document_title: New Jack City

question_text: where is the carter from new jack city

question_tokens: where is the carter from new jack city

root

text: New Jack City

text: Plot

text: The story begins in Harlem, 1986, and Nino Brown and his gang, the Cash Money Brothers (CMB), become the dominant drug ring in New York City once crack cocaine is introduced to the streets. His gang consists of his best friend, Gee Money; enforcer Duh Duh Duh Man; gun moll Keisha; Nino's girlfriend, Selina, and her tech-savvy cousin, Kareem. Nino converts the Carter, an apartment complex, into a crack house. Gee Money and Keisha kill rival Fat Smitty, the CMB throws out the tenants, and Nino forces the landlord out onto the streets naked. Meanwhile, Undercover detective Scotty Appleton attempts to make a deal with stick-up kid Pookie, but Pookie runs off with the money. Scotty chases Pookie and shoots him in the leg, but the police let him go. Nino's gang successfully run the streets of Harlem over the next three years.

tag: p

text: When Det. Stone comes under pressure, Scotty volunteers to infiltrate Nino's gang and is partnered with loose-cannon Nick Peretti. Elsewhere, mobster Frankie Needles attempts to collect taxes from Nino, who refuses to pay. While Scotty and Nick spy on Nino and his gang as they hand out Thanksgiving turkeys to the poor, Scotty spots Pookie, now a crack addict, as Pookie beats his junkie girlfriend. Instead of arresting him, Scotty puts Pookie in rehab, and, later, Pookie offers to help bring down Nino. Against his better judgment and the disapproval of Stone and Peretti, Scotty recruits Pookie as an informant in the Carter.

text: When Pookie relapses, Gee Money realizes that he is wired, and he orders the Carter destroyed. The cops find Pookie's bloody corpse, but it is booby-trapped; Nick defuses the explosives mere seconds before it explodes. Angry, Nino warns Gee Money not to make such a costly mistake again. After Pookie's funeral and no longer needed by Stone, Scotty and Nick go undercover as drug dealers. After bribing Frankie Needles, Scotty infiltrates the CMB due in part to Gee Money's increasing ambition and drug use. Though Nino distrusts them, he agrees to do business. After relating an anecdote about his own violent initiation into a gang, Nino warns that he will kill both Scotty and Gee Money if there are any problems.

text: Scotty gains Nino's trust when he reveals information about Gee Money's side deal and saves Nino from a gun-toting old man who had earlier attempted to convince the police of Nino's destructiveness. While Nino, Scotty, and the CMB attend a wedding, Nick sneaks into Nino's mansion to collect evidence, and Don Armeteo sends hitmen to assassinate Nino; a massive shootout erupts between the CMB and hitmen. When Nino uses a child as a shield, Scotty attempts to shoot Nino behind his back. Keisha is gunned down as she sprays bullets into the hitmen's van as they escape. Later, Selina condemns Nino for his murderous activities, and Nino throws her out. Nino later kills Don Armeteo and his crew from a speeding motorcycle in retaliation for the wedding shootout.

text: Stone, Scotty, and Nick arrange a sting operation to nab Nino. Kareem, who knows that Scotty and Pookie are connected, blows Scotty's cover, and a shootout ensues. Nick saves Scotty by killing the Duh Duh Duh Man, and Nino escapes. That night, Nino confronts Gee Money, who accuses Nino of egotism, and Nino regretfully kills him. After the gang's collapse, Nino holes up in an apartment and continues his criminal empire solo. Scotty and Nick assault the complex, and Scotty brutally beats Nino, revealing that it was his mother that Nino killed in his gang initiation. Nick talks Scotty out of killing Nino, who is taken into custody amid threats of retaliation.

text: At his trial, Nino pleads guilty to a lesser charge, claims to have been forced to help the gang due to threats, and identifies Kareem as the leader. When Nino is sentenced to only one year in jail, Scotty is outraged. As Nino speaks with reporters outside of the courtroom, the old man again confronts Nino and shoots him in the chest. Scotty and Nick are both satisfied as Nino falls over the balcony to his death. As onlookers look down at Nino's body, an epilogue states to the viewers that decisive action must be taken to stop real-life Nino Brown analogues.

text: Cast

text:
Wesley Snipes as Nino Brown, an arrogant, smart drug kingpin. He was the murderer of Scotty's mother.
Ice T as Scotty Appleton, a New York police detective who vows to bring Nino down as retribution since Nino was clearly responsible for Scotty's mother's death.
Allen Payne as Gerald "Gee Money" Wells; Nino's childhood friend and the second-in-command of the Cash Money Brother's (CMB).
Chris Rock as "Pookie" Benny Robinson; a former stick-up kid who becomes homeless and poor after Scotty shoots him in the ankle. He also became a crack addict afterwards then eventually became a police informant and infiltrates the CMB at the Carter until he was caught sneaking drugs and killed.
Judd Nelson as Nick Peretti; Scotty's partner in the CMB investigation.
Mario Van Peebles as Stone; the leader of the CMB police operation.
Michael Michele as Selina Thomas; Nino Brown's girlfriend who becomes extremely jealous when Nino falls for Gee Money's girlfriend.
Bill Nunn as the Duh Duh Duh Man; the CMB enforcer and Nino's personal bodyguard.
Russell Wong as Park; a tech-savvy police officer who has Pookie use high technology for his infiltration.
Bill Cobbs as Old man; an elderly man who is against Nino's crimes towards the city. At the end of the film, he kills Nino as he exits the courtroom by shooting him in the chest; Nino then falls to his death.
Christopher Williams as Kareem Akbar; a bank teller turned gang member of the CMB.
Vanessa A. Williams as Keisha; a female gang member of the CMB.
Tracy Camilla Johns as Uniqua; Gee Money's ex-girlfriend who falls for Nino.
Anthony DeSando as Frankie Needles In His Arms; a mobster who has connections towards the CMB from his boss, Don Armeteo. Around the film, Nick and Scotty forces him to bring Gee Money to let Scotty join the gang.
Nick Ashford as Reverend Oates
Keith Sweat as singer at the wedding
Flavor Flav as a DJ.[3]

tag: ul

text: Production

text: The film is based upon an original story and screenplay written by Thomas Lee Wright[4] who had previously penned a draft of The Godfather Part III[5] and would go on to write, direct and produce a seminal documentary of American gang life, Eight Tray Gangster: The Making of a Crip.[6]

text: The screenplay was co-written by journalist turned screenwriter Barry Michael Cooper, who also scripted 1994's Above the Rim, and Sugar Hill, which also starred Snipes. Cooper is the first African American screenwriter in history to have two films produced in one year: Sugar Hill was released on February 25, 1994 by Beacon-20th Century Fox Pictures, and Above the Rim was released on March 23, 1994 by New Line Cinema.

text: Barry Michael Cooper's rewrite was based on a December 1987 The Village Voice cover story written by Cooper titled "Kids Killing Kids: New Jack City Eats Its Young".[7] The story revolved around the 20th anniversary of the 1967 riots in Detroit, and in its wake, Nicky Barnes, rise of crack cocaine gangs in the late 1980s, such as Young Boys Inc., and the Chambers Brothers.

text: It is set and filmed in New York City between April 16 and June 6, 1990.

text: Reception

text: New Jack City received a favorable reception by film critics for its cast, storyline and soundtrack.[8] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four, writing:

text: Truffaut once said it was impossible to make an anti-war movie, because the war sequences would inevitably be exciting and get the audience involved on one side or the other. It is almost as difficult to make an anti-drug movie, since the lifestyle and money of the drug dealers looks like fun, at least until they're killed. This movie pulls off that tricky achievement. Nino, who looks at the dead body of Scarface and laughs, does not get the last laugh.[9]

text: Time Out London described the film as "a superior example of what used to be called blaxploitation."[10]

text: New Jack City was produced with an estimated $8,000,000 budget. The film initially premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 17, 1991, before being released nationally on March 8, 1991; it grossed $7,039,622 during its opening weekend. It became the highest grossing independent film of 1991, grossing a total of $47,624,253 domestically. The film holds a 76% on Rotten Tomatoes.

text: American Film Institute Lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills - Nominated[11]
AFI's 10 Top 10 - Nominated Gangster Film[12]

text: Soundtrack

text: New Jack City — original soundtrack to the film

text: Home media

text: DVD was released in Region 1 in the United States on August 25, 1998 and Region 2 in the United Kingdom on July 26, 1999, it was distributed by Warner Home Video. DVD was re-released as a Two-Disc Special Edition in Region 1 in the United States on August 23, 2005 and Region 2 in the United Kingdom on January 23, 2006.

text: Special Edition DVD features:

text:
Commentary by: director and co-star Mario Van Peebles
New Jack City: A Hip-Hop Classic
Harlem World: A Walk Inside
The Road to New Jack City
Original music videos: "New Jack Hustler" (Nino's Theme) by Ice T, "I'm Dreamin'" by Christopher Williams, and "I Wanna Sex You Up" by Color Me Badd
Original theatrical trailer

tag: ol

text: Cultural impact

text: The New Orleans based Rap label Cash Money Records is named after the Cash Money Brothers gang.[13] Cash Money Records rapper Lil Wayne has a series of albums titled Tha Carter after The Carter Complex,[14] and Lil Wayne and Tyga have referred to themselves as Young Nino.[15][16] Wrestler New Jack got his name from this movie.[citation needed] Comedian Gary Gulman references the movie in his Comedy Central special "In This Economy," when tirading against the now defunct Blockbuster video and their late fee policies.[17]


document_title: Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh

question_text: who plays bonnie in home adventures with tip and oh

text: Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh

text: Plot[edit]

text: The animated series takes place after the events of the film Home, in the setting of Earth's newly combined human and alien culture.[5] The title characters, a fearless human girl (Tip) and an overenthusiastic alien Boov (Oh), build upon their established friendship and find adventure while navigating the crazily combined world they now share.[6]

text: The series includes pop songs performed by artist Rachel Crow as Tip.[7]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Rachel Crow as Gratuity "Tip" Tucci[7]
Mark Whitten as Oh
Ana Ortiz as Lucy Tucci
Ryan Crego as Pig
Matt Jones as Kyle[8]
Nolan North as Smek
Ron Funches as Sharzod
Kelly Donohue as Pom Pom Pappernacky
Nika Futterman as Slushious

text: Guest cast[edit]

text:
Cheri Oteri as Pauline Pappernacky[9]
Abby Elliott as Chelsea
Eric Edelstein as Max
Jon Heder as Julio, the assistant store manager
Cristela Alonzo as Linda, Lucy's sister
Wayne Knight as Boovius
Beth Behrs as Moochie
Atticus Shaffer as Fox
Marcus Scribner as Smudge
Cher as Chercophonie
Casey Zwicker as Elrod
Melany Ochoa as Young Lucy
Ashlyn Faith Williams as Young Linda
Jack McBrayer as Byool. Wowsers
Dayci Brookshire as Apple
Michael Johnston as Keanu
Cheryl Hines as Agnes
Margaret Cho as Georgia
Oscar Nuñez as Milton
Dawnn Lewis as Bobe
Reid Scott as Shawn/Hodag
Dove Cameron as Bonnie
Da'Vine Joy Randolph as Crushtina

text: Additional voices[edit]

text:
Tom Kenny
Dee Bradley Baker
Sam Riegel
Phil LaMarr
Jess Harnell as Timbo
Kevin Michael Richardson
Thurop Van Orman
Grey Griffin
Kari Wahlgren
Tara Strong
Jessica DiCicco as Martha Washington Kang
Daran Norris
Rachael MacFarlane
Amir Talai
Anna Vocino

text: Episodes[edit]

text: A 1-hour Christmas special called Home: For the Holidays was released on December 1, 2017.[10]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally released126July 29, 2016 (2016-07-29)226January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27)326August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11)SpecialDecember 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)426July 20, 2018 (2018-07-20)

tag: table


document_title: 2014 FIFA World Cup Group B

question_text: where did spain come in the 2014 world cup

text: 2014 FIFA World Cup Group B

text: Teams[edit]

text:
Draw position

Team

Confederation

Method ofqualification

Date ofqualification

Finalsappearance

Lastappearance

Previous bestperformance

FIFA Rankings

October 2013[nb 1]

June 2014

B1 (seed)
 Spain
UEFA
UEFA Group I winners
15 October 2013
14th
2010
Winners (2010)
1
1

B2
 Netherlands
UEFA
UEFA Group D winners
10 September 2013
10th
2010
Runners-up (1974, 1978, 2010)
8
15

B3
 Chile
CONMEBOL
CONMEBOL third place
15 October 2013
9th
2010
Third place (1962)
12
14

B4
 Australia
AFC
AFC Fourth Round Group B 2nd runners-up
18 June 2013
4th
2010
Round of 16 (2006)
57
62

text: Jump up ^ The rankings of October 2013 were used for seeding for the final draw.

text: Standings[edit]

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Netherlands

3

3

0

0

10

3

+7

9

Advance to knockout stage

2

 Chile

3

2

0

1

5

3

+2

6

3

 Spain

3

1

0

2

4

7

−3

3

4

 Australia

3

0

0

3

3

9

−6

0

text:
Netherlands advanced to play Mexico (runner-up of Group A) in the round of 16.
Chile advanced to play Brazil (winner of Group A) in the round of 16.

text: Matches[edit]

text: Spain vs Netherlands[edit]

text: The two teams had met in 9 previous matches, including in the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final, won by Spain 1–0 after extra time.[1] This was the first time in the FIFA World Cup that the previous finalists met in the group stage.

text: Halfway into the first half, the referee judged that Diego Costa caught a trailing leg from Stefan de Vrij's attempted tackle. Xabi Alonso scored the penalty kick for Spain, shooting into the bottom-right corner with his right foot, putting them into the lead. They were unable to keep the lead until half time though, with Robin van Persie scoring a 15-yard diving looping header after a long ball from Daley Blind from the left after he spotted Iker Casillas slightly off his line.[2] In the second half, Blind assisted another goal for Netherlands, this time setting up Arjen Robben who controlled the pass before coming inside to finish with his left foot from ten yards out. Twelve minutes later, Netherlands scored again, as De Vrij headed the ball in from a tight angle from a Wesley Sneijder free kick on the left. Spanish goalkeeper Iker Casillas protested that he had been fouled by Van Persie, but the goal was allowed to stand and Casillas received a yellow card for his protest. Not long after this, a backpass from Sergio Ramos was miscontrolled by Casillas with his left leg, resulting in Van Persie gathering the ball and scoring into an empty net for his second goal of the game. The fifth goal for Netherlands was a solo effort from Robben. Having received the ball near the halfway line from a Wesley Sneijder pass, he outran Ramos, Jordi Alba and Casillas, before slotting the ball into the net from 10 yards out with his left foot.[3][4][5]

text: The 5–1 scoreline was the biggest loss margin for a defending champion in the FIFA World Cup, and also Spain's second biggest loss in the World Cup after their 6–1 thrashing against Brazil in 1950.[6] With their goals, Van Persie and Robben became the first Dutch players to score in three World Cups.[7] Casillas and Xavi joined Andoni Zubizarreta as the only Spanish players to appear in four World Cups.[8]

text:
Spain

1–5

 Netherlands

Alonso  27' (pen.)

Report

Van Persie  44', 72'
Robben  53', 80'
De Vrij  64'

text:
Spain

Netherlands

text:
GK
1
Iker Casillas (c)
 65'

RB
22
César Azpilicueta

CB
3
Gerard Piqué

CB
15
Sergio Ramos

LB
18
Jordi Alba

RM
8
Xavi

CM
16
Sergio Busquets

LM
14
Xabi Alonso

 62'

RW
21
David Silva

 78'

LW
6
Andrés Iniesta

CF
19
Diego Costa

 62'

Substitutions:

FW
9
Fernando Torres

 62'

FW
11
Pedro

 62'

MF
10
Cesc Fàbregas

 78'

Manager:

Vicente del Bosque

GK
1
Jasper Cillessen

CB
2
Ron Vlaar

CB
3
Stefan de Vrij
 41'
 77'

CB
4
Bruno Martins Indi

RWB
7
Daryl Janmaat

LWB
5
Daley Blind

CM
6
Nigel de Jong

CM
8
Jonathan de Guzmán
 25'
 62'

AM
10
Wesley Sneijder

CF
9
Robin van Persie (c)
 66'
 79'

CF
11
Arjen Robben

Substitutions:

MF
20
Georginio Wijnaldum

 62'

DF
13
Joël Veltman

 77'

FW
17
Jeremain Lens

 79'

Manager:

Louis van Gaal

text:
Man of the Match:
Robin van Persie (Netherlands)
Assistant referees:
Renato Faverani (Italy)
Andrea Stefani (Italy)
Fourth official:
Svein Oddvar Moen (Norway)
Fifth official:
Kim Haglund (Norway)

text: Chile vs Australia[edit]

text: The two teams had met in five previous matches, including in the 1974 FIFA World Cup group stage, a 0–0 draw.[10]

text: Chile took a 2–0 lead within the first 15 minutes. First, Alexis Sánchez controlled an Eduardo Vargas header in the penalty area to slot home. Two minutes later, Jorge Valdivia's shot from a Sánchez pass doubled the lead. Australia pulled one back through a Tim Cahill header from a cross by Ivan Franjic before half time.[11]

text: Australia could not find the equaliser in the second half, and in stoppage time, Chilean substitute Jean Beausejour converted the rebound after Mauricio Pinilla's shot was saved by Mathew Ryan.[12]

text: With their respective goals, Cahill became the first Australian player to score in three World Cups,[13] while Beausejour became the first Chilean player to score in two World Cups.[14]

text:
Chile

3–1

 Australia

Sánchez  12'
Valdivia  14'
Beausejour  90+2'

Report

Cahill  35'

text:
Chile

Australia

text:
GK
1
Claudio Bravo (c)

RB
4
Mauricio Isla

CB
17
Gary Medel

CB
18
Gonzalo Jara

LB
2
Eugenio Mena

RM
20
Charles Aránguiz
 86'

CM
21
Marcelo Díaz

LM
8
Arturo Vidal

 60'

RF
7
Alexis Sánchez

CF
10
Jorge Valdivia

 68'

LF
11
Eduardo Vargas

 88'

Substitutions:

MF
16
Felipe Gutiérrez

 60'

MF
15
Jean Beausejour

 68'

FW
9
Mauricio Pinilla

 88'

Manager:

 Jorge Sampaoli

GK
1
Mathew Ryan

RB
2
Ivan Franjic

 49'

CB
22
Alex Wilkinson

CB
6
Matthew Špiranović

LB
3
Jason Davidson

CM
15
Mile Jedinak (c)
 58'

CM
5
Mark Milligan
 67'

RW
7
Mathew Leckie

AM
23
Mark Bresciano

 78'

LW
11
Tommy Oar

 68'

CF
4
Tim Cahill
 44'

Substitutions:

DF
19
Ryan McGowan

 49'

MF
10
Ben Halloran

 68'

MF
14
James Troisi

 78'

Manager:

 Ange Postecoglou

text:
Man of the Match:
Alexis Sánchez (Chile)
Assistant referees:
Songuifolo Yeo (Ivory Coast)
Jean-Claude Birumushahu (Burundi)
Fourth official:
Roberto Moreno (Panama)
Fifth official:
Eric Boria (United States)

text: Australia vs Netherlands[edit]

text: The two teams had met in three previous matches, all in friendlies, most recently in 2009.[15]

text:
The Netherlands took the lead after Arjen Robben collected a Daley Blind headed pass at the halfway line, burst into the penalty area and scored with a low shot to the goalkeepers left. Soon after the restart, Australia equalised through Tim Cahill's left-foot volley into the goal from the underside of the bar from Ryan McGowan's cross.[16]
Australia took the lead in the second half with Mile Jedinak's penalty, awarded for a handball by Daryl Janmaat, but Robin van Persie equalised after he received substitute Memphis Depay's pass and scored. Ten minutes later, Memphis Depay received a pass from Jonathan de Guzmán and his long range effort beat Australia goalkeeper Mathew Ryan.[17]

text: With his goal Depay became the youngest ever Dutch scorer in the World Cup at the age of 20.[18]

text:
Australia

2–3

 Netherlands

Cahill  21'
Jedinak  54' (pen.)

Report

Robben  20'
Van Persie  58'
Depay  68'

text:
Australia

Netherlands

text:
GK
1
Mathew Ryan

RB
19
Ryan McGowan

CB
22
Alex Wilkinson

CB
6
Matthew Špiranović

LB
3
Jason Davidson

CM
15
Mile Jedinak (c)

CM
17
Matt McKay

RW
7
Mathew Leckie

AM
23
Mark Bresciano

 51'

LW
11
Tommy Oar

 77'

CF
4
Tim Cahill
 43'
 69'

Substitutions:

MF
13
Oliver Bozanić

 51'

MF
10
Ben Halloran

 69'

FW
9
Adam Taggart

 77'

Manager:

 Ange Postecoglou

GK
1
Jasper Cillessen

CB
2
Ron Vlaar

CB
3
Stefan de Vrij

CB
4
Bruno Martins Indi

 45+3'

RM
7
Daryl Janmaat

CM
8
Jonathan de Guzmán

 78'

CM
6
Nigel de Jong

LM
5
Daley Blind

AM
10
Wesley Sneijder

CF
9
Robin van Persie (c)
 47'
 87'

CF
11
Arjen Robben

Substitutions:

MF
21
Memphis Depay

 45+3'

MF
20
Georginio Wijnaldum

 78'

FW
17
Jeremain Lens

 87'

Manager:

Louis van Gaal

text:
Man of the Match:
Arjen Robben (Netherlands)
Assistant referees:
Rédouane Achik (Morocco)
Abdelhak Etchiali (Algeria)
Fourth official:
Bakary Gassama (Gambia)
Fifth official:
Evarist Menkouande (Cameroon)

text: Spain vs Chile[edit]

text: The two teams had met in ten previous matches, including twice in the FIFA World Cup group stage, both won by Spain (1950: 2–0; 2010: 2–1).[19]

text:
Chile opened the scoring when Charles Aránguiz squared a pass to Eduardo Vargas to score home in the penalty area. Near the end of the first half Alexis Sánchez's free kick was parried by Spanish goalkeeper Iker Casillas to Aránguiz who put in the rebound.[20]
Spain, which needed at least a point to stay alive in the competition, had its best chance in the second half which fell to Sergio Busquets, but he missed from close range.[21] Spain's loss confirmed the qualification of both Chile and the Netherlands into the knockout stage, and eliminated both Spain and Australia.

text: Spain became the fifth defending champions to be knocked out in the group stage, and the first since 1950 to be eliminated after only two games (Italy were drawn into a three-team group and only played two games in 1950).[22]

text:
Spain

0–2

 Chile

Report

Vargas  20'
Aránguiz  43'

text:
Spain

Chile

text:
GK
1
Iker Casillas (c)

RB
22
César Azpilicueta

CB
4
Javi Martínez

CB
15
Sergio Ramos

LB
18
Jordi Alba

CM
16
Sergio Busquets

CM
14
Xabi Alonso
 41'
 46'

RW
21
David Silva

AM
6
Andrés Iniesta

LW
11
Pedro

 76'

CF
19
Diego Costa

 64'

Substitutions:

MF
17
Koke

 46'

FW
9
Fernando Torres

 64'

MF
20
Santi Cazorla

 76'

Manager:

Vicente del Bosque

GK
1
Claudio Bravo (c)

CB
17
Gary Medel

CB
5
Francisco Silva

CB
18
Gonzalo Jara

RM
4
Mauricio Isla

CM
20
Charles Aránguiz

 64'

CM
21
Marcelo Díaz

LM
2
Eugenio Mena
 61'

AM
8
Arturo Vidal
 26'
 88'

CF
11
Eduardo Vargas

 85'

CF
7
Alexis Sánchez

Substitutions:

MF
16
Felipe Gutiérrez

 64'

MF
10
Jorge Valdivia

 85'

MF
6
Carlos Carmona

 88'

Manager:

 Jorge Sampaoli

text:
Man of the Match:
Eduardo Vargas (Chile)
Assistant referees:
Sean Hurd (United States)
Joe Fletcher (Canada)
Fourth official:
Nawaf Shukralla (Bahrain)
Fifth official:
Yaser Tulefat (Bahrain)

text: Australia vs Spain[edit]

text: The two teams had never met before.[23] Australia forward Tim Cahill was suspended for the match due to accumulation of yellow cards.[24]

text: In a match between two already-eliminated teams, Spain went in front in the 36th minute after Andrés Iniesta threaded a pass down the right to overlapping full-back Juanfran, who then crossed the ball low to David Villa to finish with a back flick of his right foot low to the net.[25] In the second half, Fernando Torres scored Spain's second with a low finish from the left of the penalty area after a pass from Iniesta, before substitute Juan Mata, receiving a pass from Cesc Fàbregas, scored from the right of the penalty area with a low shot between the goalkeeper's legs.[26]

text: Villa's goal was his ninth career World Cup goal. Already Spain's record World Cup goalscorer, he also joined Fernando Hierro, Raúl and Julio Salinas as Spanish players who had scored in three World Cups.[27]

text:
Australia

0–3

 Spain

Report

Villa  36'
Torres  69'
Mata  82'

text:
Australia

Spain

text:
GK
1
Mathew Ryan

RB
19
Ryan McGowan

CB
6
Matthew Špiranović
 88'

CB
22
Alex Wilkinson

LB
3
Jason Davidson

CM
17
Matt McKay

CM
15
Mile Jedinak (c)
 90+2'

CM
13
Oliver Bozanić

 72'

RW
7
Mathew Leckie

CF
9
Adam Taggart

 46'

LW
11
Tommy Oar

 61'

Substitutions:

MF
10
Ben Halloran

 46'

MF
14
James Troisi

 61'

MF
23
Mark Bresciano

 72'

Manager:

 Ange Postecoglou

GK
23
Pepe Reina

RB
5
Juanfran

CB
2
Raúl Albiol

CB
15
Sergio Ramos (c)
 62'

LB
18
Jordi Alba

CM
14
Xabi Alonso

 83'

CM
17
Koke

AM
6
Andrés Iniesta

RW
20
Santi Cazorla

 68'

LW
7
David Villa

 56'

CF
9
Fernando Torres

Substitutions:

MF
13
Juan Mata

 56'

MF
10
Cesc Fàbregas

 68'

MF
21
David Silva

 83'

Manager:

Vicente del Bosque

text:
Man of the Match:
David Villa (Spain)
Assistant referees:
Yaser Tulefat (Bahrain)
Ebrahim Saleh (Bahrain)
Fourth official:
Norbert Hauata (Tahiti)
Fifth official:
Aden Marwa (Kenya)

text: Netherlands vs Chile[edit]

text: The two teams had never met before.[28] Netherlands forward Robin van Persie was suspended for the match due to accumulation of yellow cards.[24]

text: With both teams already assured of qualifying for the knockout stage after their first two matches, this match would decide which team would win the group: the Netherlands needed only a draw while Chile needed a win. The Netherlands went in front in the 77th minute with a header from six yards by substitute Leroy Fer after a Daryl Janmaat cross from the right. Another substitute Memphis Depay got the second in injury time, when he scored from close range after Arjen Robben had made a run down the left before crossing from the byline.[29] With this win the Netherlands won Group B with a perfect record of three wins out of three, while Chile finished as group runners-up.[30]

text:
Netherlands

2–0

 Chile

Fer  77'
Depay  90+2'

Report

text:
Netherlands

Chile

text:
GK
1
Jasper Cillessen

RB
7
Daryl Janmaat

CB
2
Ron Vlaar

CB
3
Stefan de Vrij

LB
5
Daley Blind
 64'

RM
20
Georginio Wijnaldum

CM
6
Nigel de Jong

LM
15
Dirk Kuyt

 89'

AM
10
Wesley Sneijder

 75'

SS
11
Arjen Robben (c)

CF
17
Jeremain Lens

 69'

Substitutions:

MF
21
Memphis Depay

 69'

MF
18
Leroy Fer

 75'

DF
14
Terence Kongolo

 89'

Manager:

Louis van Gaal

GK
1
Claudio Bravo (c)

CB
17
Gary Medel

CB
5
Francisco Silva
 25'
 70'

CB
18
Gonzalo Jara

RWB
4
Mauricio Isla

LWB
2
Eugenio Mena

CM
20
Charles Aránguiz

CM
21
Marcelo Díaz

AM
16
Felipe Gutiérrez

 46'

CF
7
Alexis Sánchez

CF
11
Eduardo Vargas

 81'

Substitutions:

MF
15
Jean Beausejour

 46'

MF
10
Jorge Valdivia

 70'

FW
9
Mauricio Pinilla

 81'

Manager:

 Jorge Sampaoli

text:
Man of the Match:
Arjen Robben (Netherlands)
Assistant referees:
Evarist Menkouande (Cameroon)
Felicien Kabanda (Rwanda)
Fourth official:
Joel Aguilar (El Salvador)
Fifth official:
William Torres (El Salvador)


document_title: Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (season 8)

question_text: eliminated contestants of khatron ke khiladi season 8

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Contestant
Profession
Status
Notes

Shantanu Maheshwari
Indian TV actor, dancer and choreographer
Winner on 30 September 2017
1st Place

Hina Khan[5][6][7]
Indian TV actress
1st Runner Up
2nd Place

Ravi Dubey[8]
Indian TV actor
2nd Runner Up
3rd Place

Monica Dogra
American musician and actress
Eliminated on 13 August 2017
returned on 2 September 2017
Eliminated on 30 September 2017 (Finalist)
4th place

Nia Sharma[9][10][11]
Indian TV actress
Eliminated on 6 August 2017
returned on 12 August 2017
eliminated again on 27 August 2017
returned again on 2 September 2017
Eliminated on 30 September (Finalist)
5th place

Lopamudra Raut[12]
Indian model
Eliminated on 24 September 2017
6th place (semi-finalist)

Rithvik Dhanjani
Indian TV actor[8]
Eliminated on 24 September 2017
7th place (semi-finalist)

Karan Wahi[13][8]
Indian TV actor
Eliminated on 10 September 2017
8th place

Geeta Phogat
Wrestler
Eliminated on 3 September 2017
9th place

Manveer Gurjar
Bigg Boss 10 winner
Eliminated on 20 August 2017
10th place

Shiny Doshi[14][15][16]
Indian TV actress and model
Eliminated on 30 July 2017
11th place

Shibani Dandekar[17][18]
Indian TV actress,singer and model
Eliminated on 29 July 2017
12th place

text: Information chart[edit]

text:
Week
Contestants

Shantanu Maheshwari
Hina Khan
Ravi Dubey
Nia Sharma
Monica Dogra
Lopamudra Raut
Rithvik Dhanjani
Karan Wahi
Geeta Phogat
Manveer Gurjar
Shiny Doshi
Shibani Dandekar

1
Safe
Win
Low
Low
Low
Low
Win
Win
Win
Safe
Win
Low

Safe
Win
Win
Low
Low

Win
Eliminated

2
Safe
Win
Safe
Win
Safe
Win
Low
Low
Win
Low
Low

Win
Win
Low
Low

Win
Eliminated

3
Win
Win
Low
Low
Safe
Low
Win
Safe
Win
Low

Win
Low
Low
Win

Eliminated
Win

4
Win
Safe
Safe
Win
Low
Win
Safe
Win
Low
Safe

Safe
Safe
Win
Win

Eliminated
Win

5
Win
Win
Safe
Win

Win
Low
Low
Low
Low

Win
Safe
Safe
Eliminated

6
Win
Win
Low
Low

Low
Low
Win
Win

Win
Low
Low
Win

Win
Win
Win
Low
Low
Low

Safe
Low
Win

Eliminated
Safe
Win

7
Safe
Safe
Safe
Wild card
Wild card
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Wild card

Win
Safe
Eliminated

Win
Win
Win
Safe
Low
Low
Win
Low
Low

Low
Win
Win
Low

Win
Eliminated

8
Win
Low
Win
Low
Win
Safe
Safe
Low

Low
Win
Safe

Win
Low
Safe
Win
Win
Low
Low

Safe
Win
Safe
Eliminated

9
Win
Low
Win
Low
Win
Low
Low

Low
Win
Low

Low
Win
Low

Win
Low
Low

Low
Low
Win

10
Low
Win
Win
Ticket to finale
Win
Low
Low

Low
2nd finalist
Low

3rd finalist
Eliminated

5th finalist
4th finalist
Eliminated

11
Winner
1st Runner up
2nd Runner up
Eliminated
Eliminated


document_title: All Hail King Julien

question_text: what kind of animal is karl from all hail king julien

text: All Hail King Julien

text: Premise[edit]

text: When King Julien XII (also known as Uncle King Julien), a very strict and cowardly ring-tailed lemur is foretold to be eaten by fossa (spelled and pronounced as "foosa"), he abdicates his throne in favor of his nephew, who becomes King Julien XIII, a selfish, notorious party animal, who now has an entire kingdom of lemurs to lead on his own. While Uncle King Julien is gone, the new King Julien gets into various troubles in the company of his adviser Maurice, his head of security Clover, Mort, and his brother Frank "the Sky God". All the while, his devious uncle returns and tries to get rid of his nephew to reclaim the throne. Aside from Uncle King Julien and the foosa, Julien deals with other threats like the mad fanaloka Karl, and Clover's twin sister Crimson.

text: At the end of the fourth season, King Julien is dethroned and forced into exile by Koto and his army but successfully defeats Koto and regained his kingdom in Exiled series. The fifth and final season takes place after Koto's demise; villains such as Karl and Uncle King Julien decide to give up their evil ways and start a new life. This all leads up to the arrival of Alex on Madagascar (marking the beginning of the original Madagascar feature film) just as Clover leaves with her husband, Sage Moondancer, on their honeymoon.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
10
5
December 19, 2014 (2014-12-19)

5
April 3, 2015 (2015-04-03)

2
16
October 16, 2015 (2015-10-16)

3
13
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

4
13
November 11, 2016 (2016-11-11)

Exiled
13
May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12)

5
13
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Danny Jacobs as King Julien XIII[2]
Andy Richter as Mort[2]
Kevin Michael Richardson as Maurice[2]
India de Beaufort as Clover[2]
Henry Winkler as Uncle King Julien XII[2]
Dwight Schultz as Karl
David Krumholtz as Timo[7]
Betsy Sodaro as Xixi[8]
Debra Wilson as Masikura[8]
Jeff Bennett as Sage Moondancer[2]

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was announced in March 2014 as part of an agreement between Netflix and DreamWorks Animation, under which the studio will develop more than 300 hours of exclusive programming for the service.[9] The series is based on the characters from Madagascar, but is a prequel, set prior to the events of the film series.[10] Danny Jacobs, Andy Richter, Kevin Michael Richardson reprised their roles from the previous Madagascar TV series, while Henry Winkler, India de Beaufort, and Betsy Sodaro joined the cast.[11]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series has been released to critical acclaim. After the initial release of the first five episodes, Robert Lloyd of Los Angeles Times wrote in his review that the series "succeeds on matters of style, script, timing and performance, not the number of individual hairs rendered in a patch of fur. And Julien delivers on all the important accounts."[12]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2015
Daytime Emmy Awards[13][14]
Outstanding Children's Animated Program
Bret Haaland, Mitch Watson, Randy Dormans, Nicholas Filippi, Chris Neuhahn and Katie Ely
Won

Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program
Danny Jacobs (as King Julien)
Won

Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special
Ania O'Hare
Won — tied with Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Outstanding Directing in an Animated Program
Christo Stamboliev
Nominated

Outstanding Original Song — Main Title and Promo
Will Fuller and Alex Geringas (for "Who's da King")
Nominated

2016
Daytime Emmy Awards[15][16]
Outstanding Children's Animated Program
Bret Haaland, Mitch Watson, Randy Dormans, Chris Neuhahn and Katie Ely
Nominated

Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program
Danny Jacobs (as King Julien)
Nominated

Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program
Mitch Watson, Michael Ryan, Sharon Flynn and Elliott Owen
Won

Outstanding Directing in an Animated Program
Stephen Heneveld, Christo Stamboliev, James Wootton and Collette Sunderman
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Editing - Animation
Devon Bowman, Chris Gresham, Andrew Ing, DJ Lynch, Peter Munters, Lawrence Reyes, Ian Nyeste, Mishelle Fordham, Aran Tanchum and Vincent Guisetti
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Mixing - Animation
Devon Bowman, Vicki Lemar, Aran Tanchum, Ian Nyeste and DJ Lynch
Nominated

Outstanding Original Song
Frederik Wiedmann and Mitch Watson (for "True Bromance")
Won

2017
Annie Awards
Outstanding Achievement, Editorial in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production
King Julien Superstar!
Nominated


document_title: Pizza Margherita

question_text: where does the name margherita pizza come from

text: Pizza Margherita

text: Origin[edit]

text: A widespread belief says that in June 1889 the pizzaiolo Raffaele Esposito, Pizzeria Brandi's chef, invented a dish called "Pizza Margherita" in honor of the Queen of Italy, Margherita of Savoy, and the Italian unification, since toppings are tomato (red), mozzarella (white) and basil (green), representing the same colors of the national flag of Italy.[2]

text: The legend of pizza Margherita is considered a false history, as a pizza made with the same toppings was already present in Naples between 1796 and 1810,[3] although it probably was not called "Margherita". In 1830, in the book Napoli, contorni e dintorni, written by Riccio, it was described as a pizza with tomato, mozzarella and basil.[4] In 1849 Emanuele Rocco recorded different pizza toppings like basil, tomatoes and thin slices of mozzarella;[5] the mozzarella was thinly sliced, and arranged with a flower-shape over the tomato sauce, along with the basil leaves: this may be the real origin of the name Margherita (meaning daisy).[6]

text: In 1866 Francesco De Bourcard, writing about the Naples traditions,[5] described the most commonly used pizza toppings at that time, included the ones called today pizza marinara, pizza margherita and calzone:

text: The most ordinary pizzas, called coll'aglio e l'olio (with garlic and oil), are dressed with oil, and over there it's spread, as well as salt, the origanum and garlic cloves shredded minutely. Others are covered with grated cheese and dressed with lard, and then they put over a few leaves of basil. Over the firsts is often added some small seafish; on the seconds some thin slices of mozzarella. Sometimes they use slices of prosciutto, tomato, arselle, etc.... Sometimes folding the dough over itself it forms what is called calzone.


document_title: The Deep End of the Ocean (film)

question_text: where was the deep end of the ocean filmed

text: The Deep End of the Ocean (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Beth Cappadora and her husband Pat experience a parent's worst fear when their 3-year-old son Ben vanishes in a crowded hotel lobby during Beth's high school reunion. The ensuing frantic search is unsuccessful, and Beth goes through a sustained nervous breakdown. Unable to cope with her devastation, Beth unintentionally neglects her other children, Vincent and Kerry.

text: After nine years, the family has seemingly accepted that Ben has gone forever, when a familiar-looking boy turns up at their house, introducing himself as Sam and offers to mow their lawn. Beth is convinced that Sam is actually her son, and begins an investigation that culminates in the discovery that Ben was kidnapped at the ill-fated high school reunion years ago, by a mentally unstable woman who was a high school classmate of Beth's. This woman brought up Ben as her own child, until she committed suicide. The attempted re-integration of Ben back into the Cappadora family produces painful results for all involved.

text: Eventually, the family decides that what's best for Ben is to return him to his adoptive father, and Beth returns him to his house. One night, Vincent leaves the house and Beth wakes up to a phone call at 4 in the morning to find out Vincent is in prison. Candy, Beth and Pat speak about whether Vincent's actions are taking it too far, and while Beth is entering the visitor area, she speaks to Candy whether Vincent hates her or not, and Candy reassures her he loves her. After speaking with him during visitor hours, she reveals a man's car was totaled and Vincent could've died because of what he did, which leads to the conclusion Vincent was drunk driving. They hold hands and reconcile their mother and son relationship. During the days Vincent is in prison, Beth and Pat develop relationship problems and start sleeping in separate beds, after arguing about what Pat sees of their future, Vincent and Ben, and whether he loves her or not. Another visitor appears days later and it's Sam, mostly known as Ben and he reveals that he remembered something from before his abduction, playing with Vincent and Vincent finding him, causing him to feel safe. After Pat bailing Vincent, one night Vincent finds Sam playing basketball outside. Vincent, who has carried guilt for letting go of Ben at the reunion, is forgiven by Ben who decides to return to living with his real family, but first plays a game of basketball with his brother with their parents secretly watching from the living room window.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Michelle Pfeiffer as Beth Cappadora
Treat Williams as Pat Cappadora
Whoopi Goldberg as Det. Candace "Candy" Bliss
Jonathan Jackson as Vincent Cappadora - Age 16

Cory Buck as Vincent Cappadora - Age 7

Ryan Merriman as Benjamin Cappadora/Sam Karras - Age 12

Michael McElroy as Benjamin Cappadora - Age 3

Alexa Vega as Kerry Cappadora - Age 9
Michael McGrady as Jimmy Daugherty
Brenda Strong as Ellen
Tony Musante as Grandpa Angelo Cappadora
Rose Gregorio as Grandma Rosie Cappadora
John Kapelos as George Karras
Lucinda Jenney as Laurie
John Roselius as Chief Bastokovich

text: Production[edit]

text: According to a small behind-the-scenes booklet featured on the DVD release, the film began production on October 27, 1997 and was predominantly shot in Los Angeles. Oprah Winfrey was considered for the role of Det. Candace "Candy" Bliss before Whoopi Goldberg was cast.[3] Coincidentally, the novel in which this movie is based was the very first book selected by Winfrey to be discussed on Oprah's Book Club in 1996.[4]

text: Alternate ending and re-shoots[edit]

text: A different ending was filmed which tested poorly with audiences who felt it was too grim. Despite being the original ending of the book, not to mention producer Michelle Pfeiffer's preferred ending, the studio opted for the more conventional happy ending.[5] Extensive rewrites and re-shoots caused the film to be delayed from its planned fall 1998 release to spring of 1999.[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Deep End of the Ocean holds a rating of 44% on Rotten Tomatoes,[7] and a score of 45 on Metacritic,[8] indicating mixed reviews.

text: In the New York Times, Janet Maslin praised the director and lead actress but criticised the music: "With a fine, impassioned performance from Michelle Pfeiffer as the story's raw-nerved heroine, the film moves beyond the detective-story aspects of its material to concentrate on what kind of shock waves batter a family after an event like this... Grosbard mercifully avoids melodrama. And he paces the film so simply and determinedly that its early scenes are like a string of picture postcards, each one depicting a new phase of the family's ordeal. Only when the film seeks tidy resolution for a tangled set of problems does this restraint seem overwhelmed by the complexity of the situation. But the only real false notes are musical ones, from a score by Elmer Bernstein that turns familiar and trite when the film does not."[9]

text: In Variety, Emanuel Levy praised all aspects of the film: "Michelle Pfeiffer and Treat Williams give such magnetic performances that they elevate the film way above its middlebrow sensibility and proclivity for neat resolutions... In the first reel, Pfeiffer is brilliant as an anxious mother consumed with finding her lost son. Dominating scene after scene, she conveys anguish and guilt in an all-out performance that ranks with her best... Coming from the theater, Grosbard has always coaxed strong performances from his handpicked casts, but Deep End's technical sheen places this outing at the top of his oeuvre. Stephen Goldblatt's clean lensing, Elmer Bernstein's evocative score, Dan Davis' crafty production design, Susie DeSanto's authentic costumes and, particularly, John Bloom's fluent editing serve as models for efficient storytelling, representing mainstream cinema at its best."[10]

text: In the San Francisco Chronicle, Edward Guthmann commended Pfeiffer and Jackson but was ultimately unimpressed: "Pfeiffer, who segued into mother roles in her past two films, One Fine Day and A Thousand Acres, brings heart and soul to this domestic melodrama, but it's not enough. The Deep End of the Ocean has nothing but the noblest of intentions, and Grosbard's direction is meticulous, sober and tasteful, but the movie is so deliberate, so enervated that you feel as if you're watching it through glass... In a difficult role that he doesn't quite pull off, Ryan Merriman plays Sam, the 12-year-old whose allegiance is split between two homes. As his damaged older brother, Jonathan Jackson brings such confidence, maturity and self-possession that he seems to belong in another movie. And Whoopi Goldberg - all-purpose, you-got-a-part-I'll-play-it Whoopi - shows up as a helpful detective named Candy Bliss."[11]

text: In Rolling Stone, Peter Travers held a similar view: "The Deep End of the Ocean, from Jacquelyn Mitchard's best-selling novel about parents who find their lost son nine years after his abduction, benefits from a customarily fine performance by Michelle Pfeiffer as the boy's mother. Treat Williams excels as the husband, as does Whoopi Goldberg, a detective who helps the parents in their search. Director Ulu Grosbard (Georgia) and screenwriter Stephen Schiff (Lolita) commendably try to avoid the usual kidnapping clichés in favor of family dynamics, but the film ultimately gives in to a case of TV-movie blahs."[12]

text: In Entertainment Weekly, Michael Sauter also found the lead performances superior to the film as a whole: "The first half of this drama, with Pfeiffer and Williams as parents whose 3-year-old son vanishes, is almost unbearably wrenching... Far less effective, however, is the rest of the story, set nine years later, when the boy resurfaces... But if the film was less than satisfying as a big-screen event, it's still worth renting for Pfeiffer, who valiantly portrays the devastating complexities of grief and guilt."[13]

text: Two extremely negative reviews came from Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun-Times and Desson Howe in the Washington Post. Ebert wrote that "Ulu Grosbard's The Deep End of the Ocean is a painfully stolid movie that lumbers past emotional issues like a wrestler in a cafeteria line, putting a little of everything on his plate. It provides big roles for Michelle Pfeiffer and Treat Williams, but doesn't provide them with the screenplay support they need; the result is that awkwardness when characters express emotions that the audience doesn't share."[14] Howe described the "moments in The Deep End of the Ocean that will break your heart. After all, the movie – based on Jacquelyn Mitchard's novel – is about losing a child. This is, essentially, emotional blackmail for anyone with a family. Two hundred monkeys fighting over one word processor could make you cry over material like that. Yet producer/star Michelle Pfeiffer, director Ulu Grosbard and scriptwriter Stephen Schiff still mess things up. Apart from the previously mentioned occasions, and nice performances from Jonathan Jackson and Ryan Merriman, the movie's a floating longboat that ought to be ignited and pushed out to sea, Viking style."[15]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Elmer Bernstein's original score to The Deep End of the Ocean was released in 1999 by Milan Records[16]. Unfortunately the album only includes cues of certain scenes while the rest of the score remains unreleased or incomplete, such as Sam's conversation with Beth in the graveyard or Beth's conversation with Vincent in the penitentiary among others.

text: Track listing[17]

text:
Main Title - 5:10
Brothers - 2:33
Sam is Lost - 3:59
Home Again - 4:13
Photographs - 2:24
Cecil - 2:25
Giving Back - 3:05
Reunion - 3:06
End Credits - 3:08

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Ryan Merriman won a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor.[18]


document_title: New Delhi

question_text: who transferred the capital from calcutta to delhi

question_tokens: who transferred the capital from calcutta to delhi

text: New Delhi

text: History[edit]

text: Establishment[edit]

text: Calcutta (now Kolkata) was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911.

text: Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi.[8] The Government of British India felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from Delhi in the centre of northern India.[8]

text: The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894.[9]

text: On 12 December 1911, during the Delhi Durbar, George V, then Emperor of India, along with Queen Mary, his Consort, made the announcement[10][11] that the capital of the Raj was to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi, while laying the foundation stone for the Viceroy's residence in the Coronation Park, Kingsway Camp.[12][13] The foundation stone[14] of New Delhi was laid by King George V and Queen Mary at the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 at Kingsway Camp on 15 December 1911, during their imperial visit. Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens, who first visited Delhi in 1912, and Herbert Baker, both leading 20th-century British architects.[15] The contract was given to Sobha Singh. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the Tughlaqabad fort, but this was given up because of the Delhi-Calcutta trunk line that passed through the fort. Construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931. The city that was later dubbed "Lutyens' Delhi" was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Lord Irwin, the Viceroy.[16] Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial aspirations.[17][18]

text: Soon Lutyens started considering other places. Indeed, the Delhi Town Planning Committee, set up to plan the new imperial capital, with George Swinton as chairman and John A. Brodie and Lutyens as members, submitted reports for both North and South sites. However, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which today faces east at India Gate, was previously meant to be a north-south axis linking the Viceroy's House at one end with Paharganj at the other. During the project's early years, many tourists believed it was a gate from Earth to Heaven itself.[19] Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a large number of heritage sites in the North side, the committee settled on the South site.[20] A site atop the Raisina Hill, formerly Raisina Village, a Meo village, was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan, then known as the Viceroy's House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was also considered the site of Indraprastha, the ancient region of Delhi. Subsequently, the foundation stone was shifted from the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911–1912, where the Coronation Pillar stood, and embedded in the walls of the forecourt of the Secretariat. The Rajpath, also known as King's Way, stretched from the India Gate to the Rashtrapati Bhawan. The Secretariat building, the two blocks of which flank the Rashtrapati Bhawan and houses ministries of the Government of India, and the Parliament House, both designed by Baker, are located at the Sansad Marg and run parallel to the Rajpath.

text: In the south, land up to Safdarjung's Tomb was acquired to create what is today known as Lutyens' Bungalow Zone.[21] Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of Raisina Hill, a circular railway line around the Council House (now Parliament House), called the Imperial Delhi Railway, was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years. The last stumbling block was the Agra-Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All-India War Memorial (India Gate) and Kingsway (Rajpath), which was a problem because the Old Delhi Railway Station served the entire city at that time. The line was shifted to run along the Yamuna river, and it began operating in 1924. The New Delhi Railway Station opened in 1926 with a single platform at Ajmeri Gate near Paharganj and was completed in time for the city's inauguration in 1931.[22][23] As construction of the Viceroy's House (the present Rashtrapati Bhavan), Central Secretariat, Parliament House, and All-India War Memorial (India Gate) was winding down, the building of a shopping district and a new plaza, Connaught Place, began in 1929, and was completed by 1933. Named after Prince Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught (1850–1942), it was designed by Robert Tor Russell, chief architect to the Public Works Department (PWD).[24]

text: After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in North Delhi. Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the 'Old secretariat' in Old Delhi (the building now houses the Delhi Legislative Assembly), a decade before the new capital was inaugurated in 1931. Many employees were brought into the new capital from distant parts of India, including the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency. Subsequently, housing for them was developed around Gole Market area in the 1920s.[25] Built in the 1940s, to house government employees, with bungalows for senior officials in the nearby Lodhi Estate area, Lodhi colony near historic Lodhi Gardens, was the last residential areas built by the British Raj.[26]

text: Post-independence[edit]

text: After India gained independence in 1947, a limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India. In 1956, Delhi was converted into a union territory and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor. The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capital Territory of Delhi.[27] A system was introduced under which the elected Government was given wide powers, excluding law and order which remained with the Central Government. The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993.

text: The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri, where land was allotted for embassies, chanceries, high commissions and residences of ambassadors, around a wide central vista, Shanti Path.[28]

text: Geography[edit]

text: With a total area of 42.7 km2 (16.5 sq mi), New Delhi forms a small part of the Delhi metropolitan area.[29] Since the city is located on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, there is little difference in elevation across the city. New Delhi and surrounding areas were once a part of the Aravali Range; all that is left of those mountains is the Delhi Ridge, which is also called the Lungs of Delhi. While New Delhi lies on the floodplains of the Yamuna River, it is essentially a landlocked city. East of the river is the urban area of Shahdara. New Delhi falls under the seismic zone-IV, making it vulnerable to earthquakes.[30]

text: Seismology[edit]

text: New Delhi lies on several fault lines and thus experiences frequent earthquakes, most of them of mild intensity. There has, however, been a spike in the number of earthquakes in the last six years, most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal, a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007, a 4.2-magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011, a 5.2-magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012, and a swarm of twelve earthquakes, including four of magnitudes 2.5, 2.8, 3.1, and 3.3, on 12 November 2013.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate of New Delhi is a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) bordering a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) with high variation between summer and winter in terms of both temperature and rainfall. The temperature varies from 46 °C (115 °F) in summers to around 0 °C (32 °F) in winters. The area's version of a humid subtropical climate is noticeably different from many other cities with this climate classification in that it features long and very hot summers, relatively dry and mild winters, a monsoonal period, and dust storms. Summers are long, extending from early April to October, with the monsoon season occurring in the middle of the summer. Winter starts in November and peaks in January. The annual mean temperature is around 25 °C (77 °F); monthly daily mean temperatures range from approximately 14 to 34 °C (57 to 93 °F). New Delhi's highest temperature ever recorded is 48.4 °C (119.1 °F) on June 28, 1883 while the lowest temperature ever recorded is −2.2 °C (28.0 °F) on January 11, 1967, both of which are recorded at Indira Gandhi International Airport (formerly known as Palam Airport).[31] The average annual rainfall is 714 millimetres (28.1 in), most of which is during the monsoons in July and August.[32]

text:
[hide]Climate data for New Delhi (Safdarjung) 1981–2010

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °C (°F)
30.0
(86)
34.1
(93.4)
40.6
(105.1)
45.6
(114.1)
47.2
(117)
46.7
(116.1)
45.0
(113)
42.0
(107.6)
40.6
(105.1)
39.4
(102.9)
36.1
(97)
29.3
(84.7)
47.2
(117)

Average high °C (°F)
20.5
(68.9)
23.9
(75)
29.6
(85.3)
36.3
(97.3)
39.5
(103.1)
39.2
(102.6)
35.4
(95.7)
34.1
(93.4)
34.1
(93.4)
32.8
(91)
28.2
(82.8)
23.1
(73.6)
31.4
(88.5)

Average low °C (°F)
7.6
(45.7)
10.4
(50.7)
15.6
(60.1)
21.3
(70.3)
25.8
(78.4)
27.9
(82.2)
27.4
(81.3)
26.6
(79.9)
25.0
(77)
19.1
(66.4)
12.9
(55.2)
8.3
(46.9)
19.0
(66.2)

Record low °C (°F)
−0.6
(30.9)
1.6
(34.9)
4.4
(39.9)
10.7
(51.3)
15.2
(59.4)
18.9
(66)
20.3
(68.5)
20.7
(69.3)
17.3
(63.1)
9.4
(48.9)
3.9
(39)
1.1
(34)
−0.6
(30.9)

Average rainfall mm (inches)
19.3
(0.76)
22.1
(0.87)
15.9
(0.626)
13.0
(0.512)
31.5
(1.24)
82.2
(3.236)
187.3
(7.374)
232.5
(9.154)
129.8
(5.11)
14.3
(0.563)
4.9
(0.193)
9.4
(0.37)
762.3
(30.012)

Average rainy days
1.3
1.8
1.6
1.2
2.5
4.6
9.4
9.8
5.5
1.0
0.5
0.9
40.1

Average relative humidity (%)
63
55
47
34
33
46
70
73
62
52
55
62
54

Mean monthly sunshine hours
214.6
216.1
239.1
261.0
263.1
196.5
165.9
177.0
219.0
269.3
247.2
215.8
2,684.6

Source #1: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)[31][33]

Source #2: NOAA (extremes, sun and humidity, 1971–1990)[34]

text: Air quality[edit]

text: In recent Mercer's 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution.[35][36] The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world's worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organisation tracked around the world.[37][38][39][40] In 2016, United States Environmental Protection Agency listed New Delhi as the most polluted city on Earth.[41][42]

text: In an attempt to curb air pollution in New Delhi, which gets worse during the winter, a temporary alternate-day travel scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered license plates system was announced by Delhi government in December 2015. In addition, trucks were to be allowed to enter India's capital only after 11 pm, two hours later than the existing restriction.[40] The driving restriction scheme was planned to be implemented as a trial from 1 January 2016 for an initial period of 15 days. The restriction was in force between 8 am and 8 pm, and traffic was not restricted on Sundays.[43] Public transportation service was increased during the restriction period.[40]

text: On 16 December 2015, the Supreme Court of India mandated several restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until 31 March 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to compressed natural gas by 1 March 2016. Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.[44]

text: Analysing real-time vehicle speed data from Uber Delhi revealed that during the odd-even program, average speeds went up by a statistically significant 5.4 per cent (2.8 standard deviation from normal). This means vehicles have lesser idling time in traffic and vehicle engines would run closer to minimum fuel consumption.[45] "In bordering areas, PM 2.5 levels were recorded more than 400 (ug/m3) while in inner areas in Delhi, they were recorded between 150 and 210 on an average."[46] However, the subcity of Dwarka, located in the southwest district, has a substantially low level of air pollution. At the NSIT University campus, located in sector 3 Dwarka, pollution levels were as low as 93 PPM.[citation needed]

text: On 7 November 2017, the Indian Medical Association declared a public health emergency due to high pollution levels [47]. The highest being in the Punjabi Bagh district with an Air Quality Index of 999 and in the RK Puram district with an index of 852. The lowest index recorded was in the Anand Vihar district with an index of 319[48]. Levels of PM2.5 were recorded at 710µg/m³, more than 11 times the World Health Organisation's safe limit[49].

text: Demographics[edit]

text: New Delhi has a population of 257,803.[2] Hindi is the most widely spoken language in New Delhi and the lingua franca of the city. English is primarily used as the formal language by business and government institutes.[50] New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38% according to 2011 census, which is highest in Delhi.[51]

text: Religion[edit]

text: Except for Hinduism, the proportions of other religions are different and relatively lower in New Delhi as compared to entire NCT.[52] According to 2011 census, Hinduism is the religion of 89.8% of New Delhi's population. There are also communities of Muslims (4.5%), Christians (2.9%), Sikhs (2.0%), Jains (0.4%).[52] Other religious groups include Parsis, Buddhists and Jews.[53]

text:
Religion in New Delhi (NDMC)[52][54]

Religion

Percent

Hinduism

89.82%

Islam

4.50%

Christianity

2.93%

Sikhism

1.97%

Jainism

0.42%

Others

0.36%

text: Government[edit]

text: The national capital of India, New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi, it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.

text: As of 2015[update], the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson, three members of New Delhi's Legislative Assembly, two members nominated by the Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi and five members nominated by the central government.

text: The head of state of Delhi is the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi, appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Central government and the post is largely ceremonial, as the Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. According to the Indian constitution, if a law passed by Delhi's legislative assembly is repugnant to any law passed by the Parliament of India, then the law enacted by the parliament will prevail over the law enacted by the assembly.[55]

text: New Delhi is governed through a municipal government, known as the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC). Other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD). However, the entire metropolis of Delhi is commonly known as New Delhi in contrast to Old Delhi.

text: Economy[edit]

text: New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India. It has an estimated net State Domestic Product (FY 2010) of ₹1,595 billion (US$25 billion) in nominal terms and ~₹6,800 billion (US$110 billion) in PPP terms.[56] As of 2013[update], the per capita income of Delhi was Rs. 230000, second highest in India after Goa. GSDP in Delhi at the current prices for 2012–13 is estimated at Rs 3.88 trillion (short scale) against Rs 3.11 trillion (short scale) in 2011–12.[57]

text: Connaught Place, one of North India's largest commercial and financial centres, is located in the northern part of New Delhi. Adjoining areas such as Barakhamba Road, ITO are also major commercial centres. Government and quasi government sector was the primary employer in New Delhi. The city's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies. Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism.

text: The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39, but overall the capital is ranked at 37, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg.[58] New Delhi with Beijing shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia-Pacific markets.[59]

text: The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi does not release any economic figures specifically for New Delhi but publishes an official economic report on the whole of Delhi annually. According to the Economic Survey of Delhi, the metropolis has a net State Domestic Product (SDP) of Rs. 830.85 billion (for the year 2004–05)[60] and a per capita income of Rs. 53,976($1,200).[60] In the year 2008–09 New Delhi had a Per Capita Income of Rs. 116,886 ($2,595).It grew by 16.2% to reach Rs. 135,814 ($3,018) in 2009–10 fiscal. New Delhi's Per Capita GDP (at PPP) was at $6,860 during 2009–10 fiscal, making it one of the richest cities in India. The tertiary sector contributes 78.4% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 20.2% and 1.4% contribution respectively.[60]

text: The gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Delhi at current prices for the year 2011–12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13 trillion (short scale), which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal.[61]

text: Culture[edit]

text: New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast Indian bureaucracy and political system. The city's capital status has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events such as Republic Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti (Gandhi's birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Delhi and the rest of India. On India's Independence Day (15 August) the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort. Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom.[62] The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military might.[63][64]

text: Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of light), Maha Shivaratri, Teej, Durga Puja, Mahavir Jayanti, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Holi, Lohri, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Raksha Bandhan, Christmas and Chhath Puja .[64] The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as the chosen backdrop of the event.[65] Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi.

text: There are also a number of Iglesia ni Cristo members, most of them Filipinos and some Indians who are married to the members.

text: In 2007, the Japanese Buddhist organisation Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in the city containing Buddha relics. It was inaugurated by the current Dalai Lama.

text: Historic sites, museums and gardens[edit]

text: New Delhi is home to several historic sites and museums. The National Museum which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the Royal Academy in London in the winter of 1947–48[66] was later at the end was shown at the Rashtrapati Bhawan in 1949. Later it was to form a permanent National Museum. On 15 August 1949, the National Museum was formally inaugurated and currently has 200,000 works of art, both of Indian and foreign origin, covering over 5,000 years.[67]

text: The India Gate built in 1931 was inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.[68] It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the Indian Army who lost their lives while fighting for the British Raj in World War I and the Third Anglo-Afghan War.[68]The monument is barricaded now with entry to inside arch restricted.

text: The Rajpath which was built similar to the Champs-Élysées in Paris is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India located in New Delhi. The annual Republic Day parade takes place here on 26 January. The Beating retreat takes place here 2 days later.

text: Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948. Rajghat is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his assassination and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River. The Raj Ghat in the shape of large square platform with black marble was designed by architect Vanu Bhuta.

text: Jantar Mantar located in Connaught Place was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur. It consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.

text: New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art, National Museum of Natural History, National Rail Museum, National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, National Philatelic Museum, Nehru Planetarium, Shankar's International Dolls Museum.[69] and Supreme Court of India Museum.[70]

text: In the coming years, a new National War Memorial and Museum will be constructed in New Delhi[71][72] for ₹4,000 million (US$62 million).[73][74]

text: New Delhi is particularly renowned for its beautifully landscaped gardens that can look quite stunning in spring. The largest of these include Buddha Jayanti Park and the historic Lodi Gardens. In addition, there are the gardens in the Presidential Estate, the gardens along the Rajpath and India Gate, the gardens along Shanti Path, the Rose Garden, Nehru Park and the Railway Garden in Chanakya Puri. Also of note is the garden adjacent to the Jangpura Metro Station near the Defence Colony Flyover, as are the roundabout and neighbourhood gardens throughout the city.

text: The New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) area was declared the cleanest in North India, based on solid waste management, access to sanitation and other parameters of cleanliness, under the zone-wise Swachh Survekshan 2017.[75]

text: Transport[edit]

text: Air[edit]

text: Indira Gandhi International Airport, situated to the southwest of Delhi, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2012–13, the airport was used by more than 35 million passengers,[79][80] making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost ₹96.8 billion (US$1.5 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.[81]

text: The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara, was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India.[82] The airport functioned until 2001, however in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses,[82] and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister.[83]

text: In 2010, Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15–25 million category, and Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region by Airports Council International.[84] The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25–40 million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International.[85] Delhi Airport also bags two awards for The Best Airport in Central Asia/India and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia/India at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015.[86]

text: Road[edit]

text: New Delhi has one of India's largest bus transport systems. Buses are operated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), which owns largest fleet of compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled buses in the world. Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on New Delhi roads. New Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India. Taxis and Auto Rickshaws also ply on New Delhi roads in large numbers. New Delhi has one of the highest road density in India and average vehicle speed is around 15-20 kmph in peak hours in the city.[87]

text: Important Roads in New Delhi

text: Some roads and expressways serve as important pillars of New Delhi's road infrastructure:

text:
Inner Ring Road is one of the most important "state highways" in New Delhi. It is a 51 km long circular road, which connects important areas in New Delhi. Owing to more than 2 dozen grade-separators/flyovers, the road is almost signal-free.
Outer Ring Road is another major artery in New Delhi that links far-flung areas of Delhi.
The Delhi Noida Direct Flyway (DND Flyway) is an eight-laned access controlled tolled expressway which connects New Delhi and Delhi to Noida (an important satellite city of Uttar Pradesh). The acronym DND stands for "Delhi-Noida Direct".
'The Delhi Gurgaon Expressway is a 28 km (17 mi) expressway connecting New Delhi to Gurgaon, an important satellite city of Haryana.
The Delhi Faridabad Skyway is controlled tolled expressway which connects New Delhi to Faridabad, an important satellite city of Haryana.

text: National Highways passing through New Delhi

text: New Delhi is connected by road to the rest of India through National highways:

text:
National Highway 19 (India) (old number: NH 2), commonly referred as Delhi-Kolkata Road is a busy Indian National Highway that runs through the states of Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.
National Highway 44 (India) is a National Highway that connects Srinagar with Kanyakumari and passes through Delhi.
National Highway 48 (India) is a National Highway that connects New Delhi with Chennai.
National Highway 9 (India) is a National Highway that connects Malout in Punjab to Pithoragarh in Uttarakhand and passes through Delhi.

text: Railway[edit]

text:
Station Name
Station Code
Railway Zone
Total Platforms

New Delhi
NDLS
Northern Railway
16

Old Delhi
DLI
Northern Railway
16

Hazrat Nizamuddin
NZM
Northern Railway
7

Anand Vihar Terminal
ANVT
Northern Railway
7

Delhi Sarai Rohilla
DEE
Northern Railway
7

text: New Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The five main railway stations are New Delhi railway station, Old Delhi, Nizamuddin Railway Station, Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Sarai Rohilla.[88] The Delhi Metro, a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad. As of December 2016, the metro consists of six operational lines with a total length of 213 km (132 mi) and 160 stations. Several other lines are under construction and expected to be commissioned in 2017 adding another 150 km length.[89] It carries almost 3 million passengers every day.[90] In addition to the Delhi Metro, a suburban railway, the Delhi Suburban Railway exists.[91]

text: Metro[edit]

text: The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving New Delhi, Delhi, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's first modern public transportation system, which had revolutionised travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. Presently, the Delhi Metro network consists of 213 kilometres (132 miles) of track, with 160 stations along with six more stations of the Airport Express Link. The network has now crossed the boundaries of Delhi to reach NOIDA and Ghaziabad in Uttar Pradesh, Gurgaon and faridabad in Haryana. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge.According to a study, Delhi Metro has helped in removing about 390,000 vehicles from the streets of Delhi.

text: Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under administrative control of Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides construction and operation of Delhi metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan, the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the "Metro Man" of India. He famously resigned from DMRC, taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded with the prestigious Legion of Honour by the French Government for his contribution to Delhi Metro.

text: Cityscape[edit]

text: Much of New Delhi, planned by the leading 20th-century British architect Edwin Lutyens, was laid out to be the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial ambitions. New Delhi is structured around two central promenades called the Rajpath and the Janpath. The Rajpath, or King's Way, stretches from the Rashtrapati Bhavan to the India Gate. The Janpath (Hindi: "Path of the People"), formerly Queen's Way, begins at Connaught Circus and cuts the Rajpath at right angles. 19 foreign embassies are located on the nearby Shantipath (Hindi: "Path of Peace"), making it the largest diplomatic enclave in India.[92]

text: At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhavan (formerly known as Viceroy's House) which sits atop Raisina Hill. The Secretariat, which houses ministries of the Government of India, flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Parliament House, designed by Herbert Baker, is located at the Sansad Marg, which runs parallel to the Rajpath. Connaught Place is a large, circular commercial area in New Delhi, modelled after the Royal Crescent in England. Twelve separate roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place, one of them being the Janpath.

text: Architecture[edit]

text: The New Delhi town plan, like its architecture, was chosen with one single chief consideration: to be a symbol of British power and supremacy.[18][93][94] All other decisions were subordinate to this, and it was this framework that dictated the choice and application of symbology and influences from both Hindu and Islamic architecture.[68][93]

text: It took about 20 years to build the city from 1911.[95] Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources; however, they fit into a British Classical/Palladian tradition. The fact that there were any indigenous features in the design were due to the persistence and urging of both the Viceroy Lord Hardinge and historians like E.B. Havell.[68]

text: Sports[edit]

text: The city hosted the 2010 Commonwealth Games and annually hosts Delhi Half Marathon foot-race. The city has previously hosted the 1951 Asian Games and the 1982 Asian Games. New Delhi was interested[96] in bidding for the 2019 Asian Games but was turned down by the government on 2 August 2010 amid allegations of corruption in 2010 Commonwealth Games .[97]

text: Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Ambedkar Stadium, Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium, Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex, Dhyan Chand National Stadium and Siri Fort Sports Complex.

text:
Club
Sport
League
Venue
Span

Delhi Daredevils
Cricket
IPL
Feroz Shah Kotla Ground
2008–present

Delhi Wizards
Field hockey
WSH
Dhyan Chand National Stadium
2011–present

Delhi Waveriders
Field hockey
HIL
Dhyan Chand National Stadium
2013–present

Delhi Acers
Badminton
PBL
DDA Badminton and Squash Stadium
2015–present

Dabang Delhi
Kabaddi
PKL
Thyagaraj Sports Complex
2014–present

Delhi Dynamos FC
Football
ISL
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
2014–present

Indian Aces
Tennis
IPTL
Indira Gandhi Arena
2014–present

Dilli Veer
Wrestling
PWL
K. D. Jadhav Wrestling Stadium
2015–present

text: Aerial view of New Delhi[edit]

text: International relations and organisations[edit]

text: The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi.[98] New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP, UNODC, UNESCO, UNICEF, WFP, UNV, UNCTAD, FAO, UNFPA, WHO, World Bank, ILO, IMF, UNIFEM, IFC and UNAIDS. UNHCR Representation in India is also located in the city.

text: New Delhi hosts 145 foreign embassies and high commissions.

text: New Delhi hosted the 7th NAM Summit in 1983, 4th BRICS Summit[99] in 2012 and the IBSA Summit in 2015.[100][101] It will also host 5th Global Conference on CyberSpace in November 2017.[102][103]

text: Sister cities[edit]

text:
Moscow, Russia[104]
 Beijing, China (2013)[105]
 Samarkand, Uzbekistan


document_title: Baseball rubbing mud

question_text: where does the dirt for baseballs come from

text: Baseball rubbing mud

text: History[edit]

text: Before the use of rubbing mud, baseballs were rubbed in a mixture of water and infield soil, but this method usually discolored the ball's leather surface.[1] Other alternatives at the time were tobacco juice, shoe polish, and soil from under stadium bleachers. They were able to successfully take off the sheen from baseballs, but at the same time, they also damaged and scratched the ball's leather.[2] While Lena Blackburne was a third-base coach for the Philadelphia Athletics baseball team, an umpire complained to him about the method used at the time, prompting Blackburne in 1938 to set out in search of better mud to use to rub against baseballs. Later that decade, Blackburne discovered the rubbing mud's location (said to be "near" Palmyra, New Jersey) and founded the company that he used to sell it.[3] According to the company, the entire American League used the mud soon after its discovery, and by the 1950s, it was in use by every major league team, along with some minor league and college teams.[1]

text: When age prevented Blackburne from harvesting the mud, he left the company to a friend, John Haas;[4] according to the company, Haas had accompanied Blackburne during his searches for an appropriate mud. Haas later left the company to his son-in-law Burns Bintliff, who in turn selected one of his nine children, current owner Jim, to carry on the business.[4] Jim Bintliff told CNN reporter Thomas Andres in 2009 that the company only brought in about $20,000 per year; at the time, he worked full-time as a printing press operator.[4]

text: Usage[edit]

text: The mud originates from the New Jersey side of the Delaware River. The mud is cleaned and screened before sale.[1] Each year Jim Bintliff visits the mud's source and returns with 1,000 pounds of it to store over the winter and sells it the following baseball season.[3] He told Andres:

text: If anybody happens to catch me in the act of harvesting mud, I come up with a story to give them a reason I'm putting mud in a bucket. I've told people I use it in my garden, I use it for my rose bushes, I use it for bee stings and poison ivy and any kind of story.[4]

text: Before all major- and minor-league baseball games, an umpire or clubhouse attendant rubs six dozen or more balls with the mud to give them a rougher surface, to make them easier for pitchers to grip, and to comply with MLB Rule 4.01(c), which states that all baseballs shall be "properly rubbed so that the gloss is removed." The rubbing mud's unique feature is that it is "very fine, like thick chocolate pudding",[1] and it has been considered the "perfect baseball-rubbing mud".[1]