document_title: List of true homonyms

question_text: two words spelled the same but different meanings

root

text: List of true homonyms

text: Homonyms are words that are both spelled and pronounced the same as each other, yet have different meanings. Some authors use the term more broadly, to refer to homographs (words spelled the same as each other but pronounced differently) or homophones (words spelled differently but pronounced the same).

tag: p

text:
back
bank
bark
base
bat
beam
beams
bear
board
bolt
book
bore
bow
box
bustier
cabinet
can
case
cast
cave
chair
change
check
chicken
chip
circular
clear
cleave
close
club
command
content
cool
cordial
current
crane
dance
dear
deck
down
duck
dust
employ
entrance
even
evening
exact
fair
fall
fat
fawn
file
fine
fire
flat
fly
fold
foot
forearm
forearms
furrier
gill
gills
glass
grand
grave
graves
groom
gross
hail
heaven
hood
horn
iron
jam
journey
key
kind
know
lead
leading
leads
learned
left
letter
light
live
long
lower
lowered
lowering
lowers
lie
lying
lies
line
man
match
may
mead
mean
mole
murder
nail
object
objective
order
park
peddle
pile
pitcher
play
point
pole
pound
pot
quarry
read
reign
remote
right
rock
rocket
rose
routed
routing
row
saw
seal
second
seek
serve
set
show
shower
sick
sign
sing
sink
spring
space
stalk
stall
stud
square
tank
tear
tender
tie
tire
trip
trunk
valence
valences
wave
watch
well
wind
wound
worsted
yard

tag: ol


document_title: List of Magic: The Gathering sets

question_text: when does the next magic the gathering set release

text: List of Magic: The Gathering sets

text: Base/core set editions[edit]

text: After the second version (Beta) of the first set, which contained two cards mistakenly excluded from the first version (Alpha), all subsequent base sets through 10th Edition consisted of cards that had been printed before in either the original base set or an expansion set. Alpha through Fifth Edition did not have set symbols printed on the actual cards, though those sets were retroactively given set symbols in Wizards of the Coast's official Gatherer[3] database of Magic cards.

text:
Set

Set symbol[3]

Set code[4][3]

Pre-release date

Release date

Size[3][5]

Total Cards

Common

Uncommon

Rare

Mythic Rare

Basic Land

Other

Limited Edition Alpha

None

LEA

none

August 5, 1993[6]

295[I]
74
95
116
—
10
—

Limited Edition Beta

None

LEB

none

October 1993[7]

302[I]
75
95
117
—
15
—

Unlimited Edition

None

2ED

none

December 1993[6]

302[I]
75
95
117
—
15
—

Revised Edition[II]

None

3ED

none

April 1994[8]

306
75
95
121
—
15
—

Fourth Edition

None

4ED

none

April 1995[9]

378
121
121
121
—
15
—

Fifth Edition

None / Roman-numeral five[III]

5ED

none

March 24, 1997[10]

449
165
132
132
—
20
—

Classic Sixth Edition

A Roman-numeral six

6ED

none

April 28, 1999[10]

350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Seventh Edition

A serif numeral seven

7ED

none

April 11, 2001[10]

350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Eighth Edition

The number eight superimposed over three fanned cards

8ED

none

July 28, 2003[11]

357
110
110
110
—
20
7[IV]

Ninth Edition

The number nine superimposed over three fanned cards

9ED

none

July 29, 2005[12]

359
110
110
110
—
20
9[IV]

Tenth Edition

A Roman-numeral ten

10E

none

July 13, 2007[13]

383
121
121
121
—
20
—

Magic 2010

"M10"

M10

July 11, 2009[14]

July 17, 2009[15]

249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Magic 2011

"M11"

M11

July 10, 2010[16]

July 16, 2010[16]

249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Magic 2012

"M12"

M12

July 9, 2011[17]

July 15, 2011[17]

249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Magic 2013

"M13"

M13

July 7, 2012[18]

July 13, 2012[18]

249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Magic 2014

"M14"

M14

July 13, 2013[19]

July 19, 2013[19]

249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Magic 2015

"M15"

M15

July 12, 2014[20]

July 18, 2014[20]

269
101
80[21]
53
15
20
15[IV]

Magic Origins

Planeswalker symbol breaking through the horizon

ORI

July 11, 2015[22]

July 17, 2015[22]

272

101
80
55
16
20
16[IV]

Core Set 2019

"M19"

M19

July 7, 2018

July 13, 2018[23]

280

111
80
53
16
20
—

tag: table

text: Expansion sets[edit]

text: Expansion sets from Ice Age to Rivals of Ixalan (with the exception of Homelands) came in groups called "blocks".  (From 1997–2008, Wizards of the Coast also used the term "cycle" when describing the associated storyline.) Blocks were cohesive products: they centered around one plane, followed a particular storyline, and contained cards and mechanics that supported both. Blocks generally consisted of one large "stand-alone" expansion set of 250–300 cards, followed by one or two small expansion sets of 150–200 cards which continue the themes introduced in the large set.  Like the base set, stand-alone expansion sets contain basic land cards; other expansion sets do not. Beginning with Alliances, expansion sets were given codenames while in development; the code names of the expansions of a cycle usually fit together to form a phrase or common theme.[24]  Starting with Mirage in 1996, blocks were officially refined in form: they would consist of three sets, large-small-small.  With Zendikar block in 2009, the traditional large-small-small block structure began to be varied, with some blocks including a second large set later in the block. Starting with the Battle for Zendikar block in 2015, the default structure of a block was changed to large-small, with each block consisting of only two sets and two blocks released per year.[25]

text: Ice Age and Alliances were the first two sets to have a well-defined relationship, but were not created as a canonical block at the time of printing. Also beginning with Alliances in June 1996, expansion sets were released in a regular pattern: the base sets were released in October with the small expansion sets being released in February and June (Alliances was originally the third set of the block; it was retroactively made a second set with the release of Coldsnap in 2006). With the exceptions of Stronghold, a 1998 set released in March rather than February, and Scourge, a 2003 set which was released in May rather than June, this pattern of months was never broken, over a 10-year period, until 2006, when Dissension was also released a month early in May instead of June, because of the July release of Coldsnap. The third set in a block has since been released in late April or early May.  From 2005–2015, there was a fourth release date each year in mid-July, usually reserved for Core Sets.  Other summer releases included Coldsnap and Eventide.[XXVI]

text: Fallen Empires was an experimental expansion in which most card have three or four different pieces of artwork. You could see them as 121 common cards, by art, or 36 cards by the text. It was also a major expansion in the idea of tribes, especially Goblins and Merfolk.

text: Most early expansion sets did not have exact release dates; they were just shipped out within the space of a week, and retailers could start selling them as soon as the sets were received. By the time of Alliances in 1996, however, release dates were set as Mondays (the earliest set with an exact Monday release date might possibly have preceded Alliances, but Alliances is the earliest set with a cited and confirmed Monday release date). Beginning with Mirrodin in 2003, the release dates were changed from Monday to Friday.  All sets beginning with Homelands[VI] also have a pre-release date, on which cards are sold in limited quantities in pre-release tournaments. These tournaments were formerly always held two weeks before the release date, but since Shards of Alara they are now held one week before the release date.

text: Premium foil cards have been inserted into booster packs since Urza's Legacy. Originally 1 foil card was inserted for every 100 cards. The ratio was changed to 1 in 70 cards with the Torment expansion. Beginning with Tenth Edition the rate was increased to 1 in 56 cards.[26]

text: Starting with Kaladesh block, sets sometimes also contain an entry in the Masterpiece Series.[27]

text: The block model has evolved as time went on. In addition to a formalized structure (which was occasionally variated on), Wizards began to have trouble developing small sets that satisfied their own quality standards. Players also reported fatigue at playing in the same environment for a year at a time. The decision to remove one small set from each block, as showcased in Battle For Zendikar block, was a result of this dissatisfaction. It culminated in the decision to delete small sets entirely: Since the conclusion of Ixalan block, all sets have been large-sized sets. However, not all large-size sets will involve travel to a new plane; some will be sequels to the set prior to it, if the depth of the plane's story and mechanics allows. Dominaria, released in 2018, was the first set under this model.[27]

text:
Set

Expansionsymbol[3]

Expansioncode[4][3]

Developmentcodename[24]

Pre-release date

Release date

Size[3][5]

TotalCards

Common

Uncommon

Rare

Mythic Rare

BasicLand

Other

Arabian Nights

A scimitar

ARN

Arabian Nights[28]

none

December 1993[29]

92[V]
41
19
32
—
1
—

Antiquities

An anvil

ATQ

Antiquities[28]

none

March 1994[30]

100[VI]
30
44
26
—
—
—

Legends

The capital of a Doric column

LEG

Legends[28]

none

June 1994[31]

310
75
114
121
—
—
—

The Dark

A thin crescent moon

DRK

The Dark [28]

none

August 1994[32]

119
40
44
35
—
—
—

Fallen Empires

A crown

FEM

Fallen Empires[28]

none

November 1994[33]

187[VII]
121
30
36
—
—
—

Homelands[IX]

The globe of Ulgrotha

HML

Homelands[28]

October 14, 1995[VII]

October 1995[34]

140[X]
71
27
42
—
—
—

Ice Age Block

Ice Age

A snowflake

ICE

Ice Age[28]

none[VII]

June 1995[35]

383
121
121
121
—
20
—

Alliances

A flowing banner

ALL

Quack[24]

May 18, 1996[36]

June 10, 1996[10]

199[XI]
110
43
46
—
—
—

Mirage Block

Mirage

A palm tree

MIR

Sosumi/Menagerie[24]

September 21, 1996[37][XXV]

October 7, 1996[10]

350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Visions

Zhalfirin Triangle of War/stylized "V"

VIS

Mirage Jr.[24]

January 11, 1997[38]

February 3, 1997[39]

167
62
55
50
—
—
—

Weatherlight

The Thran Tome, an open book

WTH

Mochalatte[24]

May 31, 1997[40]

June 9, 1997[10]

167
62
55
50
—
—
—

Rath Cycle or Tempest Block

Tempest

A storm cloud

TMP

Bogavhati[24]

October 4, 1997[41]

October 13, 1997[10]

350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Stronghold

A portcullis

STH

Rachimulot[24]

February 21, 1998[42]

March 2, 1998[10]

143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Exodus

A bridge

EXO

Gorgonzola[24]

June 6, 1998[43]

June 15, 1998[10]

143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Artifacts Cycle or Urza Block

Urza's Saga

Two gears

USG

Armadillo[24]

October 3, 1998[44]

October 12, 1998[45]

350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Urza's Legacy

A hammer

ULG

Guacamole[24]

February 6, 1999[46]

February 15, 1999[10]

143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Urza's Destiny

An Erlenmeyer flask

UDS

Chimichanga[24]

May 29, 1999[41]

June 7, 1999[47]

143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Masquerade Cycle or Masques Block

Mercadian Masques

A domino mask

MMQ

Archimedes[24]

September 25, 1999[48]

October 4, 1999[49]

350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Nemesis

The spiked halberd wielded by Crovax

NEM

Euripides[24]

February 5, 2000[50]

February 14, 2000[51]

143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Prophecy

Three crystals

PCY

Dionysus[24]

May 27, 2000

June 5, 2000[52]

143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Invasion Block

Invasion

The symbol of the Coalition[XII]

INV

Beijing[24]

September 23, 2000[41]

October 2, 2000[53]

350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Planeshift

A swirling portal

PLS

Hong Kong[24]

January 27, 2001[54]

February 5, 2001[54]

143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Apocalypse

The mask of Yawgmoth

APC

Shanghai[24]

May 26, 2001[55]

June 4, 2001

143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Odyssey Block

Odyssey

The Mirari on a twisted stand

ODY

Argon[24]

September 22, 2001[41]

October 1, 2001

350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Torment

An ouroboros

TOR

Boron[24]

January 26, 2002[56]

February 4, 2002[56]

143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Judgment

A balancing scale

JUD

Carbon[24]

May 18, 2002

May 27, 2002[57]

143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Onslaught Block

Onslaught

A four-legged "morph"[XIII] creature

ONS

Manny[24]

September 28, 2002[58]

October 7, 2002[58]

350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Legions

Two crossed spears behind a shield

LGN

Moe[24]

January 25, 2003[59]

February 3, 2003

145
55
45
45
—
—
—

Scourge

A dragon mask

SCG

Jack[24]

May 17, 2003[60]

May 26, 2003[60]

143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Mirrodin Block

Mirrodin

The Sword of Kaldra

MRD

Bacon[24]

September 20, 2003[61]

October 3, 2003[61]

306
110
88
88
—
20
—

Darksteel

The shield of Kaldra

DST

Lettuce[24]

January 24, 2004[62]

February 6, 2004[62]

165
55
55
55
—
—
—

Fifth Dawn

The helm of Kaldra

5DN

Tomato[24]

May 22, 2004[63]

June 4, 2004[64]

165
55
55
55
—
—
—

Kamigawa Block

Champions of Kamigawa

A torii gate

CHK

Earth[24]

September 18, 2004[65]

October 1, 2004[66]

306
110
88[XIV]
88
—
20
—

Betrayers of Kamigawa

A shuriken

BOK

Wind[24]

January 22, 2005[67]

February 4, 2005[66]

165
55
55
55
—
—
—

Saviors of Kamigawa

A Japanese-style lantern

SOK

Fire[24]

May 21, 2005[68]

June 3, 2005[66]

165
55
55
55
—
—
—

Ravnica Block

Ravnica: City of Guilds

A Gothic-style church tower

RAV

Control[69]

September 24, 2005[70]

October 7, 2005[71]

306
110
88
88
—
20
—

Guildpact

The seal of the Guildpact

GPT

Alt[69]

January 21, 2006[72]

February 3, 2006[72]

165
55
55
55
—
—
—

Dissension

The broken seal of the Guildpact

DIS

Delete[69]

April 22, 2006[73]

May 5, 2006[73]

180
60
60
60
—
—
—

Coldsnap

Coldsnap[IX]

A hanging trio of icicles

CSP

Splat[24]

July 8, 2006[74]

July 21, 2006[75]

155
60
55
40
—
—
—

Time Spiral Block

Time Spiral

An hourglass

TSP/TSB[XV]

Snap[69]

September 23, 2006[76]

October 6, 2006[76]

422[XV]
121
80
80
—
20
121

Planar Chaos

Stylized letters "PC" / Möbius strip

PLC

Crackle[69]

January 20, 2007[77]

February 2, 2007[77]

165[XV]
60
55
50
—
—
—

Future Sight

an eye gazing through a rift portal

FUT

Pop[69]

April 21, 2007[78]

May 4, 2007[78]

180[XV]
60
60
60
—
—
—

Lorwyn Block

Lorwyn

Elvish "leaf blade" with a serrated edge

LRW

Peanut[79]

September 29, 2007[80]

October 12, 2007[80]

301
121
80
80
—
20
—

Morningtide

Sunrise / A flame

MOR

Butter[79]

January 19, 2008[81]

February 1, 2008[81]

150
60
40
50
—
—
—

Shadowmoor Block[82]

Shadowmoor

Crown of the Reaper King

SHM

Jelly[79]

April 19, 2008[83]

May 2, 2008[83]

301
121
80
80
—
20
—

Eventide

Eclipsed sun

EVE

Doughnut[82]

July 12, 2008[84]

July 25, 2008[84]

180
60
60
60
—
—
—

Alara Block

Shards of Alara

5-part gem

ALA

Rock[85]

September 27, 2008[86]

October 3, 2008[87]

249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Conflux

5-shard shield

CON

Paper[85]

January 31, 2009[88]

February 6, 2009[88]

145

60
40
35
10
—
—

Alara Reborn

5-branched gem

ARB

Scissors[85]

April 25, 2009[89]

April 30, 2009[89]

145

60
40
35
10
—
—

Zendikar Block

Zendikar

A hedron

ZEN

Live[85]

September 26, 2009[90]

October 2, 2009[90]

249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Worldwake

A hedron opening

WWK

Long[85]

January 30, 2010[91]

February 5, 2010[91]

145
60
40
35
10
—
—

Rise of the Eldrazi

A hedron opened

ROE

Prosper[85]

April 17, 2010[92]

April 23, 2010[92]

248
100
60
53
15
20
—

Scars of Mirrodin Block

Scars of Mirrodin

Encircled hexplate with a smaller hex cut out

SOM

Lights[93]

September 25, 2010[94]

October 1, 2010[94]

249

101
60
53
15
20
—

Mirrodin Besieged

Mirran/Phyrexian symbols combined

MBS

Camera[93]

January 29, 2011[95]

February 4, 2011[95]

155

60
40
35
10
10
—

New Phyrexia

The letter Phi, the symbol of Phyrexia

NPH

Action[93]

May 7, 2011[96][97]

May 13, 2011[96][97]

175

60
60
35
10
10
—

Innistrad Block

Innistrad

Two stylized outward facing herons[98]

ISD[99]

Shake[93]

September 24, 2011[100]

September 30, 2011[100]

264[XXVII]

107
67
59
16
15
—

Dark Ascension

Innistrad symbol turned inward[101]

DKA[102]

Rattle[93]

January 28, 2012[102]

February 3, 2012[102]

158[XXVII]

64
44
38
12
—
—

Avacyn Restored

The collar of Avacyn

AVR[103]

Roll[93]

April 28, 2012[103]

May 4, 2012[103]

244

101
60
53
15
15
—

Return to Ravnica Block

Return to Ravnica

Symbol of the five guilds in set

RTR[104]

Hook[85][105]

September 29, 2012[104]

October 5, 2012[104]

274

101
80
53
15
25
—

Gatecrash

Pointed arch

GTC[106]

Line[85][105]

January 26, 2013[106]

February 1, 2013[106]

249

101
80
53
15
—
—

Dragon's Maze

Return to Ravnica and Gatecrash symbols combined[107]

DGM[107]

Sinker[85][105]

April 27, 2013[107]

May 3, 2013[107]

156[XXVIII]

70
40
35
11
—
—

Theros Block

Theros

Column and arcs

THS[108]

Friends[85][105]

September 21, 2013[108]

September 27, 2013[108]

249

101
60
53
15
20
—

Born of the Gods

Horns of Xenagos

BNG[109]

Romans[85][105]

February 1, 2014[109]

February 7, 2014[109]

165

60
60
35
10
—
—

Journey into Nyx

Horns of Xenagos and column

JOU[110]

Countrymen[85][105]

April 26, 2014[111]

May 2, 2014[110]

165

60
60
35
10
—
—

Khans of Tarkir Block

Khans of Tarkir

Two crossed scimitars in front of a shield

KTK[112]

Huey[113]

September 20, 2014[112]

September 26, 2014[112]

269

101
80
53
15
20
—

Fate Reforged

Two mirrored fangs

FRF[114]

Dewey[113]

January 17, 2015[114]

January 23, 2015[114]

185[XXIX]

70
60
35
10
10
—

Dragons of Tarkir

A shield in the shape of a dragon's face

DTK[115]

Louie[113]

March 21, 2015[115]

March 27, 2015[115]

264

101
80
53
15
15
—

Battle for Zendikar Block

Battle for Zendikar

A hedron with a "Z" crimp

BFZ[116]

Blood[117]

September 26, 2015[116]

October 2, 2015[116]

274[XXX]

101
80
53
15
25
—[XXX]

Oath of the Gatewatch

Kozilek blade projections

OGW[118]

Sweat[117]

January 16, 2016[118]

January 22, 2016[118]

184[XXX]

70
60
42[119]
12[119]
—
—[XXX]

Shadows over Innistrad Block

Shadows over Innistrad

Avacyn's collar deformed (in this case, upside-down)

SOI[120]

Tears[117]

April 2, 2016[120]

April 8, 2016[120]

297[XXXI]

105
100
59
18
15
—

Eldritch Moon

Silhouette of Emrakul

EMN [121]

Fears[25]

July 16, 2016[121]

July 22, 2016[121]

205[XXXI]

74
70

47
14[122]
—
—

Kaladesh Block

Kaladesh

Stylized vines

KLD

Lock[123]

September 24, 2016

September 30, 2016

264

101
80
53
15
15
—

Aether Revolt

Stylized blossom

AER

Stock[123]

January 14, 2017

January 20, 2017

184

70
60
42
12
—
—

Amonkhet Block

Amonkhet

Pyramid with floating top

AKH

Barrel[123]

April 22, 2017

April 28, 2017

269

101
80
53
15
20
—

Hour of Devastation

Horns of Nicol Bolas

HOU

Laughs[124]

July 8, 2017

July 14, 2017

199

70
60
42
12
15
—

Ixalan Block

Ixalan

Compass rose

XLN

Ham[125]

September 23, 2017

September 29, 2017

279

101
80
63
15
20
—

Rivals of Ixalan

Half compass rose with two Northern points

RIX[126]

Eggs[125]

January 13, 2018

January 19, 2018

196

70
60
48
13
5
—

Post-block sets[27]

Dominaria

Benalish shield[127]

DOM

Soup[128]

April 21, 2018

April 27, 2018

269

101
80
53
15
20
—

Guilds of Ravnica

A cityscape or crown with five elements

GRN

Spaghetti[129]

September 29, 2018

October 5, 2018

259

111
80
53
15
—
—

Ravnica Allegiance

unrevealed

RNA

Meatballs[129]

January 19, 2019

January 25, 2019

264

unrevealed

"Milk"

unrevealed

unrevealed

Milk[130]

c. Spring 2019

c. Spring 2019

unrevealed

"Archery"

unrevealed

unrevealed

Archery[131]

c. September 2019

c. September 2019

unrevealed

"Baseball"

unrevealed

unrevealed

Baseball[131]

c. January 2020

c. January 2020

unrevealed

"Cricket"

unrevealed

unrevealed

Cricket[132]

c. Spring 2020

c. Spring 2020

unrevealed

"Diving"

unrevealed

unrevealed

Diving[133]

c. September 2020

c. September 2020

unrevealed

"Equestrian"

unrevealed

unrevealed

Equestrian[134]

c. January 2021

c. January 2021

unrevealed

"Fencing"

unrevealed

unrevealed

Fencing[135]

c. Spring 2021

c. Spring 2021

unrevealed

text: Other sets[edit]

text: Introductory sets[edit]

text: These introductory sets were intended for novice Magic: The Gathering players. They were illegal in sanctioned tournaments until October 2005,[136] when they became legal in Legacy and Vintage.

text:
Set

Expansionsymbol[3]

Expansioncode[4][3]

Release date

Size[3][5]

Total Cards

Common

Uncommon

Rare

Mythic Rare

Basic Land

Other

Portal[XIX]

Portal

A portal

POR

June 1997[137]

222[XX]
90
57
55
—
20
—

Portal Second Age

A pentagon

P02

June 1998[138]

165
70
45
35
—
15
—

Portal Three Kingdoms

The Chinese character for the number 3

PTK

May 1999[139]

180
55
55
55
—
15
—

Starter

Starter 1999

A five-pointed star

S99

July 1999[140]

173
63
55
35
—
20
—

Starter 2000

None

S00

July 2000[141]

57[XXI]
39
6
2
—
10
—

Global Series

Global Series: Jiang Yanggu & Mu Yanling

A mountain

GS1

June 22, 2018

Two 60-card decks

text: Compilations/reprint sets[edit]

text: Reprint sets are sets of certain cards from previous sets that were re-released for different reasons. Some reasons include the cards were fan favorites and popular demand brought them back or in some cases, reprints were to commemorate certain events such as widely known matches or anniversary sets. Some reprint sets revolved around a certain theme; for example, Beatdown was themed around old, out-of-print, heavy-hitting creatures. Reprinting a card in one of these sets does not affect when it leaves Standard.

text: Deck Builder's Toolkits are released at the same time as a core set and contain only cards from sets that are legal in Standard at that time; they are not sets as such. These boxed sets therefore have no symbol or code of their own.

text:
Set

Expansion symbol[3]

Expansioncode[4][3]

Release date

Size[3][5]

Total Cards

Common

Uncommon

Rare

Mythic Rare

Basic Land

Other

Chronicles[XVII]

No specific symbol[XVIII]

CHR

July 1995[142]

125[XVII]
37
43
45
—
—
—

Rivals Quick Start Set

No specific symbol

none

July 1996[143]

Four pre-constructed decks

Multiverse Gift Box

No specific symbol

none

November 1996[144]

Boosters from various sets in various languages

Anthologies

No specific symbol

ATH

November 1998[145]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Battle Royale Box Set

No specific symbol

BRB

November 12, 1999[146]

Four 40-card pre-constructed decks

Beatdown Box Set

A mace

BTD

December 2000[147]

Two 61-card pre-constructed decks

Deckmasters: Garfield vs. Finkel

A stylized letter "D"

DKM

September 17, 2001[148]

Two 62-card pre-constructed decks

Premium Foil Booster

Alara block symbols

none

January 8, 2010[149]

539 foil cards from the Alara block[XXXV]

Duels of the Planeswalkers (decks)

A stylized letter "M" inside a circle

DPA

June 4, 2010[150]

Five 60-card decks

Modern Event Deck

Three-pronged object

MD1

May 30, 2014[151]

60-card deck, 15-card sideboard

International Sets

Renaissance (French/German)

No specific symbol

none

August 1995[142]

122
51
40
31
—
—
—

Rinascimento (Italian)

No specific symbol

none

August 1995[142]

69
?
?
?
—
—
—

Duel Decks

Duel Decks: Elves vs. Goblins

A stylized axe and bow combination symbol

EVG

November 16, 2007[152]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Jace vs. Chandra

A point-reflected pair of swooshes

DD2

November 7, 2008[153]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Divine vs. Demonic

A halo with horns coming up through its center

DDC

April 10, 2009[154]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Garruk vs. Liliana

A leaf inside a semicircle

DDD

October 30, 2009[155]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Phyrexia vs. the Coalition

Yawgmoth's and the Coalition's symbols combined

DDE

March 19, 2010[156]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Elspeth vs. Tezzeret

Two trapezoids with parts missing

DDF

September 3, 2010[157]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Knights vs. Dragons

A shield in the shape of a dragon in flight

DDG

April 1, 2011[158]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Ajani vs. Nicol Bolas

Nicol Bolas' horns superimposed on Ajani's axe-head

DDH

September 2, 2011[159]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Venser vs. Koth

Two nearly-interlocking zigzags

DDI

March 30, 2012[160]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Izzet vs. Golgari

Combination of Izzet and Golgari symbols

DDJ

September 7, 2012[161]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Sorin vs. Tibalt

Combination of stylized sword and devil horns

DDK

March 15, 2013[162]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Heroes vs. Monsters

Combination axe, helmet, and wings

DDL

September 6, 2013[163]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Jace vs. Vraska

Arcane symbol and gorgon tentacle

DDM

March 14, 2014[164]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Speed vs. Cunning

Winged eye

DDN

September 5, 2014[165]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks Anthology

No specific symbol

DD3

December 5, 2014[166]

A reprint of the first four Duel Deck sets

Duel Decks: Elspeth vs. Kiora

Godsend (Elspeth's spear) and waves

DDO

February 27, 2015[167]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Zendikar vs. Eldrazi

Half-hedron and Eldrazi tentacle

DDP

August 28, 2015[168]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Blessed vs. Cursed

Demon wing and half of Avacyn's collar

DDQ

February 26, 2016[169]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Nissa vs. Ob Nixilis

Hedron and horns

DDR

September 2, 2016[170]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Mind vs. Might

Stylized knotwork

DDS

March 31, 2017[171]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Merfolk vs. Goblins

Combined trident and axe heads

DDT

November 10, 2017[172]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Elves vs. Inventors

Bow and arrow superimposed on gear

DDU

April 6, 2018[173]

Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

From the Vault

From the Vault: Dragons

Wings of a Dragon

DRB

August 29, 2008[174]

15 limited foil dragon cards

From the Vault: Exiled

An arrow firing diagonally leaving a trail

V09

August 28, 2009[175]

15 limited foil formerly banned cards

From the Vault: Relics

An orb on a stand

V10

August 27, 2010[176]

15 limited foil artifact cards

From the Vault: Legends

A crown[177]

V11

August 26, 2011[177]

15 limited foil legendary creature cards

From the Vault: Realms

Mountain and sunrise

V12

August 31, 2012[178]

15 limited foil land cards

From the Vault: Twenty

Numeral 20 in a circle

V13

August 23, 2013[179]

20 limited foil cards

From the Vault: Annihilation

Stylized bomb or fractured orb

V14

August 22, 2014[180]

15 limited foil cards

From the Vault: Angels

Stylized angel wings

V15

August 21, 2015[181]

15 limited foil cards

From the Vault: Lore

Scroll unrolling to become castle tower

V16

August 19, 2016[182]

15 limited foil cards and one token

From the Vault: Transform

Dark planet with lighting on the top or bottom depending on which side of the card is viewed

V17

November 24, 2017[183]

15 limited foil double-faced cards

Signature Spellbook

Signature Spellbook: Jace

Spellbook

SS1

June 15, 2018[184]

9 cards

Premium Deck Series

Premium Deck Series: Slivers

A coiled sliver

H09

November 20, 2009[185]

60-card premium foil deck

Premium Deck Series: Fire and Lightning

A flame and lightning bolt

PD2

November 19, 2010[186]

60-card premium foil deck

Premium Deck Series: Graveborn

A human skull

PD3

November 18, 2011[187]

60-card premium foil deck

Masters Series

Modern Masters

A stylized City of Brass

MMA

June 7, 2013[188]

229[188]

101[189]

60[189]
53[189]
15[189]
—
—

Modern Masters 2015 Edition

The City of Brass symbol rotated and then mirrored

MM2

May 22, 2015[190]

249[190]
101
80
53
15
—
—

Eternal Masters

Unusually-shaped hourglass

EMA

June 10, 2016[191]

249[191]
101
80
53
15
—
—

Modern Masters 2017 Edition

Floating "U" over crown

MM3

March 17, 2017[192]

249[192]
101
80
53
15
—
—

Iconic Masters

Stylized letters I and M.

IMA

November 17, 2017[193]

249[193]
101
80
53
15
—
—

Masters 25

The number 25 over the planeswalker symbol

A25

March 16, 2018[194]

249[193]
101
80
53
15
—
—

Deck Builder's Toolkits

Deck Builder's Toolkit

"M10"

w10

May 21, 2010[195]

Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (Refreshed Version)

"M11"

w11

March 11, 2011[195]

Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (2012 Edition)

"M12"

w12

July 13, 2012

Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (2014 Core Set Edition)

"M14"

w14

July 19, 2013

Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (2015 Core Set Edition)

"M15"

w15

July 18, 2014

Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (Magic Origins Edition)

Planeswalker symbol breaking through the horizon

ORI

July 17, 2015

Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (Shadows over Innistrad Edition)

Star with trail and "16"

w16

April 8, 2016

Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (Amonkhet Edition)

Star with trail and "17"

w17

April 28, 2017

Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (Ixalan Edition)

Star with trail and "17"

w17

September 29, 2017

Box set of 285 cards

(Holiday) Gift Boxes

2012 Holiday Gift Box

N/A

N/A

November 16, 2012[196]

4 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Return to Ravnica (Dreg Mangler), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

2013 Holiday Gift Box

N/A

N/A

November 15, 2013[197]

4 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Theros (Karametra's Acolyte), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

2014 Holiday Gift Box

N/A

N/A

November 14, 2014[198]

4 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Khans of Tarkir (Sultai Charm), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

2015 Holiday Gift Box

N/A

N/A

November 6, 2015[199]

5 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Battle for Zendikar (Scythe Leopard), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

Shadows over Innistrad: The Gift Box

N/A

N/A

May 13, 2016 [200]

5 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Shadows over Innistrad (Ravenous Bloodseeker), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

Kaladesh: The Gift Box

N/A

N/A

N/A

5 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Kaladesh (Chief of the Foundry), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

text: Masterpiece Series[edit]

text: Starting with the Kaladesh block, some sets include the Masterpiece Series. Wizards of the coast has stated "the Masterpiece Series... began with Zendikar Expeditions".[201] They were retroactively added with the announcement of Kaladesh Inventions.[201] Cards in the Masterpiece Series appear at a higher rarity than Mythic Rares, and consist of either reprints, or cards from the set whose packs they appear in.  However, they are not considered part of that set, and instead get their own expansion symbol; moreover, as with reprint sets (see below), printing in a Masterpiece Series entry does not affect format legality. Note that entries in the Masterpiece Series do not have expansion codes, except for Zendikar Expeditions, which has code "EXP".

text: The Guilds of Ravnica Mythic Edition is a package that is sold exclusively on Hasbro's website. It contains 24 Guilds of Ravnica packs, 8 of which contain a predetermined Masterpiece card.

text:
Block/set

Set

Expansion symbol[3]

Release Date

Total Cards

Cards in first set

Cards in second set

Battle for Zendikar

Zendikar Expeditions

Hedron with base

September 26, 2015

45

25

20

Kaladesh

Kaladesh Inventions

Stylized column or letter π

September 24, 2016

54

30

24

Amonkhet

Amonkhet Invocations

Nicol Bolas' head shape

April 28, 2017

54

30

24

Guilds of Ravnica

Guilds of Ravnica Mythic Edition

Planeswalker symbol in front of a shield

October 3, 2018

8

8

---

text: Multiplayer-focused sets[edit]

text: Starting with Planechase in 2009, Wizards of the Coast has occasionally printed sets intended primarily for multiplayer play, which do not necessarily consist entirely of reprints but are not legal in Standard; a card printed in one of these is legal only in Eternal formats, and reprinting a card in one of these sets does not affect when it leaves Standard.  These sets usually consist of fixed decks.

text:
Set

Expansion symbol[3]

Expansioncode[4][3]

Release date

Size[3][5]

New cards

Total Cards

Common

Uncommon

Rare

Mythic Rare

Basic Land

Other

Planechase

Planechase

Two circular arcs, the lower with three upper spikes

HOP

September 4, 2009[202]

Four 60-card decks + 40 plane cards

0

Planechase 2012 Edition

Two circular arcs, the upper with three bites removed from bottom

PC2

June 1, 2012[203]

Four 60-card decks and 40 plane or phenomenon cards

21

Planechase Anthology

Two circular arcs, the upper with five upper spikes

PCA

November 25, 2016[204]

Four 60-card decks and 86 plane or phenomenon cards

0

Archenemy

Archenemy

A trident

ARC

June 18, 2010[205]

Four decks, each with 60 cards and 20 oversized scheme cards
0

Archenemy: Nicol Bolas

Nicol's horns with orb

E01

June 16, 2017[206]

Four 60-card decks, four planeswalker cards, and one 20-card scheme deck
0

Commander

Commander

Three prongs symbolizing the "wedge" coloration

CMD

June 17, 2011[207]

Five 100-card decks each with 3 oversized foil Commander cards

51

Commander's Arsenal

3-part gem

CM1

November 2, 2012[208]

28 foil cards (18 regular, 10 oversized)

0

Commander 2013 Edition

3-part gem with hooks

C13

November 1, 2013[209]

Five 100-card decks each with 3 oversized foil Commander cards

51

Commander 2014

Shield-shaped 3-part gem

C14

November 7, 2014[210]

Five 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card

61

Commander 2015

2-part shield

C15

November 13, 2015[211]

Five 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card

56

Commander 2016

Bisected shield

C16

November 11, 2016[212]

Five 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card

56

Commander Anthology

Shield with crown

CMA

June 9, 2017[213]

Four 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card

0

Commander 2017

Shield with 4 parts

C17

August 25, 2017[214]

Four 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card

56

Commander Anthology Volume II

Shield and swords upon a amphora

CM2

June 8, 2018[215]

Four 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card

0

Commander 2018

Shield with horizontal lightning bolt symbol

C18

August 10, 2018[216]

Four 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card

59

Conspiracy

Conspiracy

Seal

CNS

June 6, 2014[217]

210[XXXII]

89
68
43
10
—
—

65

Conspiracy: Take the Crown

Seal of the Black Rose

CN2

August 26, 2016[218]

221[218]

90
67
50
14
—
—

80

Other sets

Explorers of Ixalan

Ship's wheel

E02

November 24, 2017[219]

Four 60-card decks and various game components

0

Battlebond

Two connected figures in front of a diamond shape

BBD[220]

June 8, 2018[221]

254[221]

85

text: Non-DCI-sanctioned-tournament-play-legal sets[edit]

text: These sets, though also published by Wizards of the Coast, are not legal for DCI-sanctioned tournament play.

text:
Set

Expansion symbol[3]

Expansioncode[4][3]

Pre-release date

Release date

Size[3][5]

Total Cards

Common

Uncommon

Rare

Mythic Rare

Basic Land

Other

Collector's Edition[222]

no symbol[XXXIII]

CED

none

December 1993[223]

363
75
95
117
—
76
—

International Collector's Edition

no symbol[XXXIV]

CED

none

December 1993[223]

363
75
95
117
—
76
—

Astral[XXII]

star with a trail

none

none

April 1997[224]

12
—
—
—
—
—
—

Un-sets[XXIII]

Unglued

A cracked-open egg

UGL

August 7, 1998[41]

August 17, 1998

88
33
22
28
—
5
—

Unhinged

A horseshoe

UNH

November 20, 2004[225]

November 19, 2004[225]

141
55
40
40
—
5
1[XXIV]

Unstable

A wrench with an acorn-shaped hole

UST

none

December 8, 2017

268[XXXVI][226]

102[XXXVI]
90[XXXVI]
61[XXXVI]
15
5
—

Pro Tour/World Championship Decks

Pro Tour Collector Set Inaugural Edition

No specific symbol

none

none

May 1996

Eight 60-card pre-constructed decks (720 cards total due to sideboards and additional inserts)

World Championship Decks 1997

No specific symbol

none

none

1997[227]

Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 1998

No specific symbol

none

none

1998[227]

Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 1999

No specific symbol

none

none

1999[228]

Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 2000

No specific symbol

none

none

2000[228]

Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 2001

No specific symbol

none

none

2001[228]

Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 2002

No specific symbol

none

none

2002[228]

Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 2003

No specific symbol

none

none

2003[228]

Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 2004

No specific symbol

none

none

2004[228]

Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

text: Magic: The Gathering Online exclusive sets[edit]

text: These sets are exclusive to Magic: The Gathering Online.

text:
Set

Expansionsymbol[3]

Expansioncode[4][3]

Release date

Size[3][5]

Total Cards

Common

Uncommon

Rare

Mythic Rare

Basic Land

Other

Masters Editions

Masters Edition

A circle and a quarter-circle

MED

September 10, 2007[229]

195
60
60
60
—
15
—

Masters Edition II

A circle and two quarter-circles

ME2

September 22, 2008[230]

245
80
80
80
—
5
—

Masters Edition III

A circle behind two quarter-circles

ME3

September 7, 2009[231]

230
75
70
70
—
15
—

Masters Edition IV

4 quarter-circles forming an hourglass

ME4

January 10, 2011[232]

269
80
72
105
—
12
—

Vintage Masters

Helmet with a V-shaped pattern

VMA

June 16, 2014[233]

325
101
80
105
30
—
9

Tempest Remastered

Arch broken by lightning bolt

TPR

May 6, 2015[234]

269
101
80
53
15
20
—

Magic: The Gathering Online Deck Series

Magic Online Deck Series: Legacy Format

No specific symbol

N/A

November 8, 2010[235]

Two 60-card decks with 15 card sideboards

Momir Vig Basic Event Deck

No specific symbol

N/A

November 22, 2010[236]

Deck with 1 avatar card & 60 basic lands

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: The Notebook

question_text: where did the movie the notebook take place

text: The Notebook

text: Plot[edit]

text: At a modern-day nursing home, an elderly man, Duke, reads a romantic story from his notebook to a fellow patient.

text: In 1940, Seabrook Island, South Carolina, Noah Calhoun is smitten with 17 year old heiress Allison "Allie" Hamilton after seeing her at a carnival, and they have a summer love affair. Noah takes Allie to an abandoned house that he intends to buy for them. They try to make love, but are interrupted by Noah's friend Fin with the news that Allie's parents have the police looking for her.

text: When Allie and Noah return to her parents' mansion, Allie's mother Anne calls Noah trash and they ban her from seeing Noah. Noah walks out and Allie chases after him. The ensuing argument between the two ends in a break up and the next morning, Anne announces that the family is returning home to Charleston. Allie attempts to contact Noah, but is unable to find him, so she asks Fin to tell Noah that she loves him. When Noah gets the message he rushes to Allie's home, only to find the house empty.

text: Noah writes to Allie every day for a year but Anne intercepts the letters and they never reach Allie. Noah enlists with Fin to fight in World War II, where Fin is killed in battle. Allie volunteers in a hospital for wounded soldiers, where she meets officer Lon Hammond Jr., a young lawyer who comes from old Southern money. The two become engaged, to the delight of Allie's parents.

text: When Noah returns from the war, his father has sold their home so that Noah can buy the abandoned house. While visiting Charleston, Noah witnesses Allie and Lon kissing at a restaurant; he convinces himself that if he restores the house, Allie will come back to him. Allie is startled to read in the newspaper that Noah has completed the house to the specifications she made years before.

text: Allie returns to Seabrook to find Noah living in the restored house. The two renew their relationship and make love. In the morning, Anne appears on Noah's doorstep, warning Allie that Lon has followed her to Seabrook. Anne reveals that in her youth she had been in love with a lower-class young man and still thinks of him. He admits that he has often thought of her as well. She then gives Allie the letters that Noah wrote to her, admitting that she hid them from Allie. Allie confesses to Lon that she has been spending time with Noah, and tells him she knows she should be with him, but she remains indecisive. Ultimately, she goes back to her relationship with Noah.

text: In the present, it is revealed that the elderly woman is Allie, who is suffering from dementia. Duke is actually Noah, and was told by Allie during the onset of her illness to reread their journals to help her remember. She briefly remembers who he is and they reconcile, but soon forgets and panics, forcing medical personnel to sedate her. Noah has a heart attack and is sent to the hospital while Allie is sent to a dementia ward in the hospital. He visits her room in the middle of the night, and she remembers him again, expressing that she may forget again. Noah reassures her that they can do anything with the love they share, and fall asleep together in Allie's bed, dying in their sleep with a nurse discovering them in the morning.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Rachel McAdams as Allison "Allie" Hamilton
Ryan Gosling as Noah Calhoun
James Garner as Old Noah Calhoun / "Duke"
Gena Rowlands as Old Allie Calhoun (née Hamilton)
Joan Allen as Anne Hamilton
James Marsden as Lon Hammond, Jr.
Jamie Brown as Martha Shaw
Sam Shepard as Frank Calhoun
David Thornton as John Hamilton
Kevin Connolly as Fin
Heather Wahlquist as Sara Tuffington
Ed Grady as Harry
Obba Babatunde as Bandleader
Mark Johnson as Photographer
Starletta DuPois as Nurse Esther
William Sattelberg as Ryan Gosling's stunt double

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The film rights to Nicholas Sparks's novel were acquired by New Line Cinema in 1996, represented by producer Mark Johnson.[8] Jeremy Leven was hired to write the script, which caught the attention of director Steven Spielberg in 1998,[9] who wished to film it with Tom Cruise as Noah Calhoun.[10] Spielberg's commitment to other projects led to Jim Sheridan becoming attached to direct the following year. Filming was to start in 1999 but pushed back over rewrites.[11] Sheridan eventually backed out by October 2000 to work on In America.[12] Martin Campbell entered negotiations to direct in March 2001,[10] before he was replaced by Nick Cassavetes a year later.[13]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Cassavetes wanted someone unknown and "not handsome" to portray Noah; he therefore cast Ryan Gosling in the role.[14] Gosling was initially surprised by this: "I read [the script] and I thought, 'He's crazy. I couldn't be more wrong for this movie.' "[15] "It gave me an opportunity to play a character over a period of time - from 1940 to 1946 - that was quite profound and formative."[16] To prepare for the part, Gosling temporarily moved to Charleston, South Carolina prior to filming. During two months, he rowed the Ashley River and made furniture.[17] A nationwide search was conducted to find the right actress to play Allie. Actresses who auditioned for the role included Jessica Biel,[18] Britney Spears,[19] Ashley Judd, and Reese Witherspoon,[20] and Rachel McAdams was ultimately cast.[16] On casting her, Cassavetes said: "When Rachel McAdams came in and read, it was apparent that she was the one. She and Ryan had great chemistry between them." She commented: "I thought it would be a dream to be able to do it. I read the script and went into the audition just two days later. It was a good way to do it, because I was very full of the story."[21] Gosling commented that, "I think that it's pretty fair to say that we probably wouldn't have made the film if we hadn't found Rachel...Really, Allie drives the movie. It's her movie and we're in it. It all kind of depended on an actress."[22] In comparison to the book, the role was extended.[23] McAdams spent time in Charleston before filming to familiarize herself with the surroundings,[24] and took ballet and etiquette classes.[25] She had a dialect coach to learn the southern accent.[26]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The Notebook was filmed mostly on location in South Carolina, in late 2002 and early 2003, as well as the wintery battlefield just outside Montreal, Quebec.[16][27] Production offices for the film were set up at the old Charleston Naval Base in North Charleston.[28]

text: Much of the film's plot takes place in and around Seabrook Island, an actual town which is one of the South Carolina "sea islands." It is located 20 miles southwest of Charleston, South Carolina. However, none of the filming took place in the Seabrook area. The house that Noah is seen fixing up is a private residence at Wadmalaw Island, South Carolina,[29] which is another "sea island" locality situated 10 miles closer to Charleston. The house was not actually in a dilapidated state at any time, but it was made to look that way by special effects in the first half of the film. Contrary to the suggestion in the film's dialogue, neither the house nor the Seabrook area was home to South Carolina Revolutionary hero Francis Marion, whose plantation was actually located some distance northwest of Charleston.[30] The Boone Hall Plantation served as Allie's summer house.[29]

text: Many of the scenes set in Seabrook were filmed in the town of Mt. Pleasant, (a suburb of Charleston). Others were filmed in Charleston and in Edisto Island. The lake scenes were filmed at Cypress Gardens (in Moncks Corner, South Carolina)[29] with trained birds that were brought in from elsewhere.[31]

text: The nursing home scenes were filmed at Rice Hope Plantation,[32] located in Georgetown County, South Carolina. The college depicted briefly in the film is identified in the film as Sarah Lawrence College, but the campus that is seen is actually the College of Charleston.[29]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film premiered June 25, 2004, in the United States and Canada and grossed $13,464,745 in 2,303 theaters its opening weekend, ranking number 4 at the box office.[33] The film grossed a total of $115,603,229 worldwide, $81,001,787 in Canada and the United States and $34,601,442 in other countries.[2] It is the 15th highest-grossing romantic drama film of all time.[34]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Notebook received a mixed reaction from film critics. Based on 155 reviews on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 52% of critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 5.7/10 and the website's consensus stating "It's hard not to admire its unabashed sentimentality, but The Notebook is too clumsily manipulative to rise above its melodramatic clichés."[35] At Metacritic, which assigns an average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film currently holds an average score of 53, based on 34 reviews, which indicates "mixed or average reviews."[36]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised the film, awarding it three-and-a-half stars out of four, calling the photography "striking in its rich, saturated effects" and stating that the "actors are blessed by good material."[37] Peter Lowry of Film Threat gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of five; praising the performances of both Gosling and McAdams, he wrote: "Gosling and especially McAdams give all-star performances, doing just enough to hand the reins over to the pros, who take what's left of the film and finish the audience off with some touching scenes that don't leave a dry eye in the house." About the film itself he added: "Overall, The Notebook is a surprisingly good film that manages to succeed where many other "chick flick" like romances fail."[38]

text: Stephen Holden of The New York Times gave the film a positive review, stating that "the scenes between the young lovers confronting adult authority have the same seething tension and lurking hysteria that the young Warren Beatty and Natalie Wood brought more than 40 years ago to their roles in Splendor in the Grass."[39] Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post also gave the film a positive review, she also praised the performances of Gosling and McAdams, stating: "Never mind that McAdams and Gosling don't for a minute call to mind 1940s America; they're both suitably attractive and appealing. Gosling, who delivered a searing and largely unseen screen debut performance in the 2001 drama The Believer, is particularly convincing as a young man who charms his way past a girl's strongest defenses." About the film, she added: "Audiences craving big, gooey over-the-top romance have their must-see summer movie in The Notebook."[40] William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer praised the performance of McAdams but criticized the performance of Gosling, stating that he "just doesn't have the kind of star power or chemistry with McAdams to anchor this kind of minor-league Gone with the Wind." He also added about the film that it "doesn't completely work on its own terms, mainly because its romantic casting just doesn't spark: It doesn't make us fall in love with its lovers."[41] Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe gave the film two-and-a-half stars, praising the performances of its cast members, writing about McAdams that "she's soulfully committed to the suds in the story and fiercely attentive to the other actors". He added about Gosling: "Gosling is adept at playing sociopaths and intense brooders, and there's reason to think, early on, that Noah might be similarly off, as when he threatens to drop from a Ferris wheel unless Allie agrees to go on a date with him." About the film, he wrote: "Considering the sunny, relatively pleasurable romantic business that precedes it, the elderly stuff seems dark, morbid, and forced upon us."[42]

text: Jessica Winter of The Village Voice gave the film a mixed review, stating: "Amid the sticky-sweet swamp of Jeremy Leven's script, Rowlands and Garner emerge spotless and beatific, lending a magnanimous credibility to their scenes together. These two old pros slice cleanly through the thicket of sap-weeping dialogue and contrivance, locating the terror and desolation wrought by the cruel betrayals of a failing mind."[43] Robert Koehler of Variety magazine also gave the film a mixed review, he however, praised the performances, writing that "already one of the most intriguing young thesps, Gosling extends his range to pure romance without sacrificing a bit of his naturally subversive qualities, and even seems comfortable looking beautiful in a manly American way. The head-turner is McAdams, doing such a different perf from her top bitch in Mean Girls that it's hard to tell it's the same actor. She skillfully carries much of the film's emotional weight with a free and easy manner."[44]

text: In June 2010, Entertainment Weekly included Allie and Noah in its list of the "100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years."[45] The periodical listed The Notebook in their 25 Sexiest Movies Ever.[46] Us Weekly included the film in their list of the 30 Most Romantic Movies of All Time.[47] Boston.com ranked the film the third Top Romantic Movie.[48] The Notebook appeared on Moviefone's list of the 25 Best Romance Movies of All Time.[49] Marie Claire also put the film on its list of the 12 Most Romantic Movie Scenes of All Time.[50] In 2011, The Notebook was named the best chick-flick during ABC News and People's television special Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time.[51] The scene where Noah climbs the Ferris Wheel because he wants a date with Allie made the list of Total Film's 50 Most Romantic Movie Moments of All Time.[52] The kiss in the rain was ranked no. 4 in Total Film's 50 Best Movie Kisses list.[53]154

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

2004
Golden Trailer Awards[54]
Best Romance

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[55]
Choice Movie of the Summer

Nominated

Choice Breakout Movie Star
Rachel McAdams
Nominated

2005
Artios Awards[56]
Outstanding Achievement in Casting – Feature Film, Drama
Matthew Barry and Nancy Green-Keyes
Nominated

Golden Satellite Awards[55]
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Gena Rowlands
Won

MTV Movie Awards[57]
Best Female Performance
Rachel McAdams
Nominated

Best Kiss
Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling
Won

Screen Actors Guild Awards[58]
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role
James Garner
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[59]
Choice Movie Drama

Won

Choice Date Movie

Won

Choice Movie Actor – Drama
Ryan Gosling
Won

Choice Movie Actress – Drama
Rachel McAdams
Won

Choice Movie Breakout Performance – Male
Ryan Gosling
Won

Choice Movie Chemistry
Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling
Won

Choice Movie Liplock
Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling
Won

Choice Movie Love Scene
Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling
Won

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Notebook was released on DVD on February 8, 2005 and Blu-ray on May 4, 2010.[60] By February 2010, the film had sold over 11 million copies on DVD.[61]

text: Music[edit]

text: The soundtrack to The Notebook was released on June 8, 2004.

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Main Title"
Aaron Zigman
2:49

2.
"Overture"
Aaron Zigman
6:16

3.
"I'll Be Seeing You"
Billie Holiday
3:33

4.
"Alabamy Home"
Duke Ellington
3:02

5.
"Allie Returns"
Aaron Zigman
5:07

6.
"House Blues / The Porch Dance / The Proposal / The Carnival"
Aaron Zigman
8:04

7.
"Noah's Journey"
Aaron Zigman
6:03

8.
"Always And Always"
Benny Goodman & His Orchestra
3:17

9.
"A String of Pearls"
Glenn Miller & His Orchestra
3:16

10.
"On The Lake"
Aaron Zigman
5:39

11.
"Diga Diga Doo"
Rex Stewart And The Ellingtonians
4:16

12.
"One O'Clock Jump"
Benny Goodman & His Orchestra
3:15

13.
"I'll Be Seeing You"
Jimmy Durante
3:13

14.
"Noah's Last Letter"
Aaron Zigman
4:32

15.
"Our Love Can Do Miracles"
Aaron Zigman
4:31

Total length:
66:53[62]

text: Television series[edit]

text: On August 11, 2015, it was reported that a television series is in development by The CW.[63] The series will follow Noah and Allie's courtship following the events of the film, and in a post-WWII world.


document_title: Timeline of HIV/AIDS

question_text: when was hiv first identified in the united states

text: Timeline of HIV/AIDS

text: Researchers estimate that some time in the early 1900s a form of simian immunodeficiency virus, SIV, was transmitted to humans in central Africa.[1] This particular virus, group M of HIV-1, went on to become the pandemic strain of HIV, though others have been identified.[2]

text: Scientists estimate that HIV was circulating in Kinshasa by the 1920s.[1][medical citation needed]

text:
The first known case of HIV in a human occurs in a man who died in the Congo, later (from his preserved blood samples) confirmed as having HIV infection.[3][4] The authors of the study did not sequence a full virus from his samples, writing that "attempts to amplify HIV-1 fragments of >300 base pairs (bp) were unsuccessful ... However, after numerous attempts, four shorter sequences were obtained"; these represented small portions of two of the six genes of the complete HIV genome.[4]
June 28, in New York City, Ardouin Antonio, a 49-year-old Haitian shipping clerk dies of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a disease closely associated with AIDS. Gordon Hennigar, who performed the postmortem examination of the man's body, found "the first reported instance of unassociated Pneumocystis carinii disease in an adult" to be so unusual that he preserved Ardouin's lungs for later study. The case was published in two medical journals at the time,[5][6] and Hennigar has been quoted in numerous publications saying that he believes Ardouin probably had AIDS.[7][8][9][10]

text: HIV-2, a viral variant found in West Africa, is thought to have transferred to people from sooty mangabey[11] monkeys in Guinea-Bissau.

text: Jerome Horwitz of Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Wayne State University School of Medicine synthesize AZT under a grant from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). AZT was originally intended as an anticancer drug.

text: Genetic studies of the virus indicate that, in or about 1966, HIV first arrived in the Americas, infecting one person in Haiti. At this time, many Haitians were working in Congo, providing the opportunity for infection.[12][medical citation needed]

text: A 2003 analysis of HIV types found in the United States, compared to known mutation rates, suggests that the virus may have first arrived in the United States in this year.[13][medical citation needed]{ The disease spread from the 1966 American strain, but remained unrecognized for another 12 years.[12][medical citation needed] This is, however, contradicted by the estimated area of time of initial infection of Robert Rayford who was most likely infected around 1959.

text: A St. Louis teenager, identified as Robert Rayford, dies of an illness that baffles his doctors. Eighteen years later, molecular biologists at Tulane University in New Orleans test samples of his remains and find evidence of HIV.[14]

text: The daughter of Arvid Noe dies in January 1975.

text: Norwegian sailor Arvid Noe dies; it is later determined that he contracted HIV/AIDS in Africa during the early 1960s.

text:
Danish physician Grethe Rask dies of AIDS contracted in Africa.
A San Francisco prostitute gives birth to the first of three children who were later diagnosed with AIDS. The children's blood was tested after their deaths and revealed an HIV infection. The mother died of AIDS in May 1987. Test results show she was infected no later than 1977.[15][medical citation needed]

text: A Portuguese man known as Senhor José (English: Mr. Joseph) dies; he will later be confirmed as the first known infection of HIV-2. It is believed that he was exposed to the disease in Guinea-Bissau in 1966.[citation needed]

text:
An early case of AIDS in the United States was of a female baby born in New Jersey in 1973 or 1974. She was born to a sixteen-year-old girl, an identified drug-injector, who had previously had multiple male sexual partners. The baby died in 1979 at the age of five. Subsequent testing on her stored tissues confirmed that she had contracted HIV-1.[16][17][unreliable medical source?]
Herbert Heinrich: Bisexual German concert violinist who died in 1979. Tests in 1989 found that he was HIV-positive, and there has been speculation that he was infected by a prostitute who was infected by Arvid Noe, but as of 1997, this had not been proven.[8][medical citation needed]
A thirty-year-old woman from the Dominican Republic dies at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City from CMV infection.

text:
April 24, San Francisco resident Ken Horne is reported to the Center for Disease Control with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), later in 1981 the CDC would retroactively identify him as the first patient of the AIDS epidemic in the US. He was also suffering from Cryptococcus.[18][medical citation needed]
A 36-year-old Danish gay male passes away in the Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen from Pneumocystis pneumonia.[19][medical citation needed]
October 31, French-Canadian flight attendant Gaëtan Dugas pays his first known visit to New York City bathhouses.[20][medical citation needed]
December 23, Rick Wellikoff, a Brooklyn schoolteacher, dies of AIDS in New York City. He is the 4th US citizen known to die from the illness.[21][medical citation needed]
A Zairian woman and a French woman die in late 1980 of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in the Claude Bernard Hospital in Paris.[22][medical citation needed]

text:
May 18, Lawrence Mass becomes the first journalist in the world to write about the epidemic, in the New York Native, a gay newspaper. A gay tipster overheard his physician mention that some gay men were being treated in intensive-care units in New York City for a strange pneumonia. "Disease Rumors Largely Unfounded" was the headline of Mass's article.[23] Mass repeated a New York City public-health official's claims that there was no wave of disease sweeping through the gay community. At this point, however, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) had been gathering information for about a month on the outbreak that Mass's source dismissed.[citation needed]
June 5, The CDC reports a cluster of Pneumocystis pneumonia in five gay men in Los Angeles.[24]
July 3, An article in The New York Times carries the headline: "Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals". The article describes cases of Kaposi's sarcoma found in forty-one gay men in New York City and San Francisco.[25]
July 4, The CDC reports clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among gay men in California and New York City.[26]
September, "AIDS poster boy" Bobbi Campbell becomes the 16th person in San Francisco diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma.[27][better source needed]
October, first reported case in Spain, a 35-year-old gay man.[28][medical citation needed] Died shortly after.
December 12, First known case reported in the United Kingdom.[29]
One of the first reported patients to have died of AIDS (presumptive diagnosis) in the US is reported in the journal Gastroentereology. Louis Weinstein, the treating physician, wrote that "Immunologic incompetence, related to either disease or therapy, or both ... although suspected, could not be proved..."[30]
By the end of the year, 121 people are known to have died from the disease.[13][medical citation needed]

text:
January, the service organization Gay Men's Health Crisis is founded by Larry Kramer and others in New York City.
April 12, Golden Globe-nominated film actor Lenny Baker succumbs to AIDS-related cancer at the age of 37. Baker had been gravely ill and in the final stage of the disease since 1980.[31]
June 18, "Exposure to some substance (rather than an infectious agent) may eventually lead to immunodeficiency among a subset of the homosexual male population that shares a particular style of life."[32] For example, Marmor et al. recently reported that exposure to amyl nitrite was associated with an increased risk of KS in New York City.[33] Exposure to inhalant sexual stimulants, central-nervous-system stimulants, and a variety of other "street" drugs was common among males belonging to the cluster of cases of KS and PCP in Los Angeles and Orange counties."[32]
July 4, Terry Higgins becomes one of the first people to die of AIDS-related illnesses in the United Kingdom, prompting the foundation in November of what was to become the Terrence Higgins Trust.[34]
July 9, The CDC reports a cluster of opportunistic infections (OI) and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians recently entering the United States.[1]
July 27, The term AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is proposed at a meeting in Washington of gay-community leaders, federal bureaucrats and the CDC to replace GRID (gay-related immune deficiency) as evidence showed it was not gay specific.[35]
Summer, First known case in Italy.[36]
September 24, The CDC defines a case of AIDS as a disease, at least moderately predictive of a defect in cell-mediated immunity, occurring in a person with no known cause for diminished resistance to that disease. Such diseases include KS, PCP, and serious OI. Diagnoses are considered to fit the case definition only if based on sufficiently reliable methods (generally histology or culture). Some patients who are considered AIDS cases on the basis of diseases only moderately predictive of cellular immunodeficiency may not actually be immunodeficient and may not be part of the current epidemic.[37]
December 10, a baby in California becomes ill in the first known case of contracting AIDS from a blood transfusion.[20][medical citation needed]
First known case in Brazil.[38][medical citation needed]
First known case in Canada.[39]
First known case in Australia, diagnosed at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney.[40]

text:
January, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, isolates a retrovirus that kills T-cells from the lymph system of a gay AIDS patient. In the following months, she would find it in additional gay and hemophiliac sufferers. This retrovirus would be called by several names, including LAV and HTLV-III before being named HIV in 1986.[41][medical citation needed]
CDC National AIDS Hotline is established.
March, United States Public Health Service (PHS or USPHS) issues donor screening guidelines. AIDS high-risk groups should not donate blood/plasma products.
First known case in Colombia A female sexual worker from Cali was diagnosed with HIV in the Hospital Universitario de Cartagena[42]
First AIDS-related death occurs in Australia, in the city of Melbourne. The Hawke Labor government invests in a significant campaign that has been credited with ensuring Australia has one of the lowest HIV infection rates in the world.
AIDS is diagnosed in Mexico for the first time. HIV can be traced in the country to 1981.[43][medical citation needed]
The PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technique is developed by Kary Mullis; it is widely used in AIDS research.
Within a few days of each other, the musicians Jobriath and Klaus Nomi become the first internationally known recording artists to die from AIDS-related illnesses.
First known case in Portugal.[44]

text:
Around January, the first case of HIV infection in the Philippines was reported.[45][medical citation needed]
Gaëtan Dugas passes away due to AIDS-related illnesses. He was a French Canadian flight attendant who was falsely identified as patient 0 due to his central location of 40 infected Americans from multiple U.S. cities.[46]
April 23, U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Margaret Heckler announces at a press conference that an American scientist, Robert Gallo, has discovered the probable cause of AIDS: the retrovirus is subsequently named human immunodeficiency virus or HIV in 1986. She also declares that a vaccine will be available within two years.
June 25, French philosopher Michel Foucault dies of AIDS in Paris.
September 6, First performance at Theatre Rhinoceros in San Francisco of The AIDS Show which runs for two years and is the subject of a 1986 documentary film of the same name.
December 17, Ryan White was diagnosed with AIDS by a doctor performing a partial lung removal. White became infected with HIV from a blood products that were administered to him on a regular basis as part of his treatment for hemophilia. When the public school that he attended, Western Middle School in Russiaville, Indiana, learned of his disease in 1985 there was enormous pressure from parents and faculty to bar him from school premises. Due to the widespread fear of AIDS and lack of medical knowledge, principal Ron Colby and the school board assented. His family filed a lawsuit, seeking to overturn the ban.

text:
March 2, the FDA approves an ELISA test as the first commercially available test for detecting HIV in blood.[47][48] It detects antibodies which the body makes in response to exposure to HIV and is first intended for use on all donated blood and plasma intended for transfusion and product manufacture.[47]
April 21, the play The Normal Heart by Larry Kramer premieres in New York City.
October 2, Rock Hudson dies of AIDS. On July 25, 1985, he was the first American celebrity to publicly admit having AIDS; he had been diagnosed with it on June 5, 1984.
October 12, Ricky Wilson, guitarist of American rock band The B-52's dies from an AIDS related illness. The album Bouncing Off The Satellites, which he was working on when he died, is dedicated to him when it is released the next year. The band is devastated by the loss and do not tour or promote the album. Wilson is eventually replaced on guitar by his former writing partner Keith Strickland, the B52's former drummer.
October, a conference of public health officials including representatives of the Centers for Disease Control and World Health Organization meet in Bangui and define AIDS in Africa as "prolonged fevers for a month or more, weight loss of over 10% and prolonged diarrhea".
First officially reported cases in China.[49][medical citation needed]
November 11, An Early Frost, the first film to cover the topic of HIV/AIDS is broadcast in the U.S. on prime time TV by NBC.

text:
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is adopted as name of the retrovirus that was first proposed as the cause of AIDS by Luc Montagnier of France, who named it LAV (lymphadenopathy associated virus) and Robert Gallo of the United States, who named it HTLV-III (human T-lymphotropic virus type III)
January 14, "one million Americans have already been infected with the virus and that this number will jump to at least 2 million or 3 million within 5 to 10 years..." – NIAID Director Anthony Fauci, New York Times.[50]
February, President Reagan instructs his Surgeon General C. Everett Koop to prepare a report on AIDS. (Koop was excluded from the Executive Task Force on AIDS established in 1983 by his immediate superior, Assistant Secretary of Health Edward Brandt.) Without allowing Reagan's domestic policy advisers to review the report, Koop released the report at a press conference on October 22, 1986.[51][52]
Attorney Geoffrey Bowers is fired from the firm of Baker & McKenzie after AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma lesions appeared on his face. The firm maintained that he was fired purely for his performance.[53] He sued the firm, in one of the first AIDS discrimination cases to go to a public hearing. These events were the inspiration for the 1993 film Philadelphia.[54]
November 18, model Gia Carangi dies of AIDS-related illness.
First officially known cases in the Soviet Union[55][medical citation needed]and India.[56][medical citation needed]

text:
AZT (zidovudine), the first antiretroviral drug, becomes available to treat HIV.[13][medical citation needed]
On February 4, popular performing musician Liberace dies from AIDS related illness.
In April the FDA approves a Western blot test as a more precise test for the presence of HIV antibodies than the ELISA test.[47]'
In March, the direct action advocacy group ACT UP is founded by Larry Kramer in New York City.
On May 28, playwright and performer Charles Ludlam dies of AIDS-related PCP pneumonia.
On July 11, Tom Waddell, founder of the Gay Games, dies of AIDS.
Randy Shilts's investigative journalism book And the Band Played On published chronicling the 1980–1985 discovery and spread of HIV/AIDS, government indifference, and political infighting in the United States to what was initially perceived as a gay disease. (Shilts himself would die of the disease on February 17, 1994.)
On August 18 the FDA sanctioned the first clinical trial to test an HIV vaccine candidate in a research participant.[47]

text:
May, C. Everett Koop sends an eight-page, condensed version of his Surgeon General's Report on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome report named Understanding AIDS to all 107,000,000 households in the United States, becoming the first federal authority to provide explicit advice to US citizens on how to protect themselves from AIDS.[51][57]
November 11, The fact-based AIDS-themed film Go Toward The Light is broadcast on CBS.
December 1, The first World AIDS Day takes place.
In Buenos Aires, Argentina, the rock musicians Miguel Abuelo (March 26) and Federico Moura (December 21), die from AIDS-related complications.
American disco singer Sylvester dies of AIDS in San Francisco.

text:
The television movie The Ryan White Story airs. It stars Judith Light as Jeanne, Lukas Haas as Ryan and Nikki Cox as sister Andrea. Ryan White had a small cameo appearance as Chad, a young patient with AIDS. Another AIDS-themed film, The Littlest Victims, debuted in 1989, biopicing James Oleske, the first U.S. physician to discover AIDS in newborns during AIDS' early years, when many thought it was only spread through male-to-male sexual activity.
NASCAR driver Tim Richmond dies from AIDS-related complications.
Amanda Blake best known for her portrayal of saloon owner Miss Kitty on the television show Gunsmoke becomes the first actress of note in the United States to die of AIDS-related illness. Cause of death was Cardiac Arrest stemming from CMV Hepatitis, an AIDS-related hepatitis.

text:
January 6, British actor Ian Charleson dies from AIDS at the age of 40 — the first show-business death in the United Kingdom openly attributed to complications from AIDS.
February 16, New York artist and social activist Keith Haring dies from AIDS-related illness.
April 8, Ryan White dies at the age of 18 from pneumonia caused by complications associated with AIDS.
Congress enacted The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act or Ryan White Care Act, the United States' largest federally funded health related program (excluding Medicaid and Medicare).
July 7, Brazilian singer Cazuza dies in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 32 from an AIDS-related illness.
November 9, American singer-songwriter Tom Fogerty, rhythm guitarist of Creedence Clearwater Revival and older brother of John Fogerty, dies in Berkeley, California of AIDS-related tuberculosis.

text:
May, the play Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes by Tony Kushner premieres in San Francisco.
November 7, NBA star Magic Johnson publicly announces that he is HIV-positive.
November 24, A little over 24 hours after issuing a statement confirming that he had been tested HIV positive and had AIDS, Freddie Mercury (singer of the British band Queen) dies at the age of 45. The official cause of death is bronchial pneumonia resulting from AIDS.

text:
The first combination drug therapies for HIV are introduced.[13][medical citation needed]
April 6, popular science fiction writer Isaac Asimov dies. Ten years later, his wife revealed that his death was due to AIDS-related complications. The writer was infected during a blood transfusion in 1983.[58]
June 18, Australian singer Peter Allen dies from complications due to AIDS.
September 12, American actor Anthony Perkins, known for his role as Norman Bates in the Psycho movies, dies from AIDS.
At the Royal Free Hospital in London, an out-patients' centre for HIV and AIDS is opened by Ian McKellen. It is named the Ian Charleson Day Centre after actor Ian Charleson.
Robert Reed, best known as Mike Brady on the sitcom The Brady Bunch dies of AIDS on May 12.

text: Tennis star Arthur Ashe dies from AIDS-related complications[59]

text:
Elizabeth Glaser, wife of Starsky & Hutch's Paul Michael Glaser, dies from AIDS-related complications almost ten years after receiving an infected blood transfusion while giving birth. She unknowingly passes AIDS on to her daughter, Ariel, and son, Jake. Ariel died in 1988, Jake is living with HIV, while Paul Michael remains negative.
Sarah Jane Salazar, a 19-year-old Filipino AIDS activist and educator, publicly admits she contracted HIV from a foreign customer while working as a club entertainer in the early 90's. She was the second Filipino to do so.[60][61] The first was Dolzura Cortez.

text:
Saquinavir, a new type of protease inhibitor drug, becomes available to treat HIV. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) becomes possible.[13][medical citation needed] Within two years, death rates due to AIDS will have plummeted in the developed world.
March 26, Rapper Eazy-E dies from AIDS-related pneumonia.
April 4, British DJ and entertainer Kenny Everett dies from AIDS.
Oakland resident Jeff Getty becomes the first person to receive a bone marrow transplant from a Baboon as an experimental procedure to treat his HIV infection. The graft did not take, but Getty experienced some reduction in symptoms, before dying of heart failure after cancer treatment, in 2006.[62]

text:
Robert Gallo's discovery that some natural compounds known as chemokines can block HIV and halt the progression of AIDS is hailed by Science as one of that year's most important scientific breakthroughs.
HIV resistance due to the CCR5-Δ32 discovered. CCR5-Δ32 (or CCR5-D32 or CCR5 delta 32) is an allele of CCR5.[63][64]

text:
September 2, The Washington Post carries an article stating, "The most recent estimate of the number of Americans infected (with HIV), 750,000, is only half the total that government officials used to cite over a decade ago, at a time when experts believed that as many as 1.5 million people carried the virus."[citation needed]
Based on the Bangui definition the WHO's cumulative number of reported AIDS cases from 1980 through 1997 for all of Africa is 620,000.[65] For comparison, the cumulative total of AIDS cases in the USA through 1997 is 641,087.
December 7, "French President Jacques Chirac addressed Africa's top AIDS conference on Sunday and called on the world's richest nations to create an AIDS therapy support fund to help Africa. According to Chirac, Africa struggles to care for two-thirds of the world's persons with AIDS without the benefit of expensive AIDS therapies. Chirac invited other countries, especially European nations, to create a fund that would help increase the number of AIDS studies and experiments. AIDS workers welcomed Chirac's speech and said they hoped France would promote the idea to the Group of Eight summit of the world's richest nations."[66]

text: December 10, International Human Rights Day, Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) is launched to campaign for greater access to HIV treatment for all South Africans, by raising public awareness and understanding about issues surrounding the availability, affordability and use of HIV treatments. TAC campaigns against the view that AIDS is a death sentence.

text:
January 31, Studies suggest that a retrovirus, SIVcpz (simian immunodeficiency virus) from the common chimpanzee Pan troglodytes, may have passed to human populations in west equatorial Africa during the twentieth century and developed into various types of HIV.[67][68]
Edward Hooper releases a book called The River, which accuses doctors who developed and administered the oral polio vaccine in 1950s Africa of unintentionally starting the AIDS epidemic. The OPV AIDS hypothesis receives a great deal of publicity.[13] It was later refuted by studies demonstrating the origins of HIV as a mutated variant of a simian immunodeficiency virus that is lethal to humans.[69][70][71][72][73] Hooper's hypothesis should not be confused with the Heart of Darkness origin theory.

text:
World Health Organization estimates between 15% and 20% of new HIV infections worldwide are the result of blood transfusions, where the donors were not screened or inadequately screened for HIV.[citation needed]
February 23, Israeli singer Ofra Haza died in Tel Aviv of AIDS-related pneumonia.
June 11, Sarah Jane Salazar died at the age of 25 from AIDS complications. Before her death, Salazar was confined at the National Center for Mental Health after being diagnosed with manic depression which doctors said may have been related to anti-AIDS drugs she was taking.[74][not in citation given]

text: September 21, FDA licenses the first nucleic acid test (NAT) systems intended for screening of blood and plasma donations.[citation needed]

text: ·President George W Bush initiates the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. By the time he leaves office it provides medicine for 2 million Africans.[75]

text: January 5, "Individual risk of acquiring HIV and experiencing rapid disease progression is not uniform within populations", says Anthony S. Fauci, the director of NIAID.[76] [2]

text:
January 21, The CDC recommends anti-retroviral post-exposure prophylaxis for people exposed to HIV from rapes, accidents or occasional unsafe sex or drug use. This treatment should start no more than 72 hours after a person has been exposed to the virus, and the drugs should be used by patients for 28 days. This emergency drug treatment has been recommended since 1996 for health-care workers accidentally stuck with a needle, splashed in their eyes with blood, or exposed in some other work-related way.[77]
A highly resistant strain of HIV linked to rapid progression to AIDS is identified in New York City.[13][medical citation needed]

text: November 9, SIV found in gorillas.[78]

text:
The first case of someone being cured of HIV is reported. A San Francisco man, Timothy Ray Brown, suffering from leukemia and HIV, is cured of HIV through a bone marrow transplant in Germany from a homozygous CCR5-Δ32 donor. Other similar cases are being studied to confirm similar results.[citation needed]
Maraviroc, the first available CCR5 receptor antagonist, is approved by the FDA as an antiviral drug for the treatment of AIDS.

text: Confirmation is published that the first patient cured of HIV, Timothy Ray Brown, still has a negative HIV status, 4 years after treatment.[79][medical citation needed]

text:
Confirmation is published that a toddler has been "functionally cured" of HIV infection.[80] However, in 2014, it was announced that the child had relapsed and that the virus had re-appeared.[81][medical citation needed]
A New York Times Article says that 12 people of 75 who began combination antiretroviral therapy soon after becoming infected may have been "functionally cured" of HIV according to a French study. A functionally cured person will not experience an increase of the virus in the bloodstream despite stopping antiretroviral therapy, and therefore not progress to AIDS.[82][83][medical citation needed]

text: Former International AIDS Society president Joep Lange and other HIV/AIDS researchers were killed in the MH17 plane crash in July.[84]

text: New, aggressive strain of HIV discovered in Cuba[85][medical citation needed] Researchers at the University of Leuven in Belgium say the HIV strain CRF19 can progress to AIDS within two to three years of exposure to virus. Typically, HIV takes approximately 10 years to develop into AIDS. Patients with CRF19 may start getting sick before they even know they've been infected, which ultimately means there's a significantly shorter time span to stop the disease's progression.[citation needed]

text: Researchers have found that an international study found that almost 2,000 patients with HIV failed to respond to the antiviral drug known as tenofovir. Tenofovir is the main HIV drug treatment. The failure to respond to treatment indicates that the virus is becoming resistant to the medication-and its becoming very common. [86][better source needed]


document_title: Nagy

question_text: where does the last name nagy come from

question_tokens: where does the last name nagy come from

text: Nagy

text: Nagy (pronounced [ˈnɒɟ]) is the most popular Hungarian surname, meaning "great". Notable people with the surname include:

text:
Ádám Nagy (born 1995), Hungarian football player
Andrea Nagy (born 1971), Hungarian basketball player
Andrej Prean Nagy (born 1923), Hungarian footballer
Anikó Nagy (born 1970), Hungarian handball player
Antal Nagy (disambiguation)
Balazs Nagy, birth name of Michel Varga
Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy (1913–1998), Hungarian mathematician
Bill Nagy (born 1987), former American football center and guard
Charles Nagy (born 1967), American Major League Baseball pitcher for Cleveland Indians
Christine Nagy, actress and American radio personality
Dániel Nagy (disambiguation)
Dávid Nagy (born 1981), Hungarian guitarist
Dennis M. Nagy, former director of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency
Ferenc Nagy (1903–1979), Hungarian politician
Ferenc Nagy (boxer) (1916–1977), Hungarian boxer
Feró Nagy (born 1946), Hungarian rock singer
Fritz Nagy (1924–1989), American basketball player
Gábor Nagy (footballer born 1981), Hungarian football player
Gábor Nagy (footballer born 1985), Hungarian football player
Gáspár Nagy (1949–2007), Hungarian poet and writer
George Nagy (born 1957), Canadian swimmer
Géza Nagy (1892–1953), Hungarian chess master
Gregory Nagy, classicist
Gyula Nagy (born 1924), Hungarian football player
Ilona Nagy (born 1951), Hungarian handball player
Imre Nagy (pentathlete) (born 1933), Hungarian pentathlete
Imre Nagy (1896–1958), politician, twice Prime Minister of Hungary
István Nagy (disambiguation)
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy (1920–2007), therapist and writer on family relations
János Nagy, Hungarian diplomat
Jenene Nagy, American installation artist
John A. Nagy, American author of espionage during the American Revolution
József Nagy (disambiguation)
Judit Földing-Nagy, Hungarian marathon runner
Károly Nagy, Hungarian astronomer, mathematician, chemist and politician
Kira Nagy (born 1977), Hungarian tennis player
Ladislav Nagy (born 1979), Slovak ice hockey player
Lajos Nagy (1326–1382), a.k.a. Louis I of Hungary
Lajos Nagy (footballer) (born 1975), Hungarian football player
László Moholy-Nagy (1895–1946), architect and photographer, instructor at the Bauhaus
László Nagy (born 1921), Chief Executive of the World Organization of the Scout Movement from 1968–1985
László Nagy (disambiguation)
Marcell Deák-Nagy (born 1992), Hungarian sprinter
Marianna Nagy (figure skater) (born 1929), Hungarian pair skater
Marianna Nagy (handballer) (born 1957), Hungarian Olympic handball player
Matt Nagy (born 1978), American football player
Mike Nagy (born 1948), baseball pitcher
Nicholas Nagy-Talavera (1929–2000), Hungarian-American dissident and professor
Olivér Nagy (born 1989), Hungarian footballer
Orsolya Nagy, Hungarian fencer
Péter Nagy (disambiguation)
Phyllis Nagy (born 1962), American theater and film director
Róbert Nagy (speedway rider) (born 1967), Hungarian motorcyclist
Róbert Nagy (footballer) (born 1987), Hungarian football player
Robert Nagy (tenor) (1929–2008), American operatic tenor
Sándor Nagy (footballer) (born 1988), Hungarian football player
Scott Nagy (born 1966), American college basketball coach
Sibyl Moholy-Nagy, art historian
Stanislaw Nagy (born 1921), Polish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
Stefan Nagy (born 1961), Swedish darts player
Steve Nagy (born 1919), American baseball pitcher
Tibor Nagy (sprint canoer), Hungarian sprint canoer
Tibor Nagy (footballer born 1991), Hungarian association football player
Tibor P. Nagy, Hungarian-American diplomat
Tímea Nagy (born 1970), épée fencer
Timea Nagy (born 1978), Hungarian Canadian former sex slave
Timo Nagy (born 1983), German footballer
Vilmos Nagy, Hungarian sprint canoer
Vilmos Nagy de Nagybaczon (1884–1976), Hungarian general
Vince Nagy (1886–1965), Hungarian politician
Zoltán Nagy (disambiguation)
Zsolt Nagy (born 1971), Romanian politician
Zsolt Nagy (footballer) (born 1979), Hungarian football player
Zsuzsanna Nagy (born 1986), Hungarian ice dancer

text: It is also common among ethnic Hungarians in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina, where it is spelled Nađ (Serbian: Нађ):

text:
Albert Nađ (born 1974), footballer
Antonija Nađ (born 1986), sprint canoer
Kosta Nađ (1911–1986), Yugoslav Army general

text: This page lists people with the surname Nagy. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

text: SurnamesHungarian-language surnames

text: Articles containing Serbian-language textAll set index articles


document_title: Physics of roller coasters

question_text: when does a roller coaster have the most kinetic energy

text: Physics of roller coasters

text: Centripetal acceleration[edit]

text:
Centrifugal (center fleeing) force is not a true force, but rather the result of an object’s inertia, or resistance to change in direction, as the object moves in a circular path. The track's curve prevents the object from following the straight line it otherwise would, by applying a force on it (via its outside edges) towards the center of the circle, forcing it to travel in a curved path instead. This centripetal (center seeking) force actually points toward the center of the circle, but a roller coaster rider experiences(feels) the sensation of a centrifugal force, a pseudo force pushing them toward the outer edge of the car. This sensation is actually the result of the rider's inertia. The following equation expresses centripetal acceleration (to make it centripetal force simply multiply by the mass):

a

c

=

v

2

r

{\displaystyle a_{c}={\frac {v^{2}}{r}}}

text: where ac is centripetal acceleration, v is velocity and r is the radius of the circular path. This shows that two roller coaster cars entering two loops of different size at the same speed will experience different acceleration forces: the car in the tighter loop will feel greater acceleration while the car in the wider loop will feel less acceleration.

text: Energy[edit]

text: Instead, the car is pulled to the top of the first hill and released, at which point it rolls freely along the track without any external mechanical assistance for the remainder of the ride. The purpose of the ascent of the first hill is to build up potential energy that will then be converted to kinetic energy as the ride progresses. The initial hill, or the lift hill, is the tallest in the entire ride. As the train is pulled to the top, it gains potential energy, as explained by the equation for potential energy below:

text:
U

g

=
m
g
h

{\displaystyle U_{g}=mgh}

text: where Ug is potential energy, m is mass, g is acceleration due to gravity and h is height above the ground. Two trains of identical mass at different heights will therefore have different potential energies: the train at a greater height will have more potential energy than a train at a lower height. This means that the potential energy for the roller coaster system is greatest at the highest point on the track, or the top of the lift hill. As the roller coaster train begins its descent from the lift hill, the stored potential energy converts to kinetic energy, or energy of motion. The faster the train moves, the more kinetic energy the train gains, as shown by the equation for kinetic energy:

text:
K
=

1
2

m

v

2

{\displaystyle K={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}

text: where K is kinetic energy, m is mass, and v is velocity. Because the mass of a roller coaster car remains constant, if the speed is increased, the kinetic energy must also increase. This means that the kinetic energy for the roller coaster system is greatest at the bottom of the largest downhill slope on the track, typically at the bottom of the lift hill. When the train begins to climb the next hill on the track, the train's kinetic energy is converted back into potential energy, decreasing the train's velocity. This process of converting kinetic energy to potential energy and back to kinetic energy continues with each hill. The energy is never destroyed, but is lost to friction between the car and track. Brakes bring the ride to a complete stop.

text: Inertia and gravity[edit]

text: When going around a roller coaster's vertical loop, the inertia that produces a thrilling acceleration force also keeps passengers in their seats. As the car approaches a loop, the direction of a passenger's inertial velocity points straight ahead at the same angle as the track leading up to the loop. As the car enters the loop, the track guides the car up, moving the passenger up as well. This change in direction creates a feeling of extra gravity as the passenger is pushed down into the seat.

text: At the top of the loop, the force of the car's acceleration pushes the passenger off the seat toward the center of the loop, while inertia pushes the passenger back into the seat. Gravity and acceleration forces push the passenger in opposite directions with nearly equal force, creating a sensation of weightlessness.

text: At the bottom of the loop, gravity and the change in direction of the passenger's inertia from a downward vertical direction to one that is horizontal push the passenger into the seat, causing the passenger to once again feel very heavy. Most roller coasters require passengers to wear a safety harness, but the forces exerted by most loop-the-loop coasters would keep passengers from falling out.

text: G-forces[edit]

text: G-forces (gravitational forces) create the so-called "butterfly" sensation felt as a car goes down a gradient. An acceleration of 1 standard gravity (9.8 m/s2) is the usual force of Earth’s gravitational pull exerted on a person while standing still. The measurement of a person's normal weight incorporates this gravitational acceleration. When a person feels weightless at the top of a loop or while going down a hill, they are in free fall. However, if the top of a hill is curved more narrowly than a parabola, riders will experience negative Gs and be lifted out of their seats, experiencing the so-called "butterfly" sensation.

text: Difference between wood and steel coasters[edit]

text: A wooden coaster has a track consisting of thin laminates of wood stacked together, with a flat steel rail fixed to the top laminate. Steel coasters use tubular steel, I beam or box section running rails. The supporting structure of both types may be steel or wood. Traditionally, steel coasters employed inversions to thrill riders, whereas wooden coasters relied on steep drops and sharp changes in direction to deliver their thrills. However, recent advances in coaster technology has seen the rise of hybrid steel coasters with wooden structures, an example being The New Texas Giant at Six Flags Over Texas and, wooden coasters that feature inversions, an example being Outlaw Run at Silver Dollar City.

text: Technology[edit]

text: As better technology became available, engineers began to use computerized design tools to calculate the forces and stresses that the ride would subject passengers to. Computers are now used to design safe coasters with specially designed restraints and lightweight and durable materials. Today, tubular steel tracks and polyurethane wheels allow coasters to travel over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h), while even taller, faster, and more complex roller coasters continue to be built.