document_title: Cowardly Lion

question_text: in the wizard of oz what was the lion lacking

text: Cowardly Lion

text: Books[edit]

text: The Cowardly Lion makes his first appearance in the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. He is the last of the companions Dorothy befriends on her way to the Emerald City where he ambushes her, Toto, Scarecrow, and Tin Woodman. When he tries to bite Toto, Dorothy slaps him for trying to attack Toto where she discovers that the Lion is actually a coward which he admits that he is. The Cowardly Lion joins her so that he can ask The Wizard for courage, being ashamed that, in his cultural role as the King of the Beasts, he is not indeed brave.[2] Despite outward evidence that he is unreasonably fearful, The Cowardly Lion displays great bravery along the way. During the journey, he leaps across a chasm on the road of yellow brick multiple times, each time with a companion on his back, and the leap back to get the next one. When they come into another, wider chasm, the Cowardly Lion holds off two Kalidahs while the Tin Woodman cuts a tall tree to cross it. In spite of his fears, he still goes off to hunt for his food, and he even offers to kill a deer for Dorothy to eat, but the idea makes her uncomfortable.

text: The Wizard gives him a dish of unknown liquid, telling him it is "courage" to drink. In the remainder of the book, the Lion becomes almost like a bully and ready to fight. He accompanies Dorothy on her journey to see Glinda, and allows his friends to stand on his back in order to escape the Dainty China Country, where he damages the only church mentioned in an Oz book until Handy Mandy in Oz (1937).

text: His favored companion is the Hungry Tiger. This may well be the "Biggest of the Tigers" he and his friends encounter in the Forest of Wild Beasts in the Quadling Country[3] In this forest, all of the lions and many of the other animals have been eaten by a Giant Spider. The Lion finds the Giant Spider asleep and decapitates it. The Tiger and the other animals bow to him and ask him to be their king, and he promises to do so upon his return from accompanying Dorothy to Glinda. Glinda orders the Winged Monkeys to carry him back to the Forest once Dorothy has returned home.

text: In the rest of Baum's Oz series, the Lion never again played a major role. In later books, The Cowardly Lion often accompanies Dorothy on her adventures. He is Princess Ozma's chief guardian on state occasions, and he and the Hungry Tiger pull Ozma's chariot. In subsequent Oz books by Baum, the Lion was shown to have continued being courageous and loyal, although still considering himself a coward and regularly frightened, even by Aunt Em. He befriended the Hungry Tiger in Ozma of Oz, if this was not the earlier Tiger (which The Patchwork Girl of Oz implies that it is by calling both Lion and Tiger "largest of their kind"), and the two have become Ozma's personal guards. In Glinda of Oz he is on Ozma's board of advisers.

text: In "The Cowardly Lion and the Hungry Tiger" in Little Wizard Stories of Oz, the Lion begins with cowardly bravado, intending to find a man to tear apart, and the Tiger a fat baby to devour. Instead, they find a small child (bigger than a baby) and return it to its mother.

text: In his titular novel by Ruth Plumly Thompson, Mustafa of Mudge, a wealthy sultan at the southern tip of the Munchkin Country, kidnaps the Cowardly Lion for his large collection of lions that he feels would be incomplete without Oz's most famous lion. He was turned to stone by the giant Crunch, but rescued by American circus clown Notta Bit More and orphan Bobbie Downs, whom the clown prefers to call by the more optimistic-sounding Bob Up.

text: For the most part in later Oz books, though, the Cowardly Lion is a presence rather than a major character. His other significant appearances include Ojo in Oz, where he is turned into a clock by Mooj and saved by Ozma and the Wizard. He assisted against the Stratovanians in Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz, Terp the Terrible in The Hidden Valley of Oz, and accompanied Dorothy and Prince Gules of Halidom in Merry Go Round in Oz. John R. Neill played him primarily as a beast of burden in his three Oz books. In all, the only three books in which the Cowardly Lion does not rate at least a mention are The Tin Woodman of Oz, Grampa in Oz, and The Silver Princess in Oz. (In The Marvelous Land of Oz he receives a bare mention in the eleventh chapter.)

text: Film portrayals[edit]

text: The Wizard of Oz[edit]

text: In the classic 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz, the Cowardly Lion was a humanoid biped and played by Bert Lahr, a popular vaudeville and Broadway star, with many of Lahr's trademark mannerisms deliberately worked into the film. In this version, the liquid courage given to him by the Wizard is replaced with a medal marked "Courage". Bert Lahr's biography, written by his son John Lahr, is entitled Notes on a Cowardly Lion.

text: The movie was made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, which uses a lion as its mascot. In fact, MGM even considered using their mascot for the role of the Cowardly Lion.

text: In the movie, the Lion walks on his hind legs instead of all four, except when he is first seen bounding out of the forest to attack Dorothy's friends. After roaring fiercely at them on all fours, he does stand up on his hind legs.

text: Lahr also portrayed the Lion's Kansas counterpart, Zeke (one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry's farmworkers). Screenwriter Noel Langley created this character for the film.[4] Zeke helps Hickory (Tin Man's alter ego) lower a bed into its place on a wagon at the farm. He then moves the hogs into the pig pen and pours feed into their trough and later rescues Dorothy when she falls off the railing that encircles the pen. He wears his hat throughout the entire film because he does not struggle to open the cellar when the tornado approaches the farm. Hunk (Scarecrow's alter ego) closes and locks the cellar with him when Dorothy arrives at the farmhouse. Zeke and Professor Marvel (The Wizard's alter ego) are the only men wearing hats when Dorothy awakens from being unconscious.

text: Cowardly Lion Courage Medal[edit]

text: The original Courage Medal prop from the 1939 film has been recently[when?] rediscovered. The cross-shaped medal is made of poly-chromed metal and measures 7.5 × 7.5" (19.1 × 19.1 cm) It features a lion in profile above a crown and a knight's helmet, and the word "Courage" in raised blue scroll lettering. In the late 1950s, Mal Caplan, the head of the costume department at MGM was in a life-threatening automobile accident, and spent months in the hospital before returning to work. For some time he was unable to sit upright and had to work from a chaise longue. In recognition of his courage, his colleagues and the management at MGM presented him with the Cowardly Lion’s Courage Medal. He was also given the Tin Man's "heart", but he gave that to "someone who needed it", a man in the same hospital who was having open heart surgery. The current whereabouts of the heart clock are unknown. The Courage Medal remained in the Caplan family until it was consigned to a Sotheby's Entertainment Memorabilia auction in May 1997.[5][6][7] The medal was purchased by a New Jersey collector, and in Nov. of 2010 was featured on episode 7 of the TV show Hollywood Treasure.

text: Cowardly Lion costumes[edit]

text: An original Cowardly Lion costume from The Wizard of Oz was packed away after filming and forgotten for decades.[8] It was found barely in time to be included in the landmark 1970 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer auction, where it sold for $2400 to a California chiropractor.[8] In 1985, sculptor Bill Mack acquired it;[8] he could not recall the exact price, but stated, "It was several thousand dollars, instead of several hundred thousand".[9] He had it restored by a taxidermist and "recreated the headpiece with a lifelike sculpture of Lahr".[8] In December 2006, he sold it for $826,000.[9]

text: Another costume currently resides in the Comisar Collection, the largest collection of television artifacts in the world.[10][11] Curator James Comisar acquired the costume, after verifying to his satisfaction that it had been worn in the film, and set about restoring it.[12] The major challenge was the weight of the tail caused rips across the back of the costume that needed to be patched, which was done by Cara Varnell, a textile conservation expert at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.[13] The Cowardly Lion’s original facial appliances had been glued directly to Bert Lahr’s face and did not survive the production,[13] so Comisar asked Lahr’s son, Herbert, to model for another face cast, as he had an uncanny resemblance to his father.[13] Herbert Lahr remarked:

text: The Lion’s suit was very interesting. It was a real lion skin, and it weighed 60 lbs. My dad had to be in it all day, he couldn’t eat because of the way the mask was, so he had to eat his lunch through a straw.[13]

text: The Cowardly Lion’s mane was re-created from human hair imported from Italy at a cost of $22,000, and more than twenty-one artisans worked for two years completing the conservation.[12]

text: Comisar's Cowardly Lion costume has been featured in the national media, including on The Oprah Winfrey Show, when it was then valued at $1.5 million.[14] The costume is thought to be among the most valuable and iconic Hollywood objects in existence.[citation needed] “Most of us cannot relate to not having a brain or a heart; we can all relate to not having enough courage, and it is for this reason I believe the Cowardly Lion is the character we respond to the most,” said Comisar.[12] Many potential buyers have expressed interest in buying the costume, but so far he has rejected all offers. Comisar's costume was offered by Bonhams in their TCM-themed auction that took place in New York City on November 24, 2014,[15] where it received great interest and realized the selling price of $3.1 million,[16] and this is the highest known price point for a costume worn by a male performer in any Hollywood production.

text: William Stillman, a noted historian and co-author of several books about the film, featured a full-page photograph of this Cowardly Lion costume in his book, The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry and the Magic of the M.G.M. 1939 Classic. The accompanying text states, "While Bert Lahr appears to wear the same costume throughout the picture, others were available for dress rehearsals or for the stunt double to bound onto the Yellow Brick Road, leap through a window in the Emerald City, or scale the cliffs outside the Witch’s castle."[17] In 1998, both Comisar and auctioneering company Profiles in History, on behalf of Mack, insisted they had Lahr's costume.[18]

text: "The Wiz"

text: In the 1978 film version of the all black Broadway play, the Lion was portrayed by Ted Ross, who won a Tony for his Broadway portrayal.

text: Return to Oz[edit]

text: In the 1985 spiritual sequel to The Wizard of Oz, the Cowardly Lion is briefly seen at the end of the film. Unlike the 1939 film, this version is a puppet and walks on all fours.[citation needed] He is also shown growling rather than speaking.

text: The Oz Kids[edit]

text: In 1996, they made an animated cartoon series The Oz Kids. Lion becomes a father and has two cubs, Bela and Boris. His son Boris is afraid of things just like his dad. His voiced by Andy Milder.

text: Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return[edit]

text: The Cowardly Lion appeared in Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (based on Dorothy of Oz) voiced by Jim Belushi.

text: Oz: The Great and Powerful[edit]

text: The Cowardly Lion makes a brief cameo in Oz: The Great and Powerful, as a CGI character. He briefly tries to attack Oz (played by James Franco), and his monkey companion Finley (voiced by Zach Braff), but Oz uses his magic to create a velvet fog that intimidates the lion, causing him to immediately retreat.

text: Recent works and parodies[edit]

text: The Cowardly Lion is a minor character in author Gregory Maguire's 1995 revisionist novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West and its 2003 Broadway musical adaptation. In both works, he is first seen as a Lion Cub (lion with human attributes) who has been torn from his mother and used as an experiment (in the book by Doctor Dillamond's replacement, Doctor Nikidik, and in the musical an agent of the Wizard) on the nature of Animals. Elphaba (the future Wicked Witch of the West) saves the Lion Cub that in the end of both adaptations attempts to kill her. He also appears in Maguire's 2005 sequel Son of a Witch, also in a minor role. The Cowardly Lion is the central character in the third book of the series, A Lion Among Men, where he is given the name of Brrr, which was the name given to him in Wicked. Doctor Nikidik mentions that he intended to give the Lion Cub the name of Prrr, but since "it shivers more than it purrs," he names it Brrr.

text: In an episode of The World's Greatest Super Friends, Wonder Woman temporarily became the Lion after a tornado took her, Superman, and Aquaman to Oz. While passing Mister Mxyzptlk’s dangerous landscape, she had lower legs of an African lion. She did not get her red boots back until she reached the Wizard (Mister Mxyzptlk himself) with Superman and Aquaman.

text: In a 1981 episode of Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo, Scooby is dressed as the Lion after a tornado took him, Shaggy, and Scrappy to "Ahz", a direct spoof of Oz with a different spelling by its enunciation.

text: He appears in The Wizard of Oz cartoon voiced by Charlie Adler. The Cowardly Lion has his brave/cowardly persona intact, and even gets to wear the Ruby Slippers for a short while in one episode.

text: Nathan Lane performs as this character in the 1995 television stage performance The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True. The Kansas farmworker Zeke does not appear in this production. He sings the longer version of "If I Only Had the Nerve" including the bridge verses sung by the Scarecrow (Jackson Browne), Tin Man (Roger Daltrey), and Dorothy (Jewel). In his version of If I Were King of the Forest, he has an addition into the lyrics "Not queen, not duke, not prince...or the Artist Formerly known as Prince".

text: In the ABC television film The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, Fozzie Bear plays the role of the Lion. Fozzie's other role is himself. He shows up at the end of this film in the Muppets' show.

text: In the VeggieTales episode The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's, he is renamed the "Hungry Lion" who was played by Pa Grape. His Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film also appeared in this Christian cartoon.

text: In the 2007 Sci Fi television miniseries Tin Man, the Lion is re-imagined as a character named Raw, a member of the race of Viewers - half-man, half-lion beings with telekinetic and empathic abilities. He is played by Raoul Trujillo

text: The Cowardly Lion appears in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by Barry Ratcliffe. He appears on Earth in the form of Dorothy Gale's lawyer Bryan Jennings.

text: The Cowardly Lion appears in the direct-to-DVD animated film Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz voiced by Todd Stashwick.

text: In the Dorothy Must Die series by Danielle Paige, looking at a dark sequel to the original Oz series where Dorothy and her friends have been corrupted by Dorothy's use of magic and the gifts they received from the Wizard, the Lion has become a giant, brutal warrior who walks on his hind legs, draining the fear from others to increase his own strength. In the second novel in the series, The Wicked Will Rise, protagonist Amy Gumm is able to take the Lion's courage by cutting off his tail, realizing that it has been sewn onto his hindquarters, but Amy spares the Lion despite being tempted to kill him. The Lion is subsequently bound and forced to fight for Dorothy despite his fear, forcing Amy to kill him despite her past actions.

text: In the TV series Emerald City, the Cowardly Lion analogue is Eamonn and is portrayed by Mido Hamada. He is presented as unquestioningly loyal member of the Wizard's Guard who is personally tasked with finding Dorothy before she reaches Emerald City and doing whatever it takes to prevent the return of the Beast Forever. As the series unfolds, he is revealed to have assisted the Wizard of Oz in killing the Royal Family of Oz when the Wizard first came to power, but initially spared the princess Ozma as she reminded him of his own daughter. When Ozma learns of her past and assumes her role as leader of Oz, she punishes Eammon by condemning him to be trapped in the form of a beast, turning him into a Lion due to the lion mask he wore when killing her family.

text: The Cowardly Lion appears in the Once Upon a Time episode "Where Bluebirds Fly." Though he doesn't speak, the Cowardly Lion still has his traits. The Cowardly Lion was a line of defense for the Crimson Heart that is sought out by Stanum and Zelena. After the Cowardly Lion attacks Stanum, he is driven away by Zelena.

text: Speculated origins[edit]

text: In the original Oz books, the Lion's origins were never explicitly stated. However, many works since then have either hinted at or revealed elements of backstory for the Cowardly Lion. Partly due to the large amount of written material about Oz, many of these stories are contradictory to each other or to the "Famous Forty" Oz books, and many fans do not accept them as canonical. The canonical books give no indication the Lion did not originate in Oz, essentially as a normal, if unique, lion.

text: A skittish and fearful lion cub is seen at Shiz University in Gregory Maguire's novel, Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West. The cub had been the result of cruel experiments by Dr. Dillamond's replacement teacher (in the musical, it was an agent of the Wizard) and was saved by Elphaba and some other students. This is heavily hinted to be a younger form of the Cowardly Lion. The Tin Woodman confirms this in the Broadway musical adaptation Wicked, in the song "March of the Witch Hunters": "And the lion also has a grievance to repay! If she'd let him fight his own battles when he was young, he wouldn't be a coward today!"

text: The book Lion of Oz and the Badge of Courage and its accompanying animated feature, Lion of Oz, show the Lion as having grown up in a circus in America. His caretaker, Oscar Diggs, was the man who would become the Wizard of Oz; this man took the Lion on a balloon ride one night, which resulted in the two becoming stranded in Oz.

text: Gregory Maguire's most recent book, A Lion Among Men, is told primarily from the Lion's viewpoint, and its plot is centered around Brrr's account of his own origins, or lack thereof (he is unsure, as his narration begins, of the whereabouts of his parents, pride, etc.).

text: The film Oz the Great and Powerful shows Oscar Diggs driving away an attacking lion with a smoke bomb, suggesting that this lion is Dorothy's future companion.

text: In the 2017 TV series Emerald City, the Lion is a former guard in the Wizard's army who is cursed into the form of a beast for his actions against the former Royal Family of Oz.

text: Political interpretations[edit]

text: Some historians, such as Henry M. Littlefield in American Quarterly,[19] have suggested that Baum modeled the Cowardly Lion after politician William Jennings Bryan, or politicians in general.


document_title: Before I Go to Sleep (film)

question_text: where is before i go to sleep filmed

question_tokens: where is before i go to sleep filmed

root

text: Before I Go to Sleep (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Forty-year-old Christine Lucas wakes up in bed with a man she does not know, in an unfamiliar house. The man explains that he is her husband, Ben, and that she suffered brain damage from a car accident ten years earlier. Christine wakes up every morning with no memory of her life from her early twenties onwards.

tag: p

text: Christine receives treatment from Dr. Nasch, a neuropsychologist  at a local hospital who gives her a camera to record her thoughts and progress each day, and calls her every morning to remind her to watch the video in the camera. Dr. Nasch instructs Christine to keep the camera hidden from Ben and reveals that her memory loss occurred after she was attacked and left for dead near an airport hotel. They surmise that Ben tells Christine it was a car accident to avoid upsetting her.

text: Over the course of treatment, Christine faintly remembers a red-haired woman named Claire. Ben tells her that Claire was a friend who couldn't handle Christine's condition and ended contact with her. Later, Christine recalls that she had a son. She angrily confronts Ben over hiding their child, but he says their son died of meningitis when he was eight. Christine remembers the name Mike and believes it may be the name of her attacker, which she relates to Dr. Nasch. He hugs her to comfort her and almost kisses her, but she pulls back and then sees her doctor's name tag and his first name is Mike. She runs from him but he catches her and administers a sedative, leaving her at home. He tells her later that she was upset and he's sorry but he doesn't feel he can treat her anymore, because he has feelings for her and her memories are causing her to project what happened onto him.

text: Christine learns that, several years after her attack, Ben had placed her in an assisted care facility and divorced her, then had a change of heart and brought her home to live with him. Christine learns that Claire had been trying to contact her at the care facility, unaware that Ben took her away. Christine obtains Claire's phone number and meets her. Claire reveals that Christine had embarked on an affair prior to her attack, while Ben and Claire had a one-time sexual encounter, due to their shared grief at Christine's memory loss. Feeling obliged to keep Ben and Christine's marriage intact, Claire ended contact.

text: Claire gives Christine a letter written to her by Ben.  He asked Claire to give it to Christine should she ever be well enough to read it.  In the letter, Ben tells Christine that he loves her, but that he had to leave her for their son Adam’s sake.  Adam was unable to understand her memory loss every morning, and when Adam would insist things happened that Christine could not remember she would get upset.  Adam had begun to be afraid of her.  Ben believed for Adam’s sake that they needed to leave her, and he begs her to understand.

text: Out of gratitude for his love and care, Christine decides to let Ben see the videos she has made on the digital camera. However, Ben angrily accuses Christine of having an affair with Dr. Nasch, strikes her, and storms out. On the telephone, Claire tells Christine that Ben claims to not have seen Christine for several years. Claire asks Christine to describe the "Ben" she is living with, and they realize he is not Ben. Christine is beginning to have more limited memories as things happen around her.  Christine attempts to escape the house, but "Ben" renders her unconscious.

text: The next morning, Christine again awakens with no memories but she finds the camera and sees her entry saying she loves "Ben" and wants to make a life with him. "Ben" calls Christine and tells her to pack, that they are going on a trip that night. He then visits Dr. Nasch at the hospital and tells him to stay away from Christine. That night, "Ben" takes her to a hotel close to where she had been found. He reveals that he is Mike, the man she had an affair with. Christine then remembers that Mike had wanted Christine to reveal their affair to Ben, but Christine refused, and their argument culminated in Mike viciously attacking Christine, resulting in her amnesia. He also inadvertently reveals that Christine's son Adam is still alive. Declaring his love for Christine, Mike deletes the videos on her camera and states that he is no longer interested in playing the part of Ben. He tells Christine that they leave together, or no one leaves. Another struggle ensues, but this time Christine knocks Mike out and gets away. She sets off the hotel fire alarm while running from the hotel and is seen telling her story on the camera while waiting in an ambulance.

text: Christine wakes up in a hospital bed and is visited by Dr. Nasch, this time as a friend and not her therapist. He assures her the man responsible for her condition has been arrested. He tells Christine that she has visitors and that he hopes the visit will provide the breakthrough they have been hoping for.  Christine is then visited by the real Ben and Adam.  Christine’s memories return when she sees Adam.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nicole Kidman[5] as Christine Lucas
Colin Firth[6] as Ben Lucas / Mike Collins
Mark Strong[7] as Dr. Mike Nasch
Anne-Marie Duff[6] as Claire
Dean-Charles Chapman as Adam
Jing Lusi as Nurse Kate
Rosie MacPherson as Emily
Ben Crompton as warehouse caretaker
Adam Levy as the real Ben Lucas
Gabriel Strong as boy on bike
Flynn MacArthur as boy in dream
Hannah Blamires as mother in park
Bern Collaço as doctor
Chris Cowlin as police officer
Laraine Dix as hospital patient
Llewella Gideon as psychiatric nurse
Kevin Hudson as man on bike
Steve Munroe as warehouseman
Nick Turner as Claire's friend

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: On 1 May 2011, Ridley Scott bought the film rights of the novel Before I Go to Sleep written by S. J. Watson and hired Rowan Joffé to direct and write the script.[4] In February 2012 Nicole Kidman was in talks to join the film;[8] later in May she joined to star as Christine.[5] On 31 October 2012 Mark Strong also joined the cast of the film.[7] According to The Hollywood Reporter on 16 November 2012, Kidman said she wanted Colin Firth to work with her again. They had already worked together in a drama The Railway Man.[9] On 6 February 2013, it was confirmed that Firth has joined the cast to lead with Kidman.[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film was shot in London and at Twickenham Studios.[10][11]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released in the United Kingdom on 5 September 2014 and released in the United States on 31 October 2014.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On 3 July 2014, the first UK trailer of the film was released by StudioCanal UK.[12]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film was met with generally negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 35%, based on 107 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The general consensus reads, "If it doesn't completely avoid thriller clichés, Before I Go to Sleep still offers a stylish, fast-paced, and well-acted diversion."[13] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 41 out of 100, based on reviews from 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[14]

text: It has been unfavorably compared to Memento, a film released nearly a decade and a half earlier. "What the brilliant 'Memento' once used as a way to explore a truly inventive way of storytelling is here just a gimmick. It's shallow, it's silly, it's pat. It's... forgettable," wrote the New Jersey Star-Ledger.[15] "Christopher Nolan's 2000 brain-twister 'Memento' starred Guy Pearce as a man with a similar malady. The earlier film rigorously stuck within the logical confines of its premise. Joffé's is filled with far too many contradictions and implausible situations," wrote the Philadelphia Inquirer.[16]

text: Kidman's performance has been positively received. Writing for Daily Star, critic Andy Lea said in a positive review that "Kidman puts in a chilling performance as the frail but determined Christine."[17] David Edwards of Daily Mirror stated, "Leading lady Nicole Kidman hasn’t been this good in ages" finishing with "Kidman is on top form as the nervy, spiky woman walking a psychological tightrope."[18]


document_title: Minister of Defence (India)

question_text: who is the present defense minister of india

text: Minister of Defence (India)

text:
Minister of Defence

Emblem of India

Incumbent
Nirmala Sitharaman

Ministry of Defence

Appointer
President on the advice of the Prime Minister

Inaugural holder
Baldev Singh

Formation
2 September 1946

tag: table

text: The Minister of Defence is the head of the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India. They are often assisted by a Minister of State for Defence and less-commonly, the lower-ranked Deputy Minister of Defence. The defence minister additionally serves as President of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, and as Chancellor of the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology and of the National Defence University.

text: The first defence minister of independent India was Baldev Singh, who served in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet during 1947–52. Nirmala Sitharaman, the current defence minister of India is the second woman since Indira Gandhi to hold this major post.

text: List of Defence Ministers[edit]

text:
№
Name
Portrait
Term of office
Political party
(Alliance)
Prime Minister

1
Baldev Singh
(1902-1961)

2 September 1946
10 May 1952
Indian National Congress

Jawaharlal Nehru

2
Kailash Nath Katju
(1887-1968)

1955
1957

3
V. K. Krishna Menon
(1896-1974)

1957
1962

4
Yashwantrao Chavan
(1913-1984)

1962
1966
Jawaharlal Nehru
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Indira Gandhi

5
Swaran Singh
(1907-1994)

1966
1970
Indira Gandhi

6
Jagjivan Ram
(1908-1986)

1970
1974

(5)
Swaran Singh
(1907-1994)

1974
1975

7
Indira Gandhi
(1917-1984)

1975
1975

8
Bansi Lal
(1927-2006)

21 December 1975
24 March 1977

(6)
Jagjivan Ram
(1908-1986)

24 March 1977
28 July 1979
Janata Party

Morarji Desai

9
Chidambaram Subramaniam
(1910-2000)

28 July 1979
14 January 1980
Janata Party (Secular)

Charan Singh

(7)
Indira Gandhi
(1917-1984)

16 January 1980
15 January 1982
Indian National Congress

Indira Gandhi

10
R. Venkataraman
(1910-2009)

15 January 1982
2 August 1984

11
Shankarrao Chavan
(1920-2004)

2 August 1984
31 December 1984
Indira Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi

12
P. V. Narasimha Rao
(1921-2004)

31 December 1984
25 September 1985
Rajiv Gandhi

13
Rajiv Gandhi
(1944-1991)

25 September 1985
24 January 1987

14
V. P. Singh
(1931-2008)

24 January 1987
12 April 1987

15
K. C. Pant
(1931-2012)

12 April 1987
1 December 1989

(14)
V. P. Singh(1931-2008)

2 December 1989
10 November 1990
Janata Dal
(National Front)

Himself

16
Chandra Shekhar
(1927-2007)

10 November 1990
21 June 1991
Samajwadi Janata Party
(National Front)

Himself

17
Sharad Pawar
(1940–)

21 June 1991
6 March 1993
Indian National Congress

P. V. Narasimha Rao

(12)
P. V. Narasimha Rao
(1921-2004)

6 March 1993
16 May 1996

18
Pramod Mahajan
(1949-2006)

16 May 1996
1 June 1996
Bharatiya Janata Party

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

19
Mulayam Singh Yadav
(1939-)

1 June 1996
19 March 1998
Samajwadi Party
(United Front)

H. D. Deve Gowda
I. K. Gujral

20
George Fernandes
(1930–)

19 March 1998
16 March 2001
Samata Party
(National Democratic Alliance)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

21
Jaswant Singh
(1938-)

16 March 2001
21 October 2001
Bharatiya Janata Party
(National Democratic Alliance)

(20)
George Fernandes
(1930–)

21 October 2001
22 May 2004
Samata Party
Janata Dal
(National Democratic Alliance)

22
Pranab Mukherjee
(1935–)

22 May 2004
24 October 2006
Indian National Congress
(United Progressive Alliance)

Manmohan Singh

23
A.K. Antony
(1940–)

24 October 2006
26 May 2014

24
Arun Jaitley
(1952–)

26 May 2014
9 November 2014
Bharatiya Janata Party
(National Democratic Alliance)

Narendra Modi

25
Manohar Parrikar
(1955–)

9 November 2014
13 March 2017

(24)
Arun Jaitley
(1952–)

13 March 2017
3 September 2017

26
Nirmala Sitharaman
(1959–)

3 September 2017
Incumbent


document_title: List of cities and towns in India by nicknames

question_text: which city is known as pearl city in india

text: List by states[edit]

text: Andhra Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Kakinada

Pensioner's Paradise[1]

Piduguralla

Lime City[2]

Rajahmundry

Cultural Capital of Andhra Pradesh[3]

Tenali

Andhra Paris[4]

Tirupati

Spiritual Capital of Andhra Pradesh[5]

Visakhapatnam

Financial Capital of Andhra Pradesh[5]
The Jewel of the East Coast[6]
Goa of the East[6]
The City of Destiny[6]

text: Bihar[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Muzaffarpur

The Land of Leechi[7]
Sweet City
Cultural Capital of Bihar

text: Gujarat[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Ahmedabad

INDIA'S first world heritage city

Surat

Textile City of India
Diamond City of India
Cleanest City of India
4th fastest growing city of the world

Valsad

Mango capital of the world (Alphonso Mangoes)

Baroda (Vadodara)

Banyan City[8]
Cultural Capital of Gujarat (Sanskari Nagari)[9]
Power Hub of India[10]

text: Haryana[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Panipat

City of Weavers[11]

Fatehabad

2nd Pink City of India

text: Jharkhand[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Jamshedpur

Steel City of India[12]

text: Karnataka[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Bangalore (Bengaluru)

Silicon Valley of India[13]
Science City of India[14]
Garden City of India[15]

Coorg (Kodagu)

Scotland of India[16]

Mangalore (Mangaluru)

Rome of the East[17]

Mysore (Mysuru)

Sandalwood City[18]
Cultural Capital of Karnataka[19]
City of Palaces (†3)
Heritage City of Karnataka[20]

text: Kerala[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Kochi (Cochin)

Queen of Arabian Sea[21]

Thrissur (Trichur)

Banking City of India[22]
Gold Capital of India[23]
Cultural Capital of Kerala[24]

Kollam

Cashew Capital of the World[25]

Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram)

Evergreen City of India[26]

Alappuzha (alleppey)
venice of east

Kasaragod

Land of Seven Languages ( Saptha bhasha sangama bhoomi)[27]
Harkwillia[28]

text: Madhya Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Bhopal

The City of Lakes

text: (Indore )

text: Mini Mumbai city

text: (jabalpur) Sanskari city, marble city (Ujjain) Dharmik nagari (Satana) Cement city

text: Maharashtra[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Yavatmal

Cotton City of India[29]

Nagpur

Orange City,[30] tiger city

Pune

Queen of Deccan[31]

Kolhapur

City of Wrestlers[32]

text: Odisha[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Bhubaneswar

The Temple City[33]

text: Odisha[edit]

text: { | class="wikitable sortable" !Nickname |- |Berhampur |

text: The Textile City[34]

text: Punjab[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Patiala

Royal City[35]

text: Rajasthan[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Jaipur

Pink City[36]

Jodhpur

Blue City[37]
Sun City[38]

Udaipur

City of Lakes[39]
Venice of the East (†4)[39][40]

text: Tamil Nadu[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Chennai (Madras)

Detroit of Asia[41]
Automobile Capital of India[41]
Healthcare Capital of India[42]

Coimbatore

Manchester of South India[43][44]

Madurai

Athens of the East
City of Festivals
City that never Sleeps

Puducherry (Pondicherry)

Paris of the East (†3)

Tirunelveli

City of paddy fields[45]
Oxford of Southindia

Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)

Pearl City[46]

text: Auroville - City of Dawn

text: Telangana[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Hyderabad

City of Pearls[47]

text: Uttar Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Lucknow

City of Nawabs[48]

text:
City
Nickname

Kanpur

The Leather City Of The World
Manchester Of The East[49]

text: West Bengal[edit]

text:
City
Nickname(s)

Calcutta (Kolkata)

City of Joy[50]
City of Palaces(†3)
Cultural Capital of India[51]

Siliguri

Gateway to the Dooars[52]

text: Anchors[edit]

text:
(†1) (For other places with the same nickname as 'Paris of the East', see Paris of the East)
(†2) (For other places with the same nickname as 'Venice of the East', see List of places called Venice of the East)
(†3) (For other places with the same nickname as 'City of Palaces', see City of Palaces)


document_title: How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)

question_text: who plays the grinch in the grinch stole christmas

text: Plot[edit]

text: All the people in Whoville, called the Whos, enjoy celebrating Christmas with much happiness and joy, except the Grinch, a misanthropic creature who despises Christmas and the Whos and occasionally pulls dangerous and harmful practical jokes on them with vengeance.  As a result, no one likes or cares for the Grinch.  Meanwhile, six-year-old Cindy Lou believes everyone is missing the point about Christmas by being more concerned about the gifts and festivities.  She herself has a face-to-face encounter with the Grinch at the post office, in which he reluctantly saves her life, and she becomes interested in his history.  She asks everyone what they know about him and discovers that he has a tragic past.

text: The Grinch actually arrived in Whoville by mistake when he was a baby, and was adopted by two elderly sisters.  Although he showed some sadistic tendencies as a child, he was rather good and timid and not as cruel as he would later become.  In school, the Grinch was bullied by Augustus May Who, who grew up to became a selfish mayor of Whoville, and his other classmates because of his appearance, with the exception of Martha May Whovier, for whom both the Grinch and May Who had feelings.  One Christmas season, the Grinch made a gift for Martha, but attempted to shave his face after May Who made fun of him for having a "beard", cutting himself by accident.  When his classmates saw his cut face the next morning, May Who and the others ridiculed him.  He lost his temper, trashed the classroom, and fled to live on Mount Crumpit, a mountain north of Whoville.

text: Cindy Lou, inspired by this story, decides to make the Grinch the main participant of the Whobilation, much to the displeasure of Mayor May Who, who reluctantly agrees after being pressured by the townspeople, who have been warmed by Cindy Lou's generous spirit.  When Cindy Lou goes to Mount Crumpit and offers an invitation to the Grinch, he turns her down.  He changes his mind, however, due to the promise of an award, the presence of Martha at the celebration, and the chance to upset the Mayor.  Just as the Grinch is enjoying himself, May Who gives him an electric shaver as a present, reminding him of his humiliation at school.  May Who then asks Martha to marry him, promising her a new car in return.  In response, the Grinch berates the Whos, and criticizes Christmas, claiming that the holiday is only about gifts that they will just dispose of later, in the hopes of making them too ashamed to celebrate the holiday.  He then goes on to ruin the party by burning the Christmas tree and causing chaos throughout Whoville, but his actions prove to be fruitless as the Whos have a spare tree, which the Grinch sees them erect before he leaves.  May Who then accuses Cindy Lou for inviting the Grinch, making her feel ashamed.

text: The Grinch, knowing that his attack has failed to remove the Whos' Christmas spirit, instead concocts a plan to steal all of their presents while they are sleeping.  Creating a Santa suit and sleigh with his own dog Max as a "reindeer", the Grinch travels to Whoville and steals all of the Whos' Christmas gifts.  He is almost discovered by Cindy Lou, but lies to her in order to escape.  On Christmas morning, the Whos discover the Grinch's scheme, and May Who blames the whole disaster on Cindy Lou.  However, her father, Lou Lou Who, the Whoville postmaster, finally stands up to him, and reminds everyone that they still have Christmas spirit, and that the principal meaning of Christmas is to spend it with family and friends.  The people agree and begin to sing.  Hoping that the change of mood would inspire the Grinch, Cindy Lou goes to Mount Crumpit to find him.

text: The Grinch intends to push the stolen gifts off the top of the mountain.  However, he hears the joyful singing of the Whos and knows he has failed again.  Infuriated, the Grinch then has an epiphany about what Christmas is really about: not material gifts, but spending time with loved ones, an insight that profoundly inspires him, and causes his heart to grow to three times its original size.  When the sleigh full of stolen gifts begins to go over the edge of the cliff, the Grinch desperately tries to save them to no avail.  However, when he realizes that Cindy Lou has come to wish him a merry Christmas and is in danger of falling off the cliff with the sleigh, the Grinch finds enough strength to lift the sleigh, the gifts, and Cindy Lou to safety.  The Grinch returns to Whoville with Max, Cindy, and the gifts.  He confesses to the burglary, tearfully apologizes for his actions towards the Whos, and surrenders himself to the police as they arrive, but the Whos reconcile with him, much to May Who's dismay.  Martha turns down May Who's proposal and decides that she would rather stay with the Grinch instead.  The redeemed Grinch, along with Max, starts a new life with the Whos, commemorating the Christmas feast with them in his cave.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jim Carrey as The Grinch, a misanthropic green creature who despises Christmas and the Whos of Whoville. It is revealed in his origin story that he started to hate Christmas after his school classmates humiliated him when he tried to shave his face. Before Jim Carrey was cast to play the Grinch, Jack Nicholson and Eddie Murphy were briefly considered.[4][5]
Josh Ryan Evans as an 8-year-old Grinch; his humiliation at school by May Who is what drives him into a hatred of Christmas.
Taylor Momsen as Cindy Lou Who, a young Who who thinks the true Christmas spirit in Whoville has lost its meaning. (In this version, she is six years old, whereas in the book in 1957 and TV special in 1966 by Chuck Jones she was "no more than two").
Jeffrey Tambor as Mayor Augustus May Who, Whoville's rude, selfish, judgmental, and greedy mayor. He is revealed to be a school bully who picked on the young Grinch over his shaved face, which is what motivated the Grinch to hate Christmas in the first place. He also denounces the Grinch every chance he gets and wants to have a Grinch-less Christmas.
Ben Bookbinder as an 8-year-old Augustus May Who; he tormented the young Grinch, which then motivated the Grinch to hate Christmas.
Christine Baranski as Martha May Whovier, a desirable Whoville woman, the Grinch's lifelong crush and the romantic interest of Mayor Who. She ultimately rejects the Mayor and chooses the Grinch.
Landry Allbright as an 8-year-old Martha May Whovier. She shows compassion towards the young Grinch.
Bill Irwin as Lou Lou Who, Cindy Lou's loving father and the postman of Whoville.
Molly Shannon as Betty Lou Who, Cindy Lou's mother and a rival to Martha May in a house-lighting contest.
Kelley as Max, who is the Grinch's pet dog and only companion on Mt. Crumpit. It is unknown how or when The Grinch got him.
Frank Welker as the voice of Max
Clint Howard as Whobris, the mayor's sycophantic aide.
Reid Kirchenbauer as an 8-year-old Whobris.
Mindy Sterling as Clarnella Who, one of the Grinch's childhood caretakers.
Rachel Winfree as Rose Who, one of the Grinch's childhood caretakers.
Jeremy Howard & T. J. Thyne as Drew Lou & Stu Lou Who, troublesome sons of Lou and Betty, and brothers to Cindy Lou.
Jim Meskimen as Officer Wholihan, the chief of police.
Lacey Kohl and Nadja Pionilla as Christina Whoterberry and Junie, Drew and Stu's girlfriends.
Mary Stein as Miss Rue Who, the school teacher.
Verne Troyer as Band Member
Bryce Dallas Howard as surprised Who.
Anthony Hopkins as The Narrator.

text: Production[edit]

text: Before his death in 1991, Dr. Seuss had refused offers to sell the film rights to his books. However, his widow, Audrey Geisel, agreed to several merchandising deals, including clothing lines, accessories, and CDs.[6] In July 1998, Geisel's agents announced via letter she would auction the film rights of How the Grinch Stole Christmas. In order to pitch their ideas to Geisel, the suitors ultimately had to be willing to pay $5 million for the material, and hand over 4 percent of the box-office gross, 50 percent of the merchandising revenue and music-related material, and 70 percent of the income from book tie-ins. The letter also stated that "any actor submitted for the Grinch must be of comparable stature to Jack Nicholson, Jim Carrey, Robin Williams and Dustin Hoffman." Additionally, it was stipulated that the estate would not consider a director or writer who hadn't earned at least $1 million on a previous picture.[7]

text: 20th Century Fox pitched its version with director Tom Shadyac and producers Dave Phillips and John Davis in attendance, in which Jack Nicholson was in mind to play the Grinch.[8] Additionally, the Farrelly brothers and John Hughes pitched their separate versions.[9] Universal Pictures held its pitch presentation with Brian Grazer and Gary Ross in attendance, but Geisel refused such offer. Grazer then enlisted his producing partner Ron Howard to help with the negotiations. At the time, Howard was developing a film adaptation of The Sea-Wolf, and did not express interest in Grinch, but Grazer talked Howard into traveling to Geisel's residence for the pitch meeting.[10] While studying the book, Howard became interested in the character, Cindy Lou Who, and pitched a film in which she would have a larger role, as well as a materialistic representation of the Whos and an expanded backstory of the Grinch.[7][11]

text: On September 16, 1998, it was announced that Howard would direct and co-produce a live-action adaptation of How the Grinch Stole Christmas with Jim Carrey attached to star.[12] It was also reported that Universal Pictures, who had acquired the distribution rights, paid $9 million for the film rights for an adaptation of Grinch and Oh, the Places You'll Go to Audrey Geisel.[13] Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman wrote the final screenplay following eight drafts, but Geisel also had veto power over the script. She objected to several jokes and sexual innuendos in the screenplay, some including about one family who did not have a Christmas tree or presents jokingly called the "Who-steins" and the placement of a stuffed trophy of the Cat in the Hat on the Grinch's wall.[14] Alec Berg, David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer did an uncredited rewrite of the script.[15]

text: The film was shot between September 1999 and January 2000. Dr. Seuss' wife, Audrey, visited the set in October 1999. Much of the Whoville set was constructed on the backlot of Universal Studios behind the Bates Motel. During a break in filming, Jim Carrey scared tourists on the Studio Tour by running out of the motel in a dress and brandishing a knife.[citation needed] Despite this, none of the Universal employees and tourists on the tour recognized him. Rick Baker was hired to design and create the film's prosthetic makeup for Jim Carrey and the rest of the cast. It took a number a tests and ultimately Carrey admiring a photo Baker in his first test makeup to allow Baker to create Carrey's makeup based off his original design. Jim Carrey's Grinch suit was covered in yak hair, which was dyed green, and sewed onto a spandex suit. The first application of the makeup took 4 hours, after which a frustrated Carrey kicked a hole in the wall of his trailer, wanting to quit the film. The production brought in CIA operative who instructed agents how to endure extreme torture techniques to coach Carrey to remain calm during the process.[16] The process was later refined so that it took only two and a half hours in the morning getting in, and one hour in the evening to get out. In total, Carrey spent 92 days in the Grinch make-up, and became a "Zen Master" while sitting in the make-up chair. The actors who played the Whos were a large task for Baker and his crew that made it one of the largest makeup crews ever assembled. Most of the appliances the actors wore noses that connected to an upper lip along with a few dentures, ears, and wigs.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"Kids Today" – Jim Carrey and Taylor Momsen *
"Grinch 2000" – Busta Rhymes and Jim Carrey
"Green Christmas" – Barenaked Ladies
"Christmas of Love" – Little Isidore and the Inquisitors
"Lonely Christmas Eve" – Ben Folds
"Grinch Schedule" – Jim Carrey *
"Better Do It Right" – Smash Mouth
"Whoville Medley" (Perfect Christmas Night/Grinch) – Trans-Siberian Orchestra
"Reindeer" – Jim Carrey *
"Christmas Is Going to the Dogs" – The Eels
"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch" – Jim Carrey
"Christmas Means More" – Anthony Hopkins and Jim Carrey *
"You Don't Have to Be Alone" – *NSYNC
"Where Are You, Christmas?" – Faith Hill
"The Shape of Things to Come" – James Horner
"Memories of a Green Childhood" – James Horner +
"Christmas, Why Can't I Find You?" – James Horner and Taylor Momsen
"Stealing Christmas" – Anthony Hopkins, James Horner, Jim Carrey, and Taylor Momsen ~
"The Big Heist" – James Horner +
"Does Cindy Lou Really Ruin Christmas?" – James Horner +
"A Change of Heart" – James Horner +
"The Sleigh of Presents" – James Horner +
"He Carves the Roast Beast" – James Horner ^

tag: ol

text: Legend:

text:
* Dialogue
+ Instrumental
~ Includes Narration and Dialogue
^ Includes "Welcome Christmas"

text: Release[edit]

text: How the Grinch Stole Christmas grossed $260.0 million domestically and $85.1 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $345.1 million, becoming the sixth highest-grossing film of 2000.

text: In the United States, The Grinch opened at number-one on its opening day, making $15.6 million, with a weekend gross of $55.0 million, for an average of $17,615 from 3,127 theaters. The film still holds the record for the highest opening weekend for a Christmas-themed film. In its second weekend, the film grossed $52.1 million, dropping only 5.1%, settling a new record for highest-grossing second weekend for any film. The film stayed at the top of the box office for four weekends, until it was overtaken by What Women Want in mid-December. The Grinch closed on April 30, 2001, after five months, with a final gross of $260,044,825.[1] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 48.1 million tickets in North America.[17]  The film was released on VHS and DVD on November 20, 2001. The extended version on VHS and DVD is released on October 29, 2002. The network TV version was premiered in November 30, 2003. A Blu-ray/DVD combo pack was released on October 13, 2009.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 53%; the critical consensus reads, "Jim Carrey shines as the Grinch. Unfortunately, it's not enough to save this movie. You'd be better off watching the TV cartoon."[18] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 46 out of 100 based on 29 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[19]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars, referring to it as "a dank, eerie, weird movie about a sour creature" and said, "There should be...a jollier production design and a brighter look overall... It's just not much fun." Ebert observed that Carrey "works as hard as an actor has ever worked in a movie, to small avail." Nevertheless, he decided that "adults may appreciate Carrey's remarkable performance in an intellectual sort of way and give him points for what was obviously a supreme effort."[20]

text: Paul Clinton of CNN declared that Carrey "was born to play this role" and noted that "Carrey carries nearly every scene. In fact, if he's not in the scene, there is no scene.[21] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly began his review of the film analyzing the Grinch's "mischievously divided, now-I'm-calm/ now-I'm-a-raving-sarcastic-PSYCH-o! personality" and summed up Carrey's Grinch as "a slobby, self-loathing elitist ruled by the secret fear that he's always being left out of things." Gleiberman expressed surprise at "how affecting Carrey makes the Grinch's ultimate big-hearted turnaround, as Carrey the actor sneaks up on Carrey the wild-man dervish. In whichever mode, he carreys  [sic] the movie."[22]

text: Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle said, "Nobody could play the Grinch better than Jim Carrey, whose rubbery antics and maniacal sense of mischief are so well suited to How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Dr. Seuss himself might have turned to Carrey as a model for the classic curmudgeon had the actor been around in 1957." However, he wondered why Carrey "made himself sound like Sean Connery" and warned that the character's intensity may frighten small children.[23] James Berardinelli of ReelViews wrote that Carrey's "off-the-wall performance is reminiscent of what he accomplished in The Mask, except that here he never allows the special effects to upstage him. Carrey's Grinch is a combination of Seuss' creation and Carrey's personality, with a voice that sounds far more like a weird amalgamation of Sean Connery and Jim Backus (Bond meets Magoo!) than it does Karloff." He concluded that Carrey "brings animation to the live action, and, surrounded by glittering, fantastical sets and computer-spun special effects, Carrey enables Ron Howard's version of the classic story to come across as more of a welcome endeavor than a pointless re-tread."[24]

text: Some reviews were more middling. Stephanie Zacharek of Salon, in a generally negative review of the film, wrote, "Carrey pulls off an admirable impersonation of an animated figure ... It’s fine as mimicry goes — but mimicry isn't the best playground for comic genius. Shouldn't we be asking more of a man who's very likely the most gifted comic actor of his generation?" She concluded that in spite of "a few terrific ad-libs [...] his jokes come off as nothing more than a desperate effort to inject some offbeat humor into an otherwise numbingly unhip, nonsensical and just plain dull story."[25]

text: Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, "Carrey tries out all sorts of intonations, vocal pitches and delivery styles, his tough guy posturing reminding at times of Cagney and his sibilant S's recalling Bogart. His antic gesturing and face-making hit the mark at times, but at other moments seem arbitrary and scattershot. Furthermore, his free-flowing tirades, full of catch-all allusions and references, are pitched for adult appreciation and look destined to sail right over the heads of pre-teens."[26]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Award

Category

Recipient

Result

Academy Awards

Best Makeup

Rick Baker and Gail Rowell-Ryan

Won

Best Art Direction

Michael Corenblith and Merideth Boswell

Nominated

Best Costume Design

Rita Ryack

Nominated

Golden Globe Awards

Best Actor – Musical or Comedy

Jim Carrey

Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Movie

Won

Favorite Movie Actor

Jim Carrey

Won

MTV Movie Awards

Best Villain

Jim Carrey

Won

Golden Raspberry Awards

Worst Remake or Sequel

Nominated

Worst Screenplay

Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman

Nominated

Saturn Awards

Best Fantasy Film

Nominated

Best Director

Ron Howard

Nominated

Best Actor

Jim Carrey

Nominated

Best Performance by a Younger Actor

Taylor Momsen

Nominated

Best Costume

Rita Ryack, David Page

Nominated

Best Music

James Horner

Won

Best Make-Up

Rick Baker and Gail Rowell-Ryan

Won

Best Special Effects

Nominated


document_title: Adamson Act

question_text: how did the adamson act improve labor conditions in the united states

text: Adamson Act

text:
Adamson Act

Long title
An Act to establish an eight-hour day for employees of carriers engaged in interstate and foreign commerce, and for other purposes.

Nicknames
Eight-Hour Workday Act

Enacted by
the 64th United States Congress

Effective
September 3, 5, 1916

Citations

Public law
64-252

Statutes at Large
39 Stat. 721

Legislative history

Introduced in the House as H.R. 17700 by William C. Adamson (D-GA) on September 1, 1916
Committee consideration by House Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House Rules
Passed the House on September 1, 1916 (241-57)
Passed the Senate on September 2, 1916 (47-28)
Signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on September 3, 5, 1916

text: The Adamson Act was a United States federal law passed in 1916 that established an eight-hour workday, with additional pay for overtime work, for interstate railroad workers.[1][2]

text: History[edit]

text: The terms that were embodied in the act were negotiated by a committee of the four railroad labor brotherhoods of engineers, firemen, brakemen and conductors, chaired by Austin B. Garretson. Garretson was the respected leader of the conductors' union. He had formerly been a member of the President's Commission on Industrial Relations, investigating the causes of industrial violence.[3] Congress passed the Act in order to avoid a nationwide strike.

text: Named for Georgia representative William C. Adamson, this was the first federal law that regulated the hours of workers in private companies. The United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Act in 1917.[4] When the railroads refused to abide by the law while their court challenge to its constitutionality was pending, the railway unions began preparing again to strike. The Supreme Court's decision brought the employers around, however, and they entered into settlement discussions concerning implementation of the law.

text: The unions' success spurred other railway employees not covered by the Act to press similar demands. Their negotiations were leading to a strike when President Woodrow Wilson, exercising the authority granted by the Army Appropriations Act of 1916, took over operation of the railroads on December 26, 1917.[5] (See United States Railroad Administration.)

text: Terms of the act[edit]

text: The Act, formerly codified at 45 U.S.C. §§ 65, 66, was repealed in 1996. At the time of its repeal it provided:

text: §65. Establishment of eight hour day

text: Eight hours shall, in contracts for labor and service, be deemed a day's work and the measure of standard of a day's work for the purpose of reckoning the compensation for services of all employees who are now or may hereafter be employed by any common carrier by railroad, except railroads independently owned and operated not exceeding one hundred miles in length, electric street railroads, and electric interurban railroads, which is subject to the provisions of subtitle IV of Title 49, and who are now or may hereafter be actually engaged in any capacity in the operation of trains used for the transportation of persons or property on railroads, except railroads independently owned and operated not exceeding one hundred miles in length, electric street railroads, and electric interurban railroads, from any State or Territory of the United States or the District of Columbia to any other State or Territory of the United States or the District of Columbia, or from one place in the United States to an adjacent foreign country, or from any place in the United States through a foreign country to any other place in the United States: Provided, That the above exceptions shall not apply to railroads though less than one hundred miles in length whose principal business is leasing or furnishing terminal or transfer facilities to other railroads, or are themselves engaged in transfers of freight between railroads or between railroads and industrial plants.

text:
§66. Penalty for violation
Any person violating any provision of section 65 of this title shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be fined not less than $100 and not more than $1,000, or imprisoned not to exceed one year, or both.

text: The language of the Adamson Act is now recodified, with only minor changes, at 49 U.S.C. §§ 28301, 28302.


document_title: International human rights law

question_text: who enforces the universal declaration of human rights

text: International human rights law

text: United Nations system[edit]

text: The General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action in 1993, in terms of which the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights was established.

text: In 2006, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights was replaced with the United Nations Human Rights Council for the enforcement of international human rights law.

text: International Bill of Human Rights[edit]

text: Universal Declaration of Human Rights[edit]

text: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a UN General Assembly declaration that does not in form create binding international human rights law. Many legal scholars cite the UDHR as evidence of customary international law.

text: More broadly, the UDHR has become an authoritative human rights reference. It has provided the basis for subsequent international human rights instruments that form non-binding, but ultimately authoritative international human rights law.

text: International human rights treaties[edit]

text: Besides the adoption in 1966 of the two wide-ranging Covenants that form part of the International Bill of Human Rights (namely the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), other treaties have been adopted at the international level. These are generally known as human rights instruments. Some of the most significant include the following:

text:
the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPCG) (adopted 1948 and entered into force in 1951);
the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (CSR) (adopted in 1951 and entered into force in 1954);
the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) (adopted in 1965 and entered into force in 1969);[4]
the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (entered into force in 1981);[5]
the United Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT) (adopted in 1984 and entered into force in 1987);[6]
the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (adopted in 1989 and entered into force in 1990);[7]
the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (ICRMW) (adopted in 1990 and entered into force in 2003);
the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) (entered into force on 3 May 2008);[8] and
the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (ICPPED) (adopted in 2006 and entered into force in 2010).

text: Regional protection and institutions[edit]

text: Regional systems of international human rights law supplement and complement national and international human rights law by protecting and promoting human rights in specific areas of the world. There are three key regional human rights instruments which have established human rights law on a regional basis:

text:
the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights for Africa of 1981, in force since 1986;
the American Convention on Human Rights for the Americas of 1969, in force since 1978; and
the European Convention on Human Rights for Europe of 1950, in force since 1953.

text: Americas and Europe[edit]

text: The Organisation of American States and the Council of Europe, like the UN, have adopted treaties (albeit with weaker implementation mechanisms) containing catalogues of economic, social and cultural rights, in addition to the aforementioned conventions dealing mostly with civil and political rights:

text:
the European Social Charter for Europe of 1961, in force since 1965 (whose complaints mechanism, created in 1995 under an Additional Protocol, has been in force since 1998); and
the Protocol of San Salvador to the ACHR for the Americas of 1988, in force since 1999.

text: Africa[edit]

text: The African Union (AU) is a supranational union consisting of 53 African countries.[9] Established in 2001, the AU's purpose is to help secure Africa's democracy, human rights, and a sustainable economy, in particular by bringing an end to intra-African conflict and creating an effective common market.[10]

text: The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights is the region's principal human rights instrument. It emerged under the aegis of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) (since replaced by the African Union). The intention to draw up the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights was announced in 1979. The Charter was unanimously approved at the OAU's 1981 Assembly.

text: Pursuant to Article 63 (whereby it was to "come into force three months after the reception by the Secretary General of the instruments of ratification or adherence of a simple majority" of the OAU's member states), the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights came into effect on 21 October 1986, in honour of which 21 October was declared African Human Rights Day.[11]

text: The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) is a quasi-judicial organ of the African Union, tasked with promoting and protecting human rights and collective (peoples') rights throughout the African continent, as well as with interpreting the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, and considering individual complaints of violations of the Charter. The Commission has three broad areas of responsibility:[12]

text:
promoting human and peoples' rights;
protecting human and peoples' rights; and
interpreting the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.

text: In pursuit of these goals, the Commission is mandated to "collect documents, undertake studies and researches on African problems in the field of human and peoples' rights, organise seminars, symposia and conferences, disseminate information, encourage national and local institutions concerned with human and peoples' rights and, should the case arise, give its views or make recommendations to governments."[12][13]

text: With the creation of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (under a protocol to the Charter which was adopted in 1998 and entered into force in January 2004), the Commission will have the additional task of preparing cases for submission to the Court's jurisdiction.[14] In a July 2004 decision, the AU Assembly resolved that the future Court on Human and Peoples' Rights would be integrated with the African Court of Justice.

text: The Court of Justice of the African Union is intended to be the "principal judicial organ of the Union."[15][16] Although it has not yet been established, it is intended to take over the duties of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, as well as to act as the supreme court of the African Union, interpreting all necessary laws and treaties. The Protocol establishing the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights entered into force in January 2004,[17] but its merging with the Court of Justice has delayed its establishment. The Protocol establishing the Court of Justice will come into force when ratified by fifteen countries.[18]

text: There are many countries in Africa accused of human rights violations by the international community and NGOs.[19]

text: Inter-American system[edit]

text: The Organization of American States (OAS) is an international organization, headquartered in Washington, DC. Its members are the thirty-five independent states of the Americas.

text: Over the course of the 1990s, with the end of the Cold War, the return to democracy in Latin America,[citation needed] and the thrust toward globalisation, the OAS made major efforts to reinvent itself to fit the new context. Its stated priorities now include the following:[20]

text:
strengthening democracy;
working for peace;
protecting human rights;
combating corruption;
the rights of indigenous peoples; and
promoting sustainable development.

text: The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) is an autonomous organ of the Organization of American States, also based in Washington, D.C. Along with the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, based in San José, Costa Rica, it is one of the bodies that comprise the inter-American system for the promotion and protection of human rights.[21] The IACHR is a permanent body which meets in regular and special sessions several times a year to examine allegations of human rights violations in the hemisphere. Its human rights duties stem from three documents:[22]

text:
the OAS Charter;
the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man; and
the American Convention on Human Rights.

text: The Inter-American Court of Human Rights was established in 1979 with the purpose of enforcing and interpreting the provisions of the American Convention on Human Rights. Its two main functions are therefore adjudicatory and advisory:

text:
Under the former, it hears and rules on the specific cases of human rights violations referred to it.
Under the latter, it issues opinions on matters of legal interpretation brought to its attention by other OAS bodies or member states.[23]

text: Many countries in the Americas, including Colombia, Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela,[citation needed] have been accused of human rights violations.

text: European system[edit]

text: The Council of Europe, founded in 1949, is the oldest organisation working for European integration. It is an international organisation with legal personality recognised under public international law, and has observer status at the United Nations. The seat of the Council is in Strasbourg in France.

text: The Council of Europe is responsible for both the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights.[24] These institutions bind the Council's members to a code of human rights which, although strict, is more lenient than that of the UN Charter on human rights.[citation needed]

text: The Council also promotes the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the European Social Charter.[25] Membership is open to all European states which seek European integration, accept the principle of the rule of law, and are able and willing to guarantee democracy, fundamental human rights and freedoms.[26]

text: The Council of Europe is separate from the European Union, but the latter is expected to accede to the European Convention on Human Rights. The Council includes all the member states of European Union. The EU also has a separate human rights document, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.[27]

text: The European Convention on Human Rights has since 1950 defined and guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe.[28] All 47 member states of the Council of Europe have signed this Convention, and are therefore under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.[28] In order to prevent torture and inhuman or degrading treatment,[29][30] the Committee for the Prevention of Torture was established.[31]

text: The Council of Europe also adopted the Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings in May 2005, for protection against human trafficking and sexual exploitation, the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse in October 2007, and the Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence in May 2011.

text: The European Court of Human Rights is the only international court with jurisdiction to deal with cases brought by individuals rather than states.[28] In early 2010, the court had a backlog of over 120,000 cases and a multi-year waiting list.[32][33][34] About one out of every twenty cases submitted to the court is considered admissible.[35] In 2007, the court issued 1,503 verdicts. At the current rate of proceedings, it would take 46 years for the backlog to clear.[36]

text: Monitoring, implementation and enforcement[edit]

text: There is currently no international court to administer international human rights law, but quasi-judicial bodies exist under some UN treaties (like the Human Rights Committee under the ICCPR). The International Criminal Court (ICC) has jurisdiction over the crime of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. The European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights enforce regional human rights law.

text: Although these same international bodies also hold jurisdiction over cases regarding international humanitarian law, it is crucial to recognise, as discussed above, that the two frameworks constitute different legal regimes.[37]

text: The United Nations human rights bodies do have some quasi-legal enforcement mechanisms. These include the treaty bodies attached to the seven currently active treaties, and the United Nations Human Rights Council complaints procedures, with Universal Periodic Review and United Nations Special Rapporteur (known as the 1235 and 1503 mechanisms respectively).[38]

text: The enforcement of international human rights law is the responsibility of the nation state; it is the primary responsibility of the State to make the human rights of its citizens a reality.

text: In practice, many human rights are difficult to enforce legally, due to the absence of consensus on the application of certain rights, the lack of relevant national legislation or of bodies empowered to take legal action to enforce them.[39]

text: In over 110 countries, national human rights institutions (NHRIs) have been set up to protect, promote or monitor human rights with jurisdiction in a given country.[40] Although not all NHRIs are compliant with the Paris Principles,[41] the number and effect of these institutions is increasing.[42]

text: The Paris Principles were defined at the first International Workshop on National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in Paris from 7 to 9 October 1991, and adopted by UN Human Rights Commission Resolution 1992/54 of 1992 and General Assembly Resolution 48/134 of 1993. The Paris Principles list a number of responsibilities for national human rights institutions.[43]

text: Universal jurisdiction[edit]

text: Universal jurisdiction is a controversial principle in international law, whereby states claim criminal jurisdiction over people whose alleged crimes were committed outside the boundaries of the prosecuting state, regardless of nationality, country of residence or any other relationship to the prosecuting country. The state backs its claim on the grounds that the crime committed is considered a crime against all, which any state is authorised to punish. The concept of universal jurisdiction is therefore closely linked to the idea that certain international norms are erga omnes, or owed to the entire world community, as well as the concept of jus cogens.

text: In 1993, Belgium passed a "law of universal jurisdiction" to give its courts jurisdiction over crimes against humanity in other countries. In 1998, Augusto Pinochet was arrested in London following an indictment by Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón under the universal-jurisdiction principle.[44]

text: The principle is supported by Amnesty International and other human rights organisations, which believe that certain crimes pose a threat to the international community as a whole, and that the community has a moral duty to act.

text: Others, like Henry Kissinger,[45] argue that "widespread agreement that human rights violations and crimes against humanity must be prosecuted has hindered active consideration of the proper role of international courts. Universal jurisdiction risks creating universal tyranny—that of judges".[46]

text: Substantive rights[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2012)


document_title: List of image-sharing websites

question_text: what is the largest online image sharing site in the world

text: List of image-sharing websites

text: Active image-sharing websites

text:
Name
Location / Owner / Hoster
Description/Focus/Registration requirements

Other
Registered users
Storage Space Allowed Per User (standard)
Global Alexa[1] page ranking

500px
Canada / Amazon AWS (hosting)
Free, registration required
Yes
Yes
Yes
Chrome OS
7006150000000000000♠1,500,000[2]
20 uploads/week free plan, unlimited for paid accounts
7003135900000000000♠1,359[3]

Album2
Oslo, Norway / Sveinung Dammen
Free 30 day trial, registration required

7003200000000000000♠2,000[4]
150 prints/year
7007191090910000000♠19,109,091[5]

Dayviews
Sweden / Dayviews AB (Bilddagboken AB)
Free image hosting, registration required
Yes
Yes
Yes

7006129150000000000♠1,291,500[6]
Unlimited storage for 547×410 pix reduced images, also unlimited resolution and size for paying BDB HD users, costing approximately equivalent to $10.50 a year.
7004313740000000000♠31,374[7]

DeviantArt
United States
Free image hosting, registration required. Subscription option provides additional services, and unlocks hidden features. Generally allows art-specific content only, as the service is not a generic image hosting service.

7007250000000000000♠25,000,000[8]
Unlimited uploads with 30 MB limit per image for all account types.
7002152000000000000♠152[9]

Dronestagram
France /
Free, Dronestagram is a photo sharing community dedicated to drone photography. The site that has been described as "Instagram for drones", allows hobbyists to share their geo-referenced aerial photos and videos.[10]
Yes
No
No

7004300000000000000♠30,000[11]

7005171974000000000♠171,974[12]

Flickr
United States / Yahoo!
Open (Yahoo! login)
Yes
Yes
Yes[13]

7007870000000000000♠87,000,000 (May 2013)[14]
Since 20 May 2013, 1TB free, 200MB per image, all photos display, original files downloadable.
Old limits: 300MB monthly upload limit (30MB per photo),[15] max 200 images viewable (free account[16]). If a free account is inactive for 90 consecutive days, it may be deleted.[17][not in citation given])

7002124000000000000♠124[18]

Fotki
Estonia[19] / Fotki, Inc.
Free registration photo sharing service and communication portal.
Yes
Yes

7006125000000000000♠1,250,000[20]
50MB for free, unlimited storage for $30/year.[21]
7003873200000000000♠8,732[22]

Fotolog
United States
Photoblogging. Popular in South America.
Yes
Yes

7007150000000000000♠15,000,000[23]
The free version is ad-supported, and limits users to uploading one picture per day. Paying members can upload up to six pictures a day.
7003548300000000000♠5,483[24]

Geograph Britain and Ireland
United Kingdom / Geograph Project Limited
Geo-located Geographical Images whole of Britain and Ireland, free, registration required

7004126340000000000♠12,634
Unlimited
7004717170000000000♠71,717[25]

GifBoom
United States / TapMojo LLC[26]
Sharing of animated GIFs. Login through Twitter or Facebook.
Yes
Yes

5000000000000000000♠Unknown
5000000000000000000♠Unknown
7005175061000000000♠175,061[27]

Google Photos

Image and video storage service. Shared albums possible with Picasa (discontinued) and Google Plus.

Unlimited for small and medium files. Large files (Larger than 16MP and 1080P) use a storage quota, or can be converted to medium size.

Instagram
United States / Facebook
Photo sharing service. Registration is required.
Yes
Yes
Yes

7008100000000000000♠100,000,000[28]
Owned by Facebook
7001260000000000000♠26[29]

Imgur
United States
Free image hosting, no registration required.
Yes
Yes

5000000000000000000♠Unknown
From 9 Feb 2015 all Imgur accounts are treated as Imgur pro accounts. No limits.[30]
7001360000000000000♠36[31]

Ipernity
France[32]
Photo/video sharing, groups, blog.
Yes

5000000000000000000♠Unknown
Unlimited image display/storage for €25/year (2016); 200MB/month upload, only last 200 displayed with free account.
7004302320000000000♠30,232[33]

jAlbum
Sweden[34]
Free hosting of galleries created with Jalbum software.
Yes

7005340000000000000♠340,000[35]
30MB of space given for free accounts, upgrade to 1GB space for €19/year.
7004427830000000000♠42,783[36]

Photobucket
United States
Free registration service. As of July 2017, payment of $400/year required if hosted images are to be displayed on external sites[37]
Yes
Yes

7007500000000000000♠50,000,000[38]
With a free account, the user can use up to 10GB of bandwidth per month and 2GB storage. Unlimited free storage, 1MB per photo and 10 minutes per video (with image size restrictions). No size restrictions with Pro account.
7002347000000000000♠347[39]

Pinterest
United States
Photo sharing/social networking

7007117000000000000♠11,700,000[40]
5000000000000000000♠Unknown
7001320000000000000♠32[41]

Pixabay
Germany[42]
Sharing of high-quality public domain photos.
Free to browse and download, registration required to contribute. Includes social networking capabilities.

5000000000000000000♠Unknown
5000000000000000000♠Unknown
7003123500000000000♠1,235[43]

Shutterfly
United States
Free registration service

7006200000000000000♠2,000,000[44]
Free, unlimited picture storage. Shared Albums are limited to 1,000 photos. Full resolution downloads only possible via purchase of archive DVD.
7003108000000000000♠1,080[45]

SmugMug
United States
Free search, subscription hosting

7005315000000000000♠315,000[46]
"unlimited" storage
7003232700000000000♠2,327[47]

Snapfish
United States / Hewlett-Packard
Free registration service, also provides services for Costco's online photo processing store.

7007900000000000000♠90,000,000[48]
unlimited, pay per download
7003588800000000000♠5,888[49]

TinyPic
United States / PhotoBucket
Free image hosting, no registration required
Yes

5000000000000000000♠Unknown
No known limit, but largest image dimension limited to 1600 pixels.
7003139500000000000♠1,395[50]

Unsplash
Montreal, Quebec / Unsplash, Inc.[51]
Free, registration required to upload pictures. Unsplash license only. It's similar to CC0, but the user can't use the pictures to replicate a similar or competing service.[52]

Yes [53]

5000000000000000000♠Unknown
Unknown
7003194200000000000♠1,942[54]

Name
Location / Owner / Hoster
Description/Focus/Registration requirements

Other
Registered users
Storage Space Allowed Per User (standard)
Global Alexa[1] page ranking

text: Defunct photo-sharing websites

text:
Name
Location/Owner
(if any)
Description/Focus/Registration requirements
Date closed
Status/Notes
Registered users
Storage Space Allowed Per User (standard)
Global Alexa[1] page ranking

GazoPa Bloom
closed
Flower photo sharing service

5000000000000000000♠Unknown
 ?
7005323778000000000♠323,778

Zooomr
United States / BlueBridge Technologies Group
No registration service since 2007.
000000002007-01-01-00002007
Users are no longer accepted.
7005100000000000000♠100,000
Unlimited uploads and unlimited storage for ALL users.
7005215127000000000♠215,127[55]

Radar.net

Free registration.
000000002010-05-26-0000May 26, 2010
Radar shut down on May 26, 2010 at noon (PDT).[56]
5000000000000000000♠Unknown
 ?
7006192852800000000♠1,928,528[57]

Fotopic.net
UK/Snappy Designs Ltd

000000002011-03-08-0000March 8, 2011

5000000000000000000♠Unknown

914,303

Ovi Share
Finland / Nokia
Nokia's multimedia sharing service, formerly called Twango.
Service closed on May 30, 2012.
000000002012-05-30-0000May 30, 2012
Other Nokia services still available with the registered account.[58]
7007200000000000000♠20,000,000
unlimited, pay per download
7003376900000000000♠3,769[59]

MobileMe Web Gallery
United States / Apple Inc.
Subscription service.
Ended June 30, 2012
000000002012-06-30-0000June 30, 2012
For an advertised "limited time", data was still able to be retrieved from MobileMe until July 31, 2012, when the site finally closed completely. Services moved to iCloud on June 30.
7005180000000000000♠180,000[60]
10GB (standard level)
7004314400000000000♠31,440[61]

Kodak Gallery
United States
Free registration service, archiving photo service for $25/year.
000000002012-07-02-0000July 2, 2012
(Closed down on July 2, 2012; all accounts moved over to Shutterfly)
7007200000000000000♠20,000,000[62]
Used to be unlimited low-resolution, paid users can download high-res images that they've uploaded. New minimum purchase requirements 3/09: $4.99/yr for 2GB or less, $19.99/yr for more than 2GB.
7005253332000000000♠253,332[63]

Webshots
United States
Free registration service.
(Discontinued on December 1, 2012, including paid service.)
000000002012-12-01-0000December 1, 2012
All old user photos from accounts not migrated to Shutterfly were deleted. Webshots still operates in other fields, and is owned by Threefold Photos.
7007320000000000000♠32,000,000[64]
One 800×600 image per day
7003864700000000000♠8,647[65]

Pixorial
United States
Personal photo and video sharing platform.
Registration required. Free subscription available.
000000002014-07-18-0000July 18, 2014
No new accounts being accepted.
7005636000000000000♠636,000
Free subscription available with 7 GB of storage for photos or videos. No limits on resolution of images or length of videos. Additional paid subscriptions available with increased storage. Unlimited uploads of photos or videos.
7005127486000000000♠127,486[66]

imm.io
United States / Autodesk
Free image hosting, images removed if not viewed in the last 30 days.
000000002014-02-03-0000February 3, 2014[67]

5000000000000000000♠Unknown

7004169520000000000♠16,952[68]

Lockerz
United States
Free registration service
000000002014-01-01-00002014

7007190000000000000♠19,000,000[69]
Unlimited uploads for all users; 5MB per image
7003166900000000000♠1,669[70]

Streamzoo
United States
Mobile photosocial game, free registration service, unlimited storage and sharing, available on Apple iOS, Android and Web
000000002014-03-21-0000March 21, 2014
All services stopped and photos deleted.
5000000000000000000♠Unknown
Unlimited
7005107088000000000♠107,088[71]

Trovebox
United States / Wide Angle Labs, Inc.[72]
Free image hosting, registration required. Subscription option provides additional features.
000000002015-03-31-0000March 31, 2015

5000000000000000000♠Unknown
100 photo uploads per month for free users, unlimited for Pro accounts. 30MB per photo.
7005409288000000000♠409,288[73]

Panoramio
Headquartered in Switzerland / Google
Free registration service
000000002016-11-04-0000November 4, 2016

7006470000000000000♠4,700,000
Unlimited provided the photos comply with the Google Earth Photo Acceptance Policy.
7003233900000000000♠2,339[74]

yfrog
United States / ImageShack
Twitter photo sharing. Registration required. As of 2011[update] holds approximately 29% of the Twitter photo sharing market.[75][76]

7004801520000000000♠80,152[77]

Bayimg
Sweden / The Pirate Bay
Free image hosting, no registration required, uncensored
2014[78]

7005161773000000000♠161,773[79]

Phanfare
United States / Carbonite
Subscription-based photo sharing
000000002017-05-28-0000May 28, 2017
Phanfare and SmugMug have worked out a transition plan.[80]
5000000000000000000♠
Unlimited storage. Subscription accounts only. Bought out by Carbonite.
7004653460000000000♠65,346[81]

text: Comparison of photo-sharing websites

text: Legend:

text:
File formats: the image or video formats allowed for uploading
IPTC support: support for the IPTC image header

Yes - IPTC headers are read upon upload and exposed via the web interface; properties such as captions and keywords are written back to the IPTC header and saved along with the photo when downloading or e-mailing it
Some - IPTC headers are read but information added via the web interface is not saved back to the IPTC header; or, IPTC headers are lost on resizing[82]

Tags/keywords: the ability to add to and search by tags or keywords
Comments: the ability of users to leave comments on the photo

Yes - full control over who can leave comments (friends, registered users, non-registered users)
Some - users must register with the website to leave comments

Rating:

Yes - star rating: the ability to rate photos numerically, usually on a scale from 1 to 5
Some - thumbs up/down rating, "mark as favorite", or a rating system accessible only to logged-in users

Download originals:

Yes - anyone can download the original photo
Some - only photos of "pro" members can be downloaded

Notes/annotations: the ability to overlay textual notes to areas of a photo
Friendly URLs: human-readable URLs (e.g. /photos/greece_album/athens.jpg) vs. numeric identifiers (MemViewImage.asp?AID=5610943&IID=205062034&INUM=5&ICT=5&IPP=16)
Subscriptions

Some - RSS feeds (example) and web interface (example)
Yes - RSS feeds, web interface, plus photo updates can be sent by e-mail to non-registered members (example)

text:
Name
File formats
Upload
Folder/ album structure
Limitations
IPTC support
Tags/ keywords
Comments
Rating
Download originals
Notes
Geo- tagging
Friendly URLs
API
Custom layout
Subscriptions

Flickr
JPEG, GIF, PNG, (TIFF displayed as JPEG, compressed up to 58:1 for a 16bpc TIFF)

collections contain albums
After 20 MAY 2013, 1TB free, 200MB per image, all photos display, original files downloadable.
Some[83]
Yes
Some
Some[84]
Some[85]
arbitrary notes
Yes
No
Flickr Services
No
RSS

Fotki
Animated GIF,[86] JPEG, PNG;[87] BMP and TIFF are converted to JPEG
e-mail, FTP, Java, browser (mass/fetch from URL; upload one photo at a time), desktop app (basic), desktop image viewers
hierarchical folders contain folders or albums
50MB for non-paying users; can get 20MB extra/month; filenames are truncated to 34 characters
Some[83]
Yes
Yes[88]
No
Some[89]
No
Yes
Some[90]
Fotki full help
registered users[91]
RSS,[92] Web [93]

ImageShack [needs update]
JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP, TIFF, mkv, mp4, MOV, AVI, MPEG, wm, 3gp, flv
browser (one at a time), browser (multiple, zipped)
flat slideshows
free users: 5GB storage 5MB/image limit; subscribers: 3MB/image limit
No[94]
Some[95]
Some
Yes

No
No
Some

OneDrive
JPEG, ?
HTTP, Silverlight
albums
100MB per photo[citation needed] (7GB total)
No
Yes
Some[96]
Some
Yes[97]
Yes
No
No
Yes[98]
No
No

Picasa Web Albums
Animated GIF, JPEG, PNG
browser, Google+, Picasa, Exporter for iPhoto, the Aperture to Picasa Web Albums plug-in, Uploader on Mac OS X,[99] or F-Spot on Linux
flat albums
Unlimited for photos smaller than a certain resolution; 1GB free for larger photos; Additional storage for monthly fee.[100]
Some[83][101]
Yes
Some
No
Yes[102]
face recognition
Yes
friendly album/path, numeric filename

No
RSS

Shutterfly
JPEG only
Flash batch
flat albums

No, even Exif support is incomplete
via desktop app (Shutterfly Studio)
Some

No

No

multiple templates

SmugMug
JPEG, TIFF, PNG, GIF, Video

12MB per Photo (Standard/Power), 24MB per Photo (Pro and during 14 day trial)
Some[83]
Yes
Yes[103]
Yes[104]
Yes[105]
No
Yes
Yes
Yes[106]
Yes

Snapfish
JPEG only

No
No
?
No
$0.25/photo
No

Webshots
JPEG, ?

5,400 photos, 540 videos
No
Yes
Some[96]
Some[107]
Some[108]
No
No

No