document_title: Amygdala

question_text: what part of the brain plays an important role in emotional conditioning

text: Amygdala

text: Structure[edit]

text: The regions described as amygdala nuclei encompass several structures with distinct connectional and functional characteristics in humans and other animals.[4] Among these nuclei are the basolateral complex, the cortical nucleus, the medial nucleus, the central nucleus, and the intercalated cell clusters (ITCs). The basolateral complex can be further subdivided into the lateral, the basal, and the accessory basal nuclei.[3][5][6]

text: Anatomically, the amygdala[7] and more particularly, its central and medial nuclei,[8] have sometimes been classified as a part of the basal ganglia.

text: Hemispheric specializations[edit]

text: There are functional differences between the right and left amygdala. In one study, electrical stimulations of the right amygdala induced negative emotions, especially fear and sadness. In contrast, stimulation of the left amygdala was able to induce either pleasant (happiness) or unpleasant (fear, anxiety, sadness) emotions.[9] Other evidence suggests that the left amygdala plays a role in the brain's reward system.[10]

text: Each side holds a specific function in how we perceive and process emotion. The right and left portions of the amygdala have independent memory systems, but work together to store, encode, and interpret emotion.

text: The right hemisphere is associated with negative emotion. It plays a role in the expression of fear and in the processing of fear-inducing stimuli. Fear conditioning, which is when a neutral stimulus acquires aversive properties, occurs within the right hemisphere. When an individual is presented with a conditioned, aversive stimulus, it is processed within the right amygdala, producing an unpleasant or fearful response. This emotional response conditions the individual to avoid fear-inducing stimuli.

text: The right hemisphere is also linked to declarative memory, which consists of facts and information from previously experienced events and must be consciously recalled. It also plays a significant role in the retention of episodic memory. Episodic memory consists of the autobiographical aspects of memory, permitting you to recall your personal emotional and sensory experience of an event. This type of memory does not require conscious recall. The right amygdala plays a role in the association of time and places with emotional properties.[11]

text: Development[edit]

text: There is considerable growth within the first few years of structural development in both male and female amygdalae.[12] Within this early period, female limbic structures grow at a more rapid pace than the male ones. Amongst female subjects, the amygdala reaches its full growth potential approximately 1.5 years before the peak of male development. The structural development of the male amygdala occurs over a longer period than in women. Despite the early development of female amygdalae, they reach their growth potential sooner than males, whose amygdalae continue to develop. The larger relative size of the male amygdala may be attributed to this extended developmental period.

text: In addition to longer periods of development, other neurological and hormonal factors may contribute to sex-specific developmental differences. The amygdala is rich in androgen receptors – nuclear receptors that bind to testosterone. Androgen receptors play a role in the DNA binding that regulates gene expression. Though testosterone is present within the female hormonal systems, women have lower levels of testosterone than men. The abundance of testosterone in the male hormonal system may contribute to development. In addition, the grey matter volume on the amygdala is predicted by testosterone levels, which may also contribute to the increased mass of the male amygdala.

text: In addition to sex differences, there are observable developmental differences between the right and left amygdala in both males and females. The left amygdala reaches its developmental peak approximately 1.5–2 years prior to the right amygdala. Despite the early growth of the left amygdala, the right increases in volume for a longer period of time. The right amygdala is associated with response to fearful stimuli as well as face recognition. It is inferred that the early development of the left amygdala functions to provide infants the ability to detect danger.[12] In childhood, the amygdala is found to react differently to same-sex versus opposite-sex individuals. This reactivity decreases until a person enters adolescence, where it increases dramatically at puberty.[13]

text: Sex distinction[edit]

text: The amygdala is one of the best-understood brain regions with regard to differences between the sexes. The amygdala is larger in males than females in children ages 7–11,[14] in adult humans,[15] and in adult rats.[16]

text: In addition to size, other functional and structural differences between male and female amygdalae have been observed. Subjects' amygdala activation was observed when watching a horror film and subliminal stimuli. The results of the study showed a different lateralization of the amygdala in men and women. Enhanced memory for the film was related to enhanced activity of the left, but not the right, amygdala in women, whereas it was related to enhanced activity of the right, but not the left, amygdala in men.[17] One study found evidence that on average, women tend to retain stronger memories for emotional events than men.[18]

text: The right amygdala is also linked with taking action as well as being linked to negative emotions,[19] which may help explain why males tend to respond to emotionally stressful stimuli physically. The left amygdala allows for the recall of details, but it also results in more thought rather than action in response to emotionally stressful stimuli, which may explain the absence of physical response in women.

text: Function[edit]

text: Connections[edit]

text: The amygdala sends projections to the hypothalamus, the dorsomedial thalamus, the thalamic reticular nucleus, the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve and the facial nerve, the ventral tegmental area, the locus coeruleus, and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus.[5]

text: The medial nucleus is involved in the sense of smell and pheromone-processing. It receives input from the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex.[20] The lateral amygdalae, which send impulses to the rest of the basolateral complexes and to the centromedial nuclei, receive input from the sensory systems. The centromedial nuclei are the main outputs for the basolateral complexes, and are involved in emotional arousal in rats and cats.[5][6][21]

text: Emotional learning[edit]

text: In complex vertebrates, including humans, the amygdalae perform primary roles in the formation and storage of memories associated with emotional events. Research indicates that, during fear conditioning, sensory stimuli reach the basolateral complexes of the amygdalae, particularly the lateral nuclei, where they form associations with memories of the stimuli. The association between stimuli and the aversive events they predict may be mediated by long-term potentiation,[22][23] a sustained enhancement of signaling between affected neurons.[24] There have been studies that show that damage to the amygdala can interfere with memory that is strengthened by emotion. One study examined a patient with bilateral degeneration of the amygdala. He was told a violent story accompanied by matching pictures and was observed based on how much he could recall from the story. The patient had less recollection of the story than patients with functional amygdala, showing that the amygdala has a strong connection with emotional learning.[25]

text: Emotional memories are thought to be stored in synapses throughout the brain. Fear memories, for example, are considered to be stored in the neuronal connections from the lateral nuclei to the central nucleus of the amygdalae and the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (part of the extended amygdala). Of course, these connections are not the sole site of fear memories given that the nuclei of the amygdala receive and send information to other brain regions that are important for memory such as the hippocampus. Some sensory neurons project their axon terminals to the central nucleus.[26] The central nuclei are involved in the genesis of many fear responses such as defensive behavior (freezing or escape responses), autonomic nervous system responses (changes in blood pressure and heart rate/tachycardia), neuroendocrine responses (stress-hormone release), etc. Damage to the amygdalae impairs both the acquisition and expression of Pavlovian fear conditioning, a form of classical conditioning of emotional responses.[24]

text: The amygdalae are also involved in appetitive (positive) conditioning. It seems that distinct neurons respond to positive and negative stimuli, but there is no clustering of these distinct neurons into clear anatomical nuclei.[27][28] However, lesions of the central nucleus in the amygdala have been shown to reduce appetitive learning in rats. Lesions of the basolateral regions do not exhibit the same effect.[29] Research like this indicates that different nuclei within the amygdala have different functions in appetitive conditioning.[30][31] Nevertheless, researchers found an example of appetitive emotional learning showing an important role for the basolateral amygdala: The naïve female mice are innately attracted to non-volatile pheromones contained in male-soiled bedding, but not by the male-derived volatiles, become attractive if associated with non-volatile attractive pheromones, which act as unconditioned stimulus in a case of Pavlovian associative learning.[32] In the vomeronasal, olfactory and emotional systems, Fos protein show that non-volatile pheromones stimulate the vomeronasal system, whereas air-borne volatiles activate only the olfactory system. Thus, the acquired preference for male-derived volatiles reveals an olfactory-vomeronasal associative learning. Moreover, the reward system is differentially activated by the primary pheromones and secondarily attractive odorants. Exploring the primary attractive pheromone activates the basolateral amygdala and the shell of nucleus accumbens but neither the ventral tegmental area nor the orbitofrontal cortex. In contrast, exploring the secondarily attractive male-derived odorants involves activation of a circuit that includes the basolateral amygdala, prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area. Therefore, the basolateral amygdala stands out as the key center for vomeronasal-olfactory associative learning.[33]

text: Memory modulation[edit]

text: The amygdala is also involved in the modulation of memory consolidation. Following any learning event, the long-term memory for the event is not formed instantaneously. Rather, information regarding the event is slowly assimilated into long-term (potentially lifelong) storage over time, possibly via long-term potentiation. Recent studies suggest that the amygdala regulates memory consolidation in other brain regions. Also, fear conditioning, a type of memory that is impaired following amygdala damage, is mediated in part by long-term potentiation.[22][23]

text: During the consolidation period, the memory can be modulated. In particular, it appears that emotional arousal following the learning event influences the strength of the subsequent memory for that event. Greater emotional arousal following a learning event enhances a person's retention of that event. Experiments have shown that administration of stress hormones to mice immediately after they learn something enhances their retention when they are tested two days later.[34]

text: The amygdala, especially the basolateral nuclei, are involved in mediating the effects of emotional arousal on the strength of the memory for the event, as shown by many laboratories including that of James McGaugh. These laboratories have trained animals on a variety of learning tasks and found that drugs injected into the amygdala after training affect the animals' subsequent retention of the task. These tasks include basic classical conditioning tasks such as inhibitory avoidance, where a rat learns to associate a mild footshock with a particular compartment of an apparatus, and more complex tasks such as spatial or cued water maze, where a rat learns to swim to a platform to escape the water. If a drug that activates the amygdalae is injected into the amygdalae, the animals had better memory for the training in the task.[35] If a drug that inactivates the amygdalae is injected, the animals had impaired memory for the task.

text: Buddhist monks who do compassion meditation have been shown to modulate their amygdala, along with their temporoparietal junction and insula, during their practice.[36] In an fMRI study, more intensive insula activity was found in expert meditators than in novices.[37] Increased activity in the amygdala following compassion-oriented meditation may contribute to social connectedness.[38]

text: Amygdala activity at the time of encoding information correlates with retention for that information. However, this correlation depends on the relative "emotionalness" of the information. More emotionally arousing information increases amygdalar activity, and that activity correlates with retention. Amygdala neurons show various types of oscillation during emotional arousal, such as theta activity. These synchronized neuronal events could promote synaptic plasticity (which is involved in memory retention) by increasing interactions between neocortical storage sites and temporal lobe structures involved in declarative memory.[39]

text: Research using Rorschach test blot 03 finds that the number of unique responses to this random figure links to larger sized amygdalae. The researchers note, "Since previous reports have indicated that unique responses were observed at higher frequency in the artistic population than in the nonartistic normal population, this positive correlation suggests that amygdalar enlargement in the normal population might be related to creative mental activity."[40]

text: Neuropsychological correlates of amygdala activity[edit]

text: Early research on primates provided explanations as to the functions of the amygdala, as well as a basis for further research. As early as 1888, rhesus monkeys with a lesioned temporal cortex (including the amygdala) were observed to have significant social and emotional deficits.[41] Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy later expanded upon this same observation by showing that large lesions to the anterior temporal lobe produced noticeable changes, including overreaction to all objects, hypoemotionality, loss of fear, hypersexuality, and hyperorality, a condition in which inappropriate objects are placed in the mouth. Some monkeys also displayed an inability to recognize familiar objects and would approach animate and inanimate objects indiscriminately, exhibiting a loss of fear towards the experimenters. This behavioral disorder was later named Klüver-Bucy syndrome accordingly,[42] and later research proved it was specifically due to amygdala lesions. Monkey mothers who had amygdala damage showed a reduction in maternal behaviors towards their infants, often physically abusing or neglecting them.[43] In 1981, researchers found that selective radio frequency lesions of the whole amygdala caused Klüver-Bucy syndrome.[44]

text: With advances in neuroimaging technology such as MRI, neuroscientists have made significant findings concerning the amygdala in the human brain. A variety of data shows the amygdala has a substantial role in mental states, and is related to many psychological disorders. Some studies have shown children with anxiety disorders tend to have a smaller left amygdala. In the majority of the cases, there was an association between an increase in the size of the left amygdala with the use of SSRIs (antidepressant medication) or psychotherapy. The left amygdala has been linked to social anxiety, obsessive and compulsive disorders, and post traumatic stress, as well as more broadly to separation and general anxiety.[45] In a 2003 study, subjects with borderline personality disorder showed significantly greater left amygdala activity than normal control subjects. Some borderline patients even had difficulties classifying neutral faces or saw them as threatening.[46] Individuals with psychopathy show reduced autonomic responses to instructed fear cues than otherwise healthy individuals.[47] In 2006, researchers observed hyperactivity in the amygdala when patients were shown threatening faces or confronted with frightening situations. Patients with severe social phobia showed a correlation with increased response in the amygdala.[48] Similarly, depressed patients showed exaggerated left amygdala activity when interpreting emotions for all faces, and especially for fearful faces. Interestingly, this hyperactivity was normalized when patients were administered antidepressant medication.[49] By contrast, the amygdala has been observed to respond differently in people with bipolar disorder. A 2003 study found that adult and adolescent bipolar patients tended to have considerably smaller amygdala volumes and somewhat smaller hippocampal volumes.[50] Many studies have focused on the connections between the amygdala and autism.[51]

text: Studies in 2004 and 2006 showed that normal subjects exposed to images of frightened faces or faces of people from another race will show increased activity of the amygdala, even if that exposure is subliminal.[52][53] However, the amygdala is not necessary for the processing of fear-related stimuli, since persons in whom it is bilaterally damaged show rapid reactions to fearful faces, even in the absence of a functional amygdala.[54]

text: Recent research suggests that parasites, in particular toxoplasma, form cysts in the brain of rats, often taking up residence in the amygdala. This may provide clues as to how specific parasites may contribute to the development of disorders, including paranoia.[55]

text: Future studies have been proposed to address the role of the amygdala in positive emotions, and the ways in which the amygdala networks with other brain regions.[56]

text: Sexual orientation[edit]

text: Recent studies have suggested possible correlations between brain structure, including differences in hemispheric ratios and connection patterns in the amygdala, and sexual orientation. Homosexual men tend to exhibit more feminine patterns in the amygdala than heterosexual males do, just as homosexual females tend to show more masculine patterns in the amygdala than heterosexual women do. It was observed that amygdala connections were more widespread from the left amygdala in homosexual males, as is also found in heterosexual females. Amygdala connections were more widespread from the right amygdala in homosexual females, as in heterosexual males.[57][58]

text: Social interaction[edit]

text: Amygdala volume correlates positively with both the size (the number of contacts a person has) and the complexity (the number of different groups to which a person belongs) of social networks.[59][60] Individuals with larger amygdalae had larger and more complex social networks. They were also better able to make accurate social judgments about other persons' faces.[61] The amygdala's role in the analysis of social situations stems specifically from its ability to identify and process changes in facial features. It does not, however, process the direction of the gaze of the person being perceived.[62][63]

text: The amygdala is also thought to be a determinant of the level of a person's emotional intelligence. It is particularly hypothesized that larger amygdalae allow for greater emotional intelligence, enabling greater societal integration and cooperation with others.[64]

text: The amygdala processes reactions to violations concerning personal space. These reactions are absent in persons in whom the amygdala is damaged bilaterally.[65] Furthermore, the amygdala is found to be activated in fMRI when people observe that others are physically close to them, such as when a person being scanned knows that an experimenter is standing immediately next to the scanner, versus standing at a distance.[65]

text: Aggression[edit]

text: Animal studies have shown that stimulating the amygdala appears to increase both sexual and aggressive behavior. Likewise, studies using brain lesions have shown that harm to the amygdala may produce the opposite effect. Thus, it appears that this part of the brain may play a role in the display and modulation of aggression.[66]

text: Fear[edit]

text: There are cases of human patients with focal bilateral amygdala lesions, due to the rare genetic condition Urbach-Wiethe disease.[67][68] Such patients fail to exhibit fear-related behaviors, leading one, Patient S.M., to be dubbed the "woman with no fear". This finding reinforces the conclusion that the amygdala "plays a pivotal role in triggering a state of fear".[69]

text: Alcoholism and binge drinking[edit]

text: The amygdala appears to play a role in binge drinking, being damaged by repeated episodes of intoxication and withdrawal.[70] Alcoholism is associated with dampened activation in brain networks responsible for emotional processing[clarification needed], including the amygdala.[71] Protein kinase C-epsilon in the amygdala is important for regulating behavioral responses to morphine, ethanol, and controlling anxiety-like behavior. The protein is involved in controlling the function of other proteins and plays a role in development of the ability to consume a large amount of ethanol.[72][73]

text: Anxiety[edit]

text: There may also be a link between the amygdala and anxiety.[74] In particular, there is a higher prevalence of females that are affected by anxiety disorders. In an experiment, degu pups were removed from their mother but allowed to hear her call. In response, the males produced increased serotonin receptors in the amygdala but females lost them. This led to the males being less affected by the stressful situation.

text: The clusters of the amygdala are activated when an individual expresses feelings of fear or aggression. This occurs because the amygdala is the primary structure of the brain responsible for fight or flight response. Anxiety and panic attacks can occur when the amygdala senses environmental stressors that stimulate fight or flight response.

text: The amygdala is directly associated with conditioned fear. Conditioned fear is the framework used to explain the behavior produced when an originally neutral stimulus is consistently paired with a stimulus that evokes fear. The amygdala represents a core fear system in the human body, which is involved in the expression of conditioned fear. Fear is measured by changes in autonomic activity including increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, as well as in simple reflexes such as flinching or blinking.

text: The central nucleus of the amygdala has direct correlations to the hypothalamus and brainstem – areas directly related to fear and anxiety. This connection is evident from studies of animals that have undergone amygdalae removal. Such studies suggest that animals lacking an amygdala have less fear expression and indulge in non-species-like behavior. Many projection areas of the amygdala are critically involved in specific signs that are used to measure fear and anxiety.

text: Mammals have very similar ways of processing and responding to danger. Scientists have observed similar areas in the brain – specifically in the amygdala – lighting up or becoming more active when a mammal is threatened or beginning to experience anxiety. Similar parts of the brain are activated when rodents and when humans observe a dangerous situation, the amygdala playing a crucial role in this assessment. By observing the amygdala’s functions, people can determine why one rodent may be much more anxious than another. There is a direct relationship between the activation of the amygdala and the level of anxiety the subject feels.

text: Feelings of anxiety start with a catalyst – an environmental stimulus that provokes stress. This can include various smells, sights, and internal feelings that result in anxiety. The amygdala reacts to this stimuli by preparing to either stand and fight or to turn and run. This response is triggered by the release of adrenaline into the bloodstream. Consequently, blood sugar rises, becoming immediately available to the muscles for quick energy. Shaking may occur in an attempt to return blood to the rest of the body. A better understanding of the amygdala and its various functions may lead to a new way of treating clinical anxiety.[75]

text: Posttraumatic stress disorder[edit]

text: There seems to be a connection with the amygdalae and how the brain processes posttraumatic stress disorder. Multiple studies have found that the amygdalae may be responsible for the emotional reactions of PTSD patients. One study in particular found that when PTSD patients are shown pictures of faces with fearful expressions, their amygdalae tended to have a higher activation than someone without PTSD.[76]

text: Bipolar disorder[edit]

text: Amygdala dysfunction during face emotion processing is well-documented in bipolar disorder. Individuals with bipolar disorder showed greater amygdala activity (especially the amygdala/medial-prefrontal-cortex circuit).[77] [78]

text: Political orientation[edit]

text: Amygdala size has been correlated with cognitive styles with regard to political thinking. A study found that "greater liberalism was associated with increased gray matter volume in the anterior cingulate cortex, whereas greater conservatism was associated with increased volume of the right amygdala."[79]


document_title: Steve Smith (American Dad!)

question_text: who sings as steve smith in american dad

root

text: Steve Smith (American Dad!)

text: Personality[edit]

text: Steve Smith is the baby of the family, Stan and Francine's high-school aged son. He attends Pearl Bailey High School. Steve is portrayed as an enthusiastic, ambitious, and wimpy nerd.[3] In the official series, he is not presented as nerdy as he is in the show's unaired precursory pilot when his appearance, voice and manner greatly contrasted from what they would eventually become. In the precursory pilot, Steve was also gawkier, scrawnier and voiced by Ricky Blitt (as opposed to Scott Grimes). In the official series, he's become emphasized as soft, emotional, cute and endearing. As part of his emotional and sensitive character, Steve is combined with a screechy wail. Despite his wimpy and nerdy characteristics, Steve is particularly conceited and obnoxious. He is all too often a showman, always ready to put on a performance and show off his "talents", typically singing/dance wise.[4][5] Steve is usually accompanied by his equally uncool friends: "Snot", Steve's closest friend with whom he shares a bromance,[6] the two once even having shared in a kiss together (in the episode "License to Till"); Toshi, who is an Asian American and only speaks Japanese; and Barry, who is morbidly obese with an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. Steve possesses a keen, yet shallow and lustful interest in the opposite sex, though he has had an obese girlfriend, Debbie, to which Stan disapproved. Steve's relationship with his father is strained with Stan often behaving judgmentally and intolerantly over Steve's nerdiness, immaturity and sensitivity. Steve has been known to cop attitude, sometimes rightfully so at Stan over his offensive acts.

tag: p

text: Steve was born on October 7. He is portrayed as a stereotypical geek: he is a bit of a social outcast, wears thick glasses and harbors a strong academic interest in science, especially chemistry.[7][8] More typically geeky traits of Steve's include his interests in Dungeons & Dragons, Harry Potter and Star Wars.[9] Like most unpopular students, Steve is often physically and verbally picked on by the bullies of the more popular social circle. Steve's father, Stan, is often frustrated with Steve, as he would prefer that Steve engage in activities that would improve his social standing, like sports, a conflict that was first explored in the first season episode "All About Steve".[10] Stan sometimes attempts to change Steve, usually unsuccessfully, as when he once gave Steve an experimental performance enhancer. The steroid caused Steve to grow female breasts but also ironically made him more popular at school.[11] Steve looks up to his dad as a role model but his naïvete often leads him to follow his dad's advice or convictions, seemingly blindly. This led him to once openly display homophobia.[12] Another time Steve received a failing grade on a presentation about fossils using information he got from Stan because he thought his dad was intelligent, despite Roger's attempts to convince him otherwise.[13]

text: Steve's mother, Francine, does not care that Steve is a geek,[10] and is more protective of him, seeing him as her "baby", a status she once attempted to prolong by using a special drug to keep him from reaching puberty.[14] Steve's red hair comes from Francine, who actually dyes her hair blonde.[15]

text: Steve does not share many interests with his sister, Hayley, who often chastises him for his poor savvy, showman attitude, and general objectification towards women. But the two have occasionally collaborated with each other on schemes, such as when they tried to break up a young couple so Hayley could get the guy and Steve the girl, which ended up backfiring on both of the couple getting horrifically injured.[16] They have also tried to teach both of their parents individual lessons, like when they tried to teach Francine not to be racist, only to learn that she was actually prejudiced against left-handed people,[17] or when they exacted revenge against Stan for turning a homeless shelter into a bumfight business.[18]

text: Steve and Roger play video games together, get advice from each other and come up with schemes together.[19] For example, he once planned to make a Girls Gone Wild-type video and market it in order to generate money to buy a video game console.[18] In another scheme, Steve and Roger ran away to New York City to make their fortunes, while the rest of the family thought killed when lightning set the family's treehouse on fire.[13] Steve's tendency to inflate his own ego, combined with Roger's easily irritated and vindictive nature, often leads the latter to physically abuse or play a prank on Steve because of a real or perceived slight or insult. Occasionally, Steve gets even, like when he once conned Roger out of $50,000.[20] Despite their love-hate relationship, Steve considers Roger his best friend, even once intervening to rescue the alien from an abusive relationship.[7]

text: A freshman at Pearl Bailey High School, Steve is a highly capable musician, having taken up the cello to once impress a girl.[21] In a later episode, however, Steve says that he has been playing the cello since he was nine.[22] Steve also plays guitar and sings, which he did as part of a band in the episode "American Dream Factory." In fact, both of the songs Steve's band rehearses ("Livin' on the Run" and "Sunset Blvd"), were originally recorded by Scott Grimes, who voices Steve.[23] Among Steve's other talents are being able to read Elvish, use Morse code, and communicate with dolphins.[9][24]

text: While academically skilled,[10] Steve is also quite naïve and not socially savvy. For example, he knows more about the New York Stock Exchange than about prostitution.[13] As a result, he can sometimes be tricked into believing outrageously implausible lies. Roger typically takes advantage of this, especially when he is upset with Steve or when he is simply bored. Once Roger made Steve believe he was not really Stan and Francine's biological child.[25] Another time Roger tricked Steve into believing he was an adolescent wizard, and took him to a drug dealer's house, telling him it was secretly a wizard's school, and the drug lab inside a Potions class.[26]

text: Although normally even-tempered and relatively tolerant, Steve cries when he is notably upset, but he has also had uncontrolled bursts of rage, during which he breaks nearby objects and screams very loudly.[27] If pressed hard enough, Steve will also hit or attack people, such as when he beat up Beauregard La Fontaine for insulting his father, even though he is generally not aggressive or an adept fighter, as he was unable to even make a fist in "Bully for Steve", for example.[13] He also uses childhood paraphernalia that teenagers have typically outgrown, such as the teddy bear he is implied to sleep with in "Live and Let Fry", and the Care Bears towel he is revealed to use in "Camp Refoogee".

text: Steve has also been shown to occasionally struggle with both substance abuse and an addiction to power. In An Apocalypse to Remember, Steve claims to be hooked on "hallucinogenic berries", which ultimately turn out to be poisonous.[28] In a later episode, Steve develops an addiction to the energy drink Cougar Boost, at one point going as far as to defraud his friends with fake tickets in order to obtain money to procure more of the beverage.[29] In the episode Virtual In-Stanity, Francine derides Stan for picking up a drug bunny as a last minute gift, in the process reminding Stan that they just barely got Steve off the heroin from Stan's previous last second gift.[30] In both the pilot episode and You Debt Your Life, Steve demonstrates an addiction to power; in the former case by taking over the school after being turned down by a girl he was trying to impress,[31] in the latter case due to his obsession with making the morning announcements and deciding what is worth broadcasting to the high school.[32] Furthermore, as shown in the episode Jenny Fromdabloc, it is revealed that among his four friends Steve is considered to be the leader of the group going as far back as elementary school, prompting Roger to call Steve the "King of the Nerds".[33] In most cases when his role as the leader of the group is threatened Steve's drive to maintain this position of power results in erratic behavior such as humiliating his friends with personal or compromising information[33] or threats of physical violence against himself or others.[31] In nearly every case outside of his immediate circle of friends, Steve's position of power or authority ends up stripped or removed from him,[32] or in rare cases, remains with him in a curtailed capacity, as was the case in I am the Walrus.[34]

text: In Hurricane!, it appeared that Steve might have a fetish for Asians and pregnant women, either separately or even both, when Francine found multiple magazines in Steve's bedroom. "Stanny Slickers II: The Legend of Ollie's Gold" and "Stan Time" also imply that Steve has a fetish for robotic women (in the former episode, he tried to build a date out of a vacuum cleaner and was shown to have a fully functioning female robot in Stan's vision of the future where Stan is famous after death, but everyone makes rude comments about his children being freaks. In the later episode, one of Steve's porno movie ideas depicts two women making out and turning into robots in a hot tub). Steve has pursued many women but he is said to become "super gay" in the future in the episode Roger Passes the Bar.

text: Friends[edit]

text: Steve has a small group of friends from school that he regularly spends time with. The boys frequently engage in activities which most teenage boys have outgrown, such as slumber parties.[35] The group includes:

text:
Snot, a teenager with curly hair, some noticeable stubble and acne, he is Steve's best friend. His character appears to be based on Booger from Revenge of the Nerds; he is even voiced by Curtis Armstrong. Snot who is Jewish, once had an affair with Steve's then-girlfriend, Gretchen.[36] It is implied in "Roger Passes The Bar" that Snot has joined the army and turned gay, marrying his commanding officer, LT Randall Santana.
Barry, a morbidly obese and apparently simple-minded boy, he has an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. In the episode "With Friends Like Steve's" he is revealed to be a maniacal, demonic genius made to take special "vitamins" to inhibit these evil tendencies, and cause mental retardation. Without taking the pills, he also speaks in an English accent. It is implied in "Roger Passes The Bar" that he grows up to become a gay poet working at Ithaca College, dating his male students.[24]
Toshi, a multilingual Japanese teenager. Although he seems to understand English, he has yet to speak it, with the exception of "Finances with Wolves", in which he yells "Werewolf!" in unison with Snot and Barry, and "Francine's Flashback", in which he yells "Godzilla!". When he speaks Japanese (generally with a very condescending tone), Steve believes he can understand him, though he really does not. In the season 9 episode "Independent Movie" he says "Go on without me" in Japanese, then saying "please go" in perfect English. Toshi has spoken Russian[37] and speaks Spanish when talking on the phone to Francine (though that could be Francine ignorantly thinking Toshi's Japanese is Spanish).[13] Though they are friends, Toshi's greatest wish is to one day kill Steve.[38] Toshi's parents speak perfect English,[39] as does his younger sister, Akiko, who acts as Toshi's translator in episodes such as "Weiner of Our Discontent" and "The Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls". Toshi apparently knows of Roger Smith being an alien as he once called him "that alien in the wig". It is implied in "Roger Passes The Bar", that he has moved to Kyoto, Japan to become an exotic dancer.

tag: ul


document_title: Peru at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when was the last time that peru went to the world cup

text: Peru at the FIFA World Cup

text: History[edit]

text: Finals[edit]

text: As one of the 13 national sides that accepted the invitation to the inaugural World Cup, Peru was placed in Group 3 with Romania and hosts Uruguay.[1] With a mere 300 spectators, Peru's match against Romania holds the record of lowest attendance in a World Cup game.[2] Peru lost (1–3) in a violent game where, in the second half, a fight broke out and a Peruvian became the first player sent off in a World Cup.[A] A few days later, Peru and Uruguay played the inaugural match in the Estadio Centenario in Montevideo. The Peruvians were lauded by the spectators for their defense and the impressive ability of forward José María Lavalle. Peru lost (0-1) to the eventual champions, who defeated their subsequent opponents by scoring at least 4 goals per game.[1]

text: The Peruvian squad next qualified for the Mexico 1970 World Cup, where they were placed in Group 4 with West Germany, Bulgaria, and Morocco.[6] Playing their first game two days after the 1970 Ancash earthquake, the team quickly conceded two goals to Bulgaria. However, as Brian Glanville stated, "the elusive dribbling of Cubillas, the powerful breaks from the back four of Héctor Chumpitaz, the running of [Hugo] Sotil and [Alberto] Gallardo, turned the tide." Peru eventually won 3–2.[7] After defeating Morocco (3–0) and losing to West Germany (1–3), the team finished second in the group and advanced to the quarterfinals.[6] Facing Rivellino, Tostão, Jairzinho and Pelé, Peru was beaten by Brazil (2–4) in "a spectacular and effervescent game, a game in which both sides delighted in attack and scorned caution,"[8] and where both teams displayed "a feast of open play and goals."[9]

text: In the Argentina 1978 World Cup, Peru was placed in Group 4 with Scotland, Iran, and the Netherlands.[10] With a midfield identified "as the best in the world" by Argentine sports magazine El Gráfico,[11] Peru advanced to the second round as group leaders after defeating Scotland (3–1), drawing with the Netherlands (0–0), and beating Iran (4–1).[12] The second round was divided into two groups, and Peru's results placed it in Group B with Poland, Brazil, and Argentina. After losing to Brazil (0–3) and Poland (0–1), Peru was practically out of contention despite having one more game to play against Argentina.[13] This last match proved controversial because the Peruvians lost by a margin (0–6) that allowed Argentina to reach the final instead of Brazil. Rumors circulated that the match had been fixed,[B] but nothing was ever proven.[15]

text: Peru participated in the Spain 1982 World Cup as part of Group 1 with Italy, Poland, and Cameroon.[16] Prior to the competition, Peru embarked on a practice tour that included victories against Hungary (1–2) in Budapest and France (0–1) in Paris, a tie with Algeria (1–1) in Algiers, and, upon returning home, a victory over Romania (2–0). In the World Cup finals, Peru's opening match against Cameroon ended in a scoreless draw. Against Italy, Peru "put on a mix of solid defending and spectacular attacking" that resulted in a draw (1–1) against the eventual champions.[17] Peru only needed another draw to advance in the tournament, and it managed to maintain a scoreless first half against Poland, but a "mixup in the midfield" and a "tired defense" during the second half led to Peru's defeat (1–5) and early elimination.[18]

text: Qualifiers[edit]

text: Teams were invited to participate at the 1930 World Cup, so there was no qualifying tournaments. Peru did not enter or withdrew from the qualifying rounds in 1934, 1938, 1950 and 1954. Peru failed to qualify in 1958, 1962 and 1966.

text: For the 1970 CONMEBOL qualifying tournament, Peru eliminated Bolivia and Argentina. The game between Peru and Bolivia in La Paz is infamous for being fixed by Argentina in favor of Bolivia. Match referee Sergio Chechelev annulled a valid goal from Peru without any justification, allowing Bolivia to win 2-1. Years later, Chechelev admitted that Argentina had paid him to favor Bolivia.[19] Against Argentina in Buenos Aires, the last game of the group, Peru managed a 2-2 draw, preventing Argentina's intervention from succeeding in the end. This is the only time Argentina has failed to advance in World Cup qualifying.[20]

text: Peru was eliminated by Chile in 1974. In 1978 and 1982, Peru finished at the top of their group and advanced to the finals. Peru had two wins and two draws in both three-team groups, eliminating Chile and Ecuador in 1978 and Uruguay and Columbia in 1982.[21][22]

text: Peru almost qualified for Mexico 1986. Peru was placed in Group 1 with Argentina, Colombia and Venezuela. Peru's last two matches were against Argentina. Peru beat Argentina 1-0 in Lima on 23 June 1985. In a rematch seven days later in Buenos Aires, Peru led 2-1 but Ricardo Gareca inspired his team to a 2-2 draw sending Argentina into the World Cup finals which they would win. A win would have put Peru directly into the finals, however, they still had a chance to qualify through the CONMEBOL playoff. Peru lost 2-5 aggregate to Chile in the first round.

text: Peru was grouped for the 1990 World Cup qualification along with Bolivia and Uruguay. Peru lost all their games with only two goals scored, one by José del Solar and the other by Andres Gonzales. Julio César Uribe was considered one of the best players of the team at that time.

text: The campaign to reach France 1998 was settled only on goal difference, as they finished even on points with Chile. The qualifying system had changed and now all teams were to face each other, and Peru had been able to maintain the 4th spot until the next-to-last match when they faced Chile at Santiago. Peru lost 4-0.

text: The preliminaries for Korea/Japan 2002 were difficult, as the team finished eighth in the group with just four wins in eighteen matches. The fact that they only managed to score 14 goals demonstrated how far the attack had fallen since the days of Cubillas. Particularly low points of the qualifying tournament included a 3-0 loss at Venezuela and defeats in over half of their home matches to Uruguay, Ecuador, Argentina, Colombia and Brazil.

text: During the years of 2004 and 2005, Peru participated in the qualifier for the Germany 2006 World Cup. Peru this time hit the ground hard as conflicts with the team's management soon showed poor results in the games that were to follow. Paulo Autuori managed the squad, but was not able to achieve popularity due to a disastrous campaign that led Peru into 8th place just above Bolivia and Venezuela. Freddy Ternero also momentarily managed the squad, but was dismissed due to problems with the FPF.

text: The South Africa 2010 qualifiers, beginning in 2007, resulted in another set of problems for the Peruvian team. In their first four games, the team only achieved two ties, both at home, and two losses. Controversies between the FPF and the IPD (Peruvian Sports Institute) caused problems outside of the field for the national team. Also a scandal shook the team as it was discovered, with informational support of prominent figures such as Jaime Bayly, that several of the players had been partying during the time they were supposedly "concentrating" for a match against Brazil. Since then, Claudio Pizarro (SV Werder Bremen), Jefferson Farfán (Schalke 04), Andrés Mendoza (Diyarbakırspor) and Santiago Acasiete (UD Almería), important figures in the team, were never considered again for the national team by coach José del Solar. The 2008 season resulted with 3 losses, including 6-0 loss against Uruguay, 2 draws against Argentina and Colombia, and only 1 game won against Venezuela. In 2009 la blanquirroj couldn't revert the situation, being the first team eliminated, at the 14th round. They only won 2 matches during this year, against Uruguay and Bolivia.

text: Match records[edit]

text: Finals[edit]

text:
[show]Peru's FIFA World Cup record

FIFA World Cup

FIFA World Cup qualification

Top scorer(s) (goals)
Manager

Year
Round
Pos
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA

 1930
Round 1
10th
2
0
0
2
1
4
Qualified as invitees
Souza Ferreira (1)
 Bru

 1934
Withdrew
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

 1938
Did not enter
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

 1950
Withdrew
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

 1954
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

 1958
Did not qualify
2
0
1
1
1
2
Terry (1)
 Orth

 1962
2
0
1
1
1
2
Delgado (1)
 Calderón

 1966
4
2
0
2
8
6
León (3)
 Calderón

 1970
Quarterfinals
7th
4
2
0
2
9
9
4
2
1
1
7
4
Cubillas (6)
 Didi

 1974
Did not qualify
3
1
0
2
3
4
Sotil (2)
 Scarone

 1978
Round 2
8th
6
2
1
3
7
12
6
3
2
1
13
3
Cubillas (5)
 Calderón

 1982
Round 1
20th
3
0
2
1
2
6
4
2
2
0
5
2
La Rosa (3)
 Tim

 1986
Did not qualify
8
3
2
3
10
9
Navarro (3)
 Challe

 1990
4
0
0
4
2
8
del Solar, González (1)
 Pepe

 1994
6
0
1
5
4
12
Soto, Muchotrigo,
Palacios, del Solar (1)
 Popović

 1998
16
7
4
5
19
20
Palacios (6)
 Oblitas

 2002
18
4
4
10
14
25
Pajuelo, Palacios,
Pizarro, Solano (2)
 Maturana,
 Uribe

 2006
18
4
6
8
20
28
Farfán (7)
 Autuori,
 Ternero

 2010
18
3
4
11
11
34
Fano (3)
 del Solar

 2014
16
4
3
9
17
26
Farfán (5)
 Markarián

 2018
Qualified
18
7
5
6
27
26
Flores, Guerrero (5)
 Gareca

 2022
To be determined
–
–
–
–
–
–

Total
Quarterfinals
5/17
15
4
3
8
19
31
147
42
36
69
162
211

tag: table

text: By Match[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup History

Year
Round
Score
Result
Scorers

1930
Group Stage
 Peru 1 – 3  Romania
Lost
Souza Ferreira  75'

 Peru 0 – 1  Uruguay
Lost

1970
Group Stage
 Peru 3 – 2  Bulgaria
Won
Gallardo  50'
Chumpitaz  55'
Cubillas  73'

 Peru 3 – 0  Morocco
Won
Cubillas  65'  75'
Challe  67'

 Peru 1 – 3  Germany
Lost
Cubillas  44'

Quarterfinals
 Peru 2 – 4  Brazil
Lost
Gallardo  28'
Cubillas  70'

1978
First round
 Peru 3 – 1  Scotland
Won
Cueto  43'
Cubillas  70'  76'

 Peru 0 – 0  Netherlands
Drawn

 Peru 4 – 1  Iran
Won
Velásquez  2'
Cubillas  36' (pen.)  39' (pen.)  79'

Second Round
 Peru 0 – 3  Brazil
Lost

 Peru 0 – 1  Poland
Lost

 Peru 0 – 6  Argentina
Lost

1982
Group Stage
 Peru 0 – 0  Cameroon
Drawn

 Peru 1 – 1  Italy
Drawn
Díaz  83'

 Peru 1 – 5  Poland
Lost
La Rosa  83'

text: Qualifiers[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup Qualification History[show]

Year
Round
H/A
Score
Result

1958
Group 1
H
 Peru 1 – 1  Brazil
Drawn

Group 1
A
 Peru 0 – 1  Brazil
Lost

1962
Group 3
A
 Peru 0 – 1  Colombia
Lost

Group 3
H
 Peru 1 – 1  Colombia
Drawn

1966
Group 1
H
 Peru 1 – 0  Venezuela
Won

Group 1
A
 Peru 6 – 3  Venezuela
Won

Group 1
H
 Peru 0 – 1  Uruguay
Lost

Group 1
A
 Peru 1 – 2  Uruguay
Lost

1970
Group 1
H
 Peru 1 – 0  Argentina
Won

Group 1
A
 Peru 1 – 2  Bolivia
Lost

Group 1
H
 Peru 3 – 0  Bolivia
Won

Group 1
A
 Peru 2 – 2  Argentina
Drawn

1974
Group 3
H
 Peru 2 – 0  Chile
Won

Group 3
A
 Peru 0 – 2  Chile
Lost

Play Off
N
 Peru 1 – 2  Chile
Lost

1978
Group 3
A
 Peru 1 – 1  Ecuador
Drawn

Group 3
A
 Peru 1 – 1  Chile
Drawn

Group 3
H
 Peru 4 – 0  Ecuador
Won

Group 3
H
 Peru 2 – 0  Chile
Won

Final Round
A
 Peru 0 – 1  Brazil
Lost

Final Round
H
 Peru 5 – 0  Bolivia
Won

1982
Group 2
A
 Peru 1 – 1  Colombia
Drawn

Group 2
H
 Peru 2 – 0  Colombia
Won

Group 2
A
 Peru 2 – 1  Uruguay
Won

Group 2
H
 Peru 0 – 0  Uruguay
Drawn

1986
Group 1
A
 Peru 0 – 1  Colombia
Lost

Group 1
A
 Peru 1 – 0  Venezuela
Won

Group 1
H
 Peru 0 – 0  Colombia
Drawn

Group 1
H
 Peru 4 – 1  Venezuela
Won

Group 1
H
 Peru 1 – 0  Argentina
Won

Group 1
A
 Peru 2 – 2  Argentina
Drawn

Play Off
A
 Peru 2 – 4  Chile
Lost

Play Off
H
 Peru 0 – 1  Chile
Lost

1990
Group 1
A
 Peru 1 – 2  Bolivia
Lost

Group 1
H
 Peru 0 – 2  Uruguay
Lost

Group 1
H
 Peru 1 – 2  Bolivia
Lost

Group 1
A
 Peru 0 – 2  Uruguay
Lost

1994
Group 1
H
 Peru 0 – 1  Argentina
Lost

Group 1
H
 Peru 0 – 1  Colombia
Lost

Group 1
A
 Peru 1 – 2  Paraguay
Lost

Group 1
A
 Peru 1 – 2  Argentina
Lost

Group 1
A
 Peru 0 – 4  Colombia
Lost

Group 1
H
 Peru 2 – 2  Paraguay
Drawn

1998

A
 Peru 1 – 4  Ecuador
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Colombia
Drawn

H
 Peru 0 – 0  Argentina
Drawn

A
 Peru 0 – 0  Bolivia
Drawn

H
 Peru 4 – 1  Venezuela
Won

A
 Peru 0 – 2  Uruguay
Lost

H
 Peru 2 – 1  Chile
Won

A
 Peru 1 – 2  Paraguay
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Ecuador
Drawn

A
 Peru 1 – 0  Colombia
Won

A
 Peru 0 – 2  Argentina
Lost

H
 Peru 2 – 1  Bolivia
Won

A
 Peru 3 – 0  Venezuela
Won

H
 Peru 2 – 1  Uruguay
Won

A
 Peru 0 – 4  Chile
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 0  Paraguay
Won

2002

H
 Peru 2 – 0  Paraguay
Won

A
 Peru 1 – 1  Chile
Drawn

H
 Peru 0 – 1  Brazil
Lost

A
 Peru 1 – 2  Ecuador
Lost

H
 Peru 0 – 1  Colombia
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 0  Uruguay
Drawn

H
 Peru 1 – 0  Venezuela
Won

H
 Peru 1 – 2  Argentina
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 1  Bolivia
Lost

A
 Peru 1 – 5  Paraguay
Lost

H
 Peru 3 – 1  Chile
Won

A
 Peru 1 – 1  Brazil
Drawn

H
 Peru 1 – 2  Ecuador
Lost

A
 Peru 1 – 0  Colombia
Won

H
 Peru 0 – 2  Uruguay
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 3  Venezuela
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 2  Argentina
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Bolivia
Drawn

2006

H
 Peru 4 – 1  Paraguay
Won

A
 Peru 1 – 2  Chile
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Brazil
Drawn

A
 Peru 0 – 0  Ecuador
Drawn

H
 Peru 0 – 2  Colombia
Lost

A
 Peru 3 – 1  Uruguay
Won

H
 Peru 0 – 0  Venezuela
Drawn

H
 Peru 1 – 3  Argentina
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 1  Bolivia
Lost

A
 Peru 1 – 1  Paraguay
Drawn

H
 Peru 2 – 1  Chile
Won

A
 Peru 0 – 1  Brazil
Lost

H
 Peru 2 – 2  Ecuador
Drawn

A
 Peru 0 – 5  Colombia
Lost

H
 Peru 0 – 0  Uruguay
Drawn

A
 Peru 1 – 4  Venezuela
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 2  Argentina
Lost

H
 Peru 4 – 1  Bolivia
Won

2010

H
 Peru 0 – 0  Paraguay
Drawn

A
 Peru 0 – 2  Chile
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Brazil
Drawn

A
 Peru 1 – 5  Ecuador
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Colombia
Drawn

A
 Peru 0 – 6  Uruguay
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 0  Venezuela
Won

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Argentina
Drawn

A
 Peru 0 – 3  Bolivia
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 1  Paraguay
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 3  Chile
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 3  Brazil
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 2  Ecuador
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 1  Colombia
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 0  Uruguay
Won

A
 Peru 1 – 3  Venezuela
Lost

A
 Peru 1 – 2  Argentina
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 0  Bolivia
Won

2014

H
 Peru 2 – 0  Paraguay
Won

A
 Peru 2 – 4  Chile
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 2  Ecuador
Lost

H
 Peru 0 – 1  Colombia
Lost

A
 Peru 2 – 4  Uruguay
Lost

H
 Peru 2 – 1  Venezuela
Won

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Argentina
Drawn

A
 Peru 1 – 1  Bolivia
Drawn

A
 Peru 0 – 1  Paraguay
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 0  Chile
Won

H
 Peru 1 – 0  Ecuador
Won

A
 Peru 0 – 2  Colombia
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 2  Uruguay
Lost

A
 Peru 2 – 3  Venezuela
Lost

A
 Peru 1 – 3  Argentina
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Bolivia
Drawn

2018

A
 Peru 0 – 2  Colombia
Lost

H
 Peru 3 – 4  Chile
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 0  Paraguay
Won

A
 Peru 0 – 3  Brazil
Lost

H
 Peru 2 – 2  Venezuela
Drawn

A
 Peru 0 – 1  Uruguay
Lost

A
 Peru 3 – 0  Bolivia
Won

H
 Peru 2 – 1  Ecuador
Won

H
 Peru 2 – 2  Argentina
Drawn

A
 Peru 1 – 2  Chile
Lost

A
 Peru 4 – 1  Paraguay
Won

H
 Peru 0 – 2  Brazil
Lost

A
 Peru 2 – 2  Venezuela
Drawn

H
 Peru 2 – 1  Uruguay
Won

H
 Peru 2 – 1  Bolivia
Won

A
 Peru 2 – 1  Ecuador
Won

A
 Peru 0 – 0  Argentina
Drawn

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Colombia
Drawn

text: Record Players[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Matches
World Cups

1
Teófilo Cubillas
13
1970, 1978 and 1982

2
Héctor Chumpitaz
10
1970 and 1978

3
César Cueto
9
1978 and 1982

Jaime Duarte
9
1978 and 1982

Juan Carlos Oblitas
9
1978 and 1982

Ramón Quiroga
9
1978 and 1982

7
Hugo Sotil
8
1970 and 1978

Guillermo La Rosa
8
1978 and 1982

José Velásquez
8
1978 and 1982

10
Rubén Toribio Díaz
7
1978 and 1982

text: Top Goalscorers[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Goals
World Cups

1
Teófilo Cubillas
10
1970 (5) and 1978 (5)

2
Alberto Gallardo
2
1970

3
Luis de Souza Ferreira
1
1930

Roberto Challe
1
1970

Héctor Chumpitaz
1
1970

César Cueto
1
1978

José Velásquez
1
1978

Rubén Toribio Díaz
1
1982

Guillermo La Rosa
1
1982


document_title: 7 Khoon Maaf

question_text: who is the 7th husband in 7 khoon maaf

question_tokens: who is the 7th husband in 7 khoon maaf

text: 7 Khoon Maaf

text: Plot[edit]

text: Prologue—Prem Pujari[edit]

text: 7 Khoon Maaf tells the story of an Anglo-Indian woman, Susanna Anna-Marie Johannes (Priyanka Chopra), who murders all her husbands. Susanna tries to find love, but six of her seven husbands have a flaw which proves fatal. The killings (and her yearning for love) are explained by the loss of her mother at a young age. The story is told by a young forensic pathologist, Arun (Vivaan Shah), to his wife, Nandini (Konkona Sen Sharma). Arun has watched Susanna since their childhood, and has a secret crush on her. He owes his life to her; she funded his education, making him what he is today. Arun tells his wife that Susanna has committed suicide, leaving him a note congratulating him on his marriage. The doctor must now confirm that the body found is Susanna's. Arun is unable to overcome his grief over her death and pours out his heart to his wife, who listens patiently.

text: Adamkhor Major[edit]

text: Susanna's (Priyanka Chopra) first husband—Edwin Rodriques (Neil Nitin Mukesh), an army major—is overbearing, jealous and possessive. Disabled, he cannot believe that a beautiful woman like Susanna would be faithful to him. Uncertain of his sexual potency, he takes out his anger on his wife. Although Susanna endures his mental cruelty, she cannot forgive Edwin for blinding her faithful, mute stableboy (Shashi Malviya) with a whip. Edwin is eliminated during a panther-hunting trip with the help of Susanna's faithful maid (Usha Uthup), butler (Harish Khanna) and the mute stableboy.

text: Ek Duje Ke Liye[edit]

text: Susanna's second husband—Jamshed Singh Rathod (John Abraham), who renames himself Jimmy Stetson after their marriage—is a singer whose flaw is pride. The marriage begins well, but Jimmy becomes successful and misuses his new-found fame. He steals songs, dallies with other women and becomes dependent on drugs. Susanna wants to be lucky in love the second time; she tries to wean him from his addiction, but he continues in secret. She gives up, disposing of him with a heroin overdose. Police investigators find footprints near his body indicating that a person with six toes is the murderer.

text: Musafir Hoon Yaaron[edit]

text: Susanna's third husband—Wasiullah Khan (also known as Musafir) (Irrfan Khan)—is a soft-spoken, thoughtful poet by day and a sado-masochist by night. Susanna tries to cover her bruises with makeup; her servants cannot bear to see her mistreated, and advise her to get rid of him. Khan is ultimately interred in a snowy Kashmiri grave.

text: Amar Prem[edit]

text: Her fourth husband, Nikolai Vronsky (Aleksandr Dyachenko), is a Russian spy leading a double life. When Susanna discovers he has another wife and family, her rage knows no bounds and he meets his end with the aid of Susanna's pet snakes. After Vronsky's death, Susanna no longer agonizes over eliminating anyone of whom she disapproves.

text: Pyaar Ki Keemat[edit]

text: Her fifth husband, Keemat Lal (Annu Kapoor), is a police inspector who has shielded his "Madame" from prosecution for two murders in exchange for marriage. With a voracious appetite for sex, his dependence on Viagra proves his undoing; one fateful night, Susanna mixes an overdose of the drug into Lal's drink.

text: Mushroom Da[edit]

text: Modhusudhon Tarafdar (Naseeruddin Shah) is a Bengali doctor who rescues Susanna from a suicide attempt (when she learns about Arun's marriage) and puts her on a mushroom-only diet. Although she does not want to marry him, Tarafdar persuades her with a promise that she will be the sole heir of his property. Actually bankrupt, he tries to poison Susanna with mushroom soup several years later for her inheritance. Her butler drinks it by accident and dies instead; in a state of shock, she shoots Tarafdar during a game of Russian roulette. That night, Susanna sets her house ablaze in another suicide attempt. Seeing the house on fire, her maid (who has six toes) tries to rescue her but dies in the attempt.

text: Epilogue—The seventh husband[edit]

text: In the forensics laboratory, Arun discovers that the body is not Susanna's; however, he declares Susanna dead in his reports. He looks for her; when he finds Susanna, she tells him she is finally getting married the next day to someone who accepts her, knowing all her sins. In an epiphany she imagines Jesus Christ as her seventh husband, full of love and never hurtful; she becomes a nun and finding the love she sought all her life. Arun and Nandini return home after he tells her that Susanna is dead.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Priyanka Chopra as Susanna Anna-Marie Johannes (also known as Saheb, Suzi, Sultana, Anna and Sunaina)
Neil Nitin Mukesh as Major Edwin Rodriques (first husband)
John Abraham as Jamshed Singh Rathod aka Jimmy Stetson (second husband)
Irrfan Khan as Wasiullah Khan (also known as Musafir) (third husband)
Aleksandr Dyachenko as Nicolai Vronsky (fourth husband)
Annu Kapoor as Inspector Keemat Lal (fifth husband)
Naseeruddin Shah as Dr. Modhusudhon Tarafdar (also known as Modhu Daa) (sixth husband)
Vivaan Shah as Arun Kumar
Usha Uthup as Maggie Aunty (maid)
Harish Khanna as Galib Khan (butler)
Shashi Malviya as Goonga Chacha (stableboy)
Konkona Sen Sharma as Nandini, Arun's wife (cameo appearance)
Ruskin Bond as church father (cameo appearance)
Radhika Arora as Nandini's friend (cameo appearance)
Ayush Tandon as Young Arun

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The idea for 7 Khoon Maaf came when Ruskin Bond sent his book of Short Story collection to Vishal Bhardwaj.[6] He was intrigued by a four-page story's title named "Susanna's Seven Husbands", and thought it had potential for a novel and a film. Bhardwaj said, "I told myself why would a woman have seven husbands and then I came to know that she also kills them! I was immediately hooked to it. It reminded me of a very old film, Bluebeard's Seven Wives".[7] Bhardwaj suggested the story to a fellow director, who was looking for a good story. However, after reading the short story, the director dismissed it saying it has no film potential. After reading the story twice, he became even more confident about possibility of a film.[8] Bhardwaj who had previously adapted Bond's novel The Blue Umbrella into a film, decided to adapt the short story for the screen.[9] Bhardwaj later requested Bond to turn the story into a novella, noting that only Bond could flesh out the characters well, to which he agreed.[10] Bond expanded the story into an 80-page novella, which later became a 200-page full-length Hindi script. Bhardwaj co-wrote the script with Matthew Robbins.

text: Bhardwaj noted that he retained Bond's theme, but incorporated his own elements to make the film a dark comedy. He said, "I had previously taken liberties with Shakespeare. Naturally, when you adapt a story, your vision also comes in it. But I have remained honest to its essence".[7] He included Keemat Lal (who plays a police officer in all Bond's stories), although the character is not in the original story. Bhardwaj decided to include him in the film as an homage to Bond, explaining that he took liberties with characters' names and traits.[7][11] Bond also had to devise Indian methods of killing the husbands, which he found challenging: "The challenge was devising seven ingenious ways in which she could kill her husbands without being suspected. And she does it successfully, until towards the end".[11]

text: Casting and characters[edit]

text: Priyanka Chopra was Bhardwaj's original choice for the role of Susanna after he worked with the actress in Kaminey:[12] He said that Chopra "is the finest actor of her generation right now... As a director I had so much trust on her that I felt that no one else can essay this role as brilliantly as she would do".[13] Mohanlal was cast as one of Susanna's husbands in the film;[14] however, he left the project to concentrate on Malayalam films.[15] The actor was replaced by Annu Kapoor in the role of Inspector Keemat Lal.[16] Other actors in the film were John Abraham, Naseeruddin Shah, Neil Nitin Mukesh and Vivaan Shah. Directors Karan Johar and Imtiaz Ali were approached to play two of the seven husbands, but they reportedly turned down the offer.[17][18] Usha Uthup was cast as Susanna's maid in the film.[19] Konkona Sen Sharma was confirmed for a cameo appearance.[20]

text: During production, the film underwent two name changes. The project was initially titled Seven, which became Ek Bataa Saat and finally 7 Khoon Maaf. In the film, Chopra's character ages from 20 to 65, and prosthetic makeup was used for her looks at different ages.[21] Bhardwaj hired Hollywood special makeup effects artist Greg Cannom, who did the makeup for 2008's The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, to create seven looks for the character.[22] Chopra found the most challenging period was that of the 65-year-old woman.[23] The actress said, "prosthetics had to play a heavy part but I’m happy that I pushed myself as the result is really fab. I had to be very careful of not doing things that would damage the make-up". To make Chopra look authentic, the makeup team used Chopra's mother's and grandmother’s photos to create her look.[24] She had to gain five kg weight to fit her aging character.[25]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began in March 2010 with Chopra and Irrfan Khan in Kashmir. Locations included Shalimar Bagh and Dal Lake in Srinagar.[26][27][28] The cast and crew were provided with two-tier security coverage by the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and the Jammu & Kashmir Police, due to unrest in the valley.[29] The film was also shot in Gulmarg, Delhi[30][31] and Coorg, which included extensive shooting in the forests.[32][33] Other locations were Puducherry, Mumbai, Hyderabad and in Russia.[34][35][36] During filming Chopra was restricted from eating and drinking while donning the prosthetic makeup (which took five hours to apply).[37]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
7 Khoon Maaf

Soundtrack album by Vishal Bhardwaj

Released
21 January 2011 (2011-01-21) (digital)
24 January 2011 (2011-01-24) (CD)

Recorded
2010–2011
Studio Satya, Mumbai
Empire Audio Center Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai
Rajiv Menon Studios, Chennai

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
40:30

Label
Sony Music

Producer
Hitesh Sonik, Clinton Cerejo, Simaab Sen

Vishal Bhardwaj chronology

Ishqiya
(2010)Ishqiya2010
7 Khoon Maaf
(2011)
Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola
(2012)Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola2012

text: The film's score and songs were composed by Vishal Bhardwaj, with lyrics by Gulzar. Its soundtrack contains seven songs and two reprise versions. The soundtrack was digitally released on Ovi (Nokia) on 21 January 2011, and on CD 24 January 2011. The song "Darling" is based on the Russian folk song "Kalinka", and contains several Russian words (one of Susanna's husbands was Russian). "Kalinka" is credited on the album cover.[38] "Tere Liye", sung by Suresh Wadkar, was not used in the film.

text:
Track listing

No.
Title
Lyrics
Music
Singer(s)
Length

1.
"Darling"
Gulzar
Vishal Bhardwaj
Usha Uthup, Rekha Bhardwaj
3:27

2.
"Bekaraan"
Gulzar, Javed Sheikh
Vishal Bhardwaj
Vishal Bhardwaj
6:25

3.
"O' Mama"
Ajinkya Iyer
Vishal Bhardwaj
KK, Clinton Cerejo
4:53

4.
"Awaara"
Gulzar
Vishal Bhardwaj
Master Saleem
5:31

5.
"Tere Liye"
Gulzar
Vishal Bhardwaj
Suresh Wadkar
5:42

6.
"Dil Dil Hai"
Gulzar
Vishal Bhardwaj
Suraj Jagan
3:06

7.
"Yeshu"
Gulzar
Vishal Bhardwaj
Rekha Bhardwaj
6:26

8.
"Doosri Darling"
Gulzar
Vishal Bhardwaj
Usha Uthup, Rekha Bhardwaj, Clinton Cerejo, Francois Castellino
3:04

9.
"O' Mama (Acoustic)"
Ajinkya Iyer
Vishal Bhardwaj
KK
1:50

text: The soundtrack received positive reviews from music critics. The Indo-Asian News Service gave the album 3.5 stars (out of 5): "Bharadwaj has composed a wonderful album that is not a clone of his previous work. It exudes freshness and is worth listening. However, the songs would not have achieved zenith without Gulzar's lovely lyrics. The team has done it again".[39] Bollywood Hungama rated the album a 3 (out of 5): "7 Khoon Maaf is a good album with a couple of definite hits, couple of skip worthy ones and the remaining have the potential to grow. Since 7 Khoon Maaf is not a routine Bollywood affair, it can't be expecting a quick pick at the stands from Day One".[40] The Hindustan Times noted that the soundtrack takes the listener through a variety of moods: "Bhardwaj has certainly succeeded in adding new sounds to his catalogue. He continues to evade Bollywood monotony with this soundtrack [...] an innovative effort."[41]

text: Marketing and release[edit]

text: The film's preview and trailer were released on 24 December 2010 to a positive response from critics, who praised the whole presentation and Chopra's dialogues particularly: "duniya ki har biwi ne kabhie na kabhie toh yeh zarur sochega, ki main apne pati se hamesha hamesha ke liye chutkara kaise paun" ("Every wife in the entire world must have once in her lifetime thought of how to get rid of her husband forever").[42] Following the preview-trailer launches, Chopra promoted the film by appearing with seven men (dressed as bridegrooms) at the Radio Mirchi FM studio.[43] The succession of marriages and funerals was illustrated at a promotional event for the film, where Chopra appeared as a Catholic bride in a wedding gown holding a bouquet. A short time later she reappeared as a widow in mourning, for her husbands' funerals.[43][44]

text: Emphasizing the film's theme, Chopra introduced a "seven ways to lose your Valentine" press kit for reporters at a Valentines Day promotion. The kit contained a rope, a syringe, a knife, a bottle of poison, a sachet of potassium cyanide, an ice pick and a blister pack of Viagra, which was based on Susanna's way to kill her husbands in the film.[45] In February 2011, a book entitled Susanna's Seven Husbands was released by Penguin Books as a collector's edition including the novella, the short story and the film’s screenplay.[46]

text: The film was screened at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival as part of its world premiere in the festival's Panorama section.[47] At the Friedrichstadt Palace (a Berlin theatre) an audience of some 2,500 people watched the film on the festival's final evening, giving the director and the nine cast and crew members present a standing ovation when they appeared onstage.[47] 7 Khoon Maaf was originally scheduled for release on 21 January 2011, but was postponed a month to avoid conflicting with Dhobi Ghat.[48] The film was released on 18 February 2011 on about 700 screens across India.[49] Reliance Home Entertainment released 7 Khoon Maaf on DVD in March 2011 across all regions in a one-disc NTSC format.[50] The Blu-ray and Video CD versions were released at the same time.[51]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: 7 Khoon Maaf released to universal critical acclaim and Chopra's performance was singled out in particular, with many reviewers describing it as "a role of a lifetime".[4] Aniruddha Guha of the Daily News and Analysis rated the film a four (out of five) and wrote, "For a filmmaker who has long established his hold over the craft, 7 Khoon Maaf is the only way forward – it pushes the envelope and takes you on a cinematic journey you may not experience in a Hindi film for a long time to come". She praised Chopra's performance: "Priyanka Chopra takes on a character that most of her contemporaries would shy away from and enacts it in a way that only she possibly can. For a woman with as many shades as Susanna, Chopra gets a crack at a role of a lifetime. And Bhardwaj ensures she sparkles like never before".[52] The Indo-Asian News Service described the film as a "winner" by Vishal Bhardwaj, rating it four out of five: "Chalk up an absolute winner for the Vishal Bhardwaj-Priyanka Chopra team. They make a coherent vision out of an inconceivable marital crises."[53] Zee News also rated the film four out of five: "Vishal Bhardwaj does it again. The maverick filmmaker has once again woven magic with his latest blockbuster Saat Khoon Maaf, which presents Priyanka Chopra in a never before character".[54]

text: Nikhat Kazmi of the Times of India gave the film a 3.5 (out of 5) rating, describing it as "serious, sensitive and stirring", "a whole new cinematic experience" and praising Chopra's performance: "7 Khoon Maaf would undoubtedly end up as a milestone in Priyanka Chopra's career graph. The actor displays exquisite command over a complex character that is definitely a first in Indian cinema. She renders a subtle and restrained portrayal of a lonely and wronged woman who wanted love and only love from life".[55] Mayank Shekhar of the Hindustan Times gave 7 Khoon Maaf three out of five stars noting that the film was crafted around strong, effective scenes alone: a lot of them, cleanly cut and clinical, a whole lot immediately compelling, and recommended not to miss the partly captivating film[56] Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film three stars, saying that "7 Khoon Maaf is a dark film that has its share of positives and negatives. However, the film will meet with diverse reactions – some will fancy it, while some will abhor it. The film will appeal more to the critics/columnists and the festival circuit".[57] [58] [59]

text: Box office[edit]

text: At the box office, the film opened to weak ticket sales across India (its release coincided with the 2011 Cricket World Cup).[2] It grossed ₹14 crore (US$2.2 million) during its first week.[60] By the end of its domestic box office run, the film earned approximately ₹20 crore (US$3.1 million), an underperformance compared to its production budget of ₹15 crore (US$2.3 million).[2][3] It made an additional ₹13 crore (US$2.0 million) from the pre-release sale of music, television, and home video rights. Its producers reported that the venture was commercially successful. Siddharth Roy Kapur (CEO of UTV Motion Pictures) said, "'7 Khoon Maaf' has worked well for us commercially due to a combination of tight production budgeting, optimised spending on prints and publicity and a pre-sales strategy that helped us to de-risk the film via sales of home video, music, satellite and theatrical rights even before the release".[61]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: 7 Khoon Maaf received a number of nominations and won several awards, particularly Best Actress for Chopra. The film received three nominations at the 57th Filmfare Awards, winning two: Best Actress (Critics) for Chopra and Best Female playback singer for Utthup and Bhardwaj for "Darling". At the Screen Awards the film received five nominations; Chopra won the Best Actor in a Negative Role award. 7 Khoon Maaf won three Producers Guild Film Awards (out of six nominations) in technical categories: Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design.

text:
Award
Date of ceremony[a]
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)

BIG Star Entertainment Awards
18 December 2011
Most Entertaining Film Actor – Female
Priyanka Chopra
Nominated
[62]

Dadasaheb Phalke Academy Awards
3 May 2011
Memorable Performance Award
Priyanka Chopra
Won
[63]

FICCI Frames Excellence Honours
16 March 2012
Best Playback Singer - Female
Rekha Bhardwaj & Usha Uthup (for song "Darling")
Won
[64]

Filmfare Awards
29 January 2012
Best Actress
Priyanka Chopra
Nominated
[65]
[66]

Critics Award for Best Actress
Priyanka Chopra
Won

Best Lyricist
Gulzar (for song "Darling")
Nominated

Best Female Playback Singer
Rekha Bhardwaj & Usha Uthup (for song "Darling")
Won

Global Indian Music Academy Awards
1 October 2012
Best Lyricist
Gulzar (for song "Darling")
Nominated
[67]

Best Female Playback Singer
Rekha Bhardwaj & Usha Uthup (for song "Darling")
Nominated

International Indian Film Academy Awards
9 June 2012
Best Actress
Priyanka Chopra
Nominated
[68]

Best Performance in a Negative Role
Irrfan Khan
Nominated

Best Music Director
Vishal Bharadwaj
Nominated

Best Lyrics
Gulzar (for song "Darling")
Nominated

Best Playback Singer - Female
Rekha Bhardwaj & Usha Uthup (for song "Darling")
Nominated

Producers Guild Film Awards[b]
25 January 2012
Best Actress in a Leading Role
Priyanka Chopra
Nominated
[70]
[71]

Entertainer of the Year
Priyanka Chopra
Won[c]

Best Lyrics
Gulzar
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Ranjan Palit
Won

Best Art Director
Subrata Chakraborty & Punita Grover
Won

Best Costume Design
Payal Saluja
Won

Best Choreography
Raju Sundaram
Nominated

Screen Awards
15 January 2012
Best Actress
Priyanka Chopra
Nominated
[72]
[73]

Best Actor in a Negative Role
Priyanka Chopra
Won

Best Supporting Actor
Neil Nitin Mukesh
Nominated

Best Playback Singer Female
Usha Uthup (for song "Darling")
Nominated

Best Choreography
Sandeep Suparkar (for song "Darling")
Nominated

Stardust Awards
25 February 2012
Star of the Year
Priyanka Chopra
Nominated
[74]

Best Actress - Drama
Priyanka Chopra
Nominated

Zee Cine Awards
22 January 2012
Best Actor - Female
Priyanka Chopra
Nominated
[75]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.
Jump up ^ Also known as Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award.[69]
Jump up ^ Also for Don 2.[71]

tag: ol


document_title: List of Virginia state parks

question_text: how many state parks are there in virginia

text: List of Virginia state parks

text: This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (June 2014)

text: This is a list of state parks and reserves in the Virginia state park system.

text: Virginia opened its entire state park system on June 15, 1936 as a six-park system. The six originals state parks were Seashore State Park (now First Landing State Park), Westmoreland State Park, Staunton River State Park, Douthat State Park, Fairy Stone State Park, and Hungry Mother State Park. The park system now oversees 38 parks.[1]

text:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

text:
See also
References
External links

text: State parks[edit]

text:
Name
Web-
site
Location
Size[1]
Established[1]
Status
Remarks

Bear Creek Lake State Park
[1]
Cumberland
7006227433330938880♠562 acres (2.27 km2)
1939
Open

Belle Isle State Park
[2]
Lancaster County
7006302300174753280♠747 acres (3.02 km2)
1993
Open

Breaks Interstate Park
[3]
Breaks
7007182108539008000♠4,500 acres (18 km2)
1954
Open

Caledon Natural Area
[4]
King George
7007105542015496192♠2,608 acres (10.55 km2)
1974
Open

Chippokes Plantation State Park
[5]
Surry
7006787113574156800♠1,945 acres (7.87 km2)
1967
Open

Claytor Lake State Park
[6]
Dublin
7006192630365706240♠476 acres (1.93 km2)
1951
Open

Douthat State Park
[7]
Millboro
7007183929624398080♠4,545 acres (18.39 km2)
1933
Open

Fairy Stone State Park
[8]
Stuart
7007189311943439872♠4,678 acres (18.93 km2)
1933
Open

False Cape State Park
[9]
Virginia Beach
7007174864666011904♠4,321 acres (17.49 km2)
1968
Open

First Landing State Park
[10]
Virginia Beach
7007145605894077952♠3,598 acres (14.56 km2)
1933
Open
Originally Seashore State Park[1]

Grayson Highlands State Park
[11]
Mouth of Wilson
7007196555816435968♠4,857 acres (19.66 km2)
1965
Open

High Bridge Trail State Park
[12]
Farmville
7006246048870481920♠608 acres (2.46 km2)
2006
Open

Holliday Lake State Park
[13]
Appomattox
7006101171410560000♠250 acres (1.0 km2)
1939
Open

Hungry Mother State Park
[14]
Marion
7006948987831052800♠2,345 acres (9.49 km2)
1933
Open

James River State Park
[15]
Gladstone
7006634547087032320♠1,568 acres (6.35 km2)
1993
Open

Kiptopeke State Park
[16]
Cape Charles
7006216911504240640♠536 acres (2.17 km2)
1992
Open

Lake Anna State Park
[17]
Spotsylvania County
7006999168850690560♠2,469 acres (9.99 km2)
1972
Open

Leesylvania State Park
[18]
Woodbridge
7006206794363184640♠511 acres (2.07 km2)
1975
Open

Mason Neck State Park
[19]
Lorton
7006753929351493120♠1,863 acres (7.54 km2)
1967
Open

Middle Peninsula State Park

7006165111742033920♠408 acres (1.65 km2)
2006
Closed

Natural Bridge State Park
[20]
Natural Bridge
7006623215889049600♠1,540 acres (6.2 km2)
2016
Open

Natural Tunnel State Park
[21]
Duffield
7006356528050813440♠881 acres (3.57 km2)
1967
Open

New River Trail State Park
[22]
Fosters Falls
7006495335226101760♠1,224 acres (4.95 km2)
1987
Open

Occoneechee State Park
[23]
Clarksville
7007108860437762560♠2,690 acres (10.9 km2)
1968
Open

Pocahontas State Park
[24]
Chesterfield
7007311243727446784♠7,691 acres (31.12 km2)
1946
Open

Powhatan State Park
[25]
Powhatan
7006632523658821120♠1,563 acres (6.33 km2)
2003
Open

Sailor's Creek Battlefield State Park
[26]
Rice
7006131118148085760♠324 acres (1.31 km2)
1937
Open

Seven Bends State Park

7006431799580270080♠1,067 acres (4.32 km2)
2004
Closed

Shenandoah River Raymond R. "Andy" Guest Jr. State Park
[27]
Bentonville
7006689584334376960♠1,704 acres (6.90 km2)
1994
Open

Shot Tower Historical State Park
[28]
Austinville
7004283279949568000♠7 acres (0.028 km2)
1964
Open

Sky Meadows State Park
[29]
Delaplane
7006654781369144320♠1,618 acres (6.55 km2)
1975
Open

Smith Mountain Lake State Park
[30]
Huddleston
7006609456577213440♠1,506 acres (6.09 km2)
1967
Open

Southwest Virginia Museum Historical State Park
[31]
Big Stone Gap
7003809371284480000♠2 acres (0.0081 km2)
1943
Open

Staunton River State Park
[32]
Scottsburg
7007103720930106112♠2,563 acres (10.37 km2)
1933
Open

Staunton River Battlefield State Park
[33]
Randolph
7006139616546572800♠345 acres (1.40 km2)
1955
Open

Tabb Monument
[34]
Amelia County
7003404685642240000♠1 acre (0.0040 km2)
1936
Open

Twin Lakes State Park
[35]
Green Bay
7006195867850844160♠484 acres (1.96 km2)
1939
Open

Westmoreland State Park
[36]
Montross
7006561298985786880♠1,387 acres (5.61 km2)
1933
Open

Widewater State Park

7006440702664399360♠1,089 acres (4.41 km2)
2006
Closed

Wilderness Road State Park
[37]
Ewing
7005776996433100800♠192 acres (0.78 km2)
1993
Open

York River State Park
[38]
Williamsburg
7007103316244463872♠2,553 acres (10.33 km2)
1969
Open