document_title: Hunter-gatherer

question_text: hunting and gathering is primarily associated with what political system

text: Hunter-gatherer

text: Archaeological evidence[edit]

text:
Part of a series on

Economic systems

By ideology[show]

Anarchist
Capitalist

Corporate
Dirigist
Laissez-faire
Mercantilist
Neo-mercantilist
Protectionist
Social market
State capitalist

Democratic
Fascist
Feminist
Georgist
Green
Religious

Christian
Islamic

Socialist

Communist
Market socialist
Mutualist
Participatory
Socialist market
Syndicalist

Traditionalist

Communalist
Corporatist
Distributist
Feudalism

By coordination[show]

Closed (autarky)
Decentralized
Digital
Dual
Gift
Informal
Market
Mixed
Natural
Open
Planned
Robinson Crusoe
Subsistence
Underground
Vertical archipelago
Virtual

By regional model[show]

Asian

East Asian
Chinese
Singaporean

European

Anglo-Saxon
German
Nordic
Rhenish
Soviet

Latin America

Socialism of the 21st century

Sectors[show]

Common property
Private
Public
Voluntary

Property types[show]

Collective ownership
Commons
Private ownership
Public ownership
Social ownership

Transition[show]

Collectivization
Communization
Corporatization
Demutualization
Deregulation
Expropriation
Financialization
Liberalization
Marketization
Municipalization
Mutualization
Nationalization
Privatization
Socialization

Coordination[show]

Barter
Market

Free
Open
Regulated

Planned

In kind
Cybernetic
Indicative
Material balancing

Price
Self-managed

Peer-to-peer
Shared
Open access

Other types[show]

Expeditionary
Hunter-gatherer
Inclusive Democracy
Information
Manorialism
Newly industrialized
Palace
Plantation
Plutonomy
Post-capitalist
Post-industrial
Post-scarcity
Resource-based
Token
Traditional
Transition
World

 Business and economics portal

v
t
e

text: In the 1970s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining food via scavenging, not hunting.[4] Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes.[5] Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.[6]

text: According to the endurance running hypothesis, long-distance running as in persistence hunting, a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times, was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics. This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis: both subsistence strategies could have been in use – sequentially, alternating or even simultaneously.

text: Hunting and gathering was presumably the subsistence strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago, by Homo erectus, and from its appearance some 0.2 million years ago by Homo sapiens. Prehistoric hunter-gatherers lived in groups that consisted of several families resulting in a size of a few dozen people.[7] It remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the Mesolithic period some 10,000 years ago, and after this was replaced only gradually with the spread of the Neolithic Revolution.

text: Starting at the transition between the Middle to Upper Paleolithic period, some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago, some hunter-gatherers bands began to specialize, concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of (often larger) game and gathering a smaller selection of food. This specialization of work also involved creating specialized tools such as fishing nets, hooks, and bone harpoons.[8] The transition into the subsequent Neolithic period is chiefly defined by the unprecedented development of nascent agricultural practices. Agriculture originated and spread in several different areas including the Middle East, Asia, Mesoamerica, and the Andes beginning as early as 12,000 years ago.

text: Forest gardening was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period. Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions.[citation needed] In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment, useful tree and vine species were identified, protected and improved, whilst undesirable species were eliminated. Eventually superior introduced species were selected and incorporated into the gardens.[9]

text: Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities. Many of them reside in the developing world, either in arid regions or tropical forests. Areas that were formerly available to hunter-gatherers were—and continue to be—encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists. In the resulting competition for land use, hunter-gatherer societies either adopted these practices or moved to other areas. In addition, Jared Diamond has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods, particularly animal resources. In North and South America, for example, most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the Pleistocene—according to Diamond, because of overexploitation by humans,[10] one of several explanations offered for the Quaternary extinction event there.

text: As the number and size of agricultural societies increased, they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers. This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first forms of government in agricultural centers, such as the Fertile Crescent, Ancient India, Ancient China, Olmec, Sub-Saharan Africa and Norte Chico.

text: As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture, the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use.

text: Archaeologists can use evidence such as stone tool use to track hunter-gatherer activities, including mobility.[11]

text: Common characteristics[edit]

text: Habitat and population[edit]

text: Most hunter-gatherers are nomadic or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements. Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials, or they may use natural rock shelters, where they are available.

text: Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary.

text: Social and economic structure[edit]

text: Hunter-gatherers tend to have an egalitarian social ethos, although settled hunter-gatherers (for example, those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America) are an exception to this rule. Nearly all African hunter-gatherers are egalitarian, with women roughly as influential and powerful as men.[12] Karl Marx defined this socio-economic system as primitive communism.[13]

text: The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is never total, but is striking when viewed in an evolutionary context. One of humanity's two closest primate relatives, chimpanzees, are anything but egalitarian, forming themselves into hierarchies that are often dominated by an alpha male. So great is the contrast with human hunter-gatherers that it is widely argued by palaeoanthropologists that resistance to being dominated was a key factor driving the evolutionary emergence of human consciousness, language, kinship and social organization.[14][15][16]

text: Anthropologists maintain that hunter/gatherers don't have permanent leaders; instead, the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed.[17][18][19] In addition to social and economic equality in hunter-gatherer societies, there is often, though not always, sexual parity as well.[17] Hunter-gatherers are often grouped together based on kinship and band (or tribe) membership.[20] Postmarital residence among hunter-gatherers tends to be matrilocal, at least initially.[21] Young mothers can enjoy childcare support from their own mothers, who continue living nearby in the same camp.[22] The systems of kinship and descent among human hunter-gatherers were relatively flexible, although there is evidence that early human kinship in general tended to be matrilineal.[23]

text: One common arrangement is the sexual division of labour, with women doing most of the gathering, while men concentrate on big game hunting. In all hunter-gatherer societies, women appreciate the meat brought back to camp by men. An illustrative account is Megan Biesele's study of the southern African Ju/'hoan, 'Women Like Meat'.[24] Recent archaeological research suggests that the sexual division of labor was the fundamental organisational innovation that gave Homo sapiens the edge over the Neanderthals, allowing our ancestors to migrate from Africa and spread across the globe.[25]

text: To this day, most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labour.[26] However, it is true that in a small minority of cases, women hunt the same kind of quarry as men, sometimes doing so alongside men. The best-known example are the Aeta people of the Philippines. According to one study, "About 85% of Philippine Aeta women hunt, and they hunt the same quarry as men. Aeta women hunt in groups and with dogs, and have a 31% success rate as opposed to 17% for men. Their rates are even better when they combine forces with men: mixed hunting groups have a full 41% success rate among the Aeta."[18][failed verification] Among the Ju'/hoansi people of Namibia, women help men track down quarry.[27] Women in the Australian Martu also primarily hunt small animals like lizards to feed their children and maintain relations with other women.[28]

text: At the 1966 "Man the Hunter" conference, anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population. Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were flux in territorial boundaries as well as in demographic composition.

text: At the same conference, Marshall Sahlins presented a paper entitled, "Notes on the Original Affluent Society", in which he challenged the popular view of hunter-gatherers lives as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short", as Thomas Hobbes had put it in 1651. According to Sahlins, ethnographic data indicated that hunter-gatherers worked far fewer hours and enjoyed more leisure than typical members of industrial society, and they still ate well. Their "affluence" came from the idea that they were satisfied with very little in the material sense.[29] Later, in 1996, Ross Sackett performed two distinct meta-analyses to empirically test Sahlin's view. The first of these studies looked at 102 time-allocation studies, and the second one analyzed 207 energy-expenditure studies. Sackett found that adults in foraging and horticultural societies work, on average, about 6.5 hours a day, where as people in agricultural and industrial societies work on average 8.8 hours a day.[30]

text: Researchers Gurven and Kaplan have estimated that around 57% of hunter-gatherers reach the age of 15. Of those that reach 15 years of age, 64% continue to live to or past the age of 45. This places the life expectancy between 21 and 37 years.[31] They further estimate that 70% of deaths are due to diseases of some kind, 20% of deaths come from violence or accidents and 10% are due to degenerative diseases.

text: Mutual exchange and sharing of resources (i.e., meat gained from hunting) are important in the economic systems of hunter-gatherer societies.[20] Therefore, these societies can be described as based on a "gift economy."

text: Variability[edit]

text: Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability, depending on climate zone/life zone, available technology, and societal structure. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. Collard et al. (2005) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits.[32] Using temperature as a proxy for risk, Collard et al.'s results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools. These results support Torrence's (1989) theory that risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure of hunter-gatherer toolkits.[33]

text: One way to divide hunter-gatherer groups is by their return systems. James Woodburn uses the categories "immediate return" hunter-gatherers for egalitarian and "delayed return" for nonegalitarian. Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it. Delayed return foragers store the surplus food (Kelly,[34] 31).

text: Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic, but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent "pristine" conditions found in uncontacted peoples.[35]

text: The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not necessarily a one way process. It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an adaptive strategy, which may still be exploited, if necessary, when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists.[36] In fact, it is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies, especially since the widespread adoption of agriculture and resulting cultural diffusion that has occurred in the last 10,000 years.[37] This anthropological view has remained unchanged since the 1960s.[clarification needed][citation needed]

text: Nowadays, some scholars speak about the existence within cultural evolution of the so-called mixed-economies or dual economies which imply a combination of food procurement (gathering and hunting) and food production or when foragers have trade relations with farmers.[38]

text: Modern and revisionist perspectives[edit]

text: In the early 1980s, a small but vocal segment of anthropologists and archaeologists attempted to demonstrate that contemporary groups usually identified as hunter-gatherers do not, in most cases, have a continuous history of hunting and gathering, and that in many cases their ancestors were agriculturalists or pastoralists[citation needed] who were pushed into marginal areas as a result of migrations, economic exploitation, or violent conflict (see, for example, the Kalahari Debate). The result of their effort has been the general acknowledgement that there has been complex interaction between hunter-gatherers and non-hunter-gatherers for millennia.[citation needed]

text: Some of the theorists who advocate this "revisionist" critique imply that, because the "pure hunter-gatherer" disappeared not long after colonial (or even agricultural) contact began, nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of modern ones (Kelly,[39] 24-29; see Wilmsen[40])

text: Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen.[41][42][43] Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers—especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism.[44]

text: Many hunter-gatherers consciously manipulate the landscape through cutting or burning undesirable plants while encouraging desirable ones, some even going to the extent of slash-and-burn to create habitat for game animals. These activities are on an entirely different scale to those associated with agriculture, but they are nevertheless domestication on some level. Today, almost all hunter-gatherers depend to some extent upon domesticated food sources either produced part-time or traded for products acquired in the wild.

text: Some agriculturalists also regularly hunt and gather (e.g., farming during the frost-free season and hunting during the winter). Still others in developed countries go hunting, primarily for leisure. In the Brazilian rainforest, those groups that recently did, or even continue to, rely on hunting and gathering techniques seem to have adopted this lifestyle, abandoning most agriculture, as a way to escape colonial control and as a result of the introduction of European diseases reducing their populations to levels where agriculture became difficult.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]

text: There are nevertheless a number of contemporary hunter-gatherer peoples who, after contact with other societies, continue their ways of life with very little external influence or with modifications that perpetuate the viability of hunting and gathering in the 21st century.[2] One such group is the Pila Nguru (Spinifex people) of Western Australia, whose habitat in the Great Victoria Desert has proved unsuitable for European agriculture (and even pastoralism).[citation needed] Another are the Sentinelese of the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean, who live on North Sentinel Island and to date have maintained their independent existence, repelling attempts to engage with and contact them.[46][47] The Savanna Pumé of Venezuela also live in an area that is inhospitable to large scale economic exploitation and maintain their subsistence based on hunting and gathering, as well as incorporating a small amount of manioc horticulture that supplements, but is not replacing, reliance on foraged foods.[48]

text: Americas[edit]

text: Evidence suggests big-game hunter gatherers crossed the Bering Strait from Asia (Eurasia) into North America over a land bridge (Beringia), that existed between 47,000–14,000 years ago.[49] Around 18,500–15,500 years ago, these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets.[50] Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America.[51][52]

text: Hunter-gatherers would eventually flourish all over the Americas, primarily based in the Great Plains of the United States and Canada, with offshoots as far east as the Gaspé Peninsula on the Atlantic coast, and as far south as Chile, Monte Verde.[citation needed] American hunter-gatherers were spread over a wide geographical area, thus there were regional variations in lifestyles. However, all the individual groups shared a common style of stone tool production, making knapping styles and progress identifiable. This early Paleo-Indian period lithic reduction tool adaptations have been found across the Americas, utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 25 to 50 members of an extended family.[53]

text: The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna.[54] The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers; but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally, thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization like, the Southwest, Arctic, Poverty, Dalton and Plano traditions. These regional adaptations would become the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering, with a more mixed economy of small game, fish, seasonally wild vegetables and harvested plant foods.[55][56]


document_title: ICC Awards

question_text: who won icc award for men's t20 international performance of the year 2017

question_tokens: who won icc award for men 's t20 international performance of the year 2017

root

text: ICC Awards

text: Award categories[edit]

text: The following awards have been or currently are presented:

tag: p

text:
Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy (Cricketer of the Year)
Test Player of the Year
ODI Player of the Year
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year
Emerging Player of the Year

tag: ul

text: Players eligible for this award must be under 26 years of age at the start of the voting period and have played no more than five Tests and/or ten ODIs before that date.

text:
Associate Player of the Year
David Shepherd Trophy (Umpire of the Year)
Captain of the Year
Women's Cricketer of the Year
Women's ODI Cricketer of the Year
Women's T20I Cricketer of the Year
Women's Emerging Player of the Year
Spirit of Cricket

text:
Their opponents
Their own captain and team
The role of the umpires
The game's traditional values

text:
LG People's Choice Award
Fan's Moment of the Year
World Test XI
World one-day XI
Women's one-day XI
Women's T20I XI

text: ICC Development Programme Awards[edit]

text: In December 2016, ICC Development Programme Awards was announced for ICC's Associate and Affiliate Members aimed at creating improving structures within the 95 member federations.[1]

text: Methodology[edit]

text: The judging/voting period was originally from 1 August of the current year to 31 July of the next year. It has since undergone two changes and now takes place presently between September of the current year and September of the next year.

text: The ICC Selection committee comprises eminent former players and select the finalists for the ICC Cricketer of the Year, ICC Test Player of the Year, ICC ODI Player of the Year, ICC Emerging Player of the Year. The committee selects the final ICC World Test XI and ICC World one-day XI.

text:
Selection Committee

Year
Chairman
Committee Members

2004
 Sunil Gavaskar
 Richie Benaud
 Michael Holding
 Ian Botham
 Barry Richards

2005
 Sunil Gavaskar
 David Gower
 Richard Hadlee
 Rod Marsh
 Courtney Walsh

2006
 Sunil Gavaskar
 Allan Donald
 Ian Healy
 Arjuna Ranatunga
 Waqar Younis

2007
 Sunil Gavaskar
 Chris Cairns
 Gary Kirsten
 Iqbal Qasim
 Alec Stewart

2008
 Clive Lloyd
 Greg Chappell
 Shaun Pollock
 Sidath Wettimuny
 Athar Ali Khan

2009
 Clive Lloyd
 Anil Kumble
 Mudassar Nazar
 Stephen Fleming
 Bob Taylor

2010
 Clive Lloyd
 Angus Fraser
 Matthew Hayden
 Ravi Shastri
 Duncan Fletcher

2011
 Clive Lloyd
 Zaheer Abbas
 Mike Gatting
 Paul Adams
 Danny Morrison

2012
 Clive Lloyd
 Marvan Atapattu
 Tom Moody
 Carl Hooper
 Clare Connor

2013
 Anil Kumble
 Alec Stewart
 Waqar Younis
 Catherine Campbell
 Graeme Pollock

2014
 Anil Kumble
 Jonathan Agnew
 Russel Arnold
 Stephen Fleming
 Betty Timmer

2015
 Anil Kumble
 Ian Bishop
 Mark Butcher
 Belinda Clark
 Gundappa Viswanath

tag: table

text: The final selection for the award is voted for by an academy of 56 (expanded from 50 in 2004), which includes current national team captains of Test playing nations (10), members of the Elite panel of ICC umpires and referees (18), prominent former players and cricket correspondents (28). In the event of a tie in the voting, the award is shared.

text: 2004 awards[edit]

text: The inaugural ICC awards ceremony was held on 7 September 2004, in London. The judging period covered was from 1 August 2003 to 31 July 2004 and included all Test matches and One Day Internationals played during that period.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Rahul Dravid (India)
Test Player of the Year: Rahul Dravid (India)
ODI Player of the Year: Andrew Flintoff (England)
Emerging Player of the Year: Irfan Pathan (India)
Umpire of the Year: Simon Taufel (Australia)
Spirit of Cricket: New Zealand
World Test XI: Matthew Hayden (Aus), Herschelle Gibbs (SA), Ricky Ponting (Aus, captain), Rahul Dravid (Ind), Brian Lara (WI), Jacques Kallis (SA), Adam Gilchrist (Aus, wicket-keeper), Chaminda Vaas (SL), Shane Warne (Aus), Jason Gillespie (Aus), Steve Harmison (Eng) 12th man: Sachin Tendulkar
World one-day XI: Adam Gilchrist (Aus, wicket-keeper), Sachin Tendulkar (Ind), Chris Gayle (WI), Ricky Ponting (Aus, captain), Brian Lara (WI), Jacques Kallis (SA), Virender Sehwag (Ind), Andrew Flintoff (Eng), Shaun Pollock (SA), Chaminda Vaas (SL), Jason Gillespie (Aus)

text: 2005 awards[edit]

text: The second ICC awards ceremony was held at the Four Seasons Hotel in Sydney, Australia, on 11 October 2005. The judging period covered was from 1 August 2004 to 31 July 2005. This did not include the whole of the 2005 Ashes Series, since the final four matches of this series were played in August and September.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Awarded jointly to Andrew Flintoff (England) and Jacques Kallis (South Africa)
Test Player of the Year: Jacques Kallis (South Africa)
ODI Player of the Year: Kevin Pietersen (England)
Emerging Player of the Year: Kevin Pietersen (England)
Umpire of the Year: Simon Taufel (Australia)
Spirit of Cricket: England
World Test XI: Virender Sehwag (Ind), Graeme Smith (SA), Ricky Ponting (Aus, captain), Jacques Kallis (SA), Brian Lara (WI), Inzamam-ul-Haq (Pak), Andrew Flintoff (Eng), Adam Gilchrist (Aus, wicket-keeper), Shane Warne (Aus), Chaminda Vaas (SL), Glenn McGrath (Aus), 12th man: Anil Kumble (Ind)
World one-day XI: Marvan Atapattu (SL, captain), Adam Gilchrist (Aus, wicket-keeper), Rahul Dravid (Ind), Kevin Pietersen (Eng), Andrew Symonds (Aus), Inzamam-ul-Haq (Pak), Andrew Flintoff (Eng), Daniel Vettori (NZ), Brett Lee (Aus), Naved-ul-Hasan (Pak), Glenn McGrath (Aus), 12th man: Jacques Kallis (SA)
List of nominees for 2005 awards

text: 2006 awards[edit]

text: The third ICC awards ceremony was held in Mumbai, India on 3 November 2006, during the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy. The judging period was from 1 August 2005 to 8 August 2006, thus including three of the four Tests between Pakistan and England, and the Test series between South Africa and Sri Lanka. For the first time, honors for both Women's Cricketer of the Year and Captain of the Year were awarded.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Ricky Ponting (Australia)
Test Player of the Year: Ricky Ponting (Australia)
ODI Player of the Year: Michael Hussey (Australia)
Emerging Player of the Year: Ian Bell (England)
Umpire of the Year: Simon Taufel (Australia)
Captain of the Year: Mahela Jayawardene (Sri Lanka)
Women's Cricketer of the Year: Karen Rolton (Australia)
Spirit of Cricket: England
World Test XI: Matthew Hayden (Aus), Michael Hussey (Aus), Ricky Ponting (Aus), Rahul Dravid (Ind, captain), Mohammad Yousuf (Pak), Kumar Sangakkara (SL, wicket-keeper), Andrew Flintoff (Eng), Shane Warne (Aus), Makhaya Ntini (SA), Muttiah Muralitharan (SL), Glenn McGrath (Aus), 12th man: Brett Lee (Aus)
World one-day XI: Adam Gilchrist (Aus, wicket-keeper), MS Dhoni (Ind), Ricky Ponting (Aus), Mahela Jayawardene (SL, captain), Yuvraj Singh (Ind), Andrew Flintoff (Eng), Michael Hussey (Aus), Irfan Pathan (Ind), Brett Lee (Aus), Shane Bond (NZ), Muttiah Muralitharan (SL), 12th man: Andrew Symonds (Aus)
List of nominees for 2006 awards

text: 2007 awards[edit]

text: The fourth ICC awards ceremony was held in Johannesburg, South Africa. For the first time, honor for Associate Player of the Year was awarded.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Ricky Ponting (Australia)
Test Player of the Year: Mohammad Yousuf (Pakistan)
ODI Player of the Year: Matthew Hayden (Australia)
Emerging Player of the Year: Shaun Tait (Australia)
Associate Player of the Year: Thomas Odoyo (Kenya)
Umpire of the Year: Simon Taufel (Australia)
Captain of the Year: Ricky Ponting (Australia)
Women's Cricketer of the Year: Jhulan Goswami (India)
Spirit of Cricket: Sri Lanka
World Test XI: Michael Vaughan (Eng), Matthew Hayden (Aus), Ricky Ponting (Aus, captain), Mohammad Yousuf (Pak), Kevin Pietersen (Eng), Michael Hussey (Aus), Kumar Sangakkara (SL, wicket-keeper), Stuart Clark (Aus), Makhaya Ntini (SA), Mohammad Asif (Pak), Muttiah Muralitharan (SL), 12th man: Zaheer Khan (Ind)
World one-day XI: Matthew Hayden (Aus), Sachin Tendulkar (Ind), Ricky Ponting (Aus, captain), Kevin Pietersen (Eng), Jacques Kallis (SA), Shivnarine Chanderpaul (WI), Mark Boucher (SA, wicket-keeper), Chaminda Vaas (SL), Shane Bond (NZ), Muttiah Muralitharan (SL), Glenn McGrath (Aus), 12th man: Michael Hussey (Aus)

text: 2008 awards[edit]

text: The fifth ICC awards ceremony was held in Dubai, U.A.E. on 10 September 2008 and saw the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award inaugurated.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Shivnarine Chanderpaul (West Indies)
Test Player of the Year: Dale Steyn (South Africa)
ODI Player of the Year: MS Dhoni (India)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Yuvraj Singh (India)
Emerging Player of the Year: Ajantha Mendis (Sri Lanka)
Associate Player of the Year: Ryan ten Doeschate (Netherlands)
Umpire of the Year: Simon Taufel (Australia)
Women's Cricketer of the Year: Charlotte Edwards (England)
Spirit of Cricket: Sri Lanka
World Test XI: Graeme Smith (SA, captain), Virender Sehwag (Ind), Mahela Jayawardene (SL), Shivnarine Chanderpaul (WI), Kevin Pietersen (Eng), Jacques Kallis (SA), Kumar Sangakkara (SL, wicket-keeper), Brett Lee (Aus), Ryan Sidebottom (Eng), Dale Steyn (SA), Muttiah Muralitharan (SL), 12th man: Stuart Clark (Aus)
World one-day XI: Herschelle Gibbs (SA), Sachin Tendulkar (Ind), Ricky Ponting (Aus, captain), Ajantha Mendis (SL), Farveez Maharoof (SL), MS Dhoni (Ind, wicket-keeper), Andrew Symonds (Aus), Daniel Vettori (NZ), Brett Lee (Aus), Mitchell Johnson (Aus), Nathan Bracken (Aus), 12th man: Salman Butt (Pak)

text: 2009 awards[edit]

text: The sixth ICC awards ceremony was held in Johannesburg, South Africa on 1 October 2009.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Mitchell Johnson (Australia)
Test Player of the Year: Gautam Gambhir (India)
ODI Player of the Year: MS Dhoni (India)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Tillakaratne Dilshan (Sri Lanka)
Emerging Player of the Year: Peter Siddle (Australia)
Associate Player of the Year: William Porterfield (Ireland)
Umpire of the Year: Aleem Dar (Pakistan)
Women's Cricketer of the Year: Claire Taylor (England)
Spirit of Cricket: New Zealand
World Test XI: Gautam Gambhir (Ind), Andrew Strauss (Eng), AB de Villiers (SA), Sachin Tendulkar (Ind), Thilan Samaraweera (SL), Michael Clarke (Aus), MS Dhoni (Ind, captain, wicket-keeper), Shakib Al Hasan (Ban), Mitchell Johnson (Aus), Stuart Broad (Eng), Dale Steyn (SA), 12th man: Harbhajan Singh (Ind)
World one-day XI: Martin Guptill (NZ), Chris Gayle (WI), Kevin Pietersen (Eng), Tillakaratne Dilshan (SL), Yuvraj Singh (Ind), MS Dhoni (Ind, captain, wicket-keeper), Virender Sehwag (Ind), Andrew Flintoff (Eng), Nuwan Kulasekara (SL), Ajantha Mendis (SL), Umar Gul (Pak), 12th man: Thilan Thushara (SL)
List of nominees for 2009 awards

text: 2010 awards[edit]

text: The seventh ICC awards ceremony was held in Bengaluru, India on 6 October 2010.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Sachin Tendulkar (India)
Test Player of the Year: Virender Sehwag (India)
Test Team of the Year: India
ODI Player of the Year: AB de Villiers (South Africa)
ODI Team of the Year: Australia
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Brendon McCullum (New Zealand)
Emerging Player of the Year: Steven Finn (England)
Associate Player of the Year: Ryan ten Doeschate (Netherlands)
Umpire of the Year: Aleem Dar (Pakistan)
Women's Cricketer of the Year: Shelley Nitschke (Australia)
Spirit of Cricket: New Zealand
LG People's Choice Award: Sachin Tendulkar (India)
World Test XI: Virender Sehwag (Ind), Simon Katich (Aus), Hashim Amla (SA), Sachin Tendulkar (Ind), Kumar Sangakkara (SL), Jacques Kallis (SA), MS Dhoni (Ind, captain, wicket-keeper), Graeme Swann (Eng), James Anderson (Eng), Dale Steyn (SA), Doug Bollinger (Aus), 12th man: Steve Harmison (Eng)
World one-day XI: Sachin Tendulkar (Ind), Shane Watson (Aus), Michael Hussey (Aus), AB de Villiers (SA), Paul Collingwood (Eng), MS Dhoni (Ind, wicket-keeper), Ricky Ponting (Aus, captain), Daniel Vettori (NZ), Stuart Broad (Eng), Doug Bollinger (Aus), Ryan Harris (Aus)

text: 2011 awards[edit]

text: The eighth ICC awards ceremony was held in London, England on 12 September 2011.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Jonathan Trott (England)
Test Player of the Year: Alastair Cook (England)
ODI Player of the Year: Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Tim Southee (New Zealand)
Emerging Player of the Year: Devendra Bishoo (West Indies)
Associate Player of the Year: Ryan ten Doeschate (Netherlands)
Umpire of the Year: Aleem Dar (Pakistan)
Women's Cricketer of the Year: Stafanie Taylor (West Indies)
Spirit of Cricket: MS Dhoni (India)
LG People's Choice Award: Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka)
World Test XI: Alastair Cook (Eng), Hashim Amla (SA), Jonathan Trott (Eng), Sachin Tendulkar (Ind), Kumar Sangakkara (SL, captain, wicket-keeper), AB de Villiers (SA), Jacques Kallis (SA), Stuart Broad (Eng), Graeme Swann (Eng), Dale Steyn (SA), James Anderson (Eng), 12th man: Zaheer Khan (Ind)
World one-day XI: Tillakaratne Dilshan (SL), Virender Sehwag (Ind), Shane Watson (Aus), Kumar Sangakkara (SL), AB de Villiers (SA), Yuvraj Singh (Ind), MS Dhoni (Ind, captain, wicket-keeper), Graeme Swann (Eng), Umar Gul (Pak), Dale Steyn (SA), Zaheer Khan (Ind), 12th man: Lasith Malinga (SL)

text: 2012 awards[edit]

text: The ninth ICC awards ceremony was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka on 15 September 2012.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka)
Test Player of the Year: Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka)
ODI Player of the Year: Virat Kohli[2] (India)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Richard Levi (South Africa)
Emerging Player of the Year: Sunil Narine (West Indies)
Associate Player of the Year: George Dockrell (Ireland)
Umpire of the Year: Kumar Dharmasena (Sri Lanka)
Women's ODI Cricketer of the Year: Stafanie Taylor (West Indies)
Women's T20I Cricketer of the Year: Sarah Taylor (England)
Spirit of Cricket: Daniel Vettori (New Zealand)
LG People's Choice Award: Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka)
World Test XI: Alastair Cook (Eng), Hashim Amla (SA), Kumar Sangakkara (SL), Jacques Kallis (SA), Michael Clarke (Aus, captain), Shivnarine Chanderpaul (WI), Matt Prior (Eng, wicket-keeper), Stuart Broad (Eng), Saeed Ajmal (Pak), Vernon Philander (SA), Dale Steyn (SA), 12th man: AB de Villiers (SA)
World one-day XI: Gautam Gambhir (Ind), Alastair Cook (Eng), Virat Kohli (Ind), Kumar Sangakkara (SL), Shahid Afridi (Pak), Michael Clarke (Aus), MS Dhoni (Ind, captain, wicket-keeper), Morne Morkel (SA), Steven Finn (Eng), Lasith Malinga (SL), Saeed Ajmal (Pak), 12th man: Shane Watson (Aus)

text: 2013 awards[edit]

text: The 2013 edition of the awards were replaced by a TV show. Rather than a formal event, the winners were broadcast in a special TV show which was aired on 14 December 2013.[3]

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Michael Clarke (Australia)
Test Player of the Year: Michael Clarke (Australia)
ODI Player of the Year: Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Umar Gul (Pakistan)
Emerging Player of the Year: Cheteshwar Pujara (India)
Associate Player of the Year: Kevin O'Brien (Ireland)
Umpire of the Year: Richard Kettleborough (England)
Women's ODI Cricketer of the Year: Suzie Bates (New Zealand)
Women's T20I Cricketer of the Year: Sarah Taylor (England)
Spirit of Cricket: Mahela Jayawardene (Sri Lanka)
LG People's Choice Award: MS Dhoni (India)
World Test XI: Alastair Cook (Eng, captain), Hashim Amla (SA), Cheteshwar Pujara (Ind), Michael Clarke (Aus), Michael Hussey (Aus), AB de Villiers (SA), MS Dhoni (Ind, wicket-keeper), Graeme Swann (Eng), Dale Steyn (SA), James Anderson (Eng), Vernon Philander (SA), 12th man: Ravichandran Ashwin (Ind)
World one-day XI: Hashim Amla (SA), Shikhar Dhawan (Ind), Kumar Sangakkara (SL), Tillakaratne Dilshan (SL), AB de Villiers (SA), MS Dhoni (Ind, captain, wicket-keeper), Ravindra Jadeja (Ind), Saeed Ajmal (Pak), Mitchell Starc (Aus), James Anderson (Eng), Lasith Malinga (SL), 12th man: Mitchell McClenaghan (NZ)

text: 2014 awards[edit]

text: The 2014 edition of the LG ICC Awards followed the same formal event which was implemented in 2013 as a TV show. The voting panel took into account players' performance between 26 August 2013 and 17 September 2014.[4][5] The show was broadcast globally on 15/16 November.[6]

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Mitchell Johnson (Australia)
Test Player of the Year: Mitchell Johnson (Australia)
ODI Player of the Year: AB de Villiers (South Africa)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Aaron Finch (Australia)
Emerging Player of the Year: Gary Ballance (England)
Associate Player of the Year: Preston Mommsen (Scotland)
Umpire of the Year: Richard Kettleborough (England)
Women's ODI Cricketer of the Year: Sarah Taylor (England)
Women's T20I Cricketer of the Year: Meg Lanning (Australia)
Spirit of Cricket: Katherine Brunt (England)
LG People's Choice Award: Bhuvneshwar Kumar (India)
World Test XI: David Warner (Aus), Kane Williamson (NZ), Kumar Sangakkara (SL), AB de Villiers (SA, wicket-keeper), Joe Root (Eng), Angelo Mathews (SL, captain), Mitchell Johnson (Aus), Stuart Broad (Eng), Dale Steyn (SA), Rangana Herath (SL), Tim Southee (NZ), 12th man: Ross Taylor (NZ)
World one-day XI: Mohammad Hafeez (Pak), Quinton de Kock (SA), George Bailey (Aus), Virat Kohli (Ind), AB de Villiers (SA), MS Dhoni (Ind, captain, wicket-keeper), Dwayne Bravo (WI), James Faulkner (Aus), Dale Steyn (SA), Mohammed Shami (Ind), Ajantha Mendis (SL), 12th man: Rohit Sharma (Ind)

text: 2015 awards[edit]

text: The voting panel took into account players' performance between 18 September 2014 and 13 September 2015.[7]

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Steve Smith (Australia)
Test Player of the Year: Steve Smith (Australia)
ODI Player of the Year: AB de Villiers (South Africa)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Faf du Plessis (South Africa)
Emerging Player of the Year: Josh Hazlewood (Australia)
Associate Player of the Year: Khurram Khan (United Arab Emirates)
Umpire of the Year: Richard Kettleborough (England)
Women's ODI Cricketer of the Year: Meg Lanning (Australia)
Women's T20I Cricketer of the Year: Stafanie Taylor (West Indies)
Spirit of Cricket: Brendon McCullum (New Zealand)
World Test XI: David Warner (Aus), Alastair Cook (Eng, captain), Kane Williamson (NZ), Younus Khan (Pak), Steve Smith (Aus), Joe Root (Eng), Sarfraz Ahmed (Pak, wicket-keeper), Stuart Broad (Eng), Trent Boult (NZ), Yasir Shah (Pak), Josh Hazlewood (Aus), 12th man: Ravichandran Ashwin (Ind)
World one-day XI: Tillakaratne Dilshan (SL), Hashim Amla (SA), Kumar Sangakkara (SL, wicket-keeper), AB de Villiers (SA, captain), Steve Smith (Aus), Ross Taylor (NZ), Trent Boult (NZ), Mohammed Shami (Ind), Mitchell Starc (Aus), Mustafizur Rahman (Ban), Imran Tahir (SA), 12th man: Joe Root (Eng)

text: 2016 awards[edit]

text: The voting panel took into account players' performance between 14 September 2015 and 20 September 2016.[8][9][10] The announcement of the World Test XI and World one-day XI, along with the winners of the men's individual ICC awards, was made on 21 December 2016.[11][12][13][14][15]

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Ravichandran Ashwin (India)
Test Player of the Year: Ravichandran Ashwin (India)
ODI Player of the Year: Quinton de Kock (South Africa)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Carlos Brathwaite (West Indies)
Emerging Player of the Year: Mustafizur Rahman (Bangladesh)
Associate Player of the Year: Mohammad Shahzad (Afghanistan)
Umpire of the Year: Marais Erasmus (South Africa)
Women’s ODI Cricketer of the Year: Suzie Bates (New Zealand)
Women’s T20I Cricketer of the Year: Suzie Bates (New Zealand)
Spirit of Cricket: Misbah-ul-Haq (Pakistan)
World Test XI: David Warner (Aus), Alastair Cook (Eng, captain), Kane Williamson (NZ), Joe Root (Eng), Ben Stokes (Eng), Adam Voges (Aus), Jonny Bairstow (Eng, wicket-keeper), Ravichandran Ashwin (Ind), Rangana Herath (SL), Mitchell Starc (Aus), Dale Steyn (SA), 12th man: Steve Smith (Aus)
World one-day XI: David Warner (Aus), Quinton de Kock (SA, wicket-keeper), Rohit Sharma (Ind), Virat Kohli (Ind, captain), AB de Villiers (SA), Jos Buttler (Eng), Mitchell Marsh (Aus), Ravindra Jadeja (Ind), Mitchell Starc (Aus), Kagiso Rabada (SA), Sunil Narine (WI), 12th man: Imran Tahir (SA)
Women’s World XI: Suzie Bates (NZ), Rachel Priest (NZ, wicket-keeper), Smriti Mandhana (Ind), Stafanie Taylor (WI, captain), Meg Lanning (Aus), Ellyse Perry (Aus), Heather Knight (Eng), Deandra Dottin (WI), Sune Luus (SA), Anya Shrubsole (Eng), Leigh Kasperek (NZ), 12th woman: Kim Garth (Ire)

text: 2017 awards[edit]

text: The voting panel took into account players' performance between 21 September 2016 and 31 December 2017. The announcement of the World Test XI and World one-day XI, along with the winners of the men's individual ICC awards, was made on 18 January 2018.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Virat Kohli (India)
Test Player of the Year: Steve Smith (Australia)
ODI Player of the Year: Virat Kohli (India)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Yuzvendra Chahal (India)
Emerging Player of the Year: Hasan Ali (Pakistan)
Associate Player of the Year: Rashid Khan (Afghanistan)
Umpire of the Year: Marais Erasmus (South Africa)
Women’s Cricketer of the Year: Ellyse Perry (Australia)
Women’s ODI Cricketer of the Year: Amy Satterthwaite (New Zealand)
Women’s T20I Cricketer of the Year: Beth Mooney (Australia)
Women’s Emerging Player of the Year: Beth Mooney (Australia)
Spirit of Cricket: Anya Shrubsole (England)
Fan's Moment of the Year: Pakistan stun India to win the ICC Champions Trophy 2017
World Test XI: Dean Elgar (SA), David Warner (Aus), Virat Kohli (Ind, captain), Steve Smith (Aus), Cheteshwar Pujara (Ind), Ben Stokes (Eng), Quinton de Kock (SA, wicket-keeper), Ravichandran Ashwin (Ind), Mitchell Starc (Aus), Kagiso Rabada (SA), James Anderson (Eng)
World one-day XI: David Warner (Aus), Rohit Sharma (Ind), Virat Kohli (Ind, captain), Babar Azam (Pak), AB de Villiers (SA), Quinton de Kock (SA, wicket-keeper), Ben Stokes (Eng), Trent Boult (NZ), Hasan Ali (Pak), Rashid Khan (Afghan), Jasprit Bumrah (Ind)
Women’s one-day XI: Tammy Beaumont (Eng), Meg Lanning (Aus), Mithali Raj (Ind), Amy Satterthwaite (NZ), Ellyse Perry (Aus), Heather Knight (Eng, captain), Sarah Taylor (Eng, wicket-keeper), Dane van Niekerk (SA), Marizanne Kapp (SA), Ekta Bisht (Ind), Alex Hartley (Eng)
Women’s T20I XI: Beth Mooney (Aus, wicket-keeper), Danni Wyatt (Eng), Harmanpreet Kaur (Ind), Stafanie Taylor (WI, captain), Sophie Devine (NZ), Deandra Dottin (WI), Hayley Matthews (WI), Megan Schutt (Aus), Amanda-Jade Wellington (Aus), Lea Tahuhu (NZ), Ekta Bisht (Ind)


document_title: History of the rupee

question_text: when was the indian currency devalued for the first time

text: History of the rupee

text: Early uses[edit]

text: Ancient India in circa 6th century BC, was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters. The first "rupee" is believed to have been introduced by Sher Shah Suri (1486–1545), based on a ratio of 40 copper pieces (paisa) per rupee.

text: The word rūpiya is derived from word rūpa, which means "wrought silver, a coin of silver",[3] in origin an adjective meaning "shapely", with a more specific meaning of "stamped, impressed", hence a "coin". It is derived from the noun  rūpa "shape, likeness, image".

text: Arthashastra, written by Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya(c. 340–290 BCE), mentions silver coins as rūpyarūpa, other types of coins including gold coins (Suvarnarūpa), copper coins (Tamrarūpa) and lead coins (Sisarūpa) are also mentioned. Rupa means form or shape, example,  Rūpyarūpa, Rūpya – wrought silver,  rūpa – form.[1]

text: In the intermediate times there is no fixed monetary system as reported by the Da Tang Xi Yu Ji.[8]

text: During his five-year rule from 1540 to 1546, Sher Shah Suri set up a new civic and military administration and issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains, which was termed the Rupiya.[3][6] The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, the Maratha era (1674–1818)[7] and in British India, as well.

text: Coinage since the British period[edit]

text: The British settlements in Western India, South India, and the Eastern Province of Bengal (Calcutta) independently developed different coinages in consonance with the local acceptability of the coins for the purposes of trade.

text:
Indian rupee (1862).

Obverse: Crowned bust of Queen Victoria.

Reverse: Face value, country and date.

Coin made of 91.7% silver.

text: There are many fake coins of East India Company, with Indian gods depicted on the obverse side as shown in side-bar. Original East India Company coins show only the coat of arms of the East India Company.

text: The coins of Bengal were developed in the Mughal style and those of Madras mostly in a South Indian style. The English coins of Western India developed along Mughal as well as English patterns. It was only in 1717 AD that the English obtained permission from the Emperor Farrukh Siyar to coin Mughal money at the Bombay mint. The British gold coins were termed Carolina, the silver coins Anglina, the copper coins Cupperoon and tin coins Tinny. By the early 1830, the English had become the dominant power in India.  The Coinage Act of 1835 provided for uniform coinage throughout India. The new coins had the effigy of William IV on the obverse and the value on the reverse in English and Persian. The coins issued after 1840 bore the portrait of Queen Victoria. The first coinage under the crown was issued in 1862 and in 1877 Queen Victoria assumed the title the Empress of India. The gold silver ratio expanded during 1870-1910. Unlike India, her colonial master Britain was on gold standard. To meet the Home Charges (i.e., expenditure in England) the colonial government had to remit a larger number of rupees and this necessitated increased taxation and unrest.

text: The 1911 accession to the throne of the King-Emperor George V led to the famous "pig rupee". On the coin, the King appeared wearing the chain of the Order of the Indian Elephant.  Through poor engraving, the elephant looked very much like a pig.  The Muslim population was enraged and the image had to be quickly redesigned.

text: Acute shortage of silver during the First World War, led to the introduction of paper currency of One Rupee and Two and a half Rupees. The silver coins of smaller denominations were issued in cupro-nickel. The compulsion of the Second World War led to experiments in coinage where the standard rupee was replaced by the "Quaternary Silver Alloy". The Quaternary Silver coins were issued from 1940. In 1947 these were replaced by pure Nickel coins.

text: Immediately after independence, the British coinage was continued. The Monetary System remained unchanged at One Rupee consisting of 64 pice, or 192 pies.

text: The "Anna Series" was introduced on 15 August 1950. This was the first coinage of the Republic of India. The King's Portrait was replaced by the Ashoka's Lion Capital. A corn sheaf replaced the Tiger on the one Rupee coin. The monetary system was retained with one Rupee consisting of 16 Annas. The 1955 Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act, that came into force with effect from 1 April 1957, introduced a "Decimal series". The rupee was now divided into 100 'Paisa' instead of 16 Annas or 64 Pice. The "Naye Paise" coins were minted in the denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 Naye Paise. Both the Anna series and the Naye Paise coins were valid for some time. From 1968 onward, the new coins were called just Paise instead of Naye Paise because they were no more naye = new.

text: With high inflation in the sixties, small denomination coins which were made of bronze, nickel-brass, cupro-nickel, and aluminium-bronze were gradually minted in Aluminium. This change commenced with the introduction of the new hexagonal 3 paise coin. A twenty paise coin was introduced in 1968 but did not gain much popularity.

text: Over a period, cost-benefit considerations led to the gradual discontinuance of 1, 2 and 3 paise coins in the 1970s. Stainless steel coinage of 10, 25 and 50 paise, was introduced in 1988 and of one rupee in 1992. The very considerable costs of managing note issues of ₹1, ₹2, and ₹5 led to the gradual coinisation of these denominations in the 1990s.

text: Since 1947[edit]

text: Since its Independence in 1947, India has faced two major financial crises and two consequent devaluations of the rupee: In 1966 and 1991.[9]

text: Decimalisation[edit]

text: A summary of the decimalisation of the Rupee:[10]

text:
Dates
Currency system

From 1835
1 rupee = 16 annas =64 pice (paisé – singular, "paisa") = 192 pies (singular, "pie")

From 1 April 1957
1 rupee = 100 nayé paisé

From 1 June 1964
1 rupee = 100 paisé

text: The price of 16 Annas is 05 rupee in 1947. The demand for decimalisation existed for over a century. Sri Lanka decimalised its rupee in 1869. The Indian Coinage Act was amended in September 1955 for the adoption of a decimal system for coinage. The Act came into force with effect from 1 April 1957. The rupee remained unchanged in value and nomenclature. It, however, was now divided into 100 'Paisa' instead of 16 Annas or 96 Pice. For public recognition, the new decimal Paisa was termed 'Naya Paisa' until 1 June 1964 when the term 'Naya' was dropped. The coins of that period also mentioned their value in terms of the rupee to avoid confusion and cheating. For example, the one paisa coin carried the text "One hundredth of a Rupee" in Hindi.

text: 1966 Economic crisis[edit]

text: From 1950, India ran continued trade deficits that increased in magnitude in the 1960s. Furthermore, the Government of India had a budget deficit problem and could not borrow money from abroad or from the private corporate sector, due to that sector's negative savings rate. As a result, the government issued bonds to the RBI, which increased the money supply, leading to inflation. In 1966, foreign aid, which had hitherto been a key factor in preventing devaluation of the rupee, was finally cut off and India was told it had to liberalise its restrictions on trade before foreign aid would again materialise. The response was the politically unpopular step of devaluation accompanied by liberalisation. Furthermore, The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 led the US and other countries friendly towards Pakistan to withdraw foreign aid to India, which necessitated more devaluation. Defense spending in 1965/1966 was 24.06% of total expenditure, the highest it has been in the period from 1965 to 1989 (Foundations, pp 195). Another factor leading to devaluation was the drought of 1965/1966 which resulted in a sharp rise in prices.

text: At the end of 1969, the Indian Rupee was trading at around 13 British pence[clarification needed]. A decade later, by 1979, it was trading at around 6 British pence. Finally, by the end of 1989, the Indian Rupee had plunged to an all-time low of 3 British pence. This triggered a wave of irreversible liberalisation reforms away from populist measures.

text: 1991 Economic crisis[edit]

text: In 1991, India still had a fixed exchange system, where the rupee was pegged to the value of a basket of currencies of major trading partners. India started having balance of payments problems since 1985, and by the end of 1990, it found itself in serious economic trouble. The government was close to default and its foreign exchange reserves had dried up to the point that India could barely finance three weeks’ worth of imports. As in 1966, India faced high inflation and large government budget deficits. This led the government to devalue the rupee.[11]

text: At the end of 1999, the Indian Rupee was devalued considerably.

text: Revaluation[edit]

text: In the period between 2000 and 2007, the Rupee stopped declining and stabilised ranging between 1 $ = 44–48 ₹. In late 2007, the Indian Rupee reached a record high of 39 Indian national rupee per United States dollars, on account of sustained foreign investment flows into the country. This posed problems for major exporters, IT and BPO firms located in the country who were incurring losses in their earnings given the appreciation in rupee. The trend has reversed lately with the 2008 world financial crisis as Foreign investors transferred huge sums out to their own countries. Such appreciations were reflected in many currencies, e.g. the British sterling pounds, which had gained value against the dollar and then has lost value again with the recession of 2008.

text: 2013 Depreciation[edit]

text: Due to stagnant reforms, and declining foreign investment, rupee started depreciating in the early 2013.[12] Measures were announced by the government before this drop to prevent it from dropping further, but none managed to slow down the depreciation.[13] After continued depreciation, and high inflation, the then Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, made a statement in the Parliament of India on the issue. He was of the view that, the present depreciation is partly led by global factors as well as domestic factors. He also asked the political parties to help his Government, tide over the crisis that the country was facing with rupee losing its value.[14]

text: 2016 Demonetisation[edit]

text: 2016 Indian bank note demonetisation

text: Banknotes[edit]

text: Early paper issues[edit]

text: Notes issued by the Bank of Bengal can be categorised in the following three series.

text:
Unifaced series: The early notes of the Bank of Bengal were printed only on one side and were issued as one gold mohur and in denominations of Rs. 100, Rs. 250, Rs. 500, etc.
Commerce series: Later notes had a vignette representing an allegorical female figure personifying 'commerce'. The notes were printed on both sides. On the obverse the name of the bank and the denominations were printed in three scripts, viz., (Urdu, Bengali and Devanagari). On the reverse of such notes was printed a cartouche with ornamentation carrying the name of the Bank.
Britannia series: By the late 19th century, the motif 'commerce' was replaced by 'Britannia'. The new banknotes had more features to prevent forgery.

text: British India issues[edit]

text: The Paper Currency Act of 1861 gave the Government the monopoly of note issue throughout the vast expanse of British India, which was a considerable task. Eventually, the management of paper currency was entrusted to the Mint Masters, the Accountant Generals and the Controller of Currency.

text:
Victoria portrait series: The first set of British India notes were the 'Victoria Portrait' series issued in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1,000. These were unifaced, carried two language panels. The security features incorporated the watermark, the printed signature and the registration of the notes.
Underprint series: The unifaced Underprint series was introduced in 1867 as the Victoria Portrait series was withdrawn in the wake of a spate of forgeries. These notes were issued in denominations of Rs 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 and 10,000.
George V series: A series carrying the portrait of George V were introduced in 1923, and was continued as an integral feature of all paper money issues of British India. These notes were issued in denominations of Rs 1, 2½, 5, 10, 50, 100, 1,000, 10,000.

text: Reserve Bank issues during British India[edit]

text: The Reserve Bank of India was formally inaugurated on Monday, 1 April 1935 with its Central Office at Calcutta. Section 22 of the RBI Act, 1934, empowered it to continue issuing Government of India notes until its own notes were ready for issue. The bank issued the first five rupee note bearing the portrait of George VI in 1938. This was followed by Rs. 10 in February, Rs 100 in March and Rs 1,000 and Rs 10,000 in June 1938. The first Reserve Bank issues were signed by the second Governor, Sir James Taylor. In August 1940, the one-rupee note was reintroduced as a wartime measure, as a Government note with the status of a rupee coin. During the war, the Japanese produced high-quality forgeries of the Indian currency. This necessitated a change in the watermark. The profile portrait of George VI was changed to his full frontal portrait. The security thread was introduced for the first time in India. The George VI series continued till 1947 and thereafter as a frozen series till 1950 when post-independence notes were issued.

text: Republic of India issues[edit]

text: Following the Independence of India the Government of India brought out the new design Re.1 note in 1949. Initially, it was felt that the King's portrait be replaced by a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi. Finally, however, the Lion Capital of Ashoka was chosen. The new design of notes were largely along earlier lines. In 1953, Hindi was displayed prominently on the new notes. The economic crisis in late 1960s led to a reduction in the size of notes in 1967. High denomination notes, like Rs. 10,000 notes were demonetized in 1978.

text: The first "Mahatma Gandhi Series" was introduced in 1996. Prominent new features included a changed watermark, windowed security thread, latent image and intaglio features for the visually handicapped.

text: The five hundred (₹500) and one thousand rupee notes (₹1,000) were demonetised by an unscheduled address to the nation by Prime Minister Narendra Modi starting from midnight 8 November 2016.[15] These notes are being replaced by the Mahatma Gandhi New Series of notes.

text: Valuation history[edit]

text:
For the record, the rupee was never equal to the dollar. At the time of independence (in 1947), India’s currency was pegged to pound sterling, and the exchange rate was a shilling and six pence for a rupee — which worked out to Rs 13.33 to the pound.
The dollar-pound exchange rate then was $4.03 to the pound, which in effect gave a rupee-dollar rate in 1947 of around Rs 3.30. The pound was devalued in 1949, changing its dollar parity from 4.03 to 2.80.
India was then a part of the sterling area, and the rupee was devalued on the same day by the same percentage, so that the new dollar exchange rate in 1949 became Rs 4.76 — which is where it stayed till the rupee devaluation of 1966 made it Rs 7.50 to the dollar and the pound moved to Rs 21.
[16]

text: Other issues[edit]

text: Jammu and Kashmir issues: Maharaja Rambir Singh introduced paper money on watermarked paper in 1877. The notes were not very popular and were in circulation for a very short period. The notes carried the 'Sun' motif of the Dogra family.

text:
Hyderabad issues: The Government of Hyderabad had made several efforts to organize private bankers to set up a banking company which could issue paper money. The British, however resisted the attempts of Indian princely states to issue paper currency. The acute shortage of silver during the First World War and the contributions of Hyderabad State to the British war effort led them to accept, in 1918, paper currency in denominations of Rs.10/- and Rs.100/- issued under the Hyderabad Currency Act. The currency was designated the Osmania Sicca (OS). Rupee One and Rupees Five notes were issued subsequently in 1919 and Rupees One Thousand notes were issued in 1926. After the setting up of the India Currency Notes Press at Nasik, Hyderabad notes came to be printed there.
Burma issues: Burma separated from India in 1938; however, the Reserve Bank of India acted as Banker to the Government of Burma and was responsible for note issue in terms of the Burma Monetary Arrangements Order, 1937. In May 1938 the Bank issued Burma notes which were not legal tender in India.
Indo-French issues: The French Indian rupee (FIR) was introduced by France's Bank of Indochina in French colonies of India.
Indo-Portuguese issues : The Portuguese Indian Rupia was the currency of Portuguese India until 1959. It was divisible into 16 Tangas or 960 Reis. In 1959, the currency was changed to the Portuguese Indian Escudo, at the rate of 1 Rupia for 6 Escudos.
Persian Gulf issues: For many years in the early and mid-20th century, the Indian rupee was the official currency in several areas that were controlled by the British and governed from India: areas such as East Africa, Southern Arabia and the Persian Gulf. The rupees used in the Persian Gulf had been bought by the Gulf states from the Reserve Bank of India, who held the sterling reserves by which the rupees had originally been purchased. However, Indian rupees were being smuggled from India to the states of the Persian Gulf in exchange for gold. It was estimated in 1959 that the total amount of gold in private hands in India was about $US1.75 to 2 billion – roughly two-thirds of the value of paper money in circulation. While it was legal to own and to trade in gold within India, it was illegal to import or export gold. The Gulf Rupee, also known as the Persian Gulf Rupee (PGR), was introduced by the Indian government as a replacement for the Indian Rupee for circulation exclusively outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India Amendment Act, 1 May 1959. After India devalued the rupee on June 1966, those countries still using it – Oman, Qatar and what is now the United Arab Emirates (known as the Trucial States until 1971) – replaced the Gulf Rupee with their own currencies. Kuwait and Bahrain had already done so in 1961 and 1965 respectively.
Emergency issues,  Princely states: During the 1940s, when mints were occupied for use in the war, an acute scarcity of small coins was felt throughout India. Princely states in Western India like Balvan, Bikaner, Bundi, Gondal, Indergadh, Junagadh, Jasdan, Kutch Mengni, Muli, Morvi, Mangrol, Nawanagar, Nawalgarh Palitana, Rajkot, Sailana, Sayla, Vithalgadh, issued "Cash Coupons" to meet the shortage.

text:
Hyderabad state OS Rs. 100 issue

Five rupees, 1922

Portuguese Indian 1 rupee, 1924

French Indian 1 rupee, 1938

George VI profile portrait, RBI, 1937

One rupee, British India

George VI profile portrait changed to frontal portrait, RBI, 1943

Two rupees, Republic of India


document_title: Hercules (2014 film)

question_text: who played hercules wife in the 2014 movie

text: Hercules (2014 film)

text: Plot

text: Hercules is the leader of a band of mercenaries composed of the spear-wielding prophet Amphiaraus of Argos, the knife-throwing thief Autolycus of Sparta, the feral warrior Tydeus of Thebes, the Amazon archer Atalanta of Scythia and his nephew storyteller Iolaus of Athens. Hercules is said to be the demigod son of Zeus, who completed the legendary Twelve Labors, only to be betrayed by Hera who drove him insane and caused him to murder his wife Megara and their children during a visit to King Eurystheus. Throughout the film, it is not clearly established that Hercules is truly the son of Zeus, and many are skeptical of the claim as well as of the stories of Hercules' famous Twelve Labors. Despite this, Hercules displays unusual strength and nigh-unmatched skill in combat. Hercules is frequently haunted by the memory of the deaths of his wife and children by his hand, as well as visions of Cerberus.

text: After finishing a recent mission and saving his nephew on the Macedonian Coast in Northern Greece in 358 BC, Hercules and his team are celebrating and drinking at a tavern when they are approached by Ergenia on behalf of her father Lord Cotys who wants Hercules to train the armies of Thrace to defend the kingdom from bloodthirsty warlord Rhesus. Hercules accepts after he and his men are offered his weight in gold, and the band is welcomed to Thrace by King Cotys and General Sitacles, leader of the Thracian army. However, Rhesus has reached the Bessi tribe in Central Thrace and Cotys insists that Hercules lead the army into battle to defend the Bessi, despite their lack of training. However, they are too late as Rhesus' sorcery has turned the Bessi against the Thracians.

text: After the Bessi are defeated, Hercules properly trains the army, then Hercules and Sitacles confront Rhesus and his soldiers on the battlefield before Mount Asticus. The Thracians force Rhesus' army to retreat, but Rhesus himself rides out to confront Hercules and is defeated by him. Rhesus is taken back to Thrace as a prisoner, where he is tortured and humiliated. Hercules takes pity and stops the townfolk from throwing more objects at him, then Hercules mentions Rhesus' actions of burning down villages, Rhesus tells him it was not him or his army, and tells Hercules that he has been fighting on the wrong side. Later in the hall of the palace, Rhesus has been chained up and left on display. Noticing that Ergenia has taken pity to him, Hercules confronts her and finds out Rhesus was telling the truth in that he was merely retaliating against Lord Cotys's aggressive attempts to expand his kingdom. Although Ergenia doesn't agree with Lord Cotys's methods, she goes along with them for the sake of her son Arius, Lord Cotys's successor to the throne, who is being threatened by Cotys.

text: After receiving their reward, the mercenaries are ready to leave, but Hercules decides to stay behind to stop Cotys, and all but Autolycus choose to follow him. However, they are overpowered and captured by Sitacles and his men. While chained, Hercules is confronted by King Eurystheus, who is in league with Lord Cotys. Eurystheus reveals that he drugged Hercules the night his family died, viewing him as a threat to his power. Hercules's family was in fact killed by three vicious wolves sent by Eurystheus, resulting in Hercules's constant hallucinations of Cerberus. When Lord Cotys orders Ergenia to be executed for her betrayal, Hercules is encouraged by Amphiaraus to believe in himself just as everyone believes in him. In a show of superhuman strength, Hercules breaks free of his chains, saving Ergenia and slaying the wolves with his bare hands. Hercules releases the prisoners, including Rhesus, and then confronts King Eurystheus, impaling him with his own dagger. He is attacked by Sitacles, who is then stabbed by Iolaus.

text: Outside, Hercules and his forces battle Lord Cotys and his army. Arius is taken hostage, but then rescued by Autolycus, who has decided to return to help his friends. In the ensuing battle, Tydeus is mortally wounded while protecting Arius, but fights on slaughtering numerous Thracian soldiers. Hercules again uses inhuman strength and pushes a massive statue of Hera from its foundations and uses it to crush Lord Cotys and many of his soldiers. The remaining soldiers see Hercules as lightning flashes in the background. The surviving soldiers bow to Hercules, and Arius takes the throne, with Ergenia at his side, while Hercules and his men depart in search of other adventures.

text: As the credits roll, an animated retelling of the Twelve Labors shows how Hercules accomplished these feats with the help of his companions.

text: Cast

text:
Dwayne Johnson as Hercules the son of Zeus
Ian McShane as Amphiaraus the seer
John Hurt as Cotys, King of Thrace
Rufus Sewell as Autolycus the rogue
Aksel Hennie as Tydeus the wild child/barbarian
Ingrid Bolsø Berdal as Atalanta[7] the archer
Reece Ritchie as Iolaus the storyteller
Joseph Fiennes as King Eurystheus
Tobias Santelmann[8] as Rhesus
Peter Mullan[9] as General Sitacles
Rebecca Ferguson as Ergenia, Princess of Thrace
Isaac Andrews as Arius, Crown Prince of Thrace
Joe Anderson[10] as Phineas
Steve Peacocke as Stephanos[11]
Irina Shayk as Megara[12]
Barbara Palvin as Antimache[13][14]

text: Production

text: The film is directed by Brett Ratner.[4] The producers are Beau Flynn, Barry Levine, and Ratner, with Peter Berg, Sarah Aubrey, Ross Fanger, and Jesse Berger serving as executive producers.[3]

text: To prepare for the role, Johnson took on a grueling training routine, stating: "I trained and worked harder than ever for 8 months for this role. Lived alone and locked myself away (like a moody 260-lb. monk) in Budapest for 6 months while filming. Goal was to completely transform into this character. Disappear in the role. Press journalist asked me today, with the mental and physical toll the role had on me, would I do it again? Not only would I do it again...I'd do it twice."[15]

text: Release

text: Box office

text: In North America, Hercules was released on July 25, 2014 at 3595 theaters,[16] and grossed $11 million its opening day and $29 million its opening weekend; it placed second at the box office, behind Lucy ($44 million for the opening weekend).[17] Ray Subers of Box Office Mojo opined this was "not a particularly strong start" for Hercules given that "star Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson's The Scorpion King opened to $36 million" in 2002.[18]

text: Hercules, described as "pumping some much-needed life into a lackluster summer at U.S. and Canadian theaters," did financially better than expected,[17] as it "topped the expectations of analysts by roughly $4 million" and beat out Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, which was in its third weekend and finished third with $16.4 million."[19] Subers stated, "The fact that Hercules got close to $30 million is a testament to The Rock's ability to mobilize his massive fanbase."[20] Paramount Pictures jointly released the film with MGM; head of domestic marketing and distribution of Paramount Pictures, Megan Colligan, "credited Johnson's 'charisma' with helping drive the opening," and added that the opening weekend total is "exactly what [they] had hoped for."[17] The audience for Hercules was 58 percent male, with 64 percent over age 25.[20]

text: Outside North America, the film was released in 26 foreign markets in 3,364 locations and earned $28.7 million. Hercules dominated the Russian box office with a strong $12 million debut from 930 locations. Australia had a No. 1 with $3.5M at 222 locations. Hercules also journeyed to several Asian territories where it had strong No. 1s including in Malaysia ($1.6M from 110), Philippines ($1.2M from 134), Taiwan ($1.2M) and Singapore ($1.1M at 27) IMAX was globally worth $6M with international drawing in $2M from 114 screens; over $1M came from Russia.[21][22]

text: Critical response

text: Hercules received mixed reviews from critics. The general sentiment, however, was that the film was a pleasant surprise.[17][23][24] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 60%, based on reviews from 104 critics, with an average rating of 5.4/10. The site's consensus states: "Hercules has Brett Ratner behind the cameras and Dwayne Johnson rocking the loincloth – and delivers exactly what any reasonable person reading that description might expect."[25] Metacritic gives the film a score of 47 out of 100, based on reviews from 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[26] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a "B+" grade on a scale of A to F.[20]

text: Scott Foundas, chief film critic for Variety, wrote in a positive review that "It's a grandly staged, solidly entertaining, old-fashioned adventure movie that does something no other Hercules movie has quite done before: It cuts the mythical son of Zeus down to human size (or as human as you can get while still being played by Dwayne Johnson)," and further added that "[Hercules's] strongest asset is surely Johnson, who continues to foster one of the most affable, guileless screen personas in movies today."[27]

text: Elizabeth Weitzman of New York Daily News stated, "It's fast-paced, funny, and packed with eye-popping action. The effects are impressive, but there are none bigger than the star Dwayne Johnson's massive powerful physique which perfectly suited the character and the large-scale movie." She added, "Johnson makes his entrance wearing a conquered lion's head and a loincloth skirt. The fact that he can pull this look off sets the tone for everything else to come."[28]

text: John DeFore of The Washington Post stated, "[The film] simply fails to exploit its assets: an amusing, revisionist take on the mythological strongman, and the charisma of Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson."[29] Critic James Berardinelli said, "A big-budget misfire of a sizeable order, a visually busy but emotionally dead endeavor that wearies the viewer with endless computer generated special effects while failing to provide a scintilla of human interest."[30]

text: Accolades

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

Teen Choice Award
Choice Summer Movie Star
Choice Summer Movie
Dwayne Johnson
Nominated

text: Home media

text: Hercules was released on Blu-ray 3D, Blu-ray and DVD on November 4, 2014 by Paramount Home Entertainment.[6]

text: Controversy

text: Steve Moore, a writer whose name is used in the promotion of the film, wanted to have his name disassociated from the adaptation before his death, according to an interview excerpt with his friend, acclaimed writer Alan Moore (no relation).

text:
“
In essence, Alan Moore's account suggests that Steve Moore had been observing multiple drafts of his contract with Radical Comics over time and was firmly under the impression that he would receive at least a 'paltry' 15,000 dollars should a film be made, but upon closer investigation found that the final version of the contract had removed that clause without his attention being fully drawn to that fact. And therefore leaving him unable to make any legal claim to payment. That fact alone should be enough to give potential viewers of the film pause, but there's also the fairly callous way in which his name has been used against his wishes to promote the film in a way that is, unfortunately, typically opportunistic of the film industry.[31]
”


document_title: Major League Baseball rosters

question_text: when do mlb rosters have to be set

question_tokens: when do mlb rosters have to be set

text: Major League Baseball rosters

text: Active roster[edit]

text: Since 1910, when teams were first allowed to carry players under contract in excess of those allowed to participate in regular season games, the latter has been called the "active roster." With exceptions through the years for varying economic conditions (primarily during World War I, the Great Depression, post-World War II and from 1986-1989 when the limit was made 24 because of rising player salaries), the active roster has allowed up to 25 players to participate for a Major League team within specified dates, currently Opening Day to September 1. In 1968 the 25-player maximum for active rosters was made a part of the first collective bargaining agreement between the major leagues and the Major League Baseball Players Association. Since 1977 teams have been required to carry a minimum of 24 players on their active rosters as well.

text: Active rosters include the starting eight (AL) or nine (NL) position players, pitchers, and reserve players on the team. Players on the active roster are also on the 40-man roster. These players are generally the only ones who dress in uniform and are the only ones who may take the field in a game at any time.

text: Typically, in modern-day play, an active roster will consist of five starting pitchers, seven relief pitchers, two catchers, six infielders, and five outfielders. Teams can vary this somewhat according to preference and circumstance, and indeed the "typical" roster makeup has changed somewhat over the years. (Starting rotations used to consist of four pitchers, not five, well into the 1970s; third-string catchers used to be much more common; many other minor variations exist.) In the American League, a full-time designated hitter is usually classified as either an infielder or an outfielder, not a DH, because most DHs do play defensive positions from time to time.

text: Since the 2012 season, teams have been allowed 26-player active rosters for "day-night" doubleheaders—two games scheduled on the same day, but with the stadium cleared between games, and separate tickets sold for each game—as long as the doubleheaders have been scheduled with at least 48 hours notice.[1]

text: Expanded roster[edit]

text: Also called the "40-man roster", the expanded roster is composed of all the players in a Major League club's organization who are signed to a major-league contract. The 40-man roster limit has been in effect since 1921, except for 1945-1946 when it was raised to 48 to accommodate veterans returning from military service in World War II, and from 1962 to 1965 when it was raised to 41 to add a reserve spot for first-year players acquired before implementation of a player draft was approved prior to the 1965 season.

text: The expanded roster includes all players who are eligible for call-up to the active roster at any given time. Also on the 40-man are any players on the 10-day disabled list and minor league players who are signed to a major-league contract but are on an "optional assignment" to the minors. (Each player has three "option years" to be sent to the minors once on the expanded roster before they must be placed on waivers to be sent there.) Players who were on the 40-man but are placed on the 60-day disabled list are taken off the 40-man until the time on the DL is over. The same applies to players who are suspended. Because players on the 60-day DL are taken off the 40-man with no risk of losing the player, MLB teams often transfer injured players from the 10-day DL to the 60-day DL so that they can add another player to the 40-man without having to designate a player for assignment. Designating for assignment ("DFA") is the removal of a player from the expanded roster, whereby the team has 10 days to trade the player, release him, or send him to the minors.

text: September call-ups[edit]

text: On September 1, the Major League team's roster expands from the 25-man active roster to the entire 40-man roster. At this point, any player on the expanded roster on August 31 may play for the Major League team.

text: September call-ups are players from the minors who are playing in September to get Major League experience and, especially for teams in contention, to provide reinforcements down the stretch. Note, however, that once the roster expands, in practice teams will utilize a number of September call-ups (typically up to six), but seldom if ever the full 15 extra players that the rules allow.

text: Postseason roster[edit]

text: A postseason roster takes effect only if a team clinches a playoff berth. Players who are part of the team's final roster at the end of the regular season are eligible to participate in the postseason. Any player who has been traded from a different team, spent time in the Minor Leagues, or signed later in the season with the team (no later than August 31) is eligible to participate in the postseason. A postseason roster is allowed up to 25 active players. Other players who are not on the 25-man active roster will be assigned to the postseason secondary squad. Players who are on the disabled list or any other non-active transaction by the end of the regular season will have their transactions passed on in the postseason. Rosters for a series are set at the beginning of the series and no changes to the 25-man active roster are allowed except when a player is moved to the disabled list or any other inactive transaction. If a player is moved to the disabled list or another inactive transaction during a series, he then becomes ineligible to be returned to the 25-man active roster for the remainder of the series as well as the next series if applicable. If any player goes on any inactive transaction, any player from the 40-man roster can be promoted to the 25-man active roster for the remainder of the series if applicable.[2]

text: For a player to be eligible for the postseason active roster, he must have either been on his club's expanded roster or disabled list as of midnight ET on August 31 of that year and not placed on the 60 day disabled list after August 1.[3] The one exception is for replacing players on the disabled list. Since the 2014 season, an injured player eligible for postseason play may be replaced by any player within his club's organization, including players assigned to the club's minor league affiliates who are not on the major league 40-man roster. Prior to 2014, only players who were on a club's 40-man roster (including those added to the expanded roster after August 31 who would not otherwise be eligible for the postseason) at the conclusion of the regular season were eligible to replace injured players on postseason rosters. The 2015 Kansas City Royals were the first club to exploit this new provision when they added Raúl A. Mondesí—who at the time was assigned to the Royals' Double-A affiliate and was not on the 40-man roster—to their World Series roster.

text: Non-roster players[edit]

text: All other professional players affiliated with Major League Baseball are signed to minor-league contracts. They can receive an invitation to spring training with their organization's Major League team without being on the 40-man roster. Two types of players generally receive a non-roster invitation: prospect players who are there to gain experience and face tougher competition as well as receive instruction from the Major League team's coaching staff; and veteran players who were not offered any major league contract by a club. The veteran player is usually signed to a "two-way" salary option—one for their time in the minors and another if they are placed on the 40-man during the season. All spring training invitees are under some sort of contract, to avoid liability if an injury were to occur to the player.

text: All-Star roster[edit]

text: Since 1933, an annual Major League Baseball All-Star Game referred to as the "Midsummer Classic", has been played (except 1945) during the "All-Star break" at the middle of each baseball season. The game features an American League (AL) All-Star team versus a National League (NL) All-Star team.


document_title: A Bushel and a Peck

question_text: who sings a bushel and a peck in guys and dolls

text: A Bushel and a Peck

text:
"A Bushel and a Peck"

Song

Published
1950

Songwriter(s)
Frank Loesser

text: "A Bushel and a Peck" is a popular song written by Frank Loesser and published in 1950. The song was introduced in the Broadway musical Guys and Dolls, which opened at the 46th Street Theater on November 24, 1950. It was performed on stage by Vivian Blaine, who later reprised her role as Miss Adelaide in the 1955 film version of the play. "A Bushel and a Peck," however, was not included in the film, and instead replaced by a new song, titled "Pet Me, Poppa."

text: A popular recording by Perry Como and Betty Hutton (made on September 12, 1950, and released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 47-3930) first reached the Billboard magazine charts on October 27, 1950, and lasted 18 weeks on the chart, peaking at #6.[1]

text: Another contemporary recording that had some popularity was by Margaret Whiting and Jimmy Wakely (recorded on September 13, 1950, and released by Capitol Records as catalog number 1234). The record first reached the Billboard magazine charts on October 20, 1950, and lasted 13 weeks on the chart, peaking at #13.[1]

text: Doris Day's recording (made on September 13, 1950, and released by Columbia Records as 78rpm catalog number 39008 and 45rpm catalog number 6-838) made the chart on January 5, 1951, at #30 for one week.[1] Day's rendition of the song enjoyed a surge in popularity due to its usage in a 2017 State Farm Insurance TV commercial.[2]

text: Many other recording artists also did versions of the song.

text: On Cash Box magazine's Best-Selling Record charts, where all versions of the song are combined, the song reached #5 on December 2, 1950.

text: The song gained so much popularity before the musical actually opened that it was moved from its original spot at the start of the second act into the first act.[citation needed]

text: The number, in context of the show, can be performed either as "Miss Adelaide and her Chick Chick Chickedies," where the girls are dressed in yellow feathers, or as "Miss Adelaide and the Hot Box Farmerettes," where skimpy plantation outfits are worn (often jean cutoffs and checkered racing shirts or short gingham sundresses).[citation needed]

text: Recorded versions[edit]

text:
The Andrews Sisters (1953)
Vivian Blaine (1953)
Perry Como and Betty Hutton (1950)
Doris Day (1950)
Johnny Desmond (1953)
Connie Haines (1950)
Frankie Laine and Jo Stafford (1953)
Margaret Whiting and Jimmy Wakely (1950)
Sharon, Lois & Bram From In The Schoolyard(1981)T.V recording (1987)
VeggieTales Junior's Bedtime Songs (2002)
Dan Zanes & Friends Rocket Ship Beach (1990)
Faith Prince Guys and Dolls 1992 Broadway Revival Cast Recording


document_title: Glossary of baseball (D)

question_text: what does it mean to dig in baseball

question_tokens: what does it mean to dig in baseball

text: Glossary of baseball (D)

text: D[edit]

text: daisy cutter[edit]

text: dance[edit]

text: dark one[edit]

text: dead arm[edit]

text: dead ball[edit]

text: dead-ball era[edit]

text: dead pull hitter[edit]

text: dead red[edit]

text: deal[edit]

text:
Delivery of a pitch, commonly used by play-by-play announcers as the pitcher releases the ball, e.g., "Smith deals to Jones".
Pitching effectively, e.g., "Smith is really dealing tonight".

text: decided in the last at bat[edit]

text: deep in the count[edit]

text: defensive efficiency rating[edit]

text: defensive indifference[edit]

text: deliver[edit]

text:
To deliver is to pitch.  Announcer: "Koufax delivers. . . . Strike three!!!"
Delivery is the basic arm angles of pitchers, e.g., overhand delivery, sidearm delivery. This is in contrast to cricket, in which the term "delivery" is akin to type of pitch in baseball.

text: designated hitter[edit]

text: deuce[edit]

text:
A curveball, because the catcher's sign is usually made by extending the first two fingers.
A double play.

text: deuces wild[edit]

text: DFA[edit]

text: DH[edit]

text: dial long distance[edit]

text: dialed up[edit]

text: Referring to a fast ball. [Eg.] "The pitcher dialed up that pitch."

text: diamond[edit]

text: die[edit]

text: dig it out[edit]

text:
To field a ball on or near the ground. Usually a first baseman taking a low throw from another infielder. To "dig it out of the dirt".
To run hard through first base on a close ground ball play in an attempt to beat the throw.

text: dinger[edit]

text: dong[edit]

text: dirt-nap[edit]

text: disabled list[edit]

text: dish[edit]

text:
The Hitter (Batter) stands off the dish [Home Plate].
Home plate. "The catcher settles in behind the dish."
A pitch, particularly a good one. "Here comes the dish" (the pitch), or "He's really dishing it tonight" (pitching well).

text: diving over the plate[edit]

text: DL[edit]

text: doctoring the ball[edit]

text: dot[edit]

text: double[edit]

text: double clutch[edit]

text: double parked[edit]

text: double play[edit]

text:
A play by the defense where two offensive players are put out as a result of continuous action resulting in two outs. A typical example is the 6-4-3 double play.
The double play combination (or DP combo) on a team consists of the shortstop and the second baseman, because these players are the key players in a 6-4-3 or 4-6-3 double play. They are also sometimes called sackmates because they play either side of second base (also known as second sack).

text: 'Roll a bump' is a colloquial east coast slang for turning a 1-6-3 double play or a 1-4-3 double play.

text: double play depth[edit]

text: double steal[edit]

text: double switch[edit]

text: double up[edit]

text:
When a runner becomes the second out in a double play, he may be said to have been doubled up (or doubled off). This could be a batter who has hit into a double play or a runner who is caught off base when a fielder catches a ball and throws behind the runner to a fielder who touches the base to complete a double play (hence "doubling up" the runner).
A team that wins a doubleheader may be described as doubling up the opponent: "Royals double up Blue Jays".[7]

text: doubleheader[edit]

text: doubles hitter[edit]

text: "down"[edit]

text: down the line[edit]

text: down the middle[edit]

text: down the stretch[edit]

text: DP combo[edit]

text: drag bunt[edit]

text: draw[edit]

text: drawn in[edit]

text:
When the outfield plays closer to the infield to prevent fly balls from dropping between them and the infielders, they are said to be "drawn in". This typically happens when the game is close in the final inning, and with less than two outs, and the defensive team wants to prevent the offense from getting base hits that might score the winning run (while conceding that a long fly ball might score a run even if the ball is caught in the outfield).
The infield may also be drawn in if there is a runner on third base with less than two outs, so that the infielders may field a ground ball and attempt to throw out the runner at the plate.
A single infielder, typically the third baseman or the first baseman may also play "in" when it's anticipated that a batter may attempt to make a sacrifice bunt.

text: dribbler[edit]

text: drilled[edit]

text: drive[edit]

text:
A line drive (noun).
To hit a line drive (verb).  "Magglio drove the ball to center."
To make hits that produce RBIs. "Tejada drove him home from second." "Ramirez drove in three."

text: drop[edit]

text:
To lose a game.  "Tigers drop fourth in a row in loss to Blue Jays".[11]
To beat another team is also to drop them.  Headline: "Dodgers one win from clinching playoff berth after dropping Nationals".[12]
Bat drop.

text: drop ball[edit]

text:
A sinkerball. Also known as a dropper or el droppo.
Some extreme 12-to-6 curveballs are also referred to as "drop balls", since they start high and dive as they reach the plate.

text: drop off the table[edit]

text: dropped third strike[edit]

text: duck snort[edit]

text: ducks on the pond[edit]

text: due[edit]

text: dugout[edit]

text: dump[edit]

text: duster, dust-off pitch[edit]

text: dying quail[edit]