document_title: Boogie-woogie

question_text: what state is most associated with the origin of boogie woogie

text: Boogie-woogie

text: History[edit]

text: The origin of the term boogie-woogie is unknown, according to Webster's Third New International Dictionary. The Oxford English Dictionary states that the word is a reduplication of boogie, which was used for "rent parties" as early as 1913.

text: John Tennison, a San Antonio psychiatrist, pianist, and musicologist, suggested some interesting linguistic precursors.[1] Among them are four African terms, including the Hausa word "Boog" and the Mandingo word "Booga", both of which mean "to beat", as in beating a drum. There is also the West African word "Bogi", which means "to dance",[4] and the Bantu term "Mbuki Mvuki" (Mbuki: "to take off in flight"; Mvuki: "to dance wildly, as if to shake off one's clothes").[5] The meanings of these terms are consistent with the percussiveness, dancing, and uninhibited behaviors historically associated with boogie-woogie music. The African origin of these terms is also consistent with evidence that the music originated among newly emancipated African-Americans.

text: In sheet music literature prior to 1900, there are at least three examples of the word "boogie" in music titles in the archives of the Library of Congress.[6] In 1901, "Hoogie Boogie" appeared in the title of published sheet music, the first known instance where a redoubling of the word "Boogie" occurs in the title of published music. (In 1880, "The Boogie Man" had occurred as the title of published music.)[1] The first use of "Boogie" in a recording title appears to be a "blue cylinder" recording made by Edison of the "American Quartet" performing "That Syncopated Boogie Boo" in 1913.[7]

text: "Boogie" next occurs in the title of Wilbur Sweatman's April 1917 recording of "Boogie Rag". However none of these sheet music or audio recording examples contain the musical elements that would identify them as boogie-woogie.

text: The 1919 recordings (two takes) of "Weary Blues" by the Louisiana Five contained the same boogie-woogie bass figure as appears in the 1915 "Weary Blues" sheet music by Artie Matthews. Tennison has recognized these 1919 recordings as the earliest sound recordings which contain a boogie-woogie bass figure.[1]

text: Blind Lemon Jefferson used the term "Booga Rooga" to refer to a guitar bass figure that he used in "Match Box Blues".[8] Jefferson may have heard the term from Huddie "Lead Belly" Ledbetter, who played frequently with Jefferson. Lead Belly, who was born in Mooringsport, La. and grew up in Harrison County, Texas in the community of Leigh, said he first heard boogie-woogie piano in the Caddo Lake Area of northeast Texas in 1899.[9] He said it influenced his guitar-playing. Lead Belly also said he heard boogie-woogie piano in the Fannin Street district of Shreveport, Louisiana. Some of the players he heard were Dave "Black Ivory King" Alexander, or possibly another Dave Alexander known as "Little Dave Alexander" and a piano player called Pine Top (not Pine Top Smith, who was not born until 1904, but possibly Pine Top Williams or Pine Top Hill.)[9][10] Lead Belly was among the first guitar-players to adapt the rolling bass of boogie-woogie piano.

text: Texas, as the state of origin, became reinforced by Jelly Roll Morton who said he heard the boogie piano style there early in the 20th century; as did Leadbelly and Bunk Johnson, according to Rosetta Reitz.[11]

text: The first time the modern-day spelling of "boogie-woogie" was used in a title of a published audio recording of music appears to be Pine Top Smith's December 1928 recording titled, "Pine Top's Boogie Woogie", a song whose lyrics contain dance instructions to "boogie-woogie".

text: Earliest attempts to determine a geographical origin for boogie-woogie[edit]

text: The earliest documented inquiries into the geographical origin of boogie-woogie occurred in the late 1930s when oral histories from the oldest living Americans of both African and European descent revealed a broad consensus that boogie-woogie piano was first played in Texas in the early 1870s. Additional citations place the origins of boogie-woogie in the Piney Woods of northeast Texas. "The first Negroes who played what is called boogie-woogie, or house-rent music, and attracted attention in city slums where other Negroes held jam sessions, were from Texas. And all the Old-time Texans, black or white, are agreed that boogie piano players were first heard in the lumber and turpentine camps, where nobody was at home at all. The style dates from the early 1870s."[12]

text: "Fast Western" connection to Marshall & Harrison County, Texas[edit]

text: Max Harrison (in the book Jazz edited by Hentoff and McCarthy in 1959) and Mack McCormick (in the liner notes to his Treasury of Field Recordings, VOL. 2) concluded that "Fast Western" was the first term by which boogie-woogie was known.

text: Also, "In Houston, Dallas, and Galveston — all Negro piano players played that way. This style was often referred to as a 'fast western' or 'fast blues' as differentiated from the 'slow blues' of New Orleans and St. Louis. At these gatherings the ragtime and blues boys could easily tell from what section of the country a man came, even going so far as to name the town, by his interpretation of a piece."[13]

text: According to Tennison, when he interviewed Lee Ree Sullivan in Texarkana in 1986, Sullivan told him that he was familiar with "Fast Western" and "Fast Texas" as terms to refer to boogie-woogie in general, but not to denote the use of any specific bass figure used in boogie-woogie. Sullivan said that "Fast Western" and "Fast Texas" were terms that derived from the "Texas Western" Railroad Company of Harrison County.[14] The company was formed on February 16, 1852, but did not build track from Swanson's Landing at Caddo Lake to Marshall, Texas, until after changing its name to "Southern Pacific" on August 16, 1856.[15] This Texas-based "Southern Pacific" was the first "Southern Pacific" railroad, and was not connected to the more well known "Southern Pacific" originating in San Francisco, California. The Texas-based Southern Pacific Railroad was bought out by the newly formed Texas and Pacific Railway on March 21, 1872.

text: Although the "Texas Western" Railroad Company changed its name to "Southern Pacific", Sullivan said the name "Texas Western" stuck among the slaves who constructed the first railway hub in northeast Texas from Swanson's Landing to the city of Marshall[14]

text: Railroad connection to Marshall & Harrison County, Texas[edit]

text: A key to identifying the geographical area in which boogie-woogie originated is understanding the relationship of boogie-woogie music with the steam railroad, both in the sense of how the music might have been influenced by sounds associated with the arrival of steam locomotives as well as the cultural impact the sudden emergence of the railroad might have had.

text: The railroad did not "arrive" in northeast Texas as an extension of track from existing lines from the north or the east. Rather, the first railroad locomotives and iron rails were brought to northeast Texas via steamboats from New Orleans via the Mississippi and Red Rivers and Caddo Lake to Swanson's Landing, located on the Louisiana/Texas state line. Beginning with the formation of the Texas Western Railroad Company in Marshall, Texas, through the subsequent establishment in 1871 of the Texas and Pacific Railway company, which located its headquarters and shops there, Marshall was the only railroad hub in the Piney Woods of northeast Texas at the time the music developed. The sudden appearance of steam locomotives, and the building of mainline tracks and tap lines to serve logging operations was pivotal to the creation of the music in terms of its sound and rhythm. It was also crucial to the rapid migration of the musical style from the rural barrel house camps to the cities and towns served by the Texas and Pacific Railway Company.

text: "Although the neighboring states of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Missouri would also produce boogie-woogie players and their boogie-woogie tunes, and despite the fact that Chicago would become known as the center for this music through such pianists as Jimmy Yancey, Albert Ammons, and Meade "Lux" Lewis, Texas was home to an environment that fostered creation of boogie-style: the lumber, cattle, turpentine, and oil industries, all served by an expanding railway system from the northern corner of East Texas to the Gulf Coast and from the Louisiana border to Dallas and West Texas."[16] Alan Lomax, wrote: "Anonymous black musicians, longing to grab a train and ride away from their troubles, incorporated the rhythms of the steam locomotive and the moan of their whistles into the new dance music they were playing in jukes and dance halls. Boogie-woogie forever changed piano playing, as ham-handed black piano players transformed the instrument into a polyrhythmic railroad train."[17]

text: In the 1986 television broadcast of Britain's The South Bank Show about boogie-woogie, music historian Paul Oliver noted: "Now the conductors were used to the logging camp pianists clamoring aboard, telling them a few stories, jumping off the train, getting into another logging camp, and playing again for eight hours, barrel house. In this way the music got around—all through Texas—and eventually, of course, out of Texas. Now when this new form of piano music came from Texas, it moved out towards Louisiana. It was brought by people like George W. Thomas, an early pianist who was already living in New Orleans by about 1910 and writing "New Orleans Hop Scop Blues", which really has some of the characteristics of the music that we came to know as Boogie."[4]

text: Paul Oliver also wrote that George W. Thomas "composed the theme of the New Orleans Hop Scop Blues – in spite of its title – based on the blues he had heard played by the pianists of East Texas."[18] On February 12, 2007, Paul Oliver confirmed to John Tennison that it was Sippie Wallace who told Oliver that performances by East Texas pianists had formed the basis for George Thomas's "Hop Scop Blues".[19]

text: George Thomas and his brother Hersal Thomas migrated from Texas to Chicago, and brought boogie-woogie with them. They were an immense influence on other pianists, including Jimmy Yancey, Meade Lux Lewis, Albert Ammons and many others. Many elements that we now know as elements of boogie-woogie are present in Hersal and George Thomas' "The Fives". According to Tennison, "although some Boogie Woogie bass figures were present in prior sheet music, the thing that made 'The Fives' so special was the greater amount and variety of Boogie Woogie bass figures that were present in the music as compared to Boogie Woogie bass figures that had been present in previously published sheet music, such as the 1915 "Weary Blues" by Artie Matthews.

text: "Albert Ammons and Meade 'Lux' Lewis claim that 'The Fives,' [copyrighted in 1921 and published in 1922] the Thomas brothers' musical composition, deserves much credit for the development of modern boogie-woogie. During the 1920s, many pianists featured this number as a 'get off' tune and in the variations played what is now considered boogie-woogie."[20]

text: Indeed, all modern boogie-woogie bass figures can be found in "The Fives", including swinging, walking broken-octave bass, shuffled (swinging) chord bass (of the sort later used extensively by Ammons, Lewis, and Clarence "Pine Top" Smith), and the ubiquitous "oom-pah" ragtime stride bass.[21]

text: T&P stops associated with names for boogie-woogie left-hand bass lines[edit]

text: Early generation boogie-woogie players recognized basic boogie-woogie bass lines by geographical locations with which they associated them. Lee Ree Sullivan identified a number of these left hand bass lines for Tennison in 1986.[14] From the primitive to the complex, those identifications indicate that the most primitive form of the music was associated with Marshall, Texas – and that the left-hand bass lines grew more complex as the distance from Marshall increased.

text: The most primitive of these left hand bass lines is the one that was called "the Marshall". It is a simple, four-beats-to-the-bar figure The second-most primitive bass-line, called "the Jefferson", is also four-beats-to-the-bar, but goes down in pitch on the last note in each four-note cycle. It has been suggested that this downturn in pitch reveals a possible New Orleans influence. Jefferson, Texas, about 17 miles north of Marshall, was the westernmost port of a steamboat route that connected to New Orleans via Caddo Lake, the Red River, and the Mississippi River.[22]

text: The remaining bass lines rise in complexity with distance from Marshall, Texas as one would expect variations and innovations would occur as the territory in which the music has been introduced expands.

text: Indications that Marshall & Harrison County Texas is the most likely point of origination of boogie-woogie[edit]

text: In January 2010, John Tennison summarized his research into the origins of boogie-woogie with the conclusion that Marshall, Texas is "the municipality whose boundaries are most likely to encompass or be closest to the point on the map which is the geographic center of gravity for all instances of Boogie Woogie performance between 1870 and 1880".

text: Tennison states: "Given the account of Elliot Paul, and given that Lead Belly witnessed boogie-woogie in 1899 in the Arklatex; and given the North to South migration of the Thomas family; and given the Texas & Pacific headquarters in Marshall in the early 1870s; and given that Harrison County had the largest slave population in the state of Texas; and given the fact that the best-documented and largest-scale turpentine camps in Texas did not occur until after 1900 in Southeast Texas, it is most probable that boogie-woogie spread from Northeast to Southeast Texas, rather than from Southeast to Northeast Texas, or by having developed diffusely with an even density over all of the Piney Woods of East Texas. It would not be surprising if there was as yet undiscovered evidence of the earliest boogie-woogie performances buried (metaphorically or literally) in Northeast Texas."[1]

text: On May 13, 2010, the Marshall City Commission enacted an official declaration naming Marshall as the "birthplace" of boogie-woogie music, and embarked on a program to encourage additional historical research and to stimulate interest in and appreciation for the early African-American culture in northeast Texas that played a vital role in creating boogie-woogie music.[23]

text: The city of Marshall, Texas is committed to cooperating with any and all efforts to unearth boogie-woogie history and to honor, celebrate, and re-create the vibrant environment that was catalytic to the creation of the most entertaining, revolutionary, and influential of all American musical forms.

text: "Birthplace of Boogie Woogie" was registered by the Marshall Convention and Visitors on June 21, 2011 (registration number 3,980,563; Ser. No. 85-064,442, Filed 6-16-2010).

text: Development of modern boogie-woogie[edit]

text: A song titled "Tin Roof Blues" was published in 1923 by the Clarence Williams Publishing Company. Compositional credit is given to Richard M. Jones. The Jones composition uses a boogie bass in the introduction with some variation throughout.[24][25] In February 1923, Joseph Samuels' Tampa Blue Jazz Band recorded the George W. Thomas number "The Fives" for Okeh Records, considered the first example of jazz band boogie-woogie.

text: Jimmy Blythe's recording of "Chicago Stomps" from April 1924 is sometimes called the first complete boogie-woogie piano solo record.

text: The first boogie-woogie hit was "Pinetop's Boogie Woogie" by Pinetop Smith, recorded in 1928 and first released in 1929. Smith's record was the first boogie-woogie recording to be a commercial hit, and helped establish "boogie-woogie" as the name of the style. It was closely followed by another example of pure boogie-woogie, "Honky Tonk Train Blues" by Meade Lux Lewis, recorded by Paramount Records; (1927), first released in March 1930. The performance emulated a railroad trip, perhaps lending credence to the 'train theory'.

text: Late 1930s: Carnegie Hall[edit]

text: Boogie-woogie gained further public attention in 1938 and 1939, thanks to the From Spirituals to Swing concerts in Carnegie Hall promoted by record producer John Hammond.[3] The concerts featured Big Joe Turner and Pete Johnson performing Turner's tribute to Johnson, "Roll 'Em Pete", as well as Meade Lux Lewis performing "Honky Tonk Train Blues" and Albert Ammons playing "Swanee River Boogie". "Roll 'Em Pete" is now considered to be an early rock and roll song.

text: These three pianists, with Turner, took up residence in the Café Society night club in New York City where they were popular with the sophisticated set. They often played in combinations of two and even three pianos, creating a richly textured piano performance.

text: 1930s–1940s: Swing[edit]

text: After the Carnegie Hall concerts, it was only natural for swing bands to incorporate the boogie-woogie beat into some of their music. Tommy Dorsey's band recorded an updated version of "Pine Top's Boogie Woogie" in 1938, which (as "Boogie Woogie") became a hit in 1943 and 1945,[26] and was to become the swing era's second best seller, only second to Glenn Miller's "In the Mood". In 1939, at the suggestion of Columbia Records producer John Hammond, Harry James recorded the singles Boo-Woo and Woo-Woo with Pete Johnson and Albert Ammons.[27] Also from 1939, the Will Bradley orchestra had a string of boogie hits such as the original versions of "Beat Me Daddy (Eight To The Bar)" and "Down the Road a Piece", both 1940, and "Scrub Me Mamma With A Boogie Beat", in 1941. The Andrews Sisters sang some boogies, and after the floodgates were open, it was expected that every big band should have one or two boogie numbers in their repertoire.

text: Key figures[edit]

text: Among the many pianists who have been exponents of this genre, there are only a few who have had a lasting influence on the music scene. Perhaps the most well known boogie-woogie pianist is Albert Ammons. His "Boogie Woogie Stomp" released in 1936 was a pivotal recording, not just for boogie-woogie but for popular music in general. Some of the flattened sevenths in the right hand riffs are similar to licks used by early rock and roll guitarists such as Chuck Berry, who augmented Johnnie Johnson's 'Sir John Trio' by fusing his Charlie Christian-inspired guitar style with Johnson's boogie-woogie riffs. Ammons' two main compatriots were Meade 'Lux' Lewis and Pete Johnson. Before these three were playing piano, the two leading pianists were Jimmy Yancey and 'Pine-Top' Smith. Both of these pianists used bass patterns similar to ragtime and stride piano, but the distinctive Boogie-Woogie right hand licks were already in use. Today, Boogie-Woogie is being taken forward by such pianists as Michael Kaeshammer, Carl Sonny Leyland, Rob Rio, Silvan Zingg, Stephanie Trick and particularly Axel Zwingenberger, whose records and performances have a great influence on the contemporary scene.

text: Derivative forms[edit]

text: In 1939 country artists began playing boogie-woogie when Johnny Barfield recorded "Boogie Woogie". "Cow Cow Boogie" was written for, but not used in, the 1942 movie Ride 'em Cowboy. This song by Benny Carter, Gene DePaul, and Don Raye successfully combined boogie-woogie and Western, or cowboy music. The lyrics leave no doubt that it was a Western boogie-woogie. It sold over a million records in its original release by Ella Mae Morse and Freddie Slack, and has now been recorded many times.

text: The trickle of what was initially called hillbilly boogie, or Okie boogie (later to be renamed country boogie), became a flood beginning around late 1945. One notable country boogie from this period was the Delmore Brothers "Freight Train Boogie", considered to be part of the combined evolution of country music and blues towards rockabilly. In 1948 Arthur Smith achieved Top 10 US country chart success with his MGM Records recordings of "Guitar Boogie" and "Banjo Boogie", with the former crossing over to the US pop chart, introducing many people to the potential of the electric guitar.[28] The hillbilly boogie period lasted into the 1950s, the last recordings of this era were made by Tennessee Ernie Ford with Cliffie Stone and his orchestra with the great guitar duo Jimmy Bryant and Speedy West. Bill Haley and the Saddlemen recorded two boogies in 1951.

text: The boogie beat continued in country music through the end of the 20th century. The Charlie Daniels Band (whose earlier tune "The South's Gonna Do It Again" uses boogie-woogie influences) released "Boogie Woogie Fiddle Country Blues" in 1988,[29] and three years later in 1991 Brooks & Dunn had a huge hit with "Boot Scootin' Boogie".[30]

text: More representative examples can be found in some of the songs of Western swing pioneer Bob Wills, and subsequent tradition-minded country artists such as Asleep At The Wheel, Merle Haggard, and George Strait.

text: The popularity of the Carnegie Hall concerts meant work for many of the fellow boogie players and also led to the adaptation of boogie-woogie sounds to many other forms of music. Tommy Dorsey's band had a hit with "T.D.'s Boogie Woogie" as arranged by Sy Oliver and soon there were boogie-woogie songs, recorded and printed, of many different stripes. Most famously, in the big-band genre, the ubiquitous "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy", which was revamped by Christina Aguilera as her 2006 hit, "Candyman".

text: In the many styles of blues, especially Chicago blues and (more recently) West Coast blues, some pianists and guitarists were influenced by, and employed, the traditional boogie-woogie styles. Some of the earliest and most influential were Big Maceo Merriweather and Sunnyland Slim. Otis Spann and Pinetop Perkins, two of the best known blues pianists, are heavily boogie-woogie influenced, with the latter taking both his name and signature tune from Pinetop Smith.

text: The boogie-woogie fad lasted from the late 1930s into the early 1950s,[31] and made a major contribution to the development of jump blues and ultimately to rock and roll, epitomized by Fats Domino, Little Richard and Jerry Lee Lewis. Louis Jordan is famous jump blues musician. Boogie-woogie is still to be heard in clubs and on records throughout Europe and North America. Big Joe Duskin displayed on his 1979 album, Cincinnati Stomp, a command of piano blues and boogie-woogie, which he had absorbed at first hand in the 1940s from Albert Ammons and Pete Johnson.[32]

text: In Western classical music, the composer Conlon Nancarrow was also deeply influenced by boogie-woogie, as many of his early works for player piano demonstrate. "A Wonderful Time Up There" is a boogie-woogie gospel song. In 1943, Morton Gould composed Boogie-Woogie Etude for classical pianist José Iturbi, who premiered and recorded it that year. Povel Ramel's first hit in 1944 was Johanssons boogie-woogie-vals where he mixed boogie-woogie with waltz. John Lee Hooker took the Boogie-woogie style over to guitar from piano, creating the Boogie song "Boogie Chillen".

text: 21st-century commentators have also noted the characteristics of boogie-woogie in the third variation of the second section of Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 32, written between 1821 and 1822.[33]

text: Hard boogie-woogie 1970s[edit]

text: Beginning in the 1970s, and continuing to this day, artists such as George Frayne (Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen), keep (mostly) traditional boogie style alive with songs such as "Rock That Boogie", "Too Much Fun", "Beat Me Daddy, Eight to the Bar", and others. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Jools Holland has been instrumental in keeping the boogie-woogie tradition alive. Also, multi-instrumentalist Shawn Lee experimented with boogie-woogie in his 2006 soundtrack for the game Bully, in the song "Fighting Johnny Vincent".

text: Hard boogie bands like T. Rex, Status Quo, Foghat, ZZ Top, Suzi Quatro, Grand Funk Railroad, Lynyrd Skynyrd, George Thorogood and Gary Glitter were popular in the 1970s. The Grateful Dead took part in the boogie-woogie rhythmic style as well; they played a dance hall sort of music as they emerged. Over the years there are many examples of them jamming, when they are just playing boogie-woogie.


document_title: 2016 Nobel Peace Prize

question_text: who gave the nobel peace prize of 2016

question_tokens: who gave the nobel peace prize of 2016

root

text: 2016 Nobel Peace Prize

text: Nominations[edit]

text: 376 candidates received nominations for this year's prize included 228 individuals and 148 organizations - the largest ever number of nominees, the previous record being 278 in 2014.[7]

tag: p

text: Notable other nominees included the "White Helmets" of the Syrian Conflict[8] (who received several editorial endorsements from western newspapers[9][10][11]); representative "Greek islanders", particularly those from Lesbos, for their response to the related refugee crisis;[12] Nadia Murad for her work in refugee advocacy; and Congolese gynaecologist Denis Mukwege for work with victims of rape.[13][14]

text: Still further nominations included Svetlana Gannushkina, Ernest Moniz and Ali Akbar Salehi, and Edward Snowden.[15] Gannushkina and Syrian Civil Defense had been jointly awarded the 2016 Right Livelihood Award in the weeks prior.[16][17]

text: Six other Colombians, five of them victims of the Colombian armed conflict, had also been nominated.[18][19]

text: Reactions[edit]

text: In a press release statement, UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova said that this year's prize "pays tribute to the audacity and perseverance of President Santos and all those who seek to build peace every day, step by step to heal the wounds of the country, in their families and communities."[20]

text: Media coverage characterised the announcement as a surprise since the national referendum on October 2 was narrowly defeated.[21][22] Initial reports also expressed surprise that the prize was not awarded jointly with FARC leader Rodrigo Londoño, Santos' main negotiating partner.[23] Londoño, under the name Timoleon Jimenez, tweeted his reaction to the announcement: "The only award we want is peace with social justice for Colombia without paramilitarism, without retaliation or lies."[24]

text: Syria Civil Defence, tweeting as "The White Helmets", congratulated Santos and wished for peace for the people of Colombia,[25] An hour later the Twitter account shared an image of a destroyed building with the text "At the time of the @NobelPrize announcement, @SyriaCivilDef center targeted in Hama. Back to work."[26]

text: Álvaro Uribe, The leader of the movement to oppose the referendum and Santos' predecessor as Colombian president, congratulated him but also stated “I want him to lead to change these democracy-damaging peace accords.”[27][2]

text: Ciarán Norris, writing in The Guardian, argued that awarding the prize solely to Santos, not to the White Helmets nor shared with a FARC leader, was a deliberate choice to lend its power in a way that might have the greatest direct impact in achieving peace. "The Nobel prize committee had an opportunity today, just days after a hard-fought peace risked being lost in the Colombian jungle, to provoke peace and kickstart that process. In so doing, they have demonstrated that where the international community may not always lend its support to securing peace in every conflict – Syria chief amongst them – they can sometimes provide the necessary momentum to see it through."[28]

text: Committee[edit]

text: The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded by the Norwegian Nobel Committee:[29]

text:
Kaci Kullmann Five (Chair since March 2015, born 1951), former member of Parliament and cabinet minister for the Conservative Party. Member of the Committee since 2003.
Berit Reiss-Andersen (Deputy chair, born 1954), advocate (barrister) and President of the Norwegian Bar Association, former state secretary for the Minister of Justice and the Police (representing the Labour Party). Member of the Committee since 2011.
Inger-Marie Ytterhorn (born 1941), former member of Parliament for the Progress Party. Member of the Committee since 2000.
Thorbjørn Jagland (born 1950), former Member of Parliament and President of the Storting and former Prime Minister for the Labour Party, current Secretary General of the Council of Europe. Chair of the Committee from 2009 to March 2015.
Henrik Syse (born 1966), Senior Researcher at the Peace Research Institute Oslo. Member of the Committee since 2015.
Olav Njølstad (Committee secretary, born 1957), Director of the Norwegian Nobel Institute.

tag: ul


document_title: Manchester United F.C. in European football

question_text: when did man utd win the champions league

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: Following their league title win the previous season, Manchester United first competed in European football competition in 1956–57. 1954–55 Football League winners Chelsea had been denied the opportunity to take part in the inaugural European Cup by The Football League's chairman Alan Hardaker, who feared that European football would damage the integrity of the English game. However, Matt Busby, the manager of Manchester United, was a forward-thinking man and was determined to have his team compete on the European stage. With the backing of The Football Association's chairman, Stanley Rous (who would later go on to become the president of FIFA), Manchester United were allowed to compete in the 1956–57 European Cup.

text: The club's first match in European competition was a European Cup preliminary round tie against Anderlecht at Parc Astrid in Brussels; Manchester United won the match 2–0 in front of 35,000 spectators. The return leg was played at Maine Road, the home of Manchester United's local rivals Manchester City, as United's stadium, Old Trafford, had not yet been fitted with the necessary floodlighting for evening games. The match finished as a 10–0 win for Manchester United, a result that still stands as the club's record win in all competitions. A long run in the European Cup followed, including wins over Borussia Dortmund and Athletic Bilbao and culminating with a semi-final tie against Real Madrid. The first leg took United to the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, where they were defeated 3–1 in front of a record away crowd of 135,000 spectators. However, they were only able to draw 2–2 in the second leg back at Old Trafford, and the club's first European season came to an end as Real Madrid went on to record the second of their five consecutive European Cup titles.

text: Munich[edit]

text: United won the league title again that season, and were therefore eligible to compete in the European Cup for the second consecutive year. After dispatching Shamrock Rovers 9–2 on aggregate in the preliminary round, United were paired with Dukla Prague for the first round. After the second leg in Prague, the team was scheduled to fly back to Manchester the following day, but fog over Manchester prevented this and they were forced to make hasty arrangements to travel back via ferry from the Hook of Holland to Harwich and then by train up to Manchester. This long-winded journey took its toll on the players, who were only able to manage a 1–1 away draw against Birmingham City two days later.

text: Eager to avoid such a scenario again, the club's management chartered a plane for the quarter-final second leg away to Red Star Belgrade. Following a 2–1 win in the first leg at Old Trafford, a 3–3 draw in Belgrade was enough to secure passage to the semi-finals. On the return flight to Manchester, British European Airways Flight 609 stopped over in a snow-covered Munich for refuelling. Once the refuelling was complete, the pilot was given clearance to take off, only to be halted by a fault with the plane's engine. A second attempt was made a few seconds later, but the same fault kept the plane grounded. Half an hour later, after inspection by the airport's engineers, the plane was given clearance for another take-off attempt. The suggested solution was to have the plane accelerate more slowly, but this meant that the take-off velocity would not be reached until the plane was even further down the runway. Once the plane reached 117 knots – the speed at which it was no longer safe to abort the take-off – the pilot would have expected the plane's velocity to continue to increase; however, there was a sudden drop in velocity and the plane was unable to take off before the end of the runway. It skidded off the end of the runway, through a wire fence and across a road before crashing into a house.

text: The impact of the crash and the subsequent explosion of fuel killed 21 of the 44 people on board instantly, and another two died in hospital a few days later. Eight of those who died were Manchester United players, among them Duncan Edwards, Roger Byrne and Tommy Taylor, while club secretary Walter Crickmer, trainer Tom Curry and coach Bert Whalley were also killed. Matt Busby was also severely injured, but he made a full recovery after two months in hospital. With eight of the club's first team having been killed in the accident, and several more still recuperating, a threadbare side took to the field for the semi-final matches against Milan. A 2–1 win at Old Trafford in the first leg gave the team hope of a place in the final, but a 4–0 defeat back at the San Siro put paid to those dreams. In honour of those who died, UEFA offered United a berth in the 1958–59 European Cup, drawing them against BSC Young Boys in the preliminary round, but the Football League denied United entry to the competition as they had not won the Football League the previous season after their league campaign crumbled in the aftermath of the disaster. The games against Young Boys went ahead as friendlies.

text: Return to Europe[edit]

text: Victory in the 1962–63 FA Cup meant that United returned to European competition after a five-year absence for the 1963–64 Cup Winners' Cup. After sweeping aside Willem II of the Netherlands and the defending champions, England's Tottenham Hotspur, United were drawn against Sporting CP in the quarter-finals. A 4–1 home win in the first leg meant that United needed to avoid defeat by more than three goals at Estádio José Alvalade to progress to the semi-finals; however, the team succumbed to their heaviest defeat in European competition to date, losing 5–0 on the night and 6–4 on aggregate.

text: A second-place finish in the league in 1963–64 meant that United qualified for the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1964–65. They reached the semi-finals, knocking out Djurgården, Borussia Dortmund, Everton and Strasbourg before losing 2–1 to Ferencváros in a play-off after a 3–3 aggregate draw over two legs.

text: Back in the European Cup[edit]

text: The following season saw United return to the European Cup for the first time since Munich after they had beaten Leeds United to top spot in the Football League on goal average. After seeing off Finland's HJK Helsinki and Vorwärts Berlin of East Germany in the first two rounds, Manchester United were drawn against four-time finalists, two-time winners and the previous season's runners-up, Benfica. Benfica's most famous player, the Portuguese international Eusébio, had just been named the European Footballer of the Year and his team went into the tie as favourites. Despite this tag, United ran out 3–2 winners in the first leg at Old Trafford, before beating the Lisbon side 5–1 back at the Estádio da Luz, in what is considered to be the greatest match of George Best's career.[1][2][3] The result set up a semi-final tie with Partizan, a tie that would take United back to for the first time since the tragedy in Munich. Best had injured his knee in an FA Cup Sixth Round match against Preston North End a couple of weeks before, and although he played in the first leg against Partizan, he was not fully fit and United struggled, losing 2–0 at the JNA Stadium. A goal from Nobby Stiles secured a 1–0 win in the second leg back at Old Trafford, but it was not enough and Matt Busby, believing that his dream of winning the European Cup was over, considered retirement; however, he resolved to win another league title and have one last shot at Europe's biggest prize.

text: First European title[edit]

text: Manchester United won the 1966–67 Football League title by four points over Nottingham Forest with a game to spare; this secured their second European Cup appearance in three seasons for 1967–68. After overcoming the Maltese champions, Hibernians, in the first round, United were handed yet another trip to Yugoslavia, this time to take on FK Sarajevo. The Red Devils faced a long journey to Sarajevo for the first leg, and they were held to a 0–0 draw in a very physical match. The second leg was equally robust, but United took control of the tie with goals from John Aston and George Best. Sarajevo were only able to pull back one goal and United went through to the quarter-finals, where they were drawn against Polish side Górnik Zabrze. United won the first leg at Old Trafford 2–0; an own goal from Stefan Florenski put them 1–0 up after an hour, and Brian Kidd doubled their lead in the final minute. The Poles had come to be considered one of the better sides in the last eight, and they were able to come away with a 1–0 win in the second leg, but it was not enough to prevent United from progressing to a semi-final tie with Real Madrid. United's 1–0 win in the first leg at Old Trafford was all that separated the sides after a 3–3 draw at the Bernabéu, setting up a meeting with Benfica in the final at Wembley Stadium. Best was again on the scoresheet, along with two goals from Charlton and one from Kidd on his 19th birthday, as United beat the Portuguese champions 4–1 after extra time to claim their first European trophy.

text: United reached the semi-finals of the European Cup as holders in the 1968–69 season, but lost to Milan. They would not compete in Europe for another seven years.

text: European comeback[edit]

text: Following the retirement of Sir Matt Busby as manager at the end of the 1968–69 season, United entered a barren period that culminated in relegation to the Second Division in 1974. Promotion was achieved at the first attempt under the management of Tommy Docherty, who had taken over in December 1972, and in that first season back in the top flight, United finished third in the league to qualify for the UEFA Cup.

text: Although United did qualify for the European Cup Winners' Cup as FA Cup winners in 1977 and for the UEFA Cup in 1980 and 1982 with top-five finishes, they failed to make an impact on European competitions until the 1983–84 season, when they qualified for the European Cup Winners' Cup as FA Cup winners under Ron Atkinson. The United squad of this era was arguably the finest of the post-Busby era, containing star players including Ray Wilkins, Bryan Robson, Frank Stapleton and teenage forward Norman Whiteside. United achieved a famous victory over Barcelona in the quarter-finals of the 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup, winning the second leg 3–0 at Old Trafford after being beaten 2–0 in Spain in the first leg, made all the more impressive by the fact that Barcelona's team contained Diego Maradona, rated by many as the best footballer in the world at the time.

text: United reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup in 1984–85, but this would be their last contribution to European football for half a decade; the subsequent Heysel Stadium disaster at the European Cup final, in which rioting by Liverpool fans resulted in the death of 39 spectators and led to a ban on all English clubs in European competitions which would not be lifted in 1990. This resulted in United missing out on qualification for the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1985, and the UEFA Cup in 1986 and 1988. During this exile from Europe, United replaced Ron Atkinson with Alex Ferguson as their manager, and he remained in charge more than a quarter of a century later.

text: Since 1990[edit]

text: When the ban on English clubs in European competitions was lifted for the 1990–91 season, United were England's representatives in the European Cup Winners' Cup, as FA Cup winners, and they marked their return to Europe by winning the competition, with a 2–1 win over Barcelona (by now without Maradona) in the final, in which Mark Hughes scored twice.[4] Their defence of the trophy in the 1991–92 season was short-lived, ending at the hands of Atlético Madrid in the second round, and they lost at the first hurdle in the 1992–93 UEFA Cup. League title glory in 1993 saw United enter the European Cup (now branded the Champions League) for the first time in 25 years, but in spite of their excellent domestic form during this era, they failed to make much of an impact in European competitions until the 1996–97 season, when they reached the semi-finals of the Champions League and were beaten by Borussia Dortmund. This campaign in Europe also saw them suffer their first defeat home in a European competition, 40 years after first competing on the continent, losing 1–0 to Turkish side Fenerbahçe in the group stage.[5]

text: They finally ended a 31-year wait for a second European Cup in 1999 when stoppage-time goals from Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær gave them a 2–1 win over Bayern Munich in the final in Barcelona.[6] In 2003–04, United were beaten by Porto in the last 16 of the Champions League, ending a seven-year run of quarter-final appearances in the competitions,[7] which also included one run to the final and a further two to the semi-finals.

text: After three short-lived Champions League campaigns, United made an impact on the competition in the 2006–07 season. After going down 2–1 in Italy to Roma in the quarter-final first leg,[8] they triumphed 7–1 in the second leg to reach the semi-finals for the first time in five years.[9] They took a 3–2 lead against Milan in the first leg,[10] only for their hopes of an all-English final with Liverpool to be ended by a 3–0 second leg defeat.[11] A year later, however, they won the trophy for the third time, beating fellow English side Chelsea on penalties in Moscow after a 1–1 draw in the first all-English European Cup final.[12]

text: United reached two European Cup finals in the next three years, but lost to Barcelona on both occasions; first in the 2009 final in Rome,[13] and then in the 2011 final at the new Wembley Stadium in London.[14] Poor performances in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League group stage saw United finish third, giving them another chance in Europe via the UEFA Europa League.[15] This was the first time United competed in the competition since its rebrand from the UEFA Cup in 2009, which they last competed in in 1995–96. They were eventually knocked out in the round of 16, losing 5–3 on aggregate to Athletic Club.[16] After finishing seventh in the Premier League in 2013–14 under David Moyes, United missed out on European football in 2014–15 for the first time in 25 years,[17] but returned to European action the following season after Moyes' replacement Louis van Gaal guided the club to fourth in the league and a place in the Champions League play-off round.[18] It was the first time that Manchester United had played in the qualifying phase of the Champions League since beating Hungarian side Debrecen in the 2005–06 competition.[19]

text: By virtue of winning the 2015–16 FA Cup (compounded by a 5th-place finish in the Premier League that season), United started their European campaign for 2016–17 in the Europa League for the first time since 1995–96. United won the competition after defeating AFC Ajax 2–0 in the final, giving them their first win of the competition and becoming the fifth club to win all three of UEFA's major titles.[20]

text: Matches[edit]

text:
Season

Competition

Round

Opposition

Score[nb 1]

1956–57

European Cup

Preliminary round

 Anderlecht

2–0 (A), 10–0 (H)

First round

 Borussia Dortmund

3–2 (H), 0–0 (A)

Quarter-final

 Athletic Bilbao

3–5 (A), 3–0 (H)

Semi-final

 Real Madrid

1–3 (A), 2–2 (H)

1957–58

European Cup

Preliminary round

 Shamrock Rovers

6–0 (A), 3–2 (H)

First round

 Dukla Prague

3–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

Quarter-final

 Red Star Belgrade

2–1 (H), 3–3 (A)

Semi-final

 Milan

2–1 (H), 0–4 (A)

1958–59

European Cup

Preliminary round

 Young Boys

Withdrew

1963–64

Cup Winners' Cup

Preliminary round

 Willem II

1–1 (A), 6–0 (H)

First round

 Tottenham Hotspur

0–2 (A), 4–1 (H)

Quarter-final

 Sporting CP

4–1 (H), 0–5 (A)

1964–65

Inter-Cities Fairs Cup

First round

 Djurgården

1–1 (A), 6–0 (H)

Second round

 Borussia Dortmund

6–1 (A), 4–0 (H)

Third round

 Everton

1–1 (A), 2–1 (H)

Quarter-final

 Strasbourg

5–0 (A), 0–0 (H)

Semi-final

 Ferencváros

3–2 (H), 0–1 (A), 1–2 (A)

1965–66

European Cup

Preliminary round

 HJK Helsinki

3–2 (A), 6–0 (H)

First round

 Vorwärts Berlin

2–0 (A), 3–1 (H)

Quarter-final

 Benfica

3–2 (H), 5–1 (A)

Semi-final

 Partizan Belgrade

0–2 (A), 1–0 (H)

1967–68

European Cup

First round

 Hibernians

4–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

Second round

 FK Sarajevo

0–0 (A), 2–1 (H)

Quarter-final

 Górnik Zabrze

2–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

Semi-final

 Real Madrid

1–0 (H), 3–3 (A)

Final

 Benfica

4–1 (N)

1968

Intercontinental Cup

Final

 Estudiantes

0–1 (A), 1–1 (H)

1968–69

European Cup

First round

 Waterford

3–1 (A), 7–1 (H)

Second round

 Anderlecht

3–0 (H), 1–3 (A)

Quarter-final

 Rapid Vienna

3–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

Semi-final

 Milan

0–2 (A), 1–0 (H)

1976–77

UEFA Cup

First round

 Ajax

0–1 (A), 2–0 (H)

Second round

 Juventus

1–0 (H), 0–3 (A)

1977–78

Cup Winners' Cup

First round

 Saint-Étienne

1–1 (A), 2–0 (H)[nb 2]

Second round

 Porto

0–4 (A), 5–2 (H)

1980–81

UEFA Cup

First round

 Widzew Łódź

1–1 (H), 0–0 (A)[nb 3]

1982–83

UEFA Cup

First round

 Valencia

0–0 (H), 1–2 (A)

1983–84

Cup Winners' Cup

First round

 Dukla Prague

1–1 (H), 2–2 (A)[nb 4]

Second round

 Spartak Varna

2–1 (A), 2–0 (H)

Quarter-final

 Barcelona

0–2 (A), 3–0 (H)

Semi-final

 Juventus

1–1 (H), 1–2 (A)

1984–85

UEFA Cup

First round

 Rába ETO Győr

3–0 (H), 2–2 (A)

Second round

 PSV Eindhoven

0–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

Third round

 Dundee United

2–2 (H), 3–2 (A)

Quarter-final

 Videoton

1–0 (H), 0–1 (A)[nb 5]

1985–86

Cup Winners' Cup

First round

 Benfica

1986–87

UEFA Cup

Banned

1988–89

UEFA Cup

1990–91

Cup Winners' Cup

First round

 Pécsi Munkás

2–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

Second round

 Wrexham

3–0 (H), 2–0 (A)

Quarter-final

 Montpellier

1–1 (H), 2–0 (A)

Semi-final

 Legia Warsaw

3–1 (A), 1–1 (H)

Final

 Barcelona

2–1 (N)

1991

Super Cup

Final

 Red Star Belgrade

1–0 (H)

1991–92

Cup Winners' Cup

First round

 Athinaikos

0–0 (A), 2–0 (H)

Second round

 Atlético Madrid

0–3 (A), 1–1 (H)

1992–93

UEFA Cup

First round

 Torpedo Moscow

0–0 (H), 0–0 (A)[nb 6]

1993–94

Champions League

First round

 Kispest Honvéd

3–2 (A), 2–1 (H)

Second round

 Galatasaray

3–3 (H), 0–0 (A)[nb 3]

1994–95

Champions League

Group A

 IFK Göteborg

4–2 (H), 1–3 (A)

 Galatasaray

0–0 (A), 4–0 (H)

 Barcelona

2–2 (H), 0–4 (A)

1995–96

UEFA Cup

First round

 Rotor Volgograd

0–0 (A), 2–2 (H)[nb 3]

1996–97

Champions League

Group C

 Juventus

0–1 (A), 0–1 (H)

 Rapid Vienna

2–0 (H), 2–0 (A)

 Fenerbahçe

2–0 (A), 0–1 (H)

Quarter-final

 Porto

4–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

Semi-final

 Borussia Dortmund

0–1 (A), 0–1 (H)

1997–98

Champions League

Group B

 Košice

3–0 (A), 3–0 (H)

 Juventus

3–2 (H), 0–1 (A)

 Feyenoord

2–1 (H), 3–1 (A)

Quarter-final

 AS Monaco

0–0 (A), 1–1 (H)[nb 3]

1998–99

Champions League

Second qualifying round

 ŁKS Łódź

2–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

Group D

 Barcelona

3–3 (H), 3–3 (A)

 Bayern Munich

2–2 (A), 1–1 (H)

 Brøndby

6–2 (A), 5–0 (H)

Quarter-final

 Internazionale

2–0 (H), 1–1 (A)

Semi-final

 Juventus

1–1 (H), 3–2 (A)

Final

 Bayern Munich

2–1 (N)

1999

Super Cup

Final

 Lazio

0–1 (N)

1999

Intercontinental Cup

Final

 Palmeiras

1–0 (N)

2000

Club World Championship

Group B

 Necaxa

1–1 (N)

 Vasco da Gama

1–3 (N)

 South Melbourne

2–0 (N)

1999–2000

Champions League

First group roundGroup D

 Croatia Zagreb

0–0 (H), 2–1 (A)

 Sturm Graz

3–0 (A), 2–1 (H)

 Marseille

2–1 (H), 0–1 (A)

Second group roundGroup B

 Fiorentina

0–2 (A), 3–1 (H)

 Valencia

3–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

 Bordeaux

2–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

Quarter-final

 Real Madrid

0–0 (A), 2–3 (H)

2000–01

Champions League

First group roundGroup G

 Anderlecht

5–1 (H), 1–2 (A)

 Dynamo Kyiv

0–0 (A), 1–0 (H)

 PSV Eindhoven

1–3 (A), 3–1 (H)

Second group roundGroup A

 Panathinaikos

3–1 (H), 1–1 (A)

 Sturm Graz

2–0 (A), 3–0 (H)

 Valencia

0–0 (A), 1–1 (H)

Quarter-final

 Bayern Munich

0–1 (H), 1–2 (A)

2001–02

Champions League

First group roundGroup G

 Lille

1–0 (H), 1–1 (A)

 Deportivo

1–2 (A), 2–3 (H)

 Olympiacos

2–0 (A), 3–0 (H)

Second group roundGroup A

 Bayern Munich

1–1 (A), 0–0 (H)

 Boavista

3–0 (H), 3–0 (A)

 Nantes

1–1 (A), 5–1 (H)

Quarter-final

 Deportivo

2–0 (A), 3–2 (H)

Semi-final

 Bayer Leverkusen

2–2 (H), 1–1 (A)[nb 3]

2002–03

Champions League

Third qualifying round

 Zalaegerszeg

0–1 (A), 5–0 (H)

First group roundGroup F

 Maccabi Haifa

5–2 (H), 0–3 (A)

 Bayer Leverkusen

2–1 (A), 2–0 (H)

 Olympiacos

4–0 (H), 3–2 (A)

Second group roundGroup D

 Basel

3–1 (A), 1–1 (H)

 Deportivo

2–0 (H), 0–2 (A)

 Juventus

2–1 (H), 3–0 (A)

Quarter-final

 Real Madrid

1–3 (A), 4–3 (H)

2003–04

Champions League

Group E

 Panathinaikos

5–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

 Stuttgart

1–2 (A), 2–0 (H)

 Rangers

1–0 (A), 3–0 (H)

First knockout round

 Porto

1–2 (A), 1–1 (H)

2004–05

Champions League

Third qualifying round

 Dinamo București

2–1 (A), 3–0 (H)

Group D

 Lyon

2–2 (A), 2–1 (H)

 Fenerbahçe

6–2 (H), 0–3 (A)

 Sparta Prague

0–0 (H), 4–1 (A)

First knockout round

 Milan

0–1 (H), 0–1 (A)

2005–06

Champions League

Third qualifying round

 Debrecen

3–0 (H), 3–0 (A)

Group D

 Villarreal

0–0 (A), 0–0 (H)

 Benfica

2–1 (H), 1–2 (A)

 Lille

0–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

2006–07

Champions League

Group F

 Celtic

3–2 (H), 0–1 (A)

 Benfica

1–0 (A), 3–1 (H)

 Copenhagen

3–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

First knockout round

 Lille

1–0 (A), 1–0 (H)

Quarter-final

 Roma

1–2 (A), 7–1 (H)

Semi-final

 Milan

3–2 (H), 0–3 (A)

2007–08

Champions League

Group F

 Sporting CP

1–0 (A), 2–1 (H)

 Roma

1–0 (H), 1–1 (A)

 Dynamo Kyiv

4–2 (A), 4–0 (H)

First knockout round

 Lyon

1–1 (A), 1–0 (H)

Quarter-final

 Roma

2–0 (A), 1–0 (H)

Semi-final

 Barcelona

0–0 (A), 1–0 (H)

Final

 Chelsea

1–1 (N)[nb 7]

2008

Super Cup

Final

 Zenit Saint Petersburg

1–2 (N)

2008

Club World Cup

Semi-final

 Gamba Osaka

5–3 (N)

Final

 LDU Quito

1–0 (N)

2008–09

Champions League

Group E

 Villarreal

0–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

 Aalborg

3–0 (A), 2–2 (H)

 Celtic

3–0 (H), 1–1 (A)

First knockout round

 Internazionale

0–0 (A), 2–0 (H)

Quarter-final

 Porto

2–2 (H), 1–0 (A)

Semi-final

 Arsenal

1–0 (H), 3–1 (A)

Final

 Barcelona

0–2 (N)

2009–10

Champions League

Group B

 Beşiktaş

1–0 (A), 0–1 (H)

 Wolfsburg

2–1 (H), 3–1 (A)

 CSKA Moscow

1–0 (A), 3–3 (H)

Round of 16

 Milan

3–2 (A), 4–0 (H)

Quarter-final

 Bayern Munich

1–2 (A), 3–2 (H)[nb 3]

2010–11

Champions League

Group C

 Rangers

0–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

 Valencia

1–0 (A), 1–1 (H)

 Bursaspor

1–0 (H), 3–0 (A)

Round of 16

 Marseille

0–0 (A), 2–1 (H)

Quarter-final

 Chelsea

1–0 (A), 2–1 (H)

Semi-final

 Schalke 04

2–0 (A), 4–1 (H)

Final

 Barcelona

1–3 (N)

2011–12

Champions League

Group C

 Benfica

1–1 (A), 2–2 (H)

 Basel

3–3 (H), 1–2 (A)

 Oțelul Galați

2–0 (A), 2–0 (H)

2011–12

Europa League

Round of 32

 Ajax

2–0 (A), 1–2 (H)

Round of 16

 Athletic Bilbao

2–3 (H), 1–2 (A)

2012–13

Champions League

Group H

 Galatasaray

1–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

 CFR Cluj

2–1 (A), 0–1 (H)

 Braga

3–2 (H), 3–1 (A)

Round of 16

 Real Madrid

1–1 (A), 1–2 (H)

2013–14

Champions League

Group A

 Bayer Leverkusen

4–2 (H), 5–0 (A)

 Shakhtar Donetsk

1–1 (A), 1–0 (H)

 Real Sociedad

1–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

Round of 16

 Olympiacos

0–2 (A), 3–0 (H)

Quarter-final

 Bayern Munich

1–1 (H), 1–3 (A)

2015–16

Champions League

Play-off round

 Club Brugge

3–1 (H), 4–0 (A)

Group B

 PSV Eindhoven

1–2 (A), 0–0 (H)

 Wolfsburg

2–1 (H), 2–3 (A)

 CSKA Moscow

1–1 (A), 1–0 (H)

2015–16

Europa League

Round of 32

 Midtjylland

1–2 (A), 5–1 (H)

Round of 16

 Liverpool

0–2 (A), 1–1 (H)

2016–17

Europa League

Group A

 Fenerbahçe

4–1 (H), 1–2 (A)

 Feyenoord

0–1 (A), 4–0 (H)

 Zorya Luhansk

1–0 (H), 2–0 (A)

Round of 32

 Saint-Étienne

3–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

Round of 16

 Rostov

1–1 (A), 1–0 (H)

Quarter-final

 Anderlecht

1–1 (A), 2–1 (H)

Semi-final

 Celta Vigo

1–0 (A), 1–1 (H)

Final

 Ajax

2–0 (N)

2017

Super Cup

Final

 Real Madrid

1–2 (N)

2017–18

Champions League

Group A

 Basel

3–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

 CSKA Moscow

4–1 (A), 2–1 (H)

 Benfica

1–0 (A), 2–0 (H)

Round of 16

 Sevilla

0–0 (A), 1–2 (H)

tag: table

text: Overall record[edit]

text: By competition[edit]

text:
Competition

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Win%[nb 8]

Ref

Champions League / European Cup

7002269000000000000♠269

7002150000000000000♠150

7001650000000000000♠65

7001540000000000000♠54

7002496000000000000♠496

7002253000000000000♠253

+243

07001557600000000000♠55.76

[21]

Cup Winners' Cup

7001310000000000000♠31

7001160000000000000♠16

7000900000000000000♠9

7000600000000000000♠6

7001550000000000000♠55

7001350000000000000♠35

+20

07001516100000000000♠51.61

[22]

Europa League / UEFA Cup / Inter-Cities Fairs Cup

7001540000000000000♠54

7001240000000000000♠24

7001170000000000000♠17

7001130000000000000♠13

7001860000000000000♠86

7001470000000000000♠47

+39

07001444400000000000♠44.44

[23]

Super Cup

7000400000000000000♠4

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7000300000000000000♠3

7000300000000000000♠3

7000500000000000000♠5

−2

07001250000000000000♠25.00

[24]

Intertoto Cup

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

+0

!—

Intercontinental Cup

7000300000000000000♠3

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

+0

07001333300000000000♠33.33

[25]

Club World Cup

7000500000000000000♠5

7000300000000000000♠3

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

7001100000000000000♠10

7000700000000000000♠7

+3

07001600000000000000♠60.00

[26]

Total

7002364000000000000♠364

7002195000000000000♠195

7001920000000000000♠92

7001770000000000000♠77

7002651000000000000♠651

7002347000000000000♠347

+304

07001535700000000000♠53.57

[27]

text: By country[edit]

text:
Country

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Win%[nb 8]

Ref

 Argentina

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

7000200000000000000♠2

−1

005000000000000000000♠0.00

[28]

 Australia

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

+2

7002100000000000000♠100.00

[29]

 Austria

7000800000000000000♠8

7000700000000000000♠7

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7001170000000000000♠17

7000100000000000000♠1

+16

07001875000000000000♠87.50

[30]

 Belgium

7001100000000000000♠10

7000700000000000000♠7

7000100000000000000♠1

7000200000000000000♠2

7001320000000000000♠32

7000900000000000000♠9

+23

07001700000000000000♠70.00

[31]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

7000200000000000000♠2

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7000200000000000000♠2

7000100000000000000♠1

+1

07001500000000000000♠50.00

[32]

 Brazil

7000200000000000000♠2

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7000100000000000000♠1

7000200000000000000♠2

7000300000000000000♠3

−1

07001500000000000000♠50.00

[33]

 Bulgaria

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000400000000000000♠4

7000100000000000000♠1

+3

7002100000000000000♠100.00

[34]

 Croatia

7000200000000000000♠2

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7000200000000000000♠2

7000100000000000000♠1

+1

07001500000000000000♠50.00

[35]

 Czech Republic / Czechoslovakia

7000600000000000000♠6

7000200000000000000♠2

7000300000000000000♠3

7000100000000000000♠1

7001100000000000000♠10

7000500000000000000♠5

+5

07001333300000000000♠33.33

[36]

 Denmark

7000800000000000000♠8

7000500000000000000♠5

7000100000000000000♠1

7000200000000000000♠2

7001250000000000000♠25

7000800000000000000♠8

+17

07001625000000000000♠62.50

[37]

 East Germany

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000500000000000000♠5

7000100000000000000♠1

+4

7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Ecuador

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

+1

7002100000000000000♠100.00

[38]

 England

7001110000000000000♠11

7000600000000000000♠6

7000300000000000000♠3

7000200000000000000♠2

7001160000000000000♠16

7001110000000000000♠11

+5

07001545500000000000♠54.55

[39]

 Finland

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000900000000000000♠9

7000200000000000000♠2

+7

7002100000000000000♠100.00

[40]

 France

7001280000000000000♠28

7001150000000000000♠15

7001110000000000000♠11

7000200000000000000♠2

7001400000000000000♠40

7001150000000000000♠15

+25

07001535700000000000♠53.57

[41][42]

 Germany / West Germany

7001310000000000000♠31

7001150000000000000♠15

7000800000000000000♠8

7000800000000000000♠8

7001600000000000000♠60

7001360000000000000♠36

+24

07001483900000000000♠48.39

[43]

 Greece

7001120000000000000♠12

7000900000000000000♠9

7000200000000000000♠2

7000100000000000000♠1

7001270000000000000♠27

7000600000000000000♠6

+21

07001750000000000000♠75.00

[44]

 Hungary

7001150000000000000♠15

7001100000000000000♠10

7000100000000000000♠1

7000400000000000000♠4

7001290000000000000♠29

7001120000000000000♠12

+17

07001666700000000000♠66.67

[45]

 Ireland

7000400000000000000♠4

7000400000000000000♠4

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7001190000000000000♠19

7000400000000000000♠4

+15

7002100000000000000♠100.00

[46]

 Israel

7000200000000000000♠2

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7000100000000000000♠1

7000500000000000000♠5

7000500000000000000♠5

+0

07001500000000000000♠50.00

[47]

 Italy

7001350000000000000♠35

7001170000000000000♠17

7000500000000000000♠5

7001130000000000000♠13

7001490000000000000♠49

7001400000000000000♠40

+9

07001485700000000000♠48.57

[48]

 Japan

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000500000000000000♠5

7000300000000000000♠3

+2

7002100000000000000♠100.00

[49]

 Malta

7000200000000000000♠2

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7000400000000000000♠4

5000000000000000000♠0

+4

07001500000000000000♠50.00

[50]

 Mexico

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

+0

005000000000000000000♠0.00

[51]

 Netherlands

7001170000000000000♠17

7000900000000000000♠9

7000300000000000000♠3

7000500000000000000♠5

7001290000000000000♠29

7001140000000000000♠14

+15

07001529400000000000♠52.94

[52]

 Poland

7000800000000000000♠8

7000300000000000000♠3

7000400000000000000♠4

7000100000000000000♠1

7000900000000000000♠9

7000400000000000000♠4

+5

07001375000000000000♠37.50

[53]

 Portugal

7001270000000000000♠27

7001180000000000000♠18

7000500000000000000♠5

7000400000000000000♠4

7001580000000000000♠58

7001320000000000000♠32

+26

07001666700000000000♠66.67

[54]

 Romania

7000600000000000000♠6

7000500000000000000♠5

5000000000000000000♠0

7000100000000000000♠1

7001110000000000000♠11

7000300000000000000♠3

+8

07001833300000000000♠83.33

[55]

 Russia

7001130000000000000♠13

7000500000000000000♠5

7000700000000000000♠7

7000100000000000000♠1

7001170000000000000♠17

7001110000000000000♠11

+6

07001384600000000000♠38.46

[56]

 Scotland

7001100000000000000♠10

7000600000000000000♠6

7000300000000000000♠3

7000100000000000000♠1

7001170000000000000♠17

7000800000000000000♠8

+9

07001600000000000000♠60.00

[57]

 Serbia

7000500000000000000♠5

7000300000000000000♠3

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

7000700000000000000♠7

7000600000000000000♠6

+1

07001600000000000000♠60.00

[58]

 Slovakia

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000600000000000000♠6

5000000000000000000♠0

+6

7002100000000000000♠100.00

[59]

 Spain

7001520000000000000♠52

7001130000000000000♠13

7001210000000000000♠21

7001180000000000000♠18

7001630000000000000♠63

7001720000000000000♠72

−9

07001250000000000000♠25.00

[60]

 Sweden

7000400000000000000♠4

7000200000000000000♠2

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

7001120000000000000♠12

7000700000000000000♠7

+5

07001500000000000000♠50.00

[61]

  Switzerland

7000600000000000000♠6

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

7001110000000000000♠11

7000800000000000000♠8

+3

07001333300000000000♠33.33

[62]

 Turkey

7001160000000000000♠16

7000800000000000000♠8

7000300000000000000♠3

7000500000000000000♠5

7001260000000000000♠26

7001140000000000000♠14

+12

07001500000000000000♠50.00

[63]

 Ukraine

7000800000000000000♠8

7000600000000000000♠6

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

7001140000000000000♠14

7000300000000000000♠3

+11

07001750000000000000♠75.00

[64]

 Wales

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000500000000000000♠5

5000000000000000000♠0

+5

7002100000000000000♠100.00

[65]

text: By club[edit]

text:
Opponent

Played

Won

Drawn

Lost

For

Against

Difference

 Aalborg
2
1
1
0
5
2
+3

 Ajax
5
3
0
2
7
3
+4

 Anderlecht
8
5
1
2
25
8
+17

 Arsenal
2
2
0
0
4
1
+3

 Athinaikos
2
1
1
0
2
0
+2

 Athletic Bilbao
4
1
0
3
9
10
−1

 Atlético Madrid
2
1
0
1
1
4
−3

 Barcelona
11
3
4
4
15
20
−5

 Basel
6
2
2
2
11
8
+3

 Bayer Leverkusen
6
4
2
0
16
6
+10

 Bayern Munich
11
2
5
4
13
16
−3

 Benfica
11
8
2
1
25
11
+14

 Beşiktaş
2
1
0
1
1
1
0

 Boavista
2
2
0
0
6
0
+6

 Bordeaux
2
2
0
0
3
0
+3

 Borussia Dortmund
6
3
1
2
13
5
+8

 Braga
2
2
0
0
6
3
+3

 Brøndby
2
2
0
0
11
2
+9

 Budapest Honvéd
2
2
0
0
5
3
+2

 Bursaspor
2
2
0
0
4
0
+4

 Celta Vigo
2
1
1
0
2
1
+1

 Celtic
4
2
1
1
7
4
+3

 CFR Cluj
2
1
0
1
2
2
0

 Chelsea
3
2
1
0
4
2
+2

 Club Brugge
2
2
0
0
7
1
+6

 Copenhagen
2
1
0
1
3
1
+2

 CSKA Moscow
6
4
2
0
12
6
+6

 Debrecen
2
2
0
0
6
0
+6

 Deportivo La Coruña
6
3
0
3
10
9
+1

 Dinamo București
2
2
0
0
5
1
+4

 Dinamo Zagreb
2
1
1
0
2
1
+1

 Djurgården
2
1
1
0
7
1
+6

 Dukla Prague
4
1
2
1
6
4
+2

 Dundee United
2
1
1
0
5
4
+1

 Dynamo Kyiv
4
3
1
0
9
2
+7

 Estudiantes
2
0
1
1
1
2
−1

 Everton
2
1
1
0
3
2
+1

 Fenerbahçe
6
3
0
3
13
9
+4

 Ferencváros
3
1
0
2
4
5
−1

 Feyenoord
4
3
0
1
9
3
+6

 Fiorentina
2
1
0
1
3
3
0

 Galatasaray
6
2
3
1
8
4
+4

 Gamba Osaka
1
1
0
0
5
3
+2

 Górnik Zabrze
2
1
0
1
2
1
+1

 Göteborg
2
1
0
1
5
5
0

 Győri ETO
2
1
1
0
5
2
+3

 HJK Helsinki
2
2
0
0
9
2
+7

 Hibernians
2
1
1
0
4
0
+4

 Internazionale
4
2
2
0
5
1
+4

 Juventus
12
5
2
5
15
15
0

 Košice
2
2
0
0
6
0
+6

 Lazio
1
0
0
1
0
1
−1

 L.D.U. Quito
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1

 Legia Warsaw
2
1
1
0
4
2
+2

 Lille
6
3
2
1
4
2
+2

 Liverpool
2
0
1
1
1
3
−2

 ŁKS Łódź
2
1
1
0
2
0
+2

 Lyon
4
2
2
0
6
4
+2

 Maccabi Haifa
2
1
0
1
5
5
0

 Marseille
4
2
1
1
4
3
+1

 Midtjylland
2
1
0
1
6
3
+3

 Milan
10
5
0
5
13
16
−3

 AS Monaco
2
0
2
0
1
1
0

 Montpellier
2
1
1
0
3
1
+2

 Nantes
2
1
1
0
6
2
+4

 Necaxa
1
0
1
0
1
1
0

 Olympiacos
6
5
0
1
15
4
+11

 Oțelul Galați
2
2
0
0
4
0
+4

 Palmeiras
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1

 Panathinaikos
4
3
1
0
10
2
+8

 Partizan
2
1
0
1
1
2
−1

 Pécsi MFC
2
2
0
0
3
0
+3

 Porto
8
3
3
2
14
11
+3

 PSV Eindhoven
6
2
2
2
6
6
0

 Rangers
4
3
1
0
5
0
+5

 Rapid Wien
4
3
1
0
7
0
+7

 Real Madrid
11
2
4
5
17
22
−5

 Real Sociedad
2
1
1
0
1
0
+1

 Red Star Belgrade
3
2
1
0
6
4
+2

 Roma
6
4
1
1
13
4
+9

 Rostov
2
1
1
0
2
1
+1

 Rotor Volgograd
2
0
2
0
2
2
0

 Saint-Étienne
4
3
1
0
7
1
+6

 FK Sarajevo
2
1
1
0
2
1
+1

 Schalke 04
2
2
0
0
6
1
+5

 Sevilla
2
0
1
1
1
2
–1

 Shakhtar Donetsk
2
1
1
0
2
1
+1

 Shamrock Rovers
2
2
0
0
9
2
+7

 South Melbourne
1
1
0
0
2
0
+2

 Sparta Prague
2
1
1
0
4
1
+3

 Spartak Varna
2
2
0
0
4
1
+3

 Sporting CP
4
3
0
1
7
7
0

 Strasbourg
2
1
1
0
5
0
+5

 Sturm Graz
4
4
0
0
10
1
+9

 Stuttgart
2
1
0
1
3
2
+1

 Torpedo Moscow
2
0
2
0
0
0
0

 Tottenham Hotspur
2
1
0
1
4
3
+1

 Valencia
8
2
5
1
7
4
+3

 Vasco da Gama
1
0
0
1
1
3
−2

 Videoton
2
1
0
1
1
1
0

 Villarreal
4
0
4
0
0
0
0

 Vorwärts Berlin
2
2
0
0
5
1
+4

 Waterford
2
2
0
0
10
2
+8

 Widzew Łódź
2
0
2
0
1
1
0

 Willem II
2
1
1
0
7
1
+6

 Wolfsburg
4
3
0
1
9
6
+3

 Wrexham
2
2
0
0
5
0
+5

 Zalaegerszeg
2
1
0
1
5
1
+4

 Zenit Saint Petersburg
1
0
0
1
1
2
−1

 Zorya Luhansk
2
2
0
0
3
0
+3

text: Honours[edit]

text: European[edit]

text:
European Cup/UEFA Champions League: 3
1967–68, 1998–99, 2007–08
UEFA Europa League: 1
2016–17
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1
1990–91
UEFA Super Cup: 1
1991

text: Worldwide[edit]

text:
Intercontinental Cup: 1
1999
FIFA Club World Cup: 1
2008

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Manchester United score comes first

Jump up ^ Home game played at Home Park, Plymouth

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lost on away goals

Jump up ^ Won on away goals

Jump up ^ Lost 5–4 on penalties

Jump up ^ Lost 4–3 on penalties

Jump up ^ Won 6–5 on penalties

^ Jump up to: a b Win% is rounded to two decimal places

tag: ol


document_title: End Conscription Campaign

question_text: when did compulsory military service end in south africa

text: End Conscription Campaign

text: Apartheid government's policy on military conscription[edit]

text: The apartheid government had a policy of compulsory conscription for young white men who were expected to perform military service at regular intervals, starting with an extended training which began in the year immediately following the one in which they left school or as soon as they turned 16, whichever came last. Many were granted deferment, for example to attend University and complete an undergraduate degree first, but very few young men were exempted from conscription for any reason other than being medically unfit or for a race classification error.  Valid reasons included conscientious objection based on religious beliefs, but these exceptions were tightened in 1974.[1] Increasingly stringent laws were passed increasing periods of service, broadening the base of eligible white men who could be called up, and providing stringent sentences for those men who objected.

text: Conscripts comprised a significant part of South African Defence Force (SADF).

text: Formation[edit]

text: The End Conscription Campaign (ECC) was formed in 1983, in protest against compulsory military service. It mobilised support for its campaigns, proposed service alternatives, supported conscientious objectors and provided a forum for the public with information and education on conscription and the alternatives. The ECC was founded in response to a resolution passed by Black Sash at their annual conference, which condemned South Africa's occupation of Namibia and charged the SADF with fighting a civil war.[2]

text: Conscientious objection was a serious choice as the consequences were severe. The reasons for conscientious objection included political, ethical and religious reasons. Some religious organisations, parent groups and student organisations such as the National Union of South African Students (NUSAS) also engaged in anti-conscription activities.

text: At its peak, conscription in South Africa consisted of two years of mandatory military service, followed by camps at intervals. Under apartheid, the call-up applied to all white men after completing their schooling or further studies.

text: Objections against war and participation in the Apartheid State[edit]

text: Objections to military service and the War in Angola were generally based on the role of the military and security forces in enforcing the policy of apartheid.  Although South Africa's defence forces were active against various liberation movements in Southern Africa and the frontline states (countries bordering the republic including Angola, South West Africa (now Namibia) and Mozambique), suppressing a guerrilla war, they also waged war against MPLA and Cuban forces in a conventional war at the battle of Cuito Cuanavale. The military had also become increasingly active in suppressing a civil war in South Africa's black townships.

text: Those who refused military service were subject to contempt from the minority white community, and left with the choice of either going underground (internal exile) fleeing the republic (external exile) or imprisonment of up to double the length of the allotted military service. Many conscripts simply went Absent Without Leave (AWOL), failed to arrive at BASICS (training) or got lost in the system.

text: The End Conscription Campaign, one of many anti-war movements alongside Congress of South African War Resistors (COSAWR) mobilised against the draft, promoted alternatives to military service, provided information about the situation in the townships and support to those brave enough to speak out against the war, as conscientious objectors.

text: Troops out of the townships[edit]

text: In 1985, the ECC held the "Troops out of the Townships" rally and were overwhelmingly successful in demonstrating the growing dissatisfaction within the white community, with the government of the day

text: The rally was preceded by a three-week fast by objectors Ivan Toms, Harold Winkler and Richard Steele.

text: It was announced in parliament that 7 589 conscripts failed to report for National Service in January 1985, as opposed to only 1 596 in the whole of 1984. [a] As there were two intakes annually, in January and July, this would suggest a tenfold increase in non-reportees over the previous year.  An estimated additional 7 000 "draft-dodgers" were also said to be living in Europe in 1985.This campaign received as significant boost when at 1983 Durban Conference the National PFP Youth, its Western Cape Chairperson Stephen Drus ( Stephen Darori) endorsed the ECC and proposed a motion calling for Alternative to Conscription. The motion  was passed unanimously.He proposed the  same motion  at the Annual Conference of the PFP in Cape Town a few months later which  passed with little opposition.Following intense backroom negotiations between Harry Schwarz and Philip Myburg, the Defense Spokesmen of the PFP, the Nationalist Government passed an amendment that introduced a four-year Alternative to Conscription. 1452 people opted for the Alternative to Conscription between 1984 and the cancelling of Conscription in South Africa in 1993.

text: January 1985 and July 1985 were the first so-called "immigrant intakes" after the involuntary nationalisation of white immigrant men of a predetermined age group in November 1984. The high number of non-reportees was due to many of these immigrants opting to return to their countries of origin rather than do military service, since this opportunity was easily available to them because of their dual citizenship.

text: Group of 23 refuse military call-up[edit]

text: In 1987, a group of 23 conscientious objectors from the Universities of Cape Town and Stellenbosch, including Cameron Dugmore, then University of Cape Town Students Representative Council Chairperson and Jonathan Handler, South African Union of Jewish Students (SAUJS) Chairperson,  refused to do military service in the South African Defense Force. Handlers' objection was based upon the notion of an "Unjust War" as opposed to the Pacifist position held by many Christian students.

text: ECC banning[edit]

text: The organisation was banned in August 1988 under emergency regulations. In a press statement Adriaan Vlok, then Minister of Law and Order said:  "The changes posed by the activities of the End Conscription Campaign to the safety of the public, the maintenance of public order and the termination of the State of Emergency, leave no other choice than to act against the ECC and to prohibit the organisation from continuing any activities or acts."

text: The same month, an issue of an alternative newspaper, the Weekly Mail, was confiscated by security police, "on the grounds that it had covered, and therefore promoted, opposition to conscription." News coverage included a cartoon, an advertisement from War Resisters International, and "a report on 143 men who stated they would never serve in the South African Defence Force."[4]

text: As a result of the banning of the ECC and confiscation of the Weekly Mail, protests at the University of Cape Town (UCT) and other campuses were held. According to Grassroots, a crowd of 3000 UCT students marched on campus after a meeting condemning the banning.[5] The paper said, "government fears losing control of white youth. This is the message sent by the banning of the ECC under emergency regulations...the ECC pointed out that there is a civil war in our country, and that the SADF is being used against fellow South Africans....ECC's growing influence, led PW Botha and Magnus Malan to close it down. They fear that the message of the ECC will undermine apartheid's defence force."[6] After the End Conscription Campaign was banned, hundreds of white South African war resisters refused the call-up, and conscription into the War in Angola and Civil War raging in South Africa's Black Townships continued. Some dodged the draft, others fled the country, some stood-up and faced the consequences for what they believed. None were ever given recognition by either the South African government or the newly elected democracy.[citation needed]

text: Shortening of conscription[edit]

text: In 1989, conscription was reduced from two years to one year, and during the negotiations to end apartheid from 1990 to 1994, it was less rigorously enforced. A Kairos campaign against conscription was the 1989 Campaign focussing on the End Conscription Campaign with participation of Alistair Teeling Smith, Rob Watson and Mandy Tailor. Saul Batzofin, 27, a member of the End Conscription Campaign, was sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment in 1989 for refusing to serve in the South African Defence Force. After he had completed his sentence he later told the Truth and Reconciliation Commission that he wanted to apply for amnesty to clear his criminal record. Although he was proud to have been a conscientious objector, the record caused difficulties with visa applications for foreign countries.

text: During September 1989, thirty Stellenbosch conscientious objectors joined more than 700 listed COs nationwide by publicly refusing to do military service. The National Registry of Conscientious Objectors was also launched.[7]

text: End of conscription[edit]

text: On 24 August 1993 Minister of Defence Kobie Coetsee announced the end of conscription. In 1994 there would be no more call-ups for the one-year initial training. But although conscription was suspended it was not entirely abandoned. Indeed, in January 1994 for the first time there was no call-up for initial training, but at the same time conscripts who had already undergone training could be subject to "camp" call-ups, as they were technically subject to military law rather than civilian law. Actually "camp" call-ups reached record proportions over the period of the April 1994 elections, and for the first time in history the ECC called on conscripts to consider these call-ups to be different from previous call-ups.

text: (However, as of 2015 : An ANC-led alliance has reportedly begun pushing for the return of military conscription to the country, in a bid to contain youth unemployment and also instill discipline, patriotism and volunteerism into young people from the ages of 18. ANC secretary general Gwede Mantashe has stated he would support the reintroduction of conscription, saying the country moved away from the system “too soon”. Although reintroducing conscription may go against the spirit of the Constitution, Mantashe said “the country must do what it needs to do for the country to work”. The draft plan still needs to be approved, but if so, young South Africans may be forced to attend a compulsory military programme as soon as 2016.)[8]

text: Conscription moratorium[edit]

text:
Until the August 1994 moratorium on prosecutions for not responding to call-ups, several of those who did not respond to "camp" call-ups were fined. After the first multi-racial election in 1994, conscription has no longer applied in South Africa and the civilian draft has been exchanged for a professional standing army.
However, conscripts who failed to report for duty, still faced prosecution under South Africa's Defence Act. An amendment to the act promulgated in 2002 allows for absentee members of the SANDF to be regarded as discharged from official duty.

text: Absent without leave[edit]

text: 3 Section 59(3) of the Defence Act determines that: A member of the Regular Force absent from official duty without permission of their commanding officer for more than thirty days is regarded as having been dismissed if an officer, or discharged if of other rank, for misconduct with effect from the day immediately following the day of attendance to duty or last day of official leave, but the Chief of the Defence Force may, with good cause, authorise reinstatement of such conditions as they determine.

text: According to a Department of Defence bulletin, dated 10 July 2003, "In essence, this means that if a member has absented himself or herself for a continuous period of thirty days, he or she is automatically discharged from the SANDF. It is therefore no longer necessary to approach the Minister of Defence for such a dismissal or discharge, as the individual will effect their own discharge if absent thirty days without permission. Should a member wish to be reinstated in the SANDF, he or she should approach the Chief of the SANDF with sound reasons why he or she was absent without permission."[9]

text: Forces Favourites and musicians against conscription[edit]

text: In 1986, Shifty Records released Forces Favourites in conjunction with the ECC. Named after a radio programme for sending greetings to the troops fighting on the "border" - the frontline of the Angolan campaign.

text: The ironically titled Forces Favourites compilation features some of the strongest political songs of the time.

text:
"Pambere" - Mapantsula
"National Madness" - Aeroplanes
"Potential Mutiny" - Stan James
"Numbered Again" - The Facts
"Shot Down In The Streets" - Cherry Faced Lurchers
"Don't Dance" - Kalahari Surfers
"Whitey" - The Softies
"Don't Believe" - In Simple English
"Too Much Resistance" - Nude Red
"Spaces Tell Stories" - Roger Lucey
"Suburban Hum" - Jennifer Ferguson

text: Counter-operations against the ECC[edit]

text: Many ECC members were subject to persecution. During 1986 98 members were detained, and others subjected to systematic harassment and intimidation. Meetings, publications and activities of the organisation were banned. Disinformation, death threats, fire-bombings, assaults, break-ins, and anonymous counter-propaganda against the organisation was commonplace. Evidence in a Cape Town court in 1988 revealed that the SADF itself had been running a disinformation campaign against the ECC.[10]

text: Political and military figures adopted varying and sometimes contradictory methods and messages to try and contain the threat of conscientious objection. National Party politicians characterised ECC activists as naive, malevolent in intent, in league with 'communist revolutionaries' and also as sexually deviant (i.e. homosexual) and cowardly. However, there is evidence that sentencing magistrates and even state prosecutors came to admire objectors for their stand.[11]

text: Psychiatric oppression and the ECC[edit]

text: In order to get out of forced conscription into the SADF, many conscripts allowed themselves to be labeled as mentally ill, sick, or incapable of carrying a weapon. The price was incarcaration in one of South Africa's psychiatric facilities. Instances of psychiatric abuse of conscripts who refused national service have also been recorded. The cases of conscripts who ended up in mental hospitals are in the process of being documented by groups such as MindFreedom International.


document_title: Figure skating at the Olympic Games

question_text: when did team skating became an olympic event

text: Figure skating at the Olympic Games

text: History[edit]

text: Figure skating was first contested as an Olympic sport at the 1908 Summer Olympics, in London, United Kingdom. As this traditional winter sport could be conducted indoors, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) approved its inclusion in the Summer Olympics program.[2] It was featured a second time at the Antwerp Games,[3] after which it was permanently transferred to the program of the Winter Olympic Games, first held in 1924 in Chamonix, France.[2]

text: In London, figure skating was presented in four events: men's singles, women's singles, men's special figures, and mixed pairs. The special figures contest was won by Russian Nikolai Panin, who gave his country its first ever Olympic gold medal.[4] He remains the event's sole winner, as it was subsequently dropped from the program.

text: Ice dance joined as a medal sport in 1976, after appearing as a demonstration event at Grenoble 1968.[3]

text: A team event debuted at the 2014 Olympics.[5] It consists of two segments: qualification and finals. During qualification each team has one men's single skater, one ladies' single skater, one pair, and one ice dance couple skate their short program/dance. Before the finals, each team is allowed to replace up to two skaters/couples. The final consists of each skater/couple skating their short program/dance. Results are determined by placement points.[6]

text: Qualifying[edit]

text: The number of entries for the figure skating events at the Olympic Games is limited by a quota set by the International Olympic Committee. There are 30 participants in each singles events (ladies and men), 20 pairs, and 24 ice dance duos.

text: Skaters must represent a member nation of the International Skating Union and reach the age of fifteen before July 1 of the previous year. They are also required to be citizens of the country they are representing.[7] Competitors have until just before the Olympics to receive citizenship. Since nationality rules are less strict for the ISU Championships, sometimes skaters who have competed at World or European championships are not eligible for the Olympics.

text: 80% of the Olympic spots (24 men/ladies, 19 dance couples, 16 pairs) are allotted to countries according to the results of the previous year's World Figure Skating Championships. A country may have a maximum of three entries per discipline. Countries earn two or three entries by earning points through their skaters' placements. The points are equal to the sum of the placements of the country's skaters (top two if they have three). If a country only has one skater/couple, that skater/couple must place in the top ten to earn two entries and in the top two to earn three entries. If a country has two skaters/teams, the combined placement of those teams must be 13 or less to qualify 3 entries, and 28 or less to qualify two entries. The remaining places are awarded to one skater/couple each from countries that failed to get multiple places, in order of their skaters' placement in the world championships.

text: Following the World Championships, countries that have not qualified an entry in a particular discipline receive another opportunity in an international competition held in the autumn (usually the Nebelhorn Trophy) prior to the Olympic Games. Six spots are available in men's singles, six in ladies' singles, four in pairs, and five in ice dance. At some Olympics, the host country is automatically entitled to one entry in each discipline, e.g. in 1994,[8] 2010,[9] and 2018 if minimum scores are achieved.[10] If a country receives a spot by being the host, one fewer spot is available in the autumn qualifying competition.

text: The selection of representatives is at the national governing body's discretion. Some countries rely on the results of their national championships while others have more varied criteria. This may include reaching a certain placement at the European Figure Skating Championships and the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships.[8]

text: Events[edit]

text:
Event
08
12
20
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
94
98
02
06
10
14
18
Years

Men's singles
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
25

Men's special figures
•

1

Ladies' singles
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
25

Pair skating
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

25

Ice dance

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
12

Mixed team

•
•
2

Total events
4
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5

text: Medal table[edit]

text: Updated after the 2018 Winter Olympics.

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 United States (USA)
15
16
20
51

2
 Russia (RUS)
14
9
3
26

3
 Soviet Union (URS)
10
9
5
24

4
 Austria (AUT)
7
9
4
20

5
 Canada (CAN)
6
11
12
29

6
 Great Britain (GBR)
5
3
7
15

7
 Sweden (SWE)
5
3
2
10

8
 Germany (GER)
4
2
3
9

9
 France (FRA)
3
3
7
13

10
 East Germany (GDR)
3
3
4
10

11
 Japan (JPN)
3
3
1
7

12
 Norway (NOR)
3
2
1
6

13
 Unified Team (EUN)
3
1
1
5

14
 China (CHN)
1
3
4
8

15
 Netherlands (NED)
1
2
0
3

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
1
2
0
3

 United Team of Germany (EUA)
1
2
0
3

18
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
1
1
3
5

19
 Finland (FIN)
1
1
0
2

 South Korea (KOR)
1
1
0
2

21
 Belgium (BEL)
1
0
1
2

 Ukraine (UKR)
1
0
1
2

23
 Russian Empire (RU1)
1
0
0
1

24
 Hungary (HUN)
0
2
4
6

25
 Switzerland (SUI)
0
2
1
3

26
 Italy (ITA)
0
0
2
2

 West Germany (FRG)
0
0
2
2

28
 Kazakhstan (KAZ)
0
0
1
1

 Spain (ESP)
0
0
1
1

Total
91
90
90
271

text: Participating nations[edit]

text: The number in each box represents the number of figure skaters the nation sent.

text:
Nation
08
20
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
94
98
02
06
10
14
18
Years

 Argentina
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1

 Armenia
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
3
2
-
-
-
3

 Australia
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
2
6
-
-
-
2
2
2
4
3
2
4
2
1
1
4
4
15

 Austria
-
-
4
9
2
12
10
4
8
6
10
8
3
6
3
-
2
1
-
1
-
1
2
4
2
20

 Azerbaijan
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
3
2
-
2
-
4

 Belgium
-
2
3
2
1
4
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
1
1
2
1
2
13

 Belarus
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
2
2
1
-
-
-
4

 Brazil
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
2

 Bulgaria
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
1
1
4
3
5
-
-
-
7

 Canada
-
-
2
5
6
6
4
6
7
8
12
10
7
11
6
15
17
13
13
10
12
13
12
17
17
23

 China
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
6
6
4
4
4
11
9
9
9
11
11

 Chinese Taipei
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
3

 Croatia
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
1
1
1
-
-
-
4

 Czechoslovakia
-
-
1
3
1
3
7
-
4
2
8
8
1
6
2
3
6
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
15

 Czech Republic
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
5
4
1
4
3
5
7

 Denmark
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
6

 Estonia
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
3
5
2
-
8

 Finland
-
3
2
3
1
1
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
1
2
-
-
3
3
1
1
2
3
-
1
16

 France
-
2
5
3
2
-
3
2
3
4
5
5
5
1
1
5
6
12
9
14
8
8
8
9
8
23

 Georgia
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
3
1
1
5

 Germany
3
-
-
8
1
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
10
6
4
5
8
10
8
12

 United Team of Germany
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
4
11
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4

 East Germany
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
7
10
7
8
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6

 West Germany
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
11
5
4
7
9
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6

 Great Britain
11
6
6
6
4
12
9
8
8
4
5
7
5
12
9
10
9
7
6
1
2
2
7
6
2
25

 Hungary
-
-
-
-
4
7
6
6
2
-
2
2
1
3
2
2
3
5
3
2
2
5
3
-
1
19

 Israel
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
3
4
4
2
3
7
7

 Italy
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
7
2
3
4
7
-
6
9
7
9
11
11
19

 Japan
-
-
-
-
2
5
-
-
-
3
4
5
4
3
3
4
5
6
4
7
4
6
8
10
9
18

 Kazakhstan
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
5
-
-
2
2
3
5

 South Korea
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
4
-
2
3
7
15

 North Korea
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
6
-
-
-
4
1
-
2
5

 Latvia
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
3
-
-
-
-
-
2
4

 Lithuania
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
2
2
2
-
2
-
6

 Luxembourg
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
2

 Malaysia
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1

 Mexico
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2

 Netherlands
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
2
1
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6

 Norway
-
6
1
3
1
4
3
4
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
9

 Philippines
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
2

 Poland
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
3
-
1
3
2
3
5
4
4
4
-
2
12

 Romania
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
-
10

 South Africa
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
3

 Russia
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
15
17
16
16
16
15
-
6

 Russian Empire
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1

 Olympic Athletes from Russia
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
15
1

 Serbia and Montenegro
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1

 Slovakia
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
3
-
1
1
3
5

 Slovenia
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
1
1
1
2
-
-
5

 Spain
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
1
1
-
-
2
4
4
8

 Sweden
4
4
1
1
2
1
-
2
1
-
1
1
1
-
1
2
2
1
-
1
-
1
1
2
1
20

 Switzerland
-
1
1
2
-
3
7
5
4
3
8
1
1
3
2
2
2
-
1
1
4
3
4
-
1
21

 Turkey
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
2
2
4

 Soviet Union
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
4
10
10
16
16
17
17
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8

 Ukraine
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
10
11
11
7
6
4
7

 Unified Team
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
17
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1

 United States
1
2
3
6
12
9
9
10
10
12
12
12
11
15
14
18
16
16
12
13
14
16
15
15
14
25

 Uzbekistan
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
2
4
3
1
1
1
7

 Yugoslavia
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3

Skaters
21
26
29
51
39
84
64
63
59
71
88
96
67
105
83
112
128
133
129
145
143
147
146
149
153

Nations
6
8
11
12
13
17
12
15
15
14
15
17
18
18
20
20
26
28
28
37
31
35
31
30
32

Year
08
20
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
94
98
02
06
10
14
18
25

text: Medals per year[edit]

text:
#
Number of medals won by the NOC at these Games
–
NOC did not win medals at these Games

NOC did not participate at these Games (in 1912, there was no figure skating)

text:
NOC
08
12
20
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
94
98
02
06
10
14[11]
Total

 Austria (AUT)
0 !–
-1 !
-1 !
3
4
2
3
2
1
2
0 !–
1
1
1
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
20

 Belgium (BEL)
0 !–
-1 !
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
0 !–
-1 !
0 !–
-1 !
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
2

 Canada (CAN)
0 !–
-1 !
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
2
0 !–
1
2
2
0 !–
1
1
0 !–
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
25

 China (CHN)
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
1
1
1
2
2
0 !–
7

 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
-1 !
-1 !
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
1
1
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
1
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
5

 East Germany (GDR)
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
1
1
3
3
1
1
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
10

 Finland (FIN)
0 !–
-1 !
1
1
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
2

 France (FRA)
0 !–
-1 !
0 !–
1
1
1
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
0 !–
1
1
1
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
1
1
2
1
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
12

 Germany (GER)
2
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
0 !–
0 !–
2
-1 !
1
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
0 !–
1
1
8

 United Team of Germany (EUA)
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
0 !–
1
2
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
3

 Great Britain (GBR)
6
-1 !
1
1
0 !–
0 !–
1
1
1
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
1
1
1
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
15

 Hungary (HUN)
0 !–
-1 !
-1 !
0 !–
0 !–
1
1
1
1
1
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
6

 Italy (ITA)
0 !–
-1 !
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
0 !–
1
2

 Japan (JPN)
-1 !
-1 !
0 !–
-1 !
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
-1 !
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
1
2
1
5

 Kazakhstan (KAZ)
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
1
1

 Netherlands (NED)
0 !–
-1 !
0 !–
-1 !
0 !–
-1 !
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
1
1
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
3

 Norway (NOR)
0 !–
-1 !
3
0 !–
1
1
1
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
6

 Russia (RUS)
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
5
5
5
4
2
5
26

 Russian Empire (RU1)
1
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
1

 South Korea (KOR)
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
-1 !
1
1
2

 Soviet Union (URS)
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
0 !–
0 !–
1
2
3
4
4
5
5
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
24

 Sweden (SWE)
3
-1 !
3
1
1
1
1
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
10

 Switzerland (SUI)
0 !–
-1 !
0 !–
1
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
0 !–
3

 Ukraine (UKR)
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
1
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
0 !–
2

 Unified Team (EUN)
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
5
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
5

 United States (USA)
0 !–
-1 !
1
1
1
2
0 !–
1
4
5
4
1
2
1
2
2
3
3
3
1
2
3
2
2
2
48

 West Germany (FRG)
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
1
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
0 !–
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
-1 !
2

Year
08
12
20
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
94
98
02
06
10
14
–