document_title: List of African-American firsts

question_text: who was the first black woman to win a grammy

question_tokens: who was the first black woman to win a grammy

text: List of African-American firsts

text:
African-American topics

History (timeline)[show]

Atlantic slave trade
African-American history
Slavery in the United States
History in agriculture
African-American business history
African-American military history
Jim Crow laws
Great Migration
Redlining
Second Great Migration
Black Power movement
Post–Civil Rights era
New Great Migration

Civil Rights Movement

1865–1896
1896–1954
1954–1968

Culture[show]

Studies
Art
Business history
Black conductors
Black mecca
Black schools
Black colleges and universities
Juneteenth
Kwanzaa
Literature
Museums
Music
Neighborhoods

Religion[show]

Black church
Black theology
Nation of Islam

Political movements[show]

Afrocentrism
Black Power
Anarchism
Capitalism
Conservatism
Leftism
Nationalism
Populism
Black Panther Party
Garveyism
Pan-Africanism

Civic / economic groups[show]

Rights organizations

National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Southern Christian
Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

National Urban League (NUL)

Association for the Study of African
American Life and History (ASALH)

United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
Thurgood Marshall College Fund

National Black Chamber
of Commerce (NBCC)

National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
TransAfrica Forum

Sports[show]

Negro league baseball

Athletic associations and conferences

Central (CIAA)
Southern (SIAC)
Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
Southwestern (SWAC)

Ethnic subdivisions[show]

Americo-Liberians
Black Indians
Black Southerners
Gullah
Igbo

Languages[show]

English
American English
African American Vernacular English
Gullah
Louisiana Creole French

Diaspora[show]

Nova Scotia
Liberia

Sierra Leone
France

Lists[show]

African Americans

African-American firsts

First mayors
US state firsts

Landmark African-American legislation
African American-related topics
Topics related to Black and African people

Category: African-American society
 African American portal

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text: African Americans (also known as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group in the United States. The first achievements by African Americans in various fields historically marked footholds, often leading to more widespread cultural change. The shorthand phrase for this is "breaking the color barrier".[1][2]

text: One commonly cited example is that of Jackie Robinson, who was the first African American of the modern era to become a Major League Baseball player, ending 60 years of segregated Negro Leagues.[3]

text:
Contents

18th century
19th century: 1800s • 1810s • 1820s • 1830s • 1840s • 1850s • 1860s • 1870s • 1880s • 1890s
20th century: 1900s • 1910s • 1920s • 1930s • 1940s • 1950s • 1960s • 1970s • 1980s • 1990s
21st century: 2000s • 2010s
See also
Notes
References
External links

text: 18th century[edit]

text: First free African-American community: Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose (later named Fort Mose) in Florida

text: First known African-American published author: Jupiter Hammon (poem "An Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ with Penitential Cries", published as a broadside)[4]

text: First known African American to be elected to public office: Wentworth Cheswell, town constable in Newmarket, New Hampshire.[5]

text:
First known African-American woman to publish a book: Phillis Wheatley (Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral)[6]
First separate African-American church: Silver Bluff Baptist Church, Aiken County, South Carolina[7][8][Note 1]

text: First African American to join the Freemasons: Prince Hall

text: First African-American U.S. military regiment: the 1st Rhode Island Regiment[9]

text: First African American to formally practice medicine: James Derham, who did not hold an M.D. degree.[10] (See also 1847 firsts.)

text: First African American ordained as a Christian minister in the United States: Rev. Lemuel Haynes. He was ordained in the Congregational Church, which became the United Church of Christ [11]

text: First major African-American Back-to-Africa movement: 3,000 Black Loyalist slaves, who had escaped to British lines during the American Revolutionary War for the promise of freedom, were relocated to Nova Scotia and given land. Later, 1,200 chose to migrate and settle in the new British colony of Settler Town, which developed as Sierra Leone, in West Africa.

text: First African Methodist Episcopal Church established: Richard Allen founded Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text: First African Episcopal Church established: Absalom Jones founded African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text: 19th century[edit]

text: First African American ordained as an Episcopal priest: Absalom Jones in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[12]

text: First African American Presbyterian Church in America: First African Presbyterian Church founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by John Gloucester a former slave.

text: First fully independent African-American denomination: African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and mid-Atlantic states

text: First African American to hold a patent: Thomas L. Jennings, for a dry-cleaning process[13]

text: First African-American captain to sail a whaleship with an all-black crew: Absalom Boston[14]

text: First African American to receive a degree from an American college: Alexander Twilight, Middlebury College[15] (See also: 1836)

text: First African-American owned-and-operated newspaper: Freedom's Journal, founded in New York City by Rev. Peter Williams, Jr. and other free blacks.

text: First African American elected to serve in a state legislature: Alexander Twilight, Vermont[15] (See also: 1823)

text: First formally trained African-American Medical Doctor: Dr. James McCune Smith of New York City, who was educated at the University of Glasgow, Scotland and returned to practice in New York.[16] (See also: 1783, 1847)

text: First African American licensed to practice law: Macon Allen from the Boston bar[17]

text:
First African American to graduate from a US medical school: Dr. David J. Peck[18] (Rush Medical College) (See also: 1783, 1837)
First African-American president of any nation: Joseph Jenkins Roberts, Liberia[19]

text: First African-American college professor at a predominantly white institution: Charles L. Reason, New York Central College[20]

text: First African-American member of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits): Patrick Francis Healy[21] (See also: 1866, 1874)

text: First novel published by an African American: Clotel; or, The President's Daughter, by William Wells Brown, then living in London.[Note 2][22][23]

text:
First African-American Roman Catholic priest: James Augustine Healy[24] (see 1875 and 1886)
First institute of higher learning created to educate African Americans: Ashmun Institute in Pennsylvania, renamed Lincoln University in 1866. (See also firsts in 1863)

text:
First published play by an African American: The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom by William Wells Brown[25]
First African-American woman college instructor: Sarah Jane Woodson Early, Wilberforce College[26]

text:
First North American military unit with African-American officers: 1st Louisiana Native Guard of the Confederate Army
First African-American US federal government civil servant: William Cooper Nell[27]

text:
First African-American woman to earn a B.A.: Mary Jane Patterson, Oberlin College[28]
First recognized U.S. Army African-American combat unit: 1st South Carolina Volunteers

text:
First college owned and operated by African Americans: Wilberforce University in Ohio[29][Note 3] (See also: 1854)
First African-American president of a college: Bishop Daniel Payne (Wilberforce University)[30]

text: First African-American woman in the United States to earn an M.D.: Rebecca Davis Lee Crumpler[31]

text:
First African-American field officer in the U.S. Army: Martin Delany[32]
First African-American attorney admitted to the bar of the U.S. Supreme Court: John Stewart Rock[33]
First African American to be commissioned as captain in the Regular U.S. Army: Orindatus Simon Bolivar Wall, known as OSB Wall[34]

text:
First African American to earn a Ph.D.: Father Patrick Francis Healy from University of Leuven, Belgium[21] (See also 1851, 1874)
First African-American woman enlistee in the U.S. Army: Cathay Williams[35]
First African-American woman to serve as a professor: Sarah Jane Woodson Early; Xenia, Ohio's Wilberforce University hired her to teach Latin and English

text:
First elected African-American Lieutenant Governor: Oscar Dunn (Louisiana).[36]
First African-American mayor: Pierre Caliste Landry, Donaldsonville, Louisiana[37]
First African American elected to the U.S. House of Representatives: John Willis Menard.[38] His opponent contested his election, and opposition to his election prevented him from being seated in Congress. (See also: 1870)

text:
First African-American U.S. diplomat: Ebenezer Don Carlos Bassett, minister to Haiti[39]
First African-American woman school principal: Fanny Jackson Coppin (Institute for Colored Youth)[40]

text:
First African American to vote in an election under the 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting voting rights regardless of race: Thomas Mundy Peterson[41]
First African American to graduate from Harvard College: Richard Theodore Greener.[42]
First African American elected to the U.S. Senate, and first to serve in the U.S. Congress: Hiram Rhodes Revels (R–MS).[43][Note 4]
First African American to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives: Joseph Rainey (R-SC).[44][Note 5]

text:
First African-American midshipman admitted to the United States Naval Academy: John H. Conyers (nominated by Robert B. Elliott of South Carolina).[45]
First African-American governor (non-elected): P. B. S. Pinchback of Louisiana (See also: Douglas Wilder, 1990)[46]
First African-American nominee for Vice President of the United States: Frederick Douglass by the Equal Rights Party.[47][Note 6]

text:
First African-American president of a major college/university: Father Patrick Francis Healy, S.J. of Georgetown College.[21] (See also: 1851, 1863, 1866)
First African American to preside over the House of Representatives as Speaker pro tempore: Joseph Rainey[48]

text: First African-American Roman Catholic bishop: Bishop James Augustine Healy, of Portland, Maine.[24] (See also: 1854)

text: First African American to earn a doctorate degree from an American university: Edward Alexander Bouchet (Yale College Ph.D., physics; also first African American to graduate from Yale, 1874)[49] (See also: 1866)

text: First African-American graduate of West Point and first African-American commissioned officer in the U.S. military: Henry Ossian Flipper.[50]

text:
First African-American police officer in Boston, Massachusetts: Sergeant Horatio Julius Homer.[51]
First African-American baseball player in organized professional baseball: John W. "Bud" Fowler.[52]

text: First African American to graduate from a formal nursing school: Mary Eliza Mahoney, Boston, Massachusetts.[53]

text: First African American to command a U.S. ship: Captain Michael Healy.[54]

text: First African American whose signature appeared on U.S. paper currency: Blanche K. Bruce, Register of the Treasury.[55]

text: First fully state-supported four-year institution of higher learning for African-Americans: Virginia State University

text: First known African-American woman to graduate from one of the Seven Sisters colleges: Hortense Parker (Mount Holyoke College)[56][Note 7]

text:
First African American to play professional baseball at the major-league level: Moses Fleetwood Walker.[57] (See also: Jackie Robinson, 1947)
First African-American woman to hold a patent: Judy W. Reed, for an improved dough kneader, Washington, D.C.[58][Note 8]

text: First African-American Roman Catholic priest publicly known at the time to be African-American: Augustine Tolton, Quincy and Chicago, Illinois[59] (See also: 1854)

text: First African American to record a best selling phonograph record: George Washington Johnson, "The Laughing Song" and "The Whistling Coon."[60]

text: First African-American police officer in present-day New York City: Wiley Overton, hired by the Brooklyn Police Department prior to 1898 incorporation of the five boroughs into the City of New York.[61] (See also: Samuel J. Battle, 1911)

text:
First African American to sing at Carnegie Hall: Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones[62]
First African American named to a College Football All-America Team: William H. Lewis, Harvard University[63]

text: First African-American woman to work for the United States Postal Service: Mary Fields[64]

text: First African American appointed to serve as U.S. Army Paymaster: Richard R. Wright

text: First African American to achieve world championship in any sport: Marshall "Major" Taylor, for 1-mile track cycling[65]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: First African American invited to dine at the White House: Booker T. Washington[66]

text:
First African-American professional basketball player: Harry Lew (New England Professional Basketball League)[67] (See also: 1950)
First African-American boxing champion, Joe Gans a lightweight

text:
First Broadway musical written by African Americans, and the first to star African Americans: In Dahomey
First African-American woman to found and become president of a bank: Maggie L. Walker, St. Luke Penny Savings Bank (since 1930 the Consolidated Bank & Trust Company), Richmond, Virginia[68]

text:
First Greek-letter fraternal organization established by African Americans: Sigma Pi Phi
First African American to participate in the Olympic Games, and first to win a medal: George Poage (two bronze medals)[69]

text: First intercollegiate Greek-letter organization established by African Americans: Alpha Phi Alpha (ΑΦΑ), at Cornell University

text: First African-American Greek Orthodox priest and missionary in America: Very Rev. Fr. Robert Josias Morgan[70]

text:
First African-American heavyweight boxing champion: Jack Johnson[71]
First African-American Olympic gold medal winner: John Taylor (Track and field medley relay team).[72] (See also: DeHart Hubbard, 1924)
First intercollegiate Greek-letter sorority established by African Americans: Alpha Kappa Alpha (ΑΚΑ) at Howard University

text: First African-American woman millionaire: Madam C. J. Walker[73]

text:
First intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity established by African Americans at a historically black college: Omega Psi Phi (ΩΨΦ), at Howard University
First African-American police officer in New York City: Samuel J. Battle, following the 1898 incorporation of the five boroughs into the City of New York, and the hiring of three African-American officers in the Brooklyn Police Department. Battle was also the NYPD's first African-American sergeant (1926), lieutenant (1935), and parole commissioner (1941).[61] (See also: Wiley Overton, 1891)
First African-American attorney admitted to the American Bar Association: Butler R. Wilson (June 1911), William Henry Lewis (August 1911), and William R. Morris (October 1911)[74][75]

text: First African-American military pilot: Eugene Jacques Bullard

text: First African-American alderman of Chicago: Oscar Stanton De Priest[76]

text:
First African-American football player to play in a Rose Bowl game: Fritz Pollard, Brown University[77]
First African-American serviceman to become a colonel in the U.S. Army: Charles Young[78][79]

text: First African-American woman to win a major sports title: Lucy Diggs Slowe, American Tennis Association[80]

text:
First African-American special agent for the FBI: James Wormley Jones[81][82]
First African-American women appointed as police officers: Cora I. Parchment at the New York Police Department (NYPD)[83] and Georgia Ann Robinson, by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD)[84]

text:
First African-American NFL football players: Fritz Pollard (Akron Pros) and Bobby Marshall (Rock Island Independents)[85]
First African-American bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church: Robert Elijah Jones and Matthew Wesley Clair.[86]

text:
First African-American woman to become an aviation pilot, first American to hold an international pilot license: Bessie Coleman[87]
First African-American NFL football coach: Fritz Pollard, co-head coach, Akron Pros, while continuing to play running back[85]
First African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in the U.S.: Sadie Tanner Mossell, Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania[88]

text: First African American to win individual Olympic gold medal: DeHart Hubbard (Long jump, 1924 Summer Olympics).[89] (See also: John Taylor, 1908)

text: First African-American Foreign Service Officer: Clifton R. Wharton, Sr.[90]

text:
First African American to become an officer in the New York Fire Department in New York City: Wesley Augustus Williams.[91]
First African American to star in an international motion picture: Josephine Baker in La Sirène des tropiques.[92]

text: First post-Reconstruction African American elected to U.S. House of Representatives: Oscar Stanton De Priest (Republican; Illinois)[93]

text: First African-American sportscaster: Sherman "Jocko" Maxwell (WNJR, Newark, New Jersey)[94]

text:
First African-American composer to have symphony performed by leading orchestra: William Grant Still, Symphony No. 1, by Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra[citation needed]
First African-American woman to graduate from Yale Law School: Jane Matilda Bolin

text: First African American on a presidential ticket in the 20th century: James W. Ford (Communist Party USA, as vice-presidential candidate running with William Z. Foster)[95]

text:
First African American elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Democrat: Arthur W. Mitchell (Illinois)[96]
First trade union set up for African-American domestic workers by Dora Lee Jones[relevant? – discuss]

text: First known interracial jazz group: Benny Goodman Trio (Benny Goodman, Teddy Wilson, Gene Krupa)[97]

text:
First African American to conduct a major U.S. orchestra: William Grant Still (Los Angeles Philharmonic)[98]
First African-American women selected for the Olympic Games: Tidye Pickett and Louise Stokes.[99] Stokes did not compete; Picket competed in the 80-meter hurdles)[100]:86

text: First African-American federal magistrate: William H. Hastie (later the first African-American governor of the United States Virgin Islands)[101]

text: First African-American woman federal agency head: Mary McLeod Bethune (National Youth Administration)[102]

text: First African American to star in her own television program: Ethel Waters, The Ethel Waters Show, on NBC[103]

text:
Hattie McDaniel

First African American to win an Academy Award: Hattie McDaniel (Best Supporting Actress, Gone with the Wind, 1939)[104]
First African American to be portrayed on a U.S. postage stamp: Booker T. Washington[105]
First African-American flag officer: BG Benjamin O. Davis, Sr., U.S. Army[106][Note 9]

text: First African American to give a White House Command Performance: Josh White[107]

text:
First African American to be awarded the Navy Cross: Doris Miller
First African-American member of the U.S. Marine Corps: Alfred Masters[108]

text:
Martin A. Martin, first African American to become a member of the Trial Bureau of the United States Department of Justice, was sworn in on May 31, 1943.[109]
First African-American artists to have a #1 hit on the Billboard charts: Mills Brothers ("Paper Doll"), topped "Best Sellers in Stores" chart on November 6 (See also: Tommy Edwards, 1958; The Platters, 1959)[relevant? – discuss]

text:
First African-American commissioned officers in the U.S. Navy: The "Golden Thirteen"[110]
First African American commissioned as a U.S. Navy officer from the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps: Samuel Gravely.[111][Note 10]
First African American to co-pastor with a white minister at the first interracial church: Dr. Howard Thurman with Dr. Alfred Fisk, Church for the Fellowship of All Peoples, San Francisco[relevant? – discuss]
First African American to receive a contract with a major American opera company: Camilla Williams[112]
First known African-American comic book artist: Matt Baker in Jumbo Comics #69 for Fiction House[113]
First African-American reporter to attend a U.S. presidential news conference: Harry McAlpin[114]

text:
First African-American member of the New York City Opera: Todd Duncan[relevant? – discuss]
First African-American U.S. Marine Corps officer: Frederick C. Branch[115]

text:
First African-American Major League Baseball player of the modern era: Jackie Robinson (Brooklyn Dodgers).[116] (See also: Moses Fleetwood Walker, 1884)
First African-American consensus college All-American basketball player: Don Barksdale[117]
First African-American artist to receive sole credit for a #1 hit on the Billboard charts: Count Basie ("Open the Door, Richard"), topped "Best Sellers in Stores" chart on February 22 (See also: Mills Brothers, 1943; Nat King Cole, 1950; Tommy Edwards, 1958; The Platters, 1959)[citation needed]
First African-American full-time faculty member at a predominantly white law school: William Robert Ming (University of Chicago Law School)[20]
First comic book produced entirely by African-Americans: All-Negro Comics[118]
First African-American female member of the U.S. House and Senate press galleries: Alice Allison Dunnigan (See also: 1948)

text:
First African-American man to receive an Academy Award: James Baskett (Honorary Academy Award for his portrayal of "Uncle Remus" in Song of the South, 1946)[119] (See also: Sidney Poitier, 1964)
First African-American U.S. Navy aviator: Jesse L. Brown[120]
First African-American composer to have an opera performed by a major U.S. company: William Grant Still (Troubled Island, New York City Opera)[121]
First African-American woman to win an Olympic gold medal: Alice Coachman[122]
First African American since Reconstruction to enroll at a traditionally white university of the South: Silas Hunt (University of Arkansas Law School)[123][Note 11]
First known African-American star of a regularly scheduled network television series: Bob Howard, The Bob Howard Show[103][125][126][Note 12] (See also: 1956)
First African American to star in network television sitcom: Amanda Randolph, The Laytons[103][127]
First African-American female reporter to travel with a U.S. president (Harry S. Truman's election campaign): Alice Allison Dunnigan[114] (See also: 1947)

text:
First African-American graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy: Wesley Brown[128]
First African American to hold rank of Ambassador of the United States: Edward R. Dudley, ambassador, and previously minister, to Liberia[129] (See also: 1869)
First African American to win an MVP award in Major League Baseball: Jackie Robinson (Brooklyn Dodgers, National League)[130] (See also: Elston Howard, 1963)
First African-American owned and operated radio station: WERD, established October 3, 1949 in Atlanta, Georgia by Jesse B. Blayton, Sr.[131]

text:
First African American to win a Tony Award: Juanita Hall (Best Featured Actress in a Musical, South Pacific)[132]
First African American to win Pulitzer Prize: Gwendolyn Brooks (Book of poetry, Annie Allen, 1949)[133]
First African American to win Nobel Peace Prize: Ralph Bunche[134]
First African American to receive a "lifetime" (officially "during good behavior") appointment as federal judge: William H. Hastie, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit[135]
First African-American woman to compete on the world tennis tour: Althea Gibson[136]
First African-American solo singer to have a #1 hit on the Billboard charts: Nat King Cole ("Mona Lisa"), topped "Best Sellers in Stores" chart on July 15 (See also: Mills Brothers, 1943; Count Basie, 1947; Tommy Edwards, 1958; The Platters, 1959)[citation needed]
First African-American delegate to the United Nations: Edith S. Sampson[137] (See also: 1961)
First African-American NBA basketball players: Nat "Sweetwater" Clifton (New York Knicks), Chuck Cooper (Boston Celtics), and Earl Lloyd (Washington Capitols).[138] Note: Harold Hunter was the first to sign an NBA contract, signing with the Washington Capitols on April 26, 1950.[139][140] However, he was cut from the team during training camp and did not play professionally.[141][Note 13] (See also: 1902)

text:
First African American named to the College Football Hall of Fame: Duke Slater, University of Iowa (1918–1921)[142]
First African-American quarterback to become a regular starter for a professional football team: Bernie Custis (Hamilton Tiger-Cats) [143]

text:
First African-American driver in NASCAR: Wendell Scott (See also: 2015)
First African-American woman elected to a U.S. state senate: Cora Brown, Democrat (Michigan)[144]
First African-American U.S. Marine Corps aviator: Frank E. Petersen[145]
First African-American woman to be nominated for a national political office: Charlotta Bass, Vice President (Progressive Party) (See also: 2000)

text:
First African-American basketball player to play in the NBA All-Star Game: Don Barksdale in the 1953 NBA All-Star Game[117]
First African-American quarterback to play in the National Football League during the modern (post-World War II) era: Willie Thrower (Chicago Bears)[147]

text:
First African-American U.S. Navy Diver: Carl Brashear[148]
First African-American woman to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress: Dorothy Dandridge (Carmen Jones, 1954).[149][Note 14]
First individual African-American woman as subject on the cover of Life magazine: Dorothy Dandridge, November 1, 1954[149]
First African-American page for the U.S. Supreme Court, and first to be enrolled in the Capitol Page School: Charles V. Bush[150]

text:
First African-American member of the Metropolitan Opera: Marian Anderson[151]
First African-American male dancer in a major ballet company: Arthur Mitchell (New York City Ballet); also first African-American principal dancer of a major ballet company (NYCB), 1956.[152] (See also: 1969)
First African-American singer to appear in a telecast opera: Leontyne Price in NBC's production of Tosca[relevant? – discuss]
First African-American pilot of a scheduled US airline: August Martin (cargo airline Seaboard & Western Airlines)[153][154] (See also: 1964)
First African American to serve as a presidential executive assistant: E. Frederic Morrow, appointed by President Eisenhower as Administrative Officer for Special Projects.[155]

text:
First African-American star of a nationwide network TV show: Nat King Cole of the Nat King Cole Show, NBC (See also: 1948)
First African-American U.S. Secret Service agent: Charles Gittens[156][157]
First African American to win the Cy Young Award as the top pitcher in Major League Baseball, in the award's inaugural year: Don Newcombe (Brooklyn Dodgers)[158]

text:
First African-American woman Wimbledon Tennis Champion: Althea Gibson
First African-American assistant coach in the NFL: Lowell W. Perry (See also: 1966)[159]
First African American to win the Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival: John Kitzmiller (Dolina Miru)[citation needed]
First African American to win Major League Baseball's Gold Glove, in the award's inaugural year: Willie Mays (New York Giants)[160][Note 15]

text:
First African American to reach number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100: Tommy Edwards ("It's All in the Game"), September 29 (See also: The Platters, 1959)[citation needed]
First African-American flight attendant: Ruth Carol Taylor (Mohawk Airlines)[161]

text:
First African-American Grammy Award winners, in the award's inaugural year: Ella Fitzgerald and Count Basie (two awards each)[162]
First African-American television journalist: Louis Lomax
First African-American group to reach #1 on the Billboard Hot 100: The Platters ("Smoke Gets in Your Eyes"), January 19 (See also: Tommy Edwards, 1958)
First African American to win a major national player of the year award in college basketball: Oscar Robertson, USBWA Player of the Year[Note 16] (in that award's inaugural year)

text:
First African-American U.S. presidential candidate: Rev. Clennon King, on the Independent Afro-American party
First African-American child to attend an all-white elementary school in the South: Ruby Bridges

text:
First African American to win the Heisman Trophy: Ernie Davis
First African American to serve on a U.S. district court: James Benton Parsons, appointed to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois
First African-American tenor to sing leading roles for the Metropolitan Opera: George Shirley
First African-American delegate to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization: Edith S. Sampson (See also: 1950)
First African-American to go over Niagara Falls: Nathan Boya a.k.a. William FitzGerald
First African-American to join the PGA Tour: Charlie Sifford [163]

text:
First African American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame: Jackie Robinson (See also: Satchel Paige, 1971)
First African-American coach in Major League Baseball: John Jordan "Buck" O'Neil (Chicago Cubs)
First African-American composer nominated for an Academy Award: Duke Ellington (Best Music, Scoring of a Motion Picture, Paris Blues)[citation needed]
First African-American attorney general of a state: Edward Brooke (Massachusetts) (See also: 1966)

text:
First African-American bank examiner for the United States Department of the Treasury: Roland Burris
First African American named as Time magazine's Man of the Year: Martin Luther King, Jr.[164]
First African-American police officer of the NYPD to be named a precinct commander: Lloyd Sealy, commander of the NYPD's 28th Precinct in Harlem.[61]
First African American to be named American League MVP: Elston Howard (New York Yankees) (See also: Jackie Robinson, 1949)
First African-American chess master: Walter Harris[165][166]
First African American to appear as a series regular on a primetime dramatic television series: Cicely Tyson, "East Side/West Side" (CBS).
First African-American to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award: Diahann Carroll, for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role, for episode "A Horse Has a Big Head, Let Him Worry" of Naked City (See also: 1968)
First African Americans inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame: New York Renaissance, inducted as a team. (See also: Bob Douglas, 1972; Bill Russell, 1975; Clarence Gaines, 1982)
First African American to graduate from the U.S. Air Force Academy: Charles V. Bush.

text:
First African-American pilot for a major commercial airline: David Harris, American Airlines[167][Note 17] (See also: 1955 and Marlon Green)
First movie with African-American interracial marriage: One Potato, Two Potato,[169] actors Bernie Hamilton and Barbara Barrie, written by Orville H. Hampton, Raphael Hayes, directed by Larry Peerce
First African-American man to win the Academy Award for Best Actor: Sidney Poitier (Lilies of the Field, 1963) (See also: James Baskett, 1948)
First African-American baseball player to be named the Major League Baseball World Series MVP: Bob Gibson, St. Louis Cardinals[170]

text:
First African-American nationally syndicated cartoonist: Morrie Turner (Wee Pals)
First African-American title character of a comic book series: Lobo (Dell Comics).[171][Note 18] (See also: The Falcon, 1969, and Luke Cage, 1972)
First African-American star of a network television drama: Bill Cosby, I Spy (co-star with Robert Culp)
First African-American cast member of a daytime soap opera: Micki Grant who played Peggy Nolan Harris on Another World until 1972.
First African-American Playboy Playmate centerfold: Jennifer Jackson (March issue)
First African-American U.S. Air Force General: Benjamin Oliver Davis, Jr. (Three-star General)
First African-American woman Ambassador of the United States: Patricia Roberts Harris, ambassador to Luxembourg
First African-American NFL official: Burl Toler, field judge/head linesman
First African-American to win a national chess championship: Frank Street, Jr. (U.S. Amateur Championship)[172]
First African-American United States Solicitor General: Thurgood Marshall (See also: 1967)

text:
First African American male to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and first African American to win a Primetime Emmy Award: Bill Cosby, I Spy
First African-American coach in the National Basketball Association: Bill Russell (Boston Celtics)
First African-American mayor of a U.S. city: Robert C. Henry, (Springfield, Ohio, appointed by city commission)
First African-American model on the cover of a Vogue (British Vogue) magazine: Donyale Luna
First post-Reconstruction African American elected to the U.S. Senate (and first African American elected to the U.S. Senate by popular vote): Edward Brooke (Republican; Massachusetts) (See also: 1962)
First African American Cabinet secretary: Robert C. Weaver (Department of Housing and Urban Development)
First African-American Major League Baseball umpire: Emmett Ashford
First African-American NFL broadcaster: Lowell W. Perry[citation needed] (CBS, on Pittsburgh Steelers games) (See also: 1957)
First African-American fire commissioner of a major U.S. City: Robert O. Lowery of the New York City Fire Department

text:
First African American elected mayor of a large US city: Carl B. Stokes (Cleveland, Ohio)
First African American appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States: Thurgood Marshall (See also: 1965)
First African American selected for astronaut training: Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr.
First African American to be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame: Emlen Tunnell
First African-American interracial kiss on network television: entertainers Nancy Sinatra (Caucasian) and Sammy Davis, Jr. (African American) on Sinatra's variety special Movin' With Nancy, airing December 11 on NBC[173] (See also: 1968)

text:
First African-American interracial kiss on a network television drama: Uhura, played by Nichelle Nichols (African American), and Captain Kirk, played by William Shatner (white Canadian): Star Trek: "Plato's Stepchildren" (See also: 1967)
First African-American woman elected to U.S. House of Representatives: Shirley Chisholm (Democrat; New York)
First African-American appointed as a United States Assistant Secretary of State: Barbara M. Watson
First African American to start at quarterback in the modern era of professional football: Marlin Briscoe (Denver Broncos, AFL)
First African-American commissioned officer awarded the Medal of Honor: Riley L. Pitts
First fine-arts museum devoted to African-American work: Studio Museum in Harlem
First African-American actress to star in her own television series where she did not play a domestic worker: Diahann Carroll in Julia (see also: 1963)
First African-American woman as Presidential candidate: Charlene Mitchell (See also: Shirley Chisholm, 1972)
First African-American woman reporter for The New York Times: Nancy Hicks Maynard
First African-American starring character of a comic strip: Danny Raven in Dateline: Danger! by Al McWilliams and John Saunders.[174][175]

text:
First African-American superhero: The Falcon, Marvel Comics' Captain America #117 (September 1969).[176][Note 18] (See also: Lobo, 1965 and Luke Cage, 1972)
First African-American graduate of Harvard Business School: Lillian Lincoln
First African-American director of a major Hollywood motion picture: Gordon Parks (The Learning Tree)
First African-American founder of a classical training school and company of ballet: Arthur Mitchell, Dance Theatre of Harlem (See also: 1955)
First African-American woman to appear on the Grand Ole Opry: Linda Martell

text:
First African-American woman to win a Primetime Emmy Award: Gail Fisher, for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, for Mannix (see also: 1971)
First African American to head an Episcopal diocese: John Melville Burgess, diocesan bishop of Massachusetts[177]
First African-American U.S. Navy Master Diver: Carl Brashear (See also: 1954; 1968)
First African-American member of the New York Stock Exchange: Joseph L. Searles III [178]
First African-American NCAA Division I basketball coach: Will Robinson (Illinois State University)[Note 19]

text:
First African-American pitcher to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame: Satchel Paige (See also: Jackie Robinson, 1962)
First African-American president of the New York City Board of Education: Isaiah Edward Robinson, Jr.
First African American to win an Academy Award in a non-acting category, winning Academy Award for Best Original Song: Isaac Hayes
First African-American to win a Golden Globe Award: Gail Fisher for Mannix (see also: 1970)

text:
First African American to campaign for the U.S. presidency in a major political party and to win a U.S. presidential primary/caucus: Shirley Chisholm (Democratic Party, New Jersey primary) (See also: 1968)
First African-American superhero to star in own comic-book series: Luke Cage, Marvel Comics' Luke Cage, Hero for Hire #1 (June 1972).[179][Note 18] (See also: Lobo, 1965, and the Falcon, 1969)
First African-American National Basketball Association general manager: Wayne Embry
First African-American interracial romantic kiss in a mainstream comics magazine: "The Men Who Called Him Monster", by writer Don McGregor (See also: 1975) and artist Luis Garcia, in Warren Publishing's black-and-white horror-comics magazine Creepy #43 (Jan. 1972) (See also: 1975)[180]
First African-American interracial male kiss on network television: Sammy Davis, Jr. (African American) and Carroll O'Connor (Caucasian) in All in the Family[181]
First African American inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame: Team-owner and coach Bob Douglas, in the category of "contributor" (See also: New York Renaissance, 1963; player Bill Russell, 1975; coach Clarence Gaines, 1982)
First African-American woman Broadway director: Vinnette Justine Carroll (Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope)
First African-American comic-book creator to receive a "created by" cover-credit: Wayne Howard (Midnight Tales #1)

text:
First African-American artistic director of a professional regional theater: Harold Scott (Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park)
First African-American Bond villain: Yaphet Kotto, playing Mr. Big/Dr. Kananga, Live and Let Die.
First African-American Bond Girl in a James Bond movie: Gloria Hendry (playing Rosie Carver), Live and Let Die.
First African American elected mayor of Los Angeles: Tom Bradley
First African-American psychologist in the U.S. Air Force: John D. Robinson
First African-American woman mayor of a U.S. metropolitan city: Doris A. Davis, Compton, California

text: First African-American model on the cover of American Vogue magazine: Beverly Johnson

text:
First African American elected mayor, and first mayor, of Washington, D.C.: Walter Washington
First African-American game show host: Adam Wade (CBS' Musical Chairs)
First African-American four-star general: Daniel James, Jr.
First African American inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame as a player: Bill Russell (See also: New York Renaissance, 1963; Bob Douglas, 1972; Clarence Gaines, 1982)
First African-American interracial couple in a TV-series cast: The Jeffersons, actors Franklin Cover (Caucasian) and Roxie Roker (African American) as Tom & Helen Willis; series creator: Norman Lear
First African-American interracial romantic kiss in a color comic book: Amazing Adventures #31 (July 1975), feature "Killraven: Warrior of the Worlds", characters M'Shulla Scott and Carmilla Frost, by writer Don McGregor and artist P. Craig Russell[182] (See also: 1972)
First African-American manager in Major League Baseball: Frank Robinson (Cleveland Indians)
First African-American model on the cover of Elle magazine: Beverly Johnson
First African-American psychologist in the U.S. Navy: John D. Robinson
First African American to play in a men's major golf championship: Lee Elder (The Masters)
First African American to be named Super Bowl MVP in NFL: Franco Harris (Pittsburgh Steelers). Of mixed heritage, Harris was also the first Italian American to win the award.
First African-American women named as Time magazine's Person of the Year: Barbara Jordan and Addie L. Wyatt [183]

text:
First African-American woman elected officer of international labor union: Addie L. Wyatt
First African American appointed as a judge in Federal District Court in Virginia: Robert H. Cooley III (1939–1998), appointed to the Eastern District[184]

text:
First African American, and first woman, appointed director of the Peace Corps: Carolyn R. Payton
First African-American woman in the U.S. Cabinet: Patricia Roberts Harris, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
First African-American woman whose signature appeared on U.S. currency: Azie Taylor Morton, the 36th Treasurer of the United States
First African-American publisher of mainstream gay publication: Alan Bell (Gaysweek)[185][186]
First African-American woman to join the Daughters of the American Revolution: Karen Batchelor[187]
First African-American Major League Baseball general manager: Bill Lucas (Atlanta Braves)
First African American woman to be ordained as an Episcopal priest: Pauli Murray.[188]

text:
First African-American broadcast network news anchor: Max Robinson
First African-American woman pilot for a major commercial airline: Jill E. Brown, Texas International Airlines[189]

text:
First African-American U.S. Marine Corps general officer: Frank E. Petersen
First African-American to win a Daytime Emmy Award for lead actor in a soap opera: Al Freeman, Jr. (Ed Hall in One Life to Live)
First African-American woman ordained in the Lutheran Church in America (LCA), the largest of three denominations that later combined to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America: Earlean Miller[190]

text: First African-American-oriented cable channel: Black Entertainment Television[191]

text: First African American to play in the NHL: Val James (Buffalo Sabres)[Note 20]

text:
First African American to receive the Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Charles Fuller for A Soldier's Play
First African American inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach: Clarence Gaines (See also: New York Renaissance, 1963; Bob Douglas, 1972; Bill Russell, 1975)
First African-American U.S. Army four-star General: Roscoe Robinson, Jr.
First African-American woman to become a principal dancer of a major American ballet company: Debra Austin at Pennsylvania Ballet

text:
First African-American astronaut: Guion Stewart "Guy" Bluford, Jr. (Challenger mission STS-8).[192][Note 21]
First African-American mayor of Chicago: Harold Washington
First African-American Miss America: Vanessa L. Williams
First African-American owners of a major metropolitan newspaper: Robert C. and Nancy Hicks Maynard, (Oakland Tribune)

text:
First African American to win a delegate-awarding U.S. presidential primary/caucus: Jesse Jackson (Louisiana, the District of Columbia, South Carolina, Virginia and one of two separate Mississippi contests).
First African-American New York City Police Commissioner: Benjamin Ward

text:
First African American to become a member of the U.S. Navy's Blue Angels precision flying team: Donnie Cochran. Also first African American to command the team (1994).
First African-American woman general: Sherian Cadoria

text:
First African-American Formula One racecar driver: Willy T. Ribbs[Note 22] (See also: Ribbs, 1991)
First African-American musicians inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in the inaugural class: Chuck Berry, James Brown, Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Fats Domino, and Little Richard

text: First African-American woman, and first woman, inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: Aretha Franklin

text:
First African-American woman elected to a U.S. judgeship, and first appointed to a state supreme court: Juanita Kidd Stout
First African-American candidate for President of the United States to obtain ballot access in all 50 states: Lenora Fulani
First African-American NFL referee: Johnny Grier

text:
First African-American NFL coach of the modern era: Art Shell, Los Angeles Raiders
First African-American mayor of New York City: David Dinkins
First African-American Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: Colin Powell
First African-American woman, and first woman, ordained bishop in the Episcopal Church: Barbara Clementine Harris
First African-American Chairman of the Democratic National Committee: Ron Brown

text:
First elected African-American governor: Douglas Wilder (Democrat; Virginia) (See also: P. B. S. Pinchback, 1872)
First African American elected president of the Harvard Law Review: Barack Obama[193] (See also: 2008, 2009)
First African-American Miss USA: Carole Gist
First African-American Playboy Playmate of the Year: Renee Tenison
First African-American woman to become a principal dancer at Houston Ballet: Lauren Anderson (Houston Ballet)[194]

text:
First African American nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director: John Singleton for Boyz n the Hood
First African American to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 auto race: Willy T. Ribbs (See also: Ribbs, 1986)
First African-American woman mayor of Washington, D.C.: Sharon Pratt Kelly
First African-American NBA Coach of the Year: Don Chaney (Houston Rockets)

text:
First African-American woman astronaut: Dr. Mae Jemison (Space Shuttle Endeavour)
First African-American woman elected to U.S. Senate: Carol Moseley Braun (Democrat; Illinois)
First African-American woman to moderate a Presidential debate : Carole Simpson (second debate of 1992 campaign)
First African-American Major League Baseball manager to reach (and win) the World Series: Cito Gaston (Toronto Blue Jays) 1992 World Series

text:
First African-American woman appointed U.S. Secretary of Energy: Hazel R. O'Leary
First African American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature: Toni Morrison
First African-American woman named Poet Laureate of the United States: Rita Dove; also the youngest person named to that position
First African American appointed Surgeon General of the United States: Joycelyn Elders
First African American appointed Director of the National Drug Control Policy: Lee P. Brown
First African-American United States Secretary of Commerce: Ron Brown
First African-American to serve as home plate umpire for World Series game: Charlie Williams for Game 4 of the 1993 World Series

text:
First African-American woman director of a major-studio movie: Darnell Martin (Columbia Pictures' I Like It Like That)
First African American to win the United States Amateur Championship: Tiger Woods[Note 23]

text:
First African-American inductee to the Radio Hall of Fame: Hal Jackson
First African-American Sergeant Major of the Army: Gene C. McKinney
First African-American Miss Universe: Chelsi Smith

text: First African-American U.S. Navy four-star admiral: J. Paul Reason[195]

text:
First African American to win a men's major golf championship: Tiger Woods (The Masters)[Note 23]
First African-American model to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition: Tyra Banks
First African-American UFC champion: Maurice Smith
First African-American actor to star in the lead role in a comic-book adaptation movie (Spawn): Michael Jai White
First African-American Director of the National Park Service: Robert Stanton[196]

text:
First African American appointed U.S. Secretary of Labor: Alexis Herman
First African-American woman rear admiral in the U.S. Navy: Lillian Fishburne
First African-American Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard: Vincent W. Patton III
First African American to play in the Presidents Cup: Tiger Woods[Note 23]

text:
First African American to be awarded the International Grandmaster title in chess: Maurice Ashley
First African-American Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps: Alford L. McMichael
First African-American CEO of a Fortune 500 company: Franklin Raines of Fannie Mae[197]
First African-American woman university president: Shirley Ann Jackson at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute[198]

text: 21st century[edit]

text: First African American nominated for Vice President of the United States by a Federal Election Commission-recognized and federally funded political party: Ezola B. Foster (See also: 1952; FEC established 1975)

text:
First African-American Secretary of State: Colin Powell
First African-American president of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops: The Most Reverend Wilton Daniel Gregory
First African-American president of the Unitarian Universalist Association: Rev. William G. Sinkford
First African-American president of an Ivy League university: Ruth J. Simmons at Brown University
First African-American woman to win the ASCAP Pop Music Songwriter of the Year award: Beyoncé Knowles
First African-American woman to be appointed National Security Advisor: Condoleezza Rice (See also: 2005)
First African-American billionaire: Robert L. Johnson, founder of Black Entertainment Television (see also 2002)
First African-American woman billionaire: Sheila Johnson

text:
First African American to become majority owner of a U.S. major sports league team: Robert L. Johnson (Charlotte Bobcats, NBA)[Note 24] (see also 2001)
First African-American woman combat pilot in the U.S. Armed Services: Captain Vernice Armour, USMC (See also: 2008)
First African American to be ranked #1 rank in tennis: Venus Williams
First African American to be named year-end world champion by the International Tennis Federation: Serena Williams
First African-American Arena Football League head coach to win ArenaBowl: Darren Arbet (San Jose SaberCats), ArenaBowl XVI
First African-American general manager in the National Football League: Ozzie Newsome (Baltimore Ravens)
First African-American woman to win the Academy Award for Best Actress: Halle Berry

text:
First African American to win a Career Grand Slam in tennis: Serena Williams (See also: Althea Gibson, 1956; Arthur Ashe, 1968)
First African-American American Bar Association president: Dennis Archer[199]

text:
First African-American to win Broadway theater's Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Play: Phylicia Rashād
First African-American inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame: Charlie Sifford

text:
First African-American woman appointed Secretary of State: Condoleezza Rice (See also: 2001)
First African-American woman U.S. Coast Guard aviator: Jeanine Menze

text:
First African American to command a United States Marine Corps division: Major General Walter E. Gaskin
First African American to reach the peak of Mount Everest: Sophia Danenberg
First African-American woman to receive Dharma transmission in Zen Buddhism: Merle Kodo Boyd[200]

text:
First known African-American woman to reach the North Pole: Barbara Hillary[201]
First African-American White House Chief Usher: Stephen Rochon[202]

text:
First African American to be nominated as a major-party U.S. presidential candidate: Barack Obama, Democratic Party[203]
First African American elected President of the United States: Barack Obama[204]
First African American to referee a Super Bowl game: Mike Carey (Super Bowl XLII)
First African-American woman elected Speaker of a state House of Representatives: California Rep. Karen Bass
First African American to be appointed to the United States Senate by a state governor: Roland Burris
First African-American woman combat pilot in the United States Air Force: Major Shawna Rochelle Kimbrell (See also: 2002)

text:
First African-American First Lady of the United States: Michelle Obama
First African-American chair of the Republican National Committee: Michael Steele
First African-American United States Attorney General: Eric Holder
First African-American woman United States Ambassador to the United Nations: Susan Rice
First African-American United States Trade Representative: Ron Kirk
First African-American woman Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency: Lisa P. Jackson
First African-American White House Social Secretary: Desirée Rogers
First African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin: Duke Ellington (District of Columbia quarter).[205]
First African American to win the Pulitzer Prize for History: Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family
First African-American Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Charles F. Bolden, Jr.
First African-American woman rabbi: Alysa Stanton
First African-American woman CEO of a Fortune 500 company: Ursula Burns, Xerox Corporation.
First African-American doubles team to be named year-end world champion by the International Tennis Federation: Serena and Venus Williams
First African American to win an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay (Precious): Geoffrey S. Fletcher

text: First African-American to win Stanley Cup: Dustin Byfuglien with Chicago Blackhawks.[206]

text: First African-American Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons: Charles E. Samuels, Jr.[207]

text:
First African American to be re-elected President of the United States: Barack Obama[208]
First African-American Combatant Commander of United States Central Command: Lloyd Austin[209]
First African American elected president of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC): Fred Luter[210][211]

text:
First African-American senator from the former Confederacy since Reconstruction: Tim Scott[212]
First African-American president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences: Cheryl Boone Isaacs[213]
First African-American United States Secretary of Homeland Security: Jeh Johnson[214]

text:
First African-American woman four-star admiral: Michelle J. Howard[215]
First African-American woman Republican to be elected to the United States Congress: Mia Love, elected in Utah[216]
First African-American senator to be elected in the South since Reconstruction: Tim Scott, elected in South Carolina[216]
First African-American to have been elected to both the House and the Senate: Tim Scott[217]
First African-American woman to be nominated for Best Director by the Golden Globe Awards: Ava DuVernay for Selma[218]

text:
First African-American woman to be Attorney General of the United States: Loretta Lynch[219]
First African-American to lead a major intelligence agency: Vincent R. Stewart, Defense Intelligence Agency[220]
First African-American to be inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame: Wendell Scott[221] (See also: 1952)
First African-American commissioner of a major North American sports league: Jeffrey Orridge, Canadian Football League[222]
First African-American elected as presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church: Bishop Michael Curry[223]
First African-American woman American Bar Association president: Paulette Brown[224]

text:
First African-American president of a major broadcast TV network: Channing Dungey
First African-American Librarian of Congress: Dr. Carla Hayden[225]


document_title: Charlie St. Cloud

question_text: where was the movie charlie st. cloud filmed

root

text: Charlie St. Cloud

text: Plot[edit]

text: Charlie St. Cloud is a sailor who wins a boating race on his sailboat, the Splendid Splinter, along with his younger brother Sam. In 2005, he receives a sailing scholarship to Stanford University. Charlie graduates from Winslow High School and after returning from his graduation ceremony, Charlie promises Sam that they will practice baseball every day until he leaves for Stanford. That night Charlie is supposed to go to a graduation party with his friends, but his mother makes him babysit Sam while she picks up another shift at her job.

tag: p

text: When Sam watches television, Charlie tries sneaking out to the party. He is caught by Sam, who asks Charlie to drive him to his friend Tommy's house. Charlie and Sam get into a car accident. During an out-of-body experience, Charlie hugs a badly wounded Sam and reassures him that everything will be fine.

text: Knowing his injuries are fatal, Sam asks Charlie to never leave him alone, saying that if so they will always be together. As Charlie promises, a paramedic named Florio Ferrente revives Charlie; Sam has died in his arms. At Sam's funeral, Charlie runs off after being unable to put Sam's baseball glove in the grave. After a run through the woods, Charlie finds Sam's spirit and discovers that Sam can interact with him on the physical plane. Charlie fulfills Sam's dying wish by practicing baseball with him every day at sunset.

text: Five years later, Charlie, who gave up his scholarship, is a caretaker at Waterside Cemetery. At the cemetery, he speaks with Sully, an old friend who died in the Marines. During a trip into town, Charlie visits the boat docks and meets Tess Carroll, a sailor planning to sail solo around the world. The following day, Charlie runs into Florio. Florio is dying of cancer and asks Charlie if he ever wonders why he was saved. Charlie returns to the cemetery and finds Tess injured tending her father's grave. He takes her to his home to patch her up and they develop a relationship. Sam begins feeling that he is being erased from existence because Charlie is forgetting him when Charlie arrives late for their game. Tess follows Charlie and he explains to her that the more he is in her world, the less he is in Sam's.

text: Charlie discovers that Tess went missing while sailing through a storm a few days earlier; Charlie has been seeing her just like he can Sam. Florio's wife Carla tells Charlie that Florio died the previous night. During one of the evenings Charlie and Tess have together they play hide and seek. Tess sticks a note on the door which says "come find me" with a drawing of a boat beneath it. Charlie realizes that Tess is not dead and that he must find her.

text: Along with his friend Alistair and Tess's coach Tink, Charlie takes a boat to find her. The following sunset, Charlie misses his game with Sam. As Charlie confesses his love for his departed sibling, Sam tells Charlie that he loves him back and moves on from the living world. He appears to Charlie as a shooting star in the sky to reveal Tess' location. The group finds Tess' wrecked boat along with her lying on the rocks. Charlie uses his body heat to keep Tess warm until they are found by the Coast Guard.

text: Alistair tells Charlie that Tess had hypothermia and he saved her. Later, Charlie purchases an old dilapidated sail boat from a family-friend and asks Tess if she would like to take a ride with him. However, Tess fears him explaining that she had vivid dreams about them together. Charlie tells Tess that her dreams are memories and recites a quote from her father's funeral that they spoke about in her dreams. Charlie resigns from his job and goes into the forest to say farewell to Sam, telling him they will always be brothers; although he is unable to see him, Sam is there and reveals that he is at peace. Sometime in the near future, Charlie and Tess complete repairs to the sail boat and set off to sail around the world.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Zac Efron as Charlie St. Cloud
Charlie Tahan as Sam St. Cloud
Amanda Crew as Tess Carroll
Kim Basinger as Claire St. Cloud
Ray Liotta as Florio Ferrente
Augustus Prew as Alistair Woolley
Donal Logue as Tink Weatherbee
Tegan Moss as Cindy
Dave Franco as Timothy Patrick Sullivan
Chris Massoglia as Old Sam (deleted scenes)
Brenna O'Brien as Cashier in toy store

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: A bidding war for the film rights to the book by author Ben Sherwood broke out in April and May 2003, before the book was published.[2] Three studios competed for the rights.[2] Universal Studios and Marc Platt (Universal's president of production) won the right to make the book into a film, paying a reported $500,000 to $1 million for the rights (with that figure rising above $1 million if the film is made).[2] Ben Sherwood was guaranteed an executive producer credit on the film, and Universal Studios executive producer Donna Langley was assigned to the picture.[2] Joe Johnston was initially chosen to direct.[3]

text: Drafts for the script were written by James Schamus and Lewis Colick,[4][5] but the final script was written by Craig Pearce.[4][6] By March 2009, Johnston had been replaced as director by Burr Steers, and Platt had named himself as producer.[4][6] Steers helped polish the script.[6] The first lead performer cast in the film was Zac Efron, who turned down the lead role in Paramount Pictures' remake of Footloose to star in this film.[4][7][8] Pre-production had commenced by March 2009, with filming set to begin in July 2009.[4]

text: Training with Efron began in Vancouver, British Columbia, in July 2009,[9] and started production in Upstate New York July 2009 to October 5.[10] Actress Amanda Crew joined the film as Tess Carroll in July 2009,[11] and was shooting her scenes the following September.[12] Quite a few scenes in the film were shot in Gibsons, British Columbia, including a scene in the famous 'Beachcombers' restaurant.[13] Some of the film was also filmed at a Deep Cove school, Seycove Secondary School, in North Vancouver, B. C. Actress Kim Basinger agreed to play Louise St. Cloud (later Claire) in mid-August 2009.[6][14] Teen actor Chris Massoglia was signed in October 2009 to play a teenaged Sam St. Cloud, but never made it into the final film.[15][16][17]

text: Efron wrapped his scenes in late October 2009.[18]

text: Rolfe Kent wrote the score, with Tony Blondal orchestrating. It was recorded at Skywalker Sound, Marin County, California.

text: Music[edit]

text: This is a list of music featured in the film but will not be included in the soundtrack

text:
"Baby Rhys Blues" by The McKinley South Experience featuring Mick Sihkins
"Helicopter" by Bloc Party
"Oh, No" by Andrew Bird
"Rasputin" by Studio K
"We're Gonna Play" by Matthew Barber
"While We Were Dreaming" by Pink Mountaintops
"California Sun" by Ramones
"Magic Show" by Electric Owls
"Pull My Heart Away" by Jack Peñate

text: Reception[edit]

text: Charlie St. Cloud received generally negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 27% based on 124 reviews with an average rating of 4.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Zac Efron gives it his all, but Charlie St. Cloud is too shallow and cloying to offer much more than eye candy for his fans."[19] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 37 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[20] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[21]


document_title: Hierarchy of hazard controls

question_text: which type of hazard control is most likely to eliminate hazards

text: Hierarchy of hazard controls

text: Components of the hierarchy[edit]

text: Elimination[edit]

text: Physically removing the hazard—is the most effective hazard control.[5] For example, if employees must work high above the ground, the hazard can be eliminated by moving the piece they are working on to ground level to eliminate the need to work at heights.[3]

text: Substitution[edit]

text: Substitution, the second most effective hazard control, involves replacing something that produces a hazard (similar to elimination) with something that does not produce a hazard—for example, replacing lead-based paint with titanium white. To be an effective control, the new product must not produce another hazard. Because airborne dust can be hazardous, if a product can be purchased with a larger particle size,  the smaller product may effectively be substituted with the larger product.[5]

text: Engineering controls[edit]

text: The third most effective means of controlling hazards is engineered controls.  These do not eliminate hazards, but rather isolate people from hazards.[3]  Capital costs of engineered controls tend to be higher than less effective controls in the hierarchy, however they may reduce future costs.[6] For example, a crew might build a work platform rather than purchase, replace, and maintain fall arrest equipment.  "Enclosure and isolation" creates a physical barrier between personnel and hazards, such as using remotely controlled equipment.  Fume hoods can remove airborne contaminants as a means of engineered control.[5]

text: Administrative controls[edit]

text: Administrative controls are changes to the way people work. Examples of administrative controls include procedure changes, employee training, and installation of signs and warning labels (such as those in the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System).[3]  Administrative controls do not remove hazards, but limit or prevent people's exposure to the hazards, such as completing road construction at night when fewer people are driving.[5]

text: Personal protective equipment[edit]

text: Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes gloves, Nomex/Uniform, respirators, hard hats, safety glasses, high-visibility clothing, and safety footwear.  PPE is the least effective means of controlling hazards because of the high potential for damage to render PPE ineffective.[5]  Additionally, some PPE, such as respirators, increase physiological effort to complete a task and, therefore, may require medical examinations to ensure workers can use the PPE without risking their health.

text: Role in Prevention through Design[edit]

text: The hierarchy of controls is a core component of Prevention through Design, the concept of applying methods to minimize occupational hazards early in the design process. Prevention through Design emphasizes addressing hazards at the top of the hierarchy of controls (mainly through elimination and substitution) at the earliest stages of project development.[13]


document_title: Queen's Guard

question_text: when do they change guards at buckingham palace

text: Queen's Guard

text: Operating area[edit]

text: The Queen's Guard and Queen's Life Guard are mounted at the royal residences that come under the operating area of the British Army's London District, which is responsible for the administration of the Household Division. This covers Buckingham Palace, St James's Palace and the Tower of London, as well as Windsor Castle. The Queen's Guard is also mounted at the sovereign's other official residence, the Palace of Holyroodhouse, but not as often as in London. In Edinburgh, the guard is the responsibility of the resident infantry battalion at Redford Barracks. It is not mounted at the Queen's private residences at Sandringham or Balmoral.

text: The Queen's Guard is the name given to the contingent of infantry responsible for guarding Buckingham Palace and St James's Palace (including Clarence House) in London. The guard is made up of a company of soldiers from a single regiment, which is split in two, providing a detachment for Buckingham Palace and a detachment for St James's Palace. Because the Sovereign's official residence is still St James's, the guard commander (called the 'Captain of the Guard') is based there, as are the regiment's colours. When the Sovereign is in residence, the Queen's Guard numbers three officers and 40 other ranks, with four sentries each posted at Buckingham Palace (on the forecourt) and St James's Palace (two at the main entrance in Pall Mall, two at the entrance to Clarence House). This reduces to three officers and 31 ORs, with two sentries each when the Sovereign is not in residence.[2] The Queen's Guard is not purely ceremonial in nature. They provide sentries during the day and night, and during the later hours, they patrol the grounds of the Palace. Until 1959, the sentries at Buckingham Palace were stationed outside the fence. This stopped following an incident involving a female tourist and a Coldstream Guardsman – due to the continued pestering of tourists and sightseers, the guardsman kicked the tourist on the ankle as he marched. The tourist made a complaint to the police and, despite sympathy, the sentry was confined to barracks for ten days. Not long after, the sentries were moved inside the fence.[3]

text: Postings[edit]

text: At any one time, three infantry battalions are posted for public duties; two of these are Guards battalions (one based at Wellington Barracks next to Buckingham Palace and one at Victoria Barracks in Windsor), while the third is a line infantry unit (based at Royal Artillery Barracks, Woolwich). In addition, there are three incremental companies based at Royal Artillery Barracks, Woolwich and Wellington Barracks. All of these units come under the administrative authority of London District—as public duties units, they not only take part in ceremonial but are also committed to providing military aid to the civilian authorities.

text: Foot Guards[edit]

text: The guard is usually found from one of the five regiments of foot guards:

text:
Grenadier Guards
Coldstream Guards
Scots Guards
Irish Guards
Welsh Guards

text: However, in theory, any Commonwealth unit can provide the guard. On many occasions, the Gurkhas, RAF Regiment and Royal Marines have provided the guard, while a handful of units from other Commonwealth countries have also done so (see below). Only one unit has come from a Commonwealth country of which the Queen is not head of state, namely the 1st Battalion Royal Malay Regiment in 2008.

text: Gurkhas, Royal Marines, RAF Regiment and Royal Navy[edit]

text: The following is a list of units of the Gurkhas and Royal Marines to have mounted the Queen's Guard since the Second World War[4]

text:
1st Battalion, 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles, Dec 1971
1st Battalion, 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, Oct 1973
2nd Battalion, 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles), Nov 1975
1st Battalion, 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles, Aug 1977
41 Commando, Royal Marines, Nov 1978
42 Commando, Royal Marines, Jul 1986
1st Battalion, Royal Gurkha Rifles, Aug 1996
42 Commando, Royal Marines, June 2014
Brigade of Gurkhas, May 2015[5]

text: The RAF Regiment has a dedicated ceremonial unit, the Queen's Colour Squadron; this unit represents the RAF whenever it provides the Queen's Guard.

text: In November 2017, the Royal Navy mounted the guard with a total of 86 volunteers from 45 ships and store establishments[6] for two weeks, the first time that the Senior Service had formed the Queen's Guard in its own right (rather than being represented by the Royal Marines).[7]

text: Line infantry[edit]

text: Prior to Options for Change, because there were a total of eight guards battalions, it was rare for battalions of line infantry to mount the Queen's Guard and, as such, was a significant honour. Before 1996, only two battalions had served on public duties as part of an operational tour in London District.[8] However, when the 2nd Battalions of the Grenadier Guards, Coldstream Guards and Scots Guards were put in suspended animation, a decision to replace one of the three Foot Guard battalions then engaged on public duties by a line infantry battalion was taken, so as to enable the Foot Guards battalion to increase the proportion of its effort employed on training for operational roles. Since 1996, a line infantry battalion has been stationed in London (first at Hounslow, then Woolwich) under the command of London District:[9]

text:
1st Battalion, The 22nd (Cheshire) Regiment
1986–1988

1st Battalion, The King's Regiment
1992–1994

1st Battalion, The Royal Regiment of Wales (24th/41st Foot)
1996–1997

1st Battalion, The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)
1998–2000

1st Battalion, The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment
2000–2001

1st Battalion, The Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment
2002–2005

1st Battalion, The Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment (29th/45th Foot)
2005–2007[10]

2nd Battalion, The Mercian Regiment (Worcesters and Foresters)
2007–2008

2nd Battalion, The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers
2008–2010

2nd Battalion, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (Queen's and Royal Hampshires)
2011–2013[11]

tag: table

text: Since 2013 regular public duties responsibility has reverted to the Household Division.[11]

text: Territorial Army/Army Reserve[edit]

text: In 1938 the Honourable Artillery Company, a Territorial Army unit, provided the King's Guard. The same Regiment subsequently provided the Queen's Guard in 1958, during the 1990s the Band of the Honourable Artillery Company provided musical support for the Queen's Guard and they continue to do so in the 21st century.[12] In June 2015 soldiers from the 3rd Battalion The Royal Welsh provided the Tower of London detachment of the Queen's Guard.

text: Home Guard[edit]

text: On 14 May 1941, the Home Guard provided the King's Guard, in recognition of the first anniversary of its foundation.[13] This was repeated in May 1943.[14]

text: Buckingham Palace, St James's Palace and The Tower of London[edit]

text: There are two detachments of the Queen's Guard in London, one each for Buckingham Palace and St James's Palace, under the command of the Captain of The Queen's Guard. Because St James's Palace is still the official residence of the Court, it is here that the Colour is lodged and the Captain of the Guard establishes his headquarters.

text: The Queen's Guard in London changes in the Forecourt of Buckingham Palace at 11:30 am every day in the summer and every other day in the winter.

text: The St James' Palace detachment of the Queen's Guard, led usually by the Corps of Drums, and bearing the Colour (if the Queen is in residence, then this will be the Queen's Colour; if she is not, then it is the Regimental Colour), marches along the Mall to Buckingham Palace, where the Buckingham Palace detachment has formed up to await their arrival. These two detachments are the Old Guard. Meanwhile, the New Guard is forming up and are awaiting inspection by the Adjutant on the parade square at Wellington Barracks. The Band, having been inspected by the Adjutant, forms a circle to play music whilst the New Guard is inspected. The Guard provides a full Military Band consisting of no fewer than 35 musicians (usually, though not always, from one of the Guards regiments) accompanied by their Director of Music. When the New Guard is formed up, led by the Band, it marches across into the forecourt of Buckingham Palace. Once there, the New Guard advances towards the Old Guard in slow time and halts. The Old Guard presents arms, followed by the New Guard presenting arms. The Captains of the Guards march towards each other for the handing over of the Palace keys. The new reliefs are marched to the guardrooms of Buckingham Palace and St James' Palace where new sentries are posted.

text: During this time the Band has taken its place by the centre gate, formed up in a half-circle, where it plays music to entertain the New and Old Guard as well as the watching crowds. During this period, the two regimental colours are paraded up and down by the Ensigns (usually junior officers of 2nd Lieutenant rank or equivalent). With the Old and New Guards formed up once again, the Old Guard and the Band march out through the centre gates in slow time to their Regimental Slow march played by the Band. At the end of the slow march, the Captain of the Old Guard gives the word of command to 'Break into Quick Time' and with a brisk five pace roll from the drums, the Band leads the way back to Wellington Barracks.

text: A detachment of the regiment on guard at Buckingham Palace and St James' Palace is also responsible for providing the guard at the Tower of London. As the Tower is still officially a royal residence and is also the location of the crown jewels, it remains the army's obligation to guard it. The Tower guard numbers one officer, 3 NCOs and 10 soldiers, and usually posts a sentry outside the Jewel House and one outside the Queen's House. As the protection of the Tower is their responsibility (in conjunction with the Yeoman Warders), the guard must also see it is secure at night (see Ceremony of the Keys).[15]

text: Windsor Castle[edit]

text: One of the public duties battalions or incremental companies is responsible for providing the guard at Windsor Castle. The location of the ceremony at Windsor varies; in the summer, when the Queen is in residence it usually takes place on the lawn in the Castle's quadrangle. In wet weather or winter to protect the lawn, or when the Queen is not in residence, the ceremony occurs outside the Guardroom by Henry VIII's Gateway at the foot of Castle Hill.

text: The ceremony for changing the Windsor Guard is broadly the same as that which takes place at Buckingham Palace. At 10.40am, the New Guard marches from Victoria Barracks, through Windsor and turn left going up Castle Hill to enter the Lower Ward. During the summer months, and when Her Majesty is in residence at the Castle, the guards occasionally change in the Upper Ward on the grass.

text: When changing guard in the normal way, the new guard arrives at roughly 11 am when the old guard has formed up outside the guardroom. Once both guards and the duty band (there is no duty band on Sundays) are present, the old guard and new guard will present arms to each other, interspersed by bugle calls – the officers will then go towards each other and symbolically touch left hands to 'hand over the keys to the castle' (though no actual keys are handed over anymore). The guards will then slope arms and the reliefs will be formed up to go round the castle and change the sentries – during this process, the band typically plays a selection of music. Once the relief returns, the old guard forms back up ready to march back to Victoria Barracks. The band leads them out whilst the new guard presents arms. Once the old guard has left, the new guard is dismissed to the guardroom where they will be based for the next 24/48 hours – every two hours, the guard relief will march out and change the sentries.

text: The Bank Picquet[edit]

text: During the Gordon Riots in 1780 a detachment of the Foot Guards successfully defended the Bank of England from a violent mob. Thenceforth the Bank paid for a detachment of soldiers, usually provided by the Brigade of Guards to defend the Bank.[16] From 1780, the detachment marched from their barracks, initially from the Tower of London, later Wellington or Chelsea Barracks though in bad weather the detachment would be sent by a normal train of the London Underground.[17][clarification needed]

text: With a Guard Mount at 3 pm, each guard consisted of one officer, one sergeant, one corporal, one lance corporal, eight guardsmen and a drummer; originally the guard had 30 guardsmen.

text: Once at the Bank there were two sentry posts, one outside the Counting House Parlour and another outside the bullion vaults.[18] The officer was given half a bottle of port and the right to invite a friend or two to dinner in the bank. The other ranks were given a pint of beer with their dinner and one brand new shilling, two for a sergeant, that they bought tea and a cake within the Canteen. The Guard wore plimsolls in the bank.

text: From 1963, the Bank Picquet travelled by vehicle clad in service dress and armed with automatic weapons with the emphasis on security moving from ceremonial to tactical deployment. Improved security features and armed police made the guard unnecessary, and the service ended on the evening of 31 July 1973.[19]

text: Edinburgh[edit]

text: The Guard is also mounted in Edinburgh at the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the Queen's official residence in Scotland, and at Edinburgh Castle. Unlike in London, there is no Guards battalion permanently based in the city, so the guard is provided by whichever the resident infantry battalion is at Redford Barracks in the city. The guard is not mounted throughout the year – it is usually mounted daily during the week that the Queen spends at the palace (prior to her summer break at Balmoral), and during the Lord Commissioner's Week. Until 2002, sentries were permanently posted on the Esplanade at the entrance of the castle, ostensibly as the guards to the Honours of Scotland housed inside. The sentries were changed every hour. However, cutbacks in the size of the army led to the permanent castle guard being abolished – now, the guard is mounted at the same time as the guard at the Palace, or when there is a royal visitor to Edinburgh. Sentries are also posted during the month of the Edinburgh Military Tattoo, usually from a unit that has an anniversary from the year.

text: As part of the reorganisation of the infantry following the 2003 defence review, the 1st and 2nd Battalions, Royal Regiment of Scotland (the Royal Scots Borderers and Royal Highland Fusiliers) will be permanently based in Edinburgh, rotating between 19 Light Brigade or 52 Infantry Brigade. Whichever battalion is assigned to 52 Brigade would then be responsible for performing public duties in Edinburgh.

text: As part of the 2010 defence review, announcements of further reforms to the infantry led to the reduction of the 5th Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland to an incremental company, similar to the three companies of foot guards stationed in London, which will be a public duties unit permanently based in Scotland.

text: Edinburgh Military Tattoo sentries/guard of honour[edit]

text:
1998: 1st Battalion, The King's Own Scottish Borderers
1999: 1st Battalion, The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's)
2000: 1st Battalion, The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's)
2001: 1st Battalion, The Light Infantry
2002: 1st Battalion, The Highlanders (Seaforth, Gordons and Camerons)
2003: 1st Battalion, The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment)
2004: The Royal Gibraltar Regiment
2005: Royal Naval Reserve
2006: The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 5th Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland
2007: 40 Regiment, Royal Artillery
2008: Hans Majestet Kongens Garde
2009: The Highlanders, 4th Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland
2010: 3rd Battalion, The Rifles
2011: The Royal Highland Fusiliers, 2nd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland[20]
2012: The Black Watch, 3rd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland
2013: The Black Watch, 3rd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland
2014: Royal Navy
2015: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers and Greys)
2016: 1st Battalion, Scots Guards
2017: Royal Navy/RAF Regiment

text: Incidents[edit]

text: The Queen's Guard is an operational posting, with the primary purpose of protecting the Sovereign. However, there have been a handful of incidents over the years when this protection has been tested; in 1982, a man named Michael Fagan was able to evade the sentries stationed in the grounds of Buckingham Palace and make his way to the Queen's bedroom, before he was captured by police. In this instance, security of the Queen's room was the task of the Metropolitan Police. In 2004, a member of the pressure group Fathers4Justice spent five and a half hours standing on the parapet by the balcony at the front of Buckingham Palace. Again, the security was the primary responsibility of the Metropolitan Police; although the Queen was not present at the time, it raised fears of the possibility of a terrorist attack on the palace, and gave rise to calls for the British Army to be given a greater hand in the overall security of the Royal Family.

text: Procedure while at post[edit]

text: A sentry will be on duty "at their post" for a two-hour period. Every 10 minutes, he comes to attention, slopes arms and does a march of 15 paces across the area of the post. Each sentry will do this four to five times before halting. He will then shoulder arms and stand at ease. Standing "easy" is not permitted whilst a sentry is at post. Orders for sentry duty read out before each 2 hour 'tour of duty', make it clear to each individual that: "you may not eat, sleep, smoke, stand easy, sit or lie down during your tour of duty".[21]

text: Sentries receive instruction on how to eliminate nuisance or any suggestion of threat from members of the public. There is a protocol they follow which begins with "stamping" (coming to attention sharply). He will also shout: "Stand back from the Queen's Guard" or similar. If this does not eliminate the nuisance or threat he will repeat the stamp and shout again. If the nuisance or threat still does not cease the sentry will assume the position of "port arms" whereby he points his rifle at the source of the interference with his duties. If these warnings are not heeded the sentry then has the choice of detaining the person(s) himself or pressing the button in his sentry box to summon assistance.[21]

text: If a person or persons step in front of a sentry while he is marching he will shout: "Make way for the Queen's Guard!" (Or Castle guard/Tower of London guard/Windsor Castle guard etc.)[21]

text: Discipline[edit]

text: While The Foot Guards are also fully operational soldiers, part of their duties is guarding The Queen and her residences. The duty of mounting 'Queen's Guard' as it is known within the Army is one which many also take on with great pride. The guards remain a fully functional part of royal defences though through the years they have become a tourist attraction.

text: Although formerly the guards were able to be positioned among the public, in recent times, more and more of the sentry posts have been moved away from the public because of incidents involving tourists interfering with the guards' job. Most recently, ropes were installed between the sentry posts at Windsor Castle and the public after an incident occurred between a sentry and a tourist who was mocking him, pretending to march alongside him and eventually grabbing the shoulder on which his rifle was resting.[22][23] In London, the only open sentry posts remaining not usually behind any sort of fence were those at the Pall Mall entrance to St James's Palace (although when the Prince of Wales took up residence at Clarence House, the sentries were moved outside the gate); however, in December 2014, the Pall Mall sentries were moved to Friary Court inside the walls of the palace, while the Clarence House sentries repositioned inside the fence and at the entrance to the gardens. This was as a result of the increased threat of so-called "lone wolf" terrorist attacks, particularly following the murder of a British soldier in Woolwich, and the terrorist attack on the Canadian Parliament.[24][25]

text: Arms plot[edit]

text: Battalions on public duties were part of the regular arms plot, a system where infantry battalions were periodically rotated to various locations and different roles. Following the restructuring of the army announced in 2006, the arms plot system ceased – infantry battalions have now been given fixed roles and locations. In theory, this includes public duties in London, which will retain its two guards and one line infantry battalion. However, for some postings, including public duties, light role infantry battalions will continue to rotate. In the case of public duties in London, the four Guards battalions will rotate every two years, while the line infantry battalion will rotate with battalions assigned to 52 Infantry Brigade and British Forces Cyprus. This has changed following the implementation of the Army 2020 plan.

text: Women and the Guard[edit]

text: In April 2007, the first serving women in the British Army served on detachments of the Queen's Guard when the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery took over the guard at Windsor Castle, while the Army Air Corps took on public duties in London.[26]

text: This was not the first occasion that women have provided the Queen's Guard. In 2000, the Australian Federation Guard performed public duties in London for a month and included several women amongst its number.[27] Female officers were also among the contingent of Royal Canadian Mounted Police members who formed the guard in May 2012.[28]

text: The first female Captain of the Queen's Guard was 24-yr old Megan Couto of the 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry as they formed the Queen's Guard in June 2017 in celebration of Canada 150.[29]

text: Other Commonwealth units to have mounted the King's/Queen's Guard[edit]

text: The following is a list of units from the British Empire and Commonwealth to have mounted the King's Guard/Queen's Guard.[30]

text:
Unit
Country
Flag
Date

117th (Eastern Townships) Battalion, CEF
Canada

September 1916

Canadian Coronation Contingent
Canada

May 1937

Australian Coronation Contingent
Australia

May 1937

Royal 22e Régiment
Canada

April 1940

Toronto Scottish Regiment
Canada

April 1940

The Royal Canadian Regiment
Canada

April 1940

Canadian Coronation Contingent
Canada

May 1953

Australian Coronation Contingent[31]
Australia

May 1953

South African Coronation Contingent
South Africa

June 1953

New Zealand Coronation Contingent
New Zealand

June 1953

Ceylon Coronation Contingent
Ceylon

June 1953

Pakistan Coronation Contingent
Pakistan

June 1953

Royal New Zealand Artillery[32]
Detachment commander, Maj. S. Cocks
New Zealand

November 1964

1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment
Detachment commander, Lt Col. J.P. Salter MC
Australia

April 1988

3rd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian
Light Infantry
Detachment commander, Maj. I. Hunt
Canada

April–May 1998

2nd Battalion, Jamaica Regiment
Jamaica

April 1999

Australian Federation Guard[33]
plus the Band of the Royal Military College, Duntroon
Detachment commander, Cpt. C. Anderson
Australia

July 2000

2nd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment[34]
Detachment commander, Maj. J. Fife
Canada

September 2000

Royal Gibraltar Regiment[35]
Gibraltar

March 2001

1st Battalion, Jamaica Regiment[36]
plus the Combined Band of the JDF
Detachment commander, Lt Col. D. Robinson
Jamaica

July 2007

1st Battalion, Royal Malay Regiment[37]
plus the Band of the Royal Malay Regiment
Detachment commander, Maj. Norhisham bin Kamar
Malaysia

April 2008

Royal Gibraltar Regiment[38]
Detachment commander, Lt Col. C. Risso MC
Gibraltar

April 2012

Royal 22e Régiment[39]
Canada

July 2014

2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian
Light Infantry[40]
plus the Royal Canadian Artillery Band
Detachment commander, Maj. J. Hudson
Canada

June 2017

text: The Queen's Life Guard[edit]

text: The Queen's Life Guard is the mounted guard at the entrance to Horse Guards. Horse Guards is the official main entrance to both St James' Palace and Buckingham Palace (a tradition that stems from the time when The Mall was closed at both ends); however, sentries have been posted there since the Restoration, when the Palace of Whitehall was the main royal residence. The guard is on horseback from 10 am until 4 pm, with the two sentries changing every hour. From 4 pm until 8 pm a pair of dismounted sentries remain. At 8 pm, the gates of Horse Guards are locked, and a single sentry remains until 7 am.

text: When The Queen is in London, the Guard consists of 1 officer, 1 corporal major (who carries the standard), 2 non-commissioned officers, 1 trumpeter and 11 troopers. This is known as a Long Guard. When Her Majesty is not resident in London, the Guard is reduced to 2 non-commissioned officers and 10 troopers. This is known as a Short Guard.

text: The guard is usually provided by the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment, with the Life Guards and the Blues and Royals alternating. When the HCMR leaves London for a month of summer training (and vacation for the horses), the guard is provided by the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery. Only two other regiments have had the honour of mounting the Queen's Life Guard; in 2000, the Mounted Troop of Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians), a regiment of the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps, mounted the Queen's Life Guard during the same deployment as The Royal Canadian Regiment provided the Queen's Guard. In 2012, as part of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations, the Musical Ride of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police mounted the Queen's Life Guard for a day in May 2012, becoming the first non-military unit to do so.[41][42]

text: Other Commonwealth units to have mounted the Queen's Life Guard[edit]

text:
Unit
Country
Flag
Date

Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)
Canada

2000

Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Canada

2012[43]

text: Changing the Queen's Life Guard[edit]

text: At the time of Guard Changing, the Old Guard forms up on the north side of the enclosure on Horse Guards Parade and the New Guard on the south side. As the New Guard arrives, each Guard carries the Standard and the Trumpeters of both Old and New Guards sound the Royal Salute on the arrival of the New Guard and on the departure of the Old Guard. When both Guards have formed up in the enclosure, the Corporal Major, Senior NCO and the sentries of the first relief of the New Guard leave for the Guard Room which is then handed over. The sentries of the Old Guard, after being relieved, rejoin the remainder of the Old Guard on the north side of the enclosure. The Standard and Trumpeters are only on parade with a Long Guard.


document_title: Dense regular connective tissue

question_text: where is dense regular collagenous connective tissue found

text: Dense regular connective tissue

text: Dense regular connective tissue provides connection between different tissues in the human body. The collagen fibers in dense regular connective tissue are bundled in a parallel fashion. Dense regular connective tissue (DRCT) is divided into white fibrous connective tissue and yellow fibrous connective tissue, both of which occur in two forms: cord arrangement and sheet arrangement.

text: In cord arrangement bundles of collagen and matrix are distributed in regular alternate patterns. In sheet arrangement collagen bundles and matrix are distributed in irregular patterns, sometimes in the form of a network. It is similar to areolar tissue, but in DCRT elastic fibers are completely absent.

text: Structures formed[edit]

text:
An example of their use is in tendons,[1] which connect muscle to bone and derive their strength from the regular, longitudinal arrangement of bundles of collagen fibers.
Ligaments bind bone to bone and are similar in structure to tendons.
Aponeuroses are layers of flat broad tendons that join muscles and the body parts the muscles act upon, whether it be bone or muscle.

text: Functions[edit]

text: Dense regular connective tissue has great tensile strength that resists pulling forces especially well in one direction.

text: DRCT has a very poor blood supply, which is why damaged tendons and ligaments are slow to heal.


document_title: Lisa Robin Kelly

question_text: who played the new laurie on that 70s show

text: Lisa Robin Kelly

text: Early life[edit]

text: Kelly was born and raised in Southington, Connecticut.[2][3] Her parents were Thomas Carl Kelly and Linda Diane (née Grimm) Kelly.[1]

text: Career[edit]

text: Kelly made her debut in the 1992 Married... with Children episode "Kelly Doesn't Live Here Anymore". She appeared again in 1997 in episodes of Silk Stalkings and on Charmed in 1999, as well as in direct-to-video and television films such as Amityville Dollhouse, Late Last Night, and Jawbreaker.

text: Kelly played Laurie Forman, the older sister of Eric Forman, on That '70s Show. She abruptly left the show midway through the third season, and her character was written out of the show to "attend beauty school". She returned to the show in the fifth season for four episodes but was replaced with Christina Moore in the sixth season. In an interview with ABC News, she admitted that "with That '70s Show I was guilty of a drinking problem, and I ran", blaming her alcoholism on the loss of a baby.[4]

text: Legal issues[edit]

text: In August 2010, Kelly was arrested in North Carolina on a charge of driving under the influence.[5] In November 2010, she pleaded guilty and was fined and sentenced to 12 months of unsupervised probation.[6]

text: On March 31, 2012, Kelly was arrested on a felony charge of corporal injury upon a spouse and was released on $50,000 bail. The charge was based on a complaint filed by her ex-boyfriend, John Michas.[7][8] She later made public statements saying that she was the one who had been assaulted and denied Michas' claim that she assaulted him.[8][9] The Los Angeles County District Attorney declined to file charges.[10]

text: In November 2012, police in Mooresville, North Carolina, arrested the 42-year-old Kelly and her 61-year-old husband, Robert Joseph Gilliam, after responding to a disturbance at their home. Both were charged with assault and released on bond.[11][12] She later filed for divorce and a restraining order against Gilliam.[13]

text: On June 23, 2013, Kelly was arrested for a suspected DUI when law enforcement responded to a call about a parked car blocking a lane of traffic on the I-5 freeway. She subsequently failed a field-sobriety test.[14]

text: Death[edit]

text: Days after checking into Pax Rehab House in Altadena, California, Kelly died in her sleep at the facility on August 15, 2013, aged 43.[1] On January 3, 2014, the Los Angeles Department of Coroner concluded that her death was due to an accidental unspecified oral "multiple drug intoxication".[15][16][17][18] In June 2014, Kelly's estranged husband filed a lawsuit against the rehabilitation center where she was being treated and subsequently died, claiming negligence.[13][19]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1994
Relentless IV: Ashes to Ashes
Sherrie

1995
Payback
Teenage Girl

1996
Amityville Dollhouse
Dana

1997
Performance Anxiety[20]

1998
Survivor, TheThe Survivor[20]

1999
Kill the Man
Nan

1999
Jawbreaker
Cheerleader #2

1999
Clubland
Carla

2005
Food Chain: A Hollywood Scarytale, TheThe Food Chain: A Hollywood Scarytale[20]

2012
SUX2BME[21]

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1992
Married... with Children
Carol
Episode: "Kelly Doesn't Live Here Anymore"

1994
Silk Stalkings
Gina Nelson
Episode: "Killer Cop"

1994
Renegade
Debbie
Episode: "Sheriff Reno"

1994
Cries Unheard: The Donna Yaklich Story
Charlie Greenwell's Girlfriend
Television film

1995
Platypus Man
Brandi
Episode: "NYPD Nude"

1995
ABC Afterschool Special
Ashley
Episode: "Fast Forward"

1995
Sisters
Kristy
Episode: "Deceit"

1995
Murphy Brown
Student
Episode: "The Feminine Critique"

1995
Spring Fling![20]

Television film

1995
Terror in the Shadows[20]

Television film

1996
X-Files, TheThe X-Files
Terri Roberts
Episode: "Syzygy"

1996
Hope and Gloria
Debbee
Episode: "Sit Down, You're Rockin' the Funicular"

1996
Days of Our Lives
Jill Stevens

1996
Suddenly[20]

Television film

1997
Married... with Children
Heather Talrico
Episode: "Breaking Up is Easy to Do: Part 1"

1997
Jenny
Real World Actress
Episode: "A Girl's Gotta Live in the Real World"

1997
Alone[20]

Television film

1998
Poltergeist: The Legacy
Janine Kinsey
Episode: "Hell Hath No Fury"

1998
Fantasy Island
Regina
Episode: "Pilot"

1998
Buddy Faro
Rita Nardo
Episode: "Ain't That a Kick in the Head"

1998
Net, TheThe Net
Lucy
Episode: "Lucy's Life"

1998
Young Hearts Unlimited[20]

Television film

1998–2003
That '70s Show
Laurie Forman
Recurring role, 44 episodes

1999
Charmed
Daisy
Episode: "Love Hurts"

1999
Late Last Night
Tristan
Television film

2002
Alikes[20]

Television film