Halloran
Royce Hart
Malcolm Greenslade
Kevin Sheedy
Bryan Wood
Geoff Raines
Michael Mitchell
David Bourke
Matthew Richardson

Goal of the Century
Michael Mitchell
"The little Tiger excitement machine decided to take off on a bit of a trot during the team's final home-and-away match of the 1990 season, against Sydney at the SCG. After gathering the ball deep in defence, 'Mitch' took one bounce, then another, and then five more (seven in total), before calmly drilling home an incredibly inspirational goal."

John Ronaldson
Bill Barrot
Michael Roach
Kevin Bartlett
Jimmy Jess
Matthew Knights
Joel Bowden
Nathan Brown
Chris Newman

Controversy of the Century
Windy Hill Brawl
"On 18 May 1974, all hell broke loose at half-time of Richmond's clash with Essendon at Windy Hill as the players were leaving the field . . . A massive brawl erupted, involving players and officials of both clubs. Following a league investigation, several players and officials received suspensions, the heaviest being for Graeme Richmond, who was rubbed out until 31 December and also fined $2000."

Dean/Barassi Incident In 1963
Crowe/Nicholls Incident In 1967 Second-Semi
Barrot/Stewart Swap
Neil Balme's Rampage, 1973 Grand Final
John Pitura Trade
Jewell/Jones Quarter-Time Brawl
1980's Trade Wars With Collingwood
Alan Bond's Brisbane Plan
Jeff Hogg Trade

text: Captains[edit]

text:
Trent Cotchin 2013–
Chris Newman 2009–12
Kane Johnson 2005–08
Wayne Campbell 2001–04
Matthew Knights 1997–00
Tony Free 1994–96
Jeff Hogg 1993
Dale Weightman 1988–92
Mark Lee 1985–87
Barry Rowlings 1983–84
David Cloke 1982
Bryan Wood 1981
Bruce Monteath 1980
Kevin Bartlett 1979
Kevin Sheedy 1978
Francis Bourke 1976–77
Royce Hart 1972–75
Roger Dean 1968–71
Fred Swift 1967
Neville Crowe 1963–66
Ron Branton 1960–62
Roy Wright 1958–59
Des Rowe 1952–57
Bill Morris 1950–51
Jack Dyer 1941–49
Percy Bentley 1932–40
Maurie Hunter 1931
Alan Geddes 1930
Cyril Lilburne 1929
Alan Geddes 1927–28
Mel Morris 1926
Dan Minogue 1920–25
Bill Thomas 1919
Clarrie Hall 1918
Percy Maybury 1917
Bill Thomas 1914–16
Hugh James 1913
Ted Ohlsen 1912
Len Incigneri 1911
Billy Schmidt 1910
Dick Condon/John Lawson 1909
Charlie Pannam Snr 1908

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
Damien Hardwick 2010–
Jade Rawlings 2009 (Rounds 12–22)
Terry Wallace 2005–09 (Rounds 1–11)
Danny Frawley 2000–04
Jeff Gieschen 1997–99
Robert Walls 1996–97
John Northey 1993–95
Allan Jeans 1992
Kevin Bartlett 1988–91
Tony Jewell 1986–87
Paul Sproule 1985
Mike Patterson 1984
Francis Bourke 1982–83
Tony Jewell 1979–81
Barry Richardson 1977–78
Verdun Howell 1971
Tom Hafey 1966–76
Jack Titus 1965
Len Smith 1964–65
Dick Harris 1964
Des Rowe 1961–63
Alan McDonald 1957–60
Max Oppy 1956
Alby Pannam 1953–55
Jack Dyer 1941–52
Percy Bentley 1934–40
Billy Schmidt 1933
Frank 'Checker' Hughes 1927–32
Mel Morris 1926
Dan Minogue 1920–25
Norm Clark 1919
Bernie Nolan 1918
Percy Maybury 1917
Charlie Ricketts 1914–16
Ern Jenkins 1913
Charlie Pannam Sr 1912
Len Incigneri 1911
Alex 'Joker' Hall 1910
Dick Condon 1908–09

text: Current squad[edit]

text:
Richmond Football Club

view
talk
edit

Senior list
Rookie list
Coaching staff

 1 Nick Vlastuin
 2 Dylan Grimes
 3 Dion Prestia
 4 Dustin Martin
 5 Brandon Ellis
 6 Shaun Grigg
 8 Jack Riewoldt (vc)
 9 Trent Cotchin (c)
10 Shane Edwards
12 David Astbury
14 Bachar Houli
15 Jayden Short
16 Shaun Hampson
17 Daniel Rioli
18 Alex Rance (vc)
21 Jacob Townsend
22 Josh Caddy
23 Kane Lambert

24 Ben Griffiths
25 Toby Nankervis
26 Anthony Miles
27 Sam Lloyd
29 Shai Bolton
30 Reece Conca
31 Oleg Markov
32 Corey Ellis
33 Kamdyn McIntosh
34 Jack Graham
35 Nathan Broad
37 Connor Menadue
39 Nathan Drummond
40 Dan Butler
42 Ryan Garthwaite
46 Jason Castagna
47 Ivan Soldo

36 Callum Moore
41 Mabior Chol
44 Tyson Stengle

Head coach

Damien Hardwick

Assistant coaches

Blake Caracella (midfield spread)
Andrew McQualter (midfield stoppage)
Justin Leppitsch (forwards)
Ben Rutten (defence)
Ivan Maric (ruck)
Xavier Clarke (development)
Ryan Ferguson (development)
Craig McRae (VFL coach / development)

Legend:

(c) Captain
(vc) Vice captain
(B) Category B rookie

Updated: 26 October 2017
Source(s): Senior list, Rookie list, Coaching staff

text: Records[edit]

text: Club records[edit]

text:
VFL/AFL Premierships
11 - 1920, 1921, 1932, 1934, 1943, 1967, 1969, 1973, 1974, 1980, 2017

VFL/AFL Runner-up
12 - 1919, 1924, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1933, 1940, 1942, 1944, 1972, 1982

VFL/AFL Reserve Premierships
9 - 1929, 1946, 1954, 1955, 1966, 1971, 1973, 1977, 1997

VFL/AFL Under 19 Premierships
11 - 1958, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1985, 1989

McClelland Trophies
7 - 1967, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1982

Champions of Australia
3 - 1969, 1973, 1974

VFL Night Series Premierships
1 - 1962

VFL/AFL Lightning Premierships
1 - 1953

VFL/AFL "Wooden Spoons"
6 - 1917, 1960, 1987, 1989, 2004, 2007

Last updated: 4 October 2017

text:
Win-Loss record
Played: 2,2317
Won: 1,126    Lost: 1,083    Drawn: 22

Highest score
222 (34.18)
vs. St Kilda, Round 16, 1980 at SCG

Lowest score
8 (0.8)
vs. St Kilda, Round 16, 1961 at Junction Oval

Greatest winning margin
168 points
vs. North Melbourne, Round 2, 1931 at Punt Road Oval

Greatest losing margin
157 points
vs. Geelong, Round 6, 2007 at Telstra Dome

Biggest match attendance
119,165
vs. Carlton, Grand Final, 1969 at MCG

Biggest home & away match attendance
92,436
vs. Collingwood, Round 4, 1977 at MCG

Source:AFL Tables. Last updated: 4 October 2017

text: Career records[edit]

text:
Statistic
Record
Player
Seasons inclusive

Most league Best and Fairest awards
2
Roy Wright
1952, 1954

Most seasons as league leading goal kicker
2
Michael Roach
1980-81

Jack Riewoldt
2010, 2012

Most All-Australian selections
4
Alex Rance
2014–2017

Most Brownlow Medal votes
160
Kevin Bartlett
1965–1983

Most club Best & Fairest awards
6
Jack Dyer
1932, 1937–1940, 1946

Most seasons as club leading goal-kicker
13
Matthew Richardson
1994, 1996–1999, 2001–2008

Games played
403
Kevin Bartlett
1965–1983

Games played as captain
168
Percy Bentley
1932–1940

Games as coach
248
Tom Hafey
1966–1976

Goals
970
Jack Titus
1926–1943

Disposals
9151
Kevin Bartlett
1965–1983

Kicks
8293
Kevin Bartlett
1965–1983

Handballs
2736
Dale Weightman
1978–1993

Marks
2270
Matthew Richardson
1993–2009

Tackles
774
Trent Cotchin
2008-current

Hit Outs
4304
Mark Lee
1977–1991

Clearances
983
Trent Cotchin
2008-current

Inside 50s
980
Brett Deledio
2005-2016

Rebound 50s
1006
Joel Bowden
1996-2009

One percenters
1333
Alex Rance
2009-current

Source:AFL Tables. Last updated 4 October 2017

text: Single game records[edit]

text:
Statistic
Record
Player
Opponent
Match

Goals
14
Doug Strang
North Melbourne
Round 2, 1931 at Punt Road Oval

Disposals
46
Robert Wiley
Carlton
Round 8, 1980 at MCG

Kicks
38
Kevin Bartlett
Geelong
Round 17, 1974 at Waverley Park

Handballs
28
Nathan Foley
Brisbane
Round 6, 2011 at MCG

Marks
23
Joel Bowden
Port Adelaide
Round 13, 2008 at Football Park

Tackles
14
Shane Tuck
Port Adelaide
Round 10, 2010 at Football Park

14
Angus Graham
Port Adelaide
Round 10, 2010 at Football Park

Hit Outs
56
Toby Nankervis
Melbourne
Round 5, 2017 at MCG

Clearances
15
Wayne Campbell
Fremantle
Round 19, 2000 at WACA Ground

Inside 50s
14
Kane Johnson
Western Bulldogs
Round 17, 2003 at Docklands Stadium

Rebound 50s
16
Joel Bowden
Adelaide
Round 8, 2006 at Docklands Stadium

One percenters
19
Alex Rance
Geelong
Round 21, 2016 at MCG

Source:AFL Tables. Last updated 4 October 2017

text: Single season records[edit]

text:
Statistic
Record
Player
Season

Goals
112
Michael Roach
1980

Disposals
744
Dustin Martin
2017

Kicks
634
Kevin Bartlett
1973

Handballs
320
Craig Lambert
1991

Marks
224
Mike Green
1969

Tackles
139
Trent Cotchin
2017

Hit Outs
711
Mark Lee
1984

Clearances
160
Dustin Martin
2017

Inside 50s
159
Nick Daffy
1998

Rebound 50s
190
Joel Bowden
2006

One percenters
242
Alex Rance
2017

Source:AFL Tables. Last updated 4 October 2017

text: Individual awards[edit]

text: VFL/AFL Best & Fairest

text:
Stan Judkins – 1930
Bill Morris – 1948
Roy Wright – 1952, 1954
Ian Stewart – 1971
Trent Cotchin – 2012
Dustin Martin – 2017

text: VFL/AFL leading goalkicker

text:
George Bayliss – 1920
Jack Titus – 1940
Dick Harris – 1943
Michael Roach – 1980, 1981
Jack Riewoldt – 2010, 2012

text:
Grand Final Best & Fairest
First Awarded 1979

text:
Kevin Bartlett – 1980
Maurice Rioli – 1982
Dustin Martin – 2017

text:
AFL Rising Star
First Awarded 1993

text: Brett Deledio – 2005

text: Mark of the Year

text:
Michael Roach – 1979
Geoff Raines – 1982
Michael Mitchell – 1990

text: Goal of the Year

text:
Geoff Raines – 1984
Michael Mitchell – 1990
Daniel Rioli – 2017

text:
All-Australian selection
First Awarded 1953

text:
Des Rowe – 1956
Roy Wright – 1956
Neville Crowe – 1966
Royce Hart – 1969
David Cloke – 1979
Bruce Monteath – 1979
Michael Roach – 1979
Jim Jess – 1980
Geoff Raines – 1980
Mark Lee – 1980, 1983, 1985
Maurice Rioli – 1983, 1986
Dale Weightman – 1985, 1986, 1988
Wayne Campbell – 1995, 1999
Matthew Richardson – 1996, 1999, 2008
Matthew Knights – 1998
Andrew Kellaway – 2000
Darren Gaspar – 2000, 2001
Brad Ottens – 2001
Joel Bowden – 2005, 2006
Jack Riewoldt – 2010, 2015
Trent Cotchin – 2012
Brett Deledio – 2012, 2015
Alex Rance – 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 (captain)
Dustin Martin – 2016, 2017

text: AFL Coaches Association Champion Player of the Year

text:
Trent Cotchin – 2012
Dustin Martin – 2017

text: AFL Coaches Association Coach of the Year

text: Damien Hardwick – 2017

text: AFL Players Association Most Valuable Player

text: Dustin Martin – 2017

text:
International Rules Series representatives
Commenced 1998

text:
Matthew Richardson – 1996, 1999, 2008
Wayne Campbell – 1998, 1999, 2000
Andrew Kellaway – 2000, 2002
Darren Gaspar – 2001
Brad Ottens – 2001
Joel Bowden – 2001, 2004
Nathan Brown – 2003, 2004
Brett Deledio – 2005
Chris Newman – 2005
Andrew Raines – 2006
Jack Riewoldt – 2010
Jake King – 2011
Robin Nahas – 2011

text: Club Best & Fairest

text: Club leading goalkicker

text: Reserves team[edit]

text: Richmond has had a reserves team participate in various competitions since the early 20th century. The reserves competition for the then-Victorian Football League (now trading as the Australian Football League) began in 1919 and the Richmond reserves recorded its first premiership in 1929. In the following 68 years, Richmond went on to win a further eight premierships in reserve-grade football.[39] The Richmond reserves participated in the VFL/AFL reserves, then the Victorian State Football League up to the 1999 season, then in the new Victorian Football League competition in 2000.

text: In 2001, the Richmond reserves team was dissolved and the club entered a reserves affiliation with the Coburg Football Club in the VFL, using the latter as a feeder team. This arrangement lasted from 2001 until 2013.[40]

text: Richmond ended the affiliation at the end of 2013, seeking to re-establish a more direct developmental structure by operating a stand-alone reserves team.[41] The reformed Richmond (VFL) reserves team has played in the VFL since 2014, playing its home games at the Punt Road Oval, with many staged as curtain raisers to the club's senior home and away games at the nearby Melbourne Cricket Ground.[42] The team is made up of a combination of senior listed AFL players, rookie listed players and VFL exclusive contracted players. The VFL exclusive player list is below.

text:
Richmond Football Club (reserves)

view
talk
edit

Playing list

Coaching staff

51 Sam Darley (c)
52 Anthony Scott
53 Hugh Beasley
54 Jacob Ballard
55 Ryan Bathie
57 Brandon Wood
58 Jake Aarts
59 Ash Morris
60 Tom Langford
61 James Fletcher
62 Jayden Cass
63 Jack Holden

64 Thomas Silvestro
67 Brenton Credlin
69 Shaun Mannagh
74 Tyson Kruse
75 Lachlan McKenzie
76 Alex Harnett
78 Daniel Coffield
79 Billy Coates
80 Antony Forato
81 Danko Bzenic
86 Zak McCubbin
88 Max O'Sullivan

Head coach

Craig McRae

Assistant coaches

Tom Hunter (forwards)
Xavier Clarke (midfield)
Ryan Ferguson (backline)
Ben Waite (midfield stoppage)
Marc Sophoulis (development)

Legend:

(c) Captain
(vc) Vice captain

Updated: 15 March 2017
Source(s): Playing list, Coaching staff

text: Past premierships[edit]

text:
Reserves Premierships (9)[43]

Year
Competition
Opponent
Score
Venue

1929
VFL Reserves
Geelong
12.8 (80) - 7.15 (57)
MCG

1946
VFL Reserves
Fitzroy
7.15 (57) - 7.14 (56)
MCG

1954
VFL Reserves
Melbourne
10.20 (80) - 4.9 (33)
MCG

1955
VFL Reserves
Footscray
13.18 (96) - 9.12 (66)
MCG

1966
VFL Reserves
Collingwood
14.11 (95) - 13.12 (90)
MCG

1971
VFL Reserves
Essendon
14.14 (98) - 8.18 (66)
MCG

1973
VFL Reserves
Geelong
17.18 (120) - 8.12 (60)
MCG

1977
VFL Reserves
Footscray
19.18 (132) - 10.15 (75)
MCG

1997
AFL Reserves (VSFL)
Hawthorn
17.12 (114) - 10.10 (70)
MCG

text: AFL Women's team[edit]

text: In 2016, Richmond was among 13 AFL clubs to bid for licenses to compete in the soon to be formed AFL Women's competition. The club was one of five to miss out, instead being awarded provisional licenses guaranteeing access in later expansions.[44] The following year they would again bid, this time winning the right to entry into the competition's fourth season, to be held in 2020.[45]

text: Notable Supporters[edit]

text: Golfer Greg Norman and cricketers Dennis Lillee and Rod Marsh are famous Richmond supporters, as is actor Russell Crowe. The club also won a famous American supporter in Carolina Panthers quarterback Cam Newton after Newton traveled to Melbourne to visit the team as part of a Gatorade commercial.[46] Comedian Mick Molloy, who also co-hosts The Front Bar, is another famous Richmond supporter.


document_title: Cauda equina

question_text: where does the spinal cord end in a newborn

text: Cauda equina

text: Structure[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In humans, the spinal cord stops growing in infancy and the end of the spinal cord is about the level of the third lumbar vertebra, or L3, at birth. Because the bones of the vertebral column continue to grow, by about 12 months of age, the end of the cord reaches its permanent position at the level of L1 or L2 (closer to the head). However, due to normal anatomical variations, the final cord end position may occur anywhere from T12 twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12) to L3. Individual spinal nerve roots arise from the cord as they get closer to the head, but as the differential growth occurs, the top end of the nerve stays attached to the spinal cord while the lower end of the nerve exits the spinal column at its proper level. This results in a "bundle"-like structure of nerve fibers that extends caudally from the end of the spinal cord, gradually declining in number further down as individual pairs leave the spinal column.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The cauda equina exists within the lumbar cistern, a gap between the arachnoid membrane and the pia matter of the spinal cord, called the subarachnoid space. Cerebrospinal fluid also exists within this space. Because the spinal cord terminates at level L1/L2, lumbar puncture (or colloquially, "spinal tap") is performed from the lumbar cistern between two vertebrae at level L3/L4, or L4/L5, where there is no risk of accidental injury to the spinal cord, when a sample of CSF is needed for clinical purposes.

text: Cauda equina syndrome[edit]

text: Cauda equina syndrome, a rare disorder affecting the bundle of nerve roots (cauda equina) at the lower (lumbar) end of the spinal cord, is a surgical emergency.[2] Cauda equina syndrome occurs when the nerve roots in the lumbar spine are compressed, disrupting sensation and movement.[3] Nerve roots that control the function of the bladder and bowel are especially vulnerable to damage. It can lead to permanent paralysis, impaired bladder and/or bowel control, loss of sexual sensation, and other problems if left untreated. Even with immediate treatment, some patients may not recover complete function.[2]

text: Cauda equina syndrome most commonly results from a massive disc herniation in the lumbar region.[4] A disc herniation occurs when one of the soft flexible discs that functions as an elastic shock absorber between the bones of the spinal column displaces from its normal position. The herniation occurs after the disc begins to break down with aging and can be precipitated by stress or a mechanical problem in the spine. The result is that the softer, center portion of the disc pushes out and causes pressure on the nerve roots in the lumbar spine. Other causes include spinal lesions and tumors, spinal infections or inflammation, lumbar spinal stenosis, trauma to the lower back, birth abnormalities, spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), spinal hemorrhages (subarachnoid, subdural, epidural), narrowing of the spinal canal, postoperative lumbar spine surgery complications or spinal anesthesia.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: The cauda equina was named after its resemblance to a horse's tail (Latin: cauda equina) by the French anatomist Andreas Lazarius (André du Laurens) in the 17th century.


document_title: Kashi Vishwanath Temple

question_text: who built vishwanath temple varanasi in 16th century

text: Kashi Vishwanath Temple

text: History[edit]

text: The temple has been mentioned in the Puranas including the Kashi Khanda (section) of Skanda Purana. The original Vishwanath temple was destroyed by the army of Qutb-ud-din Aibak in 1194 CE, when he defeated the Raja of Kannauj as a commander of Mohammad Ghori. The temple was rebuilt by a Gujarati merchant during the reign of Delhi's Sultan Iltutmish (1211-1266 CE). It was demolished again during the rule of either Hussain Shah Sharqi (1447-1458) or Sikandar Lodhi (1489-1517). Raja Man Singh built the temple during Mughal emperor Akbar's rule, but orthodox Hindus boycotted it as he had let the Mughals marry within his family. Raja Todar Mal further re-built the temple with Akbar's funding at its original site in 1585.[3]

text: In 1669 CE, Emperor Aurangzeb destroyed the temple and built the Gyanvapi Mosque in its place.[4] The remains of the erstwhile temple can be seen in the foundation, the columns and at the rear part of the mosque.[5]

text:
Gyanvapi Mosque, sketched as Temple of Vishveshvur in 1834 by James Prinsep

Plan of the Ancient Temple of Vishveshvur, by James Prinsep[6]

text: In 1742, the Maratha ruler Malhar Rao Holkar made a plan to demolish the mosque and reconstruct Vishweshwar temple at the site. However, his plan did not materialize, partially because of intervention by the Nawabs of Lucknow, who controlled the territory.[7]:2 Around 1750, the Maharaja of Jaipur commissioned a survey of the land around the site, with the objective of purchasing land to rebuild the Kashi Vishwanath temple.[7]:85 However, his plan to rebuild the temple did not materialize either. In 1780, Malhar Rao's daughter-in-law Ahilyabai Holkar constructed the present temple adjacent to the mosque. In 1828, Baiza Bai, widow of the Maratha ruler Daulat Rao Scindhia of Gwalior State, built a low-roofed colonnade with over 40 pillars in the Gyan Vapi precinct.[8] During 1833-1840 CE, the boundary of Gyanvapi Well, the ghats and other nearby temples were constructed.A 7-feet high stone statue of Nandi bull, gifted by the Raja of Nepal lies to the east of the colonnade. Many noble families from various ancestral kingdoms of Indian subcontinent and their prior establishments make generous contributions for the operations of the temple. In 1841, the Bhosales of Nagpur donated silver to the temple. In 1835, Maharaja Ranjit Singh donated 1 tonne of gold for plating the temple's dome.[7]:200[9]

text: The temple was managed by a hereditary group of pandas or mahants. After the death of Mahant Devi Dutt, a dispute arose among his successors. In 1900, his brother-in-law Pandit Visheshwar Dayal Tewari filed a lawsuit, which resulted in him being declared the head priest.[10]

text: Legend[edit]

text: As per Shiva Purana, once Brahma (the Hindu God of creation) and Vishnu (the Hindu God of Harmony) had an argument in terms of supremacy of creation.[11] To test them, Shiva pierced the three worlds as a huge endless pillar of light, the jyotirlinga. Vishnu and Brahma split their ways to downwards and upwards respectively to find the end of the light in either directions. Brahma lied that he found out the end, while Vishnu conceded his defeat. Shiva appeared as a second pillar of light and cursed Brahma that he would have no place in ceremonies while Vishnu would be worshiped till the end of eternity. The jyotirlinga is the supreme partless reality, out of which Shiva partly appears. The jyothirlinga shrines, thus are places where Shiva appeared as a fiery column of light.[12][13] There are 64 forms of Shiva, not to be confused with Jyotirlingas. Each of the twelve jyothirlinga sites take the name of the presiding deity - each considered different manifestation of Shiva.[14] At all these sites, the primary image is lingam representing the beginningless and endless Stambha pillar, symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva.[14][15][16] The twelve jyothirlinga are Somnath in Gujarat, Mallikarjuna at Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh, Mahakaleswar at Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, Omkareshwar in Madhya Pradesh, Kedarnath in Himalayas, Bhimashankar in Maharashtra, Viswanath at Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, Triambakeshwar in Maharashtra, Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga, Deogarh in Deoghar, Jharkhand, Nageswar at Dwarka in Gujarat, Rameshwar at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu and Grishneshwar at Aurangabad in Maharashtra.[11][17]

text: The Manikarnika Ghat on the banks of Ganges near to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple is considered as a Shakti Peetha, a revered place of worship for the Shaktism sect. The Daksha Yaga, a Shaivite literature is considered as an important literature which is the story about the origin of Shakti Peethas.[18]

text: The temple structure[edit]

text: The temple complex consists of a series of smaller shrines, located in a small lane called the Vishwanatha Galli, near the river. The linga of the main deity at the shrine is 60 cm tall and 90 cm in circumference housed in a silver altar.[19] The main temple is quadrangle and is surrounded by shrines of other gods. There are small temples for Kaalbhairav, Dhandapani, Avimukteshwara, Vishnu, Vinayaka, Sanishwara, Virupaksha and Virupaksh Gauri in the complex. There is a small well in the temple called the Jnana Vapi also spelled as Gyaan vapi (the wisdom well). The Jnana Vapi well sites to the north of the main temple and it is believed that the Jyotirlinga was hidden in the well to protect it at the time of invasion. It is said that the main priest of the temple jumped in the well with the Shiv Ling in order to protect the Jyotirlinga from invaders.

text: According to the structure of the temple, there is a Sabha Griha or Congregation Hall leading to the inner Garbha Griha or Sanctum Sanctorum. The venerable Jyotirlinga is a dark brown colored stone which is enshrined in the Sanctum, placed on a silver platform. Structure of the Mandir is composed of three parts. The first compromises a spire on the Mandir of Lord Vishwanath or Mahadeva. The second is gold dome and the third is the gold spire atop Lord Vishwanath carrying a flag and a trident.

text: The Kashi Vishwanath temple receives around 3,000 visitors every day. On certain occasions the numbers reach 1,000,000 and more. Noteworthy about the temple is 15.5 metre high gold spire and gold dome. There are three domes each made up of pure gold.

text: Importance of the temple[edit]

text: Located on the banks of the holy Ganges, Varanasi is regarded among the holiest of the Hindu cities. The Kashi Vishwanath temple is widely recognized as one of the most important places of worship in Hindu religion. Inside the Kashi Vishvanath Temple is the Jyotirlinga of Shiva, Vishveshvara or Vishvanath. The Vishveshvara Jyotirlinga has a very special and unique significance in the spiritual history of India.

text: Many leading saints, including Adi Sankaracharya, Ramakrishna Paramhansa, Swami Vivekananda, Bamakhyapa, Goswami Tulsidas, Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Sathya Sai Baba and Gurunanak have visited the site.[20] A visit to the temple and a bath in the river Ganges is one of many methods believed to lead one on a path to Moksha (liberation). Thus, Hindus from all over the world try to visit the place at least once in their lifetime. There is also a tradition that one should give up at least one desire after a pilgrimage the temple, and the pilgrimage would also include a visit to the temple at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu in Southern India, where people take water samples of the Ganges to perform prayer at the temple and bring back sand from near that temple. Because of the immense popularity and holiness of Kashi Vishwanath temple, hundreds of temples across India have been built in the same architectural style. Many legends record that the true devotee achieves freedom from death and saṃsāra by the worship of Shiva, Shiva's devotees on death being directly taken to his abode on Mount Kailash by his messengers and not to Yama. The superiority of Shiva and his victory over his own nature—Shiva is himself identified with death—is also stated. There is a popular belief that Shiva himself blows the mantra of salvation into the ears of people who die naturally at the Vishwanath temple.

text: Puja details[edit]

text: There are 5 aartis of Shree Kashi Vishwanath:

text:
. Mangala Aarti :- 3.00 - 4.00 (Morning).
. Bhoga Aarti :- 11.15 to 12.20 (Day).
. Sandhya Aarti :- 7.00 to 8.15 (Evening).
. Shringara Aarti :- 9.00 to 10.15 (Night).
. Shayana Aarti :- 10.30-11.00 (Night).

tag: ol

text: Security arrangements do not allow any cell phones, camera, belts with metal buckle, cigarettes, lighters, etc. inside the temple.


document_title: The Secret Life of Pets

question_text: who plays max on secret life of pets

question_tokens: who plays max on secret life of pets

text: The Secret Life of Pets

text: Plot[edit]

text: A Jack Russell Terrier named Max lives with his owner Katie in a Manhattan apartment. While she is at work during the day, he hangs out with other pets in the building: tabby cat Chloe, pug Mel, dachshund Buddy, and budgerigar Sweet Pea. One day, Katie adopts Duke, a large mongrel from the pound, leaving Max jealous because of her divided focus on Duke. Enraged by Max's attitude towards him, Duke tries to abandon Max in an alley, but they are both attacked by cats led by Sphynx cat Ozone who removes both dogs' collars and leaves them to be caught by Animal Control. Duke fears that he will be killed if he goes back to the pound. When Gidget, a white Pomeranian who is (not so) secretly in love with Max, discovers that he is missing, she decides to find him.

text: Max and Duke are rescued by a white rabbit named Snowball, the leader of "The Flushed Pets"—a tribal cult-ish organisation of sewer-dwelling animals who hate humans because their owners mistreated them. After Max and Duke pretend to despise humans as much as they do by saying they killed their owners, the Flushed Pets invite them to join. Before they can prove their loyalty by allowing a one-fanged viper to bite them, Snowball learns from the cats that Max and Duke are domesticated. The two dogs escape the sewers and board a ferry to Brooklyn, inadvertently killing the viper in the process. Snowball vows to kill them and leads the Flushed Pets after them.

text: Meanwhile, Gidget recruits a red-tailed hawk named Tiberius to find Max, but he mistakenly locates Ozone, whom Gidget coerces into telling what he knows about the dogs. They then enlist Mel, Buddy, Chloe, guinea pig Norman and Sweet Pea. On the way, they meet Pops, an old Basset Hound who helps Gidget and the pets find Max. Meanwhile, Max and Duke raid a sausage factory for food. Then, Gidget and her team encounter Snowball, who vows to kill them as well, and Norman is captured as the rest of Gidget's team flees.

text: In the meantime, Duke tells Max about his previous owner, Fred, an elderly man who adopted him as a puppy and loved spending time with him. One day, Duke got lost while chasing a butterfly and was caught by Animal Control, but Fred never came to claim him. Max convinces him to visit Fred's house in a nearby neighborhood, confident Fred will still love him and take him back. When they arrive at Fred's house, they learn from the resident cat Reginald that Fred has died. Heartbroken, Duke accuses Max of attempting to get rid of him and barks at the new homeowners who have just returned to the house and called Animal Control. The handlers catch Max, but Duke interferes long enough for Max to escape and ends up being captured instead.

text: While trying to rescue Duke as he follows the Animal Control van, Max is attacked by Snowball who tries to kill him. However, when his gang is captured, Snowball realizes that he and Max must work together to rescue them. They drive a city bus into the van on the Brooklyn Bridge, stopping traffic. The Flushed Pets encircle Max, unaware of his partnership with Snowball, but Gidget and her team save him. Upon seeing Gidget using her kung-fu fighting skills, Max starts to fall in love with her. The van gets stuck in scaffolding and the Flushed Pets escape. As soon as Max gets the keys to Duke's cage, the van plummets into the East River with him inside. Max is unable to free Duke, so Snowball jumps into the river to retrieve the keys, allowing them to escape the sinking van.

text: The entire group returns to the apartment block by pig-driven taxi. Max expresses his love for Gidget, who returns his affection. Snowball and the Flushed Pets then come up with a new plan to annihilate all humans, but a little girl named Molly arrives and adopts Snowball and the remaining Flushed Pets return to the sewers. At first, Snowball resists, but gives in and lets himself become a domesticated pet. The other pets return to their homes and embrace their owners, and Max and Duke finally reunite with Katie, sparking a true friendship. At the film's epilogue, Buddy and Mel show up in costume at a party in poodle Leonard's apartment. Leonard's owner returns and Tattoo crashes to the floor on the chandelier.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Louis C.K. as Max, a Jack Russell Terrier.[7]
Eric Stonestreet as Duke, a large, brown, shaggy mongrel.[7]
Kevin Hart as Snowball, a white rabbit.[7]
Jenny Slate as Gidget, a white Pomeranian and Max's love interest.
Ellie Kemper as Katie, Max and Duke's friendly owner.[1][8]
Lake Bell as Chloe, an obese and apathetic grey tabby cat who is one of Max's friends.[8]
Dana Carvey as Pops, an elderly Basset Hound who is paralyzed in his back legs.[9]
Hannibal Buress as Buddy, a laid-back dachshund and one of Max's friends.[8][10]
Bobby Moynihan as Mel, a hyperactive pug and one of Max's friends.
Tara Strong as Sweetpea, a green and yellow budgie parakeet.
Steve Coogan as Ozone, a Cockney-accented Sphynx cat.
Coogan also voices Reginald, a Himalayan cat residing in Brooklyn.
Albert Brooks as Tiberius, a curmudgeonly red-tailed hawk.[8][10]
Chris Renaud as Norman, a guinea pig who keeps getting lost trying to find his apartment.
Michael Beattie as Tattoo, a slow-witted tattooed pig who is one of the Flushed Pets.
Sandra Echeverría as Maria, a character from the La Pasión de la Pasión telenovela that Gidget watches.
Jaime Camil as Fernando, a character from the La Pasión de la Pasión telenovela that Gidget watches.
Kiely Renaud as Molly, a little girl who adopts Snowball.

text: Production[edit]

text: Renaud first became involved with the project in 2012, while he was still working on Despicable Me 2.[11] At that time, Illumination's CEO Chris Meledandri pitched him an idea on a film about what pets do when their caretakers are away.[11] While Renaud found the premise interesting he and his team did not know what form the story would take, with them at one point considering making it a murder mystery, before deciding to make something "that was a bit more relatable" [12]

text: The team used Jean-Jacques Sempé as an influence in designing the environment and attention was specifically paid to keep the designs "very vertically oriented"[11] In keeping with the tradition of old WB cartoons, the owners faces are almost never seen.[11] The home of the Flushed Pets was created to "hint at the darker side" of pet ownership "without, hopefully, getting too heavy.[11] as well as to explore "this whole mythology in New York of the world that’s unseen, " while still maintaining the pet theme.[11] The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination Mac Guff.[13]

text: Music and soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Secret Life of Pets (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)Soundtrack album by Alexandre DesplatReleased
July 1, 2016 (2016-07-01)Recorded
2016Genre

Film score
Jazz
Classical
Length
51:31Label
Back Lot MusicProducer
Dominique LemonnierAlexandre Desplat soundtrack chronology

Florence Foster Jenkins(2016)

The Secret Life of Pets (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)(2016)

The Light Between Oceans(2016)

text: The original score for the film was composed by Alexandre Desplat.[14] The soundtrack was released on July 1, 2016 by Back Lot Music.[15]

text: All music composed by Alexandre Desplat, except "We Go Together" by The Sausage Factory Singers.

text: showTrack listingNo.TitleLength1."Meet the Pets"2:372."Katie's Leaving"0:553."Meet Duke"3:364."Fetch Me a Stick"3:095."Telenovela Squirrels"1:246."Hijack!"2:007."Gidget Meets Tiberius"4:568."Initiation Time"1:019."Rooftop Route"1:2710."The Viper"1:4911."You Have an Owner?"3:0412."Good Morning Max"1:2113."Sewer Chase"1:0914."Who's With Me?"1:2115."Me Like What Me See"0:5416."Traveling Bossa"1:5617."Flushed Out To Brooklyn"2:4718."Sausages!"1:1319."Duke's Old House / Captured"3:0320."Brooklyn Bridge Showdown"2:3421."Rescuing Duke"2:4622."Wet But Handsome / Blue Taxi"1:2423."Max and Gidget"1:3624."Welcome Home"1:5725."We Go Together" (originally from Grease)1:24Total length:51:31

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was originally scheduled to be released on February 12, 2016, but was pushed back to July 8, 2016.[2] It was released in 2D, 3D, and IMAX 3D using DMR.[16][better source needed] The Secret Life of Pets premiered at the 2016 Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 16, 2016, and was screened at VidCon.[17] The film is accompanied by a Despicable Me short film entitled Mower Minions.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Secret Life of Pets was released on Digital HD on November 22, 2016, and on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, Ultra HD Blu-ray, and DVD on December 6, 2016. In addition to the short film Mower Minions which was released theatrically with the feature film, the releases also include two short films: Norman Television and Weenie.[18]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Secret Life of Pets grossed $368.4 million in Canada and the U.S. and $507.1 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $875.5 million against a production budget of $75 million.[4] Its international takings helped push Universal Pictures [International] past $1 billion for the tenth consecutive year[19] and aided Illumination Entertainment to pass the $4 billion mark for the first time since 2010.[20]

text: It is the fifth-highest-grossing original worldwide film of all time (behind Avatar, Zootopia, The Lion King, and Finding Nemo),[21] the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2016,[22] the twelfth-highest-grossing animated film of all time, and the 51st-highest-grossing film of all time. Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $374.6 million when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it the most profitable release of 2016.[23]

text: North America[edit]

text: In Canada and the United States, the film was projected to gross around $70 million in its opening weekend with some predictions going as high as $100 million.[24][25][26] It received the widest release for an animated film as well as for a PG-rated film (breaking Shrek Forever After's record) and the seventh-widest of all time overall across 4,370 theaters, the widest release since The Dark Knight Rises.[25][27][28][29] It made $5.3 million from Thursday night previews in 3,009 theaters which is the second-biggest of all time for Illumination behind only Minions ($6.2 million), and the third biggest of all time for an animated film behind Finding Dory ($9.2 million) and Minions.[26][30] This was followed by a record-breaking $38.5 million opening day gross (including previews), the biggest for an original film.[31][32] In its opening weekend, it exceeded expectations and grossed $104.4 million, finishing first at the box office.[33] Its debut is the sixth-biggest for an animated film, the sixth highest weekend debut in July, and the fourth-biggest opening weekend for Universal Pictures.[34] It also set the record for the largest opening for an original film, eclipsing the $90.4 million debut of Inside Out.[35][36]

text: In its second weekend, the film made $50.8 million (-51.3%) while maintaining the top spot, despite facing stiff competition with newcomer Ghostbusters.[37] Although it slipped into second place when overtaken by Star Trek Beyond in its third weekend, it was still able to fend off the two other new releases—Lights Out and Ice Age: Collision Course—by earning another $29.6 million.[38] It passed $300 million on its twenty-sixth day—the same day it crossed $400 million worldwide[39]—becoming the seventh film of 2016,[40] the seventh Universal Pictures film (the first for the year),[41] and the twelfth animated film overall to reach the benchmark.[42]

text: Outside North America[edit]

text: Internationally, The Secret Life of Pets received a scattered release from June to September in a total of 69 markets, and faced competition from other animated films such as Finding Dory and Ice Age: Collision Course in the course of its release.[43][44][45] In total, it had number-one openings in 45 markets and recorded the biggest opening for an original animated film in 17 territories, and the No. 1 animated film of 2016 to date in 13 markets.[20][46] It topped the international box office in its ninth weekend after earning $43.8 million in 53 markets (dethroning Suicide Squad).[47] However, this wasn't the film's biggest single weekend gross. Its biggest weekend gross was actually in its seventh weekend when it grossed $69.3 million. It opened at No. 3 behind Suicide Squad ($133.3 million) and the Chinese film Time Raiders ($64.6 million) that weekend.[48]

text: It was released in the United Kingdom and Norway two weeks ahead of its U.S. release, where it grossed a combined total of $14.1 million in the two markets.[43] Prior to its official debut in the UK and the Republic of Ireland on June 24, the film had two days' worth of previews on June 18 and 19 from which it made £3.63 million ($5.2 million) in two days. This figure was later counted in the film's official opening weekend.[49] It went on to score the fourth-biggest original animation opening weekend ever there, with £9.58 million ($13.4 million) from 592 theaters, trailing behind Inside Out, Monsters, Inc., and Up. Excluding previews, its total three-day opening was $8.1 million.[50][51] This was amidst Brexit and despite facing competition from Independence Day: Resurgence.[43][52] The film held off extremely well in its second and third weekend falling just 20% and 24%, earning £4.47 million ($6.1 million) and £3.62 million ($4.8 million) respectively despite facing some competitions.[53][54] It has topped the box office for three consecutive weekends and has grossed total of $41 million there.[55] In Norway, it took the number one spot as well, with $778,000.[43] It scored the biggest animation opening of 2016 and the second-biggest of all time overall in both Taiwan ($2 million)—behind Madagascar, and Hong Kong ($1.9 million)—behind Inside Out.[44]

text: In Argentina, the film had a record-breaking number-one debut with $4 million from 195 screens—the biggest opening weekend ever for an animated film and the second-biggest opening ever for any film (behind Furious 7). Similarly, Chile also recorded the second-biggest animated opening ever with $1.7 million (behind Minions). Colombia also opened at No. 1 with a huge $1.5 million.[56] In Mexico, other than opening at No. 1, it posted the biggest original animated opening of all time with $7.6 million, surpassing the studio's own previous record holder Inside Out.[45] Also in Russia, it scored the biggest original animated opening and the second-biggest ever for an animated film behind Minions with $16.3 million, although this included $6.4 million five days' worth of previews.[47] It went on to become the highest-grossing film of the summer that year.[57] In Japan, the film opened on August 11—the date of Japan's first Mountain Day national holiday—with Toho-Towa distributing, and earned $4.6 million on 370,000 admissions for its two-day opening weekend dethroning Shin Godzilla off the top spot. The cumulative total for the four-day holiday (August 11–14) was $9.7 million.[19][58] Similarly, it had number-one debuts in Germany ($7.1 million), France ($5.9 million), Australia ($5.6 million), Italy ($5.1 million), Brazil ($4.4 million), Spain ($4.5 million), Poland ($1.7 million), Singapore ($1.3 million), Belgium ($1.2 million), Denmark ($1.2 million), Indonesia ($1.1 million), the Philippines ($1 million), and South Africa ($463,000). In Germany, it scored the best animation opening since Minions.[45][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] It topped the box office in Israel for five straight weekends and in Australia, Russia and Spain for three weekends.[45][47][61][63] In Japan, the film was the highest-grossing foreign release of the weekend, holding the top spot for four consecutive weekends.[60]

text: In China—the world's second-biggest film market—the film opened on a Tuesday, earning a modest $5.2 million on its opening day. To Sunday, it achieved a six-day opening of $29.3 million and $15.5 million for the weekend alone (Friday to Sunday), with per screen averages over $500 per screen per day. In both instances, it was behind the local film Time Raiders.[59][66][67] In South Korea, despite debuting in fifth place, it had an opening of $6.9 million.[59] Elsewhere, it grossed $2.7 million in the Netherlands, $1.2 million in Sweden and in Hungary, it scored the biggest opening of the year with $738,000,[59] and also in Portugal ($965,000), Latvia ($224,000),[47] and South Africa.[64]

text: In terms of total earnings, its biggest markets are China ($58 million), United Kingdom and Ireland ($47.2 million), Japan ($41.6 million) and Russia ($34.2 million).[19][47][68] It became the third-highest-grossing film of all time in Russia (behind Avatar and Zootopia)[61] and the highest-grossing film of 2016 in Spain.[20][62]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 74% based on 213 reviews with an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Fast-paced, funny, and blessed with a talented voice cast, The Secret Life of Pets offers a beautifully animated, cheerfully undemanding family-friendly diversion."[69] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 61 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[70] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[71]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars and called it "an animated fluffball—a sort of Toy Story with pets does everything to drive you crazy and ends up being totally irresistible."[72] Scott Tobias, writing for NPR, characterized the film's concept as "Toy Story but with house pets," highlighting the film's "thinly distinguished characters" and "gloppy sentimentality."[73] Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three out of four stars and said "In much the same way that the smash Zootopia demonstrated that creatures of different culture and class and species are better off when they come together, The Secret Life of Pets is a testament to teamwork and friendship and fixing the rifts that divide us. Let the fur—and the warm, fuzzy feelings—fly."[74]

text: However, some critics disliked the film's unexpected similarities with Pixar's Toy Story.[75] Matthew Parkinson of The Escapist compared the plots of both films and wrote that "The Secret Life of Pets feels like one of those hour-long ripoffs you'd see on a children's television network."[76] Ethan Anderton of the website /Film criticised the film's characterisation, and noted that the relationship between Max and Duke was akin to "Woody and Buzz Lightyear all over again."[77]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

Ref(s)

Annie Awards

February 4, 2017

Outstanding Achievement, Character Design in an Animated Feature Production

Eric Guillon

Nominated

[78]

Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated Feature Production

Alexandre Desplat

British Academy Children's Awards

November 20, 2016

BAFTA Kids' Vote

The Secret Life of Pets

[79][80]

Cinema Audio Society

February 18, 2017

Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Animated

David Acord, Jason Butler, Gary A. Rizzo, Carlos Sotolongo and Frank Wolf

[81]

Hollywood Music in Media Awards

November 17, 2016

Best Original Score – Animated Film

Alexandre Desplat

Won

[82][83]

International Film Music Critics Association

21 February 2017

Best Original Score for a Comedy Film

Nominated

[84]

2017 Kids' Choice Awards

March 11, 2017

Favorite Animated Movie

The Secret Life of Pets

[85]

Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie

Kevin Hart

Favorite Villain

Won

Most Wanted Pet

NAACP Image Awards

February 11, 2017

Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance

Nominated

[86]

People's Choice Awards

January 18, 2017

Favorite Family Movie

The Secret Life of Pets

[87]

Favorite Animated Movie Voice

Kevin Hart

Producers Guild of America

January 28, 2017

Best Animated Motion Picture

Janet Healy and Chris Meledandri

[88]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In August 2016, it was announced that there would be a sequel with director Chris Renaud, producers Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy, and writer Brian Lynch, with a release date of July 13, 2018.[89] On January 25, 2017, its release date was pushed back to July 3, 2019.[90] On August 15, 2017, its release date was moved forward to June 7, 2019.[6] On November 10, 2017, it was announced that Louis C.K. would not be reprising his role as Max after being accused of, and having admitted to, inappropriate sexual conduct with five women.[91] In April 2018, it was announced that Patton Oswalt will replace C.K. as Max while Hart, Stonestreet, Slate, Kemper, Bell, Carvey, Buress and Moynihan will return. Additional casting includes Tiffany Haddish, Nick Kroll, Harrison Ford and Pete Holmes.[92]