document_title: List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

question_text: when did the last state join the union

question_tokens: when did the last state join the union

text: List of U.S. states[edit]

text:
State
Date
(admitted or ratified)
Formed from

1
 Delaware
000000001787-12-07-0000December 7, 1787[8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Delaware[b]

2
 Pennsylvania
000000001787-12-12-0000December 12, 1787[10]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Pennsylvania

3
 New Jersey
000000001787-12-18-0000December 18, 1787[11]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of New Jersey

4
 Georgia
000000001788-01-02-0000January 2, 1788[8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Georgia

5
 Connecticut
000000001788-01-09-0000January 9, 1788[12]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Connecticut

6
 Massachusetts
000000001788-02-06-0000February 6, 1788[8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Massachusetts Bay

7
 Maryland
000000001788-04-28-0000April 28, 1788[8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Maryland

8
 South Carolina
000000001788-05-23-0000May 23, 1788[8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of South Carolina

9
 New Hampshire
000000001788-06-21-0000June 21, 1788[8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of New Hampshire

10
 Virginia
000000001788-06-25-0000June 25, 1788[8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Virginia

11
 New York
000000001788-07-26-0000July 26, 1788[13]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of New York

12
 North Carolina
000000001789-11-21-0000November 21, 1789[14]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of North Carolina

13
 Rhode Island
000000001790-05-29-0000May 29, 1790[8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

14
 Vermont
000000001791-03-04-0000March 4, 1791[15]
(admitted)
Vermont !Vermont Republic[c]

15
 Kentucky
000000001792-06-01-0000June 1, 1792[16]
(admitted)
Virginia (District of Kentucky: Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties[d])

16
 Tennessee
000000001796-06-01-0000June 1, 1796[18]
(admitted)
Southwest Territory

17
 Ohio
000000001803-03-01-0000March 1, 1803[19][e]
(admitted)
Northwest Territory (part)

18
 Louisiana
000000001812-04-30-0000April 30, 1812[21]
(admitted)
Orleans !Territory of Orleans

19
 Indiana
000000001816-12-11-0000December 11, 1816
(admitted)
Indiana Territory

20
 Mississippi
000000001817-12-10-0000December 10, 1817[22]
(admitted)
Mississippi Territory

21
 Illinois
000000001818-12-03-0000December 3, 1818[23]
(admitted)
Illinois Territory (part)

22
 Alabama
000000001819-12-14-0000December 14, 1819[24]
(admitted)
Alabama Territory

23
 Maine
000000001820-03-15-0000March 15, 1820[25]
(admitted)
Massachusetts (District of Maine[f])

24
 Missouri
000000001821-08-10-0000August 10, 1821[26]
(admitted)
Missouri Territory (part)

25
 Arkansas
000000001836-06-15-0000June 15, 1836[27]
(admitted)
Arkansas Territory

26
 Michigan
000000001837-01-26-0000January 26, 1837[28]
(admitted)
Michigan Territory

27
 Florida
000000001845-03-03-0000March 3, 1845
(admitted)
Florida Territory

28
 Texas
000000001845-12-29-0000December 29, 1845
(admitted)
Texas !Republic of Texas

29
 Iowa
000000001846-12-28-0000December 28, 1846
(admitted)
Iowa Territory (part)

30
 Wisconsin
000000001848-05-29-0000May 29, 1848[29]
(admitted)
Wisconsin Territory (part)

31
 California
000000001850-09-09-0000September 9, 1850[30]
(admitted)
Unorganized !unorganized territory (part)

32
 Minnesota
000000001858-05-11-0000May 11, 1858[31]
(admitted)
Minnesota Territory (part)

33
 Oregon
000000001859-02-14-0000February 14, 1859
(admitted)
Oregon Territory (part)

34
 Kansas
000000001861-01-29-0000January 29, 1861[32]
(admitted)
Kansas Territory (part)

35
 West Virginia
000000001863-06-20-0000June 20, 1863[33]
(admitted)
Virginia (Trans-Allegheny region counties[g])

36
 Nevada
000000001864-10-31-0000October 31, 1864
(admitted)
Nevada Territory

37
 Nebraska
000000001867-03-01-0000March 1, 1867
(admitted)
Nebraska Territory

38
 Colorado
000000001876-08-01-0000August 1, 1876[36]
(admitted)
Colorado Territory

39[h]
  North Dakota
000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]
(admitted)
Dakota Territory (part)

40
 South Dakota
000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]
(admitted)
Dakota Territory (part)

41
 Montana
000000001889-11-08-0000November 8, 1889[39]
(admitted)
Montana Territory

42
 Washington
000000001889-11-11-0000November 11, 1889[40]
(admitted)
Washington Territory

43
 Idaho
000000001890-07-03-0000July 3, 1890
(admitted)
Idaho Territory

44
 Wyoming
000000001890-07-10-0000July 10, 1890
(admitted)
Wyoming Territory

45
 Utah
000000001896-01-04-0000January 4, 1896[41]
(admitted)
Utah Territory

46
 Oklahoma
000000001907-11-16-0000November 16, 1907[42]
(admitted)
Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory

47
 New Mexico
000000001912-01-06-0000January 6, 1912
(admitted)
New Mexico Territory

48
 Arizona
000000001912-02-14-0000February 14, 1912
(admitted)
Arizona Territory

49
 Alaska
000000001959-01-03-0000January 3, 1959
(admitted)
Alaska !Territory of Alaska

50
 Hawaii
000000001959-08-21-0000August 21, 1959
(admitted)
Hawaii !Territory of Hawaii

text: Articles of Confederation ratification dates[edit]

text: The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles of Confederation for ratification by the individual states on November 15, 1777. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. On March 4, 1789, the general government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the present Constitution.[43]

text:
State
Date

13 !1
 Virginia
000000001777-12-16-0000December 16, 1777

12 !2
 South Carolina
000000001778-02-05-0000February 5, 1778

08 !3
 New York
000000001778-02-06-0000February 6, 1778

11 !4
 Rhode Island
000000001778-02-09-0000February 9, 1778

01 !5
 Connecticut
000000001778-02-12-0000February 12, 1778

03 !6
 Georgia
000000001778-02-26-0000February 26, 1778

06 !7
 New Hampshire
000000001778-03-04-0000March 4, 1778

10 !8
 Pennsylvania
000000001778-03-05-0000March 5, 1778

05 !9
 Massachusetts
000000001778-03-10-0000March 10, 1778

09 !10
 North Carolina
000000001778-04-05-0000April 5, 1778

07 !11
 New Jersey
000000001778-11-19-0000November 19, 1778

02 !12
 Delaware
000000001779-02-01-0000February 1, 1779

04 !13
 Maryland
000000001781-02-02-0000February 2, 1781


document_title: Derek Shepherd

question_text: when does derek die in grey's anatomy

question_tokens: when does derek die in grey 's anatomy

root

text: Derek Shepherd

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Derek arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital as the new Head of Neurosurgery from New York City. He is a Bowdoin College graduate[2] and attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alongside his childhood best friend Mark Sloan and ex-wife Addison Montgomery and Private Practice characters Naomi Bennett and Sam Bennett. Derek was a student of Dr. Richard Webber and was enticed to come with an "offer he couldn’t refuse"[3] – the position of Chief of Surgery, which he eventually turned down. He specializes in highly complex tumors and conditions of the brain and spine[4][5][6] and came to Seattle Grace with a reputation for taking on "lost causes" and "impossible" cases[7] that most of his peers would turn down. As an attending he is both well-liked and feared — well-liked by patients and his scrub nurses for his compassion and gentlemanly bedside manner and feared by interns and residents who are intimidated by his reputation and high standards.[4][8] He is passionate about his job and has been known to expel staff or remove interns and residents (or at least threaten them) from his service for being disrespectful about patients or if he deems their attitude to be detrimental to his patient's well-being.[9][10][11][8]

tag: p

text: Derek first meets Meredith Grey at a bar, and soon finds out that she is an intern at Seattle Grace. They begin to have feelings for one another and it causes some awkwardness at work, particularly after her supervising resident Dr. Miranda Bailey discovers their relationship. Meredith's housemates and fellow interns George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens both antagonized her for some time as they felt she was using her relationship with Derek to further her career. He generally tolerated them despite his dislike of sharing his living space with the interns who worked under him. While most of his family members accepted Meredith, his sister, Nancy, particularly disliked her and repeatedly called her "the slutty intern";[12] as of season nine she still refuses to speak to Meredith or acknowledge her as her sister-in-law.[13] His mother Carolyn approved as she felt Meredith's gray perspective of life complemented Derek's tendency to see everything in black and white.[14]

text: Derek's background was generally a mystery for the first season and source of speculation amongst his colleagues due to his sudden departure from an established and highly respected practice in New York. In the season one finale, his past eventually catches up with him when his estranged wife Addison moves to Seattle and is offered a position by Dr. Webber. Shortly thereafter, his childhood best friend Mark joins Seattle Grace as the new head of plastic surgery. Derek and Addison attempt to repair their marriage but attempts were futile. Since their divorce they have remained on amicable terms, with Addison even admonishing Meredith for breaking up with Derek in season three. In the Private Practice episode "Ex-Life" Derek finally tells Addison that his mother never liked her in the first place. He admits to Meredith that Addison cheating on him with Mark was partly his fault as an absentee husband.[15] Addison eventually leaves Seattle for a private practice in Los Angeles, spawning the spin-off Private Practice. In the season eight episode "If/Then", Meredith dreams of an alternate universe where her mother never had Alzheimer's; Derek and Addison are still married but their strained relationship and Shepherd's disillusionment causes his career to stagnate, earning him the nicknames "Bad Shepherd" and "McDreary".

text: When Derek is offered the Chief of Surgery position for the second time, he persuades the board to keep Dr. Webber on the staff. During the merger of Seattle Grace with Mercy West their relationship sours when Derek disagreed with Richard's handling of the merger and Richard begins to display uncharacteristic behavior, not unnoticed by his fellow surgeons. Derek learns from Meredith that Richard has since resumed drinking and feels forced to have him removed as Chief of Surgery. With mixed feelings, Derek offers him an ultimatum: go into rehab and possibly pick up where he left off after, or quit completely.

text: In seasons three and four, Meredith and Derek's relationship becomes rocky and they each take time to date other people. Derek's plans to propose were ruined by a series of unfortunate events in season five. In the season finale, they decide to give their planned wedding to Alex and Izzie. Due to their tight schedule, they instead informally marry and Derek writes down their "promises" on a post-it note. They legalize their marriage in season seven in order to adopt Zola, a young African orphan treated for spina bifida.[16] They briefly separate after Meredith tampers with their Alzheimer's trial, jeopardizing her career and tarnishing Derek's reputation. Zola is taken away from Meredith after a social worker finds out she and Derek are living separately. In later seasons, Derek often griped about how his subsequent interns and residents – mainly Lexie Grey, Shane Ross and Heather Brooks – did not quite measure up to Meredith.[4][10] The social worker comes back and announces they are the official parents of Zola. As Meredith nears the end of her fifth year of residency, she and Derek are torn between staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West or leaving for Boston where Derek would work at Harvard while Meredith would be at the Brigham and Women's Hospital.

text: Following his rescue from the plane crash that killed Mark and Lexie, Derek learns that he may only regain 80 percent of his hand's function. He comes to terms with the fact that his career as a surgeon may be over and is grateful that he is alive. When Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez), head of orthopedic surgery, tells him a more risky surgery could give him back full function of his hand or reduce its function if it goes wrong, he agrees, accepting the possibility of never again holding a scalpel. Derek recovers well and Callie clears him to return to work, but it is still weeks later that he feels ready to operate. Derek, Callie and fellow resident Jackson Avery decide to do nerve transplant for his hand. Meredith, newly pregnant with their second child, goes behind his back and calls his sisters so they can donate a nerve to him. Lizzie (Neve Campbell), Derek's younger sister, agrees to donate a nerve and the surgery is a success.

text: Derek and Meredith's marriage is strained after he accepted an invitation from the President to participate in the Brain-Mapping Initiative. He went back on his promise to her that he would not add to his current workload in order to devote time to their two young children and allow her the chance to establish her career as a full-fledged attending. Eventually he was offered a position at the National Institutes of Health in Washington, D.C., but Meredith puts her foot down and refuses to leave her hometown and uproot their young family. His youngest sister Amelia (Caterina Scorsone) takes over his position at Grey Sloan. Meanwhile, he and Meredith fight bitterly on and off over whether they should move. After a bad argument, he accepts the job in the heat of the moment and leaves for Washington. While there, he and Meredith talk things out over the phone and come to a mutual conclusion that they both did not want to end their marriage. He tells her that just being with her, raising their children and operating on patients was more satisfying than "saving the world".

text: In season 11, Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington. He is able to hear and process auditory input, but unable to speak. He is recognized by Winnie, one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier, who tells the surgeons that their patient's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well. The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night. Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times, he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead. Police arrive at Meredith's door and take her to see Derek, where she consents to removing him from life support. At the time of his death, Meredith was pregnant with their third child. She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother.

text: Derek was mentioned or referenced to a number of times in season 12 as the other characters struggle to cope with his sudden death. In the episode "My Next Life", Meredith had a flashback of their first ever surgery together when a patient named Katie Bryce was admitted to the hospital with a brain aneurysm. Amelia took his death especially hard as he was the sibling she was closest to. At the end of the season, prior to her wedding to Derek's long-time colleague Owen Hunt, Amelia goes on a nervous rant about how Derek was supposed to be the one to give her away, him having given away their three other sisters at their weddings.

text: Development[edit]

text: Casting and creation[edit]

text: When Patrick Dempsey auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd, he was afraid that he was not going to get the part. Creator Shonda Rhimes' first reaction was: "The very first time I met him, I was absolutely sure that he was my guy. Reading the lines of Derek Shepherd, Patrick had a vulnerable charm that I just fell for. And he had amazing chemistry with Ellen Pompeo." Rhimes admitted that Dempsey's dyslexia threw her at first, particularly at the first few table readings: "I did not know about Patrick's dyslexia in the beginning. I actually thought that he didn't like the scripts from the way he approached the readings. When I found out, I completely understood his hesitation. Now that we all know, if he is struggling with a word, the other actors are quick to step up and help him out. Everyone is very respectful."[citation needed] Isaiah Washington also auditioned for the part and when he did not get it, he said his reaction was like "I'd been kicked in the stomach by 14 mules." Washington was, however, later cast as Preston Burke.[17] Rob Lowe was also considered to portray Shepherd but turned the role down.[18] Some of the character's medical cases were inspired by real-life patients of Steve Giannotta, Chair of Neurological Surgery at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, whom Rhimes had consulted in writing for Shepherd's storylines and patients.[19]

text: In January 2014, Dempsey signed a two-year contract to remain on Grey's Anatomy (then in its tenth season) that would ensure his presence for potential 11th and 12th seasons.[20] However, in April 2015, Dempsey's character was killed off[21] while his contract was not over yet. Dempsey explained: "it just sort of evolved. It’s just kind of happened. It really was something that was kind of surprising that unfolded, and it just naturally came to be. Which was pretty good. I like the way it has all played out."[22] In August 2015, Rhimes commented:

text:
“
The decision to have the character die the way that he did was not a difficult one in the sense of what were the options? Either Derek was going to walk out on Meredith, and leave her high and dry, and what was that going to mean? That was going to suggest that the love was not true, the thing we had said for 11 years was a lie and McDreamy wasn't McDreamy. For me, that was untenable. Meredith and Derek's love had to remain Meredith and Derek's love. As painful as it was for me as a storyteller, because I had never really thought that was going to happen, it preserved what felt true to me, was that Derek was going to have to die in order for that love to remain honest. Because I really couldn't have the idea that he just turned out to be a bad guy who walked out on his wife and kids be a true story. To me, it felt like that was the only way to make Meredith and Derek's magic remain true and forever frozen in time.[23]
”

tag: table

text: The character was later written to be a graduate of Bowdoin College, a liberal arts college in Brunswick, Maine, after an alumnus led a petition signed by over 450 students to "adopt" the character as an alumnus.[24] Dempsey is from Lewiston, about 18 miles (29 km) away from Brunswick, and was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bowdoin in 2013.[2]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Rhimes describes Shepherd as typical "Prince Charming". He was planned to be a doctor who doesn't really care about anything, who lives in his "own" universe and has a big sex appeal. A man who is charming, devilishly handsome and the type of guy every girl dreams of, and a man that often makes the wrong decisions, and is often known as a jerk or the ultimate heartbreaker. Rhimes planned to have this kind of character from the beginning, because he was the kind of guy whom girls fall in love with and a character whose storylines could easily be changed.[citation needed] USA Today writer Robert Bianco said: "Derek could, at times, seem like two people, warm and funny one minute, cold and self-involved the next. Dempsey's gift was in making those two sides seem like part of the same person, while keeping us rooting for that person as a whole."[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: With the show concluding its second season, Robert Bianco of USA Today said that Emmy voters could consider him because of the "seemingly effortless way he humanizes Derek's 'dreamy' appeal with ego and vanity".[26] In the third season, Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger wrote that "the attempt to give the moral high ground back to McDreamy was bad. Dude, whatever happened in New York ceased to count in any kind of grievance tally once you agreed to take Addison back and give things another try. You're the dick who cheated on her, you're the one who knew that she found the panties, and still you act like her getting back together with Mark justifies what you did? Wow. I didn't think it was possible for me to dislike anyone on this show more than Meredith, but congratulations, big guy."[27]

text: Debbie Chang of BuddyTV noted the character's immaturity in the fourth season, saying: "The only character who did not make me love him was Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey). How this character is still Shonda's golden child is beyond me. Yes, we get it. He's tormented by his love for Meredith, but that does not give him the right to lash out at her when his clinical trial patients are dying. If things don't go absolutely the way he wants them to, then he refuses to cooperate. How immature can this man possibly be? No amount of heavily styled hair or blue-blue-blue eyes is going to make me warm up to him unless he admits to being the needy, desperate one in the relationship."[28]

text: Entertainment Weekly placed Shepherd in its list of the "30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses".[29] The character was also listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV" and in BuzzFeed's "16 Hottest Doctors On Television".[30][31] His relationship with Meredith was included in TV Guide's list of "The Best TV Couples of All Time".[32]

text: Victor Balta of Today listed Shepherd and Sloan's friendship in its "TV's best bromances". He called them "the most exciting couple on Grey’s," explaining "they’ve demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter, sage wisdom on each other’s lives, and locker room-style teasing."[33] Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com, BuddyTV, Cosmopolitan, Wetpaint.[34][35][36][37] However, following the announcement of Dane's upcoming departure from the show, Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek "never clicked like you’d expect friends would. Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced."[38]


document_title: Tiger Schulmann

question_text: currently how many schools make up the tiger schulmann's organization

question_tokens: currently how many schools make up the tiger schulmann 's organization

text: Tiger Schulmann

text: Biography[edit]

text: Schulmann began training in the martial arts in kyokushin karate at the age of 6 in New York City. He trained and competed throughout the continental United States, Hawaii, and internationally in Japan and Israel. As an adult, he has trained in grappling, boxing, kickboxing, and other martial arts disciplines.

text: After completing his career as a fighter, he opened his first training center in 1984, known as United American Karate, in Quakertown, Pennsylvania. Over time the name of his style changed first to Tiger Schulmann's Karate (TSK) and then Tiger Schulmann's Martial Arts (TSMA).

text: Professional career[edit]

text: Schulmann was the North American Mas Oyama Full-Contact Karate Champion for six consecutive years (1979–1984).[1] In 1979, he was also the United States representative in the World Open Full-Contact Karate Championships in Tokyo. He was the youngest and lightest fighter, and one of only eight fighters chosen nationwide. Schulmann was inducted into the North American Grappling Association Hall of Fame as a founding member in 2005.

text: Tiger Schulmann's Martial Arts[edit]

text: Tiger Schulmann's Martial Arts (formerly known as Tiger Schulmann's Karate)[2] has over 52 schools in five states.

text: At TSMA, students are taught self-defense, including submission grappling (jujitsu), and a hybrid style of kyokushin and kickboxing.[3] Some TSMA students have competed in national MMA-style events such as the Bellator Championships and the UFC.[4]

text: The company is headquartered in Elmwood Park, New Jersey.


document_title: Electron configurations of the elements (data page)

question_text: ground-state electron configuration of a neutral atom of iron

text: This page shows the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states. For each atom the subshells are given first in concise form, then with all subshells written out, followed by the number of electrons per shell. Electron configurations of elements beyond hassium (element 108) are predicted.

text: As an approximate rule, electron configurations are given by the Aufbau principle and the Madelung rule. However there are numerous exceptions; for example the lightest exception is chromium, which would be predicted to have the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2, written as [Ar] 3d4 4s2, but whose actual configuration given in the table below is [Ar] 3d5 4s1.

text:
Legend

1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
4p
4d
4f
5s
5p
5d
5f
5g
6s
6p
6d
6f
7s
7p
7d
8s
8p
9s
9p

1 H hydrogen : 1s1

1s1

1

2 He helium : 1s2

1s2

2

3 Li lithium : [He] 2s1

1s2
2s1

2
1

4 Be beryllium : [He] 2s2

1s2
2s2

2
2

5 B boron : [He] 2s2 2p1

1s2
2s2
2p1

2
3

6 C carbon : [He] 2s2 2p2

1s2
2s2
2p2

2
4

7 N nitrogen : [He] 2s2 2p3

1s2
2s2
2p3

2
5

8 O oxygen : [He] 2s2 2p4

1s2
2s2
2p4

2
6

9 F fluorine : [He] 2s2 2p5

1s2
2s2
2p5

2
7

10 Ne neon : [He] 2s2 2p6

1s2
2s2
2p6

2
8

11 Na sodium : [Ne] 3s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s1

2
8
1

12 Mg magnesium : [Ne] 3s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2

2
8
2

13 Al aluminium : [Ne] 3s2 3p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p1

2
8
3

14 Si silicon : [Ne] 3s2 3p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p2

2
8
4

15 P phosphorus : [Ne] 3s2 3p3

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p3

2
8
5

16 S sulfur : [Ne] 3s2 3p4

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p4

2
8
6

17 Cl chlorine : [Ne] 3s2 3p5

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p5

2
8
7

18 Ar argon : [Ne] 3s2 3p6

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6

2
8
8

19 K potassium : [Ar] 4s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6

4s1

2
8
8
1

20 Ca calcium : [Ar] 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6

4s2

2
8
8
2

21 Sc scandium : [Ar] 3d1 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d1
4s2

2
8
9
2

22 Ti titanium : [Ar] 3d2 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d2
4s2

2
8
10
2

23 V vanadium : [Ar] 3d3 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d3
4s2

2
8
11
2

24 Cr chromium : [Ar] 3d5 4s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d5
4s1

2
8
13
1

25 Mn manganese : [Ar] 3d5 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d5
4s2

2
8
13
2

26 Fe iron : [Ar] 3d6 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d6
4s2

2
8
14
2

27 Co cobalt : [Ar] 3d7 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d7
4s2

2
8
15
2

28 Ni nickel : [Ar] 3d8 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d8
4s2

2
8
16
2

29 Cu copper : [Ar] 3d10 4s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s1

2
8
18
1

30 Zn zinc : [Ar] 3d10 4s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2

2
8
18
2

31 Ga gallium : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p1

2
8
18
3

32 Ge germanium : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p2

2
8
18
4

33 As arsenic : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p3

2
8
18
5

34 Se selenium : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p4

2
8
18
6

35 Br bromine : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p5

2
8
18
7

36 Kr krypton : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6

2
8
18
8

37 Rb rubidium : [Kr] 5s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6

5s1

2
8
18
8
1

38 Sr strontium : [Kr] 5s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6

5s2

2
8
18
8
2

39 Y yttrium : [Kr] 4d1 5s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d1

5s2

2
8
18
9
2

40 Zr zirconium : [Kr] 4d2 5s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d2

5s2

2
8
18
10
2

41 Nb niobium : [Kr] 4d4 5s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d4

5s1

2
8
18
12
1

42 Mo molybdenum : [Kr] 4d5 5s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d5

5s1

2
8
18
13
1

43 Tc technetium : [Kr] 4d5 5s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d5

5s2

2
8
18
13
2

44 Ru ruthenium : [Kr] 4d7 5s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d7

5s1

2
8
18
15
1

45 Rh rhodium : [Kr] 4d8 5s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d8

5s1

2
8
18
16
1

46 Pd palladium : [Kr] 4d10

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

2
8
18
18

47 Ag silver : [Kr] 4d10 5s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s1

2
8
18
18
1

48 Cd cadmium : [Kr] 4d10 5s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2

2
8
18
18
2

49 In indium : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p1

2
8
18
18
3

50 Sn tin : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p2

2
8
18
18
4

51 Sb antimony : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p3

2
8
18
18
5

52 Te tellurium : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p4

2
8
18
18
6

53 I iodine : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p5

2
8
18
18
7

54 Xe xenon : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p6

2
8
18
18
8

55 Cs caesium : [Xe] 6s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p6

6s1

2
8
18
18
8
1

56 Ba barium : [Xe] 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
18
8
2

57 La lanthanum : [Xe] 5d1 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10

5s2
5p6
5d1

6s2

2
8
18
18
9
2

58 Ce cerium : [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f1
5s2
5p6
5d1

6s2

2
8
18
19
9
2

59 Pr praseodymium : [Xe] 4f3 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f3
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
21
8
2

60 Nd neodymium : [Xe] 4f4 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f4
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
22
8
2

61 Pm promethium : [Xe] 4f5 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f5
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
23
8
2

62 Sm samarium : [Xe] 4f6 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f6
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
24
8
2

63 Eu europium : [Xe] 4f7 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f7
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
25
8
2

64 Gd gadolinium : [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f7
5s2
5p6
5d1

6s2

2
8
18
25
9
2

65 Tb terbium : [Xe] 4f9 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f9
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
27
8
2

66 Dy dysprosium : [Xe] 4f10 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f10
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
28
8
2

67 Ho holmium : [Xe] 4f11 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f11
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
29
8
2

68 Er erbium : [Xe] 4f12 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f12
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
30
8
2

69 Tm thulium : [Xe] 4f13 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f13
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
31
8
2

70 Yb ytterbium : [Xe] 4f14 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6

6s2

2
8
18
32
8
2

71 Lu lutetium : [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d1

6s2

2
8
18
32
9
2

72 Hf hafnium : [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d2

6s2

2
8
18
32
10
2

73 Ta tantalum : [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d3

6s2

2
8
18
32
11
2

74 W tungsten : [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d4

6s2

2
8
18
32
12
2

75 Re rhenium : [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d5

6s2

2
8
18
32
13
2

76 Os osmium : [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d6

6s2

2
8
18
32
14
2

77 Ir iridium : [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d7

6s2

2
8
18
32
15
2

78 Pt platinum : [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d9

6s1

2
8
18
32
17
1

79 Au gold : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s1

2
8
18
32
18
1

80 Hg mercury : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2

2
8
18
32
18
2

81 Tl thallium : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p1

2
8
18
32
18
3

82 Pb lead : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p2

2
8
18
32
18
4

83 Bi bismuth : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p3

2
8
18
32
18
5

84 Po polonium : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p4

2
8
18
32
18
6

85 At astatine : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p5

2
8
18
32
18
7

86 Rn radon : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p6

2
8
18
32
18
8

87 Fr francium : [Rn] 7s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p6

7s1

2
8
18
32
18
8
1

88 Ra radium : [Rn] 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
18
8
2

89 Ac actinium : [Rn] 6d1 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p6
6d1

7s2

2
8
18
32
18
9
2

90 Th thorium : [Rn] 6d2 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10

6s2
6p6
6d2

7s2

2
8
18
32
18
10
2

91 Pa protactinium : [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f2

6s2
6p6
6d1

7s2

2
8
18
32
20
9
2

92 U uranium : [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f3

6s2
6p6
6d1

7s2

2
8
18
32
21
9
2

93 Np neptunium : [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f4

6s2
6p6
6d1

7s2

2
8
18
32
22
9
2

94 Pu plutonium : [Rn] 5f6 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f6

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
24
8
2

95 Am americium : [Rn] 5f7 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f7

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
25
8
2

96 Cm curium : [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f7

6s2
6p6
6d1

7s2

2
8
18
32
25
9
2

97 Bk berkelium : [Rn] 5f9 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f9

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
27
8
2

98 Cf californium : [Rn] 5f10 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f10

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
28
8
2

99 Es einsteinium : [Rn] 5f11 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f11

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
29
8
2

100 Fm fermium : [Rn] 5f12 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f12

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
30
8
2

101 Md mendelevium : [Rn] 5f13 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f13

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
31
8
2

102 No nobelium : [Rn] 5f14 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
8
2

103 Lr lawrencium : [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6

7s2
7p1

2
8
18
32
32
8
3

104 Rf rutherfordium : [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d2

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
10
2

105 Db dubnium : [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d3

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
11
2

106 Sg seaborgium : [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d4

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
12
2

107 Bh bohrium : [Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d5

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
13
2

108 Hs hassium : [Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d6

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
14
2

109 Mt meitnerium : [Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d7

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
15
2

110 Ds darmstadtium : [Rn] 5f14 6d8 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d8

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
16
2

111 Rg roentgenium : [Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d9

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
17
2

112 Cn copernicium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2

2
8
18
32
32
18
2

113 Nh nihonium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p1

2
8
18
32
32
18
3

114 Fl flerovium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p2

2
8
18
32
32
18
4

115 Mc moscovium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p3

2
8
18
32
32
18
5

116 Lv livermorium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p4

2
8
18
32
32
18
6

117 Ts tennessine : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p5

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p5

2
8
18
32
32
18
7

118 Og oganesson : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p6

2
8
18
32
32
18
8

119 Uue ununennium : [Og] 8s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p6

8s1

2
8
18
32
32
18
8
1

120 Ubn unbinilium : [Og] 8s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p6

8s2

2
8
18
32
32
18
8
2

121 Ubu unbiunium : [Og] 8s2 8p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p6

8s2
8p1

2
8
18
32
32
18
8
3

122 Ubb unbibium : [Og] 7d1 8s2 8p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10

7s2
7p6
7d1
8s2
8p1

2
8
18
32
32
18
9
3

123 Ubt unbitrium : [Og] 6f1 7d1 8s2 8p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10
6f1
7s2
7p6
7d1
8s2
8p1

2
8
18
32
32
19
9
3

124 Ubq unbiquadium : [Og] 6f3 8s2 8p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14

6s2
6p6
6d10
6f3
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p1

2
8
18
32
32
21
8
3

125 Ubp unbipentium : [Og] 5g1 6f3 8s2 8p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g1
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f3
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p1

2
8
18
32
33
21
8
3

126 Ubh unbihexium : [Og] 5g2 6f2 7d1 8s2 8p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g2
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6
7d1
8s2
8p1

2
8
18
32
34
20
9
3

127 Ubs unbiseptium : [Og] 5g3 6f2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g3
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
35
20
8
4

128 Ubo unbioctium : [Og] 5g4 6f2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g4
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
36
20
8
4

129 Ube unbiennium : [Og] 5g5 6f2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g5
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
37
20
8
4

130 Utn untrinilium : [Og] 5g6 6f2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g6
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
38
20
8
4

131 Utu untriunium : [Og] 5g7 6f2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g7
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
39
20
8
4

132 Utb untribium : [Og] 5g8 6f2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g8
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
40
20
8
4

133 Utt untritrium : [Og] 5g8 6f3 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g8
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f3
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
40
21
8
4

134 Utq untriquadium : [Og] 5g8 6f4 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g8
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f4
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
40
22
8
4

135 Utp untripentium : [Og] 5g9 6f4 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g9
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f4
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
41
22
8
4

136 Uth untrihexium : [Og] 5g10 6f4 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g10
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f4
7s2
7p6

8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
42
22
8
4

137 Uts untriseptium : [Og] 5g11 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g11
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f3
7s2
7p6
7d1
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
43
21
9
4

138 Uto untrioctium : [Og] 5g12 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g12
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f3
7s2
7p6
7d1
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
44
21
9
4

139 Ute untriennium : [Og] 5g13 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g13
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
45
20
10
4

140 Uqn unquadnilium : [Og] 5g14 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g14
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f3
7s2
7p6
7d1
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
46
21
9
4

141 Uqu unquadunium : [Og] 5g15 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g15
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
47
20
10
4

142 Uqb unquadbium : [Og] 5g16 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g16
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
48
20
10
4

143 Uqt unquadtrium : [Og] 5g17 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g17
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f2
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
49
20
10
4

144 Uqq unquadquadium : [Og] 5g18 6f1 7d3 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f1
7s2
7p6
7d3
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
19
11
4

145 Uqp unquadpentium : [Og] 5g18 6f3 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f3
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
21
10
4

146 Uqh unquadhexium : [Og] 5g18 6f4 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f4
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
22
10
4

147 Uqs unquadseptium : [Og] 5g18 6f5 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f5
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
23
10
4

148 Uqo unquadoctium : [Og] 5g18 6f6 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f6
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
24
10
4

149 Uqe unquadennium : [Og] 5g18 6f6 7d3 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f6
7s2
7p6
7d3
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
24
11
4

150 Upn unpentnilium : [Og] 5g18 6f6 7d4 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f6
7s2
7p6
7d4
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
24
12
4

151 Upu unpentunium : [Og] 5g18 6f8 7d3 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f8
7s2
7p6
7d3
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
26
11
4

152 Upb unpentbium : [Og] 5g18 6f9 7d3 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f9
7s2
7p6
7d3
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
27
11
4

153 Upt unpenttrium : [Og] 5g18 6f11 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f11
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
29
10
4

154 Upq unpentquadium : [Og] 5g18 6f12 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f12
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
30
10
4

155 Upp unpentpentium : [Og] 5g18 6f13 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f13
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
31
10
4

156 Uph unpenthexium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d2 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d2
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
10
4

157 Ups unpentseptium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d3 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d3
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
11
4

158 Upo unpentoctium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d4 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d4
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
12
4

159 Upe unpentennium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d4 8s2 8p2 9s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d4
8s2
8p2
9s1

2
8
18
32
50
32
12
4
1

160 Uhn unhexnilium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d5 8s2 8p2 9s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d5
8s2
8p2
9s1

2
8
18
32
50
32
13
4
1

161 Uhu unhexunium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d6 8s2 8p2 9s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d6
8s2
8p2
9s1

2
8
18
32
50
32
14
4
1

162 Uhb unhexbium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d8 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d8
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
16
4

163 Uht unhextrium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d9 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d9
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
17
4

164 Uhq unhexquadium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
4

165 Uhp unhexpentium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p2
9s1

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
4
1

166 Uhh unhexhexium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p2
9s2

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
4
2

167 Uhs unhexseptium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2 9p1

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p2
9s2
9p1

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
4
3

168 Uho unhexoctium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2 9p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p2
9s2
9p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
4
4

169 Uhe unhexennium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p3 9s2 9p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p3
9s2
9p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
5
4

170 Usn unseptnilium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p4 9s2 9p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p4
9s2
9p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
6
4

171 Usu unseptunium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p5 9s2 9p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p5
9s2
9p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
7
4

172 Usb unseptbium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p6 9s2 9p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p6
9s2
9p2

2
8
18
32
50
32
18
8
4

text:
Legend

1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
4p
4d
4f
5s
5p
5d
5f
5g
6s
6p
6d
6f
6g
7s
7p
7d
8s
8p
9s
9p

173 Ust unsepttrium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 6g1 7d10 8s2 8p6 9s2 9p2

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
3d10
4s2
4p6
4d10
4f14
5s2
5p6
5d10
5f14
5g18
6s2
6p6
6d10
6f14
6g1
7s2
7p6
7d10
8s2
8p6
9s2
9p2

2
8
18
32
50
33
18
8
4


document_title: Meals on Wheels

question_text: when did meals on wheels start in america

text: Meals on Wheels

text: History[edit]

text: Meals on Wheels originated in the United Kingdom during the Blitz, when many people lost their homes and therefore the ability to cook their own food. The Women's Volunteer Service for Civil Defence (WVS, later WRVS) provided food for these people. The name "Meals on Wheels" derived from the WVS's related activity of bringing meals to servicemen. The concept of delivering meals to those unable to prepare their own evolved into the modern programmes that deliver mostly to the housebound elderly, sometimes free, or at a small charge.[3][4][5]

text: United Kingdom (1943)[edit]

text: The first home delivery of a meal on wheels following World War II was made by the WVS in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, England in 1943.[clarification needed] Many early services used old prams to transport the meals, using straw bales, and even old felt hats, to keep the meals warm in transit.[3][citation needed]

text: This type of service requires many volunteers with an adequate knowledge of basic cooking to prepare the meals by a set time each day. The majority of local authorities in the United Kingdom have now moved away from freshly cooked food delivery, and towards the supply of frozen pre-cooked reheatable meals.[6]

text: Australia (1953)[edit]

text: Doris Taylor MBE founded Meals on Wheels in South Australia in 1953, and in 1954 the first meal was served from the Port Adelaide kitchen.[7] The first meals were delivered to eight elderly Port Adelaide residents on 9 August 1954.[8][9]

text: In New South Wales, Meals on Wheels was started in March 1957 by the Sydney City Council. In the first week, 150 meals were served for inner city dwellers; these were cooked in the Town Hall kitchen.[4]

text: Organised on a regional basis, in Australia Meals on Wheels is a well established, active and thriving group of organisations. The history of a small sample of some of the organisations includes: New South Wales,[4][10] Queensland,[11][12] South Australia,[13][14][15] Western Australia[16] and Victoria.[17]

text: In 2012, the Queensland branch of Meals on Wheels was a recipient of the Queensland Greats Awards.[18]

text: United States (1954)[edit]

text: Established in 1974,[19] the oldest and largest national organization is Meals on Wheels America, which supports more than 5,000 community-based senior nutrition organizations across the country.[20] By providing funding, leadership, education and advocacy support, Meals on Wheels America empowers its local member programmes to provide services to their communities.[20] With local programmes, they galvanize the resources of local community organizations, businesses, donors, sponsors and more than two million volunteers – bolstered by supplemental funding from the Older Americans Act – into a national safety net for seniors.[21]

text: Currently, they are located in Arlington, Virginia,[22] and headed by President and CEO Ellie Hollander.

text: Pennsylvania

text: The first home-delivered meal programme in the United States began in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in January 1954. At the request of the Philadelphia Health & Welfare Council, and funded by a grant from the Henrietta Tower Wurtz Foundation, Margaret Toy, a social worker in Philadelphia's Lighthouse Community Center, pioneered a programme to provide nourishment that met the dietary needs of homebound seniors and other "shut-ins" in the area who otherwise would have to go hungry. As is the case today, many participants were people who did not require hospitalization, but who simply needed a helping hand in order to maintain their independence. Most of the volunteers were high school students, who were dubbed "Platter Angels." The "Platter Angels" would prepare, package, and deliver food to the elderly and disabled through their community. The daily delivery consisted of one nutritionally balanced hot meal to eat at lunch time, and a dinner consisting of a cold sandwich and milk along with varying side dishes.

text: Columbus, Ohio, was the second city in the U.S. to establish a community based meals programme. Building on the model set forth in Philadelphia, a federation of women's clubs went through the town to inform themselves of possible participants for a meal service. In Columbus, all of the meals were prepared by local restaurants and delivered by taxi cabs during the week. On weekends, high school students filled the posts.

text: The city of Rochester, New York, began its home-delivered meal programme in 1958. It was originally a pilot project initiated by the New York Department of Health and administered by the Visiting Nurse Service. The Bureau of Chronic Diseases and Geriatrics of the New York Department of Health underwrote the costs.

text: Also in the late 1950s, a group of concerned women in San Diego, California recognised that isolated seniors were in need of regular meals and human contact. What was to become Meals-on-Wheels Greater San Diego, Inc. started in 1960, and has served area seniors for 50 years. When the national association, Meals on Wheels Association of America (MOWAA), sought guidance with the parameters to be used in the evaluation process for locally-run agencies, Meals-on-Wheels Greater San Diego was used as a model to help define the benchmark for successful operations, and "set the standard" for approval. The mission of Meals-on-Wheels Greater San Diego, Inc. is to support the independence and well-being of seniors. A private, not-for-profit corporation, Meals-on-Wheels San Diego strives to keep seniors independent in their own homes by delivering meals to those who are unable to adequately meet their own nutritional needs. Often, the availability of this service enables seniors to avoid seeking institutional alternatives. From modest beginnings, Meals-on-Wheels has grown into one of the largest senior service programmes in Southern California. Meals-on-Wheels is currently the only organization in the area home-delivering two meals a day, for seven days a week (including holidays), and providing modified diets to seniors, age 60 and older, throughout San Diego County. In 2009, agency-wide, 82 staff members supported over 2,200 volunteers who donated their time to home-deliver 450,000 meals to approximately 2,000 seniors throughout San Diego County. Debbie Case is the CEO and President of Meals-on-Wheels Greater San Diego.[23]

text: Another California Meals On Wheels programme is Meals On Wheels West (MOWW), which has been delivering services to home-bound individuals in their homes since April 1974. The agency has since grown from an organization that served 8 clients in one city to one that provides meals and companionship to 396 individuals in 6 of Los Angeles County’s coastal communities by 2010. In 2010 alone, over 3,000 volunteers delivered more than 86,000 meals. Begun as a programme of the Westside Ecumenical Conference, MOWW attained its own non-profit status in 1994. The CEO since 1987, RoseMary Regalbuto’s, first challenge upon arrival at MOWW was to eliminate the waiting list by increasing the number of routes and clients served. Since then, no eligible clients have been made to wait for services. When Mrs. Regalbuto took the helm, MOWW was only serving Santa Monica. Due to her leadership, the agency now serves Santa Monica, Topanga, Pacific Palisades, Malibu and parts of Marina Del Rey. In 2010, 93% of MOWW clients stated that MOWW was a major factor in their ability to remain in their own homes. 88% of clients reported that the daily contact with Meals On Wheels West volunteers was important to them, and 50% stated the volunteers were the only visitors during the day. 70% of volunteers stay with the organization for more than 5 years, which allows for significant lasting connections with clients.[24]

text: Meals on Wheels People was founded in 1969 in Portland, Oregon and currently produces 5,000 hot, nutritious meals five days each week which are delivered to 34 senior centers throughout Multnomah County, Washington County and Clark County. The Meals are served at noon to seniors in center dining rooms or sent out as Meals on Wheels to frail, homebound elderly.[25] Meals on Wheels People continues to expand to other locations, such as the Edwards Community Center in Aloha, Oregon where, in partnership with Edwards Center Inc. and Washington County Disabled, Aging and Veterans Services people over 60 years of age may receive hot lunches, alongside veterans and adults with developmental disabilities thereby providing new community connections for several groups that might otherwise become isolated.[26]

text: Ypsilanti, Michigan

text: Ypsilanti Meals on Wheels was a programme idea that originated from the city of Ypsilanti’s Mayor’s Council on Aging. As a result of the Council’s recommendation in the spring of 1973, the City Council agreed to appropriate $8000 to a meal delivery programme to begin on July 1, 1973. Pastor William Bingham, pastor of the First Baptist Church of Ypsilanti and a member of the mayor’s Council on Aging, became the first Executive Director. Volunteers prepared meals in the kitchen of the First Baptist Church. Meal service began on January 14, 1974 to 16 homebound individuals. As time passed and the demand grew, Ypsilanti meals on Wheels purchased vans and equipped them with refrigerators and microwave ovens. Up until that time, volunteers had picked up cold meals, prepared at Eastern Michigan University, and heated them at each stop. Today, Ypsilanti meals on Wheels owns four vans and delivers approximately 200 hot meals each day, Monday through Friday. Drivers pick up the meals at Eastern Michigan University Hoyt Conference center and pack them into insulated containers that maintain the appropriate temperature until the delivery of the last meal.[27]

text: Canada (1963)[edit]

text: Brampton, Ontario is the first city in Canada to deliver meals to seniors in need. In the spring of 1963, Ruby Cuthbert, a nurse, implemented the Meals on Wheels programme with the support of the local Soroptimist Club. Later, the Auxiliary group from Peel Memorial Hospital took over the responsibility and Brampton Meals on Wheels (BMOW) started with six meals a day.[citation needed]

text: Meals on Wheels was formed in response to a plea from the Hospital Chaplaincy Committee of the Calgary Presbytery of the United Church. In 1965, a study was undertaken by the Presbyterian United Church Women into the needs of the elderly living alone and those being discharged from hospitals with no help available during their convalescence. On November 30, 1965 the Calgary Church Women's Community Care was incorporated and in 1976 the name was officially changed to "Calgary Meals on Wheels". In addition to the United Church, the Anglican, Baptist, Catholic and Presbyterian Churches supported the movement while interested volunteers and service clubs answered the call for help and proved to be the backbone of the fledgling organization. The United Way and the City of Calgary have also played a vital role in the success of this community service. On 15 November 1965 the first meal service started serving eight clients. By 1982 the number of clients had increased to in excess of 380 per day, requiring a move to a larger centre. In 2005, Calgary Meals on Wheels celebrated its 40th Anniversary, (having never missed a meal delivery in its 40-year history), and delivered to some 1,900 clients, plus services to several unique programmes. The organisation is governed by a Board of Directors, all of whom are volunteers. A pool of some 750 volunteers donate just under 75,000 hours of time a year to deliver meals five days a week within Calgary city limits.[28]

text: The first meals were delivered on 21 April 1969 for $0.65 each. There was one route on the south side with a total of three meals.[29]

text: Meals on Wheels of Fredericton, New Brunswick began in 1967. They currently serve over 40,000 meals per year to about 300 clients. The organization will be celebrating 50 years of service in 2017.[30]

text: Meals on Wheels began in Nova Scotia in 1969, with three volunteers delivering six meals in Halifax.[31]

text: Since 1967, the Health and Home Care Society of BC has operated the Meals on Wheels programme in Vancouver and Richmond.[32]

text: Meals on Wheels was originally created as a side project of The Home Welfare Association. A 1961 study recommended the establishment of a Meals on Wheels delivery service for people who were unable to prepare meals for themselves, such as the elderly and infirm. A three-year pilot project was started and they delivered the first meals on 30 June 1965. In 1981 the Home Welfare Association chapter was officially closed when the name was changed to Meals on Wheels of Winnipeg, Inc.[33]

text: Ireland (1971)[edit]

text: Longford

text: The first meals were delivered in Longford, a small county town in the Midlands. They were delivered by County Longford Social Services, organised by Sister Calasanctius of the local Convent of Mercy and the local hospital's medical officer Dr Gerard McDonagh. The meals were distributed from a mobile kitchen for which funds had been raised by the local children. The fundraising had been organised by the Longford News (local newspaper) editor Derek Cobbe.

text: Some of the first meals were delivered by a volunteer driver, the late Pat Hourican, with volunteer helper the late Sr. Bonaventure. The mobile kitchens were built by a local businessman, Noel Hanlon, at his ambulance factory in the town. The vans had specially fitted gas cookers provided by the ambulance factory to keep the dinners warm. Meals were delivered then to some 400 people around Longford, mostly elderly or disabled, and were free of charge, supported by small grants and locally collected funds.

text: Modern programmes[edit]

text: Today, Meals on Wheels programmes generally operate at the county level or smaller. Programmes vary widely in their size, service provided, organisation, and funding.

text: There are Meals on Wheels programmes in Australia,[34] Canada,[35][36] Ireland,[37] the United Kingdom and the United States. The National Association of Care Catering[38] are a great source of information on UK Meals on Wheels services. The Meals On Wheels Association of America (MOWAA)[39] is a national association for senior nutrition programmes headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia, but each programme operates independently.

text: Most Meals on Wheels programmes deliver meals hot and ready-to-eat, but some deliver cold meals in containers ready to microwave. Others supply deep-frozen meals. Some warm-meal programmes provide an additional frozen meal during the days prior to a weekend or holiday, when there would be no delivery. Depending on the programme, meals may be delivered by paid drivers or by volunteers. In addition to providing nutrition to sustain the health of a client, a meal delivery by a Meals on Wheels driver or volunteer also serves as a safety check and a source of companionship for the client.

text: Most clients of Meals on Wheels programmes are elderly, but others who are unable to shop or cook for themselves (as well as their pets) are generally eligible for assistance. In the United States, programmes receiving federal funding may not serve people less than 60 years old. US Federally funded programmes may only request voluntary contributions from clients, while other programmes often charge a moderate fee for service. Regardless of their sources of funding, eligibility for most programmes is determined solely by medical need, with financial need and actual ability to pay not making a difference either way.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the county of Suffolk, the programme is referred to as "Community Meals".[40] "Meals on Wheels" services are provided for those who have been assessed to have difficulty cooking for themselves. Community Meals services can comprise daily hot meals, chilled meals or a weekly or fortnightly delivery of frozen meals. Traditional hot deliveries are cooked in a central kitchen then transported to the service user.

text: Support to the elderly is also provided by WRVS (formerly named Women’s Royal Voluntary Service).

text: National Association of Care Catering Community Meals Week is a national event aiming to increase visibility of Community Meals Services.[41] In October 2008, Camilla, The Duchess of Cornwall assisted in Meals on Wheels Week activities.[42]

text: Increasingly in the UK, commercial rather than voluntary or local authorities organisations are providing the meals. For example, some Local Authorities have stopped providing hot meals and are instead delivering frozen pre-cooked meals.[43] Other variations include using Apetito, who operate a "Chefmobil"[44] service which regenerates meals en route,[45] and Apetito subsidiary Wiltshire Farm Foods, which operates a Meals on Wheels alternative service for those who do not meet assessment criteria.[46]

text: October 2011 saw a Hairy Bikers series, Meals on Wheels, air on BBC Two. The series fronted a campaign with BBC Learning to save local 'meals on wheels' services around the UK.[47]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Halifax Meals on Wheels in Nova Scotia currently operate 68 programmes across the province; more than 600 volunteers serve an estimated 3400 meals a week. In Halifax, the service is partially funded by the municipality. The United Way also provides funding, depending on how much the programmes need. Organizations such as nursing homes and hospitals provide many of the meals; others come from restaurants and private homes. The programme isn't just for the elderly; people of any age who live alone often call when they're recovering after a recent hospital stay and are unable to cook for themselves. Other users of Meals on Wheels are people with disabilities such as multiple sclerosis who use the programme to help them through a rough time when cooking becomes too difficult. In 1996, 56.7% of clients in Halifax used the service for less than three months.[31]

text: There are dozens of independent meals on wheels in Montreal, one of the largest and most innovative is the unique intergenerational Santropol Roulant, an organisation operated mainly by young volunteers in central Montreal neighbourhoods. Deliveries are done on foot, by bicycle and by hybrid car in some outlying routes.[48]

text: Ireland[edit]

text: Longford[edit]

text: Currently (2016) vans are still used to deliver meals around Longford by County Longford Social Services, a registered charity - 4 vans deliver to all areas of County Longford, but the meals are now hot soup and chilled main course and dessert - recipients have microwave ovens for reheating the dinners. Meals are provided 7 days per week, 365 days per year. Unfortunately there is now a small charge (€4 per meal) due to reduction in grant aid, but there is still local support with fundraising and over 25 volunteer drivers and helpers. There are 4 employees (2 full-time and 2 part-time) with more people on various employment schemes, and the Social Services Council also provides a subsidised chiropody service and a patient transport service to help people maintain their mobility and independence. This is supported by a pre-owned fashion shop in Longford, "Change of A Dress", mainly run by volunteers.

text: Other areas[edit]

text: A study by Trinity College Dublin[49] published in 2008 on behalf of the National Council on Ageing and Older People found most of Ireland served by Meals on Wheels services (or centre-based alternatives) since the 1980s, over half being registered charities. Half of the services are noted to be parish-only, with many more serving a slightly larger area: the report notes only 5% of providers serve "a significant proportion of their county" (but they do not mention the longest-running service in Longford, which serves the whole county).

text: United States[edit]

text: The Meals on Wheels Association of America (MOWAA) is headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia. MOWAA is the oldest and largest organization in the United States representing those who provide meal services to seniors in need, specifically those at risk of or experiencing hunger. MOWAA is a non-profit organization working toward the social, physical, nutritional and economic betterment of vulnerable Americans by providing the tools and information its programmes need to make a difference in the lives of others.[39] In 2016, Meals on Wheels provided approximately 218 million meals to 2.5 million Americans.[50][51] Approximately 500,000 of the recipients are veterans.[50] The annual meal cost is $2,765.[52]

text: Citymeals-on-Wheels serves the New York City area.[53] In 2008, Citymeals delivered over 2.1 million meals to 17,713 frail aged in every borough of New York City. In addition, over 1,500 volunteers collectively spent 62,000 hours visiting and delivering meals to New York’s frail aged. Gael Greene and James Beard founded Citymeals-on-Wheels in 1981 after reading a newspaper article about homebound elderly New Yorkers with nothing to eat on weekends and holidays. They rallied their friends in the restaurant community, raising private funds as a supplement to the government-funded weekday meal delivery programme. Twenty five years ago their first efforts brought a Christmas meal to 6,000 frail aged.

text: In 2007, the MOWAA Foundation commissioned a study on hunger (see next section). In 2009, MOWAA partnered with The Mission Continues,[54] an organization which addresses the needs of veterans who have served the United States.

text: Specialty Meals on Wheels programmes, such as "Kosher Meals on Wheels", also exist to service niche clientele.[citation needed]

text: MOWAAF study on hunger[edit]

text: The Meals On Wheels Association of America Foundation (MOWAAF),[55] recognizing that hunger is a serious threat facing millions of seniors in the United States, determined that understanding of the problem is a critical first step to developing remedies.[56] In 2007, MOWAAF, underwritten by the Harrah's Foundation, commissioned a research study entitled The Causes, Consequences and Future of Senior Hunger in America.[57] The report was released at a hearing of the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging in March 2008 in Washington, D.C.

text: The study found that in the United States, over 5 million seniors, (11.4% of all seniors), experience some form of food insecurity, i.e. were marginally food insecure. Of these, about 2.5 million are at-risk of hunger, and about 750,000 suffer from hunger due to financial constraints. Some groups of seniors are more likely to be at-risk of hunger. Relative to their representation in the overall senior population, those with limited incomes, under age 70, African-Americans, Hispanics, never-married individuals, renters, and persons living in the southern United States are all more likely to be at-risk of hunger. While certain groups of seniors are at greater-risk of hunger, hunger cuts across the income spectrum. For example, over 50% of all seniors who are at-risk of hunger have incomes above the poverty threshold. Likewise, it is present in all demographic groups. For example, over two-thirds of seniors at-risk of hunger are caucasian. There are marked differences in the risk of hunger across family structure, especially for those seniors living alone, or those living with a grandchild. Those living alone are twice as likely to experience hunger compared to married seniors. One in five senior households with a grandchild, but no adult child, present is at risk of hunger, compared to about one in twenty households without a grandchild present. Seniors living in non-metropolitan areas are as likely to experience food insecurity as those living in metropolitan areas, suggesting that food insecurity cuts across the urban-rural continuum.[58]

text: 2017 proposed budget cuts[edit]

text: In March 2017, President Donald Trump's proposed budget would make cuts to block grants that go towards spending on Meals on Wheels.[51] Defending these cuts, director of the Office of Management and Budget Mick Mulvaney said that "Meals on Wheels sounds great" but that the program is one of many that is "just not showing any results."[2][51]

text: Impact[edit]

text: A 2013 review study on the impact of home-delivered meal programs found that "all but two studies found home-delivered meal programs to significantly improve diet quality, increase nutrient intakes, and reduce food insecurity and nutritional risk among participants. Other beneficial outcomes include increased socialization opportunities, improvement in dietary adherence, and higher quality of life."[1][2] The study concluded, "Home-delivered meal programs improve diet quality and increase nutrient intakes among participants. These programs are also aligned with the federal cost-containment policy to rebalance long-term care away from nursing homes to home- and community-based services by helping older adults maintain independence and remain in their homes and communities as their health and functioning decline."[1][2]


document_title: Environmental protection

question_text: who has the prime responsibility for environmental protection

text: Environmental protection

text: Approaches with regards to environmental protection[edit]

text: Voluntary environmental agreements[edit]

text: In industrial countries, voluntary environmental agreements are often provide a platform for companies to be recognized for moving beyond the minimum regulatory standards and thus support the development of best environmental practice. For instance, in India, Environment Improvement Trust (EIT) has been working for environment & forest protection since 1998. A group of Green Volunteers get a goal of Green India Clean India concept. CA Gajendra Kumar Jain a Chartered Accountant, is the founder of Environment Improvement Trust in Sojat city a small village of State of Rajasthan in India [1] In developing countries, such as throughout Latin America, these agreements are more commonly used to remedy significant levels of non-compliance with mandatory regulation.[2] The challenges that exist with these agreements lie in establishing baseline data, targets, monitoring and reporting. Due to the difficulties inherent in evaluating effectiveness, their use is often questioned and, indeed, the whole environment may well be adversely affected as a result. The key advantage of their use in developing countries is that their use helps to build environmental management capacity.[2]

text: Ecosystems approach[edit]

text: An ecosystems approach to resource management and environmental protection aims to consider the complex interrelationships of an entire ecosystem in decision making rather than simply responding to specific issues and challenges. Ideally the decision-making processes under such an approach would be a collaborative approach to planning and decision making that involves a broad range of stakeholders across all relevant governmental departments, as well as representatives of industry, environmental groups and community. This approach ideally supports a better exchange of information, development of conflict-resolution strategies and improved regional conservation.Religions also play an important role in conservation of environment.Ref-Hadiya Habib (Role of religious education and different religions in conservation and maintenance of environment, www.oiirj.org)vol 07, July 2017, special issue.[3]

text: International environmental agreements[edit]

text: Many of the earth's resources are especially vulnerable because they are influenced by human impacts across many countries. As a result of this, many attempts are made by countries to develop agreements that are signed by multiple governments to prevent damage or manage the impacts of human activity on natural resources. This can include agreements that impact factors such as climate, oceans, rivers and air pollution. These international environmental agreements are sometimes legally binding documents that have legal implications when they are not followed and, at other times, are more agreements in principle or are for use as codes of conduct. These agreements have a long history with some multinational agreements being in place from as early as 1910 in Europe, America and Africa.[4] Some of the most well-known international agreements include the Kyoto Protocol and others.

text: Government[edit]

text: Discussion concerning environmental protection often focuses on the role of government, legislation, and law enforcement. However, in its broadest sense, environmental protection may be seen to be the responsibility of all the people and not simply that of government. Decisions that impact the environment will ideally involve a broad range of stakeholders including industry, indigenous groups, environmental group and community representatives. Gradually, environmental decision-making processes are evolving to reflect this broad base of stakeholders and are becoming more collaborative in many countries.[5]

text: Many constitutions acknowledge the fundamental right to environmental protection and many international treaties acknowledge the right to live in a healthy environment.[6] Also, many countries have organizations and agencies devoted to environmental protection. There are international environmental protection organizations, such as the United Nations Environment Programme.

text: Although environmental protection is not simply the responsibility of government agencies, most people view these agencies as being of prime importance in establishing and maintaining basic standards that protect both the environment and the people interacting with it.

text: Tanzania[edit]

text: Tanzania is recognised as having some of the greatest biodiversity of any African country. Almost 40% of the land has been established into a network of protected areas, including several national parks.[7] The concerns for the natural environment include damage to ecosystems and loss of habitat resulting from population growth, expansion of subsistence agriculture, pollution, timber extraction and significant use of timber as fuel.[8]

text: History of environmental protection[edit]

text: Environmental protection in Tanzania began during the German occupation of East Africa (1884-1919) — colonial conservation laws for the protection of game and forests were enacted, whereby restrictions were placed upon traditional indigenous activities such as hunting, firewood collecting and cattle grazing.[9] In year 1948, Serengeti was officially established as the first national park for wild cats in East Africa. Since 1983, there has been a more broad-reaching effort to manage environmental issues at a national level, through the establishment of the National Environment Management Council (NEMC) and the development of an environmental act. In 1998 Environment Improvement Trust (EIT) start working for environment & forest protection in India from a small city Sojat. Founder of Environment Improvement Trust is CA Gajendra Kumar Jain working with volunteers.[10]

text: Government protection[edit]

text: Division of the biosphere is the main government body that oversees protection. It does this through the formulation of policy, coordinating and monitoring environmental issues, environmental planning and policy-oriented environmental research.The National Environment Management Council (NEMC) is an institution that was initiated when the National Environment Management Act was first introduced in year 1983. This council has the role to advise governments and the international community on a range of environmental issues. The NEMC the following purposes: provide technical advice; coordinate technical activities; develop enforcement guidelines and procedures; assess, monitor and evaluate activities that impact the environment; promote and assist environmental information and communication; and seek advancement of scientific knowledge.[11]

text: The National Environment Policy of 1997 acts as a framework for environmental decision making in Tanzania. The policy objectives are to achieve the following:

text:
Ensure sustainable and equitable use of resources without degrading the environment or risking health or safety
Prevent and control degradation of land, water, vegetation and air
Conserve and enhance natural and man-made heritage, including biological diversity of unique ecosystems
Improve condition and productivity of degraded areas
Raise awareness and understanding of the link between environment and development
Promote individual and community participation
Promote international cooperation[11]

tag: ul

text: Tanzania is a signatory to a significant number of international conventions including the Rio Declaration on Development and Environment 1992 and the Convention on Biological Diversity 1996. The Environmental Management Act, 2004, is the first comprehensive legal and institutional framework to guide environmental-management decisions. The policy tools that are parts of the act includes the use of: environmental-impact assessments, strategics environmentals assessments and taxation on pollution for specific industries and products. The effectiveness of shifing of this act will only become clear over time as concerns regarding its implementation become apparent based on the fact that, historically, there has been a lack of capacity to enforce environmental laws and a lack of working tools to bring environmental-protection objectives into practice.

text: China[edit]

text: Formal environmental protection in China House was first stimulated by the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden. Following this, they began establishing environmental protection agencies and putting controls on some of its industrial waste. China was one of the first developing countries to implement a sustainable development strategy. In 1983 the State Council announced that environmental protection would be one of China's basic national policies and in 1984 the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) was established. Following severe flooding of the Yangtze River basin in 1998, NEPA was upgraded to the State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) meaning that environmental protection was now being implemented at a ministerial level. In 2008, SEPA became known by its current name of Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China (MEP).[12]

text: Pollution control instruments in China

text:
Command-and-control
Economic incentives
Voluntary instruments
Public participation

Concentration-based pollution discharge controls
Pollution levy fee
Environmental labeling system
Clean-up campaign

Mass-based controls on total provincial discharge
Non-compliance fines
ISO 14000 system
Environmental awareness campaign

Environmental impact assessments (EIA)
Discharge permit system
Cleaner production
Air pollution index

Three synchronization program
Sulfur emission fee
NGOs
Water quality disclosure

Deadline transmission trading

Administrative permission hearing

Centralized pollution control
Subsidies for energy saving products

Two compliance policy
Regulation on refuse credit to high-polluting firms

Environmental compensation fee

text: Environmental pollution and ecological degradation has resulted in economic losses for China. In 2005, economic losses (mainly from air pollution) were calculated at 7.7% of China's GDP. This grew to 10.3% by 2002 and the economic loss from water pollution (6.1%) began to exceed that caused by air pollution.[13] China has been one of the top performing countries in terms of GDP growth (9.64% in the past ten years).[13] However, the high economic growth has put immense pressure on its environment and the environmental challenges that China faces are greater than most countries. In 2010 China was ranked 121st out of 163 countries on the Environmental Performance Index.

text: China has taken initiatives to increase its protection of the environment and combat environmental degradation:

text:
China's investment in renewable energy grew 18% in 2007 to $15.6 billion, accounting for ~10% of the global investment in this area;[14]
In 2008, spending on the environment was 1.49% of GDP, up 3.4 times from 2000;[14]
The discharge of CO (carbon monoxide) and SO2 (sulfur dioxide) decreased by 6.61% and 8.95% in 2008 compared with that in 2005;[14]
China's protected nature reserves have increased substantially. In 1978 there were only 34 compared with 2,538 in 2010. The protected nature reserve system now occupies 15.5% of the country; this is higher than the world average.[14]

text: Rapid growth in GDP has been China's main goal during the past three decades with a dominant development model of inefficient resource use and high pollution to achieve high GDP. For China to develop sustainably, environmental protection should be treated as an integral part of its economic policies.[15]

text: Quote from Shengxian Zhou, head of MEP (2009): "Good economic policy is good environmental policy and the nature of environmental problem is the economic structure, production form and develop model."[14]

text: European Union[edit]

text: Environmental protection has become an important task for the institutions of the European Community after the Maastricht Treaty for the European Union ratification by all the Member States. The EU is already very active in the field of environmental policy with important directives like those on environmental impact assessment and on the access to environmental information for citizens in the Member States.

text: Russia[edit]

text: In Russia, environmental protection is considered an integral part of national safety. There is an authorized state body - the Federal Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology. However, there are a lot of environmental problems.

text: Latin America[edit]

text: The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has identified 17 megadiverse countries. The list includes six Latin American countries: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela. Mexico and Brazil stand out among the rest because they have the largest area, population and number of species. These countries represent a major concern for environmental protection because they have high rates of deforestation, ecosystems loss, pollution, and population growth.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Brazil has the largest amount of the world's tropical forests, 4,105,401 km2 (48.1% of Brazil), concentrated in the Amazon region.[16] Brazil is home to vast biological diversity, first among the megadiverse countries of the world, having between 15%-20% of the 1.5 million globally described species.[17]

text: The organization in charge of environment protection is the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment (in Portuguese: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, MMA).[18] It was first created in year 1973 with the name Special Secretariat for the Environment (Secretaria Especial de Meio Ambiente), changing names several times, and adopting the final name in year 1999. The Ministry is responsible for addressing the following issues:

text:
A national policy for the environment and for water resources;
A policy for the preservation, conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems, biodiversity and forests;
Proposing strategies, mechanisms, economic and social instruments for improving environmental quality, and sustainable use of natural resources;
Policies for integrating production and the environment;
Environmental policies and programs for the Legal Amazon;
Ecological and economic territorial zoning.

text: In 2011, protected areas of the Amazon covered 2,197,485 km2 (an area larger than Greenland), with conservation units, like national parks, accounting for just over half (50.6%), and indigenous territories representing the remaining 49.4%.[19]

text: Mexico[edit]

text: With over 200,000 different species, Mexico is home to 10–12% of the world's biodiversity, ranking first in reptile biodiversity and second in mammals[20]—one estimate indicates that over 50% of all animal and plant species live in Mexico.[21]

text: The history of environmental policy in Mexico started in the 1940s with the enactment of the Law of Conservation of Soil and Water (in Spanish: Ley de Conservación de Suelo y Agua). Three decades later, at the beginning of the 1970s, the Law to Prevent and Control Environmental Pollution was created (Ley para Prevenir y Controlar la Contaminación Ambiental).

text: In year 1972 was the first direct response from the federal government to address eminent health effects from environmental issues. It established the administrative organization of the Secretariat for the Improvement of the Environment (Subsecretaría para el Mejoramiento del Ambiente) in the Department of Health and Welfare.

text: The Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, SEMARNAT[22]) is Mexico's environment ministry. The Ministry is responsible for addressing the following issues:

text:
Promote the protection, restoration and conservation of ecosystems, natural resources, goods and environmental services, and to facilitate their use and sustainable development.
Develop and implement a national policy on natural resources
Promote environmental management within the national territory, in coordination with all levels of government and the private sector.
Evaluate and provide determination to the environmental impact statements for development projects and prevention of ecological damage
Implement national policies on climate change and protection of the ozone layer.
Direct work and studies on national meteorological, climatological, hydrological, and geohydrological systems, and participate in international conventions on these subjects.
Regulate and monitor the conservation of waterways

text: In November 2000 there were 127 protected areas; currently there are 174, covering an area of 25,384,818 hectares, increasing federally protected areas from 8.6% to 12.85% its land area.[23]

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In 2008, there was 98,487,116 ha of terrestrial protected area, covering 12.8% of the land area of Australia.[24] The 2002 figures of 10.1% of terrestrial area and 64,615,554 ha of protected marine area[25] were found to poorly represent about half of Australia's 85 bioregions.[26]

text: Environmental protection in Australia could be seen as starting with the formation of the first National Park, Royal National Park, in 1879.[27] More progressive environmental protection had it start in the 1960s and 1970s with major international programs such as the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, the Environment Committee of the OECD in 1970, and the United Nations Environment Programme of 1972.[28] These events laid the foundations by increasing public awareness and support for regulation. State environmental legislation was irregular and deficient until the Australian Environment Council (AEC) and Council of Nature Conservation Ministers (CONCOM) were established in 1972 and 1974, creating a forum to assist in coordinating environmental and conservation policies between states and neighbouring countries.[29] These councils have since been replaced by the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) in 1991 and finally the Environment Protection and Heritage Council (EPHC) in 2001.[30]

text: At a national level, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the primary environmental protection legislation for the Commonwealth of Australia. It concerns matters of national and international environmental significance regarding flora, fauna, ecological communities and cultural heritage.[31] It also has jurisdiction over any activity conducted by the Commonwealth, or affecting it, that has significant environmental impact.[32] The act covers eight main areas:[33]

text:
National Heritage Sites
World Heritage Sites
RAMSAR wetlands
Nationally endangered or threatened species and ecological communities
Nuclear activities and actions
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Migratory species
Commonwealth Marine areas

text: There are several Commonwealth protected lands due to partnerships with traditional native owners, such as Kakadu National Park, extraordinary biodiversity such as Christmas Island National Park, or managed cooperatively due to cross-state location, such as the Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves.[34]

text: At a state level, the bulk of environmental protection issues are left to the responsibility of the state or territory.[29][32] Each state in Australia has its own environmental protection legislation and corresponding agencies. Their jurisdiction is similar and covers point-source pollution, such as from industry or commercial activities, land/water use, and waste management. Most protected lands are managed by states and territories[34] with state legislative acts creating different degrees and definitions of protected areas such as wilderness, national land and marine parks, state forests, and conservation areas. States also create regulation to limit and provide general protection from air, water, and sound pollution.

text: At a local level, each city or regional council has responsibility over issues not covered by state or national legislation. This includes non-point source, or diffuse pollution, such as sediment pollution from construction sites.

text: Australia ranks second place on the UN 2010 Human Development Index[35] and one of the lowest debt to GDP ratios of the developed economies.[36] This could be seen as coming at the cost of the environment, with Australia being the world leader in coal exportation[37] and species extinctions.[38][39] Some have been motivated to proclaim it is Australia's responsibility to set the example of environmental reform for the rest of the world to follow.[40][41]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: At a national level, the Ministry for the Environment is responsible for environmental policy and the Department of Conservation addresses conservation issues. At a regional level the regional councils administer the legislation and address regional environmental issues.

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: The environmental protection in Switzerland is mainly based on the measures to be taken against global warming. The pollution in Switzerland is mainly the pollution caused by vehicles and the litteration by tourists.

text: United States[edit]

text: Since 1969, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been working to protect the environment and human health.[42] All U.S. states have their own state departments of environmental protection.[43]

text: The EPA has drafted "Seven Priorities for EPA's Future", which are:[44]

text:
"Taking Action on Climate Change"
"Improving Air Quality"
"Assuring the Safety of Chemicals"
"Cleaning Up Our Communities"
"Protecting America's Waters"
"Expanding the Conversation on Environmentalism and Working for Environmental Justice"
"Building Strong State and Tribal Partnerships"[44]

text: In literature[edit]

text: There are many works of literature that contain the themes of environmental protection but some have been fundamental to its evolution. Several pieces such as A Sand County Almanac by Aldo Leopold, Tragedy of the commons by Garrett Hardin, and Silent Spring by Rachel Carson have become classics due to their far reaching influences.[citation needed] Environmental protection is present in fiction as well as non-fictional literature. Books such as Antarctica and Blockade have environmental protection as subjects whereas The Lorax has become a popular metaphor for environmental protection. "The Limits of Trooghaft"[45] by Desmond Stewart is a short story that provides insight into human attitudes towards animals. Another book called "The Martian Chronicles" by Ray Bradbury investigates issues such as bombs, wars, government control, and what effects these can have on the environment.