document_title: One Direction

question_text: where did the name one direction come from

text: One Direction

text: History

text: 2010–11: The X Factor

text: In 2010, Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Liam Payne, Harry Styles, and Louis Tomlinson auditioned as solo candidates for the seventh series of the British televised singing competition The X Factor.[15] They failed to progress to the "Boys" category at "judges' houses" but were put together to form a five-piece boy band at Wembley Arena, in London, England, in July 2010, during the "bootcamp" stage of the competition,[16] thus qualifying for the "Groups" category. Nicole Scherzinger, a guest judge,[15][17][18] and Simon Cowell have both claimed to have come up with the idea of forming the band. In 2013, Cowell said that it "took him 10 minutes to put them together as a group".[19] Subsequently, the group got together for two weeks to get to know each other and to practice.[20][21] Styles came up with the name One Direction.[20] For their qualifying song at "judges' houses", and their first song as a group, One Direction sang an acoustic version of "Torn".[22] Cowell later commented that their performance convinced him that they "were confident, fun, like a gang of friends, and kind of fearless as well."[23] Within the first four weeks of the live shows, they were his last act in the competition.[24] The group quickly gained popularity in the UK.[23]

text: One Direction achieved third place in the competition and immediately after the final, their song "Forever Young", which would have been released if they had won The X Factor, was leaked onto the internet.[25] Shortly afterwards it was confirmed that One Direction had been signed by Cowell to a reported £2 million Syco Records record contract.[26][27] Recording for their debut album began in January 2011, as they flew to Los Angeles to work with RedOne, a record producer.[28] A book licensed by One Direction, One Direction: Forever Young (Our Official X Factor Story), was published by HarperCollins in February 2011,[29] subsequently topping The Sunday Times Best Seller list.[30] The same month, the boy band and other contestants from the series participated in the X Factor Live Tour.[31] During the tour, the group performed for 500,000 people throughout the UK.[32] After the tour concluded in April 2011, the group continued working on their debut album.[28] Recording took place in Stockholm, London and Los Angeles, as One Direction worked with producers Carl Falk, Savan Kotecha, Steve Mac, and Rami Yacoub, among others.[33][34]

text: 2011–12: Up All Night

text: Released in September 2011, One Direction's debut single, "What Makes You Beautiful", reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, after becoming the most pre-ordered Sony Music Entertainment single in history.[35][36] Subsequent singles, "Gotta Be You" and "One Thing", peaked in the UK Singles Chart top ten.[37][38] In November 2011, they signed a record deal with Columbia Records in North America.[39] Steve Barnett, the co-chairman of Columbia Records, said it was not a difficult decision to sign One Direction; "I just thought there was a void, and maybe they could seize and hold it."[40] "What Makes You Beautiful" was released in the United States in February 2012,[41] where it debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 28, becoming the highest debut for a British act since 1998.[42] It has sold over 4 million copies in the US[43] Upon arrival in the US in February 2012, One Direction embarked on a radio promotion spree, as well as their first North American concert tour as an opening act for Big Time Rush.[44][45] They made their first US television appearance on The Today Show, at the Rockefeller Center; an estimated 15,000 fans descended on the plaza.[46] Critically commended for its appeal to the teenage audience,[47][48][49] One Direction's first studio album, Up All Night, was released globally in early 2012. It became the UK's fastest-selling debut album of 2011,[50] and topped the charts in sixteen countries.[51] The album bowed atop the Billboard 200 chart, making One Direction the first British group in US chart history to enter at number one with their debut album.[52] They were inducted into the Guinness World Records as a result.[53] Up All Night also became the first album by a boy band to sell 500,000 digital copies in the US and, by August 2012, had sold over 3 million copies worldwide.[54][55]

text: In April 2012, an American band that went by the same name filed a trademark infringement lawsuit.[56] According to the lawsuit, the US band had been using the name since 2009, recorded two albums and filed an application to register the trademark name in the US in February 2011.[56] The US band said they were entitled to three times the profits made by the UK band, as well as compensatory damages in excess of US$1million.[56] The lawsuit claimed that Syco and Sony Music "chose to ignore the plaintiff's rights and wilfully infringed them" after they realised in early 2011 that the two bands shared the same name.[56] Syco Records subsequently counter-sued, suggesting the US group was trying to make money from One Direction's success and that the boy band was the first to use the name in US interstate commerce.[57] The BBC reported in September 2012 that the UK group won the legal dispute over the right to keep using their band name; the US band changed its name to Uncharted Shores.[57] The change of name was announced in a joint statement that also noted both groups were happy with the outcome.[57]

text: In December 2011, One Direction embarked on their first headlining UK concert tour, the Up All Night Tour.[58] In early 2012, they announced Australasian and North American legs of the concert tour, with dates from April to July 2012.[59][60] The tour, comprising 62 shows, was met with positivity both critically and commercially.[61][62][63][64][65][66][67] A recording of a concert from the tour, Up All Night: The Live Tour, was released in May 2012.[68] In addition to the DVD topping the charts in twenty-five countries, its global sales had exceeded 1 million copies by August 2012.[55][69] One Direction's first book to be licensed in America, Dare to Dream: Life as One Direction, published in the United States in May 2012, topped The New York Times Best Seller list.[70] In June 2012, Nick Gatfield, the chairman and chief executive officer of Sony Music Entertainment UK, stated how he expects One Direction to represent a $100 million business empire over 2013.[71] Gatfield was quoted as saying, "What you might not know about One Direction is that they already represent a $50 million business and that's a figure we expect to double next year".[71] In August 2012, the group's record sales exceeded 8 million singles, 3 million albums, and 1 million DVDs, and they performed "What Makes You Beautiful" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London, which represented the handover to Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics.[55][72] One Direction were the biggest winners of the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards winning their three nominations on 6 September 2012, including Best New Artist.[73]

text: 2012–13: Take Me Home

text: One Direction's second studio album, Take Me Home, was released in November 2012.[74] Take Me Home was written in groups and has an average of just under five songwriters per track. Savan Kotecha, Rami Yacoub, and Carl Falk, who composed One Direction's hits "What Makes You Beautiful" and "One Thing", spent six months in Stockholm developing songs for the album, and were able to shape melodies around their tones.[75] One Direction began recording the album in May 2012, in Stockholm at Kinglet Studios.[76][77][78] The album cover artwork features the group surrounding a traditional British K2 red telephone box, a familiar sight on the streets of the UK.[79] Take Me Home garnered mixed reviews from music critics. There was praise for its quality of production, while it was criticised for its generic, rushed nature.[80][81][82][83][84][85] The album's lead single, "Live While We're Young", released in September 2012, reached the top ten in almost every country it charted in and recorded the highest one-week opening sales figure for a song by a non-US artist in the US[86] The album and its second single, "Little Things", both debuted at number one in the UK simultaneously; something that One Direction became the youngest act in British chart history to achieve.[87] Take Me Home sold 540,000 copies in its first week in the US, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and topped the charts in more than thirty-four other countries.[88][89] Additionally, Up All Night and Take Me Home were the number three and number four best-selling albums of 2012 globally, each album selling over 5 million units worldwide.[90]

text: One Direction performed "Little Things" at the 2012 Royal Variety Performance in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II, and headlined a sold-out show at New York City's Madison Square Garden on 3 December 2012.[91][92] In February 2013, One Direction released a cover version of "One Way or Another" and "Teenage Kicks", "One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)", as the 2013 Comic Relief single.[93] As part of their involvement with the UK charity, One Direction travelled to Ghana to volunteer at a children's hospital, visit a school and make donations.

text: The Official Charts Company revealed that One Direction had sold 2,425,000 records in the UK by February 2013.[94] One Direction embarked on their second concert tour in February 2013, the Take Me Home Tour.[95] The concert tour consists of over 100 shows in Europe, North America and Australasia. Ticket sales reached 300,000 within a day of release in the UK and Ireland, which included a six-date sell-out at London's The O2 Arena.[96] In the Australian and New Zealand markets, tickets grossed US$15.7 million, with all 190,000 tickets being sold for the eighteen shows to be held.[97] The tour received critical acclaim from music critics who praised the band's live vocals and their performance abilities and was a commercial success, selling 1,635,000 tickets from 134 shows.[98]

text: 2013–14: Midnight Memories and This Is Us

text: One Direction: This Is Us, a 3D documentary and concert film about the group directed by Morgan Spurlock and produced by Spurlock, Ben Winston, Adam Milano and Simon Cowell, was released by TriStar Pictures on 30 August 2013.[99] The film features the song "Best Song Ever", released on 22 July 2013. "Best Song Ever" was the lead single of the group's third studio album Midnight Memories.[100][101] The film was a box office success, topping the UK and US box offices and grossing over $60 million worldwide, and became the fourth highest-grossing concert movie.[102] "Best Song Ever" broke the 24-Hour Vevo Record with 10.9 million views on YouTube (this was the second time the band held the record with "Live While We're Young" attaining 8.2 million views on 20 September 2012).[103][104] On 16 May 2013, the band announced their first stadium tour, the Where We Are Tour, which began in April 2014. On 30 May 2013, the band announced a partnership with Office Depot on a limited-edition capsule collection of back to school supplies. They also confirmed that a portion of the proceeds from the alliance would go toward an anti-bullying educational program intended to promote kinder behaviour in schools.[105]

text: On 23 November 2013, in support of Midnight Memories, the band participated in "1D Day",[106][107] a day dedicated to One Direction fans. The day constituted of a landmark 7.5-hour socially interactive YouTube live-stream featuring live band performances, celebrity guests including, Simon Cowell, Cindy Crawford, Piers Morgan, Jerry Springer and many more. The event was unique not only because of its long runtime but the unprecedented use of social media whereby fans got to participate in the show interact directly with the band via Google+ Hangout.

text: Midnight Memories was released globally on 25 November 2013. It debuted at number one in the UK and in the US, making them the first group to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 with its first three albums, and the second to reach the top after The Monkees in 1967.[108] The album was described by the band as edgier and as having a "slightly rockier tone" than their previous efforts.[109] "Story of My Life" was revealed as the second single of the album with each member posting a photo from their childhood.[110][111] To promote the album, the band performed on both the American and British versions of The X Factor.[112]

text: In December 2013, One Direction broke yet another UK sales record with the DVD and Blu-ray release of their 3-D concert film This is Us. Nearly 270,000 copies of the film were sold in the UK within three days of its release, beating the record previously set by Michael Jackson's This Is It in 2010 by 10,000 copies.[113] The group was named among the Top Global artists of 2013 by the IFPI because of strong digital downloads, physical albums, on-demand streams, and music videos.[114]

text: 2014–15: Four and Malik's departure

text: On 21 July 2014, One Direction announced One Direction: Where We Are - The Concert Film, a film which documents the concerts of 28 and 29 June 2014 that took place in San Siro Stadium during their Where We Are Tour. After the announcement, the band announced the film would also have a limited 10–11 October 2014 international cinema release before its home media release in November 2014.[115] The group also released an autobiography book titled Who We Are on 25 September 2014.[116]

text: On 8 September 2014, One Direction announced their fourth studio album to be titled Four, set to be released on 17 November 2014.[117][118][119] As part of the announcement, one of the songs from the album, "Fireproof" was released for free download for 24 hours on their official website.[117][118][119] "Steal My Girl", the album's lead single, was released on 29 September 2014,[120] and the music video was released on 24 October 2014. The second single from the album, "Night Changes", was released on 14 November, three days before the album's release.[121] Four was released on 17 November 2014, topping the Billboard 200 and the UK Album Chart.[122][123]

text: On 22 November 2014, Paul Higgins, the group's tour manager who has been with them since its formation, parted ways with the band.[124] The band confirmed at the BBC Music Awards that following the success of Four, they had hopes to continue to go "somewhere else" on their fifth album.[125] In support of Midnight Memories and Four, the band's Where We Are Tour was the highest-grossing concert tour in 2014, and the highest-grossing tour ever by a vocal group, generating $282 million.[9]

text: On 25 March 2015, the band released a statement announcing Malik's departure.[126][127][128] They admitted that they were angry at first because of Zayn Malik's decision.[129] The group made their first official public appearance as a four-piece on The Late Late Show with James Corden on 14 May, where they confirmed that they would continue working without a new fifth member.[130] Since leaving the band, Malik has gone on to have solo success with his number one debut single "Pillowtalk" and album Mind of Mine.[131]

text: 2015–17: Made in the A.M. and hiatus

text: On 31 July 2015, the group released "Drag Me Down" without promotional material or announcement. The single is the first single from their fifth studio album, Made in the A.M., and the first material released by the group after Malik's departure.[132] Following the release, it was revealed that the group would going on hiatus in 2016 to take a break.[133] On 22 September, the title for the fifth studio album, Made in the A.M., was officially announced along with promotional single "Infinity" being released.[134] The group began to reveal the track listing on their Snapchat stories to which it was later confirmed on iTunes.[135] The album was released on 13 November 2015.[136] At the 2015 American Music Awards on 22 November, One Direction won the award for Artist of the Year for the second year in succession.[137] Louis Tomlinson later confirmed that the break would be around 18 months. On 13 December, One Direction performed on The X Factor final. Their last televised performance as a group, before their hiatus, was on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve on 31 December 2015.[138]

text: On 13 January 2016, Us Weekly published a report claiming that the group's hiatus would become a permanent split, with a "source" citing that each of the four remaining group members did not renew their contracts following the completion of the on the Road Again Tour in October 2015.[139] Representatives for the group denied said-report in a statement to Billboard, stating, "nothing has changed regarding hiatus plans for the group, and all will be revealed in due time from the band members' own mouths."[140][141] By May 2017, all members of the group had released solo singles.[142]

text: At the 2017 Brit Awards, One Direction won the Video of the Year award for their song "History". Payne accepted the award on the behalf of the band.[143]

text: Artistry

text:
"What Makes You Beautiful"

One Direction's debut single, "What Makes You Beautiful", features a prominent guitar-based chorus and riff.[144] It also contains cowbell instrumentation,[145] and the middle eight consists of an "oh na na na" hook.[146] It is among the best-selling singles of all time, selling over 5 million copies.[147]

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: One Direction's debut studio album, Up All Night (2011), is predominantly a pop music record, containing elements of teen pop, dance-pop, pop rock, with electropop and rock influences.[148][149][150][151] Digital Spy's Robert Copsey described the album as a "collection of PG pop rock with killer choruses",[152] while The New York Times considered it "full of easy rock-inflected pop, blithe and sometimes clever."[153] Jason Lipshutz of Billboard acknowledged that the album demonstrates an originality in sound that was "necessary for the revitalization of the boy band movement".[151] The songs "One Thing" and "What Makes You Beautiful" were particularly noted for the genres of power pop and pop rock, for their "powerhouse" guitar riffs and "forceful" choruses.[144][145][148][154]

text: Their second studio album, Take Me Home (2012), is characterised by rock-inherited pop, prominent electric guitar riffs, bright synthesisers, a homogeneous sound and message, and the pitch-correcting software Auto-Tune.[83][84][85][155][156] Alexis Petridis of The Guardian interpreted its signature sound as a "peppy, synth-bolstered take on early-80s new-wave pop, heavy on clipped rhythms and chugging guitars," which, he said, is at least an improvement on the substitute contemporary R&B "that was once the grim lot of the boyband."[84] Jon Caramanica, writing in The New York Times, considered the album "far more mechanical" than their debut album, although noted that it is sonically and lyrically similar.[83] The album's lyricism speaks of falling in love, unrequited love, the insistence that flaws are what make a person unique, commitment, jealousy and longing for past significant others.[83][84][85][157]

text: Erica Futterman for Rolling Stone favoured their live acoustic performances as both showing, "Horan's ability to play guitar, as well as One Direction's admirable live vocals. There was no need to worry about a backing track or a bum note, a pleasant realization at a pop show."[158] Herald Sun's Cameron Adams opined that One Direction have "strong pop voices".[159] Melody Lau of the National Post wrote, "It's easy to get lost in inherent appeal of their perfectly coiffed dos and almost-too-put-together preppy style but somewhere in the midst of all the love-struck squeals of teenage girls are guys who can actually sing and, to a certain extent, entertain."[160] Jane Stevenson of the portal site Canoe concurred: "What I didn't really prepare myself for was that they all can actually sing in concert."[161] Chris Richards, writing in The Washington Post, dissented from the approval: "As the five traded couplets, it was tough to imagine a future Justin Timberlake, Ricky Martin or Bobby Brown emerging from the pack. No one voice stood out."[162] Mike Wass of Idolator felt One Direction's "surprisingly accomplished effort" of Kings of Leon's "Use Somebody" proved that One Direction are "more than capable" of evolving their sound.[163]

text: Their third album Midnight Memories (2013) is a pop rock record, a slight departure from the band's original teen pop sound. Liam Payne called Midnight Memories a "slightly rockier and edgier" album than their previous material. The album is heavily influenced by 80's rock[164] and folk music and briefly integrates elements of dubstep, notably in "Little White Lies". The album's lyrical themes primarily revolve around love, heartbreak and sexual intercourse. Many critics praised its lyrical depth and musical composition, as well as the group's level of involvement in the production process.[165]

text: Their fourth album Four (2014) was released on 17 November 2014. Payne once again claimed that the album would be "edgier" and that the group had written most of the songs for it; Horan came up with the name of the album, commemorating the fact that it is One Direction's fourth record to date and that it has been four years since the band's formation. Signifying a further maturation of their pop sound, the album's first single, Steal My Girl, was dubbed by Billboard as "no What Makes You Beautiful, but its Coldplay-like piano pop could be a good direction",[166] and that the band was "not entirely ready to let go of its bubble-gum days". Rolling Stone described the record as "saturated with retro vibes"; its songs "split the difference between big, splashy Eighties pop rock and more elegant Seventies flavours – a very pesky whipper-snapper move that's not so far from what Haim's hit Days Are Gone did last year."[167]

text: Philanthropy

text: In 2011, the band performed on the BBC's Children in Need 2011 charity telethon, helping raise over 26 million pounds.[168] In 2012 they extended their involvement with Children in Need as they opened the telecast with a performance of their single "Live While We're Young". A prominent annual event in British culture, the group said it was "incredible" to be involved in Children in Need as it was something that they had "always watched as children".[169]

text: In February 2013, One Direction released "One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)" (a medley of "One Way or Another" and "Teenage Kicks") as the 2013 single for the UK's other major charity telethon Comic Relief.[93] For ITV's Santa charity Christmas campaign, they filmed a set of pleas to their fans and the general public, asking them to donate £2.[170] The band have made numerous other appearances for charitable causes, including the 2011 Pride of Britain Awards where they presented 13-year-old quadruple amputee Danielle Bailey the Child of Courage award at her school assembly, and the 2014 Royal Variety Performance where they played in front of Prince William and Catherine at the London Palladium.[171][172]

text: In September 2012, Niall Horan organised an event to raise money for Irish Autism Action and another charity, called Temporary Emergency Accommodation Mullingar, based in his hometown. Due to overwhelming demand to participate in the fundraising, the ticket website for the event broke down. Horan's brother Greg commented on the website crash, saying that "there were 500 tickets and they were all snapped up pretty quick".[173]

text: In 2013, band members Liam Payne and Harry Styles partnered with Trekstock, a leading cancer charity to help raise money for cancer research.[174] As ambassadors of the charity, the duo collaborated to offer the chance for one fan and a friend to win an evening out with them in return for a donation to the charity as part of an exclusive "#HangwithLiam&Harry" global campaign. They had originally set a goal of raising $500,000 and ended up raising $784,984. Trekstock later added that this amount would allow them to "complete funding of their Hodgkin's lymphoma trial, in the hope of offering a much brighter future to thousands of children and young people affected by this form of disease." One Direction were named the most charitable in 2013 behind Taylor Swift by social change organisation DoSomething.org.[175]

text: In 2014, One Direction donated £600,000 for the Stand up to Cancer campaign by giving portions of their ticket sales revenues from their Where We Are Tour.[176] On 15 November 2014, One Direction joined the charity group Band Aid 30 along with other British and Irish pop acts, recording the latest version of the track "Do They Know It's Christmas?" at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill, London, to raise money for the 2014 Ebola crisis in Western Africa.[177]

text: Image

text: Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph, in an article on One Direction's success in North America, notes that Americans had left a gap in the market and it took the prominence of Justin Bieber to demonstrate that there still was a market for "clean cut, wholesome, whiter-than-white, middle class parent friendly pop: cute boys advocating puppy love. And what could be better than one cute boy, if not five?"[178] One Direction have been described as sparking a resurgence in the interest in boy bands, and as forming part of a new "British Invasion" in the United States.[179][180][181][182][183][184] Bill Werde, a representative of Billboard magazine, commented, "There's a lot of possibility here, there's a lot of upside, that level of talent with those kinds of looks, it's really a perfect storm for a massive, massive successful phenomenon."[185]

text: Sonny Takhar, the chief executive officer of Syco Records, attributes the breakthrough to the power of social media. "Sometimes you feel the song's the star, but it's not like that here – it's the act," he said. "It's a real moment. Social media has become the new radio, it's never broken an act globally like this before."[185] Will Bloomfield, the group's manager, added, "These guys live online, and so do their fans."[184] Their management employs a social media team and the members all tweet themselves, "which helps create the illusion that they couldn't be any closer to their fans," according to Caspar Llewellyn Smith, writing for The Guardian.[185] One Direction's Twitter account had amassed 10 million followers by February 2013, with the account gaining followers at an average of 21,000 per day.[186] In an approach pioneered by The Beatles, each member is known for his feature; Horan is "the cute one", Malik is "the quiet and mysterious one", Payne is "the sensible one", Styles is "the charming one" and Tomlinson is "the funny one".[187] Each member's individual identity is reinforced by their intentionally different personal styles. Caroline Watson, the band's original stylist, spoke about styling the band, "At the beginning I didn't want them all in black or all in leather—that whole stereotypical boy band thing." Instead, her original idea was for them to be the "male equivalent to the Spice Girls", with each member being a part of the group but still having his own individual style.[188] Horan commented on One Direction as a boy band, "People think that a boy band is air-grabs and [being] dressed in all one colour. We're boys in a band. We're trying to do something different from what people would think is the typical kind of boy band. We're trying to do different kinds of music and we're just trying to be ourselves, not squeaky clean."[189] Leah Collins, writing for the National Post, remarked that One Direction had succeeded on the latter front,[189] "For the most part, that just means the group presents themselves as typical, goofy and uncensored teenage boys – posting jokey YouTube videos, for instance, or boozing at awards shows."[189] Writing for The Observer, Kitty Empire opined, "One Direction fulfil a great many boy band prerequisites (looks, soppy lyrics, tune-grasp, fame-lust) but their lack of routines points to the subtle digressions afoot here".[190]

text: Band members

text:
Niall Horan - guitar, vocals (2010–2016)
Liam Payne - vocals (2010–2016)
Harry Styles - vocals (2010–2016)
Louis Tomlinson - vocals (2010–2016)

text: Zayn Malik – vocals (2010–2015)

text: Discography

text:
Up All Night (2011)
Take Me Home (2012)
Midnight Memories (2013)
Four (2014)
Made in the A.M. (2015)

text: Filmography

text:
The X Factor series 7 (finalists)
Up All Night: The Live Tour
One Direction: This Is Us
One Direction: Where We Are - The Concert Film

text: Tours

text:
Headlining

Up All Night Tour (2011–12)
Take Me Home Tour (2013)
Where We Are Tour (2014)
On the Road Again Tour (2015)

Opening act

X Factor Tour 2011 (2011)[191]
Better with U Tour (Big Time Rush) (2012)[192]

text: Awards and nominations

text: One Direction has received five BRIT Awards—winning their first with "What Makes You Beautiful" for Best British Single at the 2012 BRIT Awards,[193] three NME awards,[194] two Kids' Choice Awards,[195] and four MTV Video Music Awards,[73] among other awards. One Direction won 27 awards from 29 they have been nominated for at the Teen Choice Awards.[196] One Direction also won two American Music Awards out of their two nominations for Favorite Pop/Rock Album and Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group, respectively.


document_title: List of Cleveland Browns seasons

question_text: how many nfl championships have the cleveland browns won

root

text: List of Cleveland Browns seasons

text: The Cleveland Browns were a charter member club of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) when the league was founded in 1946. From 1946 to 1949, the Browns won each of the league’s four championships. The National Football League (NFL) does not recognize the Browns’ AAFC championships; however, the Pro Football Hall of Fame does recognize the team’s championships, which is reflected in this list. When the AAFC folded in 1949, the Browns were absorbed into the NFL in 1950. The Browns went on to win three NFL championships, nearly dominating the NFL in the 1950s, and won one more NFL championship in 1964. The team has yet to appear in a Super Bowl, however. Overall, the team has won eight championships: four in the AAFC, and four in the NFL.

tag: p

text: In 1996, then-Browns owner Art Modell made the decision to move the team from Cleveland, Ohio to Baltimore, Maryland. An agreement between the city of Cleveland and the NFL kept the team’s history, name and colors in Cleveland, while Modell’s new team would be regarded as an expansion team. The Baltimore Ravens would begin play in 1996, and the Browns would return to the league in 1999. For record-keeping purposes, the Browns are considered to have suspended operations from 1996 to 1998, which is reflected in this list. In 2017, the Cleveland Browns became the second team in NFL history to suffer an 0–16 record.

text: Seasons[edit]

text: For a complete team history, see History of the Cleveland Browns.

tag: ul

text:
AAFC champions[1] (1946–1949)

NFL champions (1950–1969)

Super Bowl champions[2] (1970–present)

Conference champions

Division champions

Wild Card berth

tag: table

text:
Season

Team

League

Conference

Division

Regular season results

Postseason results

Awards

Finish

Wins

Losses

Ties

All-America Football Conference

1946

1946

AAFC

Western

1st

12

2

0

Won AAFC championship (1) (Yankees) 14–9

1947

1947

AAFC

Western

1st

12

1

1

Won AAFC championship (2) (at Yankees) 14–3

1948

1948

AAFC

Western

1st

14

0

0

Won AAFC championship (3) (Bills) 49–7

1949

1949

AAFC

1st

9

1

2

Won AAFC playoff game (Bills) 31–21Won AAFC championship (4) (49ers) 21–7

Paul Brown (COY)

National Football League (1950–1995; 1999–present)

1950

1950

NFL

American

T-1st[3]

10

2

0

Won Conference Playoffs (Giants) 8–3Won NFL Championship (5) (Rams) 30–28

1951

1951

NFL

American

1st

11

1

0

Lost NFL Championship (at Rams) 17–24

Paul Brown (COY)Otto Graham (MVP)

1952

1952

NFL

American

1st

8

4

0

Lost NFL Championship (Lions) 7–17

1953

1953

NFL

Eastern

1st

11

1

0

Lost NFL Championship (at Lions) 16–17

Paul Brown (COY)Otto Graham (MVP)

1954

1954

NFL

Eastern

1st

9

3

0

Won NFL Championship (6) (Lions) 56–10

1955

1955

NFL

Eastern

1st

9

2

1

Won NFL Championship (7) (at Rams) 38–14

Otto Graham (MVP)

1956

1956

NFL

Eastern

T-4th[4]

5

7

0

1957

1957

NFL

Eastern

1st

9

2

1

Lost NFL Championship (at Lions) 14–59

Paul Brown (COY)Jim Brown (MVP, ROY)

1958

1958

NFL

Eastern

T-1st[5]

9

3

0

Lost Conference Playoffs (at Giants) 0–10

Jim Brown (MVP)

1959

1959

NFL

Eastern

T-2nd[6]

7

5

0

1960

1960

NFL

Eastern

2nd

8

3

1

1961

1961

NFL

Eastern

3rd

8

5

1

1962

1962

NFL

Eastern

3rd

7

6

1

1963

1963

NFL

Eastern

2nd

10

4

0

Jim Brown (BBA, MVP)

1964

1964

NFL

Eastern

1st

10

3

1

Won NFL Championship (8)[7] (Colts) 27–0

1965

1965

NFL

Eastern

1st

11

3

0

Lost NFL Championship (at Packers) 12–23

Jim Brown (MVP, MVP)

1966

1966

NFL

Eastern

T-2nd[8]

9

5

0

1967

1967

NFL

Eastern

Century

1st

9

5

0

Lost Conference Championship (at Cowboys) 14–52

1968

1968

NFL

Eastern

Century

1st

10

4

0

Won Conference Championship (Cowboys) 31–20Lost NFL Championship (Colts) 0–34

Leroy Kelly (MVP)

1969

1969

NFL

Eastern

Century

1st

10

3

1

Won Conference Championship (at Cowboys) 38–14Lost NFL Championship (at Vikings) 7–27

1970

1970

NFL

AFC

Central

2nd

7

7

0

1971

1971

NFL

AFC

Central

1st

9

5

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (Colts) 3–20

1972

1972

NFL

AFC

Central

2nd

10

4

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Dolphins) 14–20

1973

1973

NFL

AFC

Central

3rd

7

5

2

1974

1974

NFL

AFC

Central

4th

4

10

0

1975

1975

NFL

AFC

Central

4th

3

11

0

1976

1976

NFL

AFC

Central

2nd

9

5

0

Forrest Gregg (COY)

1977

1977

NFL

AFC

Central

4th

6

8

0

1978[9]

1978

NFL

AFC

Central

3rd

8

8

0

1979

1979

NFL

AFC

Central

3rd

9

7

0

Sam Rutigliano (COY)

1980

1980

NFL

AFC

Central

1st

11

5

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (Raiders) 12–14[10]

Sam Rutigliano (COY)Brian Sipe (MVP, MVP, POY)

1981

1981

NFL

AFC

Central

4th

5

11

0

1982[11]

1982

NFL

AFC

8th

4

5

0

Lost First Round Playoffs (at Raiders) 10–27

Chip Banks (Def. ROY)

1983

1983

NFL

AFC

Central

2nd

9

7

0

1984

1984

NFL

AFC

Central

3rd

5

11

0

1985

1985

NFL

AFC

Central

1st

8

8

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Dolphins) 21–24

Kevin Mack (ROY)

1986

1986

NFL

AFC

Central

1st

12

4

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Jets 23–20) (2 OT)Lost AFC Championship[12] (Broncos) 20–23 (OT)

Marty Schottenheimer (COY)

1987[13]

1987

NFL

AFC

Central

1st

10

5

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Colts) 38–21Lost AFC Championship[14] (at Broncos) 33–38

1988

1988

NFL

AFC

Central

2nd[15]

10

6

0

Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Oilers) 23–24

1989

1989

NFL

AFC

Central

1st

9

6

1

Won Divisional Playoffs (Bills) 34–30Lost AFC Championship[16] (at Broncos) 21–37

Michael Dean Perry (Def. POY)

1990

1990

NFL

AFC

Central

4th

3

13

0

1991

1991

NFL

AFC

Central

3rd

6

10

0

1992

1992

NFL

AFC

Central

3rd

7

9

0

1993

1993

NFL

AFC

Central

3rd

7

9

0

1994

1994

NFL

AFC

Central

2nd

11

5

0

Won Wild Card Playoffs (Patriots) 20–13Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Steelers) 9–29

1995

1995

NFL

AFC

Central

4th

5

11

0

1996

Inactive from 1996 to 1998

1997

1998

1999

1999

NFL

AFC

Central

6th

2

14

0

2000

2000

NFL

AFC

Central

6th

3

13

0

2001

2001

NFL

AFC

Central

3rd[17]

7

9

0

2002

2002

NFL

AFC

North

2nd

9

7

0

Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Steelers) 33–36

2003

2003

NFL

AFC

North

4th

5

11

0

2004

2004

NFL

AFC

North

4th

4

12

0

2005

2005

NFL

AFC

North

4th[18]

6

10

0

2006

2006

NFL

AFC

North

4th

4

12

0

2007

2007

NFL

AFC

North

2nd[19]

10

6

0

2008

2008

NFL

AFC

North

4th

4

12

0

2009

2009

NFL

AFC

North

4th

5

11

0

2010

2010

NFL

AFC

North

3rd

5

11

0

2011

2011

NFL

AFC

North

4th

4

12

0

2012

2012

NFL

AFC

North

4th

5

11

0

2013

2013

NFL

AFC

North

4th

4

12

0

2014

2014

NFL

AFC

North

4th

7

9

0

2015

2015

NFL

AFC

North

4th

3

13

0

2016

2016

NFL

AFC

North

4th

1

15

0

2017

2017

NFL

AFC

North

4th

0

16

0

Totals4 AAFC championships4 NFL championships12 conference titles9 NFL division titles

47

4

3

All-America Football Conference regular season results[20]

5

0

0

AAFC postseason results

462

482

10

National Football League regular season results[20]

11

20

0

NFL postseason results[20]

525

506

13

AAFC and NFL regular and postseason results

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The NFL does not recognize the Browns' AAFC championships. For the purposes of this list, however, they are included in final totals.

Jump up ^ The Browns are one of only four teams to have never appeared in a Super Bowl. The other three teams are the Detroit Lions, the Houston Texans, and the Jacksonville Jaguars.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1950 NFL season, the Browns and Giants had identical 10–2–0 records. To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game, the NFL held a one-game conference playoff. The Browns won, 8–3.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1956 season, the Browns and the Steelers ended the season with identical 5–7 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1958 NFL season, the Browns and Giants had identical 9–3–0 records. To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game, the NFL held a one-game conference playoff. The Giants shut the Browns out 10–0.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1959 season, the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 5–7 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.

Jump up ^ The Browns' championship win in 1964 is the second most recent championship won by any sports team from the Cleveland area. The most recent being the Cleveland Cavaliers Championship win over the Golden State Warriors in 2016.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1966 season, the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 9–5 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.

Jump up ^ For the 1978 season, the NFL expanded from a 14-game season to a 16-game season.

Jump up ^ This game involved the play Red Right 88 in its final minutes.

Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players' strike. The NFL adopted a special 16-team playoff tournament; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1–8, and division standings were ignored.

Jump up ^ The 1987 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Drive, in which quarterback John Elway, over the span of 5 minutes and 2 seconds, lead the Broncos on a 98-yard drive to tie the game with 37 seconds remaining in regulation. The Broncos won the game in overtime with a field goal, 23–20.

Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players' strike. Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled, and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6.

Jump up ^ The 1988 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Fumble, in which, while on a potentially game-winning drive, the Browns' running back Ernest Byner fumbled the ball at the Broncos 3-yard line with 65 seconds remaining on the clock. The Broncos recovered the ball, allowed the Browns to get an intentional safety, and won the game, 38–33.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 1988 season, the Browns and the Oilers ended the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Cleveland finished ahead of Houston based on a better division record.

Jump up ^ The 1990 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos marked the third time in four years that John Elway defeated Bernie Kosar and the Browns in the AFC championship game.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 2001 season, the Browns and the Titans ended the season with identical 7–9 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Cleveland finished ahead of Tennessee based on a better division record.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 2005 season, the Browns and the Ravens ended the season with identical 6–10 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Baltimore finished ahead of Cleveland based on a better division record.

Jump up ^ At the end of the 2007 season, the Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers ended the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, the Steelers finished ahead of the Browns based on winning both games against the Browns during the season.

^ Jump up to: a b c "Cleveland Browns Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com". pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved 14 January 2017.

tag: ol


document_title: Filipino language

question_text: who is the philippine president that proclaimed the month of august as the national language month

text: Filipino language

text: Background[edit]

text: The Philippines is a multilingual state with at least 175 living languages originating and spoken by various ethno-linguistic groups.[12] There was no one single common language across every cultural group in the Philippine archipelago when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century. The four major trade languages were Visayan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, and Ilocano.[citation needed] As the Philippine languages are mostly closely related and therefore easy for Filipinos to learn, most speakers of smaller languages spoke two or more of such regional languages.[citation needed]

text: The eventual capital established by the Spaniards in the Philippines was Manila, situated in a Tagalog-speaking region. The first dictionary of Tagalog, published as the Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura,[13] and published in 1613 by the "Father of Filipino Printing" Tomas Pinpin in Pila, Laguna. A latter book of the same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein (known locally as Pablo Clain) at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He wrote a dictionary, which he later passed to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez.[14] Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlucar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly[15] re-edited, with the latest edition being published in 2013 in Manila.[16]

text: Spanish served in an official capacity as language of the government during the Spanish colonial period. During the American colonial period, English became an additional official language of the Philippines alongside Spanish.

text: Designation of a national language[edit]

text: While Spanish and English were considered "official languages" during the American colonial period, there existed no "national language" initially. Article XIII, section 3 of the 1935 constitution establishing the Commonwealth of the Philippines provided that:

text: The National Assembly shall take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages.

text: On November 13, 1936, the first National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved Commonwealth Act No. 184; creating the Institute of National Language (later the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ or SWP) and tasking it with making a study and survey of each existing native language, hoping to choose which was to be the base for a standardized national language.[17] Later, President Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form the NLI. Led by Jaime C. De Veyra, who sat as the chair of the Institute and as the representative of Samar-Leyte-Visayans, the Institute's members were composed of Santiago A. Fonacier (representing the Ilokano-speaking regions), Filemon Sotto (the Cebu-Visayans), Casimiro Perfecto (the Bikolanos), Felix S. Sales Rodriguez (the Panay-Visayans), Hadji Butu (the languages of Filipino Muslims), and Cecilio Lopez (the Tagalogs).[18]

text: The Institute of National Language adopted a resolution on November 9, 1937 recommending Tagalog to be basis of the national language. On December 30, President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 134, s. 1937, approving the adoption of Tagalog as the language of the Philippines', and declared and proclaimed the national language so based on the Tagalog dialect as the national language of the Philippines. The order stated that it would take effect two years from its promulgation.[19] On December 31 of the same year, Quezon proclaimed Tagalog as the basis of the Wikang Pambansâ (National Language) giving the following factors:[18]

text:
Tagalog is widely spoken and is the most understood language in all the Philippine Regions;
It is not divided into smaller daughter languages, as Visayan or Bikol are;
Its literary tradition is the richest of all native Philippine languages, the most developed and extensive (mirroring that of the Tuscan language vis-à-vis Italian). More books are written in Tagalog than in any other autochthonous Philippine language but Spanish, but this is mainly by virtue of law and privilege;
Tagalog has always been the language of Manila, the political and economic center of the Philippines during the Spanish and American eras.
Spanish was the language of the 1896 Revolution and the Katipunan, but the revolution was led by people who also spoke Tagalog.

text: In 1940, the Philippine National Assemble passed Commonwealth Act No. 570 declaring that the Filipino national language would be considered an official language effective July 4, 1946[20] (coinciding with the country's expected date of independence from the United States). That same year, the Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ (English: Grammar of the National Language) of grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced the 20-letter Abakada alphabet which became the standard alphabet of the national language.[21] The alphabet was officially adopted by the Institute for the Tagalog-Based National Language.

text: Dissociation with Tagalog[edit]

text: In 1959, the language became known as Pilipino in an effort to dissociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group.[22] The changing of the name did not, however, result in universal acceptance among non-Tagalogs, especially Cebuanos who had previously not accepted the 1937 selection.[23]

text:
The 1960s saw the rise of the purist movement where new words were being coined to replace loanwords. This era of "purism" by the SWP sparked criticisms by a number of persons. Two counter-movements emerged during this period of "purism" : one campaigning against Tagalog and the other campaigning for more inclusiveness in the national language. In 1963, Negros Occidental congressman Innocencio V. Ferrer took a case reaching the Supreme Court questioning the constitutionality of the choice of Tagalog as the basis of the national language (a case ruled in favor of the national language in 1970). Accusing the national language as simply being Tagalog and lacking any substantial input from other Philippine languages, Congressman Geruncio Lacuesta eventually led a "Modernizing the Language Approach Movement" (MOLAM). Lacuesta hosted a number of "anti-purist" conferences and promoted a “Manila Lingua Franca” which would be more inclusive of loanwords of both foreign and local languages. Lacuesta managed to get nine congressmen to propose a bill aiming to abolish the SWP with an Akademia ng Wikang Filipino, to replace the balarila with a Gramatica ng Wikang Filipino, to replace
the 20-letter Abakada with a 32-letter alphabet, and to prohibit the creation of neologisms and the respelling of loanwords. This movement quietened down following the death of Lacuesta.[24][23][25]

text: The national language issue was revived once more during the 1971 Constitutional Convention. While there was a sizable number of delegates in favor of retaining the Tagalog-based national language, majority of the delegates who were non-Tagalogs were even in favor of scrapping the idea of a "national language" altogether.[26] A compromise was reached and the wording on the 1973 constitution made no mention of dropping the national language Pilipino or made any mention of Tagalog. Instead, the 1973 Constitution, in both its original form and as amended in 1976,  designated English and Pilipino as official languages and provided for development and formal adoption of a common national language, termed Filipino, to replace Pilipino. Neither the original nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino; Instead, tasking the National Assembly to:[27][28]

text: take steps toward the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino.

text: In 1987, a new constitution designated Filipino as the national language and, along with English, as an official language.[29] That constitution included several provisions related to the Filipino language.[4]

text: Article XIV, Section 6, omits any mention of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino, and states that:[4]

text: as Filipino evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.

text: And also states in the article:

text: Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.

text: and:

text: The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.

text: Section 17(d) of Executive Order 117 of January 30, 1987 renamed the national language institute to the Institute of Philippine Languages.[30]  Republic Act No. 7104, approved on August 14, 1991, created the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino Language, or KWF), superseding the Institute of Philippine Languages. The KWF reports directly to the President and was tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote researches for the development, propagation and preservation of Filipino and other Philippine languages.[31] On May 13, 1992, the commission issued Resolution 92-1, specifying that Filipino is the

text: indigenous written and spoken language of Metro Manila and other urban centers in the Philippines used as the language of communication of ethnic groups.[32]

text: However, as with the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions, 92-1 neither went so far as to categorically identify nor dis-identify this language as Tagalog. Definite, absolute, and unambiguous interpretation of 92-1 is the prerogative of the Supreme Court in the absence of directives from the KWF, otherwise the sole legal arbiter of the Filipino language.[original research?]

text: Filipino was presented and registered with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), by Ateneo de Manila University student Martin Gomez, and was added to the ISO registry of languages on September 21, 2004 with it receiving the ISO 639-2 code fil.[33]

text: On 22 August 2007, it was reported that three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English, in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines. De la Rama said it was the dream of Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna, Cavite, Quezon, Nueva Ecija, Batangas, Rizal, and Metro Manila.[34]

text: Commemoration[edit]

text: Since 1997, a month-long celebration of the national language occurs during August, known in Filipino as Buwan ng Wika. Previously, this lasted only a week and was known as Linggo ng Wika. The celebration coincides with the month of birth of President Manuel L. Quezon, regarded as the "Ama ng Wikang Pambansa" (Father of the national language).

text: In 1946, Proclamation No. 35 of March 26 provided for a week-long celebration of the national language.[35] this celebration would last from March 27 until April 2 each year, the last day coinciding with birthday of the Filipino writer Francisco Baltazar, author of the Tagalog epic Florante at Laura.

text: In 1954, Proclamation No. 12 of March 26 provided that the week of celebration would be from March 29 to April 4 every year.[36] This proclamation was amended the following year by President Ramon Magsaysay by Proclamation No. 186  of September 23, moving the dates of celebration to August 13-19, every year.[37] Now coinciding with the birthday of President Manuel L. Quezon. The reason for the move being given that the original celebration was a period "outside of the school year, thereby precluding the participation of schools in its celebration".[37]

text: In 1988, President Corazon Aquino signed Proclamation No. 19, reaffirming the celebration every August 13 to 19. In 1997, the celebration was extended from a week to a month by  Proclamation 1041 of July 15 signed by President Fidel V. Ramos.[38]

text: Filipino vs. Tagalog[edit]

text:
While the official view (shared by the government, the Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino, and a number of educators) is that Filipino and Tagalog are considered separate languages; in practical terms, Filipino may be considered the official name of Tagalog, or even a synonym of it.[39] Today's Filipino language is best described as "Tagalog-based";[40]
The language is usually called Tagalog within the Philippines and among Filipinos to differentiate it from other Philippine languages, but it has also come to be known as Filipino to differentiate it from the languages of other countries; the former implies a regional origin, the latter a national. This is similar to the use of names given to the Spanish language: Castilian tends to be used within Spain, and Spanish in international settings.[41]

text: Political designations aside, Tagalog and Filipino are linguistically the same; sharing, among other things, the same grammar structure. On May 23, 2007, Ricardo Maria Nolasco, KWF chair and a linguistics expert, acknowledged in a keynote speech during the NAKEM Conference at the Mariano Marcos State University in Batac, Ilocos Norte, that Filipino was simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with as yet no grammatical element or lexicon coming from Ilokano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, or any of the other Philippine languages. He said further that this is contrary to the intention of Republic Act No. 7104 that requires that the national language be developed and enriched by the lexicon of the country's other languages, something that the commission is working towards.[42][43] On 24 August 2007, Nolasco elaborated further on the relationship between Tagalog and Filipino in a separate article, as follows:

text: Are "Tagalog," "Pilipino" and "Filipino" different languages? No, they are mutually intelligible varieties, and therefore belong to one language. According to the KWF, Filipino is that speech variety spoken in Metro Manila and other urban centers where different ethnic groups meet. It is the most prestigious variety of Tagalog and the language used by the national mass media.

text: The other yardstick for distinguishing a language from a dialect is: different grammar, different language. "Filipino", "Pilipino" and "Tagalog" share identical grammar. They have the same determiners (ang, ng and sa); the same personal pronouns (siya, ako, niya, kanila, etc.); the same demonstrative pronouns (ito, iyan, doon, etc.); the same linkers (na, at and ay); the same particles (na and pa); and the same verbal affixes -in, -an, i- and -um-. In short, same grammar, same language.[44]

text: In connection with the use of Filipino, or specifically the promotion of the national language, the related term Tagalista is frequently used. While the word Tagalista literally means "one who specializes in Tagalog language or culture" or a "Tagalog specialist", in the context of the debates on the national language and "Imperial Manila", the word Tagalista is used as a reference to "people who promote or would promote the primacy of Tagalog at the expense of [the] other [Philippine] indigenous tongues".[45]