document_title: World population

question_text: when did the world population reach 7 billion

text: World population

text: Population by region

text: Six of the Earth's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.54 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population. The world's two most populated countries, China and India, together constitute about 36% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1.28 billion people, or 16% of the world's population. Europe's 742 million people make up 10% of the world's population as of 2018, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 651 million (9%). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 363 million (5%), and Oceania, the least-populated region, has about 41 million inhabitants (0.5%).[9] Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population, Antarctica has a small, fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations. This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter, as visiting researchers return to their home countries.[10]

text: Population by continent

text:
Population by continent (2016 estimates)

Continent

Density(inhabitants/km2)

Population(millions)

Most populous country

Most populous city (metropolitan area)

Asia

96.4

4,436

1,382,300,000[note 1] -  China

35,676,000/13,634,685 -  Greater Tokyo Area/Tokyo Metropolis

Africa

36.7

1,216

0186,987,000 -  Nigeria

21,000,000 -  Lagos

Europe

72.9

738

0145,939,000 -  Russia;approx. 112 million in Europe)

15,029,231 -  Istanbul[11]

North America[note 2]

22.9

579

0324,991,600 -  United States

23,723,696/8,537,673 -  New York Metropolitan Area/New York City

South America

22.8

422

0209,567,000 -  Brazil

27,640,577/11,316,149 -  Metro Area/São Paulo City

Oceania

4.5

39.9

0024,458,800 -  Australia

5,005,400 -  Sydney

Antarctica

0.0003(varies)

0.004 in summer(non-permanent, varies)[10]

N/A[note 3]

1,200 (non-permanent, varies) - McMurdo Station

text: History

text: Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity, possible only since the Age of Discovery. Early estimates for the population of the world[12] date to the 17th century: William Petty in 1682 estimated world population at  320 million (modern estimates ranging close to twice this number); by the late 18th century, estimates ranged close to one billion (consistent with modern estimates).[13] More refined estimates, broken down by continents, were published in the first half of the 19th century, at 600 to 1000 million in the early 1800s and at 800 to 1000 million in the 1840s.[14]

text: Antiquity and Middle Ages

text: Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BC have ranged between 1 million and 15 million.[15][16]  Even earlier, genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 10,000 people about 70,000 BC, according to the Toba catastrophe theory. By contrast, it is estimated that around 50–60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century AD.[17]

text: The Plague of Justinian, which first emerged during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian, caused Europe's population to drop by around 50% between the 6th and 8th centuries AD.[18] The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340.[19] The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century may have reduced the world's population from an estimated 450 million in 1340 to between 350 and 375 million in 1400;[20] it took 200 years for population figures to recover.[21] The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393,[22] presumably due to a combination of Mongol invasions, famine, and plague.[23]

text: Starting in AD 2, the Han Dynasty of ancient China kept consistent family registers in order to properly assess the poll taxes and labor service duties of each household.[24] In that year, the population of Western Han was recorded as 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households, decreasing to 47,566,772 individuals in 9,348,227 households by AD 146, towards the End of the Han Dynasty.[24] At the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, China's population was reported to be close to 60 million; toward the end of the dynasty in 1644, it may have approached 150 million.[25] England's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650, up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500.[26] New crops that were brought to Asia and Europe from the Americas by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to population growth.[27][28][29] Since their introduction to Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century,[30] maize and cassava have similarly replaced traditional African crops as the most important staple food crops grown on the continent.[31]

text: The pre-Columbian North American population probably numbered somewhere between 2 million and 18 million.[32] Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence.[33] According to the most extreme scholarly claims, as many as 90% of the Native American population of the New World died due to Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza.[34] Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity.[35]

text: Modern era

text: During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically.[38] The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730–1749 to 31.8% in 1810–1829.[39][40] Between 1700 and 1900, Europe’s population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million.[41] Altogether, the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36% of the world's population in 1900.[42]

text: Population growth in the West became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation.[43] Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century.[44] The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006.[45] The United States saw its population grow from around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920, exceeding 307 million in 2010.[46]

text: The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars, famines and other disasters which caused large-scale population losses (approximately 60 million excess deaths).[47][48] After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia's population declined significantly – from 150 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012[49] – but by 2013 this decline appeared to have halted.[50]

text: Many countries in the developing world have experienced extremely rapid population growth since the early 20th century, due to economic development and improvements in public health. China's population rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953,[51] and now stands at over 1.3 billion. The population of the Indian subcontinent, which was about 125 million in 1750, increased to 389 million in 1941;[52] today, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about 1.63 billion people.[53] Java had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815; its present-day successor, Indonesia, now has a population of over 140 million.[54] In just one hundred years, the population of Brazil decupled (x10), from about 17 million in 1900, or about 1% of the world population in that year, to about 176 million in 2000, or almost 3% of the global population in the very early 21st century. Mexico's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010.[55][56] Between the 1920s and 2000s, Kenya's population grew from 2.9 million to 37 million.[57]

text: Milestones by the billions

text:
World population milestones in billions

Population

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Year

1804
1927
1960
1974
1987
1999
2011
2024
2042

Years elapsed

––
123
33
14
13
12
12
13
18

text: It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804. It was another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927, but it took only 33 years to reach three billion in 1960.[58] Thereafter, the global population reached four billion in 1974, five billion in 1987, six billion in 1999 and, according to the United States Census Bureau, seven billion in March 2012.[59] The United Nations, however, estimated that the world population reached seven billion in October 2011.[60][61][62]

text: According to current projections, the global population will reach eight billion by 2024, and is likely to reach around nine billion by 2042. Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion.[63] Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used in projection calculations, especially the fertility variable. Long-range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the "low scenario", to "high scenarios" of 24.8 billion.[63] One extreme scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150, assuming the global fertility rate remained at its 1995 level of 3.04 children per woman; however, by 2010 the global fertility rate had declined to 2.52.[64][65]

text: There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world's population surpassed one or two billion. The points at which it reached three and four billion were not officially noted, but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau placed them in July 1959 and April 1974 respectively. The United Nations did determine, and commemorate, the "Day of 5 Billion" on July 11, 1987, and the "Day of 6 Billion" on October 12, 1999. The Population Division of the United Nations declared the "Day of 7 Billion" to be October 31, 2011.[66]

text: Global demographics

text: >80   77.5–80   75–77.5   72.5–75   70–72.5     67.5–70   65–67.5   60–65   55–60   50–55

text: As of 2012, the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female. The greater number of men is possibly due to the significant sex imbalances evident in the Indian and Chinese populations.[68][69] Approximately 26.3% of the global population is aged under 15, while 65.9% is aged 15–64 and 7.9% is aged 65 or over.[68] The median age of the world's population was estimated to be 29.7 years in 2014,[70] and is expected to rise to 37.9 years by 2050.[71]

text: According to the World Health Organization, the global average life expectancy is 71.4 years as of 2015, with women living an average of 74 years and men approximately 69 years.[67] In 2010, the global fertility rate was estimated at 2.52 children per woman.[65] In June 2012, British researchers calculated the total weight of Earth's human population as approximately 287 million tonnes, with the average person weighing around 62 kilograms (137 lb).[72]

text: The CIA estimated nominal 2013 gross world product at US$74.31 trillion, giving an annual global per capita figure of around US$10,500.[73] Around 1.29 billion people (18.4% of the world population) live in extreme poverty, subsisting on less than US$1.25 per day;[74] approximately 870 million people (12.25%) are undernourished.[75] 83% of the world's over-15s are considered literate.[68] In June 2014, there were around 3.03 billion global Internet users, constituting 42.3% of the world population.[76]

text: The Han Chinese are the world's largest single ethnic group, constituting over 19% of the global population in 2011.[77] The world's most-spoken first languages are Mandarin Chinese (spoken by 12.44% of the world's population), Spanish (4.85%), English (4.83%), Arabic (3.25%) and Hindustani (2.68%).[68] The world's largest religion is Christianity, whose adherents account for 31% of the global population; Islam is the second-largest religion, accounting for 24.1%, and Hinduism the third, accounting for 13.78%.[68] In 2005, around 16% of the global population were reported to be non-religious.[78]

text: Largest populations by country

text: 10 most populous countries

text:
Rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Country / Territory
Population
Date
% of worldpopulation
Source

 China[note 4]
1,393,680,000
August 24, 2018
18.2%
[79]

 India
1,336,050,000
August 24, 2018
17.5%
[80]

 United States
327,709,000
August 24, 2018
4.29%
[81]

 Indonesia
265,015,300
July 1, 2018
3.47%
[82]

 Pakistan
201,762,000
August 24, 2018
2.64%
[83]

 Brazil
209,489,000
August 24, 2018
2.74%
[84]

 Nigeria
188,500,000
October 31, 2016
2.47%
[85]

 Bangladesh
165,069,000
August 24, 2018
2.16%
[86]

 Russia[note 5]
146,877,088
January 1, 2018
1.92%
[87]

 Japan
126,490,000
August 1, 2018
1.66%
[88]

text: Approximately 4.37 billion people live in these ten countries, representing around 57% of the world's population as of July 2018.

text: Most densely populated countries

text: The tables below list the world's most densely populated countries, both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations.

text:
10 most densely populated countries (with population above 5 million)

Rank
Country
Population
Area (km2)
Density (Pop. per km2)

1
 Singapore
5,612,300
710
7,905

2
 Bangladesh
165,070,000

143,998

1,146

3
 Taiwan
23,572,415
36,193
651

4
 Lebanon
6,093,509
10,452
583

5
 South Korea
51,635,256
99,538
519

6
 Rwanda
12,001,136
26,338
456

7
 Netherlands
17,250,000

41,526

415

8
 Haiti
11,112,945
27,065
411

9
 India
1,336,050,000

3,287,240

406

10
 Israel
8,900,000

22,072

403

text:
Countries ranking highly in both total population (more than 20 million people) and population density (more than 250 people per square kilometer):

Rank
Country
Population
Area (km2)
Density (Pop. per km2)
Notes

1
 India
1,336,050,000

3,287,240

406
Growing population

2
 Pakistan
201,760,000

803,940

251
Rapidly growing population

3
 Bangladesh
165,070,000

143,998

1,146
Rapidly growing population

4
 Japan
126,490,000
377,873
335
Declining population[89]

5
 Philippines
106,360,000

300,000

355
Growing population

6
 Vietnam
94,660,000
331,689
285
Growing population

7
 United Kingdom
66,040,229
243,610
271
Slowly growing population

8
 South Korea
51,446,201
99,538
517
Slowly growing population

9
 Taiwan
23,572,415
36,193
651
Steady population

10
 Sri Lanka
21,444,000
65,610
327
Growing population

text: Fluctuation

text: Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions. Nonetheless, population growth is the long-standing trend on all inhabited continents, as well as in most individual states. During the 20th century, the global population saw its greatest increase in known history, rising from about 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2000. A number of factors contributed to this increase, including the lessening of the mortality rate in many countries by improved sanitation and medical advances, and a massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution.[90][91][92]

text: In 2000, the United Nations estimated that the world's population was growing at an annual rate of 1.14% (equivalent to around 75 million people),[93] down from a peak of 88 million per year in 1989. By 2000, there were approximately ten times as many people on Earth as there had been in 1700. Globally, the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak of 2.19% in 1963, but growth remains high in Latin America, the Middle East, and Sub-Saharan Africa.[94]

text: 7–8 children   6–7 children     5–6 children   4–5 children     3–4 children   2–3 children     1–2 children   0–1 children

text: During the 2010s, Japan and some countries in Europe began to encounter negative population growth (i.e. a net decrease in population over time), due to sub-replacement fertility rates.[89]

text: In 2006, the United Nations stated that the rate of population growth was visibly diminishing due to the ongoing global demographic transition. If this trend continues, the rate of growth may diminish to zero by 2050, concurrent with a world population plateau of 9.2 billion.[95] However, this is only one of many estimates published by the UN; in 2009, UN population projections for 2050 ranged between around 8 billion and 10.5 billion.[96] An alternative scenario is given by the statistician Jorgen Randers, who argues that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility. Randers' "most likely scenario" reveals a peak in the world population in the early 2040s at about 8.1 billion people, followed by decline.[97] Adrian Raftery, a University of Washington professor of statistics and of sociology, states that "there’s a 70 percent probability the world population will not stabilize this century. Population, which had sort of fallen off the world’s agenda, remains a very important issue."[98]

text:
Estimated world population figures, 10,000 BC–AD 2000

Estimated world population figures, 10,000 BC–AD 2000 (in log y scale)

World population figures, 1950–2000

Estimated global growth rates, 1950–2050

Estimated and projected populations of the world and its continents (except Antarctica) from 1950 to 2100. The shaded regions correspond to the range of projections by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

text: Population growth by region

text: The table below shows historical and predicted regional population figures in millions.[99][100][101] The availability of historical population figures varies by region.

text:
World historical and predicted populations (in millions)[102][103][104]

Region
1500
1600
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
1999
2008
2010
2012
2050
2150

World

585
660
710
791
978
1,262
1,650
2,521
6,008
6,707
6,896
7,052
9,725
9,746

Africa

86
114
106
106
107
111
133
221
783
973
1,022
1,052
2,478
2,308

Asia

282
350
411
502
635
809
947
1,402
3,700
4,054
4,164
4,250
5,267
5,561

Europe

168
170
178
190
203
276
408
547
675
732
738
740
734
517

Latin America[Note 1]

40
20
10
16
24
38
74
167
508
577
590
603
784
912

North America[Note 1]

6
3
2
2
7
26
82
172
312
337
345
351
433
398

Oceania

3
3
3
2
2
2
6
13
30
34
37
38
57
51

text:
World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution[102][103]

Region
1500
1600
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
1999
2008
2010
2012
2050
2150

Africa

14.7
17.3
14.9
13.4
10.9
8.8
8.1
8.8
13.0
14.5
14.8
15.2
25.48
23.7

Asia

48.2
53.0
57.9
63.5
64.9
64.1
57.4
55.6
61.6
60.4
60.4
60.3
54.16
57.1

Europe

28.7
25.8
25.1
20.6
20.8
21.9
24.7
21.7
11.2
10.9
10.7
10.5
7.55
5.3

Latin America[Note 1]

6.8
3.0
1.4
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.5
6.6
8.5
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.06
9.4

North America[Note 1]

1.0
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.7
2.1
5.0
6.8
5.2
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.45
4.1

Oceania

0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.59
0.5

text: Past population

text: The following table gives estimates, in millions, of population in the past. The data for 1750 to 1900 are from the UN report "The World at Six Billion"[105] whereas the data from 1950 to 2015 are from a UN data sheet.[8]

text:
Year

World

Africa

Asia

Europe

Latin America & Carib.[Note 1]

North America[Note 1]

Oceania

Notes

70,000 BC

< 0.015

0

0

[106]

10,000 BC

4

[107]

8000 BC

5

6500 BC

5

5000 BC

5

4000 BC

7

3000 BC

14

2000 BC

27

1000 BC

50

7

33

9

[citation needed]

500 BC

100

14

66

16

AD 1

200

23

141

28

1000

400

70

269

50

8

1

2

1500

458

86

243

84

39

3

3

1600

580

114

339

111

10

3

3

1700

682

106

436

125

10

2

3

1750

791

106

502

163

16

2

2

1800

1,000

107

656

203

24

7

3

1850

1,262

111

809

276

38

26

2

1900

1,650

133

947

408

74

82

6

1950

2,525

229

1,394

549

169

172

12.7

[108]

1955

2,758

254

1,534

577

193

187

14.2

1960

3,018

285

1,687

606

221

204

15.8

1965

3,322

322

1,875

635

254

219

17.5

1970

3,682

366

2,120

657

288

231

19.7

1975

4,061

416

2,378

677

326

242

21.5

1980

4,440

478

2,626

694

365

254

23.0

1985

4,853

550

2,897

708

406

267

24.9

1990

5,310

632

3,202

721

447

281

27.0

1995

5,735

720

3,475

728

487

296

29.1

2000

6,127

814

3,714

726

527

314

31.1

2005

6,520

920

3,945

729

564

329

33.4

2010

6,930

1,044

4,170

735

600

344

36.4

2015

7,349

1,186

4,393

738

634

358

39.3

text: Using the above figures, the change in population from 2010 to 2015 was:

text:
World: +420 million
Africa: +142 million
Asia: +223 million
Europe: +3 million
Latin America and Caribbean: +35 million
Northern America: +14 million
Oceania: +2.9 million

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Northern America comprises the northern-most countries and territories of North America: Canada, the United States, Greenland, Bermuda, and St. Pierre and Miquelon. Latin America comprises Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America.

text: Projections

text: Long-term global population growth is difficult to predict. The United Nations and the US Census Bureau both give different estimates – according to the UN, the world population reached seven billion in late 2011,[99] while the USCB asserted that this occurred in March 2012.[110] The UN has issued multiple projections of future world population, based on different assumptions. From 2000 to 2005, the UN consistently revised these projections downward, until the 2006 revision, issued on March 14, 2007, revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million.

text: Average global birth rates are declining fast, but vary greatly between developed countries (where birth rates are often at or below replacement levels) and developing countries (where birth rates typically remain high). Different ethnicities also display varying birth rates. Death rates can change rapidly due to disease epidemics, wars and other mass catastrophes, or advances in medicine.

text: 2012 United projections show a continued increase in population in the near future with a steady decline in population growth rate; the global population is expected to reach between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050.[111][112] 2003 UN Population Division population projections for the year 2150 range between 3.2 and 24.8 billion.[64] One of many independent mathematical models supports the lower estimate,[113] while a 2014 estimate forecasts between 9.3 and 12.6 billion in 2100, and continued growth thereafter.[114][115] Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of further world population growth, highlighting the growing pressures on the environment, global food supplies, and energy resources.[116][117][118]

text:
UN (medium variant – 2012 revision) and US Census Bureau (June 2015) estimates[119][120]

Year

UN est.(millions)

Difference

USCB est.(millions)

Difference

2005

6,514

–

6,473

–

2010

6,916

402

6,866

393

2015

7,324

408

7,256

390

2020

7,717

393

7,643

380

2025

8,083

366

8,007

363

2030

8,425

342

8,341

334

2035

8,743

318

8,646

306

2040

9,039

296

8,926

280

2045

9,308

269

9,180

254

2050

9,551

243

9,408

228

text:
UN 2012 estimates and medium variant projections (in millions)[119]

Year

World

Asia

Africa

Europe

Latin America/Caribbean

Northern America

Oceania

2010

6,916

4,165 (60.2%)

1,031 (14.9%)

740 (10.7%)

596 (8.6%)

347 (5.0%)

37 (0.5%)

2015

7,324

4,385 (59.9%)

1,166 (15.9%)

743 (10.1%)

630 (8.6%)

361 (4.9%)

39 (0.5%)

2020

7,717

4,582 (59.4%)

1,312 (17.0%)

744 (9.6%)

662 (8.6%)

376 (4.9%)

42 (0.5%)

2025

8,083

4,749 (58.8%)

1,468 (18.2%)

741 (9.2%)

691 (8.5%)

390 (4.8%)

45 (0.6%)

2030

8,425

4,887 (58.0%)

1,634 (19.4%)

736 (8.7%)

717 (8.5%)

403 (4.8%)

47 (0.6%)

2035

8,743

4,997 (57.2%)

1,812 (20.7%)

730 (8.3%)

739 (8.5%)

415 (4.8%)

50 (0.6%)

2040

9,039

5,080 (56.2%)

1,999 (22.1%)

724 (8.0%)

757 (8.4%)

426 (4.8%)

52 (0.6%)

2045

9,308

5,136 (55.2%)

2,194 (23.6%)

717 (7.7%)

771 (8.3%)

436 (4.7%)

55 (0.6%)

2050

9,551

5,164 (54.1%)

2,393 (25.1%)

709 (7.4%)

782 (8.2%)

446 (4.7%)

57 (0.6%)

2055

9,766

5,168 (52.9%)

2,595 (26.6%)

700 (7.2%)

788 (8.1%)

456 (4.7%)

59 (0.6%)

2060

9,957

5,152 (51.7%)

2,797 (28.1%)

691 (6.9%)

791 (7.9%)

465 (4.7%)

61 (0.6%)

2065

10,127

5,120 (50.6%)

2,998 (29.6%)

681 (6.7%)

791 (7.8%)

474 (4.7%)

63 (0.6%)

2070

10,277

5,075 (49.4%)

3,195 (31.1%)

673 (6.5%)

788 (7.6%)

482 (4.7%)

64 (0.6%)

2075

10,409

5,019 (48.2%)

3,387 (32.5%)

665 (6.4%)

783 (7.5%)

490 (4.7%)

66 (0.6%)

2080

10,524

4,957 (47.1%)

3,570 (33.9%)

659 (6.3%)

776 (7.4%)

496 (4.7%)

67 (0.6%)

2085

10,626

4,894 (46.1%)

3,742 (35.2%)

653 (6.1%)

767 (7.2%)

502 (4.7%)

68 (0.6%)

2090

10,717

4,833 (45.1%)

3,903 (36.4%)

649 (6.1%)

757 (7.1%)

506 (4.7%)

69 (0.6%)

2095

10,794

4,773 (44.2%)

4,051 (37.6%)

644 (6.0%)

747 (6.9%)

510 (4.7%)

69 (0.6%)

2100

10,854

4,712 (43.4%)

4,185 (38.6%)

639 (5.9%)

736 (6.8%)

513 (4.7%)

70 (0.6%)

text: Mathematical approximations

text: In 1975, Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025.[121] The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development. This feedback can be described as follows: technological advance → increase in the carrying capacity of land for people → demographic growth → more people → more potential inventors → acceleration of technological advance → accelerating growth of the carrying capacity → faster population growth → accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors → faster technological advance → hence, the faster growth of the Earth's carrying capacity for people, and so on.[122] The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition.

text: According to the Russian demographer Sergey Kapitsa,[123] the world population grew between 67,000 BC and 1965 according to the following formula:

text: where

text:
N is current population
T is the current year
C = (1.86±0.01)·1011
T0 = 2007±1

τ

{\displaystyle \tau }

 = 42±1

text: Years for world population to double

text: According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates, the world population has doubled, or will double, in the years listed in the tables below (with two different starting points). During the 2nd millennium, each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling, fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above. However, after 2024, it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century.[124]

text:
Starting at 500 million

Population(in billions)

0.5
1
2
4
8

Year

1500
1804
1927
1974
2024

Years elapsed

304
123
47
50

text:
Starting at 375 million

Population(in billions)

0.375
0.75
1.5
3
6

Year

1171
1715
1881
1960
1999

Years elapsed

544
166
79
39

text: Overpopulation

text: Predictions of scarcity

text: In his 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population, the British scholar Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that continued population growth would exhaust the global food supply by the mid-19th century. Malthus wrote the essay to refute what he considered the unattainable utopian ideas of William Godwin and Marquis de Condorcet, as presented in Political Justice and The Future Progress of the Human Mind. In 1968, Paul R. Ehrlich reprised Malthus' argument in The Population Bomb, predicting that mass global famine would occur in the 1970s and 1980s.[126]

text: The predictions of Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians were vigorously challenged by a number of economists, notably Julian Lincoln Simon, and advances in agriculture, collectively known as the Green Revolution, forestalled any potential global famine in the late 20th century. Between 1950 and 1984, as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the world, grain production increased by over 250%.[127] The world population has grown by over four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution, but food production has so far kept pace with population growth. Most scholars believe that, without the Revolution, there would be greater levels of famine and malnutrition than the UN presently documents.[128] However, neo-Malthusians point out that fossil fuels provided the energy for the Green Revolution, in the form of natural gas-derived fertilizers, oil-derived pesticides, and hydrocarbon-fueled irrigation, and that many crops have become so genetically uniform that a crop failure in any one country could potentially have global repercussions.[129]

text: In 2004, a meta-analysis of 70 quantitative studies estimating a sustainable limit to the world population generated a meta-estimate of 7.7 billion people.[130]

text: In May 2008, the price of grain was pushed up severely by the increased cultivation of biofuels, the increase of world oil prices to over $140 per barrel ($880/m3),[131] global population growth,[132] the effects of climate change,[133] the loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development,[134][135] and growing consumer demand in the population centres of China and India.[136][137] Food riots subsequently occurred in some countries.[138][139] However, oil prices then fell sharply. Resource demands are expected to ease as population growth declines, but it is unclear whether mass food wastage and rising living standards in developing countries will once again create resource shortages.[140][141]

text: David Pimentel, professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University, estimates that the sustainable agricultural carrying capacity for the United States is about 200 million people; its population as of 2015 is over 300 million.[142] In 2009, the UK government's chief scientific advisor, Professor John Beddington, warned that growing populations, falling energy reserves and food shortages would create a "perfect storm" of shortages of food, water, and energy by 2030.[125][143] According to a 2009 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the world will have to produce 70% more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.3 billion people.[144]

text: The observed figures for 2007 showed an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world, with 923 million undernourished in 2007, versus 832 million in 1995.[145] The 2009 FAO estimates showed an even more dramatic increase, to 1.02 billion.[146]

text: Environmental impacts

text:
A number of scientists have argued that the current global population expansion and accompanying increase in resource consumption threatens the world's ecosystem.[147][148]
The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth, which was ratified by 58 member national academies in 1994, states that "unprecedented" population growth aggravates many environmental problems, including rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, global warming, and pollution.[149] Indeed, some analysts claim that overpopulation's most serious impact is its effect on the environment.[117]
The situation has continued to worsen, as at the time of the 1994 IAP statement, the world population stood at 5.5 billion and lower-bound scenarios predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050, a number that current estimates state will be reached in the late 2020s.

text: Scientists contend that human overpopulation, continued human population growth and overconsumption, particularly by the wealthy, are the primary drivers of mass species extinction.[150][151][152][153] By 2050 population growth, along with profligate consumption, could result in oceans containing more plastic than fish by weight.[152] In November 2017, a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries asserted that rapid human population growth is the "primary driver behind many ecological and even societal threats."[154]

text: A July 2017 study published in Environmental Research Letters argued that the most significant way individuals could mitigate their own carbon footprint is to have fewer children, followed by living without a vehicle, forgoing air travel and adopting a plant-based diet.[155]

text: Population control

text: Human population control is the practice of intervening to alter the rate of population growth. Historically, human population control has been implemented by limiting a region's birth rate, by voluntary contraception or by government mandate. It has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty, environmental concerns, and religious reasons. The use of abortion in some population control strategies has caused controversy,[156] with religious organizations such as the Roman Catholic Church explicitly opposing any intervention in the human reproductive process.[157]

text: The University of Nebraska publication Green Illusions argues that population control to alleviate environmental pressures need not be coercive. It states that "Women who are educated, economically engaged, and in control of their own bodies can enjoy the freedom of bearing children at their own pace, which happens to be a rate that is appropriate for the aggregate ecological endowment of our planet."[158] The book Fatal Misconception by Matthew Connelly similarly points to the importance of supporting the rights of women in bringing population levels down over time.[159]


document_title: Rising Star India (season 2)

question_text: who got the ticket to finale in rising star season 2

root

text: Rising Star India (season 2)

text: Format[edit]

text: In contrast to other singing competition TV shows which feature a cast of celebrity judges, Rising Star features a cast of celebrity experts and considers the viewers at home the judges.[1] During each performance, the audience at home is able to decide in real time whether or not a contestant is sent through to the next round by using a mobile voting app.[2]

tag: p

text: While the viewers at home are considered the "judges", the expert panelists also may influence the vote but with continuously decreasing percentage votes over the total public vote and not exceeding 5% of the total voting power.

text: The Auditions[edit]

text: The first round where the acts are individually called to perform. As a reportage of the announced performer is shown, viewers are invited to register for voting for that specific act. Following a countdown of three seconds, the candidate has to start performing behind a screen called "The Wall".

text: With start of performance, the voting kicks in. Registered voters have the option of voting just "Yes" or "No". Non-votes are also considered "No" votes. If an expert votes "Yes", another 5% is added to the tally of the contestant. The contestants also see random photos of voters in their favour. Faces of panelists voting "Yes" is also be shown in larger frames.

text: Once the contestant reaches 80% of "Yes" votes, the wall is raised and the contestant goes to the next round of the competition.[3]

text: The Duels[edit]

text: Contestants who make it through the auditions are paired by the judges to face off in a duel. The first contestant sings with the wall up and sets the benchmark for the second contestant. The second contestant sings with the wall down. If the second contestant betters the first contestant's vote total, the wall rises and the second contestant was through to the next round while the first contestant is eliminated; if the second contestant fails to raise the wall, the second contestant is eliminated and the first contestant goes through.

text: Series details[edit]

text: The Live Auditions[edit]

text: The Live auditions began on 20 January 2018 and went on till 4 February 2018.

text:
Episode Date
Contestant
Age (in years)
From
Song
Votes
Expert's Choices
hideResult

Shankar
Mahadevan

Monali
Thakur

Diljit
Dosanjh

Jan 20
Rohanpreet Singh
23
Patiala
Dil Diyan Gallan
95%

Advanced

Mamta Raut
31
Ranchi
Baghban
86%

Advanced

Aman Biswal
12
Bhubaneshwar
Om Namah Shivay + Albela Sajan
89%

Advanced

Debanjali Chaterjee
29
Kolkata
Har Kisi Ko
90%

Advanced

Sriprasanna Pendyalaya
21
Visakhapatnam
Sun Saathiya
94%

Advanced

Friendship Band
24-27
Lucknow
Mehbooba Mehbooba + ...
80%

Advanced

Jan 21
Dr. Sudeep Ranjan
24
Boko, Assam
Khamoshiyan
93%

Advanced

Soham & Chaitanya
10 & 12
Alandi, Pune
Dagabaaz Re
94%

Advanced

Iswari Behera
21
Sambhalpur, Odisha
Dua
77%

Eliminated

Srushti & Varsha Barlemwar
23 & 48
Nagpur
Saiyaan Dil Mein Aana Re
66%

Eliminated

Ridham Kalyan
18
Amritsar
Aaj Ibaadat
83%

Advanced

Rajnigandha Shekhawat
43
Jaipur, Rajasthan
Badrinath Ki Dulhania + Holiya Me Ude Re Gulal
74%

Eliminated

Ashwin Prabhu
22
Bengaluru
Tumse Milke Dil Ka Hai Jo Haal
89%

Advanced

Afreen Group
18-24
Jalandar
Naina Thag Lenge + Kajra Re
94%

Advanced

Jan 27
Nigam Brothers
22 & 31
Lucknow
Dil Se Re + Maa Tujhe Salaam
91%

Advanced

Prakruthi Reddy
8
Bangalore, Karnataka
Nagada Sang Dhol
67%

Eliminated

Alankar Mahtolia
23
New Delhi
Chunar
86%

Advanced

Manganiyar Fusion
21-27
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
Saree Ke Fall Sa
90%

Advanced

Raenit Singh
23
New Delhi
Moh Moh Ke Dhaage
94%

Advanced

Raman Kapoor
27
Gurugram, Haryana
Rang De Basanti
80%

Advanced

Mohd Rehan Quraishi
28
Lucknow
Aas Paas Khuda
73%

Eliminated

Jan 28
Sindhu Wadekar
60
Maharashtra
Hansta Hua Noorani Chehra
95%

Advanced

Akhtar Brothers
21 & 23
Punjab
Sultan
93%

Advanced

Shashank Sekhar
28
Bhubaneswar
Teri Meri Kahaani
94%

Advanced

Vishnumaya Ramesh
12
Kerala
Jiya Jale
93%

Advanced

Jyoti Sharma
18
Guwahati
Parda Parda
66%

Eliminated

The Harmony Chorus
10-16
Bengaluru
Kal Ho Naa Ho + Choti Si Aasha + Taare Zameen Par
93%

Advanced

Sakshi Ratti
21
Ludhiana, Punjab
Kamli
66%

Eliminated

Sagar Mhatre
20
Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra
Dil Ki Tapish
94%

Advanced

Feb 3
Zaid Ali
10
Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh
Mere Rashke Qamar
91%

Advanced

Vishal Srivastava
34
New Delhi
Ab Tere Bin
63%

Eliminated

Arya Nandini
17
Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh
Ghoomar
91%

Advanced

Jaya Piyush
40
Mumbai
Hothon Mein Aisi Baat
92%

Advanced

Anmol Jaswal
19
Jammu
Sapnon Se Bhare Naina
76%

Eliminated

Mehrnangori Rustam
23
Tajikistan
Khatooba
74%

Eliminated

Kumar Sahil
25
Kangra, Himachal Pradesh
Ramta Jogi
78%

Eliminated

Feb 4
Chetan Brijvasi
11
Mathura
Haanikaarak Bapu
93%

Advanced

Ajay Brijvasi
14
Mathura
Dil Haara
94%

Advanced

Hosiyaar Brijvasi
16
Mathura
O saiyaan
94%

Advanced

Hemant Brijvasi
20
Mathura
Tashan Mein
94%

Advanced

Akhil Pillai
27
Alpeyi, Kerala
Bulleya
69%

Eliminated

Supriya Joshi
34
Mumbai
Gulaabo
88%

Advanced

Archit Patidia
21
Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Maduban Me Radhika Nache
94%

Advanced

tag: table

text: Duels Ki Takkar[edit]

text: The top 31 scorers from the auditions moved on to the second round named 'Duels Ki Takkar' which began on 10 February 2018. The contestants who qualify from this round move on to the quarterfinals.

text: Episode 7: 10 February 2018[edit]

text: Guests: Manish Paul and Iulia Vântur

tag: ul

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Dr. Sudeep Ranjan
Saawariya
63%

Advanced

Ashwin Prabhu
Ae Dil Hai Mushkil
50%

Eliminated

2
Vishnumaya Ramesh
Kehna Ki Kya
93%

Advanced

Soham & Chaitanya
Khaike Paan Banaraswala
89%

Eliminated

3
Debanjali Chaterjee
Jiya Re
68%

Eliminated

Mamta Raut
Saiyyan
85%

Advanced

4
Rohanpreet Singh
Aaj Din Chadheya
92%

Advanced

Raenit Singh
Janam Janam
90%

Eliminated

text: Episode 8: 11 February 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Sukhwinder Singh

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Afreen Group
Chand Sifarish + Aaj Phir
90%

Advanced

Ajay Brijvasi
Lagan Lagi
88%

Eliminated

2
Hosiyaar Brijvasi
Darmiyaan
70%

Advanced

Raman Kapoor
Main Jahan Rahoon
48%

Eliminated

3
Supriya Joshi
Maahi Ve
60%

Eliminated

Hemant Brijvasi
Upar Khuda
94%

Advanced

4
Zaid Ali
Saiyyan
88%

Advanced

Chetan Brijvasi
Jee Karda
87%

Eliminated

text: Episode 9: 17 February 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Gurdas Mann

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Akhtar Brothers
Chaiyya Chaiyya
92%

Advanced

Nigam Brothers
Khalbali + Pathaka Guddi + Nadan
83%

Eliminated

2
Arya Nandini
Barso Re
56%

Eliminated

Alankar Mahtolia
Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin
66%

Advanced

Ridham Kalyan
Ainvayi Ainvayi
90%

Advanced

3
Sagar Mhatre
Laaga Chunari Mein Daag
75%

Advanced

Archit Patidia
Bhor Bhaye
52%

Eliminated

text: Episode 10: 18 February 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Sonakshi Sinha & Raftaar

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

rowspan="2"
%

Advanced

Manganiyar Fusion
Sawar Loon + Tere Mast Mast...
88.49%

Eliminated

2
Sriprasanna Pendyalaya
Ni Main Samajhh Gayi
72%

Eliminated

Shashank Sekhar
Muskurane
89%

Advanced

3
Jaya Piyush
Rangeela re
90%

Advanced

Friendship Band
Yamma Yamma + Shaan Se
49%..

Eliminated

4
Sindhu Wadekar
O Mungada Mungada
77%

Eliminated

Aman Biswal
Bol Do Na Zara
87%

Advanced

text: India's Favourite 16 + Duets Challenge[edit]

text: The Top 16 contestants compete in this round. Eight teams of two perform in duets. The first team perform with the wall up and set the target percentage. The next teams perform with the wall down and attempt to beat the target score. The duo with the least score move to the Red Sofa (unsafe zone). The team with the lowest score gets eliminated.

text: Episode 11: 24 February 2018

text: Guest: Richa Sharma

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Afreen Group
Billo Rani + Humka Peeni Hain
89%

Advanced

Mamta Raut

2
Rohanpreet Singh
Samjhawan
90%

Advanced

Vishnumaya Ramesh

3
Jaya Piyush
Manwa Lage
88%

Advanced

Shashank Sekhar

4
Dr. Sudeep Ranjan
Jai Ho + Roobaroo
86%

Advanced

The Harmony Chorus

5
Zaid Ali
Arziyan
92%

Advanced

Hosiyaar Brijvasi

6
Akhtar Brothers
Mast Kalandar
94%

Advanced

Hemant Brijvasi

7
Alankar Mahtolia
Dhan The Nan
54%

Eliminated

Ridham Kalyan

8
Sagar Mhatre
Tere Naina
88%

Advanced

Aman Biswal

text: Tribute to Sridevi[edit]

text: The Top 14 contestants compete in this round. As the round progresses, the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa. At the end of the episode, the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated.

text: Episode 12: 3 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Alka Yagnik

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
The Harmony Chorus
English Vinglish + Na Jaane + Navrai Majhi
87%

Advanced

2
Mamta Raut
Morni Baaga Ma Bole
84%

Advanced

3
Rohanpreet Singh
Aye Zindagi Gale Laga Le
90%

Advanced

4
Jaya Piyush
Mere Haathon Mein
65%

Advanced

5
Hosiyaar Brijvasi
Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki
53%

Eliminated

6
Aman Biswal
Surmayee Ankhyion Mein
91%

Advanced

7
Akhtar Brothers
Mujhe Ek Pal Chain Na Aaye
90%

Advanced

text: Episode 13: 4 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Kavita Krishnamurthy

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Afreen Group
Naino Mein + Main Teri Dushman
85%

Advanced

2
Vishnumaya Ramesh
Hawa Hawai
93%

Advanced

3
Shashank Shekhar
Neele Neele Ambar Par
88%

Advanced

4
Zaid Ali
Tu Mujhe Kabool
90%

Advanced

5
Sagar Mhatre
Kabhi Main Kahoon Kabhi Tu
51%

Eliminated

6
Hemant Brijvasi
Meri Zindagi Ek Pyaas
93%

Advanced

7
Dr. Sudeep Ranjan
Kate Nahin Kat Te
78%

Advanced

text: Hero No. 1 (Ep14) & Salaam-E-Ishq (Ep15)[edit]

text: The Top 12 contestants compete in this round. As the round progresses, the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa. At the end of the episode, the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated.

text: Episode 14: 10 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Govinda

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Shashank Shekhar
Main Toh Raste Se Ha Raha Tha
85%

Advanced

2
Mamta Raut
Prem Jaal
88%

Advanced

3
Vishnumaya Ramesh
Sona Kitna Sona Hai
88%

Advanced

4
Afreen Group
UP Wala Thumka + Suno Sasur Ji
87%

Advanced

5
Hemant Brijvasi
Kaha Raja Bhoj Kaha Gangu Teli
93%

Advanced

6
Aman Biswal
Kisi Disco Mein Jaaye
83%

Eliminated

text: Episode 15: 11 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Tiger Shroff and Disha Patani

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Rohanpreet Singh
Channa Mereya
92%

Advanced

2
Jaya Piyush
O Mere Sona Re Sona Re
84%

Advanced

3
Akhtar Brothers
Mera Yaar
90%

Advanced

4
Zaid Ali
Main Nikla Gaddi Leke
94%

Advanced

5
The Harmony Chorus
Mere Mehboob + Maahi Ve + Mehndi
83%

Advanced

6
Dr. Sudeep Ranjan
I Love You
54%

Eliminated

text: Guru Sishya (Ep16) & Bachpan Ke Suhane Din (Ep17)[edit]

text: Wild Card Twist: Some of the eliminated contestants were brought back for another chance. Raenit Singh, Aman Biswal & Chetan Brijvasi.

text: Episode 16: 17 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Rani Mukerji

text: WILD CARD

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Chetan Brijvasi
Baawre
83%

Won Re-entry

2
Raenit Singh
Kurbaan Hua
84%

Won Re-entry

3
Aman Biswal
Bijuria
79%

Couldn't make a come-back

text: Top 12

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Mamta Raut
Aga Bai
86.96%

Advanced

2
The Harmony Chorus
O Humdum Sonio Re + Dhakka Laga Mukka
86.86%

Advanced

3
Vishnumaya Ramesh
Chupske Se
91%

Advanced

4
Jaya Piyush
Hum Tum
75%

Eliminated

5
Akhtar Brothers
Jiya Lage Na
91%

Advanced

text: Episode 17: 18 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Shaan & Manish Paul

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Zaid Ali
Piya Haji Ali
93%

Advanced

2
Rohanpreet Singh
Layi Vi Na Gayi
90%

Advanced

3
Shashank Shekhar
Hamari Adhuri Kahani
65%

Eliminated

4
Chetan Brijvasi
Dus Bahane
83%

Advanced

5
Raenit Singh
Jab Se Tere Naina
74%

Advanced

6
Afreen Group
Tharki Chokro
88%

Advanced

7
Hemant Brijvasi
Slow Motion Angreza
94%

Advanced

text: Rekha Special[edit]

text: The Top 10 contestants compete in this round. As the round progresses, the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa. At the end of the episode, the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated.

text: Episode 18: 24 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Rekha

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Vishnumaya Ramesh
Dil Cheez Kya Hai
91%

Advanced

2
Rohanpreet Singh
Rafta Rafta
88.95%

Advanced

3
Zaid Ali
Agar Tum Na Hote
88.78%

Advanced

4
Mamta Raut
Ho Pardesia
75%

Eliminated

5
The Harmony Chorus
Kaisi Paheli Zindagani
83%

Advanced

text: Episode 19: 25 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Season One Contestants

text:
Order
Contestant
Season 1 Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Akhtar Brothers
Diljot Qawwali Group (8th Place)
Aaya Tere Dar Par Deewana
90%

Advanced

2
Chetan Brijvasi
Bannet Dosanjh (Winner)
Dard-e-Disco & Swag Se Swagat
88%

Advanced

3
Hemant Brijvasi
Maithili Thakur (Runner-up)
Mere Dholna
93%

Advanced

4
Raenit Singh
Ameya Date (6th Place)
Zaalima
83%

Eliminated

5
Afreen Group
Afsana Khan (7th Place)
Ghagra & Kajra Mohabbat Wala
86%

Advanced

text: Top 8[edit]

text: The Top 8 contestants compete in this round. As the round progresses, the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa. At the end of the episode, the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated.

text: Episode 20: 31 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Udit Narayan

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Rohanpreet Singh
Pehla Nasha
90%

Advanced

2
The Harmony Chorus
Gun Gun Guna + Ghanan Ghanan
75%

Eliminated

3
Chetan Brijvasi
Tatad Tatad
83%

Advanced

4
Vishnumaya Ramesh
Kuhu Kuhu Bole Koyalia
88%

Advanced

5
Akhtar Brothers
Kawa Kawa
87%

Advanced

6
Zaid Ali
Laal Ishq
89%

Advanced

7
Hemant Brijvasi
Satrangi Re
92%

Advanced

8
Afreen Group
Tu Cheej Badi Hai + Koi Jaane Koi Na Jaane
80%

Advanced

text: Episode 21: 1 April 2018[edit]

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Vishnumaya Ramesh
Bhare Naina
90%

Advanced

2
Chetan Brijwasi
Malhari
58%

Advanced

3
Rohanpreet Singh
Bol Na Halke Halke
92%

Advanced

4
Zaid Ali
Maula Mere Lele Meri Jaan
91%

Advanced

5
Hemant Brijwasi
Rut Aa Gayi Re
89%

Advanced

6
Akhtar Brothers
Deva Shree Ganesha
88%

Advanced

7
Afreen Group
Afreen Afreen
53%

Eliminated

text: Ticket To Finale[edit]

text: The contestants compete to earn a direct entry to the finale week. In each episode, the contestant sitting on Golden Sofa (the contestant with the highest score) will move on to compete for the Ticket To Finale.

text: Episode 22: 7 April 2018[edit]

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Akhtar Brothers
Shah Ka Rutba
80%

Beaten by Vishnumaya

2
Chetan Brijwasi
Suno Na Sangemarmar
71%

Couldn't beat the score of 80%

3
Vishnumaya Ramesh
Mohe Rang Do Laal
86.04%

Beated by Zaid Ali

4
Zaid Ali
O Re Piya
86.50%

Beaten by Hemant

5
Rohanpreet Singh
Aaoge Jab Tum
84%

Couldn't beat the score of 86%

6
Hemant Brijwasi
Bheegi Bheegi
88%

Advanced to compete for the Ticket To Finale

text: Episode 23: 8 April 2018[edit]

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Chetan Brijwasi
Manma emotion+Aashiq surrender
75%

Beaten by Zaid Ali

2
Zaid Ali
Surili Ankhyion Wale
88.2%

Beated by Vishnumaya Ramesh

3
Rohanpreet Singh
Jeena Jeena
84%

Couldn't beat the score of 88%

4
Vishnumaya Ramesh
Satyam Shivam Sundaram
88.51%

Advanced to compete for the Ticket To Finale

5
Akhtar Brothers
Jugni
84%

Couldn't beat the score of 88%

text: Face-off for the Ticket to Finale[edit]

text: The two top scorers of Saturday and Sunday episode participate in a face-off round.

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Vishnumaya Ramesh
Sun Raha Hai Na Tu
74%

Couldn't win the ticket to finale

2
Hemant Brijwasi
Piya Re
89%

Won Ticket To Finale

text: Finale Week[edit]

text: Episode 24: 14 April 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Alia Bhatt

text: The Top 5 contestants except for Ticket to Finale winner Hemant Brijwasi were divided into two batches. Batch A- Zaid Ali, Chetan Brijwasi & Vishnumaya Ramesh and Batch B- Akhtar Brothers & Rohanpreet Singh. The contestant with the lowest score in each batch will be eliminated, making the Top 4.

text:
Batch
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

A
1
Zaid Ali
Teri Deewani
88%

Advanced to Top 4

2
Chetan Brijwasi
Afghan Jalebi
63%

Eliminated

3
Vishnumaya Ramesh
Bairi Piya
88%

Advanced to Top 4

B
4
Rohanpreet Singh
Tum Hi Ho
89%

Advanced to Top 4

5
Akhtar Brothers
Barson Yaaron
79%

Eliminated

text: Grand Finale[edit]

text: Episode 25: 15 April 2018[edit]

text: The Top 4 finalists compete in the first round. The Top 3 contestants proceed to the Face-off round.

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
Experts' Choices
hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan
Monali Thakur
Diljit Dosanjh

1
Vishnumaya Ramesh
Hai Rama
85%

Advanced to Top 3

2
Zaid Ali
Jag Ghoomeya
80%

Third Runner-Up

3
Rohanpreet Singh
Haule Haule
83%

Advanced to Top 3

4
Hemant Brijwasi
Saanware
88%

Advanced to Top 3

text: Face-off[edit]

text: The Top 3 scorers of the episode participate in a face-off round. In this round, the experts have no voting power and the votes accumulated are only from the audience.

text:
Order
Contestant
Song
Votes
hideResult

1
Hemant Brijwasi
Alvida
86%
Winner

2
Rohanpreet Singh
Khuda Jaane
78.39%
Runner Up

3
Vishnumaya Ramesh
Silsila Ye Chaahat Ka
78.1%
Second Runner Up


document_title: List of boat types

question_text: a type of sailing ship that starts with sch

text: List of boat types

text: This is a list of boat types. For sailing ships, see: List of sailing boat types.

text:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

text:
See also
References

text: A[edit]

text: Airboat

text: Top of page

text: B[edit]

text:
Banana boat (merchant)
Banana boat (recreational)
Barge
Barq
Bass boat
Boita
Bow rider
Bracera
Brig
Brigantine

text: Top of page

text: C[edit]

text:
Cabin cruiser
Cruise ship
Cable ferry
Canoe
Cape Islander
Captain's gig
Car-boat
Car float
Catamaran
Center console
Coble
Coracle
Cornish pilot gig
Crash rescue boat
Cuddy boat
Cutter

text: Top of page

text: D[edit]

text:
Dhow
Dhoni
Dinghy
Dory
Dredging
Dragon boat
Drift boat
Drifter (fishing)
Drifter (naval)
Dugout
Durham boat

text: Top of page

text: E[edit]

text:
Electric boat
Express cruiser

text: Top of page

text: F[edit]

text:
Faering
Ferry
Fireboat
Fishing boat (contemporary)
Fishing boat (traditional)
Float tube
Flyak
Flying boat
Folding boat
Friendship sloop
Full rigged pinnace

text: Top of page

text: G[edit]

text:
Garbage scow
Go-fast boat
Gondola
Gundalow
Great Lakes freighter

text: Top of page

text: H[edit]

text:
Houseboat
Hovercraft
Hydrofoil
Higgins (boat)
Higgins (military)
Hydroplane

text: Top of page

text: I[edit]

text:
Ice boat
Inflatable boat

text: Top of page

text: J[edit]

text:
Jetboat
Jet ski
Jon boat
Jukung
Junk

text: Top of page

text: K[edit]

text:
Kayak and Sea kayak
kalmak
Ketch
Kettuvallam

text: Top of page

text: L[edit]

text:
Launch
Landing craft
Lifeboat
Lighter
Liner
LNG carrier
Log boat
Langschiff
Longboat
Longship
Longtail
Lugger
Luxury yacht

text: Top of page

text: M[edit]

text:
Mackinaw boat
Masula boat
Missile boat
Monitor
Motorboat
Motor Launch (naval)

text: Top of page

text: N[edit]

text:
Narrowboat
Nordland
Norfolk wherry

text: Top of page

text: O[edit]

text:
Optimist
Outrigger canoe

text: Top of page

text: P[edit]

text:
Padded V-hull
Paddle steamer
Patrol boat
Pedalo (paddle boat)
Personal water craft (PWC)
Pinnace (ship's boat)
Pink (ship)
Pirogue
Pleasure barge
Pleasure craft
Police watercraft
Pontoon
Powerboat
Pram (boat)
Pram (ship)
Proa
Pump boat
Punt

text: passage

text: Top of page

text: Q[edit]

text: Top of page

text: R[edit]

text:
Raft
Reaction ferry
Recreational trawler
Reed boat
Rigid-hulled inflatable
Riverboat
Rodney boat
Roll-on/roll-off ship
Rowboat
Runabout

text: Top of page

text: S[edit]

text:
Sailboat
Sampan
Schooner
Scow
Sea kayak and Kayak
Shad boat
Shallop
Sharpie
Shikara
Ship's tender
Ski boat
Skiff
Skipjack
Steam boat
Slipper Launch
Sloop
Speed boat
Submarine
Surf boat
Surfboard
Swift boat

text: Top of page

text: T[edit]

text:
Tanker
Tarai Bune
Tjotter
Torpedo boat
Towboat
Trailer sailor
Train ferry
Trimaran
Trawler (fishing)
Trawler (naval)
Trawler (recreational)
Tugboat

text: Top of page

text: U[edit]

text:
U-boat
Umiak

text: Top of page

text: V[edit]

text: Very Slender Vessel

text: Top of page

text: W[edit]

text:
Waka
Wakeboard boat
Walkaround
Water ambulance
Water taxi
Weidling
Whaleboat
Wherry

text: Top of page

text: X[edit]

text: Top of page

text: Xebec

text: Y[edit]

text:
Yacht
Yawl
Yoal

text: Top of page

text: Z[edit]

text: Zille


document_title: Greenwich Mean Time

question_text: gmt is named after a place in which country

text: Greenwich Mean Time

text: History[edit]

text: As the United Kingdom grew into an advanced maritime nation, British mariners kept at least one chronometer on GMT to calculate their longitude from the Greenwich meridian, which was by convention considered to have longitude zero degrees, internationally adopted in the International Meridian Conference of 1884. Synchronisation of the chronometer on GMT did not affect shipboard time, which was still solar time. But this practice, combined with mariners from other nations drawing from Nevil Maskelyne's method of lunar distances based on observations at Greenwich, led to GMT being used worldwide as a standard time independent of location. Most time zones were based upon GMT, as an offset of a number of hours (and possibly a half-hour) "ahead of GMT" or "behind GMT".

text: Greenwich Mean Time was adopted across the island of Great Britain by the Railway Clearing House in 1847, and by almost all railway companies by the following year, from which the term "railway time" is derived. It was gradually adopted for other purposes, but a legal case in 1858 held "local mean time" to be the official time.[4] On 14 May 1880, a letter signed by 'Clerk to Justices' appeared in 'The Times', stating that 'Greenwich time is now kept almost throughout England, but it appears that Greenwich time is not legal time. For example, our polling booths were opened, say, at 8 13 and closed at 4 13 PM.'[5][6] This was changed later in 1880, when Greenwich Mean Time was legally adopted throughout the island of Great Britain. GMT was adopted on the Isle of Man in 1883, Jersey in 1898 and Guernsey in 1913. Ireland adopted GMT in 1916, supplanting Dublin Mean Time.[7] Hourly time signals from Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February 1924, rendering the time ball at the observatory redundant.

text: The daily rotation of the Earth is irregular (see ΔT) and constantly slows; therefore the atomic clocks constitute a much more stable timebase. On 1 January 1972, GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time, maintained by an ensemble of atomic clocks around the world. Universal Time (UT), a term introduced in 1928, initially represented mean time at Greenwich determined in the traditional way to accord with the originally defined universal day; from 1 January 1956 (as decided by the IAU at Dublin, 1955, at the initiative of William Markowitz) this "raw" form of UT was re-labeled UT0 and effectively superseded by refined forms UT1 (UT0 equalised for the effects of polar wandering)[8] and UT2 (UT1 further equalised for annual seasonal variations in earth rotation rate).

text: Indeed, even the Greenwich meridian itself is not quite what it used to be—defined by "the centre of the transit instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich". Although that instrument still survives in working order, it is no longer in use and now the meridian of origin of the world's longitude and time is not strictly defined in material form but from a statistical solution resulting from observations of all time-determination stations which the BIPM takes into account when co-ordinating the world's time signals. Nevertheless, the line in the old observatory's courtyard today differs no more than a few metres from that imaginary line which is now the prime meridian of the world.

text: Ambiguity in the definition of GMT[edit]

text: Historically GMT has been used with two different conventions for numbering hours. The long-standing astronomical convention dating from the work of Ptolemy, was to refer to noon as zero hours (see Julian day). This contrasted with the civil convention of referring to midnight as zero hours dating from the Romans. The latter convention was adopted on and after 1 January 1925 for astronomical purposes, resulting in a discontinuity of 12 hours, or half a day earlier. The instant that was designated 'December 31.5 GMT' in 1924 almanacs became 'January 1.0 GMT' in 1925 almanacs. The term Greenwich Mean Astronomical Time (GMAT) was introduced to unambiguously refer to the previous noon-based astronomical convention for GMT.[9] The more specific terms UT and UTC do not share this ambiguity, always referring to midnight as zero hours.

text: GMT in legislation[edit]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Legally, the civil time used in Britain is called still "Greenwich mean time" (without capitalisation), according to the Interpretation Act 1978, with an exception made for those periods when the Summer Time Act 1972 orders an hour's shift for daylight saving. The Interpretation Act 1978, section 9, provides that whenever an expression of time occurs in an Act, the time referred to shall (unless otherwise specifically stated) be held to be Greenwich mean time. Under subsection 23(3), the same rule applies to deeds and other instruments.[7]

text: During the experiment of 1968-1971, when the British Isles did not revert to Greenwich Mean Time during the winter, the all-year British Summer Time was called British Standard Time (BST).

text: In Britain, UTC+0 is disseminated to the general public in winter and UTC+1 in summer.[10][2]

text: BBC radio stations broadcast the "six pips" of the Greenwich Time Signal. It is named from its original generation at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, and is aligned to either Greenwich Mean Time or British Summer Time as appropriate for the time of year.

text: A coded radio signal is broadcast in the UK by Time from NPL.

text: Other countries[edit]

text: Several countries define their local time by reference to Greenwich Mean Time.[11][12] Some examples are:

text:
Belgium: Decrees of 1946 and 1947 set legal time as one hour ahead of GMT.[11]
Ireland: Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971, section 1, and Interpretation Act 2005, part iv, section 18(i).
Canada: Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-21, section 35(1). This refers to 'standard time' for the several provinces, defining each in relation to 'Greenwich time', but does not use the expression 'Greenwich mean time'. Several provinces, such as Nova Scotia (Time Definition Act. R.S., c. 469, s. 1), have their own legislation which specifically mentions either "Greenwich Mean Time" or "Greenwich mean solar time".

text: Time zone[edit]

text: Greenwich Mean Time is used as standard time in the following countries, which also advance their clock one hour (GMT+1) in summer.

text:
United Kingdom, where the summer time is called British Summer Time (BST)
Republic of Ireland, where it is called Irish Standard Time (IST)[13]—officially changing to GMT in winter.
Portugal (with the exception of the Azores)
Morocco
Western Sahara

text: Country subdivisions or dependent territories:

text:
Canary Islands (Spain)
Faroe Islands

text: Greenwich Mean Time is used as standard time year around in the following countries and areas:

text:
Iceland
Burkina Faso
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Liberia
Mali
Mauritania
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (to UK)

text: Discrepancies between legal GMT and geographical GMT[edit]

text:
Colour
Legal time vs local mean time

1 h ± 30 m behind

0 h ± 30 m

1 h ± 30 m ahead

2 h ± 30 m ahead

3 h ± 30 m ahead

text: Since legal, political, social and economic criteria in addition to physical or geographical criteria are used in the drawing of time zones, actual time zones do not precisely adhere to meridian lines. The 'GMT' time zone, were it drawn by purely geographical terms, would consist of the area between meridians 7°30'W and 7°30'E. As a result, there are European locales that despite lying in an area with a 'physical' UTC time use another time zone (UTC+1 in particular); conversely, there are European areas that use UTC, even though their 'physical' time zone is UTC−1 (e.g., most of Portugal), or UTC−2 (the westernmost part of Iceland). Because the UTC time zone in Europe is 'shifted' to the west, Lowestoft in the United Kingdom at only 1°45'E is the easternmost settlement in Europe in which UTC is applied. Following is a list of the 'incongruencies':

text: The westernmost part of Iceland, including the northwest peninsula and its main town of Ísafjörður, which is west of 22°30'W, uses UTC. Bjargtangar, Iceland is the westernmost point in which UTC is applied.

text:
Canary Islands (Spain)
Most of Portugal, including Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Aveiro, and Coimbra. (Only the easternmost part, including cities such as Bragança and Guarda, lies east of 7°30'W.) Since the Treaty of Windsor in 1386 (the world's oldest diplomatic alliance), Portugal has maintained close ties to Britain, which possibly explains its choice of UTC. Madeira, even further to the west, also employs UTC. A more likely explanation is that during the mid-1970s, when Portugal was on Central European Time all year round, it did not begin to get light in Lisbon in winter until 08:30.
Western part of Ireland, including the cities of Cork, Limerick, and Galway.
Westernmost tip of Northern Ireland, including the county town of County Fermanagh, Enniskillen
Extreme westerly portion of the Outer Hebrides, west of Scotland; for instance, Vatersay, an inhabited island and the westernmost settlement in Great Britain, lies at 7°54'W. If uninhabited islands or rocks are taken into account St Kilda, west of the Outer Hebrides, at 8°58'W, and Rockall, at 13°41'W, should be included.
Westernmost island of the Faroe Islands (autonomous region of the Danish Kingdom), Mykines
Iceland, including Reykjavík
Northeastern part of Greenland, including Danmarkshavn

text:
Spain (except for the Canary Islands, which use UTC). Parts of Galicia lie west of 7°30'W ('physical' UTC−1), whereas there is no Spanish territory east of 7°30'E ('physical' UTC+1). Spain's time is the direct result of Franco's Presidential Order (published in Boletín Oficial del Estado of 8 March 1940)[14] abandoning Greenwich Mean Time and advancing clocks one hour effective 23:00 16 March 1940. This is an excellent example of political criteria used in the drawing of time zones: the time change was passed "in consideration of the convenience from the national time marching in step according to that of other European countries".[15][16] The Presidential Order (most likely enacted to be in synchrony with Germany and Italy, with which the Franco regime was unofficially allied) included in its 5th article a provision for its future phase out,[16] which never took place. Due to this political decision Spain is two hours ahead of its local mean time during the summer, one hour ahead in winter, which possibly explains the notoriously late schedule for which the country is known.[17] In Portugal, which is a mere one hour behind Spain, the timetable is quite different.
Most of France, including the cities of Paris, Marseilles and Lyon. Only small parts of Alsace, Lorraine and Provence are east of 7°30'E ("physical" UTC+1).
Monaco
Andorra
Belgium
Netherlands
Luxembourg


document_title: Dennis the Menace (1959 TV series)

question_text: mr wilson's wife on dennis the menace

question_tokens: mr wilson 's wife on dennis the menace

text: Dennis the Menace (1959 TV series)

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The show follows the lives of the Mitchell family – Henry, Alice, and their only child, Dennis, an energetic, trouble-prone, mischievous, but well-meaning boy, who often tangles first with his peace-and-quiet-loving neighbor, George Wilson, a retired salesman, and later with George's brother John, a writer.

text: While the series was based on the Dennis the Menace comic strip, there are differences between the two are seen. On the sitcom and in the comics, Dennis is basically a good, well-intentioned boy who always tries to help people, but winds up making situations worse – often at Mr. Wilson's expense. In early episodes of the first season, more outlandish disasters occurred as a result of his actions. The character of Dennis was toned down by the sixth or seventh episode. Instead of Dennis's dog Ruff, a smaller Cairn Terrier (per the episode "Miss Cathcart's Friend") named Fremont belonged to George and Martha Wilson. He did not appear during the fourth season, when John and Eloise Wilson moved into 625 Elm Street.

text: First season[edit]

text: With CBS seeking to replace the hit show it had lost when it allowed Leave It to Beaver to migrate to ABC, a pilot episode titled "Dennis Goes To The Movies" was filmed in late 1958. In the pilot, Dennis was younger and his speech, the tone of his voice, and character had not been as developed as in episodes later in the 1959–1960 season. In the episode, Dennis causes much destruction such as burying a hose (installing an automatic sprinkler system), trying to repair a leg on the kitchen table and causing It to collapse, and almost knocking Mr. Wilson off the ladder, but causing him to ruin his shoes as he steps in a can of paint, among other things. Dennis's father and mother then announce that they are going to the movies to see a Western (that Dennis wanted to see "all my life") and that Dennis would stay home with a babysitter.

text: Because none of the babysitters in the neighborhood would help out because of Dennis's mischief, the Mitchells find an older lady, Mrs. Porter (Madge Blake), who had never met Dennis. Dennis then switches places with Joey and sneaks out to the same movie his parents are seeing. Joey stays home, while Mrs. Porter thinks he is Dennis. Meanwhile, Dennis causes havoc at the theater, even demanding that the projectionist repeat a scene. His parents suspect that Dennis is there causing these problems and call Mrs. Porter at the house. Mrs. Porter assures them that Dennis has been well behaved. Dennis beats his parents home and is in bed by the time they return, but he makes noises trying to borrow Mr. Wilson's ladder to climb back into his upstairs bedroom window.  This causes Mr. Wilson to go outside to see what is wrong. Mr. Wilson is arrested for armed robbery when he is found with Dennis's toy gun. The final scene where Joey jumps into bed with Dennis was filmed in the summer of 1959, after half a dozen episodes had been filmed (Dennis was several months older, has a different hairstyle, and is wearing different clothes) to make the episode fit the half-hour time segment.

text: In early 1959, several other episodes were filmed, including "The Fishing Trip", "Dennis Gets a Duck", "Dennis Runs Away", "The Cowboy", "Open House" (where Margaret made her debut, this episode was made prior to "The Sign Post", but aired after), and "Dennis Becomes a Babysitter" (in which Margaret also appears).  At that point, CBS consented to air the program at 7:30 pm ET on Sunday evenings after Lassie. After viewing these episodes, CBS determined that Dennis's antics had to be toned down because of fear that his actions would encourage children watching the show to imitate Dennis.

text: Several weeks before the series debuted, the episode "The Sign Post" was produced in which Tommy made his debut. Margaret, who appeared in two episodes that were made before, but aired after, also appeared along with Joey. After the pilot aired as the first episode, "The Sign Post" aired and after that "Fishing Trip", the second episode, aired. After that, newly made episodes aired mixed in with the initial batch made earlier in 1959, which explains why "Dennis Runs Away", which was the fourth or fifth episode was run later in the first run, and shows an obviously younger Dennis as in the earlier episodes. Also, the episode "Dennis and The Rare Coin" was aired before "Dennis Runs Away", but aired after. On both episodes, Dennis is at the police station. On "Dennis and The Rare Coin" where Dennis is given milk, he states, "last time I came here I got ice cream", referring to the episode "Dennis Runs Away" where he got an ice cream cone at the police station, which was made before, but aired after. Joey was gradually phased out in season one. Dennis's friend Stewart appeared in only a few episodes in the first season and was played by Ron Howard (who soon after became Opie Taylor on The Andy Griffith Show).

text: Later seasons[edit]

text: Dennis and Mr. Wilson had a love-hate relationship, with Dennis always aggravating Mr. Wilson, but usually without realizing it. He would call Mr. Wilson his "best friend", and often referred to him as "Good 'Ol Mr. Wilson", while on many occasions, Mr. Wilson would tell Dennis, "You have far better friends than me." Mrs. Wilson, however, loved Dennis in a grandmotherly way and tried to make the situation better between the two. Other neighbors and townspeople aired on a recurring basis included Mrs. Lucy Elkins (a widowed neighbor and the town gossip), Mrs. Dorothy Holland (another widow who aired on a recurring basis in season one only), Miss Esther Cathcart (a lonely spinster), Mr. Otis Quigley (the grocer), Opie Swanson (the TV/appliance store owner), Mr. Lawrence Finch (the druggist), Sgt. Harold Mooney (the policeman), Mr. Krinkie (the newspaper editor), and Buzz (the local handyman), among others.  Dennis also had a nemesis named Johnny Brady, whose father and Henry Mitchell also were sometimes at odds.

text: Second- and third-season episodes began to focus on Dennis at school learning to read, going to camp, playing baseball, being in scouting, and trying to help Mr. Wilson. Dennis was gradually maturing, and at times, Mr. Wilson is revealed to like Dennis deep down. In the fourth season, Dennis is no longer seen in his trademark overalls, and is instead wearing regular pants. Also, the famous striped shirt goes from a crew-neck to a "polo"-type shirt with a collar and buttons.

text: Death of Joseph Kearns[edit]

text: On February 17, 1962, after filming the show's 100th episode, Joseph Kearns died of a cerebral hemorrhage. In a 2010 interview, actress Gloria Henry revealed Kearns followed a strict six-week Metrecal diet that may have contributed to his death.[2] The following two episodes were filmed without the character of Mr. Wilson. Gale Gordon joined the cast for the last six episodes of the season as Mr. Wilson's brother, John. Gordon bore a closer resemblance to the comic strip's Mr. Wilson than Kearns did. It was explained that John was staying as a guest while George was settling an estate back east. Sylvia Field, who played Martha Wilson, was let go at the end of the season. In the fourth and final season, John Wilson purchased the house from his brother, although where George and Martha had moved was never explained. He was joined by his wife, Eloise, played by Sara Seegar. Final references to George and Martha Wilson were made early in the fourth season, although they were not mentioned by name after the first episode. George Wilson was referred to as "the other Mr. Wilson" in the second episode, and John Wilson says in the seventh episode he bought the house from his brother. After that, the original Wilsons were never mentioned again.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Dennis Mitchell (Jay North) is the series protagonist (146 episodes, 1959–1963).
Henry Mitchell (Herbert Anderson) is Dennis' father and Alice's husband (144 episodes, 1959–1963).
Alice Mitchell (Gloria Henry) is Henry Mitchell's wife and Dennis's mother (145 episodes, (1959–1963)
Mr. George Wilson (Joseph Kearns) is the Mitchells' neighbor; he is often exasperated with Dennis's antics, though is proud that Dennis considers him his best friend. George has a dog named Fremont. Kearns appeared in 101 episodes from 1959 to 1962; his last work was aired posthumously in the episode "The Man Next Door" on May 6, 1962.
Mrs. Martha Wilson (Sylvia Field) is George Wilson's wife, a loving, grandmotherly type neighbor who enjoys Dennis's company. The Wilsons had no children. Martha Wilson was written out of the series after Joseph Kearns' death (90 episodes, 1959–62).
Tommy Anderson (Billy Booth) is Dennis's closest friend (111 episodes, 1959–1963).
Mr. John Wilson (Gale Gordon) is George Wilson's brother. Gordon's first episode is entitled "John Wilson's Cushion", which aired on May 27, 1962. Gordon appeared in 43 episodes from 1962 to 1963.
Eloise Wilson (Sara Seegar) is John Wilson's wife (36 episodes, 1962–1963).

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
Margaret Wade (Jeannie Russell) is a snooty, but good girl with a crush on Dennis (38 episodes, 1959–1963).
Seymour Williams (Robert John Pittman) is Dennis's friend (31 episodes, 1961–1963).
Stewart (Ron Howard) is another of Dennis's friends (six episodes, 1959–1960). Howard left to join the cast of The Andy Griffith Show.
The Bradys – Johnny was Dennis's nemesis, the neighborhood braggart with a better-than-you attitude – shown to everyone but his father Charles – who annoys adults with the same arrogance. Johnny was played by Gregory Irvin; Laurence Haddon was cast as Charles Brady.
Sergeant Harold Mooney (George Cisar) is a policeman (31 episodes, 1960–1963). Mooney's first name also was Ralph in various episodes.
Mrs. Lucy Elkins (Irene Tedrow) is a Mitchell neighbor (26 episodes) and an avowed enemy of George Wilson.
Mr. Otis Quigley (Willard Waterman) is the grocer (14 episodes).
Miss Esther Cathcart (Mary Wickes) is a spinster (10 episodes, 1959–1962) who chases every single man in sight.
Mr. Krinkie (Charles Seel) is the newspaper editor (nine episodes, 1960–1963).
Grandma Mitchell (Kathleen Mulqueen) is Henry's mother, who joined the cast for eight episodes in 1961 while Gloria Henry was on maternity leave.
Joey McDonald (Gil Smith) is Dennis' friend (eight episodes, 1959–1960).
Mrs. Schooner (Lillian Culver) is a local socialite, volunteer, and outdoor enthusiast (seven episodes, 1960–63).
Mr. Lawrence Finch (Charles Lane) is the drugstore owner (six episodes, 1960–1962).
Mrs. Dorothy Holland (Helen Kleeb) is a Mitchell neighbor and Mrs. Elkins' friend. Kleeb appeared in five episodes from 1959–1962, three as Mrs. Holland.
Mr. Merrivale (Will Wright) is a florist (four episodes, 1959–61), considered a shady businessman by most of the neighborhood.
Uncle Ned Matthews (Edward Everett Horton) is George and John Wilson's uncle (three episodes, 1962–63).
Opie Swanson (Dub Taylor) is an electrician (three episodes, 1960).
Mr. Dorfman (Robert B Williams) is a postman (1959–60).
Mr. Hall (J. Edward McKinley) is Mr. Mitchell's boss.
Foster A. Steward (Ned Wever) is the chief of police.
Buzz (Chubby Johnson) is the neighborhood handyman (three episodes, 1961–1962).[3]

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Mel Blanc, a Hollywood voice acting specialist, was cast as Leo Trinkle, the town dogcatcher, in the 1961 episode "Miss Cathcart's Friend".[4]
Spring Byington appeared as herself in the 1961 episode "Dennis's Birthday", with Vaughn Taylor also appearing in this segment.[5]
Elinor Donahue portrayed Georgiana Ballinger in the 1960 episode "Dennis and the Wedding". In the story line, Georgiana is the niece of George and Martha Wilson, and Dennis is selected as the ringbearer at her wedding. The cranky Mr. Wilson worries that Dennis could disrupt the whole ceremony. (Note: Despite two of Mr. Wilson's sisters appearing in first-season episodes, as well as references to Mrs. Wilson's mother and two sisters and the later existence of John Wilson, George says he and Martha "are the only family she (Georgiana) has left.") Georgiana was referenced later in the second season as being pregnant with her first child, but her character was not seen nor ever mentioned again for the rest of the series.[6]
Bob Dornan was cast as Lieutenant Alden in the 1962 episode "Dennis at Boot Camp". Roy Roberts played Captain Stone in the same segment.[7]
Bob Hastings appeared five times on the series, most notably as Coach Gilmore in the 1963 episode, "The Big Basketball Game".[8]
Cheryl Holdridge, a member of the Mickey Mouse Club, was cast as Helen Franklin in "Dennis's Lovesick Friend", the second episode without Joseph Kearns as Mr. Wilson. Instead, this segment features Edward Everett Horton as Uncle Ned Wilson.[9]
Sandy Koufax, Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher, appeared as himself in the episode "Dennis and the Dodger", the first episode without Joseph Kearns.[10]
John A. "Shorty" Powers, a lieutenant colonel in the United States Air Force known as the "Voice of the Astronauts", portrayed himself in the 1963 episode "Junior Astronaut".[11]

text: Others appearing on the series include:

text:
Morris Ankrum
John Astin
Eleanor Audley
Parley Baer
Madge Blake
Willis Bouchey
Edgar Buchanan
Frank Cady
James T. Callahan
Olive Carey
Joe Conley
Ellen Corby
Lloyd Corrigan
Cyril Delevanti
Barry Gordon
Harold Gould
Don C. Harvey
Jimmy Hawkins
Jonathan Hole
Hal Hopper
Brad Johnson
Harvey Korman
Forrest Lewis
Tyler McVey
Arthur Malet
James Millhollin
Stuart Nisbet
Alice Pearce
Maudie Prickett
Stafford Repp
Addison Richards
Hal J. Smith
Arthur Space
Jean Stapleton
Hope Summers
Ray Teal
Ernest Truex
Lurene Tuttle
Gregory Walcott
Doodles Weaver
Estelle Winwood

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired132October 4, 1959 (1959-10-04)June 6, 1960 (1960-06-06)238October 2, 1960 (1960-10-02)June 25, 1961 (1961-06-25)338October 1, 1961 (1961-10-01)July 1, 1962 (1962-07-01)438September 30, 1962 (1962-09-30)July 7, 1963 (1963-07-07)

text: Production notes[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The fictional "Blondie Street" located at Columbia Ranch in Burbank, California (now the Warner Ranch) was the backdrop for the series.

text: The Mitchells' house was constructed between 1934 and 1935 for the movie Party Wire. It was later moved and became well known as the home of the Stone family on The Donna Reed Show in 1958, before becoming the home of the Mitchell family in 1959.

text: The Wilsons' house was constructed between 1936 and 1937 for the Blondie film series. This structure, after some transformation, became well known as the home of the Andersons in Father Knows Best before becoming the home of the Wilsons, and later, the home of Major Nelson and Jeannie in I Dream of Jeannie.  The house can also be seen in episodes of Bewitched and The Partridge Family.

text: The Partridge Family house, located on the same street, was used as the home of Mrs. Elkins (a Mitchell neighbor).  It can be seen in the episode "The Man Next Door" (season three, episode 30) in which Mr. Wilson and Dennis believe  a jewel thief is living next door and climb into a basement window of the home.  It was also used as Miss Cathcart's house in the episode "Miss Cathcart's Sunsuit" (season one, episode 32). The corner church, together with The Partridge Family house, burned down in a fire in August 1970. Both were rebuilt to specification, albeit the church was moved further back and in a different configuration and smaller. Prior to The Partridge Family, the house facade was used by the characters of Mr. and Mrs. Kravitz on Bewitched.  Now, all of these houses still exist at the Warner Ranch and are used primarily as storage space and production offices across from the suburban park it faces.

text: The garage of the well-known address, 1164 Morning Glory Circle, used as the Bewitched house, can also be seen in several episodes.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Ratings

Season
Rank (Rating)

1) 1959–60
# 16 (26.0)

2) 1960–61
# 11 (26.1)

3) 1961–62
# 17 (23.8)

4) 1962–63
Not In The Top 30

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: By the show's fourth season, Jay North was 11 years old and was outgrowing the antics associated with his character. CBS cancelled Dennis the Menace in the spring of 1963.

text: Syndication[edit]

text: In 1963, NBC began airing reruns of the series on Saturday mornings for two seasons – the show entered syndication in 1965. It has run consistently on local stations over subsequent years. On July 1, 1985,[12] the Nickelodeon cable network began airing the series, and continued until October 21, 1994.[13] It also aired on TV Land from 2002 to 2003. On January 3, 2011, Dennis the Menace began airing on Antenna TV.

text: The show was exported to the United Kingdom and shown on the ITV network, with 103 episodes airing in the London region between 1960 and 1966.  To avoid confusion with the British comic character, the series was known in the UK as Just Dennis.

text: Dennis The Menace is currently available in its entirety on the Hulu streaming service.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Shout! Factory has released all four seasons on DVD in Region 1. On August 7, 2012, Shout! Factory released a 20-episode best-of set entitled Dennis the Menace- 20 Timeless Episodes.

text:
DVD Name

Episodes

Release Date

Season one

32

March 29, 2011

Season two

38

July 26, 2011

Season three

38

October 25, 2011

Season four

38

January 10, 2012


document_title: A League of Their Own

question_text: who did janet jones play in a league of their own

text: A League of Their Own

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1988, Dottie Hinson (Geena Davis) attends the opening of the new All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame. She sees many of her former teammates and friends, prompting a flashback to 1943.

text: When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball, candy magnate and Cubs owner Walter Harvey (Garry Marshall) persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women's league. Ira Lowenstein (David Strathairn) is put in charge, and Ernie Capadino (Jon Lovitz) is sent out to recruit players. Capadino attends an industrial-league softball game in rural Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie, the catcher for a local dairy's team. Dottie turns down Capadino's offer, happy with her simple farm life while waiting for her husband Bob (Bill Pullman) to come back from the war. Her sister and teammate, Kit (Lori Petty), however, is desperate to get away and make something of herself. Capadino is not impressed by Kit's hitting performance, but agrees to take her along if she can change Dottie's mind. Dottie agrees, but only for her sister's sake.

text: Dottie and Kit head out to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout. There they meet a pair of New Yorkers, taxi dancer "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (Madonna) and her best friend, bouncer Doris Murphy (Rosie O'Donnell), along with soft-spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner (Bitty Schram), illiterate, shy left fielder Shirley Baker (Ann Cusack), pitcher/shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander (Freddie Simpson), gentle left field/relief pitcher Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (Tracy Reiner), homely second baseman Marla Hooch (Megan Cavanagh), who was scouted by Ernie, Dottie and Kit in Fort Collins, Colorado, first baseman Helen Haley (Anne Ramsay), and Saskatchewan native Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (Renée Coleman). They and eight others are selected to form the Rockford Peaches, while 48 others are split among the Racine Belles, Kenosha Comets, and South Bend Blue Sox.

text: The Peaches are managed by Jimmy Dugan (Tom Hanks), a former marquee Cubs slugger who initially treats the whole thing as a joke. The league attracts little interest at first. With a Life magazine photographer in the stands, Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular. Dottie obliges when a ball is popped up behind home plate, catching it while doing a split. The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover. A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames, but the owners remain unconvinced. Due to Kit's and Dottie's sibling rivalry, Kit is traded to the Peaches' rival, the Racine Belles.

text: The Peaches end the season qualifying for the league's World Series. In the locker room, Jimmy gives Betty a telegram that informs her her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater. The grief-stricken Betty leaves the team. Later that evening, Dottie receives a surprise when Bob, who was serving in Italy, shows up, having been discharged from the Army. The following morning, Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob. Unable to persuade her to at least play in the World Series, he tells her she will regret her decision.

text: The Peaches and Belles meet in the World Series, which reaches a seventh and deciding game. Dottie, having reconsidered during the drive back to Oregon, is the catcher for the Peaches, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles. With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run. Kit is the final batter. Under immense pressure, she gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand. The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support. After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves.

text: Back in the present, Dottie is reunited with several other players, including Kit, whom she has not seen in several years. The fates of several of the characters are revealed: Jimmy, Bob, and Evelyn have died, while Marla has been married to Nelson, a man she met in a bar, for over 40 years. The original Peaches sing a team song composed by Evelyn and pose for a group photo.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Rockford Peaches[edit]

text:
Geena Davis as Dorothy "Dottie" Hinson (#8, catcher/assistant manager)

Lynn Cartwright as Older Dottie

Tom Hanks as Jimmy Dugan (manager)
Madonna as "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (#5, center field)

Eunice Anderson as Older Mae

Lori Petty as Kit Keller (#23, pitcher)

Kathleen Butler as Older Kit

Rosie O'Donnell as Doris Murphy (#22, third base)

Vera Johnson as Older Doris

Anne Ramsay as Helen Haley (#15, first base)

Barbara Pilavin as Older Helen

Megan Cavanagh as Marla Hooch (#32, second base)

Patricia Wilson as Older Marla

Freddie Simpson as Ellen Sue Gotlander (#1, shortstop/pitcher)

Eugenia McLin as Older Ellen Sue

Tracy Reiner as Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (#7, left field/relief pitcher)

Betty Miller as Older Betty

Bitty Schram as Evelyn Gardner (#17, right field)
Renée Coleman (credited as Renee Coleman) – Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (#18, left field/center field/catcher)

Shirley Burkovich as Older Alice

Ann Cusack as Shirley Baker (#11, left field)

Barbara Erwin as Older Shirley

Robin Knight as Linda "Beans" Babbitt (shortstop)
Patti Pelton as Marbleann Wilkinson (second base)
Kelli Simpkins as Beverly Dixon (#4, outfield)
Connie Pounds-Taylor as Connie Calhoun (Outfield)

text: On MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson, saying: "Demi Moore, I liked, but by the time we came around, she was pregnant."[3]

text: Others[edit]

text:
Jon Lovitz as Ernie Capadino, AAGPBL scout
David Strathairn as Ira Lowenstein, AAGPBL general manager

Marvin Einhorn as Older Ira

Garry Marshall as Walter Harvey, candy bar mogul and AAGPBL founder
Julie Croteau as Helen Haley (baseball double for Anne Ramsay)
Bill Pullman as Bob Hinson, Dottie's husband
Janet Jones as Racine pitcher
Téa Leoni as Racine first baseman
Don S. Davis as Charlie Collins, Racine coach
Eddie Jones as Dave Hooch, Marla's father
Justin Scheller as Stillwell Gardner, Evelyn's son

Mark Holton as Older Stillwell. He attends the Peaches' reunion at the Baseball Hall of Fame on behalf of his mother who had died.

Pauline Brailsford as Miss Cuthburt, Rockford chaperone

text: Production[edit]

text: Discussing the skirts they wore playing baseball in the film, Geena Davis said on MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, "Some of our real cast, from sliding into home, had ripped the skin off their legs. It was nutty."[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film was released on July 1, 1992, and was #1 by its second weekend (July 10–12).[5] It was a commercial success, making $107 million in the United States (and an additional $25 million worldwide) on a $40 million budget, and was well received by critics.[6][7][8][9][10]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Jimmy Dugan: "There's no crying in baseball!" – #54[11]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[12]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:

Nominated Sports Film[13]

text: On December 19, 2012, it was announced that the film would be preserved as part of the United States National Film Registry.[14]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
A League of Their Own:
Music From The Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
June 30, 1992

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
43:44

Label
Columbia Records

Producer
Various

Singles from A League of Their Own

"This Used to Be My Playground"
Released: June 16, 1992
"Now and Forever"
Released: July 1992

text: A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30, 1992. The album peaked at #159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25, 1992.[15] Although Madonna contributed "This Used to Be My Playground" to the film, featured over the closing credits, her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons.[16]

text:
"Now and Forever" – Performed by Carole King
"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie" – Performed by The Manhattan Transfer
"It's Only a Paper Moon" – Performed by James Taylor
"In a Sentimental Mood" – Performed by Billy Joel
"Two Sleepy People" – Performed by Art Garfunkel
"I Didn't Know What Time It Was" – Performed by James Taylor
"On the Sunny Side of the Street" – Performed by The Manhattan Transfer
"Flying Home" – Performed by Doc's Rhythm Cats
"Life Goes On" – Performed by Hans Zimmer
"The Final Game" – Performed by Hans Zimmer
"The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Song" – Performed by The Rockford Peaches

tag: ol

text: 20th anniversary[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: With 2012 marking the 20th year since the film's release, A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012.

text: Forty-seven former players of the AAGPBL reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it. Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame, reminiscent of the film's final scene depicting members of the AAGPBL and family coming together to witness the honoring of the Women's Professional Baseball League. The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse.[17]

text: Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana, on June 6, 2012, where many of the film's game scenes were filmed. The event included an outdoor screening of the film as well as a scene-setting display of cars featured in the film.[18] In addition to Bosse Field, the production used Huntingburg, Indiana's League Stadium, another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse that was renovated for the film.

text: Television series[edit]

text: A short-lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993, with Garry Marshall, Megan Cavanagh, Tracy Reiner, and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles. Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast.