document_title: Black-eyed pea

question_text: when do you eat black eyed peas on new years

text: Black-eyed pea

text: History[edit]

text: The first domestication probably occurred in West Africa,[1] but the black-eyed pea is widely grown in many countries in Asia; it was introduced into the Southern United States as early as the 17th century in Virginia. Most of the black-eyed pea cultivation in the region, however, took firmer hold in Florida and the Carolinas during the 18th century, reaching Virginia in full force following the American Revolution.[2] The crop would also eventually prove popular in Texas. Throughout the South, the black-eyed pea is still a widely used ingredient in soul food and cuisines of the Southern United States. The planting of crops of black-eyed peas was promoted by George Washington Carver because, as a legume, it adds nitrogen to the soil and has high nutritional value. Black-eyed peas contain calcium (41 mg) folate (356 mcg), protein (13.22 g), fiber (11.1 g) and vitamin A (26 IU), among other nutrients, all for less than 200 Calories, in a 171-g, one-cup serving.[3]

text: Cultivation[edit]

text: This heat-loving crop should be sown after all danger of frost has passed and the soil is warm. Seeds sown too early will rot before germination. Black-eyed peas are extremely drought tolerant, so excessive watering should be avoided.

text: The crop is relatively free of pests and disease. Root-knot nematodes can be a problem, especially if crops are not rotated. As a nitrogen-fixing legume, fertilization can exclude nitrogen three weeks after germination.

text: The blossom produces nectar plentifully, and large areas can be a source of honey. Because the bloom attracts a variety of pollinators, care must be taken in the application of insecticides to avoid label violations.

text: After planting the pea, it should start to grow after 2-5 days

text: Lucky New Year food[edit]

text: Southern United States[edit]

text: In the Southern United States, eating black-eyed peas or Hoppin' John (a traditional soul food) on New Year's Day is thought to bring prosperity in the new year.[4] The peas are typically cooked with a pork product for flavoring (such as bacon, fatback, ham bones, or hog jowls) and diced onion, and served with a hot chili sauce or a pepper-flavored vinegar. The traditional meal also includes collard, turnip, or mustard greens, and ham. The peas, since they swell when cooked, symbolize prosperity; the greens symbolize money; the pork, because pigs root forward when foraging, represents positive motion.[5] Cornbread, which represents gold, also often accompanies this meal.[citation needed]

text: There are several legends as to the origin of this custom. Two popular explanations for the South’s association with peas and good luck dates back to the American Civil War. The first is associated with General William T. Sherman’s march of the Union Army to the sea, during which they pillaged the Confederates' food supplies. Stories say peas and salted pork were said to have been left untouched, because of the belief that they were animal food unfit for human consumption. Southerners considered themselves lucky to be left with some supplies to help them survive the winter, and black-eyed peas evolved into a representation of good luck. One challenge to this legend is that General Sherman brought backup supplies with him including three days of animal feed[6] and would have been unlikely to have left even animal feed untouched. In addition, the dates of the first average frost for Atlanta and Savannah, respectively, are November 13 and November 28[7]. As Sherman's march was from November 15 to December 21, 1864, it is improbable, although possible, that the Union Army would have come across standing fields of black eyed peas as relayed in most versions of the legend. In another Southern tradition, black-eyed peas was a symbol of emancipation for African-Americans who had previously been enslaved, and who after the Civil War were officially freed on New Years Day.[8][9] Other Southern American traditions point to Jews of Ashkenazi and Sephardic ancestry in Southern cities and plantations.[10]

text: Culinary uses worldwide[edit]

text:
Mature black-eyed peas
cooked, no salt

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy
484 kJ (116 kcal)

Carbohydrates

20.76 g

Sugars
3.3 g

Dietary fiber
6.5 g

Fat

0.53 g

Protein

7.73 g

Vitamins

Thiamine (B1)

(18%)
0.202 mg

Riboflavin (B2)

(5%)
0.055 mg

Niacin (B3)

(3%)
0.495 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5)

(8%)
0.411 mg

Vitamin B6

(8%)
0.1 mg

Folate (B9)

(52%)
208 μg

Vitamin E

(2%)
0.28 mg

Vitamin K

(2%)
1.7 μg

Minerals

Calcium

(2%)
24 mg

Iron

(19%)
2.51 mg

Magnesium

(15%)
53 mg

Manganese

(23%)
0.475 mg

Phosphorus

(22%)
156 mg

Potassium

(6%)
278 mg

Sodium

(0%)
4 mg

Zinc

(14%)
1.29 mg

Link to USDA Database entry

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

text: Africa and Middle East[edit]

text: In Egypt, black-eyed peas are called lobia. Cooked with onions, garlic, meat, and tomato juice, and served with Egyptian rice with some pastina called shaerya mixed in, it makes the most famous rice dish in Egypt.

text: In Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, lobya or green black-eyed-beans are cooked with onion, garlic, tomatoes, peeled and chopped, olive oil, salt and black pepper.

text: In West Africa and the Caribbean, a traditional dish called akara is made of mashed black-eyed peas to which is added salt, onions and/or peppers. The mixture is then fried.[11]

text: Asia and the Pacific[edit]

text: In Indonesia, black-eyed peas are called kacang tunggak or kacang tolo in the local language. They are commonly used in curry dishes such as sambal goreng, a kind of hot and spicy red curry dish, sayur brongkos, or sayur lodeh.

text: In North India, black-eyed peas are called lobia or rongi and cooked like daal, served with boiled rice.[12] In Maharashtra they are called chawli (pronounced chau-lee) and made into a curry called chawli amti[13] or chawli usal. In Karnataka they are called alsande kalu and used in the preparation of huli, a popular type of curry.[14] In South Kanara district they are called as 'Lathanay dha beeja' and are cooked in spiced coconut paste to make a saucy curry or a dry coconut curry. In Tamil Nadu they are called karamani and used in various recipes, including being boiled and made into a salad-like sundal (often during the Ganesh Chaturthi and Navratri festivals).[15]

text: In Vietnam, black-eyed peas are used in a sweet dessert called chè đậu trắng (black-eyed peas and sticky rice with coconut milk).

text: Europe[edit]

text: In Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey (börülce salatası), black-eyed peas are eaten with vegetables, oil, salt, and lemon.[16]

text: In Portugal, black-eyed peas are served with boiled cod and potatoes, with tuna, and in salads.

text: The Americas[edit]

text: "Hoppin' John", made of black-eyed peas, rice, and pork, is a traditional dish of Southern United States.

text: Texas caviar, another traditional dish in the American South, is made from black-eyed peas marinated in vinaigrette-style dressing and chopped garlic, and served cold.[17]

text: In Brazil's northeastern state of Bahia, especially in the city of Salvador, black-eyed peas are used in a traditional street food of Nigerian origin called akara. The beans are peeled and mashed, and the resulting paste is made into balls and deep fried in dendê. Acarajé is typically served split in half and stuffed with vatapá, caruru, diced green and red tomatoes, fried sun-dried shrimp and homemade hot sauce.

text: In the northern part of Colombia, they are used to prepare a fritter called buñuelo. The beans are immersed in water for a few hours to loosen their skins and soften them. The skins are then removed either by hand or with the help of a manual grinder. Once the skins are removed, the bean is ground or blended, and eggs are added, which produces a soft mix. The mix is fried in hot oil. It makes a nutritious breakfast meal.

text: In Guyana, South America, and Trinidad and Tobago, it is one of the most popular type of beans cooked with rice, the main one being red kidney beans, also referred to as red beans. It is also cooked as a snack or appetizer on its own. On New Year's Eve (referred to as Old Year's Night in Guyana and Suriname), families cook a traditional dish called cook-up rice. The dish comprises rice, black-eyed peas, and other peas and a variety of meats cooked in coconut milk and seasonings. According to tradition, cook-up rice should be the first thing consumed in the New Year for good luck. Cook-up rice is also made as an everyday dish.

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: The Black Eyed Peas is the name of an American hip-hop band.


document_title: Azadirachta indica

question_text: which indian festival from the state of maharashtra is associated with the neem juice

root

text: Azadirachta indica

text: Description[edit]

text: Neem is a fast-growing tree that can reach a height of 15–20 metres (49–66 ft), and rarely 35–40 metres (115–131 ft). It is evergreen, but in severe drought it may shed most of its leaves or nearly all leaves. The branches are wide and spreading. The fairly dense crown is roundish and may reach a diameter of 15–20 metres (49–66 ft) in old, free-standing specimens. The neem tree is very similar in appearance to its relative, the Chinaberry (Melia azedarach).

tag: p

text: The opposite, pinnate leaves are 20–40 centimetres (7.9–15.7 in) long, with 20 to 31 medium to dark green leaflets about 3–8 centimetres (1.2–3.1 in) long. The terminal leaflet often is missing. The petioles are short.

text: The (white and fragrant) flowers are arranged in more-or-less drooping axillary panicles which are up to 25 centimetres (9.8 in) long. The inflorescences, which branch up to the third degree, bear from 150 to 250 flowers. An individual flower is 5–6 millimetres (0.20–0.24 in) long and 8–11 millimetres (0.31–0.43 in) wide. Protandrous, bisexual flowers and male flowers exist on the same individual tree.

text: The fruit is a smooth (glabrous), olive-like drupe which varies in shape from elongate oval to nearly roundish, and when ripe is 1.4–2.8 centimetres (0.55–1.10 in) by 1.0–1.5 centimetres (0.39–0.59 in). The fruit skin (exocarp) is thin and the bitter-sweet pulp (mesocarp) is yellowish-white and very fibrous. The mesocarp is 0.3–0.5 centimetres (0.12–0.20 in) thick. The white, hard inner shell (endocarp) of the fruit encloses one, rarely two, or three, elongated seeds (kernels) having a brown seed coat.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Neem (नीम) is a Hindi noun derived from Sanskrit Nimba (निंब).[3][4][5]

text: Ecology[edit]

text: The neem tree is noted for its drought resistance. Normally it thrives in areas with sub-arid to sub-humid conditions, with an annual rainfall of 400–1,200 millimetres (16–47 in). It can grow in regions with an annual rainfall below 400 mm, but in such cases it depends largely on ground water levels. Neem can grow in many different types of soil, but it thrives best on well drained deep and sandy soils. It is a typical tropical to subtropical tree and exists at annual mean temperatures of 21–32 °C (70–90 °F). It can tolerate high to very high temperatures and does not tolerate temperature below 4 °C (39 °F). Neem is one of a very few shade-giving trees that thrive in drought-prone areas e.g. the dry coastal, southern districts of India, and Pakistan. The trees are not at all delicate about water quality and thrive on the merest trickle of water, whatever the quality. In India and tropical countries where the Indian diaspora has reached, it is very common to see neem trees used for shade lining streets, around temples, schools and other such public buildings or in most people's back yards. In very dry areas the trees are planted on large tracts of land.

text: Weed status[edit]

text: Neem is considered a weed in many areas, including some parts of the Middle East, most of Sub-Saharan Africa including West Africa and Indian Ocean states, and some parts of Australia. Ecologically, it survives well in similar environments to its own, but its weed potential has not been fully assessed.[6]

text: In April 2015, A. indica was declared a class B and C weed in the Northern Territory, Australia, meaning its growth and spread must be controlled and plants or propagules are not allowed to be brought into the NT. It is illegal to buy, sell, or transport the plants or seeds. Its declaration as a weed came in response to its invasion of waterways in the "Top End" of the territory.[7]

text: After being introduced into Australia, possibly in the 1940s, A. indica was originally planted in the Northern Territory to provide shade for cattle. Trial plantations were established between the 1960s and 1980s in Darwin, Queensland, and Western Australia, but the Australian neem industry did not prove viable. The tree has now spread into the savanna, particularly around waterways, and naturalised populations exist in several areas.[8]

text: Uses[edit]

text: Neem leaves are dried in India and placed in cupboards to prevent insects eating the clothes, and also in tins where rice is stored.[9] Neem leaves are dried and burnt in the tropical regions to keep away mosquitoes.[citation needed] These flowers are also used in many Indian festivals like Ugadi. See below: #Association with Hindu festivals in India. As an ayurvedic herb, neem is also used in baths.

text: As a vegetable[edit]

text: The tender shoots and flowers of the neem tree are eaten as a vegetable in India. A souplike dish called Veppampoo charu (Tamil) (translated as "neem flower rasam") made of the flower of neem is prepared in Tamil Nadu. In Bengal, young neem leaves are fried in oil with tiny pieces of eggplant (brinjal). The dish is called nim begun and is the first item during a Bengali meal that acts as an appetizer. It is eaten with rice.[10]

text: Neem is used in parts of mainland Southeast Asia, particularly in Cambodia aka sdov—ស្ដៅវ,[11] Laos (where it is called kadao), Thailand (where it is known as sadao or sdao), Myanmar (where it is known as tamar) and Vietnam (where it is known as sầu đâu and is used to cook the salad gỏi sầu đâu). Even lightly cooked, the flavour is quite bitter and the food is not enjoyed by all inhabitants of these nations, though it is believed to be good for one's health. Neem gum is a rich source of protein. In Myanmar, young neem leaves and flower buds are boiled with tamarind fruit to soften its bitterness and eaten as a vegetable. Pickled neem leaves are also eaten with tomato and fish paste sauce in Myanmar.

text: Traditional medicinal use[edit]

text: Products made from neem trees have been used in India for over two millennia for their medicinal properties.[9] Neem products are believed by Siddha and Ayurvedic practitioners to be Anthelmintic, antifungal, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral, contraceptive, and sedative.[12] It is considered a major component in siddha medicine and Ayurvedic and Unani medicine and is particularly prescribed for skin diseases.[13] Neem oil is also used for healthy hair, to improve liver function, detoxify the blood, and balance blood sugar levels.[14] Neem leaves have also been used to treat skin diseases like eczema, psoriasis, etc.[9]

text: Insufficient research has been done to assess the purported benefits of neem, however.[15] In adults, short-term use of neem is safe, while long-term use may harm the kidneys or liver; in small children, neem oil is toxic and can lead to death.[15] Neem may also cause miscarriages, infertility, and low blood sugar.[15]

text: Safety issues[edit]

text: Neem oil can cause some forms of toxic encephalopathy and ophthalmopathy if consumed in large quantities.[16]

text: Pest and disease control[edit]

text: Neem (Ineem) is a key ingredient in non-pesticidal management (NPM), providing a natural alternative to synthetic pesticides. Neem seeds are ground into a powder that is soaked overnight in water and sprayed onto the crop. To be effective, it must be applied repeatedly, at least every ten days. Neem does not directly kill insects on the crop. It acts as an anti-feedant, repellent, and egg-laying deterrent, protecting the crop from damage. The insects starve and die within a few days. Neem also suppresses the hatching of pest insects from their eggs. Neem-based fertilizeres have been effective against the pest southern armyworm. Neem cake is often sold as a fertilizer.[17]

text: Neem oil has been shown to avert termite attack as an ecofriendly and economical agent.[18]

text: Neem oil for polymeric resins[edit]

text: Applications of neem oil in the preparation of polymeric resins have been documented in the recent reports. The synthesis of various alkyd resins from neem oil is reported using a monoglyceride (MG) route and their utilization for the preparation of PU coatings.[19] The alkyds are prepared from reaction of conventional divalent acid materials like phthalic and maleic anhydrides with MG of neem oil. In other reports, different routes for preparation of polymeric resins from neem oil also are reported.[20]

text: Construction[edit]

text: The juice of this plant is a potent ingredent for a mixture of wall plaster, according to the Samarāṅgaṇa Sūtradhāra, which is a Sanskrit treatise dealing with Śilpaśāstra (Hindu science of art and construction).[21]

text: Other uses[edit]

text:
Toiletries: Neem oil is used for preparing cosmetics such as soap, shampoo, balms, and creams as well as toothpaste
Animal Treatment: Used to treat sweet itch and mud fever in horses
Toothbrush: Traditionally, slender neem twigs (called datun) are first chewed as a toothbrush and then split as a tongue cleaner.[22] This practice has been in use in India, Africa, and the Middle East for centuries. It is still used in India's rural areas. Neem twigs are still collected and sold in rural markets for this use. It has been found to be as effective as a toothbrush in reducing plaque and gingival inflammation.[23][24]
Tree: Besides its use in traditional Indian medicine, the neem tree is of great importance for its anti-desertification properties and possibly as a good carbon dioxide sink.[25][26][27]
Neem gum is used as a bulking agent and for the preparation of special purpose foods.
Neem blossoms are used in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka to prepare Ugadi pachhadi. A mixture of neem flowers and jaggery (or unrefined brown sugar) is prepared and offered to friends and relatives, symbolic of sweet and bitter events in the upcoming new year, Ugadi. "Bevina hoovina gojju" (a type of curry prepared with neem blossoms) is common in Karnataka throughout the year. Dried blossoms are used when fresh blossoms are not available. In Tamil Nadu, a rasam (veppam poo rasam) made with neem blossoms is a culinary specialty.
Cosmetics: Neem is perceived in India as a beauty aid. Powdered leaves are a major component of at least one widely used facial cream. Purified neem oil is also used in nail polish and other cosmetics.
Bird repellent: Neem leaf boiled in water can be used as a very cost-effective bird repellent, especially for sparrows.
Lubricant: Neem oil is non-drying and it resists degradation better than most vegetable oils. In rural India, it is commonly used to grease cart wheels.
Fertilizer: Neem extract is added to fertilizers (urea) as a nitrification inhibitor.[28]
Plant protectant: Ploughed into the soil, it protects plant roots from nematodes and white ants, probably as it contains the residual limonoids.[citation needed] In Karnataka, people grow the tree mainly for its green leaves and twigs, which they puddle into flooded rice fields before the rice seedlings are transplanted.
Resin: An exudate can be tapped from the trunk by wounding the bark. This high protein material is not a substitute for polysaccharide gum, such as gum arabic. It may, however, have a potential as a food additive, and it is widely used in South Asia as "Neem glue".
Bark: Neem bark contains 14% tannin, an amount similar to that in conventional tannin-yielding trees (such as Acacia decurrens). Moreover, it yields a strong, coarse fibre commonly woven into ropes in the villages of India.
Honey: In parts of Asia neem honey commands premium prices, and people promote apiculture by planting neem trees.
Soap: 80% of India's supply of neem oil now is used by neem oil soap manufacturers.[29] Although much of it goes to small-scale speciality soaps, often using cold-pressed oil, large-scale producers also use it, mainly because it is cheap. Additionally it is antibacterial and antifungal, soothing, and moisturising. It can be made with up to 40% neem oil.[29] Generally, the crude oil is used to produce coarse laundry soaps.
Against pox viruses: In India, people who are affected with pox viruses are generally made to lie in bed made of neem leaves and branches.[citation needed] The belief is that it prevents the spreading of pox virus to others[citation needed] and has been in practice since early centuries.[citation needed]
Animal feed: Neem leaves can be occasionally used as forage for ruminants and rabbits.[30]

tag: ul

text: Association with Hindu festivals in India[edit]

text: Neem leaf or bark is considered an effective pitta pacifier because of its bitter taste. Hence, it is traditionally recommended during early summer in Ayurveda (that is, the month of Chaitra as per the Hindu Calendar which usually falls in the month of March – April).

text: In the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Telangana, Neem flowers are very popular for their use in 'Ugadi Pachhadi' (soup-like pickle), which is made on Ugadi day. In Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Telangana, a small amount of Neem and Jaggery (Bevu-Bella) is consumed on Ugadi day, the Telugu and Kannada new year, indicating that one should take both bitter and sweet things in life, joy and sorrow.

text: During Gudi Padva, which is the New Year in the state of Maharashtra, the ancient practice of drinking a small quantity of neem juice or paste on that day, before starting festivities, is found. As in many Hindu festivals and their association with some food to avoid negative side-effects of the season or change of seasons, neem juice is associated with Gudi Padva to remind people to use it during that particular month or season to pacify summer pitta.

text: In Tamil Nadu during the summer months of April to June, the Mariamman temple festival is a thousand-year-old tradition. The Neem leaves and flowers are the most important part of the Mariamman festival. The statue of the goddess Mariamman will be garlanded with Neem leaves and flowers. During most occasions of celebrations and weddings the people of Tamil Nadu adorn their surroundings with the Neem leaves and flowers as a form of decoration and also to ward off evil spirits and infections.

text: In the eastern coastal state of Odisha the famous Jagannath temple deities are made up of Neem heart wood along with some other essential oils and powders.

text: Chemical compounds[edit]

text: Ayurveda was the first to bring the anthelmintic, antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral constituents of the neem tree to the attention of natural products chemists. The process of extracting neem oil involves extracting the water-insoluble components with ether, petrol ether, ethyl acetate, and dilute alcohol. The provisional naming was nimbin (sulphur-free crystalline product with melting point at 205 °C, empirical composition C7H10O2), nimbinin (with similar principle, melting at 192 °C), and nimbidin (cream-coloured containing amorphous sulphur, melting at 90–100 °C). Siddiqui identified nimbidin as the main active antibacterial ingredient, and the highest yielding bitter component in the neem oil.[31][full citation needed] These compounds are stable and found in substantial quantities in the Neem. They also serve as natural insecticides.[32][full citation needed]

text: Neem-coated urea is being used an alternate to plain urea fertilizer in India. It reduces pollution, improves fertilizer's efficacy and soil health.[33][34]

text: Genome and transcriptomes[edit]

text: Neem genome and transcriptomes from various organs have been sequenced, analyzed, and published by Ganit Labs in Bangalore, India.[35][36][37]

text: ESTs were identify by generation of subtractive hybridization libraries of neem fruit, leaf, fruit mesocarp, and fruit endocarp by CSIR-CIMAP Lucknow.[38] [39]

text: Cultural and social impact[edit]

text: In Theravada Buddhism, the neem tree is said to have been used to achieve enlightenment (bodhi) by Tissa, the twentieth Lord Buddha.[citation needed] Some sources claim, however, that Terminalia tomentosa was the Bodhi tree used.[citation needed]

text: In 1995, the European Patent Office (EPO) granted a patent on an anti-fungal product derived from neem to the United States Department of Agriculture and W. R. Grace and Company.[40] The Indian government challenged the patent when it was granted, claiming that the process for which the patent had been granted had been in use in India for more than 2,000 years. In 2000, the EPO ruled in India's favour, but W. R. Grace appealed, claiming that prior art about the product had never been published in a scientific journal. On 8 March 2005, that appeal was lost and the EPO revoked the Neem patent.[40]

text: Symbolism[edit]

text: Previously, neem had been declared as the national tree of the former Hyderabad State, now defunct.

text: Biotechnology[edit]

text: The biopesticide produced by extraction from the tree seeds contains limonoids. Currently, the extraction process has disadvantages such as contamination with fungi and heterogeneity in the content of limonoids due to genetic, climatic, and geographical variations.[41][42] To overcome these problems, production of limonoids from plant cell suspension and hairy root cultures in bioreactors has been studied,[43][44] including the development of a two-stage bioreactor process that enhances growth and production of limonoids with cell suspension cultures of A. indica.[45]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Flowers

Unripe fruit

Neem tree in a banana farm in India

Neem tree farm


document_title: I Can Only Imagine (film)

question_text: who stars in the movie i can only imagine

text: I Can Only Imagine (film)

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The film is based on the story behind the band MercyMe's double platinum song I Can Only Imagine, which became the most-played contemporary Christian song of all time.[2] The film will center around MercyMe lead singer Bart Millard, and his relationship with his father whom he lost at 18 years old and which inspired the song.[3] According to director Andrew Erwin, it tells a "complex father-son story."[4]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard, lead singer of MercyMe
Brody Rose as Young Bart
Dennis Quaid as Arthur Millard, Bart's father
Cloris Leachman as Meemaw, Bart's grandmother
Madeline Carroll as Shannon, Bart's wife
Trace Adkins as Scott Brickell, MercyMe's manager
Priscilla Shirer as Mrs. Fincher, Bart's teacher

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was announced in December 2016.[5] Dennis Quaid joined the cast in January 2017.[2] Broadway actor J. Michael Finley will make his film debut as Bart Millard.[1] The same month, it was announced that the film was slated for release in the spring of 2018.[2] In August 2017, Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions signed on as distributors for the film for a nationwide release in the United States.[1][6]


document_title: List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions

question_text: who has the most formula 1 world championships

text: By season[edit]

text:
Season
Driver
Age
Car
No.
Team
Engine
Tyres
Poles
Wins
Podiums
Fastest Laps
Points
Clinched
Race
Point Margin

1950
 Giuseppe Farina[1]
44

 Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
P
2
3
3
3
30
Race 7 of 7
Italian Grand Prix
3

1951
 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]
40

 Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
P
4
3
5
5
31
Race 8 of 8
Spanish Grand Prix
6

19521
 Alberto Ascari[3]
34

 Ferrari
Ferrari
F P
5
6
6
6
36
Race 6 of 8
German Grand Prix
12

19531
 Alberto Ascari[3]
35

 Ferrari
Ferrari
P
6
5
5
4
34.5
Race 8 of 9
Swiss Grand Prix
6.5

1954
 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]
43

 Maserati2
Maserati
P
5
6
7
3
42
Race 7 of 9
Swiss Grand Prix
16.86

 Mercedes2
Mercedes
C

1955
 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]
44

 Mercedes
Mercedes
C
3
4
5
3
40
Race 6 of 7
British Grand Prix
16.5

1956
 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]
45

 Ferrari
Ferrari
E
6
3
5
4
30
Race 8 of 8
Italian Grand Prix
3

1957
 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]
46

 Maserati
Maserati
P
4
4
6
2
40
Race 6 of 8
German Grand Prix
15

1958
 Mike Hawthorn[4]
29

 Ferrari
Ferrari
E
4
1
7
5
42
Race 11 of 11
Moroccan Grand Prix
1

1959
 Jack Brabham[5]
33

 Cooper
Climax
D
1
2
5
1
31
Race 9 of 9
United States Grand Prix
4

1960
 Jack Brabham[5]
34

 Cooper
Climax
D
3
5
5
3
43
Race 8 of 10
Italian Grand Prix
9

1961
 Phil Hill[6]
34

 Ferrari
Ferrari
D
5
2
6
2
34
Race 7 of 8
Italian Grand Prix
1

1962
 Graham Hill[7]
33

 BRM
BRM
D
1
4
6
3
42
Race 9 of 9
South African Grand Prix
12

1963
 Jim Clark[8]
27

 Lotus
Climax
D
7
7
9
6
54
Race 7 of 10
Italian Grand Prix
21

1964
 John Surtees[9]
30

 Ferrari
Ferrari
D
2
2
6
2
40
Race 10 of 10
Mexican Grand Prix
1

1965
 Jim Clark[8]
29

 Lotus
Climax
D
6
6
6
6
54
Race 7 of 10
German Grand Prix
14

1966
 Jack Brabham[5]
40

 Brabham
Repco
G
3
4
5
1
42
Race 7 of 9
Italian Grand Prix
14

1967
 Denny Hulme[10]
31

 Brabham
Repco
G
0
2
8
2
51
Race 11 of 11
Mexican Grand Prix
5

1968
 Graham Hill[7]
39

 Lotus
Ford
F
2
3
6
0
48
Race 12 of 12
Mexican Grand Prix
12

1969
 Jackie Stewart[11]
30

 Matra
Ford
D
2
6
7
5
63
Race 8 of 11
Italian Grand Prix
26

1970
 Jochen Rindt[12]
28

 Lotus
Ford
F
3
5
5
1
45
Race 12 of 133
United States Grand Prix
5

1971
 Jackie Stewart[11]
32

 Tyrrell
Ford
G
6
6
7
3
62
Race 8 of 11
Austrian Grand Prix
29

1972
 Emerson Fittipaldi[13]
25

 Lotus
Ford
F
3
5
8
0
61
Race 10 of 12
Italian Grand Prix
16

1973
 Jackie Stewart[11]
34

 Tyrrell
Ford
G
3
5
8
1
71
Race 13 of 15
Italian Grand Prix
16

1974
 Emerson Fittipaldi[13]
27
5
 McLaren
Ford
G
2
3
7
0
55
Race 15 of 15
United States Grand Prix
3

1975
 Niki Lauda[14]
26
12
 Ferrari
Ferrari
G
9
5
8
2
64.5
Race 13 of 14
Italian Grand Prix
19.5

1976
 James Hunt[15]
29
11
 McLaren
Ford
G
8
6
8
2
69
Race 16 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
1

1977
 Niki Lauda[14]
28
11
 Ferrari
Ferrari
G
2
3
10
3
72
Race 15 of 17
United States Grand Prix East
17

1978
 Mario Andretti[16]
38
5
 Lotus
Ford
G
8
6
7
3
64
Race 14 of 16
Italian Grand Prix
13

1979
 Jody Scheckter[17]
29
11
 Ferrari
Ferrari
M
1
3
6
0
51
Race 13 of 15
Italian Grand Prix
4

1980
 Alan Jones[18]
34
27
 Williams
Ford
G
3
5
10
5
67
Race 13 of 14
Canadian Grand Prix
13

1981
 Nelson Piquet[19]
29
5
 Brabham
Ford
M G
4
3
7
1
50
Race 15 of 15
Caesars Palace Grand Prix
1

1982
 Keke Rosberg[20]
34
6
 Williams
Ford
G
1
1
6
0
44
Race 16 of 16
Caesars Palace Grand Prix
5

1983
 Nelson Piquet[19]
31
5
 Brabham
BMW
M
1
3
8
4
59
Race 15 of 15
South African Grand Prix
2

1984
 Niki Lauda[14]
35
8
 McLaren
TAG
M
0
5
9
5
72
Race 16 of 16
Portuguese Grand Prix
0.5

1985
 Alain Prost[21]
30
2
 McLaren
TAG
G
2
5
11
5
73
Race 14 of 16
European Grand Prix
20

1986
 Alain Prost[21]
31
1
 McLaren
TAG
G
1
4
11
2
72
Race 16 of 16
Australian Grand Prix
2

1987
 Nelson Piquet[19]
35
6
 Williams
Honda
G
4
3
11
4
73
Race 15 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
12

1988
 Ayrton Senna[22]
28
12
 McLaren
Honda
G
13
8
11
3
90
Race 15 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
3

1989
 Alain Prost[21]
34
2
 McLaren
Honda
G
2
4
11
5
76
Race 15 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
16

1990
 Ayrton Senna[22]
30
27
 McLaren
Honda
G
10
6
11
2
78
Race 15 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
7

1991
 Ayrton Senna[22]
31
1
 McLaren
Honda
G
8
7
12
2
96
Race 15 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
24

1992
 Nigel Mansell[23]
39
5
 Williams
Renault
G
14
9
12
8
108
Race 11 of 16
Hungarian Grand Prix
52

1993
 Alain Prost[21]
38
2
 Williams
Renault
G
13
7
12
6
99
Race 14 of 16
Portuguese Grand Prix
26

1994
 Michael Schumacher[24]
25
5
 Benetton
Ford
G
6
8
10
8
92
Race 16 of 16
Australian Grand Prix
1

1995
 Michael Schumacher[24]
26
1
 Benetton
Renault
G
4
9
11
8
102
Race 15 of 17
Pacific Grand Prix
33

1996
 Damon Hill[25]
36
5
 Williams
Renault
G
9
8
10
5
97
Race 16 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
19

1997
 Jacques Villeneuve[26]
26
3
 Williams
Renault
G
10
7
8
3
81
Race 17 of 17
European Grand Prix
39 (3)4

1998
 Mika Häkkinen[27]
30
8
 McLaren
Mercedes
B
9
8
11
6
100
Race 16 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
14

1999
 Mika Häkkinen[27]
31
1
 McLaren
Mercedes
B
11
5
10
6
76
Race 16 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
2

2000
 Michael Schumacher[24]
31
3
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
9
9
12
2
108
Race 16 of 17
Japanese Grand Prix
19

2001
 Michael Schumacher[24]
32
1
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
11
9
14
3
123
Race 13 of 17
Hungarian Grand Prix
58

2002
 Michael Schumacher[24]
33
1
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
7
11
17
7
144
Race 11 of 17
French Grand Prix
67

2003
 Michael Schumacher[24]
34
1
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
5
6
8
5
93
Race 16 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
2

2004
 Michael Schumacher[24]
35
1
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
8
13
15
10
148
Race 14 of 18
Belgian Grand Prix
34

2005
 Fernando Alonso[28]
24
5
 Renault
Renault
M
6
7
15
2
133
Race 17 of 19
Brazilian Grand Prix
21

2006
 Fernando Alonso[28]
25
1
 Renault
Renault
M
6
7
14
5
134
Race 18 of 18
Brazilian Grand Prix
13

2007
 Kimi Räikkönen[29]
28
6
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
3
6
12
6
110
Race 17 of 17
Brazilian Grand Prix
1

2008
 Lewis Hamilton[30]
23
22
 McLaren
Mercedes
B
7
5
10
1
98
Race 18 of 18
Brazilian Grand Prix
1

2009
 Jenson Button[31]
29
22
 Brawn
Mercedes
B
4
6
9
2
95
Race 16 of 17
Brazilian Grand Prix
11

2010
 Sebastian Vettel[32]
23
5
 Red Bull
Renault
B
10
5
10
3
256
Race 19 of 19
Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
4

2011
 Sebastian Vettel[32]
24
1
 Red Bull
Renault
P
15
11
17
3
392
Race 15 of 19
Japanese Grand Prix
122

2012
 Sebastian Vettel[32]
25
1
 Red Bull
Renault
P
6
5
10
6
281
Race 20 of 20
Brazilian Grand Prix
3

2013
 Sebastian Vettel[32]
26
1
 Red Bull
Renault
P
9
13
16
7
397
Race 16 of 19
Indian Grand Prix
155

2014
 Lewis Hamilton[30]
29
44
 Mercedes
Mercedes
P
7
11
16
7
384
Race 19 of 19
Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
67

2015
 Lewis Hamilton[30]
30
44
 Mercedes
Mercedes
P
11
10
17
8
381
Race 16 of 19
United States Grand Prix
59

2016
 Nico Rosberg[33]
31
6
 Mercedes
Mercedes
P
8
9
16
6
385
Race 21 of 21
Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
5

2017
 Lewis Hamilton[30]
32
44
 Mercedes
Mercedes
P
11
9
13
7
363
Race 18 of 20
Mexican Grand Prix
46

tag: table

text: Notes[edit]

text: Bold indicates the team also won the Constructors' Championship (awarded since 1958).

text:
^ The 1952 and 1953 championships were run to Formula Two regulations.
^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes.
^ Rindt's championship was confirmed two rounds after he had been killed in an accident during qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix.
^ Michael Schumacher scored 78 points during the 1997 season, 3 points behind Villeneuve, but was disqualified from the championship for deliberately colliding with Villeneuve in the final race of the season, the European Grand Prix. This left Villeneuve with a 39-point margin over Heinz-Harald Frentzen with 42 points.

tag: ol

text: By driver[edit]

text:
Driver
Total
Season(s)
Championship Winner

 Michael Schumacher
7
1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
24th

 Juan Manuel Fangio
5
1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957
2nd

 Alain Prost
4
1985, 1986, 1989, 1993
21st

 Lewis Hamilton
4
2008, 2014, 2015, 2017
30th

 Sebastian Vettel
4
2010, 2011, 2012, 2013
32nd

 Jack Brabham
3
1959, 1960, 1966
5th

 Jackie Stewart
3
1969, 1971, 1973
11th

 Niki Lauda
3
1975, 1977, 1984
14th

 Nelson Piquet
3
1981, 1983, 1987
19th

 Ayrton Senna
3
1988, 1990, 1991
22nd

 Alberto Ascari
2
1952, 1953
3rd

 Graham Hill
2
1962, 1968
7th

 Jim Clark
2
1963, 1965
8th

 Emerson Fittipaldi
2
1972, 1974
13th

 Mika Häkkinen
2
1998, 1999
27th

 Fernando Alonso
2
2005, 2006
28th

 Giuseppe Farina
1
1950
1st

 Mike Hawthorn
1
1958
4th

 Phil Hill
1
1961
6th

 John Surtees
1
1964
9th

 Denny Hulme
1
1967
10th

 Jochen Rindt
1
1970
12th

 James Hunt
1
1976
15th

 Mario Andretti
1
1978
16th

 Jody Scheckter
1
1979
17th

 Alan Jones
1
1980
18th

 Keke Rosberg
1
1982
20th

 Nigel Mansell
1
1992
23rd

 Damon Hill
1
1996
25th

 Jacques Villeneuve
1
1997
26th

 Kimi Räikkönen
1
2007
29th

 Jenson Button
1
2009
31st

 Nico Rosberg
1
2016
33rd

text: Drivers in bold have competed in the 2017 World Championship.

text: By nationality[edit]

text:
Country
Total
Drivers
Seasons
Drivers by Name (titles)

 United Kingdom
17
10
1958, 1962–1965, 1968–1969, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1992, 1996, 2008–2009, 2014–2015, 2017
Mike Hawthorn (1)

Graham Hill (2)

Jim Clark (2)

John Surtees (1)

Jackie Stewart (3)

James Hunt (1)

Nigel Mansell (1)

Damon Hill (1)

Lewis Hamilton (4)

Jenson Button (1)

 Germany
12
3
1994–1995, 2000–2004, 2010–2013, 2016
Michael Schumacher (7)

Sebastian Vettel (4)

Nico Rosberg (1)

 Brazil
8
3
1972, 1974, 1981, 1983, 1987–1988, 1990–1991
Emerson Fittipaldi (2)

Nelson Piquet (3)

Ayrton Senna (3)

 Argentina
5
1
1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957
Juan Manuel Fangio (5)

 Finland
4
3
1982, 1998–1999, 2007
Keke Rosberg (1)

Mika Häkkinen (2)

Kimi Räikkönen (1)

 Australia
4
2
1959–1960, 1966, 1980
Jack Brabham (3)

Alan Jones (1)

 Austria
4
2
1970, 1975, 1977, 1984
Jochen Rindt (1)

Niki Lauda (3)

 France
4
1
1985–1986, 1989, 1993
Alain Prost (4)

 Italy
3
2
1950, 1952–1953
Giuseppe Farina (1)

Alberto Ascari (2)

 United States
2
2
1961, 1978
Phil Hill (1)

Mario Andretti (1)

 Spain
2
1
2005–2006
Fernando Alonso (2)

 New Zealand
1
1
1967
Denny Hulme (1)

 South Africa
1
1
1979
Jody Scheckter (1)

 Canada
1
1
1997
Jacques Villeneuve (1)

text: By driver in home car[edit]

text:
Season
Country
Driver
Constructor
Note

1950
 Italy
Giuseppe Farina
Alfa Romeo
Also engine (Alfa Romeo) and tyres (Pirelli)

1952
 Italy
Alberto Ascari
Ferrari
Also engine (Ferrari) and tyres (Pirelli)

1953
 Italy
Alberto Ascari
Ferrari
Also engine (Ferrari) and tyres (Pirelli)

1962
 United Kingdom
Graham Hill
BRM
Also engine (BRM) and tyres (Dunlop)

1963
 United Kingdom
Jim Clark
Lotus
Also engine (Climax) and tyres (Dunlop)

1965
 United Kingdom
Jim Clark
Lotus
Also engine (Climax) and tyres (Dunlop)

1968
 United Kingdom
Graham Hill
Lotus
Also engine (Ford made by Cosworth)

1971
 United Kingdom
Jackie Stewart
Tyrrell
Also engine (Ford made by Cosworth)

1973
 United Kingdom
Jackie Stewart
Tyrrell
Also engine (Ford made by Cosworth)

1976
 United Kingdom
James Hunt
McLaren
Also engine (Ford made by Cosworth)

1992
 United Kingdom
Nigel Mansell
Williams

1996
 United Kingdom
Damon Hill
Williams

2008
 United Kingdom
Lewis Hamilton
McLaren

2009
 United Kingdom
Jenson Button
Brawn

2016
 Germany
Nico Rosberg
Mercedes
Also engine (Mercedes)

text: Note[edit]

text: In 1966 Australian Jack Brabham won the world championship driving his own car powered by the Australian engine Repco, but the car was built by his team registered in Britain.[34][35]

text: By constructor[edit]

text:
Constructor
Country
Total

Ferrari
 Italy
15

McLaren
 United Kingdom
12

Williams
 United Kingdom
7

Lotus
 United Kingdom
6

Mercedes1
 Germany
6

Red Bull
 Austria
4

Brabham
 United Kingdom
4

Renault
 France
2

Cooper
 United Kingdom
2

Benetton
 United Kingdom
2

Tyrrell
 United Kingdom
2

Alfa Romeo
 Italy
2

Maserati1
 Italy
2

BRM
 United Kingdom
1

Matra
 France
1

Brawn
 United Kingdom
1

text: Constructors in bold have competed in the 2017 World Championship.

text: ^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes. This shared championship is counted for each of these constructors.

text: By constructor nationality[edit]

text:
Nationality
Total

 United Kingdom
37

 Italy
19

 Germany
6

 Austria
4

 France
3

text: By engine[edit]

text:
Engine
Country
Total

Ferrari
 Italy
15

Ford *
 United States
13

Renault
 France
11

Mercedes **
 West Germany/Germany
10

Honda
 Japan
5

Climax
 United Kingdom
4

TAG ***
 Luxembourg
3

Alfa Romeo
 Italy
2

Maserati
 Italy
2

Repco
 Australia
2

BMW
 West Germany
1

BRM
 United Kingdom
1

text:
Engine manufacturers in bold have competed in the 2017 World Championship.
^ * Built by  Cosworth

text: ^ ** In 1998 and 1999 built by  Ilmor

text: ^ *** Built by  Porsche

text: By tyre manufacturer[edit]

text:
Pos
Manufacturer
Country
Total
Seasons

1
G
Goodyear
 United States
24 (7)1
1966–1967, 1971, 1973–1978, 1980, 1982, 1985–1997

2
P
Pirelli
 Italy
13 (7)2
1950–19544 5, 1957, 2011–2017

3
B
Bridgestone
 Japan
11 (6)3
1998–2004, 2007–2010

4
D
Dunlop
 United Kingdom
8
1959–1965, 1969

5
M
Michelin
 France
6
1979, 1981, 1983–1984, 2005–2006

6
F
Firestone
 United States
4
19525, 1968, 1970, 1972

7
C
Continental
 West Germany
2
19544–1955

E
Englebert
 Belgium
2
1956, 1958

text: Tyre manufacturers in bold have competed in the 2017 World Championship. Numbers in parentheses indicate championships won as the sole tyre supplier.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Goodyear was the sole tyre supplier for the 1987, 1988 & 1992–1996 seasons
^ Pirelli was the sole tyre supplier for the 2011–2017 seasons
^ Bridgestone was the sole tyre supplier for the 1999, 2000 & 2007–2010 seasons
^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix on Pirelli with Maserati, then completed the season on Continental with Mercedes
^ Ascari competed in the 1952 Indianapolis 500 on Firestone tyres, then completed the season on Pirelli

text: Records[edit]

text: Youngest Drivers' Champion[edit]

text:
Driver*
Age**
Season

1
 Sebastian Vettel
23 years, 134 days
2010

2
 Lewis Hamilton
23 years, 300 days
2008

3
 Fernando Alonso
24 years, 58 days
2005

4
 Emerson Fittipaldi
25 years, 273 days
1972

5
 Michael Schumacher
25 years, 314 days
1994

6
 Niki Lauda
26 years, 197 days
1975

7
 Jacques Villeneuve
26 years, 200 days
1997

8
 Jim Clark
27 years, 188 days
1963

9
 Kimi Räikkönen
28 years, 4 days
2007

10
 Jochen Rindt
28 years, 140 days
1970 (posthumously)

text:
* Bold text indicates driver was still active in the 2017 World Championship
** Measured at the race where the driver secured the championship (except for Rindt, measured at the day of his death)

text: Oldest Drivers' Champion[edit]

text:
Driver
Age
Season

1
 Juan Manuel Fangio
46 years, 41 days
1957

2
 Giuseppe Farina
43 years, 308 days
1950

3
 Jack Brabham
40 years, 155 days
1966

4
 Graham Hill
39 years, 262 days
1968

5
 Nigel Mansell
39 years, 8 days
1992

6
 Alain Prost
38 years, 214 days
1993

7
 Mario Andretti
38 years, 193 days
1978

8
 Damon Hill
36 years, 26 days
1996

9
 Niki Lauda
35 years, 242 days
1984

10
 Michael Schumacher
35 years, 239 days
2004

text: Consecutive Drivers' Championships[edit]

text: Ten drivers have achieved consecutive wins in the Formula One Drivers' Championship. Of those, Michael Schumacher is the only driver to have won two sets of consecutive Formula One Drivers' Championships.

text:
Championships
Driver
Seasons

5
 Michael Schumacher
2000–2004

4
 Juan Manuel Fangio
1954–1957

 Sebastian Vettel
2010–2013

2
 Alberto Ascari
1952–1953

 Jack Brabham
1959–1960

 Alain Prost
1985–1986

 Ayrton Senna
1990–1991

 Michael Schumacher
1994–1995

 Mika Häkkinen
1998–1999

 Fernando Alonso
2005–2006

 Lewis Hamilton
2014–2015

text: Bold text indicates driver has competed in the 2017 World Championship.


document_title: Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner

question_text: what does the e stand for in wile e coyote

question_tokens: what does the e stand for in wile e coyote

text: Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner

text: Creation[edit]

text: Jones based the Coyote on Mark Twain's book Roughing It,[6] in which Twain described the coyote as "a long, slim, sick and sorry-looking skeleton" that is "a living, breathing allegory of Want. He is always hungry." Jones said he created the Coyote-Road Runner cartoons as a parody of traditional "Cat And Mouse" cartoons such as MGM's Tom and Jerry, which Jones would work on as a director later in his career.[7] Jones modelled the Coyote's appearance on fellow animator Ken Harris.[8]

text: The Coyote's name of Wile E. is a pun of the word "wily." The "E" stands for "Ethelbert" in one issue of a Looney Tunes comic book.[9] The Coyote's surname is routinely pronounced with a long "e" (/kaɪˈoʊtiː/ ky-OH-tee), but in one cartoon short, To Hare Is Human, Wile E. is heard pronouncing it with a diphthong (/kaɪˈoʊteɪ/ ky-OH-tay). Early model sheets for the character prior to his initial appearance (in Fast and Furry-ous) identified him as "Don Coyote", a pun of the name Don Quixote.[10]

text: List of cartoons[edit]

text: The series consists of:

text:
49 shorts, mostly about 6 to 7 minutes long, but including three web cartoons which are "three-minute, three-dimensional cartoons in widescreen (scope)".[11]
One half-hour special, released theatrically (26 minutes).
One feature-length film that combines live action and animation (91 minutes long).

text:
#

Release date

Title

Duration

Credits

Acme Corporation devices used

Books Studied

Story/writing

Direction

1

September 17, 1949 (1949-09-17)

Fast and Furry-ous

6:55

Michael Maltese

Charles M. Jones

ACME Super Outfit

2

May 24, 1952 (1952-05-24)

Beep, Beep

6:45

Michael Maltese

Charles M. Jones

Aspirin, Matches, Rocket-Powered Roller Skates

3

August 23, 1952 (1952-08-23)

Going! Going! Gosh!

6:25

Michael Maltese

Charles M. Jones

an anvil, a weather balloon, a street cleaner's bin, and a fan

4

September 19, 1953 (1953-09-19)

Zipping Along

6:55

Michael Maltese

Charles M. Jones

Giant Kite Kit, Bomb, Detonator, Nitroglycerin, Bird Seed

"Hypnotism Self-Taught" by Hershenburger

5

August 14, 1954 (1954-08-14)

Stop! Look! And Hasten!

7:00

Michael Maltese

Charles M. Jones

Bird Seed, Triple Strength Fortified Leg Muscle Vitamins

"How to Build a Burmese Tiger Trap"

6

April 30, 1955 (1955-04-30)

Ready, Set, Zoom!

6:55

Michael Maltese

Charles M. Jones

Glue, Female Road-Runner Costume

7

December 10, 1955 (1955-12-10)

Guided Muscle

6:40

Michael Maltese

Charles M. Jones

ACME Grease

"How to Tar and Feather a Roadrunner (10th printing)"

8

May 5, 1956 (1956-05-05)

Gee Whiz-z-z-z-z-z-z

6:35

Michael Maltese

Charles M. Jones

ACME Triple Strength Battleship Steel Armor Plate, ACME Batman's Outfit, Rubber Band, Anvil, Jet Bike (Made with Iron Handle Bars and a Jet Motor)

9

November 10, 1956 (1956-11-10)

There They Go-Go-Go!

6:35

Michael Maltese

Chuck Jones

No ACME branded devices used

10

January 26, 1957 (1957-01-26)

Scrambled Aches

6:50

Michael Maltese

Chuck Jones

ACME Dehydrated Boulders, Outboard Steam Roller

11

September 14, 1957 (1957-09-14)

Zoom and Bored

6:15

Michael Maltese

Chuck Jones

ACME Bumblebees

12

April 12, 1958 (1958-04-12)

Whoa, Be-Gone!

6:10

Michael Maltese

Chuck Jones

Tornado Kit, Rubber Band (For Tripping Road-Runners), Water Pistol

13

October 11, 1958 (1958-10-11)

Hook, Line and Stinker

5:55

Michael Maltese

Chuck Jones

Bird Seed

14

December 6, 1958 (1958-12-06)

Hip Hip-Hurry!

6:13

Michael Maltese

Chuck Jones

Hi-Speed Tonic, Mouse Snare

15

May 9, 1959 (1959-05-09)

Hot-Rod and Reel!

6:25

Michael Maltese

Chuck Jones

Jet-Propelled Pogo Stick, Jet-Propelled Unicycle

16

October 10, 1959 (1959-10-10)

Wild About Hurry

6:45

Michael Maltese

Chuck Jones

Giant Elastic Rubber Band, 5 Miles of Railroad Track, Rocket Sled, Bird Seed, Iron Pellets, Indestructo Steel Ball

17

January 9, 1960 (1960-01-09)

Fastest with the Mostest

7:20

Chuck Jones

Chuck Jones

Balloon Basket, Balloon,

18

October 8, 1960 (1960-10-08)

Hopalong Casualty

6:05

Chuck Jones

Chuck Jones

Christmas Packaging Machine, Earthquake Pills

19

January 21, 1961 (1961-01-21)

Zip 'N Snort

5:50

Chuck Jones

Chuck Jones

Iron Pellets, Bird Seed, Axle Grease

20

June 3, 1961 (1961-06-03)

Lickety-Splat

6:20

Chuck Jones

Chuck Jones,Abe Levitow

Roller skis, Boomerang

21

November 11, 1961 (1961-11-11)

Beep Prepared

6:00

John Dunn,Chuck Jones

Chuck Jones,Maurice Noble

ACME Iron Bird Seed

Iron Bird Seed, Little-Giant Do-It-Yourself Rocket Sled

Film

June 2, 1962 (1962-06-02)

Adventures of the Road Runner

26:00

John DunnMichael Maltese

Chuck Jones

Acme Batman's Outfit

22

June 30, 1962 (1962-06-30)

Zoom at the Top

6:30

Chuck Jones

Chuck Jones,Maurice Noble

Bird seed, instant icicle-maker, boomerang

23

December 28, 1963 (1963-12-28)

To Beep or Not to Beep1

6:35

John Dunn,Chuck Jones

Chuck Jones,Maurice Noble

24

June 6, 1964 (1964-06-06)

War and Pieces

6:40

John Dunn

Chuck Jones,Maurice Noble

Invisible Paint

25

January 1, 1965 (1965-01-01)

Zip Zip Hooray!2

6:15

John Dunn

Chuck Jones

26

February 1, 1965 (1965-02-01)

Road Runner a Go-Go2

6:05

John Dunn

Chuck Jones

None, although Wile E. Coyote does study a film

27

February 27, 1965 (1965-02-27)

The Wild Chase

6:30

Friz Freleng,Hawley Pratt

Iron Pellets, Bird Seed, Cheese

28

July 31, 1965 (1965-07-31)

Rushing Roulette

6:20

David Detiege

Robert McKimson

Sproing Boots

29

August 21, 1965 (1965-08-21)

Run, Run, Sweet Road Runner

6:00

Rudy Larriva

30

September 18, 1965 (1965-09-18)

Tired and Feathered

6:20

Robert McKimson

Rudy Larriva

Dynamite, Assorted Washers

Birds And Their Habitat

31

October 9, 1965 (1965-10-09)

Boulder Wham!

6:30

Len Janson

Rudy Larriva

Deluxe Hi-bounce Trampoline Kit

Hypnotism for Beginners

32

October 30, 1965 (1965-10-30)

Just Plane Beep

6:45

Don Jurwich

Rudy Larriva

War Surplus Biplane

untitled flight instruction book

33

November 13, 1965 (1965-11-13)

Hairied and Hurried

6:45

Nick Bennion

Rudy Larriva

Snow Machine, Magnetic Gun, Practice Bombs, Super Bomb, Kit

34

December 11, 1965 (1965-12-11)

Highway Runnery

6:45

Al Bertino

Rudy Larriva

35

December 25, 1965 (1965-12-25)

Chaser on the Rocks

6:45

Tom Dagenais

Rudy Larriva

36

January 8, 1966 (1966-01-08)

Shot and Bothered

6:30

Nick Bennion

Rudy Larriva

Suction Cups

37

January 29, 1966 (1966-01-29)

Out and Out Rout

6:00

Dale Hale

Rudy Larriva

No ACME labeled devices used.

"Hunting Birds", "The History of Speed", "How to Sail"

38

February 19, 1966 (1966-02-19)

The Solid Tin Coyote

6:15

Don Jurwich

Rudy Larriva

39

March 12, 1966 (1966-03-12)

Clippety Clobbered

6:15

Tom Dagenais

Rudy Larriva

40

November 5, 1966 (1966-11-05)

Sugar and Spies

6:20

Tom Dagenais

Robert McKimson

Do-it-Yourself Kit Remote Control Missile-Bombs

41

November 27, 1979 (1979-11-27)

Freeze Frame

6:05

John W. DunnChuck Jones

Chuck Jones

Instant Snow Maker, Speed Skates, Jet-Propelled Skis, Dog Sled, 92 lb. Dogs, Rocking Horse, Road-Runner Lasso

Everything You Always Wanted To Know About Road Runners (But Were Afraid To Ask)

42

May 21, 1980 (1980-05-21)

Soup or Sonic

9:10

Chuck Jones

Chuck Jones,Phil Monroe

Frisbee Disc, Little-Giant Fire Crackers, Giant Fly Trap, Explosive Tennis Balls,

43

December 21, 1994 (1994-12-21)

Chariots of Fur3

7:00

Chuck Jones

Chuck Jones

Giant Mouse Trap, Instant Road, Cactus Costume, Lightning Bolts

44

December 30, 2000 (2000-12-30)

Little Go Beep

7:55

Kathleen Helppie-Shipley,Earl Kress

Spike Brandt

Badger Trap, Stretch Hamstring, Jack in the Box with a Boxing Glove and a Big Trike with Aqua Rockets

45

November 1, 2003 (2003-11-01)

The Whizzard of Ow

7:00

Chris Kelly

Bret Haaland

Book of Magic, Flying Broom, Bomb, Clear Paint

"ACME Book of Magic"

Film

November 14, 2003 (2003-11-14)

Looney Tunes: Back in Action

91:00

Larry Doyle

Joe Dante

Missile Launcher, Train of Death, Anvil,

46

July 30, 2010 (2010-07-30)

Coyote Falls3

2:59

Tom Sheppard[12]

Matthew O'Callaghan

Bird Seed, Bungee Cord

47

September 24, 2010 (2010-09-24)

Fur of Flying3

3:03[13]

Tom Sheppard

Matthew O'Callaghan[13]

Acme Bonnie Bike, Acme Mega-Motor, Acme Football Helmet, Acme Ceiling Fan

48

December 17, 2010 (2010-12-17)

Rabid Rider3

3:07

Tom Sheppard

Matthew O'Callaghan

Acme Hyper-Sonic Transport

49

June 10, 2014

Flash in the Pain[14][15]

3:13

Tom Sheppard

Matthew O'Callaghan

Acme Molecular Transporter

text:
1 Re-edited from Adventures of the Road-Runner, by Chuck Jones, and with new music direction from Bill Lava.
2 Re-edited from Adventures of the Road-Runner, by DePatie-Freleng Enterprises
3 These cartoons were shown with a feature-length film. Chariots of Fur was shown with Richie Rich, Coyote Falls was shown with Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore,[11] Fur of Flying was shown with Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole,[16] Rabid Rider was shown with Yogi Bear.
Flash in the Pain was shown at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 10, 2014.[14][15]

text: Scenery[edit]

text: The desert scenery in the first two Road Runner cartoons, Fast and Furry-ous (1949) and Beep, Beep (1952), was designed by Robert Gribbroek and was quite realistic. In most later cartoons the scenery was designed by Maurice Noble and was far more abstract.

text: Acme Corporation[edit]

text: Wile E. Coyote often obtains various complex and ludicrous devices from a mail-order company, the fictitious Acme Corporation, which he hopes will help him catch the Road Runner. The devices invariably fail in improbable and spectacular fashion. Whether this is a result of operator error or faulty merchandise is debatable. The coyote usually ends up burnt to a crisp, squashed flat, or at the bottom of a canyon (some shorts show him suffering a combination of these fates). Occasionally, Acme products do work quite well (e.g. the Dehydrated Boulders, Bat-Man Outfit, Rocket Sled, Jet Powered Roller Skates, or Earthquake Pills). In this case, their success often works against the coyote. For example, the Dehydrated Boulder, upon hydration, becomes so large that it crushes him, or the Coyote finds out that the Earthquake Pills bottle label's fine print states that the pills aren’t effective on road runners, right after he swallows the whole bottle, thinking they're ineffective. Other times he uses items that are implausible, such as a superhero outfit, thinking he could fly wearing it. (He cannot.)

text: How the coyote acquires these products without money is not explained until the 2003 movie Looney Tunes: Back in Action, in which he is shown to be an employee of Acme. In a Tiny Toon Adventures episode, Wile E. makes mention of his protégé Calamity Coyote possessing an unlimited Acme credit card account, which might serve as another possible explanation. Wile E. being a "beta tester" for Acme has been another suggested explanation. Wile E. also uses war equipment such as cannons, rocket launchers, grenades, and bayonets which are "generic", i.e. not Acme products. In a Cartoon Network commercial promoting Looney Tunes, they ask the Coyote why he insists on purchasing products from the Acme Corporation when all previous contraptions have backfired on him, to which the Coyote responds with a wooden sign (right after another item blows up in his face): "Good line of Credit."

text: In Whoa, Be-Gone!, after successfully avoiding being hit by his own rocket, the coyote is run over by an "ACME" truck emerging from a tunnel.

text: The company name was likely chosen for its irony (acme means the highest point, as of achievement or development). Also, a company named ACME would have shown up in the first part of a telephone directory. Some people have said ACME comes from the common expansion A (or American) Company that Makes (or Making) Everything, a backronym of the word. The origin of the name might also be related to the Acme company that built a fine line of animation stands and optical printers; however, the most likely explanation is the Sears house brand called Acme that appeared in their ubiquitous early 1900s mail-order catalogues.

text: In two Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote short films, Ajax (Disney) was used instead of Acme Corporation. In some others, the names "A-1" and "Ace" and "Fleet-Foot" are used.

text: In August, September and October 1982, the National Lampoon published a three part series chronicling the lawsuit Wile E. filed against the Acme Corporation over the faulty items they sold him in his pursuit of the Road Runner. Even though the Road Runner appeared as a witness for the plaintiff, the Coyote still lost the suit.[17]

text: Laws and rules[edit]

text: In his book Chuck Amuck: The Life and Times of an Animated Cartoonist,[18] Chuck Jones claimed that he and the artists behind the Road Runner and Wile E. cartoons adhered to some simple but strict rules:

text:
"The Road Runner cannot harm the Coyote except by going "beep beep"." This rule was broken in Clippety Clobbered when the Road Runner drops a boulder on the Coyote after painting it with "invisible paint", and has been broken in several CGI shorts from The Looney Tunes Show.
"No outside force can harm the Coyote — only his own ineptitude or the failure of the Acme products." Trains and trucks were the exceptions from time to time.
"The Coyote could stop anytime — if he were not a fanatic. (Repeat: "A fanatic is one who redoubles his effort when he has forgotten his aim." — George Santayana)."
"No dialogue ever, except "beep-beep!"" This rule was violated in some cartoons such as in Zoom at the Top where the Coyote says the word "Ouch!" after he gets hurt in a bear trap.
"The Road Runner must stay on the road — otherwise, logically, he would not be called a Road Runner." This rule was broken in several shorts including cactus patches, mines, cliff edges, mountain tops and railways.
"All action must be confined to the natural environment of the two characters — the southwest American desert."
"All materials tools, weapons, or mechanical conveniences must be obtained from the Acme Corporation." Although in Rushing Roulette, the Coyote uses AJAX Stix-All glue. In Zip 'N Snort, aside from the ACME Iron Pellets, Wile E. also had a box of AJAX Bird Seed. In Fast and Furry-ous, even though one item, the Super Outfit, was from ACME, for some reason the Jet-Propelled Tennis Shoes was from "Fleet-Feet".
"Whenever possible, make gravity the Coyote's greatest enemy." For example, falling off a cliff.
"The Coyote is always more humiliated than harmed by his failures."

text: These rules were not always followed. And in an interview[4] years after the series was made, principal writer of the original 16 episodes Michael Maltese stated he had never heard of these or any "rules" and dismissed them as "post production observation".

text: As in other cartoons, the Road Runner and the coyote follow certain laws of cartoon physics, peculiar to an animation universe. Some examples:[citation needed]

text:
Animation vs. Reality Mixing: the Road Runner has the ability to enter the painted image of a cave, while the coyote cannot (unless there is an opening through which he can fall). Sometimes, however, this is reversed, and the Road Runner can burst through a painting of a broken bridge and continue on his way, while the Coyote will instead enter the painting and fall down the precipice of the cliff where the bridge is out.
Gravity: sometimes the coyote is allowed to hang in midair until he realizes that he is about to plummet into a chasm (a process occasionally referred to elsewhere as Road-Runnering or a Wile E. Coyote moment). The coyote can overtake rocks (or cannons) which fall earlier than he does, and end up being squashed by them. If a chase sequence runs over the edge of a cliff, the Road Runner is not affected by gravity, whereas the Coyote will be subject to normal earth gravity and eventually fall to the ground below.
The Road Runner is able to run fast enough to go through time.
If the Coyote uses an explosive (commonly dynamite) that is triggered by a mechanism that is supposed to force the explosive in a forward motion toward its target, the actual mechanism itself will shoot forward, leaving the explosive behind to detonate in the Coyote's face.
Delayed Reaction: (a) a complex apparatus that is supposed to propel an object like a boulder or steel ball forward, or trigger a trap, will not work on the Road Runner, but always does so perfectly on the Coyote - when he inspects it after its failure to ensnare the Road Runner. (b) the Road Runner can jump up and down on the trigger of a large animal trap and eat the intended trap trigger bird seed off it and leave unharmed without setting off the trap; but when the Coyote places the tiniest droplet of oil on the trigger, the trap snaps shut on him without fail.
On other occasions, the Coyote dons an exquisite Acme costume or propulsion device that briefly allows him to catch up to the Road Runner, but ultimately always results in him losing track of his proximity to large cliffs or walls, and while the Road Runner darts around an extremely sharp turn near a cliff defying physics, the Coyote succumbs to physics and will rocket right over the edge and plummet spectacularly to the ground.

text: Both animals would also typically be introduced in a similar fashion; the action would slow to a halt, and a caption would appear with both their common name and a mock genus/species name in faux-Latin. For example, in "Zoom at the Top" Road Runner was classified as an example of "Disappearialis Quickius", while Coyote was identified as "Overconfidentii Vulgaris".

text: Later cartoons[edit]

text: The original Chuck Jones productions ended in 1963 after Jack L. Warner closed the Warner Bros. animation studio. War and Pieces, the last Road Runner short directed by Jones, was released in mid-1964. By that time, David DePatie and veteran director Friz Freleng had formed DePatie-Freleng Enterprises, moved into the facility just emptied by Warner, and signed a license with Warner Bros. to produce cartoons for the big studio to distribute.

text: Their first cartoon to feature the Road Runner was The Wild Chase, directed by Freleng in 1965. The premise was a race between the bird and "the fastest mouse in all of Mexico," Speedy Gonzales, with the Coyote and Sylvester the Cat each trying to make a meal out of his usual target. Much of the material was animation rotoscoped from earlier Runner and Gonzales shorts, with the other characters added in.

text: In total, DePatie-Freleng produced 14 Road Runner cartoons, two of which were directed by Robert McKimson (Rushing Roulette, 1965, and Sugar and Spies, 1966). Due to cuts in the number of frames used per second in animated features, many of these final Road Runner features were cheap looking and jerky. Also, the music was very different and of poorer quality than the older features (a byproduct of incoming music director Bill Lava, who replaced the suddenly deceased Milt Franklyn, retired Carl Stalling and whose style clashed noticeably with his predecessors). That was disappointing to fans of the original shorts, and many felt it was the final death knell for animation.

text: The remaining eleven were subcontracted to Format Films and directed under ex-Warner Bros. animator Rudy Larriva. The "Larriva Eleven", as the series was later called, lacked the fast-paced action of the Chuck Jones originals and was poorly received by critics. In Of Mice and Magic, Leonard Maltin calls the series "witless in every sense of the word." In addition, except for the planet Earth scene at the tail end of "Highway Runnery", there was only one clip of the Coyote's fall to the ground, used over and over again. These cartoons can easily be distinguished from Chuck Jones' cartoons, because they feature the modern "Abstract WB" Looney Tunes opening and closing sequences, and they use the same music cues over and over again in the cartoons, also by Lava. Only one of those eleven cartoons — Run, Run, Sweet Road Runner — had music that was actually scored instead of the same music cues. Another clear clue is that Jones' previously described "laws" for the characters were not followed with any significant fidelity, nor were there Latin phrases used when introducing the characters.

text: Wile E. Coyote and Bugs Bunny[edit]

text: Wile E. Coyote has also unsuccessfully attempted to catch and eat Bugs Bunny in another series of cartoons. In these cartoons, the coyote takes on the guise of a self-described "super genius" and speaks with a smooth, generic upper-class accent provided by Mel Blanc. While he is incredibly intelligent, he is limited by technology and his own short-sighted arrogance, and is thus often easily outsmarted, a somewhat physical symbolism of "street smarts" besting "book smarts".

text: In one short (Hare-Breadth Hurry, 1963), Bugs  — with the help of "speed pills" — even stands in for Road Runner, who has "sprained a giblet" while "cornering a sharp coive the other day", and carries out the duties of outsmarting the hungry scavenger. This is the only Bugs Bunny/Wile E. Coyote short in which the coyote does not speak, and to use the Wile E. Coyote/Road Runner cartoon formula. As usual, Wile E. Coyote ends up falling down a canyon and fails to catch and eat Bugs Bunny, much like how the coyote fails to catch and eat the Road Runner.

text: In a later, made-for-TV short, which had a young Elmer Fudd chasing a young Bugs, Elmer also falls down a canyon. On the way down he is overtaken by Wile E. Coyote who shows a sign telling Elmer to get out of the way for someone who is more experienced in falling.

text: Other appearances[edit]

text: In the 1962 pilot for a proposed television series (but instead released as a theatrical featurrette titled Adventures of the Road-Runner — when the project failed as a TV pilot, it was re-edited into To Beep or Not to Beep by Chuck Jones with additional new music by Bill Lava. But a few years later, the short was re-edited again into Zip Zip Hooray! and Road Runner a Go-Go, by DePatie-Freleng Enterprises).

text: Chuck's 1979 movie The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie features many of Chuck's characters, including Wile E. and Road Runner. However, whereas most of the featured cartoons are single shorts or sometimes isolated clips, the footage of Wile E. and Road Runner is taken from several different cartoons and compiled to run as one extended sequence.

text: Wile E. and the Road Runner have two cameo roles in Robert Zemeckis' Who Framed Roger Rabbit first silhouetted when the elevator maneuvered by Droopy goes up, and then during the final scene in Marvin Acme's factory with several other studio characters.

text: Wile E. and the Road Runner appear as members of the Tune Squad team in Space Jam. There, Wile E. rigs one of the basketball hoops with dynamite to prevent one of the Monstars from scoring a slam dunk. And during practice before Lola Bunny shows up, Wile E. gets his hands on a basketball, but the Road Runner steals the ball from him, and heads into a painted image. But Wile E. does not know it's a painted image, and he runs right into it.

text: Wile E. appears as an employee of the Acme Corporation in Looney Tunes: Back in Action. There, his role is similar to that of Mustafa from the Austin Powers movies.

text: Wile E. also makes a brief cameo in Tweety's High-Flying Adventure, being held by the neck by the Tasmanian Devil holding up a sign that says "Mother" before they both fall in the sea.

text: Wile E. is an employee at Daffy Duck's store, in the film Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas. He is seen staring hungrily at a vending machine, but Daffy does not allow him to eat during work hours. The Road Runner also appears as a delivery boy.

text: The two appeared in many different advertisements for Shell, Honey Nut Cheerios and Wile E. appears without the bird in adverts for the Energizer Bunny. In 2012, both Wile E. and Road Runner appeared in a GEICO commercial, in which the wandering gecko is lost. While he is doing so, he nearly gets crushed with an anvil, and then a piano. Just after this happens, Road Runner runs up to him, says his trademark phrase, "Beep beep!" and goes on his way. The gecko then gets confused about the Road Runner's catchphrase by saying "Meep, meep." Suddenly, Wile E., chasing the Road Runner, runs up, sees the gecko and imagines him as his dinner, but while doing so, is driven into the ground by a falling ACME safe. The commercial ends with the gecko concluding, "What a strange place."

text: The Road Runner is the mascot for a brand of ice melt manufactured by Scotwood Industries.[19]

text: The Road Runner at one point was the mascot for Time Warner Cable Internet's Road Runner High Speed Online, during the period when both entities were under the AOL Time Warner corporate umbrella. After the companies broke up in 2009, Time Warner Cable continued to license the Road Runner name and iconography until the service was rebranded in 2012 as Time Warner Cable Internet.

text: The two also appeared in the web cartoons "Wild King Dumb", "Judge Granny: Case 2" and "Wile E. Coyote Ugly" on looneytunes.com.

text: Plymouth licensed the Road Runner's image for the Plymouth Road Runner muscle car. Several styles of decals featuring the Road Runner were put on the cars from 1968 to 1974. Chrysler's engineering department went to considerable trouble and expense to develop a car horn that made the classic "meep meep" sound of the Road Runner for the model. A "meep meep" horn is still available from aftermarket auto parts company J.C. Whitney.[20]

text: Wile E. appears as a defendant on the show Night Court and is subjected to a stern lecture by Judge Harold T. Stone, who tells him to "go to a restaurant, a supermarket, but leave that poor bird alone!" and finds Wile E. guilty of harassment.

text: The two have also appeared in the National Australia Bank's "More Give, Less Take" advertising campaign in 2012.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: In another series of Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoons, Chuck Jones used the character design (model sheets and personality) of Wile E. Coyote as "Ralph Wolf". In this series, Ralph continually attempts to steal sheep from a flock being guarded by the eternally vigilant Sam Sheepdog. As with the Road Runner and Coyote series, Ralph Wolf uses all sorts of wild inventions and schemes to steal the sheep, but he is continually foiled by the sheepdog. In a move seen by many as a self-referential gag, Ralph Wolf continually tries to steal the sheep not because he is a fanatic (as Wile E. Coyote was), but because it is his job. In every cartoon, he and the sheepdog punch a timeclock, exchange pleasantries, go to work, take a lunch break, and clock out to go home for the day, all according to a factory-like blowing whistle. The most obvious difference between the coyote and the wolf, aside from their locales, is that Wile E. has a black nose and Ralph has a red nose.

text: Comic books[edit]

text: Wile E. was called Kelsey Coyote in his comic book debut, a Henery Hawk story in Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies #91 (May 1949). He only made a couple of other appearances at this time and did not have his official name yet that was used since Operation: Rabbit (his second appearance). The first appearance of the Road Runner in a comic book was in Bugs Bunny Vacation Funnies #8 (August 1958) published by Dell Comics. The feature is titled "Beep Beep the Road Runner" and the story "Desert Dessert". It presents itself as the first meeting between Beep Beep and Wile E. (whose mailbox reads "Wile E. Coyote, Inventor and Genius"), and introduces the Road Runner's wife, Matilda, and their three newly hatched sons (though Matilda would soon disappear from the comics). This story established the convention that the Road Runner family talked in rhyme in the comics (The Road Runner also talked in rhyme in many children book adoptions of the cartoons).

text: Dell initially published a dedicated "Beep Beep the Road Runner" comic as part of Four Color Comics #918, 1008, and 1046 before launching a separate series for the character numbered #4–14 (1960–1962), with the three try-out issues counted as the first three numbers. After a hiatus, Gold Key Comics took over the character with issues #1–88 (1966–1984). During the 1960s, the artwork was done by Pete Alvarado and Phil DeLara; from 1966–1969, the Gold Key issues consisted of Dell reprints. Afterward, new stories began to appear, initially drawn by Alvarado and De Lara before Jack Manning became the main artist for the title. New and reprinted Beep Beep stories also appeared in Golden Comics Digest and Gold Key's revival of Looney Tunes in the 1970s. During this period, Wile E.'s middle name was revealed to be "Ethelbert"[9] in the story "The Greatest of E's" in issue #53 (cover-date September 1975) of Gold Key Comics' licensed comic book, Beep Beep the Road Runner.[21]

text: The Road Runner and Wile E. also make appearances in the DC Comics Looney Tunes title. Wile E. was able to speak in some of his appearances in the DC comics.

text: In 2017, DC Comics featured a Looney Tunes and DC Comics crossovers that reimagined the characters in a darker style. Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote had a crossover with the bounty hunter Lobo in The Lobo/Road Runner Special. In this version, Road Runner, Wile E, and other Looney Tunes character are reimagined as standard animals who were experimented upon with alien DNA at Acme to transform them into their cartoon forms. In the backup story done in more traditional cartoon style, Lobo tries to hunt down Road Runner, but is limited by Bugs to be more kid-friendly in his language and approach.[22][23]

text: Television[edit]

text: The Road Runner and the Coyote appeared on Saturday mornings as the stars of their own TV series, The Road Runner Show, from September 1966 to September 1968, on CBS. At this time it was merged with The Bugs Bunny Show to become The Bugs Bunny and Road Runner Show, running from 1968 to 1985. The show was later seen on ABC until 2000, and on Global until 2001.

text: In the 1970s, Chuck Jones directed some Road Runner short films for the educational children's TV series The Electric Company. These short cartoons used the Coyote and the Road Runner to display words for children to read, but the cartoons themselves are a refreshing return to Jones' glory days.

text: In 1979, Freeze Frame, in which Jones moved the chase from the desert to snow-covered mountains, was seen as part of Bugs Bunny's Looney Christmas Tales.

text: At the end of Bugs Bunny's Portrait of the Artist as a Young Bunny (the initial sequence of Chuck Jones' TV special, Bugs Bunny's Bustin' Out All Over), Bugs mentions to the audience that he and Elmer may have been the first pair of characters to have chase scenes in these cartoons, but then a pint-sized baby Wile E. Coyote (wearing a diaper and holding a small knife and fork) runs right in front of Bugs, chasing a gold-colored, mostly unhatched (except for the tail, which is sticking out) Road Runner egg, which is running rapidly while some high-pitched "beep, beep" noises can be heard. This was followed by the full-fledged Runner/Coyote short, Soup or Sonic. Earlier in that story, while kid Elmer was falling from a cliff, Wile E. Coyote's adult self tells him to move over and leave falling to people who know how to do it and then he falls, followed by Elmer.

text: In the 1980s, ABC began showing many Warner Bros. shorts, but in highly edited form. Many scenes integral to the stories were taken out, including scenes in which Wile E. Coyote landed at the bottom of the canyon after having fallen from a cliff, or had a boulder or anvil actually make contact with him. In almost all WB animated features, scenes where a character's face was burnt and black, some thought resembling blackface, were removed, as were animated characters smoking cigarettes. Some cigar smoking scenes were left in. The unedited versions of these shorts (with the exception of ones with blackface) were not seen again until Cartoon Network, and later Boomerang, began showing them again in the 1990s and early 2000s. Since the release of the WB library of cartoons on DVD, Boomerang has stopped showing the cartoons, presumably to increase sales of the DVDs.

text: Wile E. and the Road Runner later appeared in several episodes of Tiny Toon Adventures. In this series, Wile E. Coyote (voiced in the Jim Reardon episode "Piece of Mind" by Joe Alaskey) was the dean of Acme Looniversity and the mentor of Calamity Coyote. The Road Runner's protégé in this series was Little Beeper. In the episode "Piece of Mind", Wile E. narrates the life story of Calamity while Calamity is falling from the top of a tall skyscraper. In the direct-to-video movie Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation, the Road Runner finally gets a taste of humiliation by getting run over by a mail truck that "brakes for coyotes."

text: The two were also seen in cameos in Animaniacs. They were together in two "Slappy Squirrel" cartoons: "Bumbie's Mom" and "Little Old Slappy from Pasadena". In the latter the Road Runner gets another taste of humiliation when he is outrun by Slappy's car, and holds up a sign saying "I quit" — immediately afterward, Buttons, who was launched into the air during a previous gag, lands squarely on top of him. Wile E. appears without the bird in a The Wizard of Oz parody, dressed in his batsuit from one short, in a twister (tornado) funnel in "Buttons in Ows". Also, in the beginning of one episode, an artist is seen drawing Road Runner.

text: In a Cartoon Network TV ad about The Acme Hour, Wile E. Coyote utilized a pair of jet roller skates to catch the Road Runner and (quite surprisingly) didn't fail. While he was cooking his prey, it was revealed that the roller skates came from a generic brand. The ad said that other brand isn't the same thing.[clarification needed][citation needed]

text: Road Runner appears in an episode of the 1990 series Taz-Mania in which Taz grabs him by the leg & gets ready to eat him until the two gators are ready to capture Taz so he lets Road Runner go. In another episode of Taz-Mania the Road Runner cartoons are parodied with Taz dressed as Road Runner and the character Willy Wombat dressed as Wile E. Coyote. Willy tries to catch Taz with Acme Roller Skates but fails, and Taz even says "Beep, beep".

text: Wile E. and Road Runner appeared in their toddler versions in Baby Looney Tunes, only in songs. However, they both had made a cameo in the episode, "Are We There Yet?", where Road Runner was seen out the window of Floyd's car with Wile E. chasing him.

text: Wile E. Coyote had a cameo as the true identity of an alien hunter (a parody of Predator) in the Duck Dodgers episode "K-9 Quarry," voiced by Dee Bradley Baker. In that episode, he was hunting Martian Commander X-2 and K-9.

text: In Loonatics Unleashed, Wile E. Coyote and Roadrunner's 28th century descendants are Tech E. Coyote (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) and Rev Runner (voiced by Rob Paulsen). Tech E. Coyote was the tech expert of the Loonatics (influenced by the past cartoons with many of the machines ordered by Wile E. from Acme), and has magnetic hands and the ability to molecularly regenerate himself (influenced by the many times in which Wile E. painfully failed to capture Road Runner and then was shown to have miraculously recovered). Tech E. Coyote speaks, but does not have a British accent as Wile E. Coyote did. Rev Runner is also able to talk, though extremely rapidly, and can fly without the use of jet packs, which are used by other members of the Loonatics. He also has sonic speed, also a take off of Road Runner. The pair get on rather well, despite the number of gadgets Tech designs in order to stop Rev from talking; also they have their moments where they do not get along. When friendship is shown it is often only from Rev to Tech, not the other way around; this could, however, be attributed to the fact that Tech has only the barest minimum of social skills. They are both portrayed as smart, but Tech is the better inventor and at times Rev is shown doing stupid things. References to their ancestors' past are seen in the episode "Family Business" where the other Runners are wary of Tech and Tech relives the famous falling gags done in Coyote/Runner shorts.

text: Road Runner and Wile E. feature in 3D computer animated cartoons or cartoon animation in Cartoon Network's new TV series The Looney Tunes Show. The CGI shorts were only included in season one, but Wile E. and Road Runner still appeared throughout the series in 2D animation.

text: Wile E. Coyote also appears in the TV series Wabbit, voiced by JP Karliak, in a similar vein to his previous pairings with Bugs Bunny. He appears as Bugs' annoying, know-it-all neighbor who would always use his inventions to compete with Bugs. The Road Runner began making appearances when the series was renamed New Looney Tunes in 2017.

text: 3-D shorts[edit]

text: The characters appeared in seven 3-D shorts attached to Warner Bros. features. Three have been screened with features, while the rest serve as segments in season 1 of The Looney Tunes Show. A short called Flash in the Pain was shown on the web in 2015, but was not shown in theaters.

text: Film[edit]

text: Warner Bros. is developing “Coyote Vs. Acme” as a Wile E. Coyote movie with “Lego Batman” director Chris McKay on board to produce.[24] Jon and Josh Silberman are set on writing the screenplay.

text: Video games[edit]

text: Several Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner-themed video games have been produced:

text:
Road Runner (arcade game by Atari, later ported to the Commodore 64, NES, Atari 2600, and several PC platforms)
Electronic Road Runner (self-contained LCD game from Tiger Electronics released in 1990)
Looney Tunes (Game Boy game by Sunsoft).
The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle (NES/Game Boy game by Kemco)
The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle 2 (Game Boy game by Kemco)
The Bugs Bunny Birthday Blowout (NES game by Kemco)
Road Runner's Death Valley Rally (Super NES game by Sunsoft)
Wile E. Coyote's Revenge (Super NES game by Sunsoft)
Desert Speedtrap (Sega Game Gear and Sega Master System game by Sega/Probe Software)
Bugs Bunny: Crazy Castle 3 (Game Boy game by Kemco)
Desert Demolition (Sega Mega Drive/Genesis game by Sega/BlueSky Software)
Sheep, Dog, 'n' Wolf (for the original PlayStation and published by Infogrames, actually based on the Wolf and Sheepdog cartoons, but Road Runner does make two cameo appearances)
Looney Tunes B-Ball (Wile E. is a playable character)
Space Jam
Looney Tunes Racing (Wile E. is a playable character. The Road Runner is also seen in the game.)
Taz: Wanted (Wile E. appears)
Looney Tunes: Back in Action (published by Electronic Arts)
Looney Tunes Double Pack (published by Majesco Entertainment, developed by WayForward Technologies, where "Acme Antics" is the Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner half of the double pack)
Looney Tunes: Space Race (Wile E. is a playable character.)
Looney Tunes Acme Arsenal (Wile E. has his own level in the PS2 version.)
Looney Tunes: Cartoon Conductor
Looney Tunes Dash (iOS and Android game)

text: The arcade game was originally to have been a laserdisc-based title incorporating footage from the actual Road Runner cartoons. Atari eventually decided that the format was too unreliable (laserdisc-based games required a great deal of maintenance) and switched it to more conventional raster-based hardware.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner have been frequently referenced in popular culture.

text: Wile E. Coyote has appeared twice in Family Guy: his first episode, "I Never Met the Dead Man", depicts him riding in a car with Peter Griffin; when Peter runs over the Road Runner and asks if he hit "that ostrich", Wile E. tells him to keep going.[25] His second appearance was in "PTV", in which Wile E. attempts to get a refund for a life-sized slingshot at an ACME retailer where Peter works. Peter says that Wile E. cannot return the slingshot, but can get store credit. Wile E's wife then arrives and tells her husband to hurry up.

text: Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner appeared in Seth MacFarlane's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy, in the short "Die, Sweet Roadrunner, Die". In this short, Wile E. crushes the Road Runner with a large boulder and eats him, but then struggles to find purpose in life, having not trained for anything else other than chasing the Road Runner.[citation needed]

text: Guitarist Mark Knopfler created a song called "Coyote" in homage to the cartoon shows of Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner, on the 2002 album The Ragpicker's Dream. The Tom Smith song "Operation Desert Storm", which won a Pegasus award for Best Fool Song in 1999, is about the different crazy ways the Coyote's plans fail.[26]

text: Humorist Ian Frazier created the mock-legal prose piece "Coyote v. Acme",[27] which is included in a book of the same name.


document_title: Index (publishing)

question_text: where is the index found in a book

question_tokens: where is the index found in a book

text: Index (publishing)

text: Earliest examples in English[edit]

text: In the English language, indexes have been referred to as early as 1593, as can be seen from lines in Christopher Marlowe's Hero and Leander of that year:

text:
Therefore, even as an index to a book
So to his mind was young Leander's look.

text: A similar reference to indexes is in Shakespeare's lines from Troilus and Cressida (I.3.344), written nine years later:

text:
And in such indexes, although small pricks
To their subsequent volumes, there is seen
The baby figure of the giant mass
Of things to come at large.

text: But according to G. Norman Knight, "at that period, as often as not, by an 'index to a book' was meant what we should now call a table of contents."[2]

text: Among the first indexes – in the modern sense – to a book in the English language was one in Plutarch's Parallel Lives, in Sir Thomas North's 1595 translation.[2] A section entitled "An Alphabetical Table of the most material contents of the whole book" may be found in Henry Scobell's Acts and Ordinances of Parliament of 1658. This section comes after "An index of the general titles comprised in the ensuing Table".[2] Both of these indexes predate the index to Alexander Cruden's Concordance (1737), which is erroneously held to be the earliest index found in an English book.[2]

text: Etymology and plural[edit]

text: The word is derived from Latin, in which index means "one who points out", an "indication", or a "forefinger".

text: In Latin, the plural form of the word is indices. In English, the plural "indices" is commonly used in mathematical and computing contexts, and sometimes in bibliographical contexts – for example, in the 17-volume Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia (1999–2002).[3] However, this form is now seen as an archaism by many writers and commentators, who prefer the anglicised plural "indexes". "Indexes" is widely used in the publishing industry; in the International Standard ISO 999, Information and documentation – Guidelines for the content, organization and presentation of indexes; and is preferred by the Oxford Style Manual.[4] The Chicago Manual of Style allows both forms.[5]

text: G. Norman Knight quotes Shakespeare's lines from Troilus and Cressida (I.3.344) – "And in such indexes ..." – and comments:

text: "But the real importance of this passage is that it establishes for all time the correct literary plural; we can leave the Latin form "indices" to the mathematicians (and similarly "appendices" to the anatomists)."[2]

text: Indexing process[edit]

text: Conventional indexing[edit]

text: The indexer reads through the text, identifying indexable concepts (those for which the text provides useful information and which will be of relevance for the text's readership). The indexer creates index headings to represent those concepts, which are phrased such that they can be found when in alphabetical order (so, for example, one would write 'indexing process' rather than 'how to create an index'). These headings and their associated locators (indicators to position in the text) are entered into specialist indexing software which handles the formatting of the index and facilitates the editing phase. The index is then edited to impose consistency throughout the index.

text: Indexers must analyze the text to enable presentation of concepts and ideas in the index that may not be named within the text. The index is intended to help the reader, researcher, or information professional, rather than the author, find information, so the professional indexer must act as a liaison between the text and its ultimate user.

text: In the United States, according to tradition, the index for a non-fiction book is the responsibility of the author, but most authors don't actually do it. Most indexing is done by freelancers hired by authors, publishers or an independent business which manages the production of a book,[6] publishers or book packagers. Some publishers and database companies employ indexers.

text: Before indexing software existed, indexes were created using slips of paper or, later, index cards. After hundreds of such slips or cards were filled out (as the indexer worked through the pages of the book proofs), they could then be shuffled by hand into alphabetical order, at which point they served as manuscript to be typeset into the printed index.

text: Indexing software[edit]

text: Commercial software is available to aid the indexer in building a book index.[7] There are several dedicated, indexing software programs available to assist with the special sorting and copying needs involved in index preparation. The most widely known include Cindex, Macrex, PDF Index Generator and SkyIndex. TExtract is a hybrid semi-automatic program combining conventional manual indexing with automated indexing features and text linking.

text: Embedded indexing[edit]

text: Embedded indexing involves including the index headings in the midst of the text itself, but surrounded by codes so that they are not normally displayed. A usable index is then generated automatically from the embedded text using the position of the embedded headings to determine the locators. Thus, when the pagination is changed the index can be regenerated with the new locators.

text: LaTeX documents support embedded indexes primarily through the MakeIndex package. Several widely used XML DTDs, including DocBook and TEI, have elements that allow index creation directly in the XML files. Most word processing software, such as StarWriter/OpenOffice.org Writer, Microsoft Word, and WordPerfect, as well as some desktop publishing software (for example, FrameMaker and InDesign), as well as other tools (MadCap Software's Flare)) have some facility for embedded indexing as well. TExtract and IndeXExploit support embedded indexing of Microsoft Word documents.

text: An embedded index requires more time to create than a conventional static index; however, an embedded index can save time in the long run when the material is updated or repaginated. This is because, with a static index, if even a few pages change, the entire index must be revised or recreated while, with an embedded index, only the pages that changed need updating or indexing.

text: Purpose[edit]

text: Indexes are designed to help the reader find information quickly and easily. A complete and truly useful index is not simply a list of the words and phrases used in a publication (which is properly called a concordance), but an organized map of its contents, including cross-references, grouping of like concepts, and other useful intellectual analysis.

text: Sample back-of-the-book index excerpt:

text: In books, indexes are usually placed near the end (this is commonly known as "BoB" or back-of-book indexing). They complement the table of contents by enabling access to information by specific subject, whereas contents listings enable access through broad divisions of the text arranged in the order they occur. It has been remarked that, while "[a]t first glance the driest part of the book, on closer inspection the index may provide both interest and amusement from time to time."[8]

text: Index quality[edit]

text: Some principles of good indexing include:[9]

text:
Ensuring each topic/section includes a variety of relevant index entries; use two or three entries per topic
Understanding the audience and understand what kind of index entries they're likely to look for
Use the same form throughout (singular vs. plural, capitalisation, etc.), using standard indexing conventions

text: Indexing pitfalls:

text:
Significant topics with no index entries at all
Indexing 'mere mentions' --- "But John Major was no Winston Churchill..." indexed under 'Churchill, Winston'
Circular cross-references: 'Felidae. See Cats' --- 'Cats. See Felidae'
References to discussions of a single topic scattered among several main headings: 'Cats, 50-62' --- 'Felidae, 175-183'
Inconsistently indexing similar topics
Confusing similar names: Henry V of England, Henri V of France
Incorrect alphabetization: 'α-Linolenic acid' under 'A' instead of 'L'
Inappropriate inversions: 'processors, word' for 'word processors'
Inappropriate subheadings: 'processors: food, 213-6; word, 33-7'
Computer indexing from section headings: e.g. 'Getting to know your printer' under 'G'

text: Indexer roles[edit]

text: Some indexers specialize in specific formats, such as scholarly books, microforms, web indexing (the application of a back-of-book-style index to a website or intranet), search engine indexing, database indexing (the application of a pre-defined controlled vocabulary such as MeSH to articles for inclusion in a database), and periodical indexing[10] (indexing of newspapers, journals, magazines).

text: Some indexers with expertise in controlled vocabularies also work as taxonomists and ontologists.

text: Some indexers specialize in particular subject areas, such as anthropology, business, computers, economics, education, government documents, history, law, mathematics, medicine, psychology, and technology. An indexer can be found for any subject.

text: References in popular culture[edit]

text: In "The Library of Babel", a short story by Jorge Luis Borges, there is an index of indexes that catalogues all of the books in the library, which contains all possible books.

text: Kurt Vonnegut's novel Cat's Cradle includes a character who is a professional indexer and believes that "indexing [is] a thing that only the most amateurish author [undertakes] to do for his own book." She claims to be able to read an author's character through the index he created for his own history text, and warns the narrator, an author, "Never index your own book."

text: Vladimir Nabokov's novel Pale Fire includes a parody of an index, reflecting the insanity of the narrator.

text: Mark Danielewski's novel House of Leaves contains an exhaustive 41 page index of words in the novel, including even large listings for inconsequential words such as the, and, and in.

text: Standards[edit]

text: ISO 999:1996 Guidelines for the Content, Organization, and Presentation of Indexes (this is also the national standard in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand)

text: Societies[edit]

text: The American Society for Indexing, Inc. (ASI) is a national association founded in 1968 to promote excellence in indexing and increase awareness of the value of well-designed indexes. ASI serves indexers, librarians, abstractors, editors, publishers, database producers, data searchers, product developers, technical writers, academic professionals, researchers and readers, and others concerned with indexing. It is the only professional organization in the United States devoted solely to the advancement of indexing, abstracting and related methods of information retrieval.

text: Other similar societies include:

text:
Association of Southern African Indexers and Bibliographers (ASAIB)[11]
Australian and New Zealand Society of Indexers[12]
British Record Society[13]
China Society of Indexers[14]
German Network of Indexers/Deutsches Netwerk der Indexer (DNI)[15]
Indexing Society of Canada/Société canadienne d'indexation (ISC/SCI)[16]
Nederlands Indexers Netwerk (NIN)[17]
Society of Indexers[18]