document_title: Names for sets of chemical elements

question_text: which list of elements belongs to the family commonly called the noble gases

text: Names for sets of chemical elements

text: There are currently 118 known chemical elements exhibiting a large number of different physical and chemical properties. Amongst this diversity, scientists have found it useful to use names for various sets of elements, that illustrate similar properties, or their trends of properties. Many of these sets are formally recognized by the standards body IUPAC.[1]

text: The following collective names are recommended by IUPAC:[2]

text:
Alkali metals – The metals of group 1: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr.
Alkaline earth metals – The metals of group 2: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra.
Pnictogens – The elements of group 15: N, P, As, Sb, Bi. (Mc had not yet been named when the 2005 IUPAC Red Book was published, and its chemical properties are not yet experimentally known.)
Chalcogens – The elements of group 16: O, S, Se, Te, Po. (Lv had not yet been named when the 2005 IUPAC Red Book was published, and its chemical properties are not yet experimentally known.)
Halogens – The elements of group 17: F, Cl, Br, I, At. (Ts had not yet been named when the 2005 IUPAC Red Book was published, and its chemical properties are not yet experimentally known.)
Noble gases – The elements of group 18: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn. (Og had not yet been named when the 2005 IUPAC Red Book was published, and its chemical properties are not yet experimentally known.)
Lanthanoids – Elements 57–71: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu.
Actinoids – Elements 89–103: Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr.
Rare-earth metals – Sc, Y, plus the lanthanoids.
Transition elements – Elements in groups 3 to 11 or 3 to 12.

text: Another common classification is by degree of metallic – metalloidal – nonmetallic behaviour and characteristics. There is no general agreement on the name to use for these sets: in this English Wikipedia, the name used is "category". Very often these categories are marked by a background color in the periodic table. Category names used here, without any claim to universality, are:

text:
Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and noble gases: Same as the IUPAC system above.
Transition elements are instead referred to as transition metals.
Lanthanoids and actinoids are instead referred to as lanthanides and actinides respectively.
Rare-earth elements, pnictogens, chalcogens, and halogens are not used as category names, but the latter three are valid as group (column) names.
Additional element category names used:

Post-transition metals – The metals of groups 12–17: Zn, Cd, Hg, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Bi, Po. The period 7 elements Nh, Fl, Mc, Lv, and Ts are additionally predicted to be post-transition metals.
Metalloids – Elements with properties intermediate between metals and non-metals: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At.
Polyatomic nonmetals – Nonmetals distinguished by polyatomic bonding in their standard states, in either discrete or extended molecular forms: C, P, S and Se.
Diatomic nonmetals – Nonmetals that exist as diatomic molecules in their standard states: H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I.
Superactinides – Hypothetical series of elements 121 to 157, which includes a predicted "g-block" of the periodic table.

text: Many other names for sets of elements are in common use, and yet others have been used throughout history. These sets usually do not aim to cover the whole periodic table (as for example period does). Some examples:

text:
Precious metal – Variously-defined group of non-radioactive metals of high economical value.
Coinage metals – Various metals used to mint coins, primarily the group 11 elements Cu, Ag, and Au.
Platinum group – Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt.
Noble metal – Variously-defined group of metals that are generally resistant to corrosion. Usually includes Ag, Au, and the platinum-group metals.
Heavy metals – Variously-defined group of metals, on the base of their density, atomic number, or toxicity.
Native metals – Metals that occur pure in nature, including the noble metals and others such as Sn and Pb.
Earth metal – Old historic term, usually referred to the metals of groups 3 and 13, although sometimes others such as beryllium and chromium are included as well.
Transuranium elements – Elements with atomic number greater than 92.
Transactinide elements – Elements after the actinides (atomic number greater than 103).
Transplutonium elements – Elements with atomic number greater than 94.
Minor actinides – Actinides found in significant quantities in nuclear fuel, other than U and Pu: Np, Am, Cm.
Heavy atom – term used in computational chemistry to refer to any element other than hydrogen and helium.


document_title: Puppy

question_text: when do new born puppies open there eyes

root

text: Puppy

text: Development

text: Born after an average of 63 days of gestation, puppies emerge in an amnion that is bitten off and eaten by the mother dog.[1] Puppies begin to nurse almost immediately. If the litter exceeds six puppies, particularly if one or more are obvious runts, human intervention in hand-feeding the stronger puppies is necessary to ensure that the runts get proper nourishment and attention from the mother. As they reach one month of age, puppies are gradually weaned and begin to eat solid food. The mother may regurgitate partially digested food for the puppies or might let them eat some of her solid food.[2] The mother dog usually refuses to nurse at this stage, though she might let them occasionally nurse for comfort.

tag: p

text: At first, puppies spend the large majority of their time sleeping and the rest feeding. They instinctively pile together into a heap, and become distressed if separated from physical contact with their littermates, by even a short distance.[3]

text: Puppies are born with a fully functional sense of smell but can't open their eyes. During their first two weeks, a puppy's senses all develop rapidly. During this stage the nose is the primary sense organ used by puppies to find their mother's teats, and to locate their littermates, if they become separated by a short distance. Puppies open their eyes about nine to eleven days following birth. At first, their retinas are poorly developed and their vision is poor. Puppies are not able to see as well as adult dogs. In addition, puppies' ears remain sealed until about thirteen to seventeen days after birth, after which they respond more actively to sounds. Between two and four weeks old, puppies usually begin to growl, bite, wag their tails, and bark.[4]

text: Puppies develop very quickly during their first three months, particularly after their eyes and ears open and they are no longer completely dependent on their mother. Their coordination and strength improve, they spar with their littermates, and begin to explore the world outside the nest. They play wrestling, chase, dominance, and tug-of-war games.

text: Socialization

text: Puppies are highly social animals and spend most of their waking hours interacting with either their mother or littermates. When puppies are socialized with humans, particularly between the ages of eight and twelve weeks, they develop social skills around people. Those that do not receive adequate socialization during this period may display fearful behavior around humans or other dogs as adults. The optimum period for socialisation is between eight and twelve weeks; professional animal trainers and the American Kennel Club advise puppies should be introduced to "100 People by 12 Weeks" and have encountered a wide and varied selection of people and environments.[5]

text: Docking and declawing

text: The practice of docking began primarily as a preventive measure for injury among working dogs. Docking is now primarily performed for purely cosmetic reasons, and some breeds traditionally have their tails cropped anywhere from slightly to almost entirely.[6] Many countries now ban cropping and docking for cosmetic purposes, like Australia, parts of Canada, the majority of the European countries (Austria, Greece, Finland, Netherlands, Italy, Czech Republic, Turkey, Poland, Slovakia, England, Scotland, Slovenia, Ireland, Norway and Sweden), while others, such as the United States, permit it. As of 2008, the practice is opposed by the American Veterinary Medical Association.[7] Some breeders also prefer to declaw the dogs to prevent future injuries caused by scratching, or in the case of dewclaws, ingrown and ripped-off nails. Docking and declawing procedures are usually performed within the first few days after birth, by a veterinarian, or by an experienced breeder.

text: Gallery

text:
Puppies

Australian Cattle Dog puppy

A mongrel puppy

Westie pups

St. Bernard puppy

Cavapoo puppy

Bloodhound puppy

Chihuahua puppy

Jack Russell Terrier puppy

Puggle puppy, a designer dog that is a cross of a Pug and a Beagle

Newborn Basenji puppies

A little mongrel puppy on the shore, on Halong Bay

Basenji puppy

Two Shih Tzu puppies

tag: ul


question_text: who sings don't know what you got

question_tokens: who sings do n 't know what you got

text:
"Don't Know What You Got (Till It's Gone)"

Single by Cinderella

from the album Long Cold Winter

Released
August 1988

Format
7", 12"

Genre
Glam metal[1][2]

Length
5:55

Label
Mercury

Songwriter(s)
Tom Keifer

Producer(s)
Andy Johns, Cinderella

Cinderella singles chronology

"Gypsy Road"
(1988)
"Don't Know What You Got (Till It's Gone)"
(1988)
"Coming Home"
(1989)

"Gypsy Road"
(1988)
"Don't Know What You Got (Till It's Gone)"
(1988)
"Coming Home"
(1989)

tag: table

text: "Don't Know What You Got (Till It's Gone)" is a power ballad[2][3] written and performed by the glam metal band Cinderella, from their second album Long Cold Winter. Released in August 1988, it was their most successful single, peaking at number 12 on US Billboard Hot 100 in November 1988.

text: The music video for this song was filmed at Mono Lake[2] and Bodie, California. This fact is revealed in the Tales From the Gypsy Road video collection.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1988–1989)
Peak
position

Canada Top Singles (RPM)[4]
68

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[5]
54

US Billboard Album Rock Tracks[6]
10

US Billboard Hot 100[6]
12

US Cash Box[7]
17


document_title: Pitch Perfect 2

question_text: who plays emily's mom in pitch perfect

question_tokens: who plays emily 's mom in pitch perfect

text: Pitch Perfect 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Three years after winning the previous competition, the Barden Bellas are now led by Beca Mitchell (Anna Kendrick) and three-time super senior Chloe Beale (Brittany Snow). The Bellas have become ICCA champions each of these three years. However, the group becomes involved in a national scandal, dubbed Muffgate, when a wardrobe malfunction causes Fat Amy's (Rebel Wilson) pants to rip in front of President Barack Obama, showing her genitals to the public since she did not wear underwear, leading to the Bellas' suspension from the ICCAs. Beca makes a deal to allow the Bellas to be reinstated should they win the World Championship of a cappella.

text: Freshman Emily Junk (Hailee Steinfeld) begins her college career, hoping to follow in her mother Katherine's (Katey Sagal) footsteps by being a Bella. At orientation, she watches an a cappella performance by the Treblemakers, now led by Beca's boyfriend Jesse Swanson (Skylar Astin) . Benjamin "Benji" Applebaum (Ben Platt), Jesse's best friend, overhears Emily, leading to a crush on her.

text: The Bellas learn that Das Sound Machine (DSM), a German powerhouse group, have replaced the Bellas on their victory tour. Additionally, Beca has started an internship at a recording studio, Residual Heat, something only Jesse knows.

text: Emily goes to the Bellas' sorority house to audition for them because of their absence from the auditions. When she sings her unfinished song "Flashlight," she succeeds in joining the Bellas.

text: At a car show where the ICCA winners are due to perform, the Bellas scout their replacements, DSM, led by intimidating duo Pieter Krämer (Flula Borg) and Kommissar (Birgitte Hjort Sørensen), who take delight in mocking the all-girl group. Later, the Bellas are invited to an exclusive riff-off against DSM. Also in attendance are the Treblemakers, Tone Hangers (a group of former Treblemakers, including Bumper (Adam Devine), and the Green Bay Packers. The Bellas make it to the final two, but end up losing to DSM in the final round when a nervous Emily flubs an attempt to sing "Flashlight," her original song not from the right category ("90's Hip-Hop Jamz").

text: The next day at the warmups, the Bellas' chances of winning end in disaster when the performance sets Cynthia Rose's (Ester Dean) hair on fire by pyrotechnics. Even before then, John (John Michael Higgins) and Gail (Elizabeth Banks) question the Bellas' identity. In order to regain harmony and sync, Chloe takes them to a retreat led by former leader Aubrey Posen (Anna Camp). Beca starts a heated debate with Chloe over herself being the only one thinking about life beyond the Bellas and Chloe's obsession with winning Worlds.

text: To prove to her boss that she can produce music well, Beca offers Emily to produce "Flashlight" at the studio. The group realizes that they will no longer be together and may go their separate ways after graduation, and regain harmony by singing "Cups (When I'm Gone)." At the studio, Emily and Beca present their song to Beca's boss, in which he demonstrates envy for their talent and looks forward to producing with them.

text: The senior Bellas graduate and they all head off to Copenhagen for the World Finals, with Jesse and Benji to cheer them on. They perform a harmonized version of "Flashlight" with Aubrey, Katherine, and other past Bellas joining in. The Bellas win the championship and repair their damaged legacy. As the senior Bellas leave Barden, they give Emily a belated proper initiation with Fat Amy showing her how to do the last tradition: christening the house by sliding down the staircase.

text: In a mid-credits scene, Bumper performs on The Voice, chooses Christina Aguilera as his coach and makes her uncomfortable when he gives her an oddly lengthy hug.

text: Cast[edit]

text: The Barden Bellas[edit]

text:
Anna Kendrick as Beca Mitchell, the senior leader of the Bellas, known for creating the unique modern-day sound of the Bellas. She is an aspiring record producer and is now an intern at Residual Heat, a record label.
Brittany Snow as Chloe Beale, the three-time super senior with a Type A personality who is the co-leader of the Bellas.
Rebel Wilson as Patricia "Fat Amy" Hobart, a senior Bella from Australia who is confident and describes herself as the best singer in Tasmania
Hana Mae Lee as Lilly Onakuramara, a senior Bella known for her quiet speaking voice, odd remarks, and beat-boxing.
Alexis Knapp as Stacie Conrad, a senior Bella known for being overly sexual.
Ester Dean as Cynthia Rose Adams, a tough senior Bella known for her strong urban vocal skills.
Hailee Steinfeld as Emily Junk, a freshman legacy Bella who is an aspiring songwriter, and Benji's love interest. Her mother was also a Barden Bella, giving her the legacy status.
Chrissie Fit as Florencia "Flo" Fuentes, a senior Bella who joined the group her sophomore year when she came to Barden University from Guatemala.
Kelley Jakle as Jessica, a senior Bella.
Shelley Regner as Ashley, a senior Bella.

text: Additional characters[edit]

text:
Skylar Astin as Jesse Swanson, the leader of the Treblemakers and Beca's boyfriend.
Adam DeVine as Bumper Allen, Fat Amy's love interest, former leader of the Treblemakers and current member of Tone Hangers. After working for John Mayer, he returns to Barden University as a security guard.
Anna Camp as Aubrey Posen, former leader of the Bellas, now runs the Lodge of Fallen Leaves.
Ben Platt as Benjamin "Benji" Applebaum, a senior Treblemaker, Jesse's best friend and Emily's love interest.
Birgitte Hjort Sørensen as Kommissar, Das Sound Machine's leader.
Flula Borg as Pieter Krämer, Das Sound Machine's 'second in command'
Katey Sagal as Katherine Junk, Emily's mother and a former Bella.
John Michael Higgins as John Smith, an a cappella competition commentator.
Elizabeth Banks as Gail Abernathy-McKadden-Feinberger, an a cappella competition commentator.
Keegan-Michael Key as Sammy, Beca's boss at Residual Heat, a rude but successful producer.
Shawn Carter Peterson as Dax, an intern at Residual Heat.
David Cross (credited as Sir Willups Brightlysmore) as the Riff-Off host.
Reggie Watts, John Hodgman, Jason Jones and Joe Lo Truglio as Tone Hanger singers.
Pentatonix as Team Canada
Penn Masala as Team India
Filharmonic as Team Philippines

text: Green Bay Packers players Clay Matthews, David Bakhtiari, Don Barclay, Josh Sitton and T. J. Lang play themselves in cameo appearances. Also appearing as themselves are Snoop Dogg, Natalie Morales, Jake Tapper, Joe Scarborough, Mika Brzezinski, Jimmy Kimmel, Rosie O'Donnell, Rosie Perez, Nicolle Wallace, Jordan Rodgers, Christina Aguilera, Adam Levine, Blake Shelton and Pharrell Williams. Robin Roberts, C.J. Perry and Kether Donohue appear as Legacy Bellas during the finale. Additionally, President Barack Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama and Shonda Rhimes briefly appear via archive footage.

text: Production[edit]

text: In December 2012, Skylar Astin revealed that he and Rebel Wilson have had meetings with Universal Studios about the potential sequel.[8] In April 2013, it was confirmed that a sequel would be released in 2015.[9] Elizabeth Banks directed the sequel, and Kay Cannon returned as screenwriter.[10] Paul Brooks produced for Gold Circle Films, alongside Banks and Max Handelman.[10] Deke Sharon returned as vocal producer, and has a brief cameo as a German reporter.[11] As in the first movie, they ran a month of "a cappella boot camp" before filming.[12]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Anna Kendrick and Wilson returned to the cast early in 2014 to play the characters they originated in the first film.[13] Brittany Snow reprised her character.[14] On April 24, Chrissie Fit was added to the cast.[15] On May 1, Hailee Steinfeld was added to the cast, playing a new member of the Barden Bellas.[16] On May 5, Adam DeVine was reported to return in the film.[17] On May 14, Katey Sagal was added to the cast, playing Steinfeld's character's mother.[18] On May 29, Flula Borg was added to the cast.[19] He played the leader of a European a cappella group, Das Sound Machine, that competed with the Bellas.[20] It was confirmed on June 18, 2014 that Christopher Shepard was added to the cast.[21] It was confirmed on June 19, 2014 that Pentatonix would play the role of a rival group to the Barden Bellas.[22] It was later confirmed that The Filharmonic from season 4 of The Sing Off would make a cameo appearance as a rival group from the Philippines.[23] On August 24, 2014 it was announced that Penn Masala,[24] the all-male Hindi a cappella group from director Elizabeth Banks's and producer Max Handelman's alma mater The University of Pennsylvania, would be featured as a team from Southeast Asia.[25] On June 25, Birgitte Hjort Sørensen was confirmed added to the cast.[26]

text: Filming[edit]

text: On May 21, 2014, principal photography began at Louisiana State University (LSU) campus in Baton Rouge.[27]

text: Music[edit]

text: On December 3, 2014, Mark Mothersbaugh was hired to compose the music for the film.[28] The official soundtrack was released on May 12, 2015.[29] The special edition soundtrack was later released on August 8, 2015.[30]

text: The original album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, earning 107,000 album-equivalent units (92,000 copies of traditional sales) in the week ending May 17, 2015.[31]

text:
No.
Title
Music
Length

1.
"Universal Fanfare"

Elizabeth Banks
John Michael Higgins

0:33

2.
"Kennedy Center Performance (We Got the World/Timber/America the Beautiful/Wrecking Ball)"
The Barden Bellas
2:27

3.
"Lollipop"
The Treblemakers
2:43

4.
"Car Show (Uprising/Tsunami)"
Das Sound Machine
1:47

5.
"Winter Wonderland/Here Comes Santa Claus"

Snoop Dogg
Anna Kendrick

3:04

6.
"Riff Off (Thong Song/(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty/Low/Bootylicious/Baby Got Back/Live Like You Were Dying/Before He Cheats/A Thousand Miles/We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together/What's Love Got to Do with It/This Is How We Do It/Doo Wop (That Thing)/Poison/Scenario/Insane in the Brain/Flashlight)"

Das Sound Machine
Tone Hangers
The Barden Bellas
Green Bay Packers
The Treblemakers

4:24

7.
"Jump"

Das Sound Machine
Tone Hangers
The Treblemakers
Green Bay Packers

1:16

8.
"Convention Performance (Promises/Problem)"
The Barden Bellas
1:41

9.
"Back to Basics (Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy/You Can't Hurry Love/Lady Marmalade/MMMBop/My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It))"
The Barden Bellas
1:30

10.
"Cups ("When I'm Gone") [Campfire Version]"
The Barden Bellas
0:45

11.
"We Belong"

Rebel Wilson
Adam DeVine

3:34

12.
"Any Way You Want It (World Championship Medley)"

Pentatonix
Filharmonic
The Cantasticos
The Singboks
Penn Masala

1:56

13.
"World Championship Finale 1 (My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)/All I Do Is Win)"
Das Sound Machine
2:01

14.
"World Championship Finale 2 (Run the World (Girls)/Where Them Girls At/Lady Marmalade/We Belong/Timber/Flashlight)"
The Barden Bellas
4:16

15.
"Crazy Youngsters"
Ester Dean
3:39

16.
"Pitch Perfect 2 End Credit Medley"
Mark Mothersbaugh
3:00

17.
"Flashlight"
Jessie J
3:29

18.
"All of Me (Bumper's Audition)"
Adam DeVine
1:27

Total length:
43:32[29][32]

text:
showSpecial edition

No.
Title
Music
Length

1.
"Universal Fanfare"

Elizabeth Banks
John Michael Higgins

0:33

2.
"Kennedy Center Performance (We Got the World/Timber/America The Beautiful/Wrecking Ball)"
The Barden Bellas
2:27

3.
"Bang Bang"

Jessie J
Ariana Grande
Nicki Minaj

3:19

4.
"Lollipop"
The Treblemakers
2:43

5.
"Change Your Life"
Iggy Azalea (feat. T.I.)
3:41

6.
"Sunshine"
Teddybears
3:20

7.
"Car Show (Uprising/Tsunami)"
Das Sound Machine
1:47

8.
"A Different Beat"
Little Mix
3:27

9.
"Winter Wonderland/Here Comes Santa Claus"

Snoop Dogg
Anna Kendrick

3:04

10.
"Riff Off (Thong Song/(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty/Low/Bootylicious/Baby Got Back/Live Like You Were Dying/Before He Cheats/A Thousand Miles/We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together/What's Love Got to Do with It/This Is How We Do It/Doo Wop (That Thing)/Poison/Scenario/Insane in the Brain/Flashlight)"

Das Sound Machine
Tone Hangers
The Barden Bellas
Green Bay Packers
The Treblemakers

4:24

11.
"Jump"

Das Sound Machine
Tone Hangers
The Treblemakers
Green Bay Packers

1:16

12.
"Convention Performance (Promises/Problem)"
The Barden Bellas
1:41

13.
"Back to Basics (Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy/You Can't Hurry Love/Lady Marmalade/MMMBop/My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It))"
The Barden Bellas
1:30

14.
"Cups ("When I'm Gone") [Campfire Version]"
The Barden Bellas
0:45

15.
"We Belong"

Rebel Wilson
Adam Devine

3:34

16.
"Any Way You Want It (World Championship Medley)"

Pentatonix
Filharmonic
The Cantasticos
The Singboks
Penn Masala

1:56

17.
"World Championship Finale 1 (My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)/All I Do Is Win)"
Das Sound Machine
2:01

18.
"World Championship Finale 2 (Run the World (Girls)/Where Them Girls At/Lady Marmalade/We Belong/Timber/Flashlight)"
The Barden Bellas
4:16

19.
"Crazy Youngsters"
Ester Dean
3:39

20.
"Heartbreak Dream"
Betty Who
3:38

21.
"Pitch Perfect 2 End Credit Medley"
Mark Mothersbaugh
3:00

22.
"Flashlight"
Jessie J
3:29

23.
"All of Me (Bumper's Audition)"
Adam DeVine
1:27

24.
"Flashlight (Sweet Life Mix)"
Hailee Steinfeld
2:58

25.
"Any Way You Want It"
Pentatonix
2:30

26.
"Flashlight (Rebel Mix)"
Jessie J
3:41

27.
"Jungle"
The Barden Bellas
0:32

Total length:
70:38[30]

text:
Chart (2015)
Peak
position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[33]
3

Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[34]
11

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[35]
144

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[36]
3

German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[37]
12

New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[38]
8

Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[39]
26

Taiwanese Albums (Five Music)[40]
1

US Digital Albums (Billboard)[41]
1

US Billboard 200[42]
1

US Vinyl Albums (Billboard)[43]
1

text:
Chart (2015)
Position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[44]
27

US Billboard 200[45]
52

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on May 7, 2015 in Australia and New Zealand, and May 15 in the United States and Canada.[46]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A still from the rehearsals for the film was revealed on May 16, 2014.[47] The poster was released on November 18, 2014 and the trailer came out the following day. A second trailer was aired during Super Bowl XLIX on February 1, 2015.[48]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Director Elizabeth Banks stated an additional performance by the Treblemakers was filmed specifically for the DVD release. Also included on the DVD will be deleted scenes.[49] On May 20, 2015, it was announced that FX Networks had acquired U.S. television broadcasting rights to the film.[50]

text: The Blu-ray and DVD editions of Pitch Perfect 2 were released on September 22, 2015 in the U.S.[51] with a Target-exclusive edition containing additional bonus features being released the same day.[52] Pitch Perfect 2 was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on March 10, 2018.[53]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Pitch Perfect 2 grossed $184.2 million in North America and $103.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $287.5 million, against an estimated gross production budget of $29[2][3]-31 million, and the film was offered up to $8.9 million in production incentives and write-offs by the state of Louisiana.[4] In its first five days, the film surpassed the total gross of the original ($115.4 million), and also overtook School of Rock ($131.3 million) for the highest grossing musical-comedy of all-time and the second greatest musical debut ever (behind Beauty and the Beast's $174.8 million in 2017).[5] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $139.6 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.[54]

text: In the United States and Canada, Pitch Perfect 2 grossed $4.6 million from Thursday night showings and $27.8 million on its opening day, increasing the opening weekend projections from $40 million to $64 million.[55] In its opening weekend, the film grossed $69.2 million, finishing first at the box office.[56] The opening weekend gross was more than the entire North American total gross of the first film ($65 million), is the third biggest PG-13 comedy opening of all-time (behind The Simpsons Movie's $74 million in 2007 and Austin Powers in Goldmember's $73 million in 2002) and the highest grossing opening ever for a musical.[57]

text: Outside North America, the film opened at number one in Australia and New Zealand, earning $7.6 million and $1.2 million respectively.[58] The film grossed $22.1 million in Australia, $27.3 million in the United Kingdom and $2.7 million in New Zealand.[citation needed]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 65% based on 197 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Pitch Perfect 2 sings in sweet comedic harmony, even if it doesn't hit quite as many high notes as its predecessor."[59] On Metacritic, the film holds weighted average score of 63 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[60] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[61]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Billboard Music Awards[edit]

text: 2016 Top Soundtrack (won)

text: Teen Choice Awards[edit]

text:
2015 Choice Movie: Comedy (won)
2015 Choice Movie Actor: Comedy (Skylar Astin, won)
2015 Choice Movie Actress: Comedy (Anna Kendrick, won)
2015 Choice Movie Actress: Comedy (Rebel Wilson, nominated)
2015 Choice Movie: Chemistry (Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow, won)
2015 Choice Movie: Liplock (Rebel Wilson and Adam DeVine, nominated)
2015 Choice Movie: Hissy Fit (Anna Kendrick, won)
2015 Choice Movie: Scene Stealer (Adam DeVine, nominated)
2015 Choice Movie: Scene Stealer (Green Bay Packers, nominated)
2015 Choice Movie: Scene Stealer (Hailee Steinfeld, nominated)

text: People's Choice Awards[edit]

text:
Favorite Movie (lost to Furious 7)
Favorite Comedic Movie (won)
Favorite Comedic Movie Actress (Anna Kendrick, Rebel Wilson, both lost to Melissa McCarthy)

text: Kids Choice Awards[edit]

text:
Favorite Movie (lost to Star Wars: The Force Awakens)
Favorite Movie Actress (Anna Kendrick, Rebel Wilson, lost to Jennifer Lawrence)

text: MTV Movie Awards[edit]

text:
Best Female Performance (Anna Kendrick, nominated)
Best Comedic Performance (Rebel Wilson, nominated)
Best Kiss (Rebel Wilson and Adam DeVine, won)
Best Ensemble Cast (won)

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On April 11, 2015, a month before the release of the Pitch Perfect 2, it was announced that Rebel Wilson would return for a third film, although she stated that she did not know if Anna Kendrick or any of the other cast members would also be reprising their roles. She added that she would be "up for a Fat Amy spin-off," although nothing had yet been confirmed.[62] Director, star, and producer Elizabeth Banks acknowledged the possibility of a third film, saying, "I will say, it would be disingenuous to say that no one's talking about a Pitch Perfect 3; the possibility of it. We are really focused on getting as many butts in seats for this one. If fans embrace it, we are going to seriously think about what the continuing journey would look like, but we don’t know what that is yet".[63]

text: On June 10, 2015, a third film was officially confirmed, with Kay Cannon returning to write the script.[64] Several days later it was announced both Kendrick and Wilson would reprise their roles, and later Brittany Snow was also confirmed to return.[6] Banks returned to produce, but in June 2016 it was announced she would not be directing the film.[65]

text: The film was originally slated for a July 21, 2017 release, and was later pushed back to August 4, 2017 before moving back to the July 21 slot.[7] In May 2016 it was moved again, this time being pushed back to December 22, 2017.[66]


document_title: A League of Their Own

question_text: who plays dottie husband in a league of their own

text: A League of Their Own

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1988, Dottie Hinson (Lynn Cartwright) attends the opening of the new All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame. She sees many of her former teammates and friends, prompting a flashback to 1943.

text: When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball, candy magnate and Cubs owner Walter Harvey (Garry Marshall) persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women's league. Ira Lowenstein (David Strathairn) is put in charge, and Ernie Capadino (Jon Lovitz) is sent out to recruit players. Capadino attends an industrial-league softball game in rural Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie (Geena Davis), the catcher for a local dairy's team. Dottie turns down Capadino's offer, happy with her simple farm life while waiting for her husband Bob (Bill Pullman) to come back from the war. Her sister and teammate, Kit (Lori Petty), however, is desperate to get away and make something of herself. Capadino is not impressed by Kit's hitting performance, but agrees to take her along if she can change Dottie's mind. Dottie agrees, but only for her sister's sake.

text: Dottie and Kit head out to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout. There they meet a pair of New Yorkers, taxi dancer "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (Madonna) and her best friend, bouncer Doris Murphy (Rosie O'Donnell); along with soft-spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner (Bitty Schram); illiterate, shy left fielder Shirley Baker (Ann Cusack); pitcher/shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander (Freddie Simpson); gentle left field/relief pitcher Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (Tracy Reiner); homely second baseman Marla Hooch (Megan Cavanagh), who was scouted by Ernie, Dottie and Kit in Fort Collins, Colorado; first baseman Helen Haley (Anne Ramsay); and Saskatchewan native Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (Renée Coleman). They and eight others are selected to form the Rockford Peaches, while 48 others are split among the Racine Belles, Kenosha Comets, and South Bend Blue Sox.

text: The Peaches are managed by Jimmy Dugan (Tom Hanks), a former marquee Cubs slugger who initially treats the whole thing as a joke. The league attracts little interest at first. With a Life magazine photographer in the stands, Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular. Dottie obliges when a ball is popped up behind home plate, catching it while doing a split. The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover. A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames, but the owners remain unconvinced. Due to Kit's and Dottie's sibling rivalry, Kit is traded to the Peaches' rival, the Racine Belles.

text: The Peaches end the season qualifying for the league's World Series. In the locker room, Jimmy gives Betty a telegram that informs her her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater. The grief-stricken Betty leaves the team. Later that evening, Dottie receives a surprise when Bob, who was serving in Italy, shows up, having been discharged from the Army. The following morning, Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob. Unable to persuade her to at least play in the World Series, he tells her she will regret her decision.

text: The Peaches and Belles meet in the World Series, which reaches a seventh and deciding game. Dottie, having reconsidered during the drive back to Oregon, is the catcher for the Peaches, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles. With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run. Kit is the final batter. Under immense pressure, she gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand. The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support. After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves with Bob.

text: Back in the present, Dottie is reunited with several other players, including Kit. The fates of several of the characters are revealed: Jimmy, Bob, and Evelyn have died, while Marla has been married to Nelson (Alan Wilder), the man she met in the bar in an earlier scene, for over 40 years. The original Peaches sing a team song composed by Evelyn and pose for a group photo.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Rockford Peaches[edit]

text:
Geena Davis as Dorothy "Dottie" Hinson (#8, catcher/assistant manager)
Lynn Cartwright as Older Dottie
Tom Hanks as Jimmy Dugan (manager)
Madonna as "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (#5, center field)
Eunice Anderson as Older Mae
Lori Petty as Kit Keller (#23, pitcher)
Kathleen Butler as Older Kit
Rosie O'Donnell as Doris Murphy (#22, third base)
Vera Johnson as Older Doris
Anne Ramsay as Helen Haley (#15, first base)
Barbara Pilavin as Older Helen
Megan Cavanagh as Marla Hooch (#32, second base)
Patricia Wilson as Older Marla

Freddie Simpson as Ellen Sue Gotlander (#1, shortstop/pitcher)
Eugenia McLin as Older Ellen Sue
Tracy Reiner as Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (#7, left field/relief pitcher)
Betty Miller as Older Betty
Bitty Schram as Evelyn Gardner (#17, right field)
Renée Coleman (credited as Renee Coleman) – Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (#18, left field/center field/catcher)
Shirley Burkovich as Older Alice
Ann Cusack as Shirley Baker (#11, left field)
Barbara Erwin as Older Shirley
Robin Knight as Linda "Beans" Babbitt (shortstop)
Patti Pelton as Marbleann Wilkinson (second base)
Kelli Simpkins as Beverly Dixon (#4, outfield)
Connie Pounds-Taylor as Connie Calhoun (Outfield)

text: On MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson, saying: "Demi Moore, I liked, but by the time we came around, she was pregnant."[3]

text: Others[edit]

text:
Jon Lovitz as Ernie Capadino, AAGPBL scout
David Strathairn as Ira Lowenstein, AAGPBL general manager
Marvin Einhorn as Older Ira
Garry Marshall as Walter Harvey, candy bar mogul and AAGPBL founder
Julie Croteau as Helen Haley (baseball double for Anne Ramsay)
Bill Pullman as Bob Hinson, Dottie's husband
Janet Jones as Racine pitcher
Téa Leoni as Racine first baseman
Don S. Davis as Charlie Collins, Racine coach
Eddie Jones as Dave Hooch, Marla's father
Justin Scheller as Stillwell Gardner, Evelyn's son
Mark Holton as Older Stillwell. He attends the Peaches' reunion at the Baseball Hall of Fame on behalf of his mother who had died.
Pauline Brailsford as Miss Cuthburt, Rockford chaperone

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Director Penny Marshall was inspired to make the film after viewing the 1987 documentary about the AAGPBL titled "A League of their Own" on television. She had never heard of the league before, and contacted the film's creators Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson to collaborate with the scriptwriters Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox.[4] Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures, who were eager to produce the film.

text: Filming[edit]

text:
Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps: Anne Ramsay (Helen Haley) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball and the huge bruise seen in the film on actress Renée Coleman's thigh was real.[5]
Discussing the skirts they wore playing baseball in the film, Geena Davis said on MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, "Some of our real cast, from sliding into home, had ripped the skin off their legs. It was nutty."[6]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30, 1992. The album peaked at #159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25, 1992.[7] Although Madonna contributed "This Used to Be My Playground" to the film, featured over the closing credits, her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons.[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was released on July 1, 1992, and grossed $13.2 million in its first weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns. In its second weekend it dropped just 15%, making $11.5 million and finishing first. It ended up being a commercial success, making $107.5 million in the United States, and $24.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $132.4 million, against a production budget of $40 million.

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
The film was well received by critics, who praised the cast and their performances.[9][10][11][12][13]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sentimental and light, but still thoroughly charming, A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast."[14] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score 67 out of 100, based 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[16]

text: On December 19, 2012, it was announced that the film would be preserved as part of the United States National Film Registry.[17]

text: AFI lists[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
Jimmy Dugan: "There's no crying in baseball!" – #54[18]

text: 20th anniversary[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: With 2012 marking the 20th year since the film's release, A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012.

text: Forty-seven former players of the AAGPBL reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it. Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame, reminiscent of the film's final scene depicting members of the AAGPBL and family coming together to witness the honoring of the Women's Professional Baseball League. The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse.[19]

text: Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana, on June 6, 2012, where many of the film's game scenes were filmed. Bosse Field still retains many of the "Racine Belles" themes from the movie. The event included an outdoor screening of the film as well as a scene-setting display of cars featured in the film.[20] In addition to Bosse Field, the production used Huntingburg, Indiana's League Stadium, another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse that was renovated for the film.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: A short-lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993, with Garry Marshall, Megan Cavanagh, Tracy Reiner, and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles. Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast.


document_title: Endoplasmic reticulum

question_text: what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum quizlet

text: Endoplasmic reticulum

text: History[edit]

text: The ER was observed with light microscope by Garnier in 1897, who coined the term "ergastoplasm".[2][3] With electron microscopy, the lacy membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 by Keith R. Porter, Albert Claude, Brody Meskers and Ernest F. Fullam.[4] Later, the word "reticulum", which means "network", was applied by Porter in 1953 to describe this fabric of membranes.[5]

text: Structure[edit]

text: The general structure of the endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes called cisternae. These sac-like structures are held together by the cytoskeleton. The phospholipid membrane encloses the cisternal space (or lumen), which is continuous with the perinuclear space but separate from the cytosol. The functions of the endoplasmic reticulum can be summarized as the synthesis and export of proteins and membrane lipids, but varies between ER and cell type and cell function.  The quantity of both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell can slowly interchange from one type to the other, depending on the changing metabolic activities of the cell.  Transformation can include embedding of new proteins in membrane as well as structural changes.  Changes in protein content may occur without noticeable structural changes.[6][7][citation needed]

text: Rough endoplasmic reticulum[edit]

text: The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (often abbreviated RER or Rough ER) (also called granular endoplasmic reticulum) is studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance (hence its name).[8] The binding site of the ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the translocon.[9] However, the ribosomes are not a stable part of this organelle's structure as they are constantly being bound and released from the membrane. A ribosome only binds to the RER once a specific protein-nucleic acid complex forms in the cytosol.  This special complex forms when a free ribosome begins translating the mRNA of a protein destined for the secretory pathway.[10] The first 5–30 amino acids polymerized encode a signal peptide, a molecular message that is recognized and bound by a signal recognition particle (SRP). Translation pauses and the ribosome complex binds to the RER translocon where translation continues with the nascent (new) protein forming into the RER lumen and/or membrane. The protein is processed in the ER lumen by an enzyme (a signal peptidase), which removes the signal peptide. Ribosomes at this point may be released back into the cytosol; however, non-translating ribosomes are also known to stay associated with translocons.[11]

text: The membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum forms large double membrane sheets that are located near, and continuous with, the outer layer of the nuclear envelope.[12] The double membrane sheets are stacked and connected through several right or left-handed helical ramps, the so-called Terasaki ramps, giving rise to a structure resembling  a multi-storey car park.[13][14] Although there is no continuous membrane between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, membrane-bound transport vesicles shuttle proteins between these two compartments.[15] Vesicles are surrounded by coating proteins called COPI and COPII. COPII targets vesicles to the Golgi apparatus and COPI marks them to be brought back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum works in concert with the Golgi complex to target new proteins to their proper destinations. A second method of transport out of the endoplasmic reticulum involves areas called membrane contact sites, where the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles are held closely together, allowing the transfer of lipids and other small molecules.[16][17]

text: The rough endoplasmic reticulum is key in multiple functions:

text:
Manufacture of lysosomal enzymes with a mannose-6-phosphate marker added in the cis-Golgi network.[citation needed]
Manufacture of secreted proteins, either secreted constitutively with no tag or secreted in a regulatory manner involving clathrin and paired basic amino acids in the signal peptide.
Integral membrane proteins that stay embedded in the membrane as vesicles exit and bind to new membranes. Rab proteins are key in targeting the membrane; SNAP and SNARE proteins are key in the fusion event.
Initial glycosylation as assembly continues. This is N-linked (O-linking occurs in the Golgi).
N-linked glycosylation: If the protein is properly folded, Oligosaccharyltransferase recognizes the AA sequence NXS or NXT (with the S/T residue phosphorylated) and adds a 14-sugar backbone (2-N-acetylglucosamine, 9-branching mannose, and 3-glucose at the end) to the side-chain nitrogen of Asn.

text: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum[edit]

text: In most cells the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (abbreviated SER) is scarce. Instead there are areas where the ER is partly smooth and partly rough, this area is called the transitional ER. The transitional ER gets its name because it contains ER exit sites. These are areas where the transport vesicles that contain lipids and proteins made in the ER, detach from the ER and start moving to the Golgi apparatus. Specialized cells can have a lot of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in these cells the smooth ER has many functions.[6] It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids. Cells which secrete these products, such as those in the testes, ovaries, and sebaceous glands have an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.[18] It also carries out the metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of natural metabolism products and of alcohol and drugs, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins, and steroid metabolism.[19] In muscle cells, it regulates calcium ion concentration. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in a variety of cell types (both animal and plant), and it serves different functions in each. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum also contains the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose, a step in gluconeogenesis. It is connected to the nuclear envelope and  consists of tubules that are located near the cell periphery. These tubes sometimes branch forming a network that is reticular in appearance.[12] In some cells, there are dilated areas like the sacs of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum allows for an increased surface area to be devoted to the action or storage of key enzymes and the products of these enzymes.

text: Sarcoplasmic reticulum[edit]

text: The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), from the Greek σάρξ sarx ("flesh"), is smooth ER found in myocytes.  The only structural difference between this organelle and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the medley of proteins they have, both bound to their membranes and drifting within the confines of their lumens. This fundamental difference is indicative of their functions: The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes molecules, while the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium ions and pumps them out into the sarcoplasm when the muscle fiber is stimulated.[20][21] After their release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions interact with contractile proteins that utilize ATP to shorten the muscle fiber. The sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a major role in excitation-contraction coupling.[22]

text: Functions[edit]

text: The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the folding of protein molecules in sacs called cisternae and the transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus. Correct folding of newly made proteins is made possible by several endoplasmic reticulum chaperone proteins, including protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), ERp29, the Hsp70 family member BiP/Grp78, calnexin, calreticulin, and the peptidylpropyl isomerase family. Only properly folded proteins are transported from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus – unfolded proteins cause an unfolded protein response as a stress response in the ER. Disturbances in redox regulation, calcium regulation, glucose deprivation, and viral infection[23] or the over-expression of proteins[24] can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ER stress), a state in which the folding of proteins slows, leading to an increase in unfolded proteins. This stress is emerging as a potential cause of damage in hypoxia/ischemia, insulin resistance, and other disorders.[25]

text: Protein transport[edit]

text: Secretory proteins, mostly glycoproteins, are moved across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Proteins that are transported by the endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell are marked with an address tag called a signal sequence. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (i.e., a protein) contains a few amino acids that work as an address tag, which are removed when the polypeptide reaches its destination. Nascent peptides reach the ER via the translocon, a membrane-embedded multiprotein complex. Proteins that are destined for places outside the endoplasmic reticulum are packed into transport vesicles and moved along the cytoskeleton toward their destination. In human fibroblasts, the ER is always co-distributed with microtubules and the depolymerisation of the latter cause its co-aggregation with mitochondria, which are also associated with the ER.[26]

text: The endoplasmic reticulum is also part of a protein sorting pathway. It is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell. The majority of its resident proteins are retained within it through a retention motif. This motif is composed of four amino acids at the end of the protein sequence. The most common retention sequences are KDEL for lumen located proteins and KKXX for transmembrane protein.[27] However, variations of KDEL and KKXX do occur, and other sequences can also give rise to endoplasmic reticulum retention. It is not known whether such variation can lead to sub-ER localizations. There are three KDEL (1, 2 and 3) receptors in mammalian cells, and they have a very high degree of sequence identity. The functional differences between these receptors remain to be established.[28]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Abnormalities in XBP1 lead to a heightened endoplasmic reticulum stress response and subsequently causes a higher susceptibility for inflammatory processes that may even contribute to Alzheimer's disease.[29]  In the colon, XBP1 anomalies have been linked to the inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn's disease.[30]

text: The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response related to the endoplasmic reticulum.[31] The UPR is activated in response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. The UPR functions to restore normal function of the cell by halting protein translation, degrading misfolded proteins, and activating the signaling pathways that lead to increasing the production of molecular chaperones involved in protein folding. Sustained overactivation of the UPR has been implicated in prion diseases as well as several other neurodegenerative diseases and the inhibition of the UPR could become a treatment for those diseases.[32]


document_title: Epidural administration

question_text: where does an epidural go in the spine

question_tokens: where does an epidural go in the spine

text: Epidural administration

text: Difference from spinal anaesthesia[edit]

text: Spinal anaesthesia is a technique whereby a local anaesthetic drug is injected into the cerebrospinal fluid. This technique has some similarity to epidural anaesthesia, and lay people often confuse the two techniques. Important differences include:

text:
To achieve epidural analgesia or anaesthesia, a larger dose of drug is typically necessary than with spinal analgesia or anaesthesia.
The onset of analgesia is slower with epidural analgesia or anaesthesia than with spinal analgesia or anaesthesia.
An epidural injection may be performed anywhere along the vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, or sacral), while spinal injections are typically performed below the second lumbar vertebral body to avoid piercing and consequently damaging the spinal cord.
It is easier to achieve segmental analgesia or anaesthesia using the epidural route than using the spinal route.
An indwelling catheter is more commonly placed in the setting of epidural analgesia or anaesthesia than with spinal analgesia or anaesthesia.
There is less chances of hypotension after epidural anesthesia as compared to spinal anesthesia
Epidural catheter can be continued post operatively to continue analgesia while spinal anesthesia is generally a single shot injection.
Epidural anesthesia can be continued for longer duration during longer surgeries by either giving top ups of local anesthetics or by continuous infusion of local anesthetics by infusion pumps.

text: Indications[edit]

text: Injecting medication into the epidural space is primarily performed for analgesia. This may be performed using a number of different techniques and for a variety of reasons. Additionally, some of the side-effects of epidural analgesia may be beneficial in some circumstances (e.g., vasodilation may be beneficial if the subject has peripheral vascular disease). When a catheter is placed into the epidural space (see below) a continuous infusion can be maintained for several days, if needed. Epidural analgesia may be used:

text:
For analgesia alone, where surgery is not contemplated. An epidural injection or infusion for pain relief (e.g. in childbirth) is less likely to cause loss of muscle power, but has to be augmented to be sufficient for surgery.
As an adjunct to general anaesthesia. The anaesthetist may use epidural analgesia in addition to general anaesthesia. This may reduce the patient's requirement for opioid analgesics. This is suitable for a wide variety of surgery, for example gynaecological surgery (e.g. hysterectomy), orthopaedic surgery (e.g. hip replacement), general surgery (e.g. laparotomy) and vascular surgery (e.g. open aortic aneurysm repair).
As a sole technique for surgical anaesthesia. Some operations, most frequently Caesarean section, may be performed using an epidural anaesthetic as the sole technique. This can allow the patient to remain awake during the operation. The dose required for anaesthesia is much higher than that required for analgesia.
For post-operative analgesia, after an operation where the epidural technique is employed as the sole anaesthetic, or in conjunction with general anaesthesia. Analgesics are administered into the epidural space typically for a few days after surgery, provided a catheter has been inserted. Through the use of a patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) infusion pump, a person can supplement an epidural infusion with occasional doses of pain medication through an epidural catheter.
For the treatment of back pain. Injection of analgesics and steroids into the epidural space may improve some forms of back pain. See below.
For the treatment of chronic pain or palliation of symptoms in terminal care, usually in the short- or medium-term.

text: The epidural space is more difficult and risky to access as one ascends the spine (because the spinal cord gains more nerves as it ascends and fills the epidural space leaving less room for error), so epidural techniques are most suitable for analgesia anywhere in the lower body and as high as the chest. They are (usually) much less suitable for analgesia for the neck, or arms and are not possible for the head (since sensory innervation for the head arises directly from the brain via cranial nerves rather than from the spinal cord via the epidural space.)

text: Anatomy[edit]

text: The epidural space is the space inside the bony spinal canal but just outside the dura mater ("dura"). In contact with the inner surface of the dura is another membrane called the arachnoid mater ("arachnoid"). The cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the spinal cord is contained by the arachnoid mater. In adults, the spinal cord terminates around the level of the disc between L1 and L2 (in neonates it extends to L3 but can reach as low as L4), below which lies a bundle of nerves known as the cauda equina ("horse's tail"). Hence, lumbar epidural injections carry a low risk of injuring the spinal cord.

text: Insertion of an epidural needle involves threading a needle between the bones, through the ligaments and into the epidural potential space taking great care to avoid puncturing the layer immediately below containing CSF under pressure.

text: Technique[edit]

text: Procedures involving injection of any substance into the epidural space require the operator to be technically proficient in order to avoid complications.

text: The subject may be in the seated, lateral or prone positions.[2] The level of the spine at which the catheter is best placed depends mainly on the site and type of an intended operation or the anatomical origin of pain. The iliac crest is a commonly used anatomical landmark for lumbar epidural injections, as this level roughly corresponds with the fourth lumbar vertebra, which is usually well below the termination of the spinal cord. The Tuohy needle is usually inserted in the midline, between the spinous processes. When using a paramedian approach, the tip of the needle passes along a shelf of vertebral bone called the lamina until just before reaching the ligamentum flavum and the epidural space.

text: Along with a sudden loss of resistance to pressure on the plunger of the syringe, a slight clicking sensation may be felt by the operator as the tip of the needle breaches the ligamentum flavum and enters the epidural space. Practitioners commonly use air or saline for identifying the epidural space. However, evidence is accumulating that saline is preferable to air, as it is associated with a better quality of analgesia and lower incidence of post-dural-puncture headache.[3][4] In addition to the loss of resistance technique, realtime observation of the advancing needle is becoming more common. This may be done using a portable ultrasound scanner, or with fluoroscopy (moving X-ray pictures).[5]

text: After placement of the tip of the needle into the epidural space, a catheter is often threaded through the needle. The needle is then withdrawn over the catheter. Generally the catheter is inserted 4–6 cm into the epidural space.[6] The catheter is typically secured to the skin with adhesive tape or dressings to prevent it becoming dislodged.

text: The catheter is a fine plastic tube, through which anaesthetics may be injected into the epidural space. Many epidural catheters have a blind end but have three or more orifices along the shaft near the distal tip (far end) of the catheter. This not only disperses the injected agents more widely around the catheter, but also reduces the incidence of catheter blockage.

text: Choice of agents A person receiving an epidural for pain relief may receive local anaesthetic, an opioid, or both. Common local anaesthetics include lidocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Common opioids include hydromorphone, morphine, fentanyl, sufentanil, and pethidine (known as meperidine in the United States). These are injected in relatively small doses, compared to when they are injected intravenously. Other agents such as clonidine or ketamine are also sometimes used.

text: Bolus or infusion?

text: For a short procedure, the anaesthetist may introduce a single dose of medication (the "bolus" technique). This will eventually dissipate. Thereafter, the anaesthetist may repeat the bolus provided the catheter remains undisturbed. For a prolonged effect, a continuous infusion of drugs may be employed. There is some evidence that an automated intermittent bolus technique provides better analgesia than a continuous infusion technique, though the total doses are identical.[7][8][9]

text: Level and intensity of block Typically, the effects of the epidural block are noted below a specific level on the body. This level may be determined by the anaesthetist. A high insertion level may result in sparing of nerve function in the lower spinal nerves. For example, a thoracic epidural may be performed for upper abdominal surgery, but may not have any effect on the perineum (area around the genitals) or pelvic organs.[10] Nonetheless, giving very large volumes into the epidural space may spread the block both higher and lower.

text: The intensity of the block is determined by the concentration of local anaesthetic solution used. For example, 0.1% bupivacaine may provide adequate analgesia for a woman in labour, but would likely be insufficient for surgical anaesthesia. Conversely, 0.5% bupivacaine would provide a more intense block, likely sufficient for surgery.

text: Removing the catheter

text: The catheter is usually removed when the subject is able to take oral pain medications. Catheters can safely remain in place for several days with little risk of bacterial infection,[11][12][13] particularly if the skin is prepared with a chlorhexidine solution.[14] Subcutaneously tunneled epidural catheters may be left in place for longer periods, with a low risk of infection or other complications.[15][16][17]

text: Special situations[edit]

text: Epidural analgesia during childbirth[edit]

text: Epidural analgesia provides rapid pain relief in most cases. It is more effective than opioids and other common modalities of analgesia in childbirth[18]. Epidurals during childbirth are the most commonly used anesthesia in this situation. The medication levels are very low to decrease the side effects to both mother and baby. When in labor the mother does not usually feel pain after an epidural but they do still feel the pressure. Women are able to bear down and push with contractions.[19] Epidural clonidine has been extensively studied for management of analgesia during labor.[20] Epidural analgesia is a relatively safe method of relieving pain in labor. In a 2011 Cochrane review which included 38 randomized controlled studies involving 9658 women, wherein all but five studies compared epidural analgesia with opiates, epidural analgesia in childbirth was associated with the following advantages and disadvantages:[18]

text:
Advantages
Disadvantages

Better pain relief than other pain medication
Fewer babies needing naloxone to counter opiate use by the mother
Decreased maternal hyperventilation and increased oxygen supply to baby
Decreased circulating adrenocorticotropic hormone and decreased fetal distress[21]

More use of instruments to assist with the birth
Increased risk of Caesarean section for fetal distress
Longer delivery (second stage of labour)
Increased need for oxytocin to stimulate uterine contractions
Increased risk of very low blood pressure
Increased risk of muscular weakness for a period of time after the birth
Increased risk of fluid retention
Increased risk of fever

text: However, the review found no difference in overall Caesarean delivery rates, nor were there effects on the baby soon after birth. Also, the occurrence of long-term backache was no different whether an epidural was or was not used.[18]

text: Though complications are rare, some women and their babies will experience them. Some side effects for the mother include headaches, dizziness, difficulty breathing and seizures. The child may experience slowed heartbeat, temperature regulation issues and there could be high levels of drugs in the child's system from the epidural.[22]

text: Differing outcomes in frequency of Cesarean section may be explained by differing institutions or their practitioners: epidural anesthesia and analgesia administered at top-rated institutions does not generally result in a clinically significant increase in caesarean rates, whereas the risk of caesarean delivery at poorly ranked facilities seems to increase with the use of epidural.[23]

text: Regarding early or late administration of epidural analgesia, there is no overall difference in outcomes for first-time mothers in labor.[24] Specifically, the rates of caesarean section, instrumental birth, and duration of labor are equal, as are baby Apgar scores and cord pH.[24]

text: Epidurals (other than low-dose ambulatory epidurals[25]) preclude maternal movement, but "walking, movement, and changing positions during labor help labor progress, enhance comfort, and decrease the risk of complications."[26]

text: One study concluded that women whose epidural infusions contained fentanyl were less likely to fully breastfeed their infant in the few days after birth and more likely to stop breastfeeding in the first 24 weeks.[27] However, this study has been criticized for several reasons, one of which is that the original patient records were not examined in this study, and so many of the epidural infusions were assumed to contain fentanyl when almost certainly they would not have.[28] In addition, all those who had received epidural infusions in this study had also received systemic pethidine, which would be much more likely to be the cause of any effect on breastfeeding due to the higher amounts of medication used via that route. If this were the case, then early epidural analgesia which avoided the need for pethidine would be expected to improve breastfeeding outcomes rather than worsen them. Traditional epidural for labor relieves pain reliably only during first stage of labor (uterine contractions until cervix is fully open). It does not relieve pain as reliably during the second stage of labor (passage of the fetus through the vagina).

text: Epidural analgesia after surgery[edit]

text: Epidural analgesia has been demonstrated to have several benefits after surgery, including:

text:
It provides effective analgesia without the need for systemic opioids.[29]
The incidence of postoperative respiratory problems and chest infections is reduced.[30]
The incidence of postoperative myocardial infarction ("heart attack") is reduced.[31][32]
The stress response to surgery is reduced.[31][33]
Motility of the intestines is improved by blockade of the sympathetic nervous system.[31][34]
Use of epidural analgesia during surgery reduces blood transfusion requirements.[31]

text: Despite these benefits, no survival benefit has been proven for high-risk individuals.[35]

text: Caudal epidural analgesia[edit]

text: The caudal approach to the epidural space involves the use of a Tuohy needle, an intravenous catheter, or a hypodermic needle to puncture the sacrococcygeal membrane. Injecting local anaesthetic at this level can result in analgesia and/or anaesthesia of the perineum and groin areas. The caudal epidural technique is often used in infants and children undergoing surgery involving the groin, pelvis or lower extremities. In this population, caudal epidural analgesia is usually combined with general anaesthesia since most children do not tolerate surgery when regional anaesthesia is employed as the sole modality.

text: Combined spinal-epidural techniques[edit]

text: For some procedures, the anaesthetist may choose to combine the rapid onset and reliable, dense block of a spinal anaesthetic with the post-operative analgesic effects of an epidural. This is called combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia (CSE). The practitioner may insert the spinal anaesthetic at one level, and the epidural at an adjacent level. Alternatively, after locating the epidural space with the Tuohy needle, a spinal needle may be inserted through the Tuohy needle into the subarachnoid space. The spinal dose is then given, the spinal needle withdrawn, and the epidural catheter inserted as normal. This method, known as the "needle-through-needle" technique, may be associated with a slightly higher risk of placing the catheter into the subarachnoid space.

text: Epidural steroid injection[edit]

text: Epidural steroid injection may be used to treat radiculopathy, radicular pain and inflammation caused by such conditions as spinal disc herniation, degenerative disc disease, and spinal stenosis. Steroids may be injected at the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, or caudal/sacral levels, depending on the specific area where the pathology (disease, condition, or injury) is located.

text: Side effects[edit]

text: In addition to blocking the nerves which carry pain, local anaesthetic drugs in the epidural space will block other types of nerves as well, in a dose-dependent manner. Depending on the drug and dose used, the effects may last only a few minutes or up to several hours. Epidural analgesia typically involves using the opiates fentanyl or sufentanil, with bupivacaine or one of its congeners. Fentanyl is a powerful opioid with a potency 80 times that of morphine and side effects common to the opiate class. Sufentanil is another opiate, 5 to 10 times more potent than Fentanyl. Bupivacaine is markedly toxic if inadvertently given intravenously, causing excitation, nervousness, tingling around the mouth, tinnitus, tremor, dizziness, blurred vision, or seizures, followed by depression: drowsiness, loss of consciousness, respiratory depression and apnea. Bupivacaine has caused several deaths by cardiac arrest when epidural anaesthetic has been accidentally inserted into a vein instead of the epidural space.

text: Sensory nerve fibers are more sensitive to the effects of the local anaesthetics than motor nerve fibers. This means that an epidural can provide analgesia while affecting muscle strength to a lesser extent. For example, a labouring woman may have a continuous epidural during labour that provides good analgesia without impairing her ability to move. If she requires a Caesarean section, she may be given a larger dose of epidural local anaesthetic.

text: The larger the dose used, the more likely it is that side effects will be evident. For example, very large doses of epidural anaesthetic can cause paralysis of the intercostal muscles and thoracic diaphragm (which are responsible for breathing), and loss of sympathetic nerve input to the heart, which may cause a significant decrease in heart rate and blood pressure. This may require emergency intervention, which may include support of the airway and the cardiovascular system.

text: The sensation of needing to urinate is often significantly diminished or even abolished after administration of epidural local anaesthetics and/or opioids. Because of this, a urinary catheter is often placed for the duration of the epidural infusion. People with continuous epidural infusions of local anaesthetic solutions typically ambulate only with assistance, if at all, in order to reduce the likelihood of injury due to a fall.

text: Large doses of epidurally administered opioids may cause troublesome itching, and respiratory depression.[36][37][38][39]

text: Complications[edit]

text: These include:

text:
failure to achieve analgesia or anaesthesia occurs in about 5% of cases, while another 15% experience only partial analgesia or anaesthesia. If analgesia is inadequate, another epidural may be attempted.

The following factors are associated with failure to achieve epidural analgesia/anaesthesia:[40]

Obesity
Multiparity
History of a previous failure of epidural anaesthesia
History of regular opiate use
Cervical dilation of more than 7 cm at insertion
The use of air to find the epidural space while inserting the epidural instead of alternatives such as saline or lidocaine

Accidental dural puncture with headache (common, about 1 in 100 insertions[41][42][43]). The epidural space in the adult lumbar spine is only 3-5mm thick, which means it is comparatively easy to cross it and accidentally puncture the dura (and arachnoid) with the needle. This may cause cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to leak out into the epidural space, which may in turn cause a post dural puncture headache (PDPH). This can be severe and last several days, and in some rare cases weeks or months. It is caused by a reduction in CSF pressure and is characterised by postural exacerbation when the subject raises his/her head above the lying position. If severe it may be successfully treated with an epidural blood patch (a small amount of the subject's own blood given into the epidural space via another epidural needle which clots and seals the leak). Most cases resolve spontaneously with time. A change in headache pattern (e.g., headache worse when the subject lies down) should alert the physician to the possibility of development of rare but dangerous complications, such as subdural hematoma or cerebral venous thrombosis.[44]
Delayed onset of breastfeeding and shorter duration of breastfeeding: In a study looking at breastfeeding 2 days after epidural anaesthesia, epidural analgesia in combination with oxytocin infusion caused women to have significantly lower oxytocin and prolactin levels in response to the baby breastfeeding on day 2 postpartum, which means less milk is produced. In many women undergoing epidural analgesia during labour oxytocin is used to augment uterine contractions.[45]
Bloody tap (occurs in about 1 in 30–50).[46] Epidural veins can be inadvertently punctured with the needle during the procedure. This is a common occurrence and is not usually considered a complication. In people who have normal blood clotting, it is extremely rare (estimated less than 0.07%) for permanent neurological problems to develop.[47] However, people who have a coagulopathy may be at risk of epidural hematoma.
Catheter misplaced into a vein (uncommon, less than 1 in 300). Occasionally the catheter may be misplaced into an epidural vein, which results in all the anaesthetic being injected intravenously, where it can cause seizures or cardiac arrest[48][49] in large doses (about 1 in 10,000 insertions[43]). This also results in block failure.
High block, as described above (uncommon, less than 1 in 500).
Catheter misplaced into the subarachnoid space (rare, less than 1 in 1000). If the catheter is accidentally misplaced into the subarachnoid space (e.g. after an unrecognised accidental dural puncture), normally cerebrospinal fluid can be freely aspirated from the catheter (which would usually prompt the anaesthetist to withdraw the catheter and resite it elsewhere). If, however, this is not recognised, large doses of anaesthetic may be delivered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid. This may result in a high block, or, more rarely, a total spinal, where anaesthetic is delivered directly to the brainstem, causing unconsciousness and sometimes seizures.
Neurological injury lasting less than 1 year (rare, about 1 in 6,700).[50]
Epidural abscess formation (very rare, about 1 in 145,000).[50] Infection risk increases with the duration catheters are left in place, although infection was still uncommon after an average of 3 to 5 days' duration.[51]
Epidural haematoma formation (very rare, about 1 in 168,000).[50]
Neurological injury lasting longer than 1 year (extremely rare, about 1 in 240,000).[50]
Paraplegia (1 in 250,000).[52]
Arachnoiditis (extremely rare, fewer than 1000 cases in the past 50 years)[53]
Death (extremely rare, less than 1 in 100,000).[52]

text: The figures above relate to epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in healthy individuals.

text: Evidence to support the assertion that epidural analgesia increases the risk of anastomotic breakdown following bowel surgery is lacking.[34][54]

text: Controversial claims:

text:
"epidural anaesthesia and analgesia significantly slows the second stage of labour". The following are a few plausible hypotheses for this phenomenon:[citation needed]

The release of oxytocin, which stimulates the uterine contractions that are needed to move the child out through the vagina, may be decreased with epidural anaesthesia or analgesia due to factors involving the reduction of stress, such as:

Epidural analgesia may reduce the endocrine stress response to pain[55]

Diminished release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla slows the release of oxytocin[56]

Diminished blood pressure, accommodated by both decreased stress and less adrenal release, may decrease the release of oxytocin as a natural mechanism to avoid hypotension.[57] It may also affect the heart-rate of the fetus.[58]

Still plausible (though less studied without a documented reproduction in a laboratory setting) are the effects of the reclined position of the woman on the fetus, both immediately prior to and during delivery.[citation needed]

These hypotheses generally posit an interaction with the force of gravity on fetal position and movement, as demonstrated by the following examples:[citation needed]

Transverse or posterior fetal positioning may become more likely as a result of the shift in orientation to gravitational force.[citation needed]
Diminished gravitational assistance is present in building pressure for commencing delivery and for progressing the fetus along the vagina.[citation needed]

It is important to note that the orientation of the fetus can be established by ultrasonic stenography prior to, during, and after the administration of an epidural block. This would seem a fine experiment for testing the first hypothesis. It should also be noted that the majority of fetal movement through the vagina is accomplished by cervical contractions, and so the role of gravity and its force relative to the position of the woman in labour (on delivery, not development) is difficult to establish.[citation needed]

There has been a good deal of concern, based on older observational studies, that women who have epidural analgesia during labour are more likely to require a cesarean delivery.[59] However, the preponderance of evidence now supports the conclusion that the use of epidural analgesia during labour does not have a significant effect on rates of cesarean delivery. A Cochrane review of twenty trials involving a total of 6534 women estimated that women undergoing labour using epidural analgesia were only slightly more likely (1.07 times as likely) to undergo cesarean delivery than those in whom epidural analgesia was not used.

text: Epidural analgesia does increase the duration of the second stage of labour by 15 to 30 minutes and may increase the rate of instrument-assisted vaginal deliveries as well as that of oxytocin administration.[60][61] Some people have also been concerned about whether the use of epidural analgesia in early labour increases the risk of cesarean delivery. Three randomized, controlled trials showed that early initiation of epidural analgesia (cervical dilatation, <4 cm) does not increase the rate of cesarean delivery among women with spontaneous or induced labour, as compared with early initiation of analgesia with parenteral opioids.[62][63][64]

text: History[edit]

text: In 1885, American neurologist James Leonard Corning (1855–1923), of Acorn Hall in Morristown, NJ, was the first to perform neuraxial blockade, when he injected 111 mg of cocaine into the epidural space of a healthy male volunteer[65] (although at the time he believed he was injecting it into the subarachnoid space).[66]

text: In 1921, Spanish military surgeon Fidel Pagés (1886–1923) developed the technique of "single-shot" lumbar epidural anaesthesia,[1] which was later popularized by Italian surgeon Achille Mario Dogliotti (1897–1966).[67]

text: In 1941, Robert Andrew Hingson (1913–1996) and Waldo B. Edwards developed the technique of continuous caudal anaesthesia using an indwelling needle.[68] The first use of continuous caudal anaesthesia in a labouring woman was in 1942.[69]

text: In 1947, Manuel Martínez Curbelo (1906–1962) was the first to describe placement of a lumbar epidural catheter.[70]


document_title: History of rugby union matches between Italy and Wales

question_text: when did italy last beat wales in rugby

question_tokens: when did italy last beat wales in rugby

text: Summary[edit]

text: Overview[edit]

text:
Details
Played
Won by
 Italy
Won by
 Wales
Drawn
Italy points
Wales points

In Italy
11
2
9
0
194
368

In Wales
13
0
13
1
212
491

Neutral venue
1
0
1
0
15
27

Overall
26
2
23
1
421
886

text: Records[edit]

text: Note: Date shown in brackets indicates when the record was or last set.

text:
Record
Italy
Wales

Longest winning streak
1 (10 Mar 2007)
12 (23 Feb 2008–Present)

Largest points for

Home
30 (15 February 2003)
67 (19 March 2016)

Away
26 (16 January 1996)
61 (21 March 2015)

Largest winning margin

Home
8 (15 February 2003)
53 (19 March 2016)

Away
NA
41 (21 March 2015)

text: Results[edit]

text:
No.
Date
Venue
Score
Winner
Competition
Match reports

1
12 October 1994
National Stadium, Cardiff
29–19
 Wales

2
16 January 1996
National Stadium, Cardiff
31–26
 Wales

3
5 October 1996
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
22–31
 Wales

4
7 February 1998
Stradey Park, Llanelli
23–20
 Wales

5
20 March 1999
Stadio Comunale di Monigo, Treviso
21–60
 Wales

6
19 February 2000
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
47–16
 Wales
2000 Six Nations

7
8 April 2001
Stadio Flaminio, Rome
23–33
 Wales
2001 Six Nations

8
2 March 2002
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
44–20
 Wales
2002 Six Nations

9
15 February 2003
Stadio Flaminio, Rome
30–22
 Italy
2003 Six Nations

10
25 October 2003
Bruce Stadium, Canberra, Australia
15–27
 Wales
2003 Rugby World Cup Pool D

11
27 March 2004
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
44–10
 Wales
2004 Six Nations

12
12 February 2005
Stadio Flaminio, Rome
8–38
 Wales
2005 Six Nations

13
11 March 2006
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
18–18
Draw
2006 Six Nations

14
10 March 2007
Stadio Flaminio, Rome
23–20
 Italy
2007 Six Nations

15
23 February 2008
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
47–8
 Wales
2008 Six Nations

16
14 March 2009
Stadio Flaminio, Rome
15–20
 Wales
2009 Six Nations

17
20 March 2010
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
33–10
 Wales
2010 Six Nations

18
26 February 2011
Stadio Flaminio, Rome
16–24
 Wales
2011 Six Nations

19
10 March 2012
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
24–3
 Wales
2012 Six Nations

20
23 February 2013
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
9–26
 Wales
2013 Six Nations

21
1 February 2014
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
23–15
 Wales
2014 Six Nations

22
21 March 2015
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
20–61
 Wales
2015 Six Nations

23
5 September 2015
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
23–19
 Wales
2015 Rugby World Cup warm-up

24
19 March 2016
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
67–14
 Wales
2016 Six Nations

25
5 February 2017
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
7–33
 Wales
2017 Six Nations

26
11 March 2018
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
38–14
 Wales
2018 Six Nations