document_title: Spanish–American War

question_text: why was there so much interest in cuba both before and after the civil war

question_tokens: why was there so much interest in cuba both before and after the civil war

text: Spanish–American War

text: Historical background[edit]

text: Spain's attitude towards its colonies[edit]

text: The combined problems arising from the Peninsular War (1807–1814), the loss of most of its colonies in the Americas in the early 19th-century Spanish American wars of independence, and three Carlist Wars (1832–1876) effected a new interpretation of Spain's remaining empire.[citation needed] Liberal Spanish elites like Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and Emilio Castelar offered new interpretations of the concept of "empire" to dovetail with Spain's emerging nationalism. Cánovas made clear in an address to the University of Madrid in 1882[24][25] his view of the Spanish nation as based on shared cultural and linguistic elements – on both sides of the Atlantic – that tied Spain's territories together.

text: Cánovas saw Spanish imperialism as markedly different in its methods and purposes of colonization from those of rival empires like the British or French. Spaniards regarded the spreading of civilization and Christianity as Spain's major objective and contribution to the New World.[26] The concept of cultural unity bestowed special significance on Cuba, which had been Spanish for almost four hundred years, and was viewed as an integral part of the Spanish nation. The focus on preserving the empire would have negative consequences for Spain's national pride in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War.

text: American interest in the Caribbean[edit]

text: In 1823, American fifth President James Monroe (1758-1831, served 1817-1825) enunciated the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the United States would not tolerate further efforts by European governments to retake, expand their colonial holdings in the Americas or to interfere with the newly independent states in the hemisphere; at the same time, the doctrine stated that the U.S. would respect the status of the existing European colonies. Before the American Civil War (1861-1865), Southern interests attempted to have the United States purchase Cuba and convert it into a new slave territory. The Ostend Manifesto proposal of 1854 failed, and national attention shifted to the growing sectional conflict and threat of civil war.

text: After the American Civil War and Cuba's Ten Years' War, U.S. businessmen began monopolizing the devalued sugar markets in Cuba. In 1894, 90% of Cuba's total exports went to the United States, which also provided 40% of Cuba's imports.[27] Cuba's total exports to the U.S. were almost twelve times larger than the export to her mother country, Spain.[28] U.S. business interests indicated that while Spain still held political authority over Cuba, economic authority in Cuba, acting-authority, was shifting to the U.S.A.

text: The U.S. became interested in a trans-isthmus canal across Central America, either in Nicaragua, or in Panama, where the Panama Canal would later be built (1903-1914), and realized the need for naval protection. Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan was an especially influential theorist; his ideas were much admired by future 26th President Theodore Roosevelt, as the U.S. rapidly built a powerful naval fleet of steel warships in the 1880s and 1890s. Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897–1898 and was an aggressive supporter of a war with Spain over Cuba.

text: Meanwhile, the "Cuba Libre" movement, led by Cuban intellectual José Martí, had established offices in Florida[29] and New York to buy and smuggle weapons. It mounted a large propaganda campaign to generate sympathy that would lead to official pressure on Spain. Protestant churches and Democratic farmers were supportive, but business interests called on Washington to ignore them.[30]

text: Although Cuba attracted American attention, little note was made of the Philippines, Guam, or Puerto Rico.[31] Historians note that there was little popular demand in the United States for an overseas colonial empire, though at this time the longtime colonial empires of the United Kingdom (Great Britain) with its British Empire "on which the sun never set" and France's French Empire maintained theirs with some added growths and additions, now joined by the German Empire, Italian Empire and the Empire of Japan. These new and growing empires were dramatically expanding their overseas holdings during the late 19th century in unclaimed areas among native and indigenous peoples in the less developed continents of Africa, Asia and the Pacific.[32]

text: Path to war[edit]

text: Cuban struggle for independence[edit]

text: The first serious bid for Cuban independence, the Ten Years' War, erupted in 1868 and was subdued by the authorities a decade later. Neither the fighting nor the reforms in the Pact of Zanjón (February 1878) quelled the desire of some revolutionaries for wider autonomy and ultimately independence. One such revolutionary, José Martí, continued to promote Cuban financial and political autonomy in exile. In early 1895, after years of organizing, Martí launched a three-pronged invasion of the island.[33]

text: The plan called for one group from Santo Domingo led by Máximo Gómez, one group from Costa Rica led by Antonio Maceo Grajales, and another from the United States (preemptively thwarted by U.S. officials in Florida) to land in different places on the island and provoke an uprising. While their call for revolution, the grito de Baíre, was successful, the result was not the grand show of force Martí had expected. With a quick victory effectively lost, the revolutionaries settled in to fight a protracted guerrilla campaign.[33]

text: Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, the architect of Spain's Restoration constitution and the prime minister at the time, ordered General Arsenio Martínez-Campos, a distinguished veteran of the war against the previous uprising in Cuba, to quell the revolt. Campos's reluctance to accept his new assignment and his method of containing the revolt to the province of Oriente earned him criticism in the Spanish press.[34]

text: The mounting pressure forced Cánovas to replace General Campos with General Valeriano Weyler, a soldier who had experience in quelling rebellions in overseas provinces and the Spanish metropole. Weyler deprived the insurgency of weaponry, supplies, and assistance by ordering the residents of some Cuban districts to move to reconcentration areas near the military headquarters.[34] This strategy was effective in slowing the spread of rebellion. In the United States, this fueled the fire of anti-Spanish propaganda.[35] In a political speech President William McKinley used this to ram Spanish actions against armed rebels. He even said this "was not civilized warfare" but "extermination".[36][37]

text: Spanish attitude[edit]

text: The Spanish Government regarded Cuba as a province of Spain rather than a colony, and depended on it for prestige and trade, and as a training ground for the army. Prime minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo announced that "the Spanish nation is disposed to sacrifice to the last peseta of its treasure and to the last drop of blood of the last Spaniard before consenting that anyone snatch from it even one piece of its territory."[38] He had long dominated and stabilized Spanish politics. He was assassinated in 1897 by Italian anarchist Michele Angiolillo,[39] leaving a Spanish political system that was not stable and could not risk a blow to its prestige.[40]

text: U.S. response[edit]

text: The eruption of the Cuban revolt, Weyler's measures, and the popular fury these events whipped up proved to be a boon to the newspaper industry in New York City, where Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World and William Randolph Hearst of the New York Journal recognized the potential for great headlines and stories that would sell copies. Both papers denounced Spain, but had little influence outside New York. American opinion generally saw Spain as a hopelessly backward power that was unable to deal fairly with Cuba. American Catholics were divided before the war began, but supported it enthusiastically once it started.[41][42]

text: The U.S. had important economic interests that were being harmed by the prolonged conflict and deepening uncertainty about the future of Cuba. Shipping firms that had relied heavily on trade with Cuba now suffered losses as the conflict continued unresolved.[43] These firms pressed Congress and McKinley to seek an end to the revolt. Other American business concerns, specifically those who had invested in Cuban sugar, looked to the Spanish to restore order.[44] Stability, not war, was the goal of both interests. How stability would be achieved would depend largely on the ability of Spain and the U.S. to work out their issues diplomatically.

text: While tension increased among the Cubans and Spanish Government, popular support of intervention began to spring up in the United States, due to the emergence of the "Cuba Libre" movement and the fact that many Americans had drawn parallels between the American Revolution and the Cuban revolt, seeing the Spanish Government as the tyrannical colonial oppressor. Historian Louis Pérez notes that "The proposition of war in behalf of Cuban independence took hold immediately and held on thereafter. Such was the sense of the public mood." At the time many poems and songs were written in the United States to express support of the "Cuba Libre" movement.[45] At the same time, many African Americans, facing growing racial discrimination and increasing retardation of their civil rights, wanted to take part in the war because they saw it as a way to advance the cause of equality, service to country hopefully helping to gain political and public respect amongst the wider population.[46]

text: President McKinley, well aware of the political complexity surrounding the conflict, wanted to end the revolt peacefully. In accordance with this policy, McKinley began to negotiate with the Spanish government, hoping that the negotiations would be able to end the yellow journalism in the United States, and therefore, end the loudest calls to go to war with Spain. An attempt was made to negotiate a peace before McKinley took office, however, the Spanish refused to take part in the negotiations. In 1897 McKinley appointed Stewart L. Woodford as the new minister to Spain, who again offered to negotiate a peace. In October 1897, the Spanish government still refused the United States offer to negotiate between the Spanish and the Cubans, but promised the U.S. it would give the Cubans more autonomy.[47] However, with the election of a more liberal Spanish government in November, Spain began to change their policies in Cuba. First, the new Spanish government told the United States that it was willing to offer a change in the Reconcentration policies (the main set of policies that was feeding yellow journalism in the United States) if the Cuban rebels agreed to a cessation of hostilities. This time the rebels refused the terms in hopes that continued conflict would lead to U.S. intervention and the creation of an independent Cuba.[47] The liberal Spanish government also recalled the Spanish Governor General Valeriano Weyler from Cuba. This action alarmed many Cubans loyal to Spain.[48]

text: The Cubans loyal to Weyler began planning large demonstrations to take place when the next Governor General, Ramon Blanco, arrived in Cuba. U.S. consul Fitzhugh Lee learned of these plans and sent a request to the U.S. State Department to send a U.S. warship to Cuba.[48] This request lead to the U.S.S. Maine being sent to Cuba. While the Maine was docked in Havana, an explosion sank the ship. The sinking of the Maine was blamed on the Spanish and made the possibility of a negotiated peace very slim.[49] Throughout the negotiation process, the major European powers, especially Britain, France, and Russia, generally supported the American position and urged Spain to give in.[50] Spain repeatedly promised specific reforms that would pacify Cuba but failed to deliver; American patience ran out.[51]

text: USS Maine. Dispatch to Havana and loss[edit]

text: McKinley sent the USS Maine to Havana to ensure the safety of American citizens and interests, and to underscore the urgent need for reform. Naval forces were moved in position to attack simultaneously on several fronts if the war was not avoided. As Maine left Florida, a large part of the North Atlantic Squadron was moved to Key West and the Gulf of Mexico. Others were also moved just off the shore of Lisbon, and still others were moved to Hong Kong.[52]

text: At 9:40 on the evening of February 15, 1898, Maine sank in Havana Harbor after suffering a massive explosion. While McKinley urged patience and did not declare that Spain had caused the explosion, the deaths of 250 out of 355 [53] sailors on board focused American attention. McKinley asked Congress to appropriate $50 million for defense, and Congress unanimously obliged. Most American leaders took the position that the cause of the explosion was unknown, but public attention was now riveted on the situation and Spain could not find a diplomatic solution to avoid war. Spain appealed to the European powers, most of whom advised it to accept U.S. conditions for Cuba in order to avoid war.[54] Germany urged a united European stand against the United States but took no action.[55]

text: The U.S. Navy's investigation, made public on March 28, concluded that the ship's powder magazines were ignited when an external explosion was set off under the ship's hull. This report poured fuel on popular indignation in the U.S., making the war inevitable.[56] Spain's investigation came to the opposite conclusion: the explosion originated within the ship. Other investigations in later years came to various contradictory conclusions, but had no bearing on the coming of the war. In 1974, Admiral Hyman George Rickover had his staff look at the documents and decided there was an internal explosion. A study commissioned by National Geographic magazine in 1999, using AME computer modelling, stated that the explosion could have been caused by a mine, but no definitive evidence was found.[57]

text: Declaring war[edit]

text: After the Maine was destroyed, New York City newspaper publishers Hearst and Pulitzer decided that the Spanish were to blame, and they publicized this theory as fact in their papers.[58] They both used sensationalistic and astonishing accounts of "atrocities" committed by the Spanish in Cuba by using headlines in their newspapers, such as "Spanish Murderers" and "Remember The Maine". Their press exaggerated what was happening and how the Spanish were treating the Cuban prisoners.[59] The stories were based on factual accounts, but most of the time, the articles that were published were embellished and written with incendiary language causing emotional and often heated responses among readers. A common myth falsely states that when illustrator Frederic Remington said there was no war brewing in Cuba, Hearst responded: "You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war."[60]

text: This new "yellow journalism" was, however, uncommon outside New York City, and historians no longer consider it the major force shaping the national mood.[61] Public opinion nationwide did demand immediate action, overwhelming the efforts of President McKinley, Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed, and the business community to find a negotiated solution. Wall Street, big business, high finance and Main Street businesses across the country were vocally opposed to war and demanded peace. After years of severe depression, the economic outlook for the domestic economy was suddenly bright again in 1897. However, the uncertainties of warfare posed a serious threat to full economic recovery. "War would impede the march of prosperity and put the country back many years," warned the New Jersey Trade Review. The leading railroad magazine editorialized, "From a commercial and mercenary standpoint it seems peculiarly bitter that this war should come when the country had already suffered so much and so needed rest and peace." McKinley paid close attention to the strong anti-war consensus of the business community, and strengthened his resolve to use diplomacy and negotiation rather than brute force to end the Spanish tyranny in Cuba.[62]

text: A speech delivered by Republican Senator Redfield Proctor of Vermont on March 17, 1898, thoroughly analyzed the situation and greatly strengthened the pro-war cause. Proctor concluded that war was the only answer.[63]:210 Many in the business and religious communities which had until then opposed war, switched sides, leaving McKinley and Speaker Reed almost alone in their resistance to a war.[64][65][66] On April 11, McKinley ended his resistance and asked Congress for authority to send American troops to Cuba to end the civil war there, knowing that Congress would force a war.

text: On April 19, while Congress was considering joint resolutions supporting Cuban independence, Republican Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado proposed the Teller Amendment to ensure that the U.S. would not establish permanent control over Cuba after the war. The amendment, disclaiming any intention to annex Cuba, passed the Senate 42 to 35; the House concurred the same day, 311 to 6. The amended resolution demanded Spanish withdrawal and authorized the President to use as much military force as he thought necessary to help Cuba gain independence from Spain. President McKinley signed the joint resolution on April 20, 1898, and the ultimatum was sent to Spain.[67] In response, Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21. On the same day, the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba.[68] Spain stated, it would declare war if the US forces invaded its territory, on April 23. On April 25, the U.S. Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21, the day the blockade of Cuba had begun.[68]

text: The Navy was ready, but the Army was not well-prepared for the war and made radical changes in plans and quickly purchased supplies. In the spring of 1898, the strength of the Regular U.S. Army was just 25,000 men. The Army wanted 50,000 new men but received over 220,000 through volunteers and the mobilization of state National Guard units,[69] even gaining nearly 100,000 men on the first night after the explosion of the USS Maine.[70]

text: Alternative historical interpretations[edit]

text: The Department of State of the United States of America summarizes the aftermath of the war for the Filipino people:[71]

text: "After its defeat in the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. On February 4, 1899, just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, fighting broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo, who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers. The ensuing Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease."

text: In 1901, novelist Mark Twain wrote about the aftermath of the war for the Philippines:[72]

text: "We have robbed a trusting friend of his land and his liberty; we have invited clean young men to shoulder a discredited musket and do bandit's work under a flag which bandits have been accustomed to fear, not to follow; we have debauched America's honor and blackened her face before the world."

text: In his War and Empire,[17] Prof. Paul Atwood of the University of Massachusetts (Boston) writes:

text: "The Spanish-American War was fomented on outright lies and trumped up accusations against the intended enemy. ... War fever in the general population never reached a critical temperature until the accidental sinking of the USS Maine was deliberately, and falsely, attributed to Spanish villainy. ... In a cryptic message ... Senator lodge wrote that ‘There may be an explosion any day in Cuba which would settle a great many things. We have got a battleship in the harbor of Havana, and our fleet, which overmatches anything the Spanish have, is masked at the Dry Tortugas.’"

text: In his autobiography,[73] Theodore Roosevelt gave his views of the origins of the war:

text: "Our own direct interests were great, because of the Cuban tobacco and sugar, and especially because of Cuba's relation to the projected Isthmian [Panama] Canal. But even greater were our interests from the standpoint of humanity. ... It was our duty, even more from the standpoint of National honor than from the standpoint of National interest, to stop the devastation and destruction. Because of these considerations I favored war."

text: Pacific theater[edit]

text: Philippines[edit]

text: In the 333 years of Spanish rule, the Philippines developed from a small overseas colony governed from the Viceroyalty of New Spain to a land with modern elements in the cities. The Spanish-speaking middle classes of the 19th century were mostly educated in the liberal ideas coming from Europe. Among these Ilustrados was the Filipino national hero José Rizal, who demanded larger reforms from the Spanish authorities. This movement eventually led to the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. The revolution had been in a state of truce since the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato in 1897, with revolutionary leaders having accepted exile outside of the country.

text: The first battle between American and Spanish forces was at Manila Bay where, on May 1, Commodore George Dewey, commanding the U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron aboard USS Olympia, in a matter of hours defeated a Spanish squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo. Dewey managed this with only nine wounded.[74][75] With the German seizure of Tsingtao in 1897, Dewey's squadron had become the only naval force in the Far East without a local base of its own, and was beset with coal and ammunition problems.[76] Despite these problems, the Asiatic Squadron not only destroyed the Spanish fleet but also captured the harbor of Manila.[76]

text: Following Dewey's victory, Manila Bay was filled with the warships of Britain, Germany, France, and Japan.[76] The German fleet of eight ships, ostensibly in Philippine waters to protect German interests, acted provocatively – cutting in front of American ships, refusing to salute the United States flag (according to customs of naval courtesy), taking soundings of the harbor, and landing supplies for the besieged Spanish.[78]

text: The Germans, with interests of their own, were eager to take advantage of whatever opportunities the conflict in the islands might afford.[79] There was a fear at the time that the islands would become a German possession.[80] The Americans called the bluff of the Germans, threatening conflict if the aggression continued, and the Germans backed down.[79][81] At the time, the Germans expected the confrontation in the Philippines to end in an American defeat, with the revolutionaries capturing Manila and leaving the Philippines ripe for German picking.[82]

text: Commodore Dewey transported Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino leader who had led rebellion against Spanish rule in the Philippines in 1896, from exile in Hong Kong to the Philippines to rally more Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government.[83] By June, U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands, except for the walled city of Intramuros. On June 12, Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines.[84][85]

text: On August 13, with American commanders unaware that a cease-fire had been signed between Spain and the U.S. on the previous day, American forces captured the city of Manila from the Spanish in the Battle of Manila.[83][86] This battle marked the end of Filipino–American collaboration, as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos. This later led to the Philippine–American War,[87] which would prove to be more deadly and costly than the Spanish–American War.

text: The U.S. had sent a force of some 11,000 ground troops to the Philippines. Armed conflict broke out between U.S. forces and the Filipinos when U.S. troops began to take the place of the Spanish in control of the country after the end of the war, resulting in the Philippine–American War. On August 14, 1899, the Schurman Commission recommended that the U.S. retain control of the Philippines, possibly granting independence in the future.[88]

text: Guam[edit]

text: On June 20, a U.S. fleet commanded by Captain Henry Glass, consisting of the protected cruiser USS Charleston and three transports carrying troops to the Philippines, entered Guam's Apra Harbor, Captain Glass having opened sealed orders instructing him to proceed to Guam and capture it. Charleston fired a few cannon rounds at Fort Santa Cruz without receiving return fire. Two local officials, not knowing that war had been declared and believing the firing had been a salute, came out to Charleston to apologize for their inability to return the salute as they were out of gunpowder. Glass informed them that the U.S. and Spain were at war.[89]

text: The following day, Glass sent Lt. William Braunersruehter to meet the Spanish Governor to arrange the surrender of the island and the Spanish garrison there. Some 54 Spanish infantry were captured and transported to the Philippines as prisoners of war. No U.S. forces were left on Guam, but the only U.S. citizen on the island, Frank Portusach, told Captain Glass that he would look after things until U.S. forces returned.[89]

text: Caribbean Theater[edit]

text: Cuba[edit]

text: Theodore Roosevelt advocated intervention in Cuba, both for the Cuban people and to promote the Monroe Doctrine. While Assistant Secretary of the Navy, he placed the Navy on a war-time footing and prepared Dewey's Asiatic Squadron for battle. He also worked with Leonard Wood in convincing the Army to raise an all-volunteer regiment, the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry. Wood was given command of the regiment that quickly became known as the "Rough Riders".[90]

text: The Americans planned to capture the city of Santiago de Cuba to destroy Linares' army and Cervera's fleet. To reach Santiago they had to pass through concentrated Spanish defenses in the San Juan Hills and a small town in El Caney. The American forces were aided in Cuba by the pro-independence rebels led by General Calixto García.

text: Cuban sentiment[edit]

text: For quite some time the Cuban public believed the United States government to possibly hold the key to its independence, and even annexation was considered for a time, which historian Louis Pérez explored in his book Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy. The Cubans harbored a great deal of discontent towards the Spanish Government, due to years of manipulation on the part of the Spanish. The prospect of getting the United States involved in the fight was considered by many Cubans as a step in the right direction. While the Cubans were wary of the United States' intentions, the overwhelming support from the American public provided the Cubans with some peace of mind, because they believed that the United States was committed to helping them achieve their independence. However, with the imposition of the Platt Amendment of 1903 after the war, as well as economic and military manipulation on the part of the United States, Cuban sentiment towards the United States became polarized, with many Cubans disappointed with continuing American interference.[91]

text: Land campaign[edit]

text: From June 22 to 24, the Fifth Army Corps under General William R. Shafter landed at Daiquirí and Siboney, east of Santiago, and established an American base of operations. A contingent of Spanish troops, having fought a skirmish with the Americans near Siboney on June 23, had retired to their lightly entrenched positions at Las Guasimas. An advance guard of U.S. forces under former Confederate General Joseph Wheeler ignored Cuban scouting parties and orders to proceed with caution. They caught up with and engaged the Spanish rearguard of about 2,000 soldiers led by General Antero Rubín[92] who effectively ambushed them, in the Battle of Las Guasimas on June 24. The battle ended indecisively in favor of Spain and the Spanish left Las Guasimas on their planned retreat to Santiago.

text: The U.S. Army employed Civil War-era skirmishers at the head of the advancing columns. Three of four of the U.S. soldiers who had volunteered to act as skirmishers walking point at the head of the American column were killed, including Hamilton Fish II (grandson of Hamilton Fish, the Secretary of State under Ulysses S. Grant), and Captain Allyn K. Capron, Jr., whom Theodore Roosevelt would describe as one of the finest natural leaders and soldiers he ever met. Only Oklahoma Territory Pawnee Indian, Tom Isbell, wounded seven times, survived.[93]

text: The Battle of Las Guasimas showed the U.S. that quick-thinking American soldiers would not stick to the linear tactics which did not work effectively against Spanish troops who had learned the art of cover and concealment from their own struggle with Cuban insurgents, and never made the error of revealing their positions while on the defense. Americans advanced by rushes and stayed in the weeds so that they, too, were largely invisible to the Spaniards who used un-targeted volley fire to try to mass fires against the advancing Americans. While some troops were hit, this technique was mostly a waste of bullets as the Americans learned to duck as soon as they heard the Spanish word Fire, "Fuego" yelled by the Spanish officers. Spanish troops were equipped with smokeless powder arms that also helped them to hide their positions while firing.

text: Regular Spanish troops were mostly armed with modern charger-loaded 1893 7mm Spanish Mauser rifles and using smokeless powder. The high-speed 7×57mm Mauser round was termed the "Spanish Hornet" by the Americans because of the supersonic crack as it passed overhead. Other irregular troops were armed with Remington Rolling Block rifles in .43 Spanish using smokeless powder and brass-jacketed bullets. US regular infantry were armed with the .30–40 Krag–Jørgensen, a bolt-action rifle with a complex rotating magazine. Both the US regular cavalry and the volunteer cavalry used smokeless ammunition. In later battles, state volunteers used the .45–70 Springfield a single-shot black powder rifle.[93]

text: On July 1, a combined force of about 15,000 American troops in regular infantry and cavalry regiments, including all four of the army's "Colored" regiments, and volunteer regiments, among them Roosevelt and his "Rough Riders", the 71st New York, the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry, and 1st North Carolina, and rebel Cuban forces attacked 1,270 entrenched Spaniards in dangerous Civil War-style frontal assaults at the Battle of El Caney and Battle of San Juan Hill outside of Santiago.[94] More than 200 U.S. soldiers were killed and close to 1,200 wounded in the fighting, thanks to the high rate of fire the Spanish were able to put down range at the Americans.[95] Supporting fire by Gatling guns was critical to the success of the assault.[96][97] Cervera decided to escape Santiago two days later. First Lieutenant John J. Pershing, nicknamed "Black Jack," oversaw the 10th Cavalry Unit during the war. Pershing and his unit fought in the Battle of San Juan Hill. Pershing was cited for his gallantry during the battle.

text: The Spanish forces at Guantánamo were so isolated by Marines and Cuban forces that they did not know that Santiago was under siege, and their forces in the northern part of the province could not break through Cuban lines. This was not true of the Escario relief column from Manzanillo,[98] which fought its way past determined Cuban resistance but arrived too late to participate in the siege.

text: After the battles of San Juan Hill and El Caney, the American advance halted. Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa, allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago. The Americans and Cubans forcibly began a bloody, strangling siege of the city.[99] During the nights, Cuban troops dug successive series of "trenches" (raised parapets), toward the Spanish positions. Once completed, these parapets were occupied by U.S. soldiers and a new set of excavations went forward. American troops, while suffering daily losses from Spanish fire, suffered far more casualties from heat exhaustion and mosquito-borne disease.[100] At the western approaches to the city, Cuban general Calixto Garcia began to encroach on the city, causing much panic and fear of reprisals among the Spanish forces.

text: Naval operations[edit]

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text: The major port of Santiago de Cuba was the main target of naval operations during the war. The U.S. fleet attacking Santiago needed shelter from the summer hurricane season; Guantánamo Bay, with its excellent harbor, was chosen. The 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay happened between June 6 and 10, with the first U.S. naval attack and subsequent successful landing of U.S. Marines with naval support.

text: The Battle of Santiago de Cuba on July 3, was the largest naval engagement of the Spanish–American War and resulted in the destruction of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron (also known as the Flota de Ultramar). In May, the fleet of Spanish Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete had been spotted by American forces in Santiago harbor, where they had taken shelter for protection from sea attack. A two-month stand-off between Spanish and American naval forces followed.

text: When the Spanish squadron finally attempted to leave the harbor on July 3, the American forces destroyed or grounded five of the six ships. Only one Spanish vessel, the new armored cruiser Cristóbal Colón, survived, but her captain hauled down her flag and scuttled her when the Americans finally caught up with her. The 1,612 Spanish sailors who were captured, including Admiral Cervera, were sent to Seavey's Island at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, where they were confined at Camp Long as prisoners of war from July 11 until mid-September.

text: During the stand-off, U.S. Assistant Naval Constructor, Lieutenant Richmond Pearson Hobson had been ordered by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson to sink the collier USS Merrimac in the harbor to bottle up the Spanish fleet. The mission was a failure, and Hobson and his crew were captured. They were exchanged on July 6, and Hobson became a national hero; he received the Medal of Honor in 1933, retired as a Rear Admiral and became a Congressman.

text: U.S. withdrawal[edit]

text: Yellow fever had quickly spread amongst the American occupation force, crippling it. A group of concerned officers of the American army chose Theodore Roosevelt to draft a request to Washington that it withdraw the Army, a request that paralleled a similar one from General Shafter, who described his force as an "army of convalescents". By the time of his letter, 75% of the force in Cuba was unfit for service.[101]

text: On August 7, the American invasion force started to leave Cuba. The evacuation was not total. The U.S. Army kept the black Ninth US Cavalry Regiment in Cuba to support the occupation. The logic was that their race and the fact that many black volunteers came from southern states would protect them from disease; this logic led to these soldiers being nicknamed "Immunes". Still, when the Ninth left, 73 of its 984 soldiers had contracted the disease.[101]

text: Puerto Rico[edit]

text: In May 1898, Lt. Henry H. Whitney of the United States Fourth Artillery was sent to Puerto Rico on a reconnaissance mission, sponsored by the Army's Bureau of Military Intelligence. He provided maps and information on the Spanish military forces to the U.S. government prior to the invasion.

text: The American offensive began on May 12, 1898, when a squadron of 12 U.S. ships commanded by Rear Adm. William T. Sampson of the United States Navy attacked the archipelago's capital, San Juan. Though the damage inflicted on the city was minimal, the Americans were able to establish a blockade in the city's harbor, San Juan Bay. On June 22, the cruiser Isabel II and the destroyer Terror delivered a Spanish counterattack, but were unable to break the blockade and the Terror was damaged.

text: The land offensive began on July 25, when 1,300 infantry soldiers led by Nelson A. Miles disembarked off the coast of Guánica. The first organized armed opposition occurred in Yauco in what became known as the Battle of Yauco.[102]

text: This encounter was followed by the Battle of Fajardo. The United States was able to seize control of Fajardo on August 1, but were forced to withdraw on August 5 after a group of 200 Puerto Rican-Spanish soldiers led by Pedro del Pino gained control of the city, while most civilian inhabitants fled to a nearby lighthouse. The Americans encountered larger opposition during the Battle of Guayama and as they advanced towards the main island's interior. They engaged in crossfire at Guamaní River Bridge, Coamo and Silva Heights and finally at the Battle of Asomante.[102][103] The battles were inconclusive as the allied soldiers retreated.

text: A battle in San Germán concluded in a similar fashion with the Spanish retreating to Lares. On August 9, 1898, American troops that were pursuing units retreating from Coamo encountered heavy resistance in Aibonito in a mountain known as Cerro Gervasio del Asomante and retreated after six of their soldiers were injured. They returned three days later, reinforced with artillery units and attempted a surprise attack. In the subsequent crossfire, confused soldiers reported seeing Spanish reinforcements nearby and five American officers were gravely injured, which prompted a retreat order. All military actions in Puerto Rico were suspended on August 13, after U.S. President William McKinley and French Ambassador Jules Cambon, acting on behalf of the Spanish Government, signed an armistice whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over Puerto Rico.[103]

text: Making peace[edit]

text: With defeats in Cuba and the Philippines, and both of its fleets destroyed, Spain sued for peace and negotiations were opened between the two parties. After the sickness and death of British consul Edward Henry Rawson-Walker, American admiral George Dewey requested the Belgian consul to Manila, Édouard André, to take Rawson-Walker's place as intermediary with the Spanish Government.[104][105][106]

text: Hostilities were halted on August 12, 1898, with the signing in Washington of a Protocol of Peace between the United States and Spain.[107] After over two months of difficult negotiations, the formal peace treaty, the Treaty of Paris, was signed in Paris on December 10, 1898,[108] and was ratified by the United States Senate on February 6, 1899.

text: The United States gained all of Spain's colonies outside of Africa in the treaty, including the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico with the exception of Cuba, which became a U.S. protectorate.[108] The treaty came into force in Cuba April 11, 1899, with Cubans participating only as observers. Having been occupied since July 17, 1898, and thus under the jurisdiction of the United States Military Government (USMG), Cuba formed its own civil government and gained independence on May 20, 1902, with the announced end of USMG jurisdiction over the island. However, the U.S. imposed various restrictions on the new government, including prohibiting alliances with other countries, and reserved the right to intervene. The U.S. also established a perpetual lease of Guantánamo Bay.

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: The war lasted ten weeks.[109] John Hay (the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom), writing from London to his friend Theodore Roosevelt, declared that it had been "a splendid little war".[110][111] The press showed Northerners and Southerners, blacks and whites fighting against a common foe, helping to ease the scars left from the American Civil War.[112] Exemplary of this was the fact that four former Confederate States Army generals had served in the war, now in the US Army and all of them again carrying similar ranks. These officers included Matthew Butler, Fitzhugh Lee, Thomas L. Rosser and Joseph Wheeler, though only the latter had seen action. Still, in an exciting moment during the Battle of Las Guasimas, Wheeler apparently forgot for a moment which war he was fighting, having supposedly called out "Let's go, boys! We've got the damn Yankees on the run again!" [113]

text: The war marked American entry into world affairs. Since then, the U.S. has had a significant hand in various conflicts around the world, and entered many treaties and agreements. The Panic of 1893 was over by this point, and the U.S. entered a long and prosperous period of economic and population growth, and technological innovation that lasted through the 1920s.[114]

text: The war redefined national identity, served as a solution of sorts to the social divisions plaguing the American mind, and provided a model for all future news reporting.[115]

text: The idea of American imperialism changed in the public's mind after the short and successful Spanish–American War. Due to the United States' powerful influence diplomatically and militarily, Cuba's status after the war relied heavily upon American actions. Two major developments emerged from the Spanish–American War: one, it greatly enforced the United States' vision of itself as a "defender of democracy" and as a major world power, and two, it had severe implications for Cuban–American relations in the future. As historian Louis Pérez argued in his book Cuba in the American Imagination: Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos, the Spanish–American War of 1898 "fixed permanently how Americans came to think of themselves: a righteous people given to the service of righteous purpose".[116]

text: The war greatly reduced the Spanish Empire. Spain had been declining as an imperial power since the early 19th century as a result of Napoleon's invasion. The loss of Cuba caused a national trauma because of the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Cuba, which was seen as another province of Spain rather than as a colony. Spain retained only a handful of overseas holdings: Spanish West Africa (Spanish Sahara), Spanish Guinea, Spanish Morocco, and the Canary Islands.

text: The Spanish soldier Julio Cervera Baviera, who served in the Puerto Rican Campaign, published a pamphlet in which he blamed the natives of that colony for its occupation by the Americans, saying, "I have never seen such a servile, ungrateful country [i.e., Puerto Rico].... In twenty-four hours, the people of Puerto Rico went from being fervently Spanish to enthusiastically American.... They humiliated themselves, giving in to the invader as the slave bows to the powerful lord."[117] He was challenged to a duel by a group of young Puerto Ricans for writing this pamphlet.[118]

text: Culturally, a new wave called the Generation of '98 originated as a response to this trauma, marking a renaissance in Spanish culture. Economically, the war benefited Spain, because after the war large sums of capital held by Spaniards in Cuba and the United States were returned to the peninsula and invested in Spain. This massive flow of capital (equivalent to 25% of the gross domestic product of one year) helped to develop the large modern firms in Spain in the steel, chemical, financial, mechanical, textile, shipyard, and electrical power industries.[119] However, the political consequences were serious. The defeat in the war began the weakening of the fragile political stability that had been established earlier by the rule of Alfonso XII.

text: The Teller Amendment, which was enacted on April 20, 1898, was a promise from the United States to the Cuban people that it was not declaring war to annex Cuba, but to help it gain its independence from Spain. The Platt Amendment was a move by the United States' government to shape Cuban affairs without violating the Teller Amendment.[120]

text: The U.S. Congress had passed the Teller Amendment prior to the war, promising Cuban independence. However, the Senate passed the Platt Amendment as a rider to an Army appropriations bill, forcing a peace treaty on Cuba which prohibited it from signing treaties with other nations or contracting a public debt. The Platt Amendment was pushed by imperialists who wanted to project U.S. power abroad (in contrast to the Teller Amendment which was pushed by anti-imperialists who called for a restraint on U.S. rule). The amendment granted the United States the right to stabilize Cuba militarily as needed. In addition, the Platt Amendment permitted the United States to deploy Marines to Cuba if its freedom and independence was ever threatened or jeopardized by an external or internal force. The Platt Amendment also provided for a permanent American naval base in Cuba. Guantánamo Bay was established after the signing of the Cuban–American Treaty of Relations in 1903. Thus, despite that Cuba technically gained its independence after the war ended, the United States government ensured that it had some form of power and control over Cuban affairs.

text: The U.S. annexed the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam. The notion of the United States as an imperial power, with colonies, was hotly debated domestically with President McKinley and the Pro-Imperialists winning their way over vocal opposition led by Democrat William Jennings Bryan, who had supported the war. The American public largely supported the possession of colonies, but there were many outspoken critics such as Mark Twain, who wrote The War Prayer in protest.

text: Roosevelt returned to the United States a war hero, and he was soon elected governor of New York and then became the vice president. At the age of 42 he became the youngest man to become President after the assassination of President William McKinley.

text: The war served to further repair relations between the American North and South. The war gave both sides a common enemy for the first time since the end of the Civil War in 1865, and many friendships were formed between soldiers of northern and southern states during their tours of duty. This was an important development, since many soldiers in this war were the children of Civil War veterans on both sides.[121]

text: The African-American community strongly supported the rebels in Cuba, supported entry into the war, and gained prestige from their wartime performance in the Army. Spokesmen noted that 33 African-American seamen had died in the Maine explosion. The most influential Black leader, Booker T. Washington, argued that his race was ready to fight. War offered them a chance "to render service to our country that no other race can", because, unlike Whites, they were "accustomed" to the "peculiar and dangerous climate" of Cuba. One of the Black units that served in the war was the 9th Cavalry Regiment. In March 1898, Washington promised the Secretary of the Navy that war would be answered by "at least ten thousand loyal, brave, strong black men in the south who crave an opportunity to show their loyalty to our land, and would gladly take this method of showing their gratitude for the lives laid down, and the sacrifices made, that Blacks might have their freedom and rights."[122]

text: In 1904, the United Spanish War Veterans was created from smaller groups of the veterans of the Spanish American War. Today, that organization is defunct, but it left an heir in the Sons of Spanish–American War Veterans, created in 1937 at the 39th National Encampment of the United Spanish War Veterans. According to data from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the last surviving U.S. veteran of the conflict, Nathan E. Cook, died on September 10, 1992, at age 106. (If the data is to be believed, Cook, born October 10, 1885, would have been only 12 years old when he served in the war.)

text: The Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States (VFW) was formed in 1914 from the merger of two prior veterans organizations which both arose in 1899: the American Veterans of Foreign Service and the National Society of the Army of the Philippines.[123] The former was formed for veterans of the Spanish–American War, while the latter was formed for veterans of the Philippine–American War. Both organizations were formed in response to the general neglect veterans returning from the war experienced at the hands of the government.

text: To pay the costs of the war, Congress passed an excise tax on long-distance phone service.[124] At the time, it affected only wealthy Americans who owned telephones. However, the Congress neglected to repeal the tax after the war ended four months later, and the tax remained in place for over 100 years until, on August 1, 2006, it was announced that the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the IRS would no longer collect the tax.[125]

text: Postwar American investment in Puerto Rico[edit]

text: The change in sovereignty of Puerto Rico, like the occupation of Cuba, brought about major changes in both the insular and U.S. economies. Prior to 1898 the sugar industry in Puerto Rico was in decline for nearly half a century. In the second half of the nineteenth century, technological advances increased the capital requirements to remain competitive in the sugar industry. Agriculture began to shift toward coffee production, which required less capital and land accumulation. However, these trends were reversed with U.S. hegemony. Early U.S. monetary and legal policies made it both harder for local farmers to continue operations and easier for American businesses to accumulate land.[126] This, along with the large capital reserves of American businesses, led to a resurgence in the Puerto Rican sugar industry in the form of large American owned agro-industrial complexes.

text: At the same time, the inclusion of Puerto Rico into the U.S. tariff system as a customs area, effectively treating Puerto Rico as a state with respect to internal or external trade, increased the codependence of the insular and mainland economies and benefitted sugar exports with tariff protection. In 1897 the United States purchased 19.6 percent of Puerto Rico's exports while supplying 18.5 percent of its imports. By 1905 these figures jumped to 84 percent and 85 percent, respectively.[127] However, coffee was not protected, as it was not a product of the mainland. At the same time, Cuba and Spain, traditionally the largest importers of Puerto Rican coffee, now subjected Puerto Rico to previously nonexistent import tariffs. These two effects led to a decline in the coffee industry. From 1897 to 1901 coffee went from 65.8 percent of exports to 19.6 percent while sugar went from 21.6 percent to 55 percent.[128] The tariff system also provided a protected market place for Puerto Rican tobacco exports. The tobacco industry went from nearly nonexistent in Puerto Rico to a major part of the country's agricultural sector.

text: In film and television[edit]

text: The Spanish–American War was the first U.S. war in which the motion picture camera played a role.[129] The Library of Congress archives contain many films and film clips from the war.[130] In addition, a few feature films have been made about the war. These include

text:
The Rough Riders, a 1927 silent film
A Message to Garcia, 1936
Rough Riders, a 1997 television miniseries directed by John Milius, and featuring Tom Berenger (Theodore Roosevelt), Gary Busey (Joseph Wheeler), Sam Elliott (Buckey O'Neill), Dale Dye (Leonard Wood), Brian Keith (William McKinley), George Hamilton (William Randolph Hearst), and R. Lee Ermey (John Hay)
The Spanish–American War: First Intervention, a 2007 docudrama from The History Channel
Baler, a 2008 film about the Siege of Baler
Los últimos de Filipinas ("The Last Ones of the Philippines"), a 1945 Spanish biographical film directed by Antonio Román
Amigo, 2010
1898, Our Last Men in the Philippines, a well-acclaimed 2016 film about the Siege of Baler

tag: ul

text: Military decorations[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: The United States awards and decorations of the Spanish–American War were as follows:

text:
Medal of Honor
Specially Meritorious Service Medal
Spanish Campaign Medal – upgradeable to include the Silver Citation Star to recognize those U.S. Army members who had performed individual acts of heroism.
West Indies Campaign Medal
Sampson Medal, West Indies service under Admiral William T. Sampson
Dewey Medal, service during the Battle of Manila Bay under Admiral George Dewey
Spanish War Service Medal, U.S. Army homeland service

text:
Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal
Army of Cuban Occupation Medal

text: Other countries[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2017)

text: The governments of Spain and Cuba also issued a wide variety of military awards to honor Spanish, Cuban, and Philippine soldiers who had served in the conflict.


document_title: Double (basketball)

question_text: who had the most triple doubles in the nba

root

text: Double (basketball)

text: Double-double[edit]

text: A double-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double-digit number total in two of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game. The most common double-double combination is points and rebounds, followed by points and assists.[2] Double-doubles are fairly common in the NBA. During the 2008–09 season, 69 players who were eligible for leadership in the main statistical categories recorded at least 10 double-doubles during the season.[3]

tag: p

text: Special double-doubles are rare. One such double-double is called double double-double (also referred to as 20–20 or Double-20). It occurs when a player accumulates 20 or more in two different statistical categories in a game.[4][5][6] Another such double-double is called a triple double-double (also referred to as 30–30).[7] The only player in NBA history to record a 40-40 is Wilt Chamberlain, who achieved the feat eight times in his career. Of the five instances, four were recorded in his rookie season, and the fifth was achieved the following year where he recorded 78 points and 43 rebounds in a game. Wilt Chamberlain also holds the record for most career double-doubles (regular season and playoffs) with 1111. Tim Duncan is second with 1005, followed by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar with 1004.

text: NBA[edit]

text: Double-double leaders (in regular season)[edit]

text: The following is a list of regular season double-double leaders since the 1983–84 season:

text:
^
Denotes active player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

tag: table

text:
Point-rebound[8]

Rank
Name
Total

1
Duncan, TimTim Duncan
841

2
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
811

3
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*
774

4
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett
741

5
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
727

6
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
706

7
Howard, DwightDwight Howard^
665

8
Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing*
580

9
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
543

10
Gasol, PauPau Gasol^
511

Point-assist[9]

Rank
Name
Total

1
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
714

2
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
441

3
Nash, SteveSteve Nash
436

4
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^
404

5
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd
402

6
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas*
377

7
Johnson, KevinKevin Johnson
319

8
Hardaway, TimTim Hardaway
279

9
Williams, DeronDeron Williams^
275

10
Strickland, RodRod Strickland
271

text: Facts[edit]

text: Longest continuous streak of double-doubles: According to the Elias Sports Bureau, Wilt Chamberlain holds the record with 227 consecutive double-doubles from 1964 to 1967.[10] Chamberlain also holds the second and third longest continuous streaks of double-doubles with 220 and 133.[10] This record is before the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. The longest streak of double-doubles since the merger was 53 games, achieved by Kevin Love, then of the Minnesota Timberwolves.[11]

text: Triple-double[edit]

text: A triple-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in three of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game. The most common way for a player to achieve a triple-double is with points, rebounds, and assists, though on occasion players may record 10 or more steals or blocked shots in a game.[12] The origin of the term "triple-double" is unclear. Some sources claim that it was coined by former Los Angeles Lakers public relations director Bruce Jolesch in the 1980s in order to showcase Magic Johnson's versatility,[13][14] while others claim that it was coined by then Philadelphia 76ers media relations director Harvey Pollack in 1980.[15][16] The triple-double became an officially recorded statistic during the 1979–80 season.

text: There has been occasional controversy surrounding triple-doubles made when a player achieves the feat with a late rebound. Players with nine rebounds in a game have sometimes been accused of deliberately missing a shot late in the game in order to recover the rebound; a few have even gone so far as shooting off their opponent's basket trying to score a triple-double. To deter this, NBA rules allow rebounds to be nullified if the shot is determined not to be a legitimate scoring attempt.[17]

text: NBA[edit]

text: From the 1990–91 to the 2010–11 season, the NBA averaged 34.5 triple-doubles per season, roughly 1 in every 36 games.[19]

text: Triple-double leaders (in regular season)[edit]

text: The following is a list of regular season triple-double leaders:

text:
All-time triple-double leaders (regular season) (Player must have at least 20 triple doubles)

Rank
Name
Triple-doubles

1
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
181[20]

2
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
138[20]

3
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd
107[21][22]

4
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^
82[23]

5
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
78[20]

6
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
59[20]

7
James, LeBronLeBron James^
56[24]

8
Lever, FatFat Lever
43[20]

9
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
33[25]

10
Harden, JamesJames Harden^
32[26]

11
Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek*
31[27]

12
Hill, GrantGrant Hill
29[28]

Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^
29[29]

14
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
28[20]

15
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
26[30]

16
Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
25[20]

17
Frazier, WaltWalt Frazier*
23

18
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
21

Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*
21[31]

Richardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson
21

Webber, ChrisChris Webber
21

22
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
20[32]

text: Facts[edit]

text:
First triple-double in league history: According to the Harvey J. Pollack NBA Statistical Yearbook, Dolph Schayes (Syracuse Nationals) might have logged the league's first triple-double on February 8, 1951, versus the New York Knicks. He had 18 points, 22 rebounds and 13 assists.[33]
Averaging a triple-double in a single season: Oscar Robertson (Cincinnati Royals) and Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) are the only players in NBA history to achieve this feat.[13][34] During the 1961–62 season, Robertson averaged 30.8 points, 12.5 rebounds, and 11.4 assists per game.[13][35] Although Robertson only achieved the feat for a full season once, his cumulative stats over his first 5 seasons gave him an average of 30.3 points, 10.4 rebounds, and 10.6 assists per game.[35] Westbrook finished the 2016–17 season averaging 31.6 points, 10.7 rebounds, and 10.4 assists.[36]
Most triple-doubles in a single season: In 2016–17, Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) recorded 42 triple-doubles.[34][37]
Most triple-doubles in road games in a single season: Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) recorded 17 of 42 triple-doubles in away games.[38]
Most 50-point triple-doubles in a single season: Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) recorded three 50-point triple-doubles in the 2016–17 season. James Harden is the other player to record more than one 50-point triple double with two in the same season.[38] It is more than likely that Wilt Chamberlain recorded many 50-point triple-doubles during his historic 1961-62 NBA season, but they remain unofficial, as steals and blocked shots were not yet recorded as official statistics.[33]

text:
Most triple-doubles in a single season

Rank
Name
Triple-doubles
Team
NBA season

1
Russell Westbrook
42
Oklahoma City Thunder
2016–17

2
Oscar Robertson
41
Cincinnati Royals
1961–62

3
Wilt Chamberlain
31
Philadelphia 76ers
1967–68

4
Oscar Robertson
26
Cincinnati Royals
1960–61

Oscar Robertson
26
Cincinnati Royals
1963–64

6
Oscar Robertson
22
Cincinnati Royals
1964–65

Wilt Chamberlain
22
Philadelphia 76ers
1966–67

James Harden
22
Houston Rockets
2016–17

9
Oscar Robertson
20
Cincinnati Royals
1962–63

10
Magic Johnson
18
Los Angeles Lakers
1981–82

Russell Westbrook
18
Oklahoma City Thunder
2015–16

12
Magic Johnson
17
Los Angeles Lakers
1988–89

13
Fat Lever
16
Denver Nuggets
1985–86

14
Michael Jordan
15
Chicago Bulls
1988–89

15
Magic Johnson
13
Los Angeles Lakers
1987–88

Magic Johnson
13
Los Angeles Lakers
1990–91

Grant Hill
13
Detroit Pistons
1996–97

Jason Kidd
13
New Jersey Nets
2007–08

Draymond Green
13
Golden State Warriors
2015–16

LeBron James
13
Cleveland Cavaliers
2016–17

20
Jason Kidd
12
New Jersey Nets
2006–07

text:
Most triple-doubles in NBA playoffs: Magic Johnson recorded 30 playoff triple-doubles over his career; LeBron James is second with 19.[39]
Most triple-doubles in NBA Finals: LeBron James recorded 9 Finals triple-doubles over his career.
Averaging a triple-double in an NBA Finals: LeBron James (Cleveland Cavaliers), in the 2017 Finals, averaged 33.6 points, 12.0 rebounds, and 10.0 assists per game.
Youngest player: LeBron James (Cleveland Cavaliers), aged 20 years and 20 days, logged a triple-double on January 19, 2005, versus the Portland Trail Blazers. He had 27 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 assists.[40]
Oldest player: Karl Malone (Los Angeles Lakers), aged 40 years and 127 days—the only 40-year-old player to do so—logged a triple-double on November 28, 2003, versus the San Antonio Spurs. He had 10 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 assists.[41]
Fastest triple-double: Jim Tucker (Syracuse Nationals), holds the record for the fastest triple double. On February 20, 1955, Tucker, in his rookie year, recorded the mark in just 17 minutes. He finished the game with 12 points, 10 rebounds and 12 assists in a 104-84 win over the New York Knicks.[42]
Double-triple-double[43] (at least 20 of any 3 statistics): Wilt Chamberlain (Philadelphia 76ers) is the only player to have accomplished this; in a February 2, 1968 game versus Detroit Pistons, Chamberlain tallied 22 points, 25 rebounds, and 21 assists.[44]
Most points scored in a triple-double: Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) holds the record for the most points scored in a triple-double with 57 points, 13 rebounds, and 11 assists on March 29, 2017 against the Orlando Magic in overtime. The previous record was 53 points, by both Wilt Chamberlain and James Harden.[45]
Triple-double not including points: The only such triple-double occurred on February 10, 2017, when Draymond Green (Golden State Warriors) scored only 4 points, but collected 12 rebounds, 10 assists, and 10 steals against the Memphis Grizzlies.[46]
Longest continuous streak of triple-doubles: Wilt Chamberlain (Philadelphia 76ers) holds the record for the most consecutive triple-doubles. In 1968, from March 8 to March 20, he recorded a triple-double in nine straight games.[47] The second longest streak is seven, a record jointly held by Robertson, Michael Jordan, and Westbrook.[48][49][50]
Triple-doubles by teammates: Has occurred three times in the NBA.

March 14, 1964, Donnie Butcher (Detroit Pistons) had 19 points, 15 rebounds, and 15 assists and Ray Scott had 23 points, 20 rebounds, and 11 assists against the New York Knicks.[51]
January 3, 1989, Michael Jordan (Chicago Bulls) had 41 points, 11 assists, and 10 rebounds and Scottie Pippen had 15 points, 12 assists, and 10 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers.[52]
April 7, 2007, New Jersey Nets Vince Carter had 46 points, 16 rebounds, and 10 assists and Jason Kidd had 10 points, 16 rebounds, and 18 assists against the Washington Wizards.[53]

Triple-doubles by opponents: This has occurred only ten times since 1983–84, four times involving Jason Kidd (while playing for three different teams):[33]

Magic Johnson and Jeff Ruland (Los Angeles at Washington, February 10, 1984)[54]
Jason Kidd and Clyde Drexler (Dallas at Houston, April 11, 1995)[55]
Jason Kidd and Clyde Drexler (Phoenix at Houston, March 22, 1997)[56]
Gary Payton and Chris Webber (Seattle at Sacramento, April 18, 2000)[57]
Kidd and Jay Williams (New Jersey at Chicago, November 9, 2002)[58]
Kidd and Tracy McGrady (New Jersey at Orlando, February 23, 2003)[59]
Caron Butler and Baron Davis (Washington at Golden State, November 23, 2007)[60]
Victor Oladipo and Michael Carter-Williams (Orlando at Philadelphia, December 3, 2013 (2 OT))[61]

Oladipo and Carter-Williams were both rookies when accomplishing the feat, marking the first and only time in NBA history that two rookies have recorded triple-doubles in the same game. These were the first career triple-doubles for both players. The last time that two players had recorded their first career triple-doubles in the same game was when Donnie Butcher and Ray Scott (Detroit Pistons) did it on March 14, 1964 (they were not rookies).[62]

Russell Westbrook and Giannis Antetokounmpo (Oklahoma City at Milwaukee, March 6, 2016)[63]
LeBron James and Stephen Curry (Cleveland at Golden State, June 4, 2017)

text: NCAA Division I[edit]

text:
Most triple-doubles in a career:

Men's: Kyle Collinsworth (BYU) with 12 — six in 2014–15 and six again as a senior in 2015–16.[64] Prior to the triple-double being tracked as an NCAA statistic, Oscar Robertson (Cincinnati) had 10—five in 1958–59 and five in 1959–60.[65]
Women's: Suzie McConnell (Penn State, 1984–88) and Louella Tomlinson (Saint Mary's, 2007–11), each with 7.[66]

Consecutive triple-doubles in a single season: David Edwards (Texas A&M), Penny Hardaway (Memphis State), Tony Lee (Robert Morris), Gerald Lewis (SMU), Shaquille O’Neal (LSU), and Kevin Roberson (Vermont) each recorded two consecutive games with a triple-double.[67]

Penny Hardaway had back-to-back triple-doubles for Memphis State (now Memphis) during the 1992–93 season. He recorded 21 points, 15 assists, and 14 rebounds against Georgia State on January 4, 1993 and then recorded 26 points, 12 rebounds, and 10 assists against Vanderbilt on January 6, 1993.[68]

Most triple-doubles in a single season:

Men's: Kyle Collinsworth (BYU), with six – performed twice: in the 2014–15 season, and again in 2015–16.[64]
Women's: Danielle Carson (Youngstown State), also with six in the 1985–86 season.[66]

Triple-doubles in NCAA tournament history: The NCAA began keeping track of assists for men's basketball in 1984, then blocks and steals in 1986, so officially this has occurred eight times. However, many tournaments had included assists, steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time, so unofficially this has occurred sixteen times.[69] Only three pre-1986 triple-doubles are included below.

text:
Name
Team
Score
Opponent
Round
Date
Minutes
played
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Reference

Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson
Cincinnati
98–85
Louisville
Third place
000000001959-03-21-0000March 21, 1959
39
39
17
10
—
—
[70]

Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson
Michigan State
95–64
Lamar
Second round
000000001979-03-10-0000March 10, 1979
35
13
17
10

Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson
Michigan State
101–67
Penn
Final Four
000000001979-03-24-0000March 24, 1979
35
29
10
10
3
0
[70]

Grant, GaryGary Grant
Michigan
97–109
North Carolina
Second round
000000001987-03-14-0000March 14, 1987
39
24
10
10
1
0
[71]

O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal
LSU
94–83
BYU
First round
000000001992-03-19-0000March 19, 1992
31
26
13
4
1
11
[70]

Cain, DavidDavid Cain
St. John's
85–67
Texas Tech
First round
000000001993-03-18-0000March 18, 1993
37
12
11
11
1
0
[72]

Miller, AndreAndre Miller
Utah
76–51
Arizona
Elite Eight
000000001998-03-21-0000March 21, 1998
36
18
14
13
2
1
[70]

Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade
Marquette
83–69
Kentucky
Elite Eight
000000002003-03-29-0000March 29, 2003
35
29
11
11
1
4
[70]

Aldrich, ColeCole Aldrich
Kansas
60–43
Dayton
Second round
000000002009-03-22-0000March 22, 2009
31
13
20
1
0
10
[73]

Green, DraymondDraymond Green
Michigan State
76–78
UCLA
First round
000000002011-03-17-0000March 17, 2011
37
23
11
10
4
0
[74]

Green, DraymondDraymond Green
Michigan State
89–67
Long Island
Second round
000000002012-03-16-0000March 16, 2012
35
24
12
10
1
0
[75]

text:
Others

Kalara McFadyen of the Memphis Lady Tigers achieved perhaps the most unusual triple-double in history, and she did it without scoring a point or even attempting a shot. On February 3, 2002, in a women's Division I game against Charlotte, she had 12 assists, 10 steals, and 10 rebounds.[76][77]

text: Quadruple-double[edit]

text: A quadruple-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in four of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game.[78] This feat is extremely rare:[78][79] only four players have officially recorded a quadruple-double in National Basketball Association (NBA) history. The first American male player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple-double was Nate Thurmond, who achieved this feat in 1974 while playing for the NBA's Chicago Bulls. The first American female player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple-double was Ann Meyers, who achieved this feat in 1978 while playing for the UCLA Bruins, when women's college sports were under the auspices of the AIAW.[80] The first male player in NCAA Division I history to record a quadruple-double was Lester Hudson in 2007.[81] The first Division I women's player to have officially recorded a quadruple-double since the NCAA began sponsoring women's sports in 1981–82 was Veronica Pettry of Loyola of Chicago in 1989; only two other women have done so since, and none since 1993. An earlier player, Jackie Spencer of Louisville, accomplished the feat against Cincinnati during the 1984–85 season, but the NCAA did not record assists and steals throughout Division I women's basketball at that time. The Metro Conference, then home to both schools, did officially record these statistics, but the NCAA did not start doing so until 1985–86 for assists and 1987–88 for steals.[66]

text: NBA[edit]

text: Quadruple-doubles have only been possible since the 1973–74 season, when the NBA started recording both blocked shots and steals. It is often speculated by observers that other all-time greats, namely Oscar Robertson (all time triple-doubles leader with 181[82][83]), Wilt Chamberlain, Bill Russell and Jerry West could conceivably have had quadruple-doubles.[79] West's biography at NBA.com claims that he once recorded an unofficial quadruple-double with 44 points, 12 rebounds, 10 assists and 10 blocks.[84] A biography of Wilt Chamberlain claims that he also recorded an unofficial quadruple-double in Game 1 of the 1967 Eastern Division Finals against the Boston Celtics, when he had 24 points, 32 rebounds, 13 assists and 12 blocks.[85]

text: The reason why [the quadruple-double] is such a hard thing to accomplish is because it requires a player to be completely dominant on both ends of the court without being too selfish—so he can get the assists—and without fouling out trying to block every shot or grab every rebound. A lot of guys can get the points, rebounds and assists, but it's the defensive stuff that messes everybody up. You have to love defense to get a quadruple-double. There's no way around it.

text: The four players listed below are the only players who have officially recorded a quadruple-double in an NBA game. Except for Thurmond, who retired before the award was established in 1983, all of them have won NBA Defensive Player of the Year at least once.[86]

text:
Name
Date
Team
Score
Opponent
Min
Points
Reb
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Ref

Thurmond, NateNate Thurmond*
000000001974-10-18-0000October 18, 1974
Chicago Bulls
120–115
Atlanta Hawks
45
22
14
13
0 or 1
12
Yes (OT)
[87]

Robertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson
000000001986-02-18-0000February 18, 1986
San Antonio Spurs
120–114
Phoenix Suns
36
20
11
10
10
0
No
[88]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*
000000001990-03-29-0000March 29, 1990
Houston Rockets
120–94
Milwaukee Bucks
40
18
16
10
1
11
No
[89]

Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
000000001994-02-17-0000February 17, 1994
San Antonio Spurs
115–96
Detroit Pistons
43
34
10
10
2
10
No
[90]

text: Only seven other players (one did it twice) have managed to finish with triple-doubles and a total of 9 in a fourth statistical category (statistical categories in which they fell short are in bold):

text:
Name
Date
Team
Opponent
Minutes
played
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Reference

Barry, RickRick Barry*
000000001974-10-29-0000October 29, 1974
Golden State Warriors
Buffalo Braves
43
30
10
11
9
—
No
[91][92]

Steele, LarryLarry Steele
000000001974-11-16-0000November 16, 1974
Portland Trail Blazers
Los Angeles Lakers
44
12
11
9
10
—
No
[93][94]

Moore, JohnnyJohnny Moore
000000001985-01-08-0000January 8, 1985
San Antonio Spurs
Golden State Warriors
36
26
11
13
9
—
No
[95]

Bird, LarryLarry Bird*[a]
000000001985-02-18-0000February 18, 1985
Boston Celtics
Utah Jazz
33
30
12
10
9
—
No
[96][97]

Richardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson
000000001985-10-30-0000October 30, 1985
New Jersey Nets
Indiana Pacers
54
38
11
11
9
—
Yes (3 OT)
[98]

Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
000000001986-01-10-0000January 10, 1986
Portland Trail Blazers
Milwaukee Bucks
42
26
9
11
10
—
No
[94]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[b]
000000001990-03-03-0000March 3, 1990
Houston Rockets
Golden State Warriors
40
29
18
9[b]
5
11
No
[99]

Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
000000001996-11-01-0000November 1, 1996
Houston Rockets
Sacramento Kings
42
25
10
9
10
—
No
[100]

text: Notes

text:
a Bird sat out the entire fourth quarter. After three quarters, head coach K. C. Jones informed Bird that he was one steal away from a quadruple-double and asked if he wanted to stay in the game. Bird declined, saying that he "already did enough damage."[101][102]
b Olajuwon was credited with 9 assists in the original box score. However, after Rockets officials reviewed the game tape and discovered what they believe was an uncredited assist in the first quarter, they revised the box score, crediting Olajuwon with 10 assists and the third quadruple-double in NBA history. NBA's director of operations, Rod Thorn, requested to review the tape. After reviewing the tape, the league disallowed Olajuwon's quadruple-double and announced that his original line—with 9 assists—is official.[103][104]

text: Other men's basketball[edit]

text: Accurate as of April 2017[update]

text:
League
Name
Date
Team
Opponent
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Reference

French National League
Lewis, DerrickDerrick Lewis[c]
000000001990-02-24-0000February 24, 1990
Reims
Lorient
20
11
—
12
10
No
[105]

National Basketball League (Australia)
Rowe, DarenDaren Rowe[d]
000000001990-01-01-00001990
Geelong Supercats
North Melbourne Giants
25
17
11
—
11
No
[106]

Chinese Basketball Association
Hu Xuefeng
000000002004-12-08-0000December 8, 2004
Jiangsu Dragons
Yunnan Bulls
16
10
12
10
—
No
[107]

FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship
Rubio, RickyRicky Rubio
000000002006-08-19-0000August 19, 2006
Spain
Croatia
19
10
13
11
—
No
[108]

Metropolitan Basketball Association
Belano, DonbelDonbel Belano
000000001999-08-14-0000August 14, 1999
Davao Eagles
Nueva Ecija Patriots
19
11
11
10
—
No
[108]

American Basketball Association (2000–)
Staten, JamelJamel Staten
000000002007-02-02-0000February 2, 2007
Minnesota Ripknees
St. Louis Stunners
17
11
11
10
—
No
[109]

NCAA Division I men
Hudson, LesterLester Hudson[e]
000000002007-11-13-0000November 13, 2007
UT Martin
Central Baptist
25
12
10
10
1
No
[81][110]

Continental Basketball Association
Blackburn, JermaineJermaine Blackburn
000000002008-12-20-0000December 20, 2008
East Kentucky Miners
West Virginia Wild
22
10
14
10
—
No
[111]

High school boys
Benimon, JerrelleJerrelle Benimon
000000002009-02-17-0000February 17, 2009
Fauquier HS
Osbourn HS
13
17
11
—
10
No
[112]

Chinese Basketball Association
Williams, ChrisChris Williams
000000002009-12-25-0000December 25, 2009
Qingdao Doublestar
Dongguan Leopards
15
11
11
11
—
No
[113]

High school boys
Isaiah Grant
000000002014-12-06-0000December 6, 2014
Sequoia Pathway Academy
Berean Academy
11
10
10
10
–
No
[114]

NJCAA
Clifford Wilson
000000001979-02-14-0000February 14, 1979
Fulton-Montgomery
Hudson Valley
31
18
10
—
15
No

NJCAA
Monroe Pippins
000000001995-02-09-0000February 9, 1995
Fulton-Montgomery
Herkimer
34
17
10
11
—
No

Ukrainian First league
Vitaliy Bykov
000000002016-12-17-0000December 17, 2016
BC Zaporizhya-2
BC Kramatorsk
14
13
11
12
—
No
[115]

Liga Super Basketball U-18
Natan Oliveira
000000002017-04-08-0000April 8, 2017
Colégio Sul Americano
Rappers
32
11
10
16
—
No
[116]

text: Notes

text:
c This is the only quadruple-double in French National League history.[105]
d This is the only quadruple-double in National Basketball League history.[106]
e This is the only quadruple-double in NCAA Division I men's basketball history.[81] The opponent, Central Baptist, plays in the NAIA.

text: Women's basketball[edit]

text: Accurate as of October 2017

text:
League
Name
Date
Team
Opponent
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Reference

American Basketball League
Black, DebbieDebbie Black
000000001996-12-08-0000December 8, 1996
Colorado Xplosion
Atlanta Glory
10
14
12
10
—
[117][118]

Israeli Basketball Super League
Brown, EdwinaEdwina Brown
000000002008-12-01-0000December 2008
Ramat Hen
Hapoel Holon
22
10
10
10
—
[119]

Greek Women's Basketball League
Dimitrakou, ZoiZoi Dimitrakou
000000002009-03-22-0000March 22, 2009
G.S. Megas Alexandros
Aris Holargou
49
18
10
12
—
[120]

Russian Premier League
Kalmykova, MariaMaria Kalmykova
000000002001-01-21-0000January 21, 2001
Chevakata Vologda
Dynamo Kursk
20
15
11
—
11
[121]

European U16 Championship
Verameyenka, AnastasiyaAnastasiya Verameyenka
000000002003-04-20-0000April 20, 2003
Belarus U16 NT
Czech U16 NT
21
10
—
10
12
[122]

AIAW Division I women
Meyers, AnnAnn Meyers
000000001978-02-18-0000February 18, 1978
UCLA
Stephen F. Austin
20
14
10
10
—
[80]

NCAA Division I women
Spencer, JackieJackie Spencer[a]
000000001985-02-02-0000February 2, 1985
Louisville
Cincinnati
14
12
14
10
—
[123]

NCAA Division I women
Pettry, VeronicaVeronica Pettry
000000001989-03-04-0000March 4, 1989
Loyola (Chicago)
Detroit
12
10
22
11
—
[123]

NCAA Division I women
Jones, RamonaRamona Jones
000000001991-01-14-0000January 14, 1991
Lamar
UCF
10
10
10
12
—
[123]

NCAA Division I women
Tate, SonjaSonja Tate
000000001993-01-27-0000January 27, 1993
Arkansas State
Mississippi Valley State
29
14
10
10
—
[123]

NCAA Division II women
Watkins, TereskaTereska Watkins
000000001997-02-08-0000February 8, 1997
Fort Valley State
 ???
12
12
10
10
—
[124]

NCAA Division III women
Esteves, EvitaEvita Esteves
000000002004-02-05-0000February 5, 2004
Emmanuel (MA)
Johnson & Wales
10
10
11
13
—
[125][126]

NCAA Division III women
Purnell, DannaDanna Purnell
000000002007-02-10-0000February 10, 2007
SUNY-Old Westbury
New Rochelle
14
10
11
13
—
[125][127]

NCAA Division III women
Williams, LatiquaLatiqua Williams
000000002008-11-16-0000November 16, 2008
Bard
New Rochelle
21
13
10
11
—
[128]

NAIA women
Gonzales, SuzanneSuzanne Gonzales[b]
000000001989-02-11-0000February 11, 1989
Southern Colorado
Western State[130]
13
12
10
11
—
[124]

Ukrainian Professional Basketball League
Iagupova, AlinaAlina Iagupova
000000002011-05-15-0000May 15, 2011
BC Dnipro
Luhanski Lastivky
28
15
13
10
—
Stats

text:
Jump up ^ The NCAA does not consider Spencer's quadruple-double to be official. Although the Metro Conference, then home to both teams involved in this game, kept records in all of the relevant statistical categories in the 1984–85 season, the NCAA did not. Assists were not recorded throughout Division I women's basketball until 1985–86, and steals were not so recorded until 1987–88.[123]
Jump up ^ Although Gonzales played for a school that is now a member of NCAA Division II, the NCAA does not consider her quadruple-double to be official for two reasons. First, the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference, then as now home to both teams involved in this game, then competed in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), and was not an NCAA conference until 1992–93.[129] In addition, the NCAA did not record steals throughout Division II women's basketball until 1992–93.[124]

tag: ol

text: Quintuple-double[edit]

text: A quintuple-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double-digit number total in all five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—-in a single game.[131] There are only two known quintuple-doubles, both only done at the high-school level. The first was recorded by Tamika Catchings of Duncanville High School (Duncanville, Texas) with 25 points, 18 rebounds, 11 assists, 10 steals and 10 blocks in 1997.[132] The second was by Aimee Oertner of Northern Lehigh High School (Slatington, Pennsylvania), who had 26 points, 20 rebounds, 10 assists, 10 steals, and 11 blocks on January 7, 2012.[133]

text: Five-by-five[edit]

text: A five-by-five is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a total of five in five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks—in a single game.[134] Statistics for steals and blocks were not kept in the NBA until the 1973–74 season, so NBA five-by-fives were only possible from that season onward. Hakeem Olajuwon (six times) and Andrei Kirilenko (three times) are the only players to have recorded multiple five-by-fives (based on records since the 1984–85 season).[134] Both are also the only players to record five-by-sixes (at least six in all five statistical categories).[134] Only twice has a five-by-five coincided with a triple-double (both by Olajuwon) and only three times has a player recorded a five-by-five without registering at least a double-double (two by Kirilenko and one by Marcus Camby).

text: NBA[edit]

text: The following is a list of known five-by-fives. Note the list contains all five-by-fives since the 1984–85 season, as well as one before. There may be other five-by-fives in the NBA that occurred before the 1984–85 season.

text:
Name
Date
Age
Team
Score
Opponent
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Reference

Erving, JuliusJulius Erving
000000001979-12-05-0000December 5, 1979
7004108780000000000♠29 years, 286 days
Philadelphia 76ers
132–120
San Antonio Spurs
28
7
10
5
5
No
[135][136]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001987-03-10-0000March 10, 1987
7003881400000000000♠24 years, 48 days
Houston Rockets
127–136
Seattle SuperSonics
38
17
6
7
12
Yes (2OT)
[137]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001990-03-03-0000March 3, 1990
7003990300000000000♠27 years, 41 days
Houston Rockets
129–109
Golden State Warriors
29
18
9
5
11
No
[99]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001992-04-11-0000April 11, 1992
7004106730000000000♠29 years, 81 days
Houston Rockets
92–99
Dallas Mavericks
19
13
6
5
5
No
[138]

Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson
000000001992-11-10-0000November 10, 1992
7003995800000000000♠27 years, 96 days
San Antonio Spurs
104–98
Milwaukee Bucks
29
9
5
5
10
No
[139]

Coleman, DerrickDerrick Coleman
000000001993-01-15-0000January 15, 1993
7003934000000000000♠25 years, 208 days
New Jersey Nets
110–105
Philadelphia 76ers
21
10
7
5
5
Yes (OT)
[140]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001993-04-22-0000April 22, 1993
7004110490000000000♠30 years, 91 days
Houston Rockets
112–110
Minnesota Timberwolves
33
13
5
5
5
Yes (OT)
[141]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001993-11-05-0000November 5, 1993
7004112460000000000♠30 years, 288 days
Houston Rockets
110–88
New Jersey Nets
24
19
6
5
5
No
[142]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001993-12-30-0000December 30, 1993
7004113010000000000♠30 years, 343 days
Houston Rockets
110–104
Minnesota Timberwolves
34
10
5
5
8
No
[143]

Divac, VladeVlade Divac
000000001995-02-22-0000February 22, 1995
7003988100000000000♠27 years, 19 days
Los Angeles Lakers
112–100
Philadelphia 76ers
19
12
8
5
5
No
[144]

Tinsley, JamaalJamaal Tinsley
000000002001-11-16-0000November 16, 2001
7003866200000000000♠23 years, 261 days
Indiana Pacers
113–120
Minnesota Timberwolves
12
9
15
6
5
Yes (2OT)
[145]

Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko
000000002003-12-03-0000December 3, 2003
7003832300000000000♠22 years, 288 days
Utah Jazz
101–107
Houston Rockets
19
5
7
8
5
Yes (OT)
[146]

Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko
000000002003-12-10-0000December 10, 2003
7003833000000000000♠22 years, 295 days
Utah Jazz
95–73
New York Knicks
10
12
6
6
5
No
[147]

Camby, MarcusMarcus Camby
000000002004-01-09-0000January 9, 2004
7004108850000000000♠29 years, 293 days
Denver Nuggets
106–96
Utah Jazz
8
11
5
5
8
No
[148]

Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko
000000002006-01-03-0000January 3, 2006
7003908500000000000♠24 years, 319 days
Utah Jazz
90–80
Los Angeles Lakers
14
8
9
6
7
No
[149]

Batum, NicolasNicolas Batum
000000002012-12-16-0000December 16, 2012
7003876800000000000♠24 years, 2 days
Portland Trail Blazers
95–94
New Orleans Hornets
11
5
10
5
5
No
[150]

Green, DraymondDraymond Green
000000002015-12-11-0000December 11, 2015
7003941300000000000♠25 years, 282 days
Golden State Warriors
124–119
Boston Celtics
24
11
8
5
5
Yes (2OT)
[151]

text: Facts[edit]

text: All facts based on data since 1985–86:

text:
Greatest five-by-fives (most of each stat): Hakeem Olajuwon, on March 10, 1987, became the first in NBA history to record a five-by-six (at least 6 each of all five statistics: points, rebounds, assists, blocks, steals).[152] It took nearly twenty years for the second official occurrence in NBA history. Andrei Kirilenko, on January 3, 2006, recorded a five-by-six against the Lakers. Though his numbers were not quite as impressive as Olajuwon's, Kirilenko performed the feat in regulation.
Most five-by-fives in a career: Hakeem Olajuwon leads all players with 6 career five-by-fives.[134] Andrei Kirilenko, with 3, is the only other player with more than one career five-by-five.
Most five-by-fives in the same season: Only twice has a player recorded two five-by-fives in a season. Olajuwon in the 1993–94 season, and Kirilenko in the 2003–04 season.
Quickest pair of five-by-fives: Kirilenko performed a five-by-five on December 3, 2003, and completed another just a week later, on December 10, 2003. The second quickest five-by-fives were completed by Olajuwon on November 5, 1993 and another, 55 days later, on December 30, 1993.
Youngest player: Kirilenko's first NBA five-by-five came on December 3, 2003, making him the youngest to record a five-by-five at age 7003832300000000000♠22 years, 288 days.
Oldest player: Olajuwon is the oldest player to record a five-by-five. His last career five-by-five came on December 30, 1993, at which time he was 7004113010000000000♠30 years, 343 days old.


document_title: Atmospheric pressure

question_text: where would the highest air pressure be measured

text: Atmospheric pressure

text: Mechanism[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Atmospheric pressure is caused by the gravitational attraction of the planet on the atmospheric gases above the surface, and is a function of the mass of the planet, the radius of the surface, and the amount of gas and its vertical distribution in the atmosphere.[1][2] It is modified by the planetary rotation and local effects such as wind velocity, density variations due to temperature and variations in composition.[citation needed]

text: Standard atmosphere[edit]

text: The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as 101325 Pa (1.01325 bar), equivalent to 760 mmHg (torr), 29.92 inches Hg and 14.696 psi.[3]

text: Mean sea-level pressure[edit]

text: The mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) is the average atmospheric pressure at sea level. This is the atmospheric pressure normally given in weather reports on radio, television, and newspapers or on the Internet. When barometers in the home are set to match the local weather reports, they measure pressure adjusted to sea level, not the actual local atmospheric pressure.

text: The altimeter setting in aviation is an atmospheric pressure adjustment.

text: Average sea-level pressure is 1013.25 mbar (101.325 kPa; 29.921 inHg; 760.00 mmHg). In aviation, weather reports (METAR), QNH is transmitted around the world in millibars or hectopascals (1 hectopascal = 1 millibar), except in the United States, Canada, and Colombia where it is reported in inches (to two decimal places) of mercury. The United States and Canada also report sea-level pressure SLP, which is adjusted to sea level by a different method, in the remarks section, not in the internationally transmitted part of the code, in hectopascals or millibars.[4] However, in Canada's public weather reports, sea level pressure is instead reported in kilopascals.[5]

text: In the US weather code remarks, three digits are all that are transmitted; decimal points and the one or two most significant digits are omitted: 1013.2 mbar (101.32 kPa) is transmitted as 132; 1000.0 mbar (100.00 kPa) is transmitted as 000; 998.7 mbar is transmitted as 987; etc. The highest sea-level pressure on Earth occurs in Siberia, where the Siberian High often attains a sea-level pressure above 1050 mbar (105 kPa; 31 inHg), with record highs close to 1085 mbar (108.5 kPa; 32.0 inHg). The lowest measurable sea-level pressure is found at the centers of tropical cyclones and tornadoes, with a record low of 870 mbar (87 kPa; 26 inHg) (see Atmospheric pressure records).

text: Altitude variation[edit]

text: Pressure varies smoothly from the Earth's surface to the top of the mesosphere. Although the pressure changes with the weather, NASA has averaged the conditions for all parts of the earth year-round. As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. One can calculate the atmospheric pressure at a given altitude.[6] Temperature and humidity also affect the atmospheric pressure, and it is necessary to know these to compute an accurate figure. The graph at right was developed for a temperature of 15 °C and a relative humidity of 0%.

text: At low altitudes above sea level, the pressure decreases by about 1.2 kPa for every 100 metres. For higher altitudes within the troposphere, the following equation (the barometric formula) relates atmospheric pressure p to altitude h

text: where the constant parameters are as described below:

text:
Parameter
Description
Value

p0
Sea level standard atmospheric pressure
101325 Pa

L
Temperature lapse rate, = g/cp for dry air
0.0065 K/m

cp
Constant-pressure specific heat
~1007 J/(kg·K)

T0
Sea level standard temperature
288.15 K

g
Earth-surface gravitational acceleration
9.80665 m/s2

M
Molar mass of dry air
0.0289644 kg/mol

R0
Universal gas constant
8.31447 J/(mol·K)

text: Local variation[edit]

text: Atmospheric pressure varies widely on Earth, and these changes are important in studying weather and climate. See pressure system for the effects of air pressure variations on weather.

text: Atmospheric pressure shows a diurnal or semidiurnal (twice-daily) cycle caused by global atmospheric tides. This effect is strongest in tropical zones, with an amplitude of a few millibars, and almost zero in polar areas. These variations have two superimposed cycles, a circadian (24 h) cycle and semi-circadian (12 h) cycle.

text: Records[edit]

text: The highest adjusted-to-sea level barometric pressure ever recorded on Earth (above 750 meters) was 1084.8 hPa (32.03 inHg) measured in Tosontsengel, Mongolia on 19 December 2001.[7] The highest adjusted-to-sea level barometric pressure ever recorded (below 750 meters) was at Agata in Evenk Autonomous Okrug, Russia (66°53’ N, 93°28’ E, elevation: 261 m, 856 ft) on 31 December 1968 of 1083.8 hPa (32.005 inHg).[8] The discrimination is due to the problematic assumptions (assuming a standard lapse rate) associated with reduction of sea level from high elevations.[7]

text: The Dead Sea, the lowest place on Earth at 430 metres (1,410 ft) below sea level, has a correspondingly high typical atmospheric pressure of 1065 hPa.[9]

text: The lowest non-tornadic atmospheric pressure ever measured was 870 hPa (0.858 atm; 25.69 inHg), set on 12 October 1979, during Typhoon Tip in the western Pacific Ocean. The measurement was based on an instrumental observation made from a reconnaissance aircraft.[10]

text: Measurement based on depth of water[edit]

text: One atmosphere (101.325 kPa or 14.7 psi) is also the pressure caused by the weight of a column of fresh water of approximately 10.3 m (33.8 ft). Thus, a diver 10.3 m underwater experiences a pressure of about 2 atmospheres (1 atm of air plus 1 atm of water). Conversely, 10.3 m is the maximum height to which water can be raised using suction under standard atmospheric conditions.

text: Low pressures such as natural gas lines are sometimes specified in inches of water, typically written as w.c. (water column) gauge or w.g. (inches water gauge). A typical gas-using residential appliance in the US is rated for a maximum of 14 w.g., which is approximately 1048.37 hPa. Similar metric units with a wide variety of names and notation based on millimetres, centimetres or metres are now less commonly used.

text: Boiling point of water[edit]

text: Pure water boils at 100 °C (212 °F) at earth's standard atmospheric pressure. The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure around the water.[11] Because of this, the boiling point of water is lower at lower pressure and higher at higher pressure. Cooking at high elevations, therefore, requires adjustments to recipes[12] or pressure cooking. A rough approximation of elevation can be obtained by measuring the temperature at which water boils; in the mid-19th century, this method was used by explorers.[13]

text: Measurement and maps[edit]

text: An important application of the knowledge that atmospheric pressure varies directly with altitude was in determining the height of hills and mountains thanks to the availability of reliable pressure measurement devices. While in 1774, Maskelyne was confirming Newton's theory of gravitation at and on Schiehallion in Scotland (using plumb bob deviation to show the effect of "gravity") and accurately measure elevation, William Roy using barometric pressure was able to confirm his height determinations, the agreement being to within one meter (3.28 feet). This method became and continues to be useful for survey work and map making. This early "application of science" gave people insight into how science could easily be put to practical use.[14]