document_title: Timur

question_text: who was king of delhi when timur attacked

question_tokens: who was king of delhi when timur attacked

text: Timur

text: Ancestry

text:
Through his father, Timur claimed to be a descendant of Tumanay Khan, a male-line ancestor he shared in common with Genghis Khan.[17] Tuminai's great-great grandson Karachar Noyan (1165–1242/54) was a minister for the Emperor and was eventually transferred to assist his second son Chagatai in the governorship of Transoxiana.[18][19]
Though there are not many mentions of Karachar in 13th and 14th century records, later Timurid sources greatly emphasised his role in the early history of the Mongol Empire.[20] These histories also state that Genghis Khan later "established the bond of fatherhood and sonship" by marrying Chagatai's daughter to Karachar.[21] Through his descent from this marriage, Timur claimed kinship with the Chagatai Khans.

text: The origins of Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun are less clear. The Zafarnama merely states her name without giving any information regarding her background. Writing in 1403 Jean, Archbishop of Sultaniyya claimed that she was of lowly origins.[22] The Mu'izz al-Ansab, written decades later say that she was related to the Yasa'uri tribe, whose lands bordered that of the Barlas.[23] Ibn Khaldun recounted that Timur himself described to him his mother's descent from the legendary Persian hero Manuchehr.[24] Ibn Arabshah suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan.[25] The 18th century Books of Timur identify her as the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', believed to be referring to the Hanafi scholar Ubayd Allah al-Mahbubi of Bukhara.[26]

text: Early life

text: Timur was born in Transoxiana near the city of Kesh (modern Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan) some 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Samarkand, part of what was then the Chagatai Khanate.[27] His father, Taraghai, was a minor noble of the Barlas,[27] a Mongolian tribe[28][29] that had been turkified in many aspects.[30][31][32] Historian Beatrice Forbes Manz believes that Timur may have later understated the social position of his father so as to make his own successes appear more remarkable. She states that though he is not believed to be especially powerful, Taraghai was reasonalbly wealthy and influential.[33] This is shown by Timur returning to his birthplace following the death of Taraghai in 1360, suggesting concern over his estate.[34] He is described by Arabshah as a magnate in the court of Amir Husayn Qara'unas.[25] In addition to this the father of the great Amir Hamid Kereyid of Moghulistan is stated as a friend of Taraghai's.[35]

text: According to Gérard Chaliand, Timur was a Muslim,[36] and he saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir.[36] Though not a Borjigid or a descendent of Genghis Khan,[37] he clearly sought to invoke the legacy of Genghis Khan's conquests during his lifetime.[38]

text: His name Temur means "Iron" in the Chaghatay language, Timur's mother-tongue (cf. Uzbek Temir, Turkish Demir).

text: Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that he was born on 8 April 1336, but most sources from his lifetime give ages that are consistent with a birthdate in the late 1320s. Historian Beatrice Forbes Manz suspects the 1336 date was designed to tie Timur to the legacy of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, the last ruler of the Ilkhanate descended from Hulagu Khan, who died in that year.[39]

text: At the age of eight or nine, Timur and his mother and brothers were carried as prisoners to Samarkand by an invading Mongol army. In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle.[39]:116 Around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where he lost two fingers. Both injuries crippled him for life. Some believe that Timur suffered his crippling injuries while serving as a mercenary to the khan of Sistan in Khorasan in what is today the Dashti Margo in southwest Afghanistan. Timur's injuries have given him the names of Timur the Lame and Tamerlane by Europeans.[11]:31

text: Timur was a Muslim, possibly belonging to the Naqshbandi school of Sufism, which was influential in Transoxiana.[40] However, his chief official religious counsellor and adviser was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi. In Tirmidh, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Baraka, a leader from Balkh who is buried alongside Timur in Gur-e-Amir.[41][42][43] Timur was known to hold Ali and the Ahl al-Bayt in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his "pro-Alid" stance. Despite this, Timur was noted for attacking the Shia with Sunni apologism, while at other times he attacked Sunnis on religious ground as well.[44] In contrast, Timur held the Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar in high regard for attacking the Ismailis at Alamut, while Timur's own attack on Ismailis at Anjudan was equally brutal.[44]

text: Personality

text: Timur is regarded as a military genius and as a brilliant tactician with an uncanny ability to work within a highly fluid political structure to win and maintain a loyal following of nomads during his rule in Central Asia. He was also considered extraordinarily intelligent – not only intuitively but also intellectually.[9]:16 In Samarkand and his many travels, Timur, under the guidance of distinguished scholars, was able to learn the Persian, Mongolian, and Turkish languages[11]:9 (according to Ahmad ibn Arabshah, Timur could not speak Arabic).[45] More importantly, Timur was characterized as an opportunist. Taking advantage of his Turco-Mongolian heritage, Timur frequently used either the Islamic religion or the law and traditions of the Mongol Empire to achieve his military goals or domestic political aims.[11] Timur was a learned king, and enjoyed the company of scholars; he was tolerant and generous to them. He was a contemporary of the Persian poet Hafez, and a story of their meeting explains that Timur summoned Hafiz, who had written a ghazal with the following verse:

text:
For the black mole on thy cheek
I would give the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara.

text: Timur upbraided him for this verse and said, "By the blows of my well tempered sword I have conquered the greater part of the world to enlarge Samarkand and Bukhara, my capitals and residences; and you, pitiful creature, would exchange these two cities for a mole." Hafez, undaunted, replied, "It is by similar generosity that I have been reduced, as you see, to my present state of poverty." It is reported that the King was pleased by the witty answer and the poet departed with magnificent gifts.[46][47]

text: Timur used Persian expressions in his conversations often, and his motto was the Persian phrase rāstī rustī (راستی رستی, meaning "truth is safety" or "veritas salus").[45]

text: Military leader

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text: About 1360, Timur gained prominence as a military leader whose troops were mostly Turkic tribesmen of the region.[36] He took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with Qazaghan, the dethroner and destroyer of Volga Bulgaria, he invaded Khorasan[48] at the head of a thousand horsemen. This was the second military expedition that he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjugation of Khwarezm and Urgench.

text: Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the many claimants to sovereign power. Tughlugh Timur of Kashgar, the Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, another descendant of Genghis Khan, invaded, interrupting this infighting. Timur was sent to negotiate with the invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded with Transoxania. At about this time, his father died and Timur also became chief of the Berlas. Tughlugh then attempted to set his son Ilyas Khoja over Transoxania, but Timur repelled this invasion with a smaller force.[48]

text: Rise to power

text: It was in this period that Timur reduced the Chagatai khans to the position of figureheads while he ruled in their name. Also during this period, Timur and his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives and wanderers in joint adventures, became rivals and antagonists. The relationship between them began to become strained after Husayn abandoned efforts to carry out Timur's orders to finish off Ilya Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) close to Tishnet.[11]:40

text: Timur began to gain a following of people in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muslim clergy, aristocracy and agricultural workers, because of his kindness in sharing his belongings with them. This contrasted Timur's behavior with that of Husayn, who alienated these people, took many possessions from them via his heavy tax laws and selfishly spent the tax money building elaborate structures.[11]:41–2 Around 1370, Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur to be formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh. He married Husayn's wife Saray Mulk Khanum, a descendant of Genghis Khan, allowing him to become imperial ruler of the Chaghatay tribe.[11]

text: One day Aksak Temür spoke thusly:

text: "Khan Züdei (in China) rules over the city. We now number fifty to sixty men, so let us elect a leader." So they drove a stake into the ground and said: "We shall run thither and he among us who is the first to reach the stake, may he become our leader". So they ran and Aksak Timur, as he was lame, lagged behind, but before the others reached the stake he threw his cap onto it. Those who arrived first said: "We are the leaders." ["But,"] Aksak Timur said: "My head came in first, I am the leader." Meanwhile, an old man arrived and said: "The leadership should belong to Aksak Timur; your feet have arrived but, before then, his head reached the goal." So they made Aksak Timur their prince.[49][50]

text: Legitimization of Timur's rule

text: Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities and challenges as he sought to rule the Mongol Empire and the Muslim world. According to the Mongol traditions, Timur could not claim the title of khan or rule the Mongol Empire because he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan. Therefore, Timur set up a puppet Chaghatay Khan, Suyurghatmish, as the nominal ruler of Balkh as he pretended to act as a "protector of the member of a Chinggisid line, that of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi".[51]

text: As a result, Timur never used the title of khan because the name khan could only be used by those who come from the same lineage as Genghis Khan himself. Timur instead used the title of amir meaning general, and acting in the name of the Chagatai ruler of Transoxania.[39]:106

text: To reinforce his position in the Mongol Empire, Timur managed to acquire the royal title of son-in-law when he married a princess of Chinggisid descent.[9]:14

text: Likewise, Timur could not claim the supreme title of the Islamic world, caliph, because the "office was limited to the Quraysh, the tribe of the Prophet Muhammad". Therefore, Timur reacted to the challenge by creating a myth and image of himself as a "supernatural personal power" ordained by God.[51] Since Timur had a successful career as a conqueror, it was easy to justify his rule as ordained and favored by God since no ordinary man could be a possessor of such good fortune that resistance would be seen as opposing the will of God. Moreover, the Islamic notion that military and political success was the result of Allah's favor had long been successfully exploited by earlier rulers. Therefore, Timur's assertions would not have seemed unbelievable to fellow Islamic people.

text: Period of expansion

text: Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars and expeditions. He not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates. His conquests to the west and northwest led him to the lands near the Caspian Sea and to the banks of the Ural and the Volga. Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Northern Iraq.

text: One of the most formidable of Timur's opponents was another Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named Tokhtamysh. After having been a refugee in Timur's court, Tokhtamysh became ruler both of the eastern Kipchak and the Golden Horde. After his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm and Azerbaijan. However, Timur still supported him against the Russians and in 1382 Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion and burned Moscow.[52]

text: In 1395, Tamerlane reached the frontier of Principality of Ryazan, took Elets and advancing towards Moscow came near the banks of the Don River. Great Prince Vasily I of Moscow went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the Oka River. The clergy brought the famed Theotokos of Vladimir icon from Vladimir to Moscow. Along the way people prayed kneeling: “O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!” Suddenly, Tamerlane's armies retreated. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian land from Tamerlane on August 26, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established.[53]

text: Conquest of Persia

text: After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanate, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia. In the end, Persia was split amongst the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, and Sarbadars. In 1383, Timur started his lengthy military conquest of Persia, though he already ruled over much of Persian Khorasan by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the Sarbadar dynasty surrendered. Timur began his Persian campaign with Herat, capital of the Kartid dynasty. When Herat did not surrender he reduced the city to rubble and massacred most of its citizens; it remained in ruins until Shahrukh Mirza ordered its reconstruction.[54] Timur then sent a General to capture rebellious Kandahar. With the capture of Herat the Kartid kingdom surrendered and became vassals of Timur; it would later be annexed outright less than a decade later in 1389 by Timur's son Miran Shah.

text: Timur then headed west to capture the Zagros Mountains, passing through Mazandaran. During his travel through the north of Persia, he captured the then town of Tehran, which surrendered and was thus treated mercifully. He laid siege to Soltaniyeh in 1384. Khorasan revolted one year later, so Timur destroyed Isfizar, and the prisoners were cemented into the walls alive. The next year the kingdom of Sistan, under the Mihrabanid dynasty, was ravaged, and its capital at Zaranj was destroyed. Timur then returned to his capital of Samarkand, where he began planning for his Georgian campaign and Golden Horde invasion. In 1386, Timur passed through Mazandaran as he had when trying to capture the Zagros. He went near the city of Soltaniyeh, which he had previously captured but instead turned north and captured Tabriz with little resistance, along with Maragha. He ordered heavy taxation of the people, which was collected by Adil Aqa, who was also given control over Soltaniyeh. Adil was later executed because Timur suspected him of corruption.

text: Timur then went north to begin his Georgian and Golden Horde campaigns, pausing his full-scale invasion of Persia. When he returned, he found his generals had done well in protecting the cities and lands he had conquered in Persia. Though many rebelled, and his son Miran Shah, who may have been regent, was forced to annex rebellious vassal dynasties, his holdings remained. So he proceeded to capture the rest of Persia, specifically the two major southern cities of Isfahan and Shiraz. When he arrived with his army at Isfahan in 1387, the city immediately surrendered; he treated it with relative mercy as he normally did with cities that surrendered (unlike Herat). However, after Isfahan revolted against Timur's taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers, he ordered the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned at between 100,000 and 200,000.[55] An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each.[56] This has been described as a "systematic use of terror against towns...an integral element of Tamerlane's strategic element", which he viewed as preventing bloodshed by discouraging resistance. His massacres were selective and he spared the artistic and educated.[55] This would later influence the next great Persian conqueror: Nader Shah.

text: Timur then began a five-year campaign to the west in 1392, attacking Persian Kurdistan. In 1393, Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince Shah Mansur rebelled but was defeated, and the Muzafarids were annexed. Shortly after Georgia was devastated so that the Golden Horde could not use it to threaten northern Iran. In the same year, Timur caught Baghdad by surprise in August by marching there in only eight days from Shiraz. Sultan Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq protected him and killed Timur’s envoys. Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir returned. Ahmad was unpopular but got some dangerous help from Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans.

text: Tokhtamysh–Timur war

text: In the meantime, Tokhtamysh, now khan of the Golden Horde, turned against his patron and in 1385 invaded Azerbaijan. The inevitable response by Timur resulted in the Tokhtamysh–Timur war. In the initial stage of the war, Timur won a victory at the Battle of the Kondurcha River. After the battle Tokhtamysh and some of his army were allowed to escape. After Tokhtamysh's initial defeat, Timur invaded Muscovy to the north of Tokhtamysh's holdings. Timur's army burned Ryazan and advanced on Moscow. He was pulled away before reaching the Oka River by Tokhtamysh's renewed campaign in the south.[57]

text: In the first phase of the conflict with Tokhtamysh, Timur led an army of over 100,000 men north for more than 700 miles into the steppe. He then rode west about 1,000 miles advancing in a front more than 10 miles wide. During this advance, Timur's army got far enough north to be in a region of very long summer days causing complaints by his Muslim soldiers about keeping a long schedule of prayers. It was then that Tokhtamysh's army was boxed in against the east bank of the Volga River in the Orenburg region and destroyed at the Battle of the Kondurcha River, in 1391.

text: In the second phase of the conflict, Timur took a different route against the enemy by invading the realm of Tokhtamysh via the Caucasus region. In 1395, Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River, concluding the struggle between the two monarchs. Tokhtamysh was unable to restore his power or prestige, and he was killed about a decade later in the area of present-day Tyumen. During the course of Timur's campaigns, his army destroyed Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde, and Astrakhan, subsequently disrupting the Golden Horde's Silk Road. The Golden Horde no longer held power after their losses to Timur.

text: Ismailis

text: In May 1393, Timur's army invaded the Anjudan, crippling the Ismaili village only a year after his assault on the Ismailis in Mazandaran. The village was prepared for the attack, evidenced by its fortress and system of underground tunnels. Undeterred, Timur's soldiers flooded the tunnels by cutting into a channel overhead. Timur's reasons for attacking this village are not yet well understood. However, it has been suggested that his religious persuasions and view of himself as an executor of divine will may have contributed to his motivations.[58] The Persian historian Khwandamir explains that an Ismaili presence was growing more politically powerful in Persian Iraq. A group of locals in the region was dissatisfied with this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking his attack on the Ismailis there.[58]

text: Campaign against the Tughlaq Dynasty

text:
In 1398, Timur invaded northern India, attacking the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the Tughlaq Dynasty. He was opposed by Ahirs and faced some reversals from the Jats, but the Sultanate at Delhi did nothing to stop him.[59][60]
After crossing the Indus river on 30 September 1398, he sacked Tulamba and massacred its inhabitants.[61] Then he advanced and captured Multan by October.[62]

text: Timur crossed the Indus River at Attock (now in Pakistan) on 24 September 1398. His invasion did not go unopposed and he encountered resistance from the Governor of Meerut during the march to Delhi. Timur was still able to continue his approach to Delhi, arriving in 1398, to fight the armies of Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, which had already been weakened by a succession struggle within the royal family.

text: Capture of Delhi (1398)

text: The battle took place on 17 December 1398. Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and the army of Mallu Iqbal[63] had war elephants armored with chain mail and poison on their tusks.[11]:267 As his Tatar forces were afraid of the elephants, Timur ordered his men to dig a trench in front of their positions. Timur then loaded his camels with as much wood and hay as they could carry. When the war elephants charged, Timur set the hay on fire and prodded the camels with iron sticks, causing them to charge at the elephants howling in pain: Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked. Faced with the strange spectacle of camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned around and stampeded back toward their own lines. Timur capitalized on the subsequent disruption in the forces of Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, securing an easy victory. Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq fled with remnants of his forces. Delhi was sacked and left in ruins. Before the battle for Delhi, Timur executed 100,000 captives.[16]

text: The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, arguably surpassing the likes of Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan because of the harsh conditions of the journey and the achievement of taking down one of the richest cities at the time. After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city walls. After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers. Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century.[11]:269–274

text: Campaigns in the Levant

text: Before the end of 1399, Timur started a war with Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the Mamluk sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj. Bayezid began annexing the territory of Turkmen and Muslim rulers in Anatolia. As Timur claimed sovereignty over the Turkmen rulers, they took refuge behind him.

text: In 1400, Timur invaded Christian Armenia and Georgia. Of the surviving population, more than 60,000 of the local people were captured as slaves, and many districts were depopulated.[64]

text: Then Timur turned his attention to Syria, sacking Aleppo[65][66] and Damascus.[67][68][69][70] The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to Samarkand. Timur cited the killing of Hasan ibn Ali by the Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I and the killing of Husayn ibn Ali by Yazid I as the reason for his massacre of the inhabitants of Damascus.

text: Timur invaded Baghdad in June 1401. After the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred. Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him. When they ran out of men to kill, many warriors killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign, and when they ran out of prisoners to kill, many resorted to beheading their own wives.[71]

text: In the meantime, years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402. Bayezid was captured in battle and subsequently died in captivity, initiating the twelve-year Ottoman Interregnum period. Timur's stated motivation for attacking Bayezid and the Ottoman Empire was the restoration of Seljuq authority. Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers of Anatolia as they had been granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy.

text: After the Ankara victory, Timur's army ravaged Western Anatolia, with Muslim writers complaining that the Timurid army acted more like a horde of savages than that of a civilized conqueror.[citation needed] But Timur did besiege and take the city of Smyrna, a stronghold of the Christian Knights Hospitalers, thus he referred to himself as ghazi or "Warrior of Islam". A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers.[72][73][74][75]

text: Timur was furious with the Genoese and Venetians, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army to safety in Thrace. As Lord Kinross reported in The Ottoman Centuries, the Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not.

text: While Timur invaded Anatolia, Qara Yusuf assaulted Baghdad and captured it in 1402. Timur returned to Persia from Anatolia and sent his grandson Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah to reconquer Baghdad, which he proceeded to do. Timur then spent some time in Ardabil, where he gave Ali Safavi, leader of the Safaviyya, a number of captives. Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan and then to Samarkhand, where he spent nine months celebrating and preparing to invade Mongolia and China.[76]

text: He ruled over an empire that, in modern times, extends from southeastern Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran, through Central Asia encompassing part of Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, and even approached Kashgar in China. The conquests of Timur are claimed to have caused the deaths of up to 17 million people, an assertion impossible to verify.[77]

text: Of Timur's four sons, two (Jahangir and Umar Shaikh) predeceased him. His third son, Miran Shah, died soon after Timur, leaving the youngest son, Shah Rukh. Although his designated successor was his grandson Pir Muhammad b. Jahangir, Timur was ultimately succeeded in power by his son Shah Rukh. His most illustrious descendant Babur founded the Islamic Mughal Empire and ruled over most of Afghanistan and North India. Babur's descendants Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb, expanded the Mughal Empire to most of the Indian subcontinent.

text: Markham, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that, after Timur died, his body "was embalmed with musk and rose water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried". His tomb, the Gur-e Amir, still stands in Samarkand, though it has been heavily restored in recent years.

text: Attempts to attack the Ming dynasty

text: By 1368, Han Chinese forces had driven the Mongols out of China. The first of the new Ming dynasty's emperors, the Hongwu Emperor, and his son, the Yongle Emperor, produced tributary states of many Central Asian countries. The suzerain-vassal relationship between Ming empire and Timurid existed for a long time. In 1394, Hongwu's ambassadors eventually presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject. He had the ambassadors Fu An, Guo Ji, and Liu Wei detained.[79] Neither Hongwu's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the delegation announcing the accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better.[79]

text: Timur eventually planned to invade China. To this end Timur made an alliance with surviving Mongol tribes based in Mongolia and prepared all the way to Bukhara. Engke Khan sent his grandson Öljei Temür Khan, also known as "Buyanshir Khan" after he converted to Islam while at the court of Timur in Samarkand.[80]

text: Death

text: Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring. However, he died en route during an uncharacteristic winter campaign. In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns against Ming China and detained a Ming envoy. He suffered illness while encamped on the farther side of the Syr Daria and died at Farab on February 17, 1405,[81] before ever reaching the Chinese border.[82] After his death the Ming envoys such as Fu An and the remaining entourage were released[79] by his grandson Khalil Sultan.

text: Timur was buried in Gur-i Amir, his mausoleum in Samarkand.

text: Succession

text: Just before his death, Timur designated his grandson Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir as his successor. However, his other descendants did not abide by this wish, and spent the next fifteen years engaged in violent infighting. His son Shahrukh Mirza and grandson Khalil Sultan struggled for control until Shahrukh won.

text: Exchanges with Europe

text: Timur had numerous epistolary and diplomatic exchanges with various European states, especially Spain and France. Relations between the court of Henry III of Castile and that of Timur played an important part in medieval Castilian diplomacy. In 1402, the time of the Battle of Ankara, two Spanish ambassadors were already with Timur: Pelayo de Sotomayor and Fernando de Palazuelos. Later, Timur sent to the court of the Kingdom of León and Castile a Chagatai ambassador named Hajji Muhammad al-Qazi with letters and gifts.

text: In return, Henry III of Castile sent a famous embassy to Timur's court in Samarkand in 1403–06, led by Ruy González de Clavijo, with two other ambassadors, Alfonso Paez and Gomez de Salazar. On their return, Timur affirmed that he regarded the king of Castile "as his very own son".

text: According to Clavijo, Timur's good treatment of the Spanish delegation contrasted with the disdain shown by his host toward the envoys of the "lord of Cathay" (i.e., the Yongle Emperor), the Chinese ruler. Clavijo's visit to Samarkand allowed him to report to the European audience on the news from Cathay (China), which few Europeans had been able to visit directly in the century that had passed since the travels of Marco Polo.

text: The French archives preserve:

text:
A 30 July 1402 letter from Timur to Charles VI of France, suggesting that he send traders to Asia. It is written in Persian.[83]
A May 1403 letter. This is a Latin transcription of a letter from Timur to Charles VI, and another from Miran Shah, his son, to the Christian princes, announcing their victory over Bayezid I at Smyrna.[84]

text: A copy has been kept of the answer of Charles VI to Timur, dated 15 June 1403.[85]

text: Legacy

text: Timur's legacy is a mixed one. While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Georgian, Persian, and Indian cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred. He was responsible for the effective destruction of the Nestorian Christian Church of the East in much of Asia. Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in Muslim Central Asia, he is vilified by many in Arabia, Iraq, Persia, and India, where some of his greatest atrocities were carried out. However, Ibn Khaldun praises Timur for having unified much of the Muslim world when other conquerors of the time could not.[86] The next great conqueror of the Middle East, Nader Shah, was greatly influenced by Timur and almost re-enacted Timur's conquests and battle strategies in his own campaigns. Like Timur, Nader Shah conquered most of Caucasia, Persia, and Central Asia along with also sacking Delhi.

text: Timur's short-lived empire also melded the Turko-Persian tradition in Transoxiana, and in most of the territories that he incorporated into his fiefdom, Persian became the primary language of administration and literary culture (diwan), regardless of ethnicity.[87] In addition, during his reign, some contributions to Turkic literature were penned, with Turkic cultural influence expanding and flourishing as a result. A literary form of Chagatai Turkic came into use alongside Persian as both a cultural and an official language.[88]

text: Tamerlane virtually exterminated the Church of the East, which had previously been a major branch of Christianity but afterwards became largely confined to a small area now known as the Assyrian Triangle.[89]

text: Timur became a relatively popular figure in Europe for centuries after his death, mainly because of his victory over the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid. The Ottoman armies were at the time invading Eastern Europe and Timur was ironically seen as an ally.

text: Timur has now been officially recognized as a national hero in Uzbekistan. His monument in Tashkent now occupies the place where Karl Marx's statue once stood.

text: Muhammad Iqbal, a philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement,[90][better source needed] composed a notable poem entitled Dream of Timur, the poem itself was inspired by a prayer of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II:[citation needed]

text: The Sharif of the Hijaz suffers due to the divisive sectarian schisms of his faith, And lo! that young Tatar (Timur) has boldly re-envisioned magnanimous victories of overwhelming conquest.

text: In 1794, Sake Dean Mahomed published his travel book, The Travels of Dean Mahomet. The book begins with the praise of Genghis Khan, Timur, and particularly the first Mughal emperor, Babur. He also gives important details on the then incumbent Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.

text: Historical sources

text: The earliest known history of his reign was Nizam ad-Din Shami's Zafarnama, which was written during Timur's lifetime. Between 1424 and 1428, Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi wrote a second Zafarnama drawing heavily on Shami's earlier work. Ahmad ibn Arabshah wrote a much less favorable history in Arabic. Arabshah's history was translated into Latin by the Dutch Orientalist Jacobus Golius in 1636.

text: As Timurid-sponsored histories, the two Zafarnamas present a dramatically different picture from Arabshah's chronicle. William Jones remarked that the former presented Timur as a "liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince" while the latter painted him as "deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles".[citation needed]

text: Malfuzat-i Timuri

text: The Malfuzat-i Timurī and the appended Tuzūk-i Tīmūrī, supposedly Timur's own autobiography, are almost certainly 17th-century fabrications.[16][91] The scholar Abu Taleb Hosayni presented the texts to the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, a distant descendant of Timur, in 1637–38, supposedly after discovering the Chagatai language originals in the library of a Yemeni ruler. Due to the distance between Yemen and Timur's base in Transoxiana and the lack of any other evidence of the originals, most historians consider the story highly implausible, and suspect Hosayni of inventing both the text and its origin story.[91]

text: European views

text: Timur arguably had a significant impact on the Renaissance culture and early modern Europe.[92] His achievements both fascinated and horrified Europeans from the fifteenth century to the early nineteenth century.

text: European views of Timur were mixed throughout the fifteenth century, with some European countries calling him an ally and others seeing him as a threat to Europe because of his rapid expansion and brutality.[93]:341

text: When Timur captured the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid at Ankara, he was often praised and seen as a trusted ally by European rulers, such as Charles VI of France and Henry IV of England, because they believed he was saving Christianity from the Turkish Empire in the Middle East. Those two kings also praised him because his victory at Ankara allowed Christian merchants to remain in the Middle East and allowed for their safe return home to both France and England. Timur was also praised because it was believed that he helped restore the right of passage for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land.[93]:341–44

text: Other Europeans viewed Timur as a barbaric enemy who presented a threat to both European culture and the religion of Christianity. His rise to power moved many leaders, such as Henry III of Castile, to send embassies to Samarkand to scout out Timur, learn about his people, make alliances with him, and try to convince him to convert to Christianity in order to avoid war.[93]:348–49

text: In the introduction to a 1723 translation of Yazdi's Zafarnama, the translator wrote:[94]

text: [M. Petis de la Croix] tells us, that there are calumnies and impostures, which have been published by authors of romances, and Turkish writers who were his enemies, and envious at his glory: among whom is Ahmed Bin Arabschah...As Timur-Bec had conquered the Turks and Arabians of Syria, and had even taken the Sultan Bajazet prisoner, it is no wonder that he has been misrepresented by the historians of those nations, who, in despite of truth, and against the dignity of history, have fallen into great excesses on this subject.

text: Exhumation and alleged curse

text: Timur's body was exhumed from his tomb on 19 June 1941 and his remains examined by the Soviet anthropologist Mikhail M. Gerasimov, Lev V. Oshanin and V. Ia. Zezenkova. It was determined that Timur was a tall and broad-chested man with strong cheek bones. At 5 feet 8 inches (1.73 meters), Timur was tall for his era. The examinations confirmed that Timur was lame and had a withered right arm due to his injuries. His right thighbone had knitted together with his kneecap, and the configuration of the knee joint suggests that he had kept his leg bent at all times and therefore would have had a pronounced limp.[95][96] Gerasimov reconstructed the likeness of Timur from his skull and found that Timur's facial characteristics displayed Mongoloid features with some Caucasoid admixture. Oshanin also concluded that Timur's cranium showed predominately the characteristics of a South Siberian Mongoloid type.[96]

text: It is alleged that Timur's tomb was inscribed with the words, "When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble." It is also said that when Gerasimov exhumed the body, an additional inscription inside the casket was found, which read, "Whomsoever opens my tomb shall unleash an invader more terrible than I."[97] In any case, three days after Gerasimov began the exhumation, Adolf Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa, the largest military invasion of all time, upon the Soviet Union.[98] Timur was re-buried with full Islamic ritual in November 1942 just before the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad.[99]

text: In the arts

text:
Tamburlaine the Great, Parts I and II (English, 1563–1594): play by Christopher Marlowe
Tamerlane (1701): play by Nicholas Rowe (English)
Tamerlano (1724): opera by George Frideric Handel, in Italian, based on the 1675 play Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet by Jacques Pradon.
Bajazet (1735): opera by Antonio Vivaldi, portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur
Il gran Tamerlano (1772): opera by Josef Mysliveček that also portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur
Tamerlane: first published poem of Edgar Allan Poe (American, 1809–1849).
Timur is the deposed, blind former King of Tartary and father of the protagonist Calaf in the opera Turandot (1924) by Giacomo Puccini, libretto by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni.
Tamerlane (1928): historical novel by Harold Lamb.
Timour appears in the story Lord of Samarkand by Robert E. Howard.
Tamerlan: novel by Colombian writer Enrique Serrano in Spanish[100]
Tamburlaine: Shadow of God: a BBC Radio 3 play by John Fletcher, broadcast 2008, is a fictitious account of an encounter between Tamburlaine, Ibn Khaldun, and Hafez.

text: Gallery

text:
Geometric courtyard surrounding the tomb showing the Iwan, and dome.

View of the Registan.

Timurid Mosque in Herat.

Goharshad Mosque, Timurid architecture

Green Mosque (Balkh) is a Timurid mosque that inspired Shah Jahan.

Bibi-Khanym Mosque

Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, a prime example of Timurid architecture.

text: Consorts

text: Timur had forty-three consorts:

text:
Turmish Agha, mother of Jahangir Mirza, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi;
Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), daughter of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter of Amir Qazaghan;
Saray Mulk Khanum (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Qazan Khan;
Islam Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Bayan Salduz;
Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Khizr Yasuri;
Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha;
Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Amir Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Amir Bayezid Jalayir;
Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg of Jetah;
Tukal Khanum (m. 1395), daughter of Mongol Khan Khizr Khawaja Oglan;
Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother of Umar Shaikh Mirza I;
Mengli Agha, concubine, and mother of Miran Shah ibn Timur;
Toghay Turkhan Agha, lady from the Kara Khitai, widow of Amir Husain, and mother of Shahrukh Mirza ibn Timur;
Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of Aq Sufi Qongirat;
Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady;
Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady;
Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza;
Sultan Agha, mother of a son who died in infancy;

text:
His other wives and concubines included:
Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beg Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Sultan Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha.

text: Descendants of Timur

text: Sons of Timur

text:
Jahangir Mirza ibn Timur – with Turmish Agha;
Umar Shaikh Mirza I – with Tolun Agha;
Miran Shah ibn Timur – with Mengli Agha;
Shahrukh Mirza ibn Timur – with Toghay Turkhan Agha.

text: Daughters of Timur

text:
Aka Begi, married to Mohammad Bey, son of Amir Musa – with Turmish Agha;
unknown, married to Solyman Mirza – mother unknown;
unknown, married to Cumaleza Mirza – mother unknown;
Sultan Bakht Begum, married firstly Mohammed Mireke, married secondly, 1389/90, Soliman Shah – with Oljay Turkhan Agha.

text: Sons of Jahangir

text:
Muhammad Sultan bin Jahangir Mirza
Pir Muhammad bin Jahangir Mirza

text: Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I

text:
Pir Muhammad ibn Umar Shaikh Mirza I
Iskandar ibn Umar Shaikh Mirza I
Rustam ibn Umar Shaikh Mirza I
Bayqarah ibn Umar Shaikh Mirza I
Mansur ibn Bayqarah
Husayn ibn Mansur bin Bayqarah
Badi' al-Zaman
Muhammed Mu'min
Muzaffar Hussein
Ibrahim Hussein

text: Sons of Miran Shah

text:
Khalil Sultan ibn Miran Shah
Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah
Muhammad ibn Miran Shah
Abu Sa'id Mirza
Umar Shaikh Mirza II
Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur
the Mughals
Jahangir Mirza II

text: Sons of Shahrukh Mirza

text:
Mirza Muhammad Taraghay – better known as Ulugh Beg
Abdul-Latif
Ghiyath-al-Din Baysonqor
Ala-ud-Daulah Mirza ibn Baysonqor
Ibrahim Mirza
Sultan Muhammad ibn Baysonqor
Yadigar Muhammad
Mirza Abul-Qasim Babur ibn Baysonqor
Sultan Ibrahim Mirza
Abdullah Mirza
Mirza Soyurghatmïsh Khan
Mirza Mohammed Juki


document_title: Wipro

question_text: who became a ceo of wipro in 2016

question_tokens: who became a ceo of wipro in 2016

root

text: Wipro

text: History[edit]

text: Early formative years[edit]

text: The company was incorporated on 29 December 1945 in Amalner, Maharashtra by Mohamed Premji as 'Western India Vegetable Products Limited', later abbreviated to 'Wipro'. It was initially set up as a manufacturer of vegetable and refined oils in Amalner, Maharashtra, India under the trade names of Kisan, Sunflower, and Camel.[1][7][8]

tag: p

text: In 1966, after Mohamed Premji’s death, his son Azim Premji returned home from Stanford University and took over Wipro as its chairman at the age of 21.[9][10]

text: During the 1970s and 1980s, the company shifted its focus to new business opportunities in the IT and computing industry, which was at a nascent stage in India at the time. On 7 June 1977, the name of the company changed from Western India Vegetable Products Limited, to Wipro Products Limited.[7]

text: The year 1980 marked the arrival of Wipro in the IT domain. In 1982, the name was changed from Wipro Products Limited to Wipro Limited.[11] Meanwhile, Wipro continued to expand in the consumer products domain with the launch of "Ralak" a Tulsi based family soap and "Wipro Jasmine", a toilet soap. In 1988 Premji took a loan of 1 million dollar from Sonkar and Sons to set up the project. Later the entire loan amount was waived.[7]

text: In 1988, Wipro diversified its product line into heavy-duty industrial cylinders and mobile hydraulic cylinders.[7] A joint venture company with the United States' General Electric in the name of Wipro GE Medical Systems Pvt. Ltd. was set up in 1989 for the manufacture, sales, and service of diagnostic and imaging products.[12] Later, in 1991, tipping systems and Eaton hydraulic products were launched. The Wipro Fluid Power division, in 1992, developed expertise to offer standard hydraulic cylinders for construction equipment and truck tipping systems. The market saw the launch of the "Santoor" talcum powder and "Wipro Baby Soft" range of baby toiletries in 1990.[12]

text: In 1995, Wipro set up an overseas design centre, Odyssey 21, for undertaking projects and product developments in advanced technologies for overseas clients. Wipro Infotech and Wipro Systems were amalgamated with Wipro in April that year.[12] Five of Wipro's manufacturing and development facilities secured the ISO 9001 certification during 1994–95. In 1999, Wipro acquired Wipro Acer.[13] Wipro became a more profitable, diversified corporation with new products such as the Wipro SuperGenius personal computers (PCs). In 1999, the product was the one Indian PC range to obtain US-based National Software Testing Laboratory (NSTL) certification for the Year 2000 (Y2K) compliance in hardware for all models.[14]

text: Wipro Limited joined hands with a global telecom major KPN (Royal Dutch telecom) to form a joint venture company "Wipro Net Limited" to provide internet services in India.[10] The year 2000 was the year Wipro launched solutions for convergent networks targeted at Internet and telecom solution providers in the names of Wipro OSS Smart and Wipro WAP Smart.[15] In the same year, Wipro got listed on New York Stock Exchange.[16] In early 2000 Wipro Vice Chairman Vivek Paul and Azim Premji approached KPMG Consulting Vice Chairman Keyur Patel and CEO Rand Blazer to form a mega-outsourcing joint venture between the two organizations.

text: In February 2002, Wipro became the first software technology and services company in India to be certified for ISO 14001 certification.[17] Wipro also achieved ISO 9000 certification to become the first software company to get SEI People Capability Maturity Model (PCMM) Level 5 in 2002.[18][19] Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting Group entered the market of compact fluorescent lamps, with the launch of a range of CFL, under the brand name of Wipro Smartlite.[20] As the company grew, a study revealed that Wipro was the fastest wealth creator for 5 years (1997–2002).[21][22] The same year witnessed the launch of Wipro’s own laptops with Intel's Centrino mobile processor.[23] Wipro also entered into an exclusive agreement with the owners of Chandrika for marketing of their soap in select states in India.[24][25] It set up a wholly owned subsidiary company viz. Wipro Consumer Care Limited to manufacture consumer care and lighting products.[26] In 2004 Wipro joined the billion dollar club.[27] It also partnered with Intel for i-shiksha.[28][29] The year 2006 saw Wipro acquire cMango Inc., a US-based technology infrastructure Consulting firm[30][31] Enabler, and a Europe-based retail solutions provider.[32] In 2007, Wipro signed a large deal with Lockheed Martin.[33][34] It also entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Oki Techno Centre Singapore Pte Ltd (OTCS)[34][35] and signed an R&D partnership contract with Nokia Siemens Networks in Germany.[36][37]

text: In 2008 Wipro’s entered the clean energy business with Wipro Eco Energy.[38][39] In April 2011, Wipro signed an agreement with Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) for the acquisition of their global oil and gas information technology practice of the commercial business services business unit.[40][41] In 2012 Wipro acquired Australian Trade Promotions Management firm Promax Applications Group (PAG) for $35 million.[42][43] In 2012 Wipro employed more than 70,000 H-1B visa professional temporary workers in the United States.[44]

text: In 2012 Wipro Ltd. announced the demerger of its consumer care, lighting, furniture, infrastructure Engineering (hydraulics and water and medical diagnostic business into a separate company to be named Wipro Enterprises Ltd.[45] The merger became effective from 31 March 2013.[46][47] The demerged companies together contributed about 10% of the revenues of Wipro Limited in previous financial year.[48][49]

text: In 2014, Wipro signed a 10-year $1.2 billion contract with ATCO, a Canadian Energy & Utilities corporation based out of Calgary, Alberta. This was the largest deal in Wipro's history.[50]

text: In October 2016, Wipro announced that it was buying Appirio, an Indianapolis-based cloud services company for $500 million.[51][52][53]

text: Wipro Group of Companies[edit]

text: Western India Products Limited[edit]

text: Wipro Limited is a global company provider of comprehensive IT solutions and services, including Systems Integration, Consulting, Information Systems outsourcing, IT-enabled services, R&D services.[54]

text: Wipro entered into the technology business in 1981 and has over 140,000 employees and clients across 54 countries.[55] IT revenues were at $7.1 billion for the year ended 31 March 2015, with a repeat business ratio of over 95%.[56][57]

text: Wipro Consumer Care & Lighting[edit]

text: Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting (WCCLG), a business unit of Wipro Limited operates in the FMCG segment dealing in consumable commodities. Established in 1945, its first product was vegetable oil, later sold under the brand name "Sunflower Vanaspati". It sells personal care products, such as Wipro Baby Soft and Wipro Safewash, toilet soaps Santoor and Chandrika as well as Yardley.[58] It sells lighting products, including Smartlite CFL,[59] LED, and emergency lights.[60]

text: Through product sales and acquisitions, Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting has grown steadily in the FMCG segment.[61][62][63]

text: Wipro Infrastructure Engineering[edit]

text: Wipro Infrastructure Engineering is the hydraulics business division of Wipro Limited and has been in the business of manufacturing hydraulic cylinders, truck cylinders, and their components and solutions since 1976. This division delivers hydraulic cylinders to international OEMs and represents the Kawasaki, Sun Hydraulics[64] and Teijin Seiki range of hydraulic products in India.[65] It has entered into partnerships Kawasaki[66][67] and aerospace giant EADS.[68] In 2010 Wipro Infrastructure Engineering was the second largest independent manufacturer of hydraulic cylinders in the world.[69]

text: Wipro GE Medical Systems[edit]

text: Wipro GE Medical Systems Limited is Wipro’s joint venture with GE Healthcare South Asia. It is engaged in the research and development of advanced solutions to cater to patient and customer needs in healthcare. This partnership, which began in 1990,[70] today includes gadgets and equipment for diagnostics, healthcare IT solutions and services to help healthcare professionals combat cancer, heart disease, and other ailments. There is complete adherence to Six Sigma quality standards in all products.[71][72][73]

text: Sustainability at Wipro[edit]

text: Wipro has been ranked 1st in the 2010 Asian Sustainability Rating (ASR) of Indian companies[74] and is a member of the NASDAQ Global Sustainability Index[75] as well as the Dow Jones Sustainability Index.[76]

text: In November 2012 Guide to Greener Electronics, Greenpeace ranked Wipro first with a score of 7.1/10.As per as an interview Azim Premji also stated that the Mithun Chatterjee GL in the WIPRO BPS KDC can be elected as the CEO.[77]

text: This article or section appears to contradict itself. Please see the talk page for more information. (July 2017)

tag: table

text: Listing and shareholding[edit]

text: Listing: Wipro's equity shares are listed on Bombay Stock Exchange where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index,[78] and the National Stock Exchange of India where it is a constituent of the S&P CNX Nifty.[79] The American Depositary Shares of the company are listed at the NYSE since October 2000.[80]

text: Shareholding: On 30 September 2013, 73.51% of the equity shares of the company were owned by the promoters: Azim Premji, his family members, partnership firms in which he is a partner and Trusts formed by him/his family. The remaining 26.49% shares are owned by others.

text:
Shareholders (as on 20-January-2016)
Shareholding

Promoter group led by Azim Premji
73.36%

Foreign Institutional Investors (FII)
10.68%

Indian Public
4.99%

Bodies Corporate
2.50%

Mutual Funds/UTI
1.90%

NRI
1.11%

Trusts/Others
0.77%

American Depositary Shares
2.30%

Total
100%

text: Employees[edit]

text: At the end of December 31, 2015, its employee strength was 170,664.[81] Abid Ali Neemuchwala was appointed as Wipro's CEO after T. K. stepped down in early 2016.[82]

text: Awards and recognitions[edit]

text:
In March 2017, Wipro was recognized as one of the world’s most ethical companies by US-based Ethisphere Institute for the sixth consecutive year.[83][84][85][86]
In May 2016, it was ranked 755th on the Forbes Global 2000 list.[87]
Wipro won Gold Award for ‘Integrated Security Assurance Service (iSAS)’ under the ‘Vulnerability Assessment, Remediation and Management’ category of the 11th Annual 2015 Info Security PG’s Global Excellence Awards.[88]
Wipro won 7 awards, including Best Managed IT Services and Best System Integrator in the CIO Choice Awards 2015, India[89]
In 2014, Wipro was ranked 52nd among India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory.[90]
Wipro was ranked 2nd in the Newsweek 2012 Global 500 Green companies.[91]
Wipro received the 'NASSCOM Corporate Award for Excellence in Diversity and Inclusion, 2012', in the category 'Most Effective Implementation of Practices & Technology for Persons with Disabilities'.[92]
In 2012, it was awarded the highest rating of Stakeholder Value and Corporate Rating 1 (SVG 1) by ICRA Limited.[93]
It received National award for excellence in Corporate Governance from the Institute of Company Secretaries of India during the year 2004.[94]

tag: ul


document_title: Ghost (Hamlet)

question_text: who sees the ghost of hamlet's father first

question_tokens: who sees the ghost of hamlet 's father first

text: Ghost (Hamlet)

text: Overview[edit]

text: The Ghost appears three times in the play: in Act I, Scene i; in the continuum of Act I, Scenes iv and v; and Act III, Scene iv. The ghost arrives at 1.00 a.m. in at least two of the scenes, and in the other scene all that is known is that it is night.

text: The Ghost first appears to a duo of soldiers—Bernardo and Marcellus—and a visitor to Denmark, Horatio. The men draw their swords and stand in fear, requesting that Horatio, as a scholar, address the ghost. Horatio asks the ghost to speak, and reveal its secret. It is about to do so when the cock crows, signalling morning, and the ghost instead disappears. In this scene, the Ghost is clearly recognised by all present as the King, dressed in his full armour. Marcellus notes that the ghost had appeared to the castle guards twice before. Talk of spectral visitations has unsettled the night watch. Francisco, who Bernardo relieves on guard duty says, "For this relief much thanks; 't is bitter cold, And I am sick at heart."[2]

text: Seeing the Ghost arrayed in a military aspect, and aware of Fortinbras marshalling his forces on the frontier, Horatio recognises that the appearance of the Ghost must portend something regarding matters of state.[2]

text: Horatio then persuades Prince Hamlet into staying up with the guards to see if the ghost returns. At midnight, it appears, and beckons Hamlet to follow. Once alone, the ghost describes his wanderings on the earth, and his harrowing life in purgatory, since he died without receiving last rites.

text:
"...but know, thou noble youth,
The serpent that did sting thy Fathers life,
Now wears his crown."

Ghost of Hamlet's Father[3]

tag: div

text: He tells the young Hamlet that he was poisoned and murdered by his brother, Claudius, the new King of Denmark, and asks the prince to avenge his death. He also expresses disgust at his wife, Gertrude, for marrying Claudius, but warns Hamlet not to confront her, but to leave that to Heaven. Later, Prince Hamlet returns to his friends and has them swear on his sword to keep what they have seen a secret. When they resist, the ghost utters the words "Swear" and "Swear on the sword", from below the stage, until his friends agree.

text: The prince Hamlet, fearing that the apparition may be a demon pretending to be King Hamlet, decides to put the ghost to the test by staging a play that re-enacts the circumstances that the spirit claims led to his death. Claudius's reaction is one of guilt and horror, and Prince Hamlet is convinced that the ghost is, in fact, his father. However, due to his over-analytical mind and the complexity of the ghost's conditions, much time passes before Hamlet can carry out his orders.

text: In the third appearance, Hamlet is confronted by the ghost in his mother's closet, and is rebuked for not carrying out his revenge and for disobeying in talking with Gertrude. Hamlet fearfully apologises. Gertrude, however, cannot see the ghost, and thinks Hamlet is mad, asking why he stares and talks to nothing. In this scene, the ghost is described as being in his nightgown. He is never mentioned again.

text: King Hamlet is described by the few who mention him—and this excludes basically all except Hamlet, Horatio and the guards—as a warrior, as he led Denmark's forces to victory against Norway, and personally defeated its King Fortinbras in hand-to-hand combat. Hamlet respects him, saying Claudius pales in comparison to him, and frequently reflecting on him in an endearing manner.

text: Interpretations[edit]

text: "The Ghost in Hamlet is essential to the plot of the play."[4] He has also been the subject of a variety of interpretations. W.W. Greg was of the opinion that the Ghost was a figment of Hamlet's overwrought imagination.[5] J. Dover Wilson and others have argued that in having the Ghost appear a number of times to others before appearing to Hamlet, Shakespeare makes clear that the apparition is not a mere illusion.[4]

text: Performances[edit]

text: About a hundred years after Shakespeare died, Nicholas Rowe reported that he had heard an anecdote that Shakespeare himself had played the Ghost, starting a story that continues to this day.[1]


document_title: Take This Job and Shove It (film)

question_text: where was take this job and shove it filmed

text: Take This Job and Shove It (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: A corporate conglomerate called "The Ellison Group" acquired four breweries, all of them experiencing financial trouble. Enter Frank Macklin (Robert Hays), a young manager hired by Ellison to help reorganize one of the ailing breweries. The only thing, though, was that brewery was a major employer in his home town. Originally, his old friends, who were working at the brewery, gave him a cold welcome, as they thought he would be unable to revitalize the brewery. But when Frank informed them that the brewery was drowning in red ink, and that they may be losing their jobs soon, they welcomed him with open arms, and ramped up the brewery's sales and production. The brewery has improved so much, that The Ellison Group decided to sell it to a Texas oil millionaire, who doesn't know the first thing about running a brewery—or apparently—running a business.

text: Production[edit]

text: Most of the movie was shot in Dubuque, Iowa and the Dubuque Star Brewery, also some minor scenes were shot in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

text: This movie was the first film to feature monster trucks. Bob Chandler's Bigfoot #1 is seen throughout the movie as Ray's pick-up truck. Everett Jasmer's USA-1, credited as "Thunderin' Lightning", is the blue truck at the starting line that, in the script, broke down when the race started. Jasmer's daily delivery truck was used as the rival truck to Bigfoot, known as Silver Bullet. Neither USA-1 nor Bigfoot look like a modern monster truck, as they have only the 48-inch tires that then were the standard "Monster" tire. Bob Chandler is seen as the flagman at the beginning of the race, and his family can be seen throughout the picnic sequences.

text: The Dubuque Star Brewery still stands today in the same location. It has been renovated and is now a private bar and grill.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Robert Hays as Frank Macklin
Art Carney as Charlie Pickett
Barbara Hershey as J.M. Halsted
David Keith as Harry Meade
Tim Thomerson as Ray Binkowski
Martin Mull as Dick Ebersol
Eddie Albert as Samuel Ellison
Penelope Milford as Lenore Meade
David Allan Coe as Mooney
Lacy J. Dalton as Mrs. Mooney
Royal Dano as Beeber
Virgil Frye as Cleach
James Karen as Loomis
Len Lesser as Roach
Suzanne Kent as Charmaine
Joan Prather as Madelyn
George Lindsey as semitruck driver
Johnny Paycheck as Man with hamburger
Charlie Rich as Hooker
Fran Ryan as Mrs. Hinkle
Stephan Meyers as Harry Meade, Jr.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released by Avco Embassy in the United States on May 15, 1981 and became somewhat of a sleeper hit. The film's final box office total was $17,569,027.[3]


document_title: America's Got Talent (season 12)

question_text: who won season 12 of americas got talent

text: America's Got Talent (season 12)

text: Season changes

text: On October 4, 2016, Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through 2019.[10]

text: Long-time host Nick Cannon announced, on February 13, 2017, that he would not return as host for the twelfth season, soon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his 2017 Showtime comedy special, Stand Up, Don't Shoot.[11] Cannon was still under contract to host, and NBC executives did not initially accept his resignation, but they ultimately searched for a new host.[12][13]

text: On March 12, 2017, NBC announced supermodel and host Tyra Banks as the host for Season 12.[3]

text: Preliminary auditions

text: The season had preliminary open call auditions in Chicago, Austin, Cleveland, Jacksonville, Philadelphia, Las Vegas, San Diego, New York City, Charleston, Memphis, and Los Angeles.[14] As in years past, prospective contestants could also submit online auditions.

text: Judges' auditions were taped in March at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles. The premiere aired May 30, 2017.[citation needed]

text: Golden buzzer

text: The Golden Buzzer returned for its fourth consecutive season. Any act that received a golden buzzer during the preliminary auditions was sent directly to the live shows and did not compete in the Judge Cuts round. In the first episode of preliminary auditions, Mel B pressed the golden buzzer for 12-year-old singing ventriloquist Darci Lynne Farmer. In subsequent episodes, Simon Cowell pressed it for 29-year-old deaf singer Mandy Harvey, Howie Mandel chose 16-year-old former blind singer Christian Guardino, Tyra Banks pressed it for Light Balance dance crew, and Heidi Klum chose 13-year-old singer Angelina Green.[15]

text: Each Judge Cuts act that received a golden buzzer advanced to the live shows without any voting by the judges. During those Judge Cuts round, guest judges Chris Hardwick pressed his golden buzzer for 9-year old singer Angelica Hale, DJ Khaled pressed it for 21-year old singer-songwriter and guitarist Chase Goehring, Laverne Cox pressed it for 9-year old singer Celine Tam, and Seal pressed it for soul singer Johnny Manuel.[15]

text: Death of Brandon Rogers

text: On June 11, 2017, contestant Brandon Rogers died in an automobile accident. Rogers was an American physician who specialized in family medicine. Earlier in 2017, after seeing YouTube videos of Rogers singing, Boyz II Men invited him to sing with them as a guest in three of their Las Vegas shows. His AGT audition aired on July 11, 2017 in his memory, and he advanced to the next round.[16] He competed in the Judge Cuts round, but his performance in that round was not televised.[citation needed]

text: Judge Cuts

text: The Judge Cuts round began on Tuesday, July 18, 2017. Like the previous season, one guest judge joined the judges' panel each show and was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows. Twenty acts were shown each week and seven advanced, including the guest judge's golden buzzer choice. Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use. Any act that received all four red buzzers was immediately eliminated from the competition. The four guest judges were Chris Hardwick, DJ Khaled, Laverne Cox, and Seal.

text: After the Judge Cuts, three wildcards were chosen from eliminated acts to perform in the live shows: Final Draft, Bello Nock and Oskar and Gaspar (who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round). All three of these acts were eliminated in the Quarterfinals.

text:
Key
 Buzzed
 Golden buzzer

  Advanced

  Quarterfinal Wildcard

  Eliminated

  Eliminated Immediately

  Advanced Immediately

text: Round 1

text: Guest judge: Chris Hardwick

text: Date: July 18, 2017

text:
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result

Cowell
Klum
Hardwick
Brown
Mandel

Sara and Hero
1
Dog Act

Advanced

The Baker Family
2
Bluegrass Band

Eliminated

Mariachi Nuevo Santander
3
Mariachi Group

Eliminated

The Masqueraders
4
Vocal Group

Advanced

Eric Jennifer
5
Comedian

Eliminated

Harrison Greenbaum
6
Comedian

Eliminated

Dancing Pumpkin Man
7
Dancer

Eliminated

Tom London
8
Close-Up Magician

Eliminated

Eric Jones
9
Close-Up Magician

Advanced

Angelica Hale
10
Singer

Advanced Immediately

Danylo and Oskar
11
Acrobat Duo

Eliminated

Lera and Nika Tomanova
12
Aerial Duo

Eliminated

Yosein Chi
13
Hand Balancer

Eliminated

Darcy Callus
14
Singer And Keyboardist

Eliminated

Carlos De Antonis
15
Opera Singer

Eliminated

Canion Shijirbat
16
Multimedia Dancer

Eliminated

Just Jerk
17
Hip-Hop Dance Group

Advanced

Maw Kitty
18
Singer

Eliminated

The Singing Trump
19
Singing Trump Impersonator

Advanced

Demian Aditya
20
Escape Artist

Advanced

text: Round 2

text: Guest judge: DJ Khaled

text: Date: July 25, 2017

text: As of 2017, this is the only Judge Cuts episode in the show's history in which an act with at least one "X" buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows. This was also the only Judge Cuts episode of the season in which an act received 4 red buzzers.

text:
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result

Cowell
Klum
Khaled
Brown
Mandel

Sammulous
1
Cabaret Singer

Eliminated

Steven Scott
2
Comedian

Eliminated

The Quiddlers
3
Novelty Puppet Group

Eliminated

Str8jacket
4
Dance Group

Eliminated

Solto & T Dot
5
Dance Duo

Eliminated

Junior and Emily
6
Salsa Dance Duo

Advanced

Jokgu and Aichan
7
Piano-Playing Chickens

Eliminated Immediately

Dakota Striplin
8
Singer and Guitarist

Eliminated

Chase Goehring
9
Singer and Guitarist

Advanced Immediately

Azeri Brothers
10
Danger Act

Eliminated

The Godfathers
11
Acrobat Group

Eliminated

Tulga
12
Strongman

Eliminated

Mirror Image
13
Vocal/Dance Duo

Advanced

Evie Clair
14
Singer

Advanced

Kyle Eschen
15
Magician

Eliminated

Xavier Mortimer
16
Digital Magician

Eliminated

Colin Cloud
17
Mentalist

Advanced

Pelican212
18
Family Band

Eliminated

Puddles Pity Party
19
Singing Clown

Advanced

Yoli Mayor
20
Singer

Advanced

text: Round 3

text: Guest judge: Laverne Cox

text: Date: August 1, 2017

text: This was the first Judge Cuts episode in which no acts received a red buzzer from any of the judges.

text:
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result

Cowell
Klum
Cox
Brown
Mandel

Oscar Hernandez
1
Dancer

Advanced

Tony and Jordan
2
Digital Magicians

Eliminated

The Naked Magicians
3
Magicians

Eliminated

Jeki Yoo
4
Magician

Eliminated

Herbie Russ
5
Singer And Saxophonist

Eliminated

Mike Yung
6
Singer

Advanced

5 Alive
7
Boy Band

Eliminated

Final Draft
8
R&B Vocal Group

Quarterfinal Wild Card

Brobots & Mandroidz
9
Hip-Hop Dance Group

Advanced

Marisa McKaye
10
Singer

Eliminated

Celine Tam
11
Singer

Advanced Immediately

Aileen George
12
Pole Dancer

Eliminated

Shemika Charles
13
Limbo Dancer

Eliminated

Jay Jay Phillips
14
Comedic Keyboardist

Eliminated

Diavolo
15
Acrobatic Dance Group

Advanced

Jonathan Rinny
16
Balancing Acrobat

Eliminated

Bello Nock
17
Comedic Daredevil

Quarterfinal Wild Card

Daniel Ferguson
18
Singing Impressionist

Eliminated

Preacher Lawson
19
Comedian

Advanced

Billy & Emily England
20
Extreme Rollerskating Duo

Advanced

text: Round 4

text: Guest judge: Seal

text: Date: August 8, 2017

text:
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result

Cowell
Klum
Seal
Brown
Mandel

Artyon & Paige
1
Dance Duo

Advanced

Britt Saasen
2
Singer

Eliminated

In The Stairwell
3
A Capella Group

Advanced

Will Tsai
4
Visualist

Eliminated

Henry Richardson
5
Magician

Eliminated

Elena and Sasha
6
Acrobatic Duo

Eliminated

Lost Legends
7
Dance Group

Eliminated

Nick Uhas
8
Scientist

Eliminated

Veronica Gonzalez
9
Foot Puppeteer

Eliminated

Sirqus Alfon
10
Comedy Trio

Eliminated

DaNell Daymon & Greater Works
11
Gospel Choir

Advanced

Pompeyo Family Dogs
12
Dog Act

Advanced

Johnny Manuel
13
Singer

Advanced Immediately

Maria Popazova
14
Hand Balancer / Contortionist

Eliminated

Maxim Popazov
15
Hand Balancer

Eliminated

German Cornejo Dance Company
16
Dance Group

Eliminated

The Honeybee-z Plus
17
Dance Group

Eliminated

Merrick Hanna
18
Dancer

Advanced

Kechi Okwuchi
19
Singer

Advanced

Brandon Rogers
N/A
Singer

Did Not Advance[note 1]

text: Jump up ^ Rogers competed in this round before he died, but his performance was omitted from the episode.

tag: ol

text: Quarterfinals

text: The quarterfinals were broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 15, 2017. They featured the nine golden buzzer acts, the 24 other acts promoted during the Judge Cuts round, and three wildcard acts chosen by the producers and judges. Twelve acts performed each week, with results announced the on following nights; each week seven acts were sent through to the semifinals.[17] Puddles Pity Party and Mirror Image received an "X" in the Quarterfinals. Demian Aditya received "X's" by Brown and Cowell in the second Quarterfinals.

text:
Key
 Buzzed

  Advanced

 Judges' Choice

  Won Judges' Choice

  Lost Judges' Choice

  Dunkin' Save

  Judges' Wildcard

text: Week 1 (August 15–16)

text: Guests: Grace VanderWaal, August 16[18]

text:
Act
Order
Performance Type
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result

Cowell
Klum
Brown
Mandel

Christian Guardino
1
Singer

Dunkin' Save

Artyon & Paige
2
Dancing Duo

Eliminated

In The Stairwell
3
A Cappella Group

Advanced

The Singing Trump
4
Singing Donald Trump Impersonator

Eliminated

Angelica Hale
5
Singer

Advanced

Bello Nock
6
Comedic Daredevil

Eliminated

Just Jerk1
7
Hip-Hop Dance Group

Lost Judges' Choice

Puddles Pity Party
8
Singing Clown

Eliminated

Preacher Lawson
9
Comedian

Advanced

Yoli Mayor1
10
Singer

Won Judges' Choice

Billy & Emily England
11
Extreme Rollerskating Duo

Advanced

Darci Lynne Farmer
12
Singing Ventriloquist

Advanced

text: ^1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges' Choice, Yoli Mayor was announced to have received more of America's votes than Just Jerk, and she advanced to the semi-finals.

text: Week 2 (August 22–23)

text: Guests: Circus 1903, August 23[19]

text:
Act
Order
Performance Type
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result

Cowell
Klum
Brown
Mandel

Brobots & Mandroidz
1
Hip-Hop Dance Group

Eliminated

Celine Tam
2
Singer

Advanced

Mirror Image
3
Vocal Dance Duo

Eliminated

Johnny Manuel
4
Singer

Advanced

Merrick Hanna
5
Dancer

Advanced

Eric Jones1
6
Close-up Magician

Won Judges' Choice

The Masqueraders1
7
Vocal Group

Lost Judges' Choice

Light Balance2
8
Light-Up Dance Group

Advanced

Evie Clair
9
Singer

Dunkin' Save

Demian Aditya3
10
Escape Artist

Eliminated

Pompeyo Family Dogs
11
Dog Act

Wild Card

Mandy Harvey
12
Singer-Songwriter/Ukulelist

Advanced

text: ^1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges' Choice, Eric Jones was announced to have received more of America's votes than The Masqueraders, and he advanced to the semi-finals.

text: ^2 Due to a technical issue, Light Balance's performance was based on their dress rehearsal.[20]

text: ^3 Another technical issue occured when the sealed box Aditya was in didn't fall as planned.[21]

text: Week 3 (August 29–30)

text: Guests: Mat Franco, Piff the Magic Dragon, and Jon Dorenbos, August 30[22][23]

text:
Act
Order
Performance Type
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result

Cowell
Klum
Brown
Mandel

DaNell Daymon & Greater Works
1
Gospel Choir

Won Judges' Choice

Junior and Emily Alabi
2
Salsa Dance Duo

Eliminated

Final Draft
3
Vocal Group

Eliminated

Oscar Hernandez
4
Dancer

Eliminated

Angelina Green
5
Singer

Lost Judges' Choice

Colin Cloud
6
Mentalist

Dunkin' Save

Mike Yung
7
Singer

Advanced

Oskar and Gaspar
8
Videomapping Act

Eliminated

Sara and Hero 1
9
Dog Act

Advanced

Chase Goehring
10
Singer-Songwriter/Guitarist

Advanced

Diavolo
11
Acrobatic Dance Group

Advanced

Kechi Okwuchi
12
Singer

Advanced

text: ^1 Sara added another dog named Loki in her act.

text: Semifinals

text: The live semifinals started on September 5, 2017. They featured the 21 acts voted to the semifinals, plus the judges' semifinal wildcard pick. Each week, eleven acts performed; five went through to the finals, and six were eliminated. No acts were buzzed.

text:
Key

  Advanced

 Judges' Choice

  Won Judges' Choice

  Lost Judges' Choice

  Dunkin' Save

text: Week 1 (September 5–6)

text: Guests: The Clairvoyants[24]

text:
Act
Order
Performance Description
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result

Cowell
Klum
Brown
Mandel

Yoli Mayor
1
Singer; performed "Say You Won't Let Go" by James Arthur

Eliminated

Eric Jones
2
Close-up magician: The judges are seated on the stage. A $2 bill in Eric's hand turns into 4 coins. Simon hands him a signed hundred-dollar bill in exchange for the 4 coins. He shakes the coins together between his palms, and one of the coins disappears. Eric gives Heidi the three coins, asks her to focus on one of them, and makes that coin disappear. Howie holds the two coins between his thumb and middle finger, and when he drops them, only one coin remains. Eric then places it onto Mel B's hand, teleports it to her shoulder, and that coin disappears as well. All four coins are found under Simon's 100-dollar bill, and Eric changes them into the $2 bill.

Lost Judges' Choice

DaNell Daymon & Greater Works1
3
Gospel choir; performed "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" by Aerosmith

Eliminated

Preacher Lawson
4
Comedian; laments being single, explains why he broke up with his ex-girlfriend, Tyra, and worries about passing his big lips on to his future offspring. He ends with a joke about his reaction to his 4-year-old cousin calling him ugly.

Advanced

Johnny Manuel
5
Singer; performed an original song called "Blind Faith"

Eliminated

Billy and Emily England
6
Extreme rollerblading duo: rollerblades on a high platform in which Emily hangs on to Billy in several positions while they spin around. Billy then flings Emily off the edge of the platform into the jaws of animated dragons.

Eliminated

Evie Clair
7
Singer; performs "Yours" by Ella Henderson

Dunkin' Save

Sara & Hero
8
Dog act: Hero pretended to perform CPR on Sara before she "revives" and they play volleyball together. Guest performer Loki, Sara's younger dog, circles backwards around a standing Hero, who then gets on a skateboard and catches frisbees. Sara and Loki get on a surfboard, and then Hero jumps through a hoop before Sara jumps through the hoop with Hero. The act ends with Loki in Sara's arms.

Advanced

Chase Goehring1
9
Singer-songwriter/Guitarist; performed an original song called "What Is Love".

Won Judges' Choice

Darci Lynne Farmer
10
Singing ventriloquist's puppet, Edna Doorknocker, complains about being stuck in the elevator with The Singing Trump, while gushing about Simon. She then sings "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" by Aretha Franklin to him, eventually cuddling a blushing Simon.

Advanced

Mike Yung1
11
Singer; performed "Don't Give Up on Me" by Solomon Burke

Eliminated

text: ^1 Chase Goehring, DaNell Daymon & Greater Works, and Mike Yung were not initially announced as performing on week one of semifinals.

text: Week 2 (September 12–13)

text:
Act
Order
Performance Description
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result

Cowell
Klum
Brown
Mandel

Celine Tam
1
Singer; performed "How Far I'll Go" from Moana.

Eliminated

Colin Cloud
2
Mentalist; printed thousands of tweets collected from the public, each listing a random celebrity, city and object, on cards (each containing a couple dozen of the tweets) distributed to the live audience members. Judges collected some of the cards from the audience at random. Mel B selected one card from these, and Heidi chose one tweet on the card at random, which contained a unique list: Ellen, Rome, cheese. Cloud demonstrated with prerecorded video snippets of himself and the judges that he had correctly predicted the list. A picture on stage, when flipped upside down, gave the same list in reverse order.

2

Lost Judges' Choice

Christian Guardino
3
Singer; performed "What's Going On" by Marvin Gaye.

Eliminated

In the Stairwell
4
A Cappella Group; performed "Castle on the Hill" by Ed Sheeran

Eliminated

Merrick Hanna1
5
Dancer; performed robot-themed urban dance routine that involved some flying.

Eliminated

Mandy Harvey1
6
Singer; performed an original song, "Release Me", while translating the song into American Sign Language.

Advanced

Pompeyo Family Dogs
7
Dog Act; dogs of varying sizes, dressed as Arctic/Antarctic animals such as a polar bear and penguins, performed agility and acrobatic tricks including walking and handstanding on two legs, sometimes in size order, leaping through hoops and over humans, jumping rope with a human and climbing a ladder.

Eliminated

Diavolo
8
Acrobatic Dance Group; dancers rose into the air hanging artfully, or climbing on, and leaping from, various moving, transforming apparatuses, with a post-apocalyptic or futuristic theme.

2

Won Judges' Choice

Kechi Okwuchi
9
Singer; performed "Don't Worry About Me" by Frances.

Dunkin' Save

Light Balance
10
Light-Up Dance Group; urban dance employing darkness and chromatic lights on set and costumes with a video game effect.

Advanced

Angelica Hale
11
Singer; performed "Without You" by David Guetta

Advanced

text: ^1 Merrick Hanna and Mandy Harvey were switched to perform on Week 2 although they were on the Week 1 promo.

text: ^2 Klum's voting intention was not revealed.

text: Finals

text: The final performances took place on September 19, followed by the final results show on September 20, 2017. No acts were buzzed.

text:
Key

  Advanced to the top 5

  Top 10

text:
Act
Order
Performance Description
Result

Angelica Hale
1
Singer; performed "Symphony" by Clean Bandit featuring Zara Larsson.
Advanced

Chase Goehring
2
Singer-Songwriter/Guitarist; performed an original song called "Mirror".
Top 10

Sara and Hero
3
Dog Act; Hero freed Sara from a glass cube by pressing a button. Hero danced around Sara's legs before Loki ran out and performed alongside Hero. Hero balanced on Sara's feet and put his front legs in the air. Loki jumped over obstacles and ran through a tube, then Loki jumped rope, with Sara and Hero holding the ends. Hero jumped on his hind legs with Sara, then Sara made hoops with her hands for Loki to jump through. The act ended with Hero running up a ramp and jumping high through the air over a ball pit to grab a dangling bone.
Advanced

Diavolo
4
Dance/Acrobat Crew; Two acrobats danced around a door before opening it up to reveal acrobats dancing, jumping and sliding on ramps. They then transferred to a large rocking apparatus, climbing on and leaping off of it, and catching each other, with themes of fire and thunder in the background.
Top 10

Evie Clair
5
Singer; performed "What a Wonderful World" by Louis Armstrong.
Top 10

Preacher Lawson
6
Stand-Up Comedian; recalled an interaction on the street with a mostly naked man who proclaimed "Black Power" despite being white. He said the man asked to borrow $75, and noted that the man would definitely use it for drugs. He then performed an energetic physical bit, imitating the man by shaking and repeating the same phrase over and over. He ended by making a meta observation that while some audience members die laughing from this joke, others say, "How long is he gonna do this for?"
Top 10

Kechi Okwuchi
7
Singer; performed "Conqueror" by Estelle.
Top 10

Darci Lynne Farmer
8
Singing Ventriloquist; puppets Oscar and Petunia bickered over who should sing for the Finals. The two puppets then told Darci to keep her mouth closed while they both performed a version of "With a Little Help from My Friends" by The Beatles.
Advanced

Mandy Harvey
9
Singer-Songwriter/Ukeleleist; performed an original song called "This Time".
Advanced

Light Balance
10
Light-Up Dance Group; urban dance with chromatic lights. At the beginning, echoing the group's past performances, a dancer in a top hat sat on a chair (Preliminary auditions), followed by a werewolf (Quarterfinals) that seemingly tore one of the android dancers in half, although its top and bottom halves soon rejoined, and ended with a person resembling a video game character (Semifinals).
Advanced

text: Finale

text: Guest performers at the finale included Kelly Clarkson, Shania Twain, James Arthur, Derek Hough and Terry Fator.[8] Other celebrity appearances included Marlee Matlin.[25]

text:
Key

  1st place (Winner)

  2nd place (Runner-up)

  3rd place

  4th place

  5th place

text:
Act
Result

Darci Lynne Farmer
Winner

Angelica Hale
Runner-Up

Light Balance
3rd place

Mandy Harvey
4th place

Sara and Hero
5th place

text: Top 36 acts

text:
Key
     Winner
     Runner-up
     Third Place
     Top 5
     Finalist
     Semifinalist (lost judges' vote)
     Semifinalist (lost audience vote)
     Quarterfinalist (lost judges' vote)
     Quarterfinalist (lost audience vote)
 Golden buzzer (Auditions)
 Golden buzzer (Judge Cuts)
 Judges' wild card (quarterfinals)
 Judges' wild card (semifinals)

text:
Name of Act
Age(s)
Genre
Act
Hometown
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Result

Darci Lynne Farmer
12
Comedy & Singing
Singing Ventriloquist
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
1
1
Winner

Angelica Hale
9
Singing
Singer
Atlanta, Georgia
1
2
Runner-Up

Light Balance
22-36
Dance
Light-Up Dance Group
Ukraine
2
2
3rd Place

Mandy Harvey
29
Singing
Singer-Songwriter/Ukulelist
St. Cloud, Florida
2
2
4th Place

Sara and Hero
22 & 5
Animal
Dog Act
North Bay, Ontario, Canada
3
1
5th Place

Chase Goehring
21
Singing
Singer-Songwriter/Guitarist
Nolensville, Tennessee
3
1
Finalist (Won Judges' Vote)

Diavolo
21-39
Acrobatic Dance
Acrobatic Dance Group
Los Angeles, California
3
2
Finalist (Won Judges' Vote)

Evie Clair
13
Singing
Singer
Florence, Arizona
2
1
Finalist (Won Dunkin' Save Vote)

Kechi Okwuchi
27
Singing
Singer
Houston, Texas
3
2
Finalist (Won Dunkin' Save Vote)

Preacher Lawson
25
Comedy
Stand-up Comedian
Memphis, Tennessee
1
1
Finalist (Won Public Vote)

Colin Cloud
30
Magic
Mentalist
Edinburgh, Scotland
3
2
Semifinalist (Lost Judges' Vote)

Eric Jones
36
Magic
Close-up Magician
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2
1
Semifinalist (Lost Judges' Vote)

Billy & Emily England
30, 27
Danger
Extreme Rollerskating Duo
Las Vegas, Nevada
1
1
Eliminated

Celine Tam
9
Singing
Singer
Hong Kong
2
2
Eliminated

Christian Guardino
16
Singing
Singer
Patchogue, New York
1
2
Eliminated

DaNell Daymon & Greater Works
24-59
Singing
Gospel Choir
Various
3
1
Eliminated

In The Stairwell
18-22
Singing
A Cappella Group
Colorado Springs, Colorado
1
2
Eliminated

Johnny Manuel
32
Singing
Singer
Flint, Michigan
2
1
Eliminated

Merrick Hanna
12
Dance
Dancer
Encinitas, California
2
2
Eliminated

Mike Yung
56
Singing
Singer
New York, New York
3
1
Eliminated

Pompeyo Family Dogs
7-35
Animal
Dog Act
Sarasota, Florida
2
2
Eliminated

Yoli Mayor
21
Singing
Singer
Miami, Florida
1
1
Eliminated

Angelina Green
13
Singing
Singer
Miami, Florida
3
N/A
Quarterfinalist (lost judges' vote)

Just Jerk
18-27
Dance
Hip-Hop Dance Group
Seoul, South Korea
1
N/A
Quarterfinalist (lost judges' vote)

The Masqueraders
72-74
Singing
Vocal Group
Nashville, Tennessee
2
N/A
Quarterfinalist (lost judges' vote)

Artyon & Paige
9 & 8
Dance
Dancing Duo
Murrieta, California
1
N/A
Eliminated

Bello Nock
47
Danger
Comedic Daredevil
Sarasota, Florida
1
N/A
Eliminated

Brobots & Mandroidz
16-24
Dance
Hip-Hop Dance Group
Torrance, California
2
N/A
Eliminated

Demian Aditya
36
Magic
Escape Artist
Jakarta, Indonesia
2
N/A
Eliminated

Final Draft
22-26
Singing
Vocal Group
Atlanta, Georgia
3
N/A
Eliminated

Junior and Emily
31 & 27
Dance
Salsa Dance Duo
Los Angeles, California
3
N/A
Eliminated

Mirror Image
16
Singing & Dance
Vocal Dance Duo
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
2
N/A
Eliminated

Oscar Hernandez
34
Dance
Dancer
Orange County, California
3
N/A
Eliminated

Oskar and Gaspar
Unknown
Variety
Videomapping Act
Unknown
3
N/A
Eliminated

Puddles Pity Party
52
Singing
Singing Clown
Atlanta, Georgia
1
N/A
Eliminated

The Singing Trump
56
Comedy & Singing
Singing Trump Impersonator
Palm Springs, California[26]
1
N/A
Eliminated

text: Ratings

text: U.S. Nielsen ratings

text:
Show
Episode title
First air date
Timeslot (EDT)
Rating
(18–49)
Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
Nightly
Rank
Weekly
Rank

1
Auditions Week 1
May 30, 2017
Tuesday
8:00 p.m.
2.7
11
12.32[27]
1
3[28]

2
Auditions Week 2
June 6, 2017
2.7
11
12.53[29]
1
3[30]

3
Auditions Week 3
June 13, 2017
2.6
11
12.70[31]
1
2[32]

4
Auditions Week 4
June 20, 2017
2.6
11
12.74[33]
1
1[34]

5
Auditions Week 5
June 27, 2017
2.5
10
12.36[35]
1
1[36]

6
Auditions Week 6
July 11, 2017
2.5
10
12.59[37]
1
1[38]

7
Judge Cuts 1
July 18, 2017
2.5
11
12.57[39]
1
1[40]

8
Judge Cuts 2
July 25, 2017
2.6
11
13.08[41]
1
1[42]

9
Judge Cuts 3
August 1, 2017
2.8
12
13.33[43]
1
1[44]

10
Judge Cuts 4
August 8, 2017
2.7
11
13.32[45]
1
1[46]

11
Quarterfinals, Week 1 (Performances)
August 15, 2017
2.8
11
13.44[47]
1
1[48]

12
Quarterfinals, Week 1 (Results)
August 16, 2017
Wednesday 8:00 p.m.
2.1
9
10.89[49]
1
2[48]

13
Quarterfinals, Week 2 (Performances)
August 22, 2017
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
2.6
10
12.76[50]
1
1[51]

14
Quarterfinals, Week 2 (Results)
August 23, 2017
Wednesday 8:00 p.m.
2.0
9
10.84[52]
1
2[51]

15
Quarterfinals, Week 3 (Performances)
August 29, 2017
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
2.6
11
13.13[53]
1
2[54]

16
Quarterfinals, Week 3 (Results)
August 30, 2017
Wednesday 8:00 p.m.
1.9
8
11.07[55]
1
3[54]

17
Semifinals, Week 1 (Performances)
September 5, 2017
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
2.6
10
13.29[56]
1
3[57]

18
Semifinals, Week 1 (Results)
September 6, 2017
Wednesday 8:00 p.m.
2.1
8
11.99[58]
1
6[57]

19
Semifinals, Week 2 (Performances)
September 12, 2017
Tuesday 9:00 p.m.[note 1]
2.3
9
11.57[59]
1
3[60]

20
Semifinals, Week 2 (Results)
September 13, 2017
Wednesday 8:00 p.m.
2.1
8
11.59[61]
1
2[60]

21
The Finals
September 19, 2017
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
3.0
12
14.70[62]
1
TBA

22
Season Finale
September 20, 2017
Wednesday 8:00 p.m.
3.0
11
15.64[63]
1
TBA

text: Jump up ^ This episode was delayed by one hour to follow Hand in Hand: A Benefit for Hurricane Relief.

text: Specials

text:
Show
Episode title
First air date
Timeslot (EDT)
Rating
(18–49)
Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
Nightly
Rank
Weekly
Rank

S1
Best of Season 12 Auditions
July 13, 2017
Thursday 8:00 p.m.
1.3
6
7.10[64]
2
10[38]

S2
Road to Finals[65]
August 9, 2017
Wednesday 8:00 p.m.
1.3
6
7.01[66]
2
8[46]

text: Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows

text:
Demian Aditya appeared as a guest performer on Indonesia's Got Talent.
German Cornejo & Gisela Galeassi ("German Cornejo Dance Company") appeared on and were the tango dancer winners of ¡Q'Viva! The Chosen in 2012, performing after the show in Las Vegas with ¡Q'Viva! The Chosen Live. They also were guest artists in Buenos Aires at the Dance Again World Tour by Jennifer Lopez.
Ezequiel Lopez ("German Cornejo Dance Company") appeared on and was one of the malambo dancer winners of ¡Q'Viva! The Chosen in 2012.
Canion Shijirbat appeared on and was the runner-up of Mongolia's Got Talent (season 2) in 2016.
Nick Uhas was a houseguest on Big Brother 15 and was the second houseguest evicted from the house.
Merrick Hanna auditioned for So You Think You Can Dance: The Next Generation. He made it into the top 40 at Dance Academy, but was eliminated before reaching the top 30.[67] He has also appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon's Lip Sync Battle Shorties and on The Ellen DeGeneres Show.[68]
Artyon, half of the dancing duo Artyon and Paige, appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon's Lip Sync Battle Shorties.
Darci Lynne Farmer appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and on Little Big Shots (UK TV series) in 2017.
Billy and Emily England appeared on Britain's Got Talent (series 9) and reached the Semifinals. In 2008, Emily was the runner-up on Big Brother UK: Celebrity Hijack, competing under the name of "Emilia."
Tony and Jordan ("The French Twins") appeared on series 11 of La France a un incroyable talent(the French version of Got Talent) in 2016.
Chase Goehring appeared on The X Factor (U.S. season 3).
Light Balance appeared on Britain's Got Talent (series 8) and reached the Semifinals.
Junior and Emily appeared on Season 3 of America's Got Talent, but were eliminated before the live shows.
Shemika Charles appeared on Season 6 of America's Got Talent, but was eliminated during Vegas week.
Celine Tam appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and Britain's Got Talent (series 10) but had to drop out due to a visa issue.
Vinny Grosso ("The Naked Magician") previously appeared on "Penn and Teller: Fool Us", performing the same routine as his AGT Audition, and successfully fooling the magic duo.
The Quiddlers participated in the third season and appeared on I Can Do That, performing with Ciara and Nicole Scherzinger during their time on the show.
Eric Jones previously appeared on "Penn and Teller: Fool us, and he was successful in fooling them. Kyle Eschen & Xavier Mortimer also appeared on Fool Us (Mortimer twice), but were unsuccessful in fooling Penn & Teller.
Xavier Mortimer auditioned in Season 10, but was eliminated at the judge cuts after receiving four buzzers.
Pelican 212 appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016.
Kyle Eschen appeared on Season 3, episode 2 of Penn & Teller: Fool Us, Masters of Illusion, and The World Magic Awards.
Colin Cloud appeared on Britain's Got Talent in 2012 however did not make it through to the live semifinals. Cloud also appeared on Season 1 of Penn and Teller Fool Us. His trick didn't however fool Penn and Teller. At both BGT and Penn and Teller Fool Us he went under his real name Colin McLeod.