document_title: Talladega Superspeedway

question_text: who has the most wins at talladega superspeedway

root

text: Talladega Superspeedway

text: History[edit]

text: During the 1960s, William "Bill" France, Sr. wanted to build a track faster and longer than Daytona International Speedway. After failed attempts to reason with local government in Orange County, North Carolina with the Occoneechee Speedway, he attempted to find a new spot for a race track and make his idea a reality. After failing to secure a location near the research triangle around Raleigh, France then looked around between Atlanta and Birmingham along Interstate 20. He would end up breaking ground on an old airfield on May 23, 1968. The track opened on September 13, 1969 at a cost of $4 million. The track was  named the "Alabama International Motor Speedway". The name would remain for twenty years until 1989 when the facility's name was changed to "Talladega Superspeedway".

tag: p

text: In the first race at the track, all the original drivers abandoned the track due to tire problems, which allowed France to hire substitute drivers with the winner being Richard Brickhouse. After the first race, Talladega hosted two Cup Series races a year, one of which would become part of the 10-race NASCAR Cup Series playoff format.

text: Since its opening year, Talladega has hosted many races and has been repaved four times. Talladega  also has had many first-time winners, such as Richard Brickhouse, Ron Bouchard, Bobby Hillin, Davey Allison, Brian Vickers, Brad Keselowski, and, in 2017, Ricky Stenhouse Jr.[5]

text: A 4-mile (6.4 km) infield road course was in operation from the track's founding until 1983.[6] In the 1970s, six IMSA GT Championship races were held at the speedway, including a 6-hour race in 1978.[7] The International Motorsports Hall of Fame museum was opened in 1983.

text: In May 2006, Talladega started to re-surface the track and the apron. Construction started on May 1 and lasted until September 18. The first race on the resurfaced race track was a NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series race on October 7.[8]

text: In December 2013, the ISC announced removal of the 18,000-seat Allison Grandstand on the backstretch,[9] reducing the track's seating capacity to 80,000.[10] The 4,000-ft backstraightaway was renamed the "Alabama Gang Superstretch" in time for the 2014 Aaron's 499 held in the spring.[11]

text: "The Big One"[edit]

text: Speeds in excess of 200 mph (320 km/h) are commonplace at Talladega. Talladega has the record for the fastest recorded time by a NASCAR vehicle on a closed oval course, with the record of 216.309 mph (348.116 km/h) set by Rusty Wallace on June 9, 2004.[12] Wallace circled the 2.66-mile (4.28-km) trioval in 44.270 seconds, which surpassed the previous record held by Bill Elliott (212.809 mph (342.483 km/h)) set in 1987, but did not replace the record because it was a radio test and not a NASCAR sanctioned event. Buddy Baker was the first driver to run at a speed over 200 mph (320 km/h), with a 200.447 mph (322.588 km/h) lap during "testing" on March 24, 1970. Bill France himself invited Chrysler to come on down to run a 200 lap for publicity for the April race. The car was fully NASCAR inspected and certified. NASCAR sanctioned the event and Bill Gazaway was there with the official timing equipment. Baker's 200 mph lap was set while driving the No. 88 Chrysler Engineering Charger Daytona. It is currently undergoing restoration in Detroit, after being found in the late 1990s in Iowa.  Benny Parsons was the first driver to qualify at over 200 mph (320 km/h), doing so in 1982 with a speed of 200.176 mph (322.152 km/h).

text: In May 1987, Bobby Allison, after contacting debris from a blown engine, cut his right-rear tire while going through the tri-oval portion of the track. The car was vaulted airborne. His car damaged a portion of the frontstretch catch fence, but did not enter the spectator area. NASCAR imposed rule changes to slow the cars after the incident, with a 1988 rule requiring cars running there and at Daytona to again use restrictor plates. The most often cited reason is a fear that the increasing speeds were exceeding the capabilities of the tires available at the time, as high-speed tire failure had led to some terrific crashes at slightly lower speeds. The plates limit the amount of air and fuel entering the intake manifolds of the engine, greatly reducing the power of the cars and hence their speed. This has led to an extremely competitive style of racing at Talladega and Daytona. Allison's crash was very similar to Carl Edwards's airborne crash at the 2009 Aaron's 499.

text: The reduced power affects not only the maximum speed reached by the cars but the time it takes them to achieve their full speed as well, which can be nearly one full circuit of the track. The racing currently seen at Talladega  is extremely tight; often in rows of three or four cars, and sometimes even five lanes wide on the straightaways throughout most of the field, as the track is wide enough to permit such racing. Breaking away from the pack is very difficult as well.

text: Such close quarters, however, makes it extremely difficult for a driver to avoid an incident as it is unfolding in front of them, and the slightest mistake can lead to a multi-car accident – dubbed "the Big One" by fans and drivers. It is uncommon, but possible, to see 20 or more cars collected in the crashes. Occasionally, cars go airborne and barrel-roll or slide on their roofs, although NASCAR has made several advances in safety over the years to lessen the chance of a car going airborne.

text: The Talladega Curse[edit]

text: Numerous strange occurrences at the track have led to rumors of Talladega being cursed. Stories of the origin of the curse vary. Some claim that a local Native American tribe held horse races in the valley where the track currently resides where a chief was killed when he was thrown from his horse. Others say that the site of the superspeedway was once an Indian burial ground. Still another version says that after the local tribe was driven out by the Creek nation for their collaborating with the forces of Andrew Jackson, a shaman put a curse on the valley.[13]

text: Since the construction of the track, many unusual events and untimely deaths have fueled the rumors of a jinx or curse. In the 1973 Talladega 500, NASCAR Rookie of the Year Larry Smith died of massive head injuries in a solo crash, one that was reported by commentators as a heavy hit, but believed by no means bad enough to be fatal.[14] Later in the same race, driver Bobby Isaac parked his car and announced he was quitting racing; he did not participate in another 1973 race. Isaac explained, "Something told me to quit. I don't know anything else to do but abide by it."[15] At the time of Isaac's death in 1977, friend and colleague Ned Jarrett told reporters that the reason Isaac parked his car in Talladega was because he "had heard a voice that told him to quit".[16]

text: During the 1974 Winston 500, Roger Penske crewman Don Miller lost part of his leg in a pit lane accident. Miller was helping service his team's AMC Matador, driven by Gary Bettenhausen. The car was hit by another driver in pit lane, pinning Miller between the pit wall and Bettenhausen's car. In the Talladega 500 a few months later, ten of the top eleven qualifying drivers found that their cars had been mechanically - and elaborately - sabotaged the night before the race. While the majority of the damage was quietly repaired before the race, the culprit was never found.[13][17]

text: In the 1975 Winston 500, Randy Owens, brother-in-law of Richard Petty and a crew member on the family team Petty Enterprises (father of current NASCAR Cup Series crew chief Trent Owens), was killed by an air tank that exploded in the pits.[18]

text: To some, Bobby Allison's wreck in 1987 described above was yet another reminder of the curse. In 1993, his son, Davey Allison, died in a helicopter crash in the infield of Talladega.[13]

text: In 1996, Automobile Racing Club of America president Bob Loga died after a traffic accident in a parking lot.[19]

text: This incident might not be considered part of the curse, but in 2002, during the Aaron's 499 (now the GEICO 500), Ken Schrader, while running in the lead pack, had a piece of rollbar padding in his car fall off and bump the kill switch on his steering wheel, causing him to lose the draft and almost go a lap down. He would recover from that thanks to a caution, but would get eliminated in the Big One later on.

text: The Legend of Hallowdega, a comedic short film about the Talladega jinx, was directed by Terry Gilliam and released in 2010.

text: Scheduled races[edit]

text: Talladega hosts many NASCAR events which include two Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races, one Xfinity Series race, and one Camping World Truck Series race. The Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races include the GEICO 500 and the Alabama 500, which are both 188 laps each or 500.08 miles (804.80 km). The Xfinity Series race has historically been a 311.2-mile/500-kilometer (117 laps) since its 1992 inception, but was cut to 300 miles (480 km) (113 laps) in 1998 due to a spectator's letter questioning the metric distance, but restored to 500 kilometers by its current sponsor. The Camping Series race is 250 miles (94 laps). The ARCA race, once a 500 kilometer affair, was shortened to 300 miles in 1998 and to 250 miles in 2006 when it was moved to Friday.

text: Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series records[edit]

text: (As of 10/23/11)

text:
Most Wins
10
Dale Earnhardt
Most Consecutive Wins
4
Dale Earnhardt, Jr.
Most top 5s
23
Dale Earnhardt
Most top 10s
27
Dale Earnhardt
Most starts
61
Dave Marcis
Most poles
8
Bill Elliott
Most laps completed
9777
Dave Marcis
Most laps led
1377
Dale Earnhardt
Avg. start*
4.3
Bobby Isaac
Avg. finish*
5.6
Pete Hamilton

tag: table

text: * from minimum five starts.

text: Current races[edit]

text:
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
GEICO 500
1000Bulbs.com 500
NASCAR Xfinity Series
Sparks Energy 300
NASCAR Camping World Truck Series
Fr8Auctions 250
ARCA Racing Series
General Tire 200

tag: ul

text: The circuit's infield also hosts the Birmingham Ultimate Disc Association Mud Bowl tournament in the winter.

text: Records[edit]

text:
March 24, 1970: Buddy Baker, driving the Chrysler Engineering No. 88 Dodge Charger Daytona, officially became the first driver in NASCAR history to break the 200 mph (320 km/h) barrier by turning a lap of 200.447 mph (322.588 km/h). This was also a world record at the time for any vehicle on a closed course. It was achieved using official NASCAR scoring and timing equipment.
August 20, 1971: Paula Murphy, "Miss STP" made a record closed course run for a female at 171.449 mph (275.920 km/h).
August 3, 1974: A. J. Foyt set a closed-course exhibition record in an Indy car with a lap of 217.854 mph (350.602 km/h).[20]
August 9, 1975: Mark Donohue set a closed-course world record in a Porsche 917-30 at 221.160 mph (355.923 km/h). It stood as a world record for four years, and as a United States record until 1986.
May 6, 1984: The Winston 500 set a motorsports record with 75 lead changes in a single race.
May 5, 1985: Bill Elliott set a 500-mile race record, winning the Winston 500 at an average speed of 186.288 mph (299.801 km/h). Elliott won the race despite losing nearly two laps during a lengthy early pit stop to fix a broken oil line, and despite the race only having two caution flags. Elliott made up the entire distance he lost under one lengthy, green-flag period. The record stood as the fastest 500-mile race of any kind until 1990, when Al Unser, Jr. broke it by winning the CART Michigan 500 at Michigan International Speedway at an average speed of 189.727 mph (305.336 km/h). Mark Martin later broke the record for fastest 500-mile NASCAR race (see below).
November 26, 1985: Lyn St. James set a record closed course run for a female, at over 200 mph (320 km/h).
March 24, 1986: Bobby Unser set a closed-course speed record for four-wheel drive vehicles with an Audi 5000CS Turbo Quattro at 206.825 mph (332.853 km/h) with a top speed over 350 km/h (220 mph). The car was compliant with NASCAR rules.
1986: The Saab Long Run – set  2 world and 21 international records with three series SAAB 9000 Turbos – 100,000 km (62,000 miles) with an average speed of 213.299 km/h (132.538 mph) and 50,000 miles (80,000 km) with an average speed of 213.686 km/h (132.778 mph).

text:
April 30, 1987: Bill Elliott set the all-time NASCAR qualifying record, winning the pole for the Winston 500 at a speed of 212.809 mph (342.483 km/h)(44.998 seconds). The record still stands due  to the use of the carburetor restrictor plates, mandated after the 1987 season.
October 11, 1988: Lyn St. James set a record closed course run for a female at 212.577 mph (342.110 km/h), driving a Ford Thunderbird.
December 14, 1989: Patty Moise set a record closed course run for a female at 216.607 mph (348.595 km/h), driving a Buick.
January 23, 1990: Patty Moise set a record closed course run for a female at 217.498 mph (350.029 km/h), driving a Buick.
1996: Saab set endurance and speed record-breaking runs in their 900 Talladega.
May 10, 1997: Mark Martin won the Winston Select 500, a race which had no caution flags, at a NASCAR 500-mile record speed of 188.354 mph (303.126 km/h), nearly ten years after the introduction of restrictor plates.
October 15, 2000: Dale Earnhardt set a record for the most wins at the track with 10. This was also his 76th and final win before his death in the 2001 Daytona 500.
April 6, 2003: Dale Earnhardt, Jr. won his fourth consecutive Cup race at Talladega. The race also saw NASCAR's largest NASCAR Cup Series wreck to date, when 27 cars piled up in turn one on lap four.
June 10, 2004: Rusty Wallace, while testing a stock car without a restrictor plate for series sponsor Nextel to test communication capabilities, got an overall lap time of 44.27 seconds at 216.309 mph (348.116 km/h), beating Elliott's old record by more than seven-tenths of a second.[12]
April 25, 2010: The Aaron's 499 broke the 1984 mark of 75 lead changes with 88; it also set a new motorsports record with 29 different leaders.
October 7, 2012: A crash involving 25 cars erupted on the final lap when Tony Stewart and Matt Kenseth were battling for the win; Stewart made contact Michael Waltrip and went up the track in turn four; he flipped over as the field plowed into a suddenly blocked track. Jeff Gordon and Kyle Busch escaped the crash as Kenseth went on to win.[21] The race lead changed a season-high 54 times.

text: First-time winners[edit]

text: A large number of drivers won the first race of their careers at Talladega. As of May 6, 2017, 11 drivers have won their first race at Talladega.

text:
Richard Brickhouse*
Dick Brooks*
Lennie Pond*
Ron Bouchard*
Bobby Hillin, Jr.*
Davey Allison
Phil Parsons*
Ken Schrader
Brian Vickers
Brad Keselowski
Ricky Stenhouse, Jr.

text: * As of 2017, this was their only career win in the series.

text: Film and television[edit]

text:
1983: Stroker Ace
2006: Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby
2007: Postcards from Buster This Just In!


document_title: Color in Chinese culture

question_text: in china which colour is associated with good luck

text: Color in Chinese culture

text: Theory of the Five Elements[edit]

text: In traditional Chinese art and culture, black, red, qing (青) (a conflation of the idea of green and blue), white and yellow are viewed as standard colors. These colors correspond to the five elements of water, fire, wood, metal and earth, taught in traditional Chinese physics. Throughout the Shang, Tang, Zhou and Qin dynasties, China's emperors used the Theory of the Five Elements to select colors.

text:
Element
Wood
Fire
Earth
Metal
Water

Color
Green/blue
Red
Yellow
White
Black

Direction
east
south
center
west
north

Planet
Jupiter
Mars
Saturn
Venus
Mercury

Heavenly creature
Azure Dragon
青龍
Vermilion Bird
朱雀
Yellow Dragon
黃龍
White Tiger
白虎
Black Tortoise
玄武

Heavenly Stems
甲, 乙
丙, 丁
戊, 己
庚, 辛
壬, 癸

Phase
New Yang
Full Yang
Yin/Yang balance
New Yin
Full Yin

Energy
Generative
Expansive
Stabilizing
Contracting
Conserving

Season
Spring
Summer
Change of seasons
(Every third month)
Autumn
Winter

Climate
Windy
Hot
Damp
Dry
Cold

Development
Sprouting
Blooming
Ripening
Withering
Dormant

Livestock
dog
sheep/goat
cattle
chicken
pig

Fruit
plum
apricot
jujube
peach
chestnut

Grain
wheat
beans
rice
hemp
millet

text: Black[edit]

text: Black, corresponding to water, is a neutral colour. The I Ching, or Book of Changes, regards black as Heaven's color. The saying “heaven and earth of mysterious black” was rooted in the observation that the northern sky was black for a long time. They believed Tian Di, or Heavenly Emperor, resided in the North Star.

text: The Taiji symbol uses black and white to represent the unity of Yin and Yang. Ancient Chinese regarded black as the king of colors and honored black more consistently than any other color. Lao Zi said that five colors make people blind, so the Dao School chose black as the color of the Dao.

text: In modern China, black is used in daily clothing. White is associated with death and mourning and was formerly worn at funerals, but depends on the age of passing.

text: Red[edit]

text: Red, corresponding with fire, symbolizes good fortune and joy. Red is found everywhere during Chinese New Year and other holidays and family gatherings. A red envelope is a monetary gift which is given in Chinese society during holiday or special occasions. The red color of the packet symbolizes good luck. Red is strictly forbidden at funerals as it is a traditionally symbolic color of happiness;[1] however, as the names of the dead were previously written in red, it may be considered offensive to use red ink for Chinese names in contexts other than official seals.

text: In modern China, red remains a very popular color and is affiliated with and used by the Government.

text: In respect of the Chinese New Year celebration, a new Token Bitcoin Red was created on 25 October 2017

text: Green[edit]

text: Generally green is associated with health, prosperity, and harmony. Green is also the color of jade. Separately, green hats are associated with infidelity and used as an idiom for a cuckold.[2] This has caused uneasiness for Chinese Catholic bishops, who in ecclesiastical heraldry would normally have a green hat above their arms. Chinese bishops have compromised by using a violet hat for their coat of arms. Sometimes this hat will have an indigo feather to further display their disdain for the color green.

text: White[edit]

text: White, corresponding with metal, represents gold and symbolises brightness, purity, and fulfilment. White is also the color of mourning. It is associated with death and is used predominantly in funerals in Chinese culture.[3] Ancient Chinese people wore white clothes and hats only when they mourned for the dead.

text: Yellow[edit]

text: Yellow, corresponding with earth, is considered the most beautiful and prestigious color. The Chinese saying, Yellow generates Yin and Yang, implies that yellow is the center of everything. Associated with but ranked above brown, yellow signifies neutrality and good luck. Yellow is sometimes paired with red in place of gold.

text: Yellow was the emperor's colour in Imperial China and is held as the symbolic color of the five legendary emperors of ancient China. Yellow often decorates royal palaces, altars and temples, and the color was used in the robes and attire of the emperors.

text: Yellow also represents freedom from worldly cares and is thus esteemed in Buddhism. Monks' garments are yellow, as are elements of Buddhist temples. Yellow is also used as a mourning color for Chinese Buddhists.

text: Yellow is also symbolic of heroism, as opposed to the Western association of the colour with cowardice.[3]


document_title: Climate of India

question_text: during winter which part of india receives rainfall

text: Climate of India

text: History[edit]

text: During the Triassic period of some 251–199.6 Ma, the Indian subcontinent was part of a vast supercontinent known as Pangaea. Despite its position within a high-latitude belt at 55–75° S—latitudes now occupied by parts of the Antarctic Peninsula, as opposed to India's current position between 5 and 35° N—India likely experienced a humid temperate climate with warm and frost-free weather, though with well-defined seasons.[4] India later merged into the southern supercontinent Gondwana, a process beginning some 550–500 Ma. During the Late Paleozoic, Gondwana extended from a point at or near the South Pole to near the equator, where the Indian craton (stable continental crust) was positioned, resulting in a mild climate favourable to hosting high-biomass ecosystems. This is underscored by India's vast coal reserves—much of it from the late Paleozoic sedimentary sequence—the fourth-largest reserves in the world.[5] During the Mesozoic, the world, including India, was considerably warmer than today. With the coming of the Carboniferous, global cooling stoked extensive glaciation, which spread northwards from South Africa towards India; this cool period lasted well into the Permian.[6]

text: Tectonic movement by the Indian Plate caused it to pass over a geologic hotspot—the Réunion hotspot—now occupied by the volcanic island of Réunion. This resulted in a massive flood basalt event that laid down the Deccan Traps some 60–68 Ma,[7][8] at the end of the Cretaceous period. This may have contributed to the global Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which caused India to experience significantly reduced insolation. Elevated atmospheric levels of sulphur gases formed aerosols such as sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid, similar to those found in the atmosphere of Venus; these precipitated as acid rain. Elevated carbon dioxide emissions also contributed to the greenhouse effect, causing warmer weather that lasted long after the atmospheric shroud of dust and aerosols had cleared. Further climatic changes 20 million years ago, long after India had crashed into the Laurasian landmass, were severe enough to cause the extinction of many endemic Indian forms.[9] The formation of the Himalayas resulted in blockage of frigid Central Asian air, preventing it from reaching India; this made its climate significantly warmer and more tropical in character than it would otherwise have been.[10]

text: Regions[edit]

text:
Average annual temperatures across India:     < 20.0 °C (< 68.0 °F)     20.0–22.5 °C (68.0–72.5 °F)     22.5–25.0 °C (72.5–77.0 °F)     25.0–27.5 °C (77.0–81.5 °F)     > 27.5 °C (> 81.5 °F)

 Climatic zones in India, based on the Köppen classification system:     Alpine E (ETh)     Humid subtropical C (Cwa)     Tropical wet-dry A (Aw)     Tropical wet A (Am)     Semi-arid B (BSh)     Arid B (BWh)

text: India is home to an extraordinary variety of climatic regions, ranging from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the Himalayan north, where elevated regions receive sustained winter snowfall. The nation's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert.[11] The Himalayas, along with the Hindu Kush mountains in Pakistan, prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at the similar latitudes.[12] Simultaneously, the Thar Desert plays a role in attracting moisture-laden southwest summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall.[11][13] Four major climatic groupings predominate, into which fall seven climatic zones that, as designated by experts, are defined on the basis of such traits as temperature and precipitation.[14] Groupings are assigned codes (see chart) according to the Köppen climate classification system.

text: Tropical wet[edit]

text: A tropical rainy climate governs regions persistent to warm or high temperatures, which normally do not fall below 18 °C (64 °F). India hosts two climatic subtypes- tropical monsoon climate, tropical wet and dry climate  that fall under this group.

text: 1) The most humid is the tropical wet climate—also known as a tropical monsoon climate—that covers a strip of southwestern lowlands abutting the Malabar Coast, the Western Ghats, and southern Assam. India's two island territories, Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, are also subject to this climate. Characterised by moderate to high year-round temperatures, even in the foothills, its rainfall is seasonal but heavy—typically above 2,000 mm (79 in) per year.[15] Most rainfall occurs between May and November; this moisture is enough to sustain lush forests and other vegetation for the rest of the mainly dry year. December to March are the driest months, when days with precipitation are rare. The heavy monsoon rains are responsible for the exceptional biodiversity of tropical wet forests in parts of these regions.

text: 2) In India a tropical wet and dry climate is more common. Noticeably drier than areas with a tropical monsoon climate, it prevails over most of inland peninsular India except for a semi arid rain shadow east of the Western Ghats. Winter and early summer are long and dry periods with temperatures averaging above 18 °C (64 °F). Summer is exceedingly hot; temperatures in low-lying areas may exceed 50 °C (122 °F) during May, leading to heat waves that can each kill hundreds of Indians.[16]The rainy season lasts from June to September; annual rainfall averages between 750–1,500 mm (30–59 in) across the region. Once the dry northeast monsoon begins in September, most precipitation in India falls on Tamil Nadu, leaving other states comparatively dry.

text: The Ganges Delta lies mostly in the tropical wet climate zone: it receives between 1,500 to 2,000 mm (59 to 79 in) of rainfall each year in the western part, and 2,000 to 3,000 mm (79 to 118 in) in the eastern part. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January; April and May are the warmest months. Average temperatures in January range from 14 to 25 °C (57 to 77 °F), and average temperatures in April range from 25 to 35 °C (77 to 95 °F). July is on average the coldest and wettest month: over 330 mm (13 in) of rain falls on the delta.[17]

text: Tropical dry[edit]

text: (Af) Tropical rainforest   (Am) Tropical monsoon   (Aw) Tropical savanna, wet & dry   (BWh) Hot desert       (BWk) Cold desert   (BSh) Hot semi arid   (BSk) Cold semi arid   (Csa) Mediterr. dry, hot summ.        (Cwa) Subtropical humid summ, dry winter   (Cwb) Subtropical highland, dry wint   (Cfa) Subtropical humid summ (no dry)        (Dsa) Continental hot summ   (Dsb) Continental warm summ   (Dwb) Continental dry wint   (Dwc) Contin subarctic, dry wint

text: A tropical arid and semi-arid climate dominates regions where the rate of moisture loss through evapotranspiration exceeds that from precipitation; it is subdivided into three climatic subtypes-  tropical semi-arid steppe, arid climate, tropical and sub-tropical steppe climate.

text: 1) The first, a tropical semi-arid steppe climate, (Hot semi-arid climate) predominates over a long stretch of land south of Tropic of Cancer and east of the Western Ghats and the Cardamom Hills. The region, which includes Karnataka, inland Tamil Nadu, western Andhra Pradesh, and central Maharashtra, gets between 400–750 millimetres (15.7–29.5 in) annually. It is drought-prone, as it tends to have less reliable rainfall due to sporadic lateness or failure of the southwest monsoon.[19] Karnataka is divided into three zones – coastal, north interior and south interior. Of these, the coastal zone receives the heaviest rainfall with an average rainfall of about 3,638.5 mm per annum, far in excess of the state average of 1,139 mm (45 in). In contrast to norm, Agumbe in the Shivamogga district receives the second highest annual rainfall in India. North of the Krishna River, the summer monsoon is responsible for most rainfall; to the south, significant post-monsoon rainfall also occurs in October and November. In December, the coldest month, temperatures still average around 20–24 °C (68–75 °F). The months between March to May are hot and dry; mean monthly temperatures hover around 32 °C, with 320 millimetres (13 in)precipitation. Hence, without artificial irrigation, this region is not suitable for permanent agriculture.

text: 2) Most of western Rajasthan experiences an arid climatic regime (Hot desert climate). Cloudbursts are responsible for virtually all of the region's annual precipitation, which totals less than 300 millimetres (11.8 in). Such bursts happen when monsoon winds sweep into the region during July, August, and September. Such rainfall is highly erratic; regions experiencing rainfall one year may not see precipitation for the next couple of years or so. Atmospheric moisture is largely prevented from precipitating due to continuous downdrafts and other factors.[20] The summer months of May and June are exceptionally hot; mean monthly temperatures in the region hover around 35 °C (95 °F), with daily maxima occasionally topping 50 °C (122 °F). During winters, temperatures in some areas can drop below freezing due to waves of cold air from Central Asia. There is a large diurnal range of about 14 °C (25.2 °F) during summer; this widens by several degrees during winter.

text: To the west, in Gujarat, diverse climate conditions obtain. The winters are mild, pleasant, and dry with average daytime temperatures around 29 °C (84 °F) and nights around 12 °C (54 °F) with virtually full sun and clear nights. Summers are hot and dry with daytime temperatures around 41 °C (106 °F) and nights no lower than 29 °C (84 °F). In the weeks before the monsoon temperatures are similar to the above, but high humidity makes the air more uncomfortable. Relief comes with the monsoon. Temperatures are around 35 °C (95 °F) but humidity is very high; nights are around 27 °C (81 °F). Most of the rainfall occurs in this season, and the rain can cause severe floods. The sun is often occluded during the monsoon season.

text: 3) East of the Thar Desert, the Punjab-Haryana-Kathiawar region experiences a tropical and sub-tropical steppe climate. Haryana's climate resembles other states of the northern plains: extreme summer heat of up to 50 °C and winter cold as low as 1 °C. May and June are hottest; December and January are coldest. Rainfall is varied, with the Shivalik Hills region being the wettest and the Aravali Hills region being the driest. About 80% of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season of July–September, which can cause flooding. The Punjabi climate is also governed by extremes of hot and cold. Areas near the Himalayan foothills receive heavy rainfall whereas those eloigned from them are hot and dry. Punjab's three-season climate sees summer months that span from mid-April to the end of June. Temperatures typically range from–2 °C to 40 °C, but can reach 47 °C (117 °F) in summer and −4 °C in winter. In this zone, a transitional climatic region separating tropical desert from humid sub-tropical savanna and forests, experiences temperatures that are less extreme than those of the desert. Average annual rainfall is 300–650 millimetres (11.8–25.6 in), but is very unreliable; as in much of the rest of India, the southwest monsoon accounts for most precipitation. Daily summer temperature maxima rise to around 40 °C (104 °F); this results in natural vegetation typically comprising short, coarse grasses.

text: Subtropical humid[edit]

text: Most of Northeast India and much of North India are subject to a humid subtropical climate. Though they experience hot summers, temperatures during the coldest months may fall as low as 0 °C (32 °F). Due to ample monsoon rains, India has only one subtype of this climate under the Köppen system: Cwa.[21] In most of this region, there is very little precipitation during the winter, owing to powerful anticyclonic and katabatic (downward-flowing) winds from Central Asia.

text: Humid subtropical regions are subject to pronounced dry winters. Winter rainfall—and occasionally snowfall—is associated with large storm systems such as "Nor'westers" and "Western disturbances"; the latter are steered by westerlies towards the Himalayas.[22] Most summer rainfall occurs during powerful thunderstorms associated with the southwest summer monsoon; occasional tropical cyclones also contribute. Annual rainfall ranges from less than 1,000 millimetres (39 in) in the west to over 2,500 millimetres (98 in) in parts of the northeast. As most of this region is far from the ocean, the wide temperature swings more characteristic of a continental climate predominate; the swings are wider than in those in tropical wet regions, ranging from 24 °C (75 °F) in north-central India to 27 °C (81 °F) in the east.

text: Mountain[edit]

text: India's northernmost areas are subject to a montane, or alpine, climate. In the Himalayas, the rate at which an air mass's temperature falls per kilometre (3,281 ft) of altitude gained (the dry adiabatic lapse rate) is 9.8 °C/km.[23] In terms of environmental lapse rate, ambient temperatures fall by 6.5 °C (11.7 °F) for every 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) rise in altitude. Thus, climates ranging from nearly tropical in the foothills to tundra above the snow line can coexist within several hundred metres of each other. Sharp temperature contrasts between sunny and shady slopes, high diurnal temperature variability, temperature inversions, and altitude-dependent variability in rainfall are also common.

text: The northern side of the western Himalayas, also known as the trans-Himalayan belt, has a cold desert climate. It is a region of barren, arid, frigid  and wind-blown wastelands. Areas south of the Himalayas are largely protected from cold winter winds coming in from the Asian interior. The leeward side (northern face) of the mountains receives less rain.

text: The southern slopes of the western Himalayas, well-exposed to the monsoon, get heavy rainfall.  Areas situated at elevations of 1,070–2,290 metres (3,510–7,510 ft) receive the heaviest rainfall, which decreases rapidly at elevations above 2,290 metres (7,513 ft). Most precipitation occurs as snowfall during the late winter and spring months.The Himalayas experience their heaviest snowfall between December and February and at elevations above 1,500 metres (4,921 ft). Snowfall increases with elevation by up to several dozen millimetres per 100 metre (~2 in; 330 ft) increase. Elevations above 6,000 metres (19,685 ft) never experience rain; all precipitation falls as snow.[24]

text: Seasons[edit]

text: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) designates four climatological seasons:[25]

text:
Winter, occurring from December to March. The year's coldest months are December and January, when temperatures average around 10–15 °C (50–59 °F) in the northwest; temperatures rise as one proceeds towards the equator, peaking around 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) in mainland India's southeast.
Summer or pre-monsoon season, lasting from April to June (April to July in northwestern India). In western and southern regions, the hottest month is April; for northern regions of India, May is the hottest month. Temperatures average around 32–40 °C (90–104 °F) in most of the interior.
Monsoon or rainy season, lasting from July to September. The season is dominated by the humid southwest summer monsoon, which slowly sweeps across the country beginning in late May or early June. Monsoon rains begin to recede from North India at the beginning of October. South India typically receives more rainfall.
Post-monsoon or autumn season, lasting from October to November. In the northwest of India, October and November are usually cloudless. Tamil Nadu receives most of its annual precipitation in the northeast monsoon season.

text: The Himalayan states, being more temperate, experience an additional season, spring, which coincides with the first weeks of summer in southern India. Traditionally, North Indians note six seasons or Ritu, each about two months long. These are the spring season (Sanskrit: vasanta), summer (grīṣma), monsoon season (varṣā), autumn (śarada), winter (hemanta), and prevernal season[26] (śiśira). These are based on the astronomical division of the twelve months into six parts. The ancient Hindu calendar also reflects these seasons in its arrangement of months.

text: Winter[edit]

text: Once the monsoons subside, average temperatures gradually fall across India. As the Sun's vertical rays move south of the equator, most of the country experiences moderately cool weather. December and January are the coldest months, with the lowest temperatures occurring in the Indian Himalayas. Temperatures are higher in the east and south.

text: In northwestern India region, virtually cloudless conditions prevail in October and November, resulting in wide diurnal temperature swings; as in much of the Deccan Plateau, they register at 16–20 °C (61–68 °F). However, from January to February, "western disturbances" bring heavy bursts of rain and snow. These extra-tropical low-pressure systems originate in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.[27] They are carried towards India by the subtropical westerlies, which are the prevailing winds blowing at North India's range of latitude.[22] Once their passage is hindered by the Himalayas, they are unable to proceed further, and they release significant precipitation over the southern Himalayas.

text: There is a huge variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh due to variation in altitude (450–6500 metres). The climate varies from hot and subtropical humid (450–900 meters) in the southern low tracts, warm and temperate (900–1800 metres), cool and temperate (1900–2400 metres) and cold glacial and alpine (2400–4800 meters) in the northern and eastern elevated mountain ranges. By October, nights and mornings are very cold. Snowfall at elevations of nearly 3000 m is about 3 m and lasts from December start to March end. Elevations above 4500 m support perpetual snow. The spring season starts from mid February to mid April. The weather is pleasant and comfortable in the season. The rainy season starts at the end of the month of June. The landscape lushes green and fresh. During the season streams and natural springs are replenished. The heavy rains in July and August cause a lot of damage resulting in erosion, floods and landslides. Out of all the state districts, Dharamsala receives the highest rainfall, nearly about 3,400 mm (134 in). Spiti is the driest area of the state, where annual rainfall is below 50 mm.[28] The five Himalayan states (Jammu and Kashmir in the extreme north, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh) along Northern West Bengal experience heavy snowfall, Manipur and Nagaland are not located in the Himalayas but experience occasional snowfall; in Jammu and Kashmir, blizzards occur regularly, disrupting travel and other activities.

text: The rest of North India, including the Indo-Gangetic Plain and Madhya Pradesh almost never receives snow. Temperatures in the plains occasionally fall below freezing, though never for more than one or two days. Winter highs in Delhi range from 16 to 21 °C (61 to 70 °F). Nighttime temperatures average 2–8 °C (36–46 °F). In the plains of Punjab, lows can fall below freezing, dropping to around −3 °C (27 °F) in Amritsar.[29] Frost sometimes occurs, but the hallmark of the season is the notorious fog, which frequently disrupts daily life; fog grows thick enough to hinder visibility and disrupt air travel 15–20 days annually. In Bihar in middle of the Ganges plain, hot weather sets in and the summer lasts until the middle of June. The highest temperature is often registered in May which is the hottest time. Like the rest of the north, Bihar also experiences dust-storms, thunderstorms and dust raising winds during the hot season. Dust storms having a velocity of 48–64 km/h (30–40 mph) are most frequent in May and with second maximum in April and June. The hot winds (loo) of Bihar plains blow during April and May with an average velocity of 8–16 km/h (5–10 mph). These hot winds greatly affect human comfort during this season. Rain follows.[30] The rainy season begins in June. The rainiest months are July and August. The rains are the gifts of the southwest monsoon. There are in Bihar three distinct areas where rainfall exceeds 1,800 mm (71 in). Two of them are in the northern and northwestern portions of the state; the third lies in the area around Netarhat. The southwest monsoon normally withdraws from Bihar in the first week of October.[31] Eastern India's climate is much milder, experiencing moderately warm days and cool nights. Highs range from 23 °C (73 °F) in Patna to 26 °C (79 °F) in Kolkata (Calcutta); lows average from 9 °C (48 °F) in Patna to 14 °C (57 °F) in Kolkata. In Madhya Pradesh which is towards the south-western side of the Gangetic Plain similar conditions prevail albeit with much less humidity levels. Capital Bhopal averages low of 9 °C (48 °F) and high of 24 °C (75 °F).

text: Frigid winds from the Himalayas can depress temperatures near the Brahmaputra River.[32] The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan plateau by preventing frigid and dry Arctic winds from blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the monsoon winds, keeping them from travelling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the Terai region instead. The Himalayas are indeed believed to play an important role in the formation of Central Asian deserts such as the Taklamakan and Gobi. The mountain ranges prevent western winter disturbances in Iran from travelling further east, resulting in much snow in Kashmir and rainfall for parts of Punjab and northern India. Despite the Himalayas being a barrier to the cold northerly winter winds, the Brahmaputra valley receives part of the frigid winds, thus lowering the temperature in Northeast India and Bangladesh. The Himalayas, which are often called "The Roof of the World", contain the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles. Ten of Asia's largest rivers flow from there. The two Himalayan states in the east, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, receive substantial snowfall. The extreme north of West Bengal centred on Darjeeling experiences snowfall, but only rarely.

text: In South India, particularly the hinterlands of Maharashtra, parts of Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, somewhat cooler weather prevails. Minimum temperatures in western Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh hover around 10 °C (50 °F); in the southern Deccan Plateau, they reach 16 °C (61 °F). Coastal areas—especially those near the Coromandel Coast and adjacent low-elevation interior tracts—are warm, with daily high temperatures of 30 °C (86 °F) and lows of around 21 °C (70 °F). The Western Ghats, including the Nilgiri Range, are exceptional; lows there can fall below freezing.[33] This compares with a range of 12–14 °C (54–57 °F) on the Malabar Coast; there, as is the case for other coastal areas, the Indian Ocean exerts a strong moderating influence on weather.[12] The region averages 800 millimetres (31 in) per year, most of which falls between October and December. The topography of the Bay of Bengal and the staggered weather pattern prevalent during the season favours the northeast monsoon, which has a tendency to cause cyclones and hurricanes rather than steady precipitation. As a result, the coast is hit by what can mildly be termed as inclement weather almost every year between October and January.

text: Summer[edit]

text: Summer in northwestern India starts from  April and ends in July, and in the rest of the country from March to May. The temperatures in the north rise as the vertical rays of the Sun reach the Tropic of Cancer. The hottest month for the western and southern regions of the country is April; for most of North India, it is May. Temperatures of 50 °C (122 °F) and higher have been recorded in parts of India during this season. Another striking feature of summer is the Loo (wind). These are strong, gusty, hot, dry winds that blow during the day in  India. Direct exposure to these winds may be fatal.[16] In cooler regions of North India, immense pre-monsoon squall-line thunderstorms, known locally as "Nor'westers", commonly drop large hailstones. In Himachal Pradesh, Summer lasts from mid April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in alpine zone which experience mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 °C (82 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is generally common in alpine tracts that are above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft), especially those in the higher- and trans-Himalayan regions.[34] Near the coast the temperature hovers around 36 °C (97 °F), and the proximity of the sea increases the level of humidity. In southern India, the temperatures are higher on the east coast by a few degrees compared to the west coast.

text: By May, most of the Indian interior experiences mean temperatures over 32 °C (90 °F), while maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F). In the hot months of April and May, western disturbances, with their cooling influence, may still arrive, but rapidly diminish in frequency as summer progresses.[35] Notably, a higher frequency of such disturbances in April correlates with a delayed monsoon onset (thus extending summer) in northwest India. In eastern India, monsoon onset dates have been steadily advancing over the past several decades, resulting in shorter summers there.[22]

text: Altitude affects the temperature to a large extent, with higher parts of the Deccan Plateau and other areas being relatively cooler. Hill stations, such as Ootacamund ("Ooty") in the Western Ghats and Kalimpong in the eastern Himalayas, with average maximum temperatures of around 25 °C (77 °F), offer some respite from the heat. At lower elevations, in parts of northern and western India, a strong, hot, and dry wind known as the loo blows in from the west during the daytime; with very high temperatures, in some cases up to around 45 °C (113 °F); it can cause fatal cases of sunstroke. Tornadoes may also occur, concentrated in a corridor stretching from northeastern India towards Pakistan. They are rare, however; only several dozen have been reported since 1835.[36]

text: Monsoon[edit]

text: The southwest summer monsoon, a four-month period when massive convective thunderstorms dominate India's weather, is Earth's most productive wet season.[37] A product of southeast trade winds originating from a high-pressure mass centred over the southern Indian Ocean, the monsoonal torrents supply over 80% of India's annual rainfall.[38] Attracted by a low-pressure region centred over South Asia, the mass spawns surface winds that ferry humid air into India from the southwest.[39] These inflows ultimately result from a northward shift of the local jet stream, which itself results from rising summer temperatures over Tibet and the Indian subcontinent. The void left by the jet stream, which switches from a route just south of the Himalayas to one tracking north of Tibet, then attracts warm, humid air.[40]

text: The main factor behind this shift is the high summer temperature difference between Central Asia and the Indian Ocean.[41] This is accompanied by a seasonal excursion of the normally equatorial intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), a low-pressure belt of highly unstable weather, northward towards India.[40] This system intensified to its present strength as a result of the Tibetan Plateau's uplift, which accompanied the Eocene–Oligocene transition event, a major episode of global cooling and aridification which occurred 34–49 Ma.[42]

text: The southwest monsoon arrives in two branches: the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch. The latter extends towards a low-pressure area over the Thar Desert and is roughly three times stronger than the Bay of Bengal branch. The monsoon typically breaks over Indian territory by around 25 May, when it lashes the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. It strikes the Indian mainland around 1 June near the Malabar Coast of Kerala.[43] By 9 June, it reaches Mumbai; it appears over Delhi by 29 June. The Bay of Bengal branch, which initially tracks the Coromandal Coast northeast from Cape Comorin to Orissa, swerves to the northwest towards the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The Arabian Sea branch moves northeast towards the Himalayas. By the first week of July, the entire country experiences monsoon rain; on average, South India receives more rainfall than North India. However, Northeast India receives the most precipitation. Monsoon clouds begin retreating from North India by the end of August; it withdraws from Mumbai by 5 October. As India further cools during September, the southwest monsoon weakens. By the end of November, it has left the country.[40]

text: Monsoon rains impact the health of the Indian economy; as Indian agriculture employs 600 million people and comprises 20% of the national GDP,[5] good monsoons correlate with a booming economy. Weak or failed monsoons (droughts) result in widespread agricultural losses and substantially hinder overall economic growth.[44][45][46] Yet such rains reduce temperatures and can replenish groundwater tables, rivers.

text: Post-monsoon[edit]

text: During the post-monsoon months of October to December, a different monsoon cycle, the northeast (or "retreating") monsoon, brings dry, cool, and dense air masses to large parts of India.It is called autumn. Winds spill across the Himalayas and flow to the southwest across the country, resulting in clear, sunny skies.[47] Though the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and other sources refers to this period as a fourth ("post-monsoon") season,[48][49][50] other sources designate only three seasons.[51] Depending on location, this period lasts from October to November, after the southwest monsoon has peaked. Less and less precipitation falls, and vegetation begins to dry out. In most parts of India, this period marks the transition from wet to dry seasonal conditions. Average daily maximum temperatures range between 28 and 34 °C (82 and 93 °F).

text: The northeast monsoon, which begins in September, lasts through the post-monsoon seasons, and only ends in March. It carries winds that have already lost their moisture out to the ocean (opposite from the summer monsoon). They cross India diagonally from northeast to southwest. However, the large indentation made by the Bay of Bengal into India's eastern coast means that the flows are humidified before reaching Cape Comorin and rest of Tamil Nadu, meaning that the state, and also some parts of Kerala, experience significant precipitation in the post-monsoon and winter periods.[17] However, parts of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Mumbai also receive minor precipitation from the north-east monsoon.

text: Conclusion[edit]

text: Shown below are temperature and precipitation data for selected Indian cities; these represent the full variety of major Indian climate types. Figures have been grouped by the four-season classification scheme used by the IMD;[N 1] year-round averages and totals are also displayed.

text: Temperature[edit]

text:
Average temperatures in various Indian cities (°C)[52][53][54][55]

—

Winter(Dec – Feb)

Summer(Mar – May)

Monsoon(Jun – Sep)

Post-monsoon(Oct – Nov)

Year-round

City

Min

Avg

Max

Min

Avg

Max

Min

Avg

Max

Min

Avg

Max

Avg

Port Blair

23
26
28
25
27
29
25
27
27
25
26
28
27

Thiruvananthapuram

23
26
29
24
27
30
24
26
28
23
29
23
26

Bangalore

15
22
28
21
27
34
20
24
28
19
23
28
24

Nagpur

14
21
28
24
32
40
24
27
30
16
22
28
26

Bhopal

11
17
24
23
30
36
23
26
28
16
22
26
25

Guwahati

11
17
24
19
25
31
25
28
32
17
22
27
24

Lucknow

8
14
21
23
30
35
24
29
33
15
20
25
25

Jaisalmer

7
14
23
24
33
40
23
29
35
12
19
27
22

Dehradun

4
12
20
14
23
32
22
26
30
7
15
23
18

Amritsar

4
10
18
13
25
34
25
28
32
10
16
24
21

Shimla

1
5
9
10
14
18
15
18
20
7
10
13
13

Srinagar

−2
4
6
7
14
19
16
22
30
1
8
16
13

Leh

−13
−6
0
−1
6
12
10
16
24
−7
0
7
6

Leh

Climate chart (explanation)

JFMAMJJASOND

12

−1
−13

8.6

0
−12

12

6
−6

6.9

12
−1

6.5

17
2

4.3

21
6

15

24
10

20

24
10

12

21
5

0

14
0

2.9

8
−6

8

1
−10

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mmSource: Weatherbase, Plan Holidays

showImperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

0.5

30
9

0.3

32
10

0.5

43
21

0.3

54
30

0.3

63
36

0.2

70
43

0.6

75
50

0.8

75
50

0.5

70
41

0

57
32

0.1

46
21

0.3

34
14

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

text: Precipitation[edit]

text:
Average precipitation in various Indian cities (mm)[52][53][54][55]

—

Winter(Jan – Feb)

Summer(Mar – May)

Monsoon(Jun – Sep)

Post-monsoon(Oct – Dec)

Year-round

City

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

Port Blair

40
20
10
60
360
480
400
400
460
290
220
150
2,890

Thiruvananthapuram

26
21
33
125
202
306
175
152
179
223
206
65
1,713

Bangalore

0
0
2
4
10
11
11
15
21
17
5
2
98

Nagpur

16
22
15
8
18
168
290
291
157
73
17
19
1,094

Bhopal

4
3
1
3
11
136
279
360
185
52
21
7
1,043

Guwahati

8
21
47
181
226
309
377
227
199
92
25
10
1,722

Lucknow

20
18
8
8
20
114
305
292
188
33
5
8
1,019

Jaisalmer

–
–
3
–
7
10
90
88
15
–
6
–
219

Dehradun

47
55
52
21
54
230
631
627
261
32
11
3
2,024

Amritsar

24
33
48
30
45
27
231
187
79
18
6
18
746

Shimla

60
60
60
50
60
170
420
430
160
30
10
20
1,530

Srinagar

74
71
91
94
61
36
58
61
38
31
10
33
658

Leh

12
9
12
6
7
4
16
20
12
7
3
8
116

Bangalore

Climate chart (explanation)

JFMAMJJASOND

3

27
15

7

30
17

4

32
19

46

34
22

120

33
21

81

29
20

110

28
20

137

27
19

195

28
19

180

28
19

65

27
17

21

26
16

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mmSource: World Weather Information Service

showImperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

0.1

81
59

0.3

86
63

0.2

90
66

1.8

93
72

4.7

91
70

3.2

84
68

4.3

82
68

5.4

81
66

7.7

82
66

7.1

82
66

2.6

81
63

0.8

79
61

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

text: Disasters[edit]

text: Climate-related natural disasters cause massive losses of Indian life and property. Droughts, flash floods, cyclones, avalanches, landslides brought on by torrential rains, and snowstorms pose the greatest threats. Other dangers include frequent summer dust storms, which usually track from north to south; they cause extensive property damage in North India[56] and deposit large amounts of dust from arid regions. Hail is also common in parts of India, causing severe damage to standing crops such as rice and wheat.

text: Floods and landslides[edit]

text: In the Lower Himalaya, landslides are common. The young age of the region's hills result in labile rock formations, which are susceptible to slippages.  Short duration high intensity rainfall events typically trigger small scale landslides while long duration low intensity rainfall periods tend to trigger large scale catastrophic landslides.[57] Rising population and development pressures, particularly from logging and tourism, cause deforestation. The result, denuded hillsides, exacerbates the severity of landslides, since tree cover impedes the downhill flow of water.[58] Parts of the Western Ghats also suffer from low-intensity landslides. Avalanches occur in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.

text: Floods are the most common natural disaster in India. The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks, often flooding surrounding areas. Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilisation, the floods can kill thousands and displace millions. Excess, erratic, or untimely monsoon rainfall may also wash away or otherwise ruin crops.[59] Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures. Mean annual precipitation totals have remained steady due to the declining frequency of weather systems that generate moderate amounts of rain.[60]

text: Cyclones[edit]

text: Tropical cyclones, which are severe storms spun off from the Intertropical Convergence Zone, may affect thousands of Indians living in coastal regions. Tropical cyclogenesis is particularly common in the northern reaches of the Indian Ocean in and around the Bay of Bengal. Cyclones bring with them heavy rains, storm surges, and winds that often cut affected areas off from relief and supplies. In the North Indian Ocean Basin, the cyclone season runs from April to December, with peak activity between May and November.[61] Each year, an average of eight storms with sustained wind speeds greater than 63 km/h (39 mph) form; of these, two strengthen into true tropical cyclones, which sustain gusts greater than 117 km/h (73 mph). On average, a major (Category 3 or higher) cyclone develops every other year.[61][62]

text: During summer, the Bay of Bengal is subject to intense heating, giving rise to humid and unstable air masses that morph into cyclones. The 1737 Calcutta cyclone, the 1970 Bhola cyclone, and the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone rank among the most powerful cyclones to strike India, devastating the coasts of eastern India and neighbouring Bangladesh. Widespread death and property destruction are reported every year in the exposed coastal states of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. India's western coast, bordering the more placid Arabian Sea, experiences cyclones only rarely; these mainly strike Gujarat and, less frequently, Kerala.

text: Cyclone 05B, a supercyclone that struck Orissa on 29 October 1999, was the deadliest in more than a quarter-century. With peak winds of 160 miles per hour (257 km/h), it was the equivalent of a Category 5 hurricane.[63] Almost two million people were left homeless;[64]another 20 million people lives were disrupted by the cyclone.[64] Officially, 9,803 people died from the storm;[63] unofficial estimates place the death toll at over 10,000.[64]

text: Droughts[edit]

text: Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the monsoon as a source of water. In some parts of India, the failure of the monsoons results in water shortages, resulting in below-average crop yields. This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharashtra, northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Western Orissa, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. In the past, droughts have periodically led to major Indian famines. These include the Bengal famine of 1770, in which up to one third of the population in affected areas died; the 1876–1877 famine, in which over five million people died; the 1899 famine, in which over 4.5 million died; and the Bengal famine of 1943, in which over five million died from starvation and famine-related illnesses.[65][66]

text: All such episodes of severe drought correlate with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events.[67][68] El Niño-related droughts have also been implicated in periodic declines in Indian agricultural output.[69] Nevertheless, ENSO events that have coincided with abnormally high sea surfaces temperatures in the Indian Ocean—in one instance during 1997 and 1998 by up to 3 °C (5 °F)—have resulted in increased oceanic evaporation, resulting in unusually wet weather across India. Such anomalies have occurred during a sustained warm spell that began in the 1990s.[70] A contrasting phenomenon is that, instead of the usual high pressure air mass over the southern Indian Ocean, an ENSO-related oceanic low pressure convergence centre forms; it then continually pulls dry air from Central Asia, desiccating India during what should have been the humid summer monsoon season. This reversed air flow causes India's droughts.[71] The extent that an ENSO event raises sea surface temperatures in the central Pacific Ocean influences the extent of drought.[67]

text: Heat waves[edit]

text: A study from 2005 concluded that heat waves significantly increased in frequency, persistence and spatial coverage in the decade 1991-2000, when compared to the period between 1971–80 and 1981-90. A severe heat wave in Orissa in 1998 resulted in nearly 1300 deaths. Based on observations, heat wave related mortality has increased in India prior to 2005.[72] The 2015 Indian heat wave killed more than 2,500 people.

text: Extremes[edit]

text: Extreme temperatures: low[edit]

text: India's lowest recorded temperature was −33.9 °C (−29 °F) in Dras, Ladakh, in eastern Jammu and Kashmir.[73] Figures as low as −30.6 °C (−23 °F) have been taken in Leh, further east in Ladakh. However, temperatures on the disputed but Indian-controlled Siachen Glacier near Bilafond La (5,450 metres or 17,881 feet) and Sia La (5,589 metres or 18,337 feet) have fallen below −55 °C (−67 °F),[74] while blizzards bring wind speeds in excess of 250 km/h (155 mph),[75] or hurricane-force winds ranking at 12—the maximum—on the Beaufort scale. These conditions, not hostile actions, caused more than 97% of the roughly 15,000 casualties suffered among Indian and Pakistani soldiers during the Siachen conflict.[74][75][76]

text: Extreme temperatures: high[edit]

text: The highest temperature ever recorded in India occurred on 19 May 2016 in Phalodi, Jodhpur District, Rajasthan at 51.0 °C (123.8 °F).[77] Before this, the highest reliable temperature reading was 50.6 °C (123.1 °F) in Alwar, Rajasthan in 1955. The India Meteorological Department doubts the validity of 55 °C (131 °F) readings reported in Orissa during 2005.[78]

text: Rain[edit]

text: The average annual precipitation of 11,872 millimetres (467 in) in the village of Mawsynram, in the hilly northeastern state of Meghalaya, is the highest recorded in Asia, and possibly on Earth.[79] The village, which sits at an elevation of 1,401 metres (4,596 ft), benefits from its proximity to both the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. However, since the town of Cherrapunji, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the east, is the nearest town to host a meteorological office—none has ever existed in Mawsynram—it is officially credited as being the world's wettest place.[80] In recent years the Cherrapunji-Mawsynram region has averaged between 9,296 and 10,820 millimetres (366 and 426 in)[10] of rain annually, though Cherrapunji has had at least one period of daily rainfall that lasted almost two years.[81] India's highest recorded one-day rainfall total occurred on 26 July 2005, when Mumbai received more than 650 mm (26 in);[82] the massive flooding that resulted killed over 900 people.[83][84]

text: Snow[edit]

text: Remote regions of Jammu and Kashmir such as Baramulla district in the east and the Pir Panjal Range in the southeast experience exceptionally heavy snowfall.  Kashmir's highest recorded monthly snowfall occurred in February 1967, when 8.4 metres (27.6 ft) fell in Gulmarg, though the IMD has recorded snowdrifts up to 12 metres (39.4 ft)in several Kashmiri districts. In February 2005, more than 200 people died when, in four days, a western disturbance brought up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) of snowfall to parts of the state.[85]

text: Global warming[edit]

text: Current sea level rise, increased cyclonic activity, increased ambient temperatures, and increasingly fickle precipitation patterns are effects of global warming that have affected or are projected to impact India. Thousands of people have been displaced by ongoing sea level rises that have submerged low-lying islands in the Sundarbans.[86] Temperature rises on the Tibetan Plateau are causing Himalayan glaciers to retreat, threatening the flow rate of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yamuna, and other major rivers; the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands of farmers depend on these rivers.[87] A 2007 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) report states that the Indus River may run dry for the same reason.[88]

text: Severe landslides and floods are projected to become increasingly common in such states as Assam.[89] Ecological disasters, such as a 1998 coral bleaching event that killed off more than 70% of corals in the reef ecosystems off Lakshadweep and the Andamans and was brought on by elevated ocean temperatures tied to global warming, are also projected to become increasingly common.[90][91][92] Meghalaya and other northeastern states are also concerned that rising sea levels will submerge much of Bangladesh and spawn a refugee crisis. If severe climate changes occurs, Bangladesh and parts of India that border it may lose vast tracts of coastal land.[93]

text: The Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research has reported that, if the predictions relating to global warming made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change come to fruition, climate-related factors could cause India's GDP to decline by up to 9%. Contributing to this would be shifting growing seasons for major crops such as rice, production of which could fall by 40%. Around seven million people are projected to be displaced due to, among other factors, submersion of parts of Mumbai and Chennai if global temperatures were to rise by a mere 2 °C (3.6 °F).[94] Such shifts are not new. Earlier in the Holocene epoch (4,800–6,300 years ago), parts of what is now the Thar Desert were wet enough to support perennial lakes; researchers have proposed that this was due to much higher winter precipitation, which coincided with stronger monsoons.[95] Kashmir's erstwhile subtropical climate dramatically cooled 2.6–3.7 Ma and experienced prolonged cold spells starting 600,000 years ago.[96]

text: Atmospheric pollution[edit]

text: Thick haze and smoke originating from burning biomass in northwestern India[97] and air pollution from large industrial cities in northern India[98] often concentrate over the Ganges Basin. Prevailing westerlies carry aerosols along the southern margins of the sheer-faced Tibetan Plateau towards eastern India and the Bay of Bengal. Dust and black carbon, which are blown towards higher altitudes by winds at the southern margins of the Himalayas, can absorb shortwave radiation and heat the air over the Tibetan Plateau. The net atmospheric heating due to aerosol absorption causes the air to warm and convect upwards, increasing the concentration of moisture in the mid-troposphere and providing positive feedback that stimulates further heating of aerosols.[98]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The IMD-designated post-monsoon season coincides with the northeast monsoon, the effects of which are significant only in some parts of India.

tag: ol


document_title: Form (horse racing)

question_text: what does a slash mean in horse racing form

text: Form (horse racing)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In horse racing, the form of a horse is a record of significant events, mainly its performance in previous races.[1] The form may identify the horse's sire, dam and wider pedigree. It is used by tipsters and punters as an aid in the prediction of its performance in future races.

text: A typical way of showing a horse's form, as published in newspapers and other media, is shown here.

text: Abbreviations used to decode the Form column can include:

text:
1-9
The position the horse finished in a race

0
Finished outside the top 9

P
Pulled up (reined in as horse may be too tired/injured, or horse may just stop running)

F
Fell

S
Slipped Up

R
Refusal

B
Brought down

U
Unseated rider

-
Separates years, i.e. left of this is from previous year, e.g. Dec 06 - Jan 07

/
Separates racing seasons, i.e. left of this is from the season before last

text: Form is arranged chronologically from left (oldest) to right (newest).

text: So, in the example above, the horse Mill Reef gained a fourth place, followed by a third, then took some time out from racing, then gained a second followed by falling in the next race, and its latest result was a win.


document_title: Baseball rubbing mud

question_text: where is the mud from that is rubbed on baseballs

text: Baseball rubbing mud

text: History[edit]

text: Before the use of rubbing mud, baseballs were rubbed in a mixture of water and infield soil, but this method usually discolored the ball's leather surface.[1] Other alternatives at the time were tobacco juice, shoe polish, and soil from under stadium bleachers. They were able to successfully take off the sheen from baseballs, but at the same time, they also damaged and scratched the ball's leather.[2] While Lena Blackburne was a third-base coach for the Philadelphia Athletics baseball team, an umpire complained to him about the method used at the time, prompting Blackburne in 1938 to set out in search of better mud to use to rub against baseballs. Later that decade, Blackburne discovered the rubbing mud's location (said to be "near" Palmyra, New Jersey) and founded the company that he used to sell it.[3] According to the company, the entire American League used the mud soon after its discovery, and by the 1950s, it was in use by every major league team, along with some minor league and college teams.[1]

text: When age prevented Blackburne from harvesting the mud, he left the company to a friend, John Haas;[4] according to the company, Haas had accompanied Blackburne during his searches for an appropriate mud. Haas later left the company to his son-in-law Burns Bintliff, who in turn selected one of his nine children, current owner Jim, to carry on the business.[4] Jim Bintliff told CNN reporter Thomas Andres in 2009 that the company only brought in about $20,000 per year; at the time, he worked full-time as a printing press operator.[4]

text: Usage[edit]

text: The mud originates from the New Jersey side of the Delaware River. The mud is cleaned and screened before sale.[1] Each year Jim Bintliff visits the mud's source and returns with 1,000 pounds of it to store over the winter and sells it the following baseball season.[3] He told Andres:

text: If anybody happens to catch me in the act of harvesting mud, I come up with a story to give them a reason I'm putting mud in a bucket. I've told people I use it in my garden, I use it for my rose bushes, I use it for bee stings and poison ivy and any kind of story.[4]

text: Before all major- and minor-league baseball games, an umpire or clubhouse attendant rubs six dozen or more balls with the mud to give them a rougher surface, making them easier for pitchers to grip (MLB Rule 4.01c). The rubbing mud's unique feature is that it is "very fine, like thick chocolate pudding",[1] and it has been considered the "perfect baseball-rubbing mud".[1]


document_title: Major League Baseball All-Star Game records

question_text: who played in the most baseball all star games

text: All-Star Game appearance record[edit]

text:
Most number of games on the roster originally or as a replacement.[1]
Two All-Star Games were held each season from 1959 through 1962.

text:
Hank Aaron 25
Willie Mays 24
Stan Musial 24

text: All-Star Game MVP Award record[edit]

text: Willie Mays, Steve Garvey, Gary Carter,  Cal Ripken, Jr., and Mike Trout 2

text: Single All-Star Game hitting records[edit]

text:
Runs batted in: Al Rosen, Ted Williams 5
Runs: Ted Williams 4
Hits: Joe Medwick, Ted Williams, Carl Yastrzemski 4
Home runs: Gary Carter, Willie McCovey, Al Rosen, Arky Vaughan, Ted Williams 2
Inside-the-park home runs: Ichiro Suzuki 1
Grand slams: Fred Lynn 1
Doubles: Ernie Banks, Barry Bonds, Ted Kluszewski, Paul Konerko, Joe Medwick, Damian Miller, Albert Pujols, Al Simmons 2
Triples: Rod Carew 2
Walks: Phil Cavarretta, Charlie Gehringer 3
Total bases: Ted Williams 10

text: Single All-Star Game pitching records[edit]

text:
Runs: Atlee Hammaker 7
Earned runs: Atlee Hammaker 7
Hits: Tom Glavine 9
Home runs: Jim Palmer 3
Innings pitched: Lefty Gomez 6
Strikeouts: Carl Hubbell, Larry Jansen, Ferguson Jenkins, Johnny Vander Meer 6
Consecutive Strikeouts: Carl Hubbell, Fernando Valenzuela 5

text: Career All-Star Game hitting records[edit]

text:
At bats: Willie Mays 75
Batting average: Charlie Gehringer .500
Runs batted in: Ted Williams 12
Runs: Willie Mays 20
Hits: Willie Mays 23
Extra base hits: Willie Mays, Stan Musial 8
Home runs: Stan Musial 6
Inside-the-park home runs: Ichiro Suzuki 1
Grand slams: Fred Lynn 1
Doubles: Dave Winfield 7
Triples: Willie Mays, Brooks Robinson 3
Walks: Ted Williams 11
Total bases: Willie Mays, Stan Musial 40
Pinch hits: Stan Musial 3

text: Career All-Star Game pitching records[edit]

text:
Wins: Lefty Gomez 3
Losses: Mort Cooper, Whitey Ford, Dwight Gooden, Catfish Hunter, Claude Passeau, John Smoltz, Luis Tiant 2
Earned runs: Whitey Ford 11
Hits: Whitey Ford 19
Innings pitched: Don Drysdale 19⅓
Batters faced: Don Drysdale 69
Balks: Dwight Gooden 2
Walks: Jim Palmer 7
Strikeouts: Don Drysdale 19
Games pitched: Roger Clemens 9
Games started: Don Drysdale, Lefty Gomez, Robin Roberts 5
Games finished: Rich Gossage 6
Saves: Mariano Rivera 4


document_title: List of Cleveland Browns seasons

question_text: when's the last time the cleveland browns had a winning record

question_tokens: when 's the last time the cleveland browns had a winning record

text: List of Cleveland Browns seasons

text: The Cleveland Browns were a charter member club of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) when the league was founded in 1946. From 1946 to 1949, the Browns won each of the league’s four championships. The National Football League (NFL) does not recognize the Browns’ AAFC championships; however, the Pro Football Hall of Fame does recognize the team’s championships, which is reflected in this list. When the AAFC folded in 1949, the Browns were absorbed into the NFL in 1950. The Browns went on to win three NFL championships, nearly dominating the NFL in the 1950s, and won one more NFL championship in 1964. The team has yet to appear in a Super Bowl, however. Overall, the team has won eight championships: four in the AAFC, and four in the NFL.

text: In 1996, then-Browns owner Art Modell made the decision to move the team from Cleveland, Ohio to Baltimore, Maryland. An agreement between the city of Cleveland and the NFL kept the team’s history, name and colors in Cleveland, while Modell’s new team would be regarded as an expansion team. The Baltimore Ravens would begin play in 1996, and the Browns would return to the league in 1999. For record-keeping purposes, the Browns are considered to have suspended operations from 1996 to 1998, which is reflected in this list. In 2017, the Cleveland Browns became the second team in NFL history to suffer an 0–16 record.

text: Seasons[edit]

text: For a complete team history, see History of the Cleveland Browns.

text:
AAFC champions[1] (1946–1949)

NFL champions (1950–1969)

Super Bowl champions[2] (1970–present)

Conference champions

Division champions

Wild Card berth

text:
Season

Team

League

Conference

Division

Regular season results

Postseason results

Awards

Head coaches

Finish

Wins

Losses

Ties

All-America Football Conference

1946

1946

AAFC

Western

1st

12

2

0

Won AAFC championship (1) (Yankees) 14–9

Paul Brown

1947

1947

AAFC

Western

1st

12

1

1

Won AAFC championship (2) (at Yankees) 14–3

1948

1948

AAFC

Western

1st

14

0

0

Won AAFC championship (3) (Bills) 49–7

1949

1949

AAFC

1st

9

1

2

Won AAFC playoff game (Bills) 31–21Won AAFC championship (4) (49ers) 21–7

Paul Brown (COY)

National Football League (1950–1995; 1999–present)

1950

1950

NFL

American

T-1st[3]

10

2

0

Won Conference Playoffs (Giants) 8–3Won NFL Championship (5) (Rams) 30–28

Paul Brown

1951

1951

NFL

American

1st

11

1

0

Lost NFL Championship (at Rams) 17–24

Paul Brown (COY)Otto Graham (MVP)

1952

1952

NFL

American

1st

8

4

0

Lost NFL Championship (Lions) 7–17

1953

1953

NFL

Eastern

1st

11

1

0

Lost NFL Championship (at Lions) 16–17

Paul Brown (COY)Otto Graham (MVP)

1954

1954

NFL

Eastern

1st

9

3

0

Won NFL Championship (6) (Lions) 56–10

1955

1955

NFL

Eastern

1st

9

2

1

Won NFL Championship (7) (at Rams) 38–14

Otto Graham (MVP)

1956

1956

NFL

Eastern

T-4th[4]

5

7

0

1957

1957

NFL

Eastern

1st

9

2

1

Lost NFL Championship (at Lions) 14–59

Paul Brown (COY)Jim Brown (MVP, ROY)

1958

1958

NFL

Eastern

T-1st[5]

9

3

0

Lost Conference Playoffs (at Giants) 0–10

Jim Brown (MVP)

1959

1959

NFL

Eastern

T-2nd[6]

7

5

0

1960

1960

NFL

Eastern

2nd

8

3

1

1961

1961

NFL

Eastern

3rd

8

5

1

1962

1962

NFL

Eastern

3rd

7

6

1

1963

1963

NFL

Eastern

2nd

10

4

0

Jim Brown (BBA, MVP)

Blanton Collier

1964

1964

NFL

Eastern

1st

10

3

1

Won NFL Championship (8)[7] (Colts) 27–0

1965

1965

NFL

Eastern

1st

11

3

0

Lost NFL Championship (at Packers) 12–23

Jim Brown (MVP, MVP)

1966

1966

NFL

Eastern

T-2nd[8]

9

5

0

1967

1967

NFL

Eastern

Century

1st

9

5

0

Lost Conference Championship (at Cowboys) 14–52

1968

1968

NFL

Eastern

Century

1st

10

4

0

Won Conference Championship (Cowboys) 31–20Lost NFL Championship (Colts) 0–34

Leroy Kelly (MVP)

1969

1969

NFL

Eastern

Century

1st

10

3

1

Won Conference Championship (at Cowboys) 38–14Lost NFL Championship (at Vikings) 7–27

1970

1970

NFL

AFC

Central

2nd

7

7

0

1971

1971

NFL

AFC

Central

1st

9

5

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (Colts) 3–20

Nick Skorich

1972

1972

NFL

AFC

Central

2nd

10

4

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Dolphins) 14–20

1973

1973

NFL

AFC

Central

3rd

7

5

2

1974

1974

NFL

AFC

Central

4th

4

10

0

1975

1975

NFL

AFC

Central

4th

3

11

0

Forrest Gregg

1976

1976

NFL

AFC

Central

2nd

9

5

0

Forrest Gregg (COY)

1977

1977

NFL

AFC

Central

4th

6

8

0

Forrest Gregg (6–7)  Dick Modzelewski (0–1)

1978[9]

1978

NFL

AFC

Central

3rd

8

8

0

Sam Rutigliano

1979

1979

NFL

AFC

Central

3rd

9

7

0

Sam Rutigliano (COY)

1980

1980

NFL

AFC

Central

1st

11

5

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (Raiders) 12–14[10]

Sam Rutigliano (COY)Brian Sipe (MVP, MVP, POY)

1981

1981

NFL

AFC

Central

4th

5

11

0

1982[11]

1982

NFL

AFC

8th

4

5

0

Lost First Round Playoffs (at Raiders) 10–27

Chip Banks (Def. ROY)

1983

1983

NFL

AFC

Central

2nd

9

7

0

1984

1984

NFL

AFC

Central

3rd

5

11

0

Sam Rutigliano (1–7)  Marty Schottenheimer (4–4)

1985

1985

NFL

AFC

Central

1st

8

8

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Dolphins) 21–24

Kevin Mack (ROY)

Marty Schottenheimer

1986

1986

NFL

AFC

Central

1st

12

4

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Jets 23–20) (2 OT)Lost AFC Championship[12] (Broncos) 20–23 (OT)

Marty Schottenheimer (COY)

1987[13]

1987

NFL

AFC

Central

1st

10

5

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Colts) 38–21Lost AFC Championship[14] (at Broncos) 33–38

1988

1988

NFL

AFC

Central

2nd[15]

10

6

0

Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Oilers) 23–24

1989

1989

NFL

AFC

Central

1st

9

6

1

Won Divisional Playoffs (Bills) 34–30Lost AFC Championship[16] (at Broncos) 21–37

Michael Dean Perry (Def. POY)

Bud Carson

1990

1990

NFL

AFC

Central

4th

3

13

0

Bud Carson (2–7)  Jim Shofner (1–6)

1991

1991

NFL

AFC

Central

3rd

6

10

0

Bill Belichick

1992

1992

NFL

AFC

Central

3rd

7

9

0

1993

1993

NFL

AFC

Central

3rd

7

9

0

1994

1994

NFL

AFC

Central

2nd

11

5

0

Won Wild Card Playoffs (Patriots) 20–13Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Steelers) 9–29

1995

1995

NFL

AFC

Central

4th

5

11

0

1996

Inactive from 1996 to 1998

1997

1998

1999

1999

NFL

AFC

Central

6th

2

14

0

Chris Palmer

2000

2000

NFL

AFC

Central

6th

3

13

0

2001

2001

NFL

AFC

Central

3rd[17]

7

9

0

Butch Davis

2002

2002

NFL

AFC

North

2nd

9

7

0

Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Steelers) 33–36

2003

2003

NFL

AFC

North

4th

5

11

0

2004

2004

NFL

AFC

North

4th

4

12

0

Butch Davis (3–8)  Terry Robiskie (1–4)

2005

2005

NFL

AFC

North

4th[18]

6

10

0

Romeo Crennel

2006

2006

NFL

AFC

North

4th

4

12

0

2007

2007

NFL

AFC

North

2nd[19]

10

6

0

2008

2008

NFL

AFC

North

4th

4

12

0

2009

2009

NFL

AFC

North

4th

5

11

0

Eric Mangini

2010

2010

NFL

AFC

North

3rd

5

11

0

2011

2011

NFL

AFC

North

4th

4

12

0

Pat Shurmur

2012

2012

NFL

AFC

North

4th

5

11

0

2013

2013

NFL

AFC

North

4th

4

12

0

Rob Chudzinski

2014

2014

NFL

AFC

North

4th

7

9

0

Mike Pettine

2015

2015

NFL

AFC

North

4th

3

13

0

2016

2016

NFL

AFC

North

4th

1

15

0

Hue Jackson

2017

2017

NFL

AFC

North

4th

0

16

0

2018

2018

NFL

AFC

North

2

5

1

Hue Jackson (2–5–1)  Gregg Williams (0–0)

Totals4 AAFC championships4 NFL championships12 conference titles9 NFL division titles

47

4

3

All-America Football Conference regular season results[20]

5

0

0

AAFC postseason results

464

488

12

National Football League regular season results[20]

11

20

0

NFL postseason results[20]

527

512

15

AAFC and NFL regular and postseason results

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The NFL does not recognize the Browns' AAFC championships. For the purposes of this list, however, they are included in final totals.

Jump up ^ The Browns are one of only four teams to have never appeared in a Super Bowl. The other three teams are the Detroit Lions, the Houston Texans, and the Jacksonville Jaguars.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1950 NFL season, the Browns and Giants had identical 10–2–0 records. To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game, the NFL held a one-game conference playoff. The Browns won, 8–3.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1956 season, the Browns and the Steelers ended the season with identical 5–7 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1958 NFL season, the Browns and Giants had identical 9–3–0 records. To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game, the NFL held a one-game conference playoff. The Giants shut the Browns out 10–0.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1959 season, the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 5–7 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.

Jump up ^ The Browns' championship win in 1964 is the second most recent championship won by any sports team from the Cleveland area. The most recent being the Cleveland Cavaliers Championship win over the Golden State Warriors in 2016.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1966 season, the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 9–5 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.

Jump up ^ For the 1978 season, the NFL expanded from a 14-game season to a 16-game season.

Jump up ^ This game involved the play Red Right 88 in its final minutes.

Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players' strike. The NFL adopted a special 16-team playoff tournament; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1–8, and division standings were ignored.

Jump up ^ The 1987 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Drive, in which quarterback John Elway, over the span of 5 minutes and 2 seconds, lead the Broncos on a 98-yard drive to tie the game with 37 seconds remaining in regulation. The Broncos won the game in overtime with a field goal, 23–20.

Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players' strike. Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled, and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6.

Jump up ^ The 1988 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Fumble, in which, while on a potentially game-winning drive, the Browns' running back Ernest Byner fumbled the ball at the Broncos 3-yard line with 65 seconds remaining on the clock. The Broncos recovered the ball, allowed the Browns to get an intentional safety, and won the game, 38–33.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1988 season, the Browns and the Oilers ended the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Cleveland finished ahead of Houston based on a better division record.

Jump up ^ The 1990 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos marked the third time in four years that John Elway defeated Bernie Kosar and the Browns in the AFC championship game.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 2001 season, the Browns and the Titans ended the season with identical 7–9 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Cleveland finished ahead of Tennessee based on a better division record.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 2005 season, the Browns and the Ravens ended the season with identical 6–10 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Baltimore finished ahead of Cleveland based on a better division record.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 2007 season, the Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers ended the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, the Steelers finished ahead of the Browns based on winning both games against the Browns during the season.

^ Jump up to: a b c "Cleveland Browns Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com". pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved 14 January 2017.


document_title: The Birds and the Bees (Jewel Akens song)

question_text: who sang the birds and the bees and the flowers and the trees

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"The Birds and the Bees"

Song by Jewel Akens

Language
English

Released
1964

Genre
Pop, easy listening

Length
2:08

Songwriter(s)
Barry Stuart

text: "The Birds and the Bees" was a 1964 single release by Jewel Akens with a lyric based on the "birds and the bees" idiom commonly referenced with regard to affording young people their introductory sex education. An international hit in 1965, "The Birds and the Bees" was reminiscent of such 1950s' honky tonk-style hits as "Blueberry Hill" by Fats Domino and "Kansas City" by Wilbert Harrison.

text: History[edit]

text: "The Birds and the Bees" is said to have been written by the twelve-year-old son of Era Records' owner Herb Newman: the songwriting credit on the Jewel Akens' recording of "The Birds and the Bees" reads Barry Stuart which is the song's standard songwriting credit although some subsequent recordings (i.e. by artists other than Akens) identify the composer as Herb Newman himself (Newman had written "The Wayward Wind" a 1956 #1 hit for Gogi Grant). Jewel Akens had recorded one single for Era as frontman for the doo-wop group the Turn-Arounds in 1964 when Newman pitched "The Birds and the Bees" as the group's next recording: as Akens was the only group member to favor the song he recorded it solo, working through four or five different arrangements and thus considerably honing the song's original format.[1]

text: Recorded at Gold Star Studios - with sound engineer Stan Ross employing the innovative technique of "chorusing" by patching the session guitarist into an organ speaker [2] - "The Birds and the Bees" afforded Akens a Top Ten hit in the first quarter of 1965 reaching #2 on the US Cash Box singles chart and #3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart: the single also reached #21 on the US Billboard Black Singles chart. The disc also had strong chart impact internationally reaching #3 in Australia, #6 in Belgium (Flemish Region), #3 in the Netherlands and #4 in Norway. musicians on the recording included Billy Strange and Ervan Coleman on guitar, Bob West and Arthur Wright on bass, Hal Blaine on drums and Leon Russell on piano.

text: In the UK "The Birds and the Bees" afforded Akens a more moderate hit reaching #29.[3] with Akens besting a cover version by Johnny Kidd & the Pirates which failed to chart. Alma Cogan is often credited with a UK cover of "The Birds and the Bees": in fact her UK single of that name - #25 in 1956 - was a recording of "(The Same Thing Happens with) The Birds and the Bees". However, Cogan did cover Akens's hit for release in Scandinavia and was afforded a #1 hit in Sweden for three weeks in the summer of 1965, and also a Top Ten hit in both Denmark and Norway, with respective peaks of #8 and #4 (Cogan's version of "The Birds and the Bees" matching the Norwegian chart peak of Akens' original).

text: A 1966 single release by Rufus and Carla Thomas was more simply titled as "Birds and Bees". Bobby G. Rice recorded "The Birds and the Bees" in 1971 to serve as B-side for his #33 C&W chart hit "Suspicion", with "The Birds and The Bees" being featured on Rice's 1972 debut album Hit After Hit. "The Birds and the Bees" has also been recorded by the Chicks, the Defenders (da), Jan Keizer, Brenda Lee, Gary Lewis & the Playboys, Dean Martin, Billy Preston, Sha Na Na and Spooky and Sue (nl).

text: An Italian language rendering of "The Birds and the Bees": "Sulla sabbia c’era lei", was recorded by Sonia e le Sorelle (it), and was an entrant in the 1965 Cantagiro festival; Nicola Salerno wrote the lyrics which typically of the song's non-English renderings are independent of the English original, the title translating as "On the sand there was you". Also in 1965, Drafi Deutscher (de) & His Magics recorded a German rendering of "The Birds and the Bees" entitled "Heute Male Ich Dein Bild [today I paint your image], Cindy Lou" which reached No. 3 in Germany and No. 5 in Austria while the French rendering "Bientôt les vacances" (Soon the holidays) by Monty (fr) reached #11 in France; Québécois artist Donald Lautrec also recorded a French rendering of "The Birds and the Bees" in 1965, that being "Tu Dis Des Bêtises" (You say the nonsense), which spawned a parody recording by Jacques Desrosiers entitled "Il Y'a Des Bibites" (There are some bugs). Ambrus Kyri (hu) recorded a Hungarian rendering of "The Birds and the Bees" entitled "Madarak és Méhek" (Birds and bees) in 1967. Rendered in Danish as "Blomster og bier" (flowers and bees) by Birthe Kjær in 1974, "The Birds and the Bees" was rendered in Swedish as "Blommor och bin" (Flowers and bees) by lyricist Keith Almgren and recorded by Sten & Stanley (sv) on their album Musik, dans & party 8 (1993). It was also performed in Finnish by Laila Kinnunen as "Kuinka kuu katoaa".