document_title: Mickey Mouse

question_text: where did walt disney get the idea for mickey mouse

question_tokens: where did walt disney get the idea for mickey mouse

text: Mickey Mouse

text: Origin

text: "I only hope that we never lose sight of one thing – that it was all started by a mouse."

text: Mickey Mouse was created as a replacement for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, an earlier cartoon character created by the Disney studio for Charles Mintz, a film producer who distributed product through Universal Studios.[4] In the spring of 1928, with the series going strong, Disney asked Mintz for an increase in the budget. But Mintz instead demanded that Walt take a 20 percent budget cut, and as leverage, he reminded Disney that Universal owned the character, and revealed that he had already signed most of Disney's current employees to his new contract. Angrily, Disney refused the deal and returned to produce the final Oswald cartoons he contractually owed Mintz. Disney was dismayed at the betrayal by his staff but determined to restart from scratch. The new Disney Studio initially consisted of animator Ub Iwerks and a loyal apprentice artist, Les Clark, who together with Wilfred Jackson were among the few who remained loyal to Walt. One lesson Disney learned from the experience was to thereafter always make sure that he owned all rights to the characters produced by his company.

text: In the spring of 1928, Disney asked Ub Iwerks to start drawing up new character ideas. Iwerks tried sketches of various animals, such as dogs and cats, but none of these appealed to Disney. A female cow and male horse were also rejected. They would later turn up as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar. A male frog was also rejected. It would later show up in Iwerks' own Flip the Frog series.[5] Walt Disney got the inspiration for Mickey Mouse from a tame mouse at his desk at Laugh-O-Gram Studio in Kansas City, Missouri.[6] In 1925, Hugh Harman drew some sketches of mice around a photograph of Walt Disney. These inspired Ub Iwerks to create a new mouse character for Disney.[5] "Mortimer Mouse" had been Disney's original name for the character before his wife, Lillian, convinced him to change it, and ultimately Mickey Mouse came to be.[7][8] The actor Mickey Rooney claimed that, during his Mickey McGuire days, he met cartoonist Walt Disney at the Warner Brothers studio, and that Disney was inspired to name Mickey Mouse after him.[9] This claim, however, has been debunked by Disney historian Jim Korkis, since at the time of Mickey Mouse's development, Disney Studios had been located on Hyperion Avenue for several years, and Walt Disney never kept an office or other working space at Warner Brothers, having no professional relationship with Warner Brothers, as the Alice Comedies and Oswald cartoons were distributed by Universal.[10][11]

text: Design

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text: Throughout the earlier years, Mickey's design bore heavy resemblance to Oswald, save for the ears, nose, and tail.[12][13][14] Ub Iwerks designed Mickey's body out of circles in order to make the character simple to animate. Disney employees John Hench and Marc Davis believed that this design was part of Mickey's success as it made him more dynamic and appealing to audiences.

text: Mickey's circular design is most noticeable in his ears. In animation in the 1940s, Mickey's ears were animated in a more realistic perspective. Later, they were drawn to always appear circular no matter which way Mickey was facing. This made Mickey easily recognizable to audiences and made his ears an unofficial personal trademark. The circular rule later created a dilemma for toy creators who had to recreate a three-dimensional Mickey.

text: In 1938, animator Fred Moore redesigned Mickey's body away from its circular design to a pear-shaped design. Colleague Ward Kimball praised Moore for being the first animator to break from Mickey's "rubber hose, round circle" design. Although Moore himself was nervous at first about changing Mickey, Walt Disney liked the new design and told Moore "that's the way I want Mickey to be drawn from now on."

text: Each of Mickey's hands has only three fingers and a thumb. Disney said that this was both an artistic and financial decision, explaining "Artistically five digits are too many for a mouse. His hand would look like a bunch of bananas. Financially, not having an extra finger in each of 45,000 drawings that make up a six and one-half minute short has saved the Studio millions." In the film The Opry House (1929), Mickey was first given white gloves as a way of contrasting his naturally black hands against his black body. The use of white gloves would prove to be an influential design for cartoon characters, particularly with later Disney characters, but also with non-Disney characters such as Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, Mighty Mouse, and Mario.

text: Mickey's eyes, as drawn in Plane Crazy and The Gallopin' Gaucho, were large and white with black outlines. In Steamboat Willie, the bottom portion of the black outlines was removed, although the upper edges still contrasted with his head. Mickey's eyes were later re-imagined as only consisting of the small black dots which were originally his pupils, while what were the upper edges of his eyes became a hairline. This is evident only when Mickey blinks. Fred Moore later redesigned the eyes to be small white eyes with pupils and gave his face a Caucasian skin tone instead of plain white. This new Mickey first appeared in 1938 on the cover of a party program, and in animation the following year with the release of The Pointer.[15] Mickey is sometimes given eyebrows as seen in The Simple Things (1953) and in the comic strip, although he does not have eyebrows in his most recent appearances.

text: Some of Mickey's early appearance, particularly the gloves, and facial characteristics, evolved from blackface caricatures used in minstrel shows.[16][17][18][19][20]

text: Besides Mickey's gloves and shoes, he typically wears only a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the front. Before Mickey was seen regularly in color animation, Mickey's shorts were either red or a dull blue-green. With the advent of Mickey's color films, the shorts were always red. When Mickey is not wearing his red shorts, he is often still wearing red clothing such as a red bandmaster coat (The Band Concert, The Mickey Mouse Club), red overalls (Clock Cleaners, Boat Builders), a red cloak (Fantasia, Fun and Fancy Free), a red coat (Squatter's Rights, Mickey's Christmas Carol), or a red shirt (Mickey Down Under, The Simple Things).

text: Animation history

text: Debut (1928)

text: Disney had Ub Iwerks secretly begin animating a new cartoon while still under contract with Universal. The cartoon was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks was the main animator for the short and reportedly spent six weeks working on it. In fact, Iwerks was the main animator for every Disney short released in 1928 and 1929. Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising also assisted Disney during those years. They had already signed their contracts with Charles Mintz, but he was still in the process of forming his new studio and so for the time being they were still employed by Disney. This short would be the last they animated under this somewhat awkward situation.[21]

text: Mickey was first seen in a test screening of the cartoon short Plane Crazy, on May 15, 1928, but it failed to impress the audience and to add insult to injury, Walt could not find a distributor. Though understandably disappointed, Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short, The Gallopin' Gaucho, which was also not released for lack of a distributor.[22]

text: Steamboat Willie was first released on November 18, 1928, in New York. It was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks again served as the head animator, assisted by Johnny Cannon, Les Clark, Wilfred Jackson and Dick Lundy. This short was intended as a parody of Buster Keaton's Steamboat Bill, Jr., first released on May 12 of the same year. Although it was the third Mickey cartoon produced, it was the first to find a distributor, and thus is considered by The Disney Company as Mickey's debut. Willie featured changes to Mickey's appearance (in particular, simplifying his eyes to large dots) that established his look for later cartoons and in numerous Walt Disney films.[23][24]

text: The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action. Fleischer Studios, headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer, had already released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForest system in the mid-1920s. However, these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film. For Willie, Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept the musicians on the beat. This precise timing is apparent during the "Turkey in the Straw" sequence when Mickey's actions exactly match the accompanying instruments. Animation historians have long debated who had served as the composer for the film's original music. This role has been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson, Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis, but identification remains uncertain. Walt Disney himself was voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie and would remain the source of Mickey's voice through 1946 for theatrical cartoons. Jimmy MacDonald took over the role in 1946, but Walt provided Mickey's voice again from 1955 to 1959 for The Mickey Mouse Club television series on ABC.

text: Audiences at the time of Steamboat Willie's release were reportedly impressed by the use of sound for comedic purposes. Sound films or "talkies" were still considered innovative. The first feature-length movie with dialogue sequences, The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson, was released on October 6, 1927. Within a year of its success, most United States movie theaters had installed sound film equipment. Walt Disney apparently intended to take advantage of this new trend and, arguably, managed to succeed. Most other cartoon studios were still producing silent products and so were unable to effectively act as competition to Disney. As a result, Mickey would soon become the most prominent animated character of the time. Walt Disney soon worked on adding sound to both Plane Crazy and The Gallopin' Gaucho (which had originally been silent releases) and their new release added to Mickey's success and popularity. A fourth Mickey short, The Barn Dance, was also put into production; however, Mickey does not actually speak until The Karnival Kid in 1929 when his first spoken words were "Hot dogs, Hot dogs!" After Steamboat Willie was released, Mickey became a close competitor to Felix the Cat, and his popularity would grow as he was continuously featured in sound cartoons. By 1929, Felix would lose popularity among theater audiences, and Pat Sullivan decided to produce all future Felix cartoons in sound as a result.[25] Unfortunately, audiences did not respond well to Felix's transition to sound and by 1930, Felix had faded from the screen.[26]

text: Black and white films (1929–1935)

text: In Mickey's early films he was often characterized not as a hero, but as an ineffective young suitor to Minnie Mouse. The Barn Dance (March 14, 1929) is the first time in which Mickey is turned down by Minnie in favor of Pete.

text: The Opry House (March 28, 1929) was the first time in which Mickey wore his white gloves. Mickey wears them in almost all of his subsequent appearances and many other characters followed suit. The three lines on the back of Mickey's gloves represent darts in the gloves' fabric extending from between the digits of the hand, typical of glove design of the era.

text: When the Cat's Away (April 18, 1929), essentially a remake of the Alice Comedy, "Alice Rattled by Rats", was an unusual appearance for Mickey. Although Mickey and Minnie still maintained their anthropomorphic characteristics, they were depicted as the size of regular mice and living with a community many other mice as pests in a home. Mickey and Minnie would later appear the size of regular humans in their own setting. In appearances with real humans, Mickey has been shown to be about two to three feet high.[27] The next Mickey short was also unusual. The Barnyard Battle (April 25, 1929) was the only film to depict Mickey as a soldier and also the first to place him in combat. The Karnival Kid (1929) was the first time Mickey spoke. Before this he had only whistled, laughed, and grunted. His first words were "Hot dogs! Hot dogs!" said while trying to sell hot dogs at a carnival. Mickey's Follies (1929) introduced the song "Minnie's Yoo-Hoo" which would become the theme song for Mickey Mouse films for the next several years. The "Minnie's Yoo-Hoo" song sequence was also later reused with different background animation as its own special short shown only at the commencement of 1930s theater-based Mickey Mouse Clubs.[28][29] Mickey's dog Pluto first appeared as Mickey's pet in The Moose Hunt (1931) after previously appearing as Minnie's dog "Rover" in The Picnic (1930).

text: The Cactus Kid (April 11, 1930) was the last film to be animated by Ub Iwerks at Disney. Shortly before the release of the film, Iwerks left to start his own studio, bankrolled by Disney's then-distributor Pat Powers. Powers and Disney had a falling out over money due Disney from the distribution deal. It was in response to losing the right to distribute Disney's cartoons that Powers made the deal with Iwerks, who had long harbored a desire to head his own studio. The departure is considered a turning point in Mickey's career, as well as that of Walt Disney. Walt lost the man who served as his closest colleague and confidant since 1919. Mickey lost the man responsible for his original design and for the direction or animation of several of the shorts released till this point. Advertising for the early Mickey Mouse cartoons credited them as "A Walt Disney Comic, drawn by Ub Iwerks". Later Disney Company reissues of the early cartoons tend to credit Walt Disney alone.

text: Disney and his remaining staff continued the production of the Mickey series, and he was able to eventually find a number of animators to replace Iwerks. As the Great Depression progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen, Mickey's popularity would rise, and by 1932 The Mickey Mouse Club would have one million members.[30] At the 5th Academy Awards in 1932, Mickey received his first Academy Award nomination, received for Mickey's Orphans (1931). Walt Disney also received an honorary Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse. Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphonies short the Three Little Pigs in 1933, Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences too, until 1935, when polls showed that Popeye was more popular than Mickey.[31][32][33] By 1934, Mickey merchandise had earned $600,000.00 a year.[34] In 1935, Disney began to phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs, due to administration problems.[35]

text: About this time, story artists at Disney were finding it increasingly difficult to write material for Mickey. As he had developed into a role model for children, they were limited in the types of gags they could make. This led to Mickey taking more of a secondary role in some of his next films allowing for more emphasis on other characters. In Orphan's Benefit (August 11, 1934) Mickey first appeared with Donald Duck who had been introduced earlier that year in the Silly Symphonies series. The tempestuous duck would provide Disney with seemingly endless story ideas and would remain a recurring character in Mickey's cartoons.

text: Color films (1935–1953)

text: Mickey first appeared animated in color in Parade of the Award Nominees in 1932, however, the film strip was created for the 5th Academy Awards ceremony and was not released to the public. Mickey's official first color film came in 1935 with The Band Concert. The Technicolor film process was used in the film production. Here Mickey conducted the William Tell Overture, but the band is swept up by a tornado. It is said that conductor Arturo Toscanini so loved this short that, upon first seeing it, he asked the projectionist to run it again. In 1994, The Band Concert was voted the third-greatest cartoon of all time in a poll of animation professionals. By colorizing and partially redesigning Mickey, Walt would put Mickey back on top once again, and Mickey would reach popularity he never reached before as audiences now gave him more appeal.[36] Also in 1935, Walt would receive a special award from the League of Nations for creating Mickey.

text: However, by 1938, the more manic Donald Duck would surpass the passive Mickey, resulting in a redesign of the mouse between 1938 and 1940 that put Mickey at the peak of his popularity.[36] The second half of the 1930s saw the character Goofy reintroduced as a series regular. Together, Mickey, Donald Duck, and Goofy would go on several adventures together. Several of the films by the comic trio are some of Mickey's most critically acclaimed films, including Mickey's Fire Brigade (1935), Moose Hunters (1937), Clock Cleaners (1937), Lonesome Ghosts (1937), Boat Builders (1938), and Mickey's Trailer (1938). Also during this era, Mickey would star in Brave Little Tailor (1938), an adaptation of The Valiant Little Tailor, which was nominated for an Academy Award.

text: Mickey was redesigned by animator Fred Moore which was first seen in The Pointer (1939). Instead of having solid black eyes, Mickey was given white eyes with pupils, a Caucasian skin colored face, and a pear-shaped body. In the 40's, he changed once more in The Little Whirlwind, where he used his trademark pants for the last time in decades, lost his tail, got more realistic ears that changed with perspective and a different body anatomy. But this change would only last for a short period of time before returning to the one in "The Pointer", with the exception of his pants. In his final theatrical cartoons in the 1950s, he was given eyebrows, which were removed in the more recent cartoons.

text: In 1940 Mickey appeared in his first feature-length film, Fantasia. His screen role as The Sorcerer's Apprentice, set to the symphonic poem of the same name by Paul Dukas, is perhaps the most famous segment of the film and one of Mickey's most iconic roles. The segment features no dialogue at all, only the music. The apprentice (Mickey), not willing to do his chores, puts on the sorcerer's magic hat after the sorcerer goes to bed and casts a spell on a broom, which causes the broom to come to life and perform the most tiring chore—filling up a deep well using two buckets of water. When the well eventually overflows, Mickey finds himself unable to control the broom, leading to a near-flood. After the segment ends, Mickey is seen in silhouette shaking hands with Leopold Stokowski, who conducts all the music heard in Fantasia. Mickey has often been pictured in the red robe and blue sorcerer's hat in merchandising. It was also featured into the climax of Fantasmic!, an attraction at the Disney theme parks.

text: After 1940, Mickey's popularity would decline until his 1955 re-emergence as a daily children's television personality.[37] Despite this, the character continued to appear regularly in animated shorts until 1943 (winning his only competitive Academy Award—with canine companion Pluto—for a short subject, Lend a Paw) and again from 1946 to 1952.

text: The last regular installment of the Mickey Mouse film series came in 1953 with The Simple Things in which Mickey and Pluto go fishing and are pestered by a flock of seagulls.

text: Television and later films

text: In the 1950s, Mickey became more known for his appearances on television, particularly with The Mickey Mouse Club. Many of his theatrical cartoon shorts were rereleased on television series such as Ink & Paint Club, various forms of the Walt Disney anthology television series, and on home video. Mickey returned to theatrical animation in 1983 with Mickey's Christmas Carol, an adaptation of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol in which Mickey played Bob Cratchit. This was followed up in 1990 with The Prince and the Pauper.

text: Throughout the decades, Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros.' Bugs Bunny for animated popularity. But in 1988, the two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis Disney/Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Disney and Warner signed an agreement stating that each character had the same amount of screen time in the scene.

text: Similar to his animated inclusion into a live-action film on Roger Rabbit, Mickey made a featured cameo appearance in the 1990 television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World where he met Kermit the Frog. The two are established in the story as having been old friends. The Muppets have otherwise spoofed and referenced Mickey over a dozen times since the 1970s. Eventually, The Muppets were purchased by the Walt Disney Company in 2004.

text: His most recent theatrical cartoon short was 2013's Get a Horse! which was preceded by 1995's Runaway Brain, while from 1999 to 2004, he appeared in direct-to-video features like Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas, Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers and the computer-animated Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas.

text: Many television series have centered on Mickey, such as the ABC shows Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000), Disney's House of Mouse (2001–2003), Disney Channel's Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016), and Mickey and the Roadster Racers (2017–). Prior to all these, Mickey was also featured as an unseen character in the Bonkers episode "You Oughta Be In Toons".

text: Mickey has recently been announced to star in two films. One is being based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort, while the other is a film idea pitched by Walt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centering on Mickey, Donald, and Goofy.[38]

text: Since June 28, 2013, Disney Channel has been airing new 3-minute Mickey Mouse shorts, with animator Paul Rudish at the helm, incorporating elements of Mickey's late twenties-early thirties look with a contemporary twist.[39]

text: Voice actors

text: A large part of Mickey's screen persona is his famously shy, falsetto voice. From 1928 onward, Mickey was voiced by Walt Disney himself, a task in which Disney took great personal pride. However, by 1946, Disney was becoming too busy with running the studio to do regular voice work which meant he could not do Mickey's voice anymore. It is also speculated that his cigarette habit had damaged his voice over the years. After recording the Mickey and the Beanstalk section of Fun and Fancy Free, Mickey's voice was handed over to veteran Disney musician and actor Jimmy MacDonald. MacDonald voiced Mickey in the remainder of the theatrical shorts, and for various television and publicity projects up until his retirement in the mid-1970s, although Walt voiced Mickey again for the introductions to the original 1955–1959 run of The Mickey Mouse Club TV series, the "Fourth Anniversary Show" episode of the Disneyland TV series that aired on September 11, 1958, and the Disneyland USA at Radio City Music Hall show from 1962.[40] Composer Carl W. Stalling was the very first person to provide lines for Mickey in the 1929 short The Karnival Kid. Clarence Nash voiced Mickey in the 1934 Disney short, The Dognapper; around the time when it was filmed, Walt was traveling in Europe and was unavailable to record his lines for Mickey for the short. Along with Disney, J. Donald Wilson, Joe Twerp, and John Hiestand provided the voice in 1938 broadcasts of The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air.[41] Stan Freberg voiced Mickey in the Freberg-produced record Mickey Mouse's Birthday Party. Alan Young voiced Mickey in the Disneyland record album An Adaptation of Dickens' Christmas Carol, Performed by The Walt Disney Players in 1974, which it would be the first and only time that Alan Young voices him.[42][43]

text: The 1983 short film Mickey's Christmas Carol marked the theatrical debut of Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse, who was the official voice of Mickey from 1977 until his death in 2009.[44] Allwine once recounted something MacDonald had told him about voicing Mickey: "The main piece of advice that Jim gave me about Mickey helped me keep things in perspective. He said, 'Just remember kid, you're only filling in for the boss.' And that's the way he treated doing Mickey for years and years. From Walt, and now from Jimmy."[45] In 1991, Allwine married Russi Taylor, the voice of Minnie Mouse since 1986. Les Perkins did the voice of Mickey in two TV specials, "Down and Out with Donald Duck" and "DTV Valentine" in the mid-1980s. Peter Renaday voiced Mickey in the 1980s Disney albums Yankee Doodle Mickey and Mickey Mouse Splashdance.[46][47] He also provided his voice for The Talking Mickey Mouse toy in 1986.[48][49] Quinton Flynn briefly filled in for Allwine as the voice of Mickey in a few episodes of the first season of Mickey Mouse Works whenever Allwine was unavailable to record.[50]

text: Bret Iwan, a former Hallmark greeting card artist, is the current voice of Mickey. Iwan was originally cast as an understudy for Allwine due to the latter’s declining health; however, Allwine died before Iwan could meet him, and Iwan became the new official voice for Mickey. Iwan’s early recordings in 2009 included work for the Disney Cruise Line, Mickey toys, theme parks, and also the Disney on Ice: Celebrations! ice show.[51] He directly replaced Allwine as Mickey for the Kingdom Hearts video game series and the series Mickey Mouse Clubhouse. His first video game voice-over of Mickey Mouse can be found on Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep, a video game for PlayStation Portable. Iwan also became the first voice actor to portray Mickey during Disney’s rebranding of the character, providing the vocal effects of Mickey in the games Epic Mickey as well as his voice in Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two and the remake of Castle of Illusion. Despite Iwan being Mickey's primary voice actor, the character's voice is provided by Chris Diamantopoulos in the 2013 animated series,[52] as the producers were looking for a voice closer to Walt Disney’s portrayal of the character in order to match the vintage look of the series.[53]

text: Mickey in comics

text: Mickey first appeared in comics after he had appeared in 15 commercially successful animated shorts and was easily recognized by the public. Walt Disney was approached by King Features Syndicate with the offer to license Mickey and his supporting characters for use in a comic strip. Disney accepted and Mickey made his first comic strip appearance on January 13, 1930. The comical plot was credited to Disney himself, art to Ub Iwerks and inking to Win Smith. The first week or so of the strip featured a loose adaptation of "Plane Crazy". Minnie soon became the first addition to the cast. The strips first released between January 13, 1930, and March 31, 1930, has been occasionally reprinted in comic book form under the collective title "Lost on a Desert Island". Animation historian Jim Korkis notes "After the eighteenth strip, Iwerks left and his inker, Win Smith, continued drawing the gag-a-day format..."[54]

text: In early 1930, after Iwerks' departure, Disney was at first content to continue scripting the Mickey Mouse comic strip, assigning the art to Win Smith. However, Disney's focus had always been in animation and Smith was soon assigned with the scripting as well. Smith was apparently discontent at the prospect of having to script, draw, and ink a series by himself as evidenced by his sudden resignation.

text: Disney then searched for a replacement among the remaining staff of the Studio. He selected Floyd Gottfredson, a recently hired employee. At the time Gottfredson was reportedly eager to work in animation and somewhat reluctant to accept his new assignment. Disney had to assure him the assignment was only temporary and that he would eventually return to animation. Gottfredson accepted and ended up holding this "temporary" assignment from May 5, 1930, to November 15, 1975.

text: Walt Disney's last script for the strip appeared May 17, 1930.[54] Gottfredson's first task was to finish the storyline Disney had started on April 1, 1930. The storyline was completed on September 20, 1930, and later reprinted in comic book form as Mickey Mouse in Death Valley. This early adventure expanded the cast of the strip which to this point only included Mickey and Minnie. Among the characters who had their first comic strip appearances in this story were Clarabelle Cow, Horace Horsecollar, and Black Pete as well as the debuts of corrupted lawyer Sylvester Shyster and Minnie's uncle Mortimer Mouse. The Death Valley narrative was followed by Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers, first printed between September 22 and December 26, 1930, which introduced Marcus Mouse and his wife as Minnie's parents.

text: Starting with these two early comic strip stories, Mickey's versions in animation and comics are considered to have diverged from each other. While Disney and his cartoon shorts would continue to focus on comedy, the comic strip effectively combined comedy and adventure. This adventurous version of Mickey would continue to appear in comic strips and later comic books throughout the 20th and into the 21st century.

text: Floyd Gottfredson left his mark with stories such as Mickey Mouse Joins the Foreign Legion (1936) and The Gleam (1942). He also created the Phantom Blot, Eega Beeva, Morty and Ferdie, Captain Churchmouse, and Butch. Besides Gottfredson artists for the strip over the years included Roman Arambula, Rick Hoover, Manuel Gonzales, Carson Van Osten, Jim Engel, Bill Wright, Ted Thwailes and Daan Jippes; writers included Ted Osborne, Merrill De Maris, Bill Walsh, Dick Shaw, Roy Williams, Del Connell, and Floyd Norman.

text: The next artist to leave his mark on the character was Paul Murry in Dell Comics. His first Mickey tale appeared in 1950 but Mickey did not become a specialty until Murry's first serial for Walt Disney's Comics and Stories in 1953 ("The Last Resort"). In the same period, Romano Scarpa in Italy for the magazine Topolino began to revitalize Mickey in stories that brought back the Phantom Blot and Eega Beeva along with new creations such as the Atomo Bleep-Bleep. While the stories at Western Publishing during the Silver Age emphasized Mickey as a detective in the style of Sherlock Holmes, in the modern era several editors and creators have consciously undertaken to depict a more vigorous Mickey in the mold of the classic Gottfredson adventures. This renaissance has been spearheaded by Byron Erickson, David Gerstein, Noel Van Horn, Michael T. Gilbert and César Ferioli.

text: In Europe, Mickey Mouse became the main attraction of a number of comics magazines, the most famous being Topolino in Italy from 1932 on, Le Journal de Mickey in France from 1934 on, Don Miki in Spain and the Greek Miky Maous.

text: Mickey was the main character for the series MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine, published in Italy from 1999 to 2001.

text: In 2006, he appeared in the Italian fantasy comic saga Wizards of Mickey.

text: In 1958, Mickey Mouse was introduced to the Arab world through another comic book called “Sameer”. He became very popular in Egypt and got a comic book with his name. Mickey’s comics in Egypt are licensed by Disney and were published since 1959 by “Dar Al-Hilal” and they were success, however Dar Al-Hilal stopped the publication in 2003 because of problems with Disney. The comics were re-released by "Nahdat Masr" in 2004 and the first issues were sold out in less than 8 hours.[55]

text: Merchandising

text: Since his early years, Mickey Mouse has been licensed by Disney to appear on many different kinds of merchandise. Mickey was produced as plush toys and figurines, and Mickey's image has graced almost everything from T-shirts to lunchboxes. Largely responsible for Disney merchandising in the 1930s was Kay Kamen (1892–1949) who was called a "stickler for quality." Kamen was recognized by The Walt Disney Company as having a significant part in Mickey's rise to stardom and was named a Disney Legend in 1998.[56] At the time of his 80th-anniversary celebration in 2008, Time declared Mickey Mouse one of the world's most recognized characters, even when compared against Santa Claus.[57] Disney officials have stated that 98% of children aged 3–11 around the world are at least aware of the character.[57]

text: Mickey was most famously featured on wrist watches and alarm clocks, typically utilizing his hands as the actual hands on the face of the clock. The first Mickey Mouse watches were manufactured in 1933 by the Ingersoll Watch Company. The seconds were indicated by a turning disk below Mickey. The first Mickey watch was sold at the Century of Progress in Chicago, 1933 for $3.75. Mickey Mouse watches have been sold by other companies and designers throughout the years, including Timex, Elgin, Helbros, Bradley, Lorus, and Gérald Genta[58] The fictional character Robert Langdon from Dan Brown's novels was said to wear a Mickey Mouse watch as a reminder "to stay young at heart."[59]

text: In 1989, Milton Bradley released the electronic talking game titled Mickey Says, with three modes featuring Mickey Mouse as its host. Mickey also appeared in other toys and games, including the Worlds of Wonder released The Talking Mickey Mouse.

text: Fisher-Price has recently produced a line of talking animatronic Mickey dolls including "Dance Star Mickey" (2010)[60] and "Rock Star Mickey" (2011).[61]

text: In total, approximately 40% of Disney's revenues for consumer products are derived from Mickey Mouse merchandise, with revenues peaking in 1997.[57]

text: Mickey at the Disney parks

text: As the official Walt Disney mascot, Mickey has played a central role in the Disney parks since the opening of Disneyland in 1955. As with other characters, Mickey is often portrayed by a non-speaking costumed actor. In this form, he has participated in ceremonies and countless parades. A popular activity with guests is getting to meet and pose for photographs with the mouse. As of the presidency of Barack Obama (who jokingly referred to him as "a world leader who has bigger ears than me")[62] Mickey has met every U.S. President since Harry Truman, with the exception of Lyndon B. Johnson.[14]

text: Mickey also features in several specific attractions at the Disney parks. Mickey's Toontown (Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland) is a themed land which is a recreation of Mickey's neighborhood. Buildings are built in a cartoon style and guests can visit Mickey or Minnie's houses, Donald Duck's boat, or Goofy's garage. This is a common place to meet the characters.[63]

text: Mickey's PhilharMagic (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, Hong Kong Disneyland) is a 4D film which features Mickey in the familiar role of symphony conductor. At Main Street Cinema several of Mickey's short films are shown on a rotating basis; the sixth film is always Steamboat Willie. Mickey plays a central role in Fantasmic! (Disneyland Resort, Disney's Hollywood Studios) a live nighttime show which famously features Mickey in his role as the Sorcerer's Apprentice. Mickey was also a central character in the now-defunct Mickey Mouse Revue (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland) which was an indoor show featuring animatronic characters. Mickey's face currently graces the Mickey's Fun Wheel at Disney California Adventure Park, where a figure of him also stands on top of Silly Symphony Swings.

text: In addition to Mickey's overt presence in the parks, numerous images of him are also subtly included in sometimes unexpected places. This phenomenon is known as "Hidden Mickey", involving hidden images in Disney films, theme parks, and merchandise.

text: Mickey in video games

text: Like many popular characters, Mickey has starred in many video games, including Mickey Mousecapade on the Nintendo Entertainment System, Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse, Mickey's Ultimate Challenge, and Disney's Magical Quest on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse on the Mega Drive/Genesis, Mickey Mouse: Magic Wands! on the Game Boy, and many others. In the 2000s, the Disney's Magical Quest series were ported to the Game Boy Advance, while Mickey made his sixth generation era debut in Disney's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse, a Nintendo GameCube title aimed at younger audiences. Mickey plays a major role in the Kingdom Hearts series, as the king of Disney Castle and aide to the protagonist, Sora. King Mickey wields the Keyblade, a weapon in the form of a key that has the power to open any lock and combat darkness. Epic Mickey, featuring a darker version of the Disney universe, was released in 2010 for the Wii. The game is part of an effort by The Walt Disney Company to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character by moving away from his current squeaky clean image and reintroducing the mischievous side of his personality.[3]

text: Awards and honors

text: Mickey Mouse has received ten nominations for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. These are Mickey's Orphans (1931), Building a Building (1933), Brave Little Tailor (1938), The Pointer (1939), Lend a Paw (1941), Squatter's Rights (1946), Mickey and the Seal (1948), Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983), Runaway Brain (1995), and Get a Horse! (2013). Among these, Lend a Paw was the only film to actually win the award. Additionally, in 1932 Walt Disney received an honorary Academy Award in recognition of Mickey's creation and popularity.

text: In 1994, four of Mickey's cartoons were included in the book The 50 Greatest Cartoons which listed the greatest cartoons of all time as voted by members of the animation field. The films were The Band Concert (#3), Steamboat Willie (#13), Brave Little Tailor (#26), and Clock Cleaners (#27).

text: On November 18, 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located on 6925 Hollywood Blvd.

text: Melbourne (Australia) runs the annual Moomba festival street procession and appointed Mickey Mouse as their King of Moomba (1977).[64]:17–22 Although immensely popular with children, there was controversy with the appointment: some Melburnians wanted a 'home-grown' choice, e.g. Blinky Bill; when it was revealed that Patricia O'Carroll (from Disneyland's Disney on Parade show) was performing the mouse, Australian newspapers reported "Mickey Mouse is really a girl!"[64]:19–20

text: Mickey was the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year's Day 2005. He was the first cartoon character to receive the honor and only the second fictional character after Kermit the Frog in 1996.

text: Social impact

text: Use in politics

text: In the United States, protest votes are often made in order to indicate dissatisfaction with the slate of candidates presented on a particular ballot or to highlight the inadequacies of a particular voting procedure. Since most states' electoral systems do not provide for blank balloting or a choice of "None of the Above", most protest votes take the form of a clearly non-serious candidate's name entered as a write-in vote. Mickey Mouse is often selected for this purpose.[65][66] As an election supervisor in Georgia observed, "If [Mickey Mouse] doesn’t get votes in our election, it’s a bad election."[67] The earliest known mention of Mickey Mouse as a write-in candidate dates back to the 1932 New York City mayoral elections.[68]

text: Mickey Mouse's name has also been known to appear fraudulently on voter registration lists, such as in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election.[69][70]

text: Pejorative use of Mickey's name

text: "Mickey Mouse" is a slang expression meaning small-time, amateurish or trivial. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it also means poor quality or counterfeit. However, in parts of Australia it can mean excellent or very good (rhyming slang for "grouse").[71] Examples of the former two of the three usages include the following:

text:
In The Godfather Part II, Fredo's justification of betraying Michael is that his orders in the family usually were "Send Fredo off to do this, send Fredo off to do that! Let Fredo take care of some Mickey Mouse nightclub somewhere!" as opposed to more meaningful tasks.
In an early episode of the 1978–82 sitcom Mork & Mindy, Mork stated that Pluto was "a Mickey Mouse planet", referring to the future dwarf planet having the same name as Mickey's pet dog Pluto. Actually, the planet was named shortly before the dog was.
In 1984, just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky's Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13–4, Gretzky was quoted as saying to a reporter, "Well, it's time they got their act together, they're ruining the whole league. They had better stop running a Mickey Mouse organization and put somebody on the ice". Reacting to Gretzky's comment, Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey.[72]
In the 1993 Warner Bros. film Demolition Man, as Sylvester Stallone's character is fighting the malfunctioning AI of his out-of-control police car, he shouts for the system to "Brake! Brake! Brake now, you Mickey Mouse piece of shit!"[73]
In the 1996 Warner Bros. film Space Jam, Bugs Bunny derogatorily comments on Daffy Duck's idea for the name of their basketball team, asking: "What kind of Mickey Mouse organization would name a team 'The Ducks?'" (This also referenced the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, an NHL team that was then owned by Disney, as well as the Disney-made "The Mighty Ducks" movie franchise. This was referencing the Disney/Warner Brothers rivalry.)
In the United States armed forces, actions that look good but have little or no practical use (such as the specific manner of making beds in basic training or the polishing of brass fittings on board ship) are commonly referred to as "Mickey Mouse work."[citation needed]
In schools a "Mickey Mouse course", "Mickey Mouse major", or "Mickey Mouse degree" is a class, college major, or degree where very little effort is necessary in order to attain a good grade (especially an A) or one where the subject matter of such a class is not of any importance in the labor market.[74]
Musicians often refer to a film score that directly follows each action on screen as Mickey Mousing (also mickey-mousing and mickeymousing).[75]
Software company Microsoft has been derogatorily called "Mickeysoft".[76]
In the beginning of the 1980s, then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once called the European Parliament a "Mickey Mouse parliament", meaning a discussion club without influence.[77]
In the British sitcom Red Dwarf, in the episode "Quarantine", after the team's substandard equipment nearly cost them their lives, Lister pointed out, "We're a real Mickey Mouse operation, aren't we?" The Cat replied, "Mickey Mouse? We ain't even Betty Boop!"
The combined road course at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway used for the F1 U.S. Grand Prix has been described by Jacques Villeneuve and other competitors as "Mickey Mouse"[78] due to its slow uninteresting corners, and lack of challenging corners.

text: Parodies and criticism

text: Mickey Mouse's global fame has made him both a symbol of The Walt Disney Company and of the United States itself. For this reason, Mickey has been used frequently in anti-American satire, such as the infamous underground cartoon "Mickey Mouse in Vietnam" (1969). There have been numerous parodies of Mickey Mouse, such as the 2-page parody "Mickey Rodent" by Will Elder (published in Mad #19, 1955) in which the mouse walks around unshaven and jails Donald Duck out of jealousy over the duck's larger popularity.[79] The grotesque Rat Fink character was created by Ed "Big Daddy" Roth over his hatred of Mickey Mouse. In The Simpsons Movie, Bart Simpson puts a black bra on his head to mimic Mickey Mouse and says: "I'm the mascot of an evil corporation!"[80] On the Comedy Central series South Park, Mickey is depicted as the sadistic, greedy, foul-mouthed boss of The Walt Disney Company, only interested in money. He also appears briefly with Donald Duck in the comic Squeak the Mouse by the Italian cartoonist Massimo Mattioli.

text: In the 1969 parody novel Bored of the Rings, Mickey Mouse is satirized as Dickey Dragon.

text: Legal issues

text: Like all major Disney characters, Mickey Mouse is not only copyrighted but also trademarked, which lasts in perpetuity as long as it continues to be used commercially by its owner. So, whether or not a particular Disney cartoon goes into the public domain, the characters themselves may not be used as trademarks without authorization.

text: Because of the Copyright Term Extension Act of the United States (sometimes called the 'Mickey Mouse Protection Act' because of extensive lobbying by the Disney corporation) and similar legislation within the European Union and other jurisdictions where copyright terms have been extended, works such as the early Mickey Mouse cartoons will remain under copyright until at least 2023. However, some copyright scholars argue that Disney's copyright on the earliest version of the character may be invalid due to ambiguity in the copyright notice for Steamboat Willie.[81]

text: The Walt Disney Company has become well known for protecting its trademark on the Mickey Mouse character—whose likeness is closely associated with the company—with particular zeal. In 1989, Disney threatened legal action against three daycare centers in Florida for having Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters painted on their walls. The characters were removed, and rival Universal Studios replaced them with Universal cartoon characters.[82]

text: Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates

text: In 1971, a group of underground cartoonists calling themselves the Air Pirates, after a group of villains from early Mickey Mouse films, produced a comic called Air Pirates Funnies. In the first issue, cartoonist Dan O'Neill depicted Mickey and Minnie Mouse engaging in explicit sexual behavior and consuming drugs. As O'Neill explained, "The air pirates were…some sort of bizarre concept to steal the air, pirate the air, steal the media….Since we were cartoonists, the logical thing was Disney."[83] Rather than change the appearance or name of the character, which O'Neill felt would dilute the parody, the mouse depicted in Air Pirates Funnies looks like and is named "Mickey Mouse". Disney sued for copyright infringement, and after a series of appeals, O'Neill eventually lost and was ordered to pay Disney $1.9 million. The outcome of the case remains controversial among free-speech advocates. New York Law School professor Edward Samuels said, "[The Air Pirates] set parody back twenty years."[84][better source needed]

text: Censorship

text: In 1930, The German Board of Film Censors prohibited any presentations of the Mickey Mouse cartoon The Barnyard Battle (1929). The animated short, which features the mouse as a kepi-wearing soldier fighting cat enemies in German-style helmets, was viewed by censors as a negative portrayal of Germany.[85] It was claimed by the board that the film would "reawaken the latest anti-German feeling existing abroad since the War".[86] The Barnyard Battle incident did not incite wider anti-Mickey sentiment in Germany in 1930; however, after Adolf Hitler came to power several years later, the Nazi regime unambiguously propagandized against Disney. A mid-1930s German newspaper article read:

text: "Mickey Mouse is the most miserable ideal ever revealed...Healthy emotions tell every independent young man and every honorable youth that the dirty and filth-covered vermin, the greatest bacteria carrier in the animal kingdom, cannot be the ideal type of animal...Away with Jewish brutalization of the people! Down with Mickey Mouse! Wear the Swastika Cross!"[87][88][89]

text: American cartoonist and writer Art Spiegelman would later use this quote on the opening page of the second volume of his graphic novel Maus.

text: In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be "scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre".[90] In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary "to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution," the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature[91] except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the "acknowledged artistic merit" of Disney's work.[92] Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible.[93] In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any Disney stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of Tuffolino, a new human character created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.

text: Filmography

text: Mickey has been announced to star in two films. One is a live-action/CGI hybrid film based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort,[94] while the other is a film idea pitched by Walt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centering on Mickey, Donald, and Goofy.[38]

text: Selected short films

text:
Steamboat Willie (1928)
Plane Crazy (1929)
The Karnival Kid (1929)
Mickey's Orphans (1931)
Building a Building (1933)
The Mad Doctor (1933)
The Band Concert (1935)

Thru the Mirror (1936)
Moving Day (1936)
Clock Cleaners (1937)
Lonesome Ghosts (1937)
Brave Little Tailor (1938)
The Pointer (1939)
The Nifty Nineties (1941)
Lend a Paw (1941)

Symphony Hour (1942)
Squatter's Rights (1946)
Mickey and the Seal (1948)
The Simple Things (1953)
Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983)
Runaway Brain (1995)
Get a Horse! (2013)

text: Full-length films

text:
Hollywood Party (cameo, 1934)
Fantasia (1940)
Fun and Fancy Free (1947)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (cameo, 1988)
A Goofy Movie (cameo, 1995)
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Mickey's House of Villains (2002)
Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004)
Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004)

text: Television series

text:
The Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1959; 1977–1979; 1989–1994)
Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000)
Disney's House of Mouse (2001–2003)
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016)
Mickey Mouse (2013–present)
Mickey and the Roadster Racers (2017–present)[95]


document_title: Snow White and the Huntsman

question_text: where was snow white and the huntsman filmed castle

root

text: Snow White and the Huntsman

text: Plot[edit]

text: While admiring a rose blooming in the winter, Queen Eleanor of the kingdom of Tabor pricks her finger on one of its thorns. Three drops of blood fall onto the snow-covered ground, and she wishes for a daughter as white as the snow, with lips as red as the blood, hair as black as a raven's wings and a heart as strong and defiant as the rose. Queen Eleanor gives birth to her daughter Snow White, but soon after falls ill and dies. After her death, Snow White's father, King Magnus, and his army battle an invading Dark Army of demonic glass soldiers. Upon rescuing their prisoner Ravenna, he becomes enchanted with her beauty and marries her.

tag: p

text: Ravenna, is in fact a powerful sorceress and the Dark Army's master. On their wedding night, Magnus, enchanted, throws Ravenna into the bed and proceeds to make love. Ravenna confesses there was a king much like Magnus that spoiled her. During foreplay, she declares she cannot be a weak queen and kills Magnus. Snow White's childhood friend William and his father Duke Hammond escape the castle but are unable to rescue her, and she is captured by Ravenna's brother Finn, and locked away in the north tower of the castle for many years.

text: Tabor is ruined under Queen Ravenna's rule as she periodically drains the youth from the kingdom's young women in order to maintain a spell cast over her as a child by her mother which allows her to keep her youthful beauty. When Snow White comes of age, Queen Ravenna learns from her Magic Mirror, in the form of a golden, reflective liquid shaped like a man, that her stepdaughter Snow White is destined to destroy her unless Queen Ravenna consumes the young girl's heart, which will make her truly immortal. Queen Ravenna orders Finn to bring her Snow White's heart, but Snow White escapes into the Dark Forest, where Ravenna has no power. Queen Ravenna makes a bargain with Eric the Huntsman, a widower and drunkard, to capture Snow White, promising to bring his wife back to life in exchange. The Huntsman tracks down Snow White, but when Finn reveals that Queen Ravenna does not actually have the power to do what she promised, the Huntsman fights him and his men while Snow White runs away. When the Huntsman catches up with her, she promises him gold if he will escort her to Duke Hammond's castle. Meanwhile, Finn gathers another band of men to find her, and Duke Hammond and his son William learn that she is alive. William leaves the castle on his own to find her, joining Finn's band as a bowman.

text: The Huntsman and Snow White leave the Dark Forest, where she saves his life by charming a huge troll that attacks them. They make their way to a fishing village populated by women who have disfigured themselves to save their own lives, becoming useless to Queen Ravenna, who wants to use their beauty and youth to extend and prolong hers, as she does with Gretta whilst Snow White is still imprisoned. While there, the Huntsman learns Snow White's true identity, and initially leaves her in the care of the women. He soon returns when he sees the village being burned down by Finn's men. Snow White and the Huntsman evade them and eventually meet a band of eight dwarves named Beith, Muir, Quert, Coll, Duir, Gort, Nion, and Gus. The blind Muir perceives that Snow White is the daughter of the former king, and the only person who can defeat Ravenna and end her reign.

text: As they travel through a fairy sanctuary, Snow White encounters a magical reindeer that was only in tales of legend, but as the reindeer and Snow White are about to embrace, the group is attacked by Finn and his men. The Huntsman battles Finn and eventually kills him, and William reveals himself and helps defeat Finn's men. However, Gus is killed when he sacrifices himself to take an arrow meant for Snow White. William joins the group which continues the journey to Hammond's castle.

text: Halfway to Duke Hammond's castle, Queen Ravenna disguises herself as William and tempts Snow White into eating a poisoned apple, but is forced to flee when the Huntsman and William discover her. William kisses Snow White, whom he believes to be dead and does not notice a tear fall from one of her eyes. She is taken to Hammond's castle. As she lies in repose, the Huntsman professes his regret for not saving Snow White, who reminds him of his late wife, Sara; and he kisses her, not noticing a second tear coming from her other eye falling. The spell broken by the love of two men she treasures, Snow White awakens and walks into the courtyard; rallying the Duke's army to mount a siege against Queen Ravenna.

text: The dwarves infiltrate the castle through the sewers and open the gates, allowing the Duke's army inside. Snow White confronts Queen Ravenna, but is overpowered. Queen Ravenna is about to kill Snow White and consume her heart. Eventually, Snow White uses a move the Huntsman taught her and mortally wounds Queen Ravenna, and Duke Hammond's army is victorious. With Queen Ravenna defeated, the kingdom once again enjoys peace and harmony as Snow White is crowned queen.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kristen Stewart as Snow White[6]

Raffey Cassidy as young Snow White

Chris Hemsworth as Eric, the Huntsman
Charlize Theron as Queen Ravenna, Snow White's evil stepmother

Izzy Meikle-Small as young Ravenna

Sam Claflin as William, son of Duke Hammond

Xavier Atkins as young William

Sam Spruell as Finn, Ravenna's brother and enforcer

Elliot Reeve as young Finn

Vincent Regan as Duke Hammond, William's father
Lily Cole as Greta, a young girl who befriends Snow White
Noah Huntley as King Magnus, Snow White's father
Liberty Ross as Queen Eleanor, Snow White's mother
Chris Obi as the voice of Mirror Man, the physical form of the Magic Mirror
Rachael Stirling as Anna
Hattie Gotobed as Lily
Greg Hicks as Black Knight General
Peter Ferdinando as Black Knight
Anastasia Hille as Ravenna's Mother
Annabelle Wallis as Sara, The Hunstsman's Wife

tag: ul

text: The Dwarves[edit]

text:
Ian McShane as Beith, the leader of the Dwarves.
Bob Hoskins as Muir, the blind elder Dwarf, who possesses the powers of premonition. This was Hoskins's final role before his retirement from acting (and his death) due to Parkinson's disease.
Ray Winstone as Gort, an ill-tempered Dwarf.
Nick Frost as Nion,[7] Beith's right-hand man.
Toby Jones as Coll, Duir's brother.
Eddie Marsan as Duir, Coll's brother.
Johnny Harris as Quert, Duir's son.
Brian Gleeson as Gus, the youngest of the Dwarfs who develops a bond with Snow White and later sacrifices himself to save her.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Evan Daugherty initially wrote the screenplay in 2003, when he was studying at NYU. [8] At the time reboots of fairy tales were not a popular film genre and according to Daugherty "no one really knew what to do with it" [8] More problems came when the release of Terry Gilliam's The Brothers Grimm (2005) flopped at the box office which caused potential buyers to be hesitant about the script.[8] The script was finally greenlit after the success of Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland (2010).[8]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Film producers considered casting a lesser-known actress for the role of Snow White, with mention of Riley Keough, Felicity Jones, Bella Heathcote, Alicia Vikander, and Rachel Maxwell as possible picks. This idea became less likely as known actresses Dakota Fanning and Kristen Stewart were later rumored to be short-listed for the role.[9] On March 4, 2011 a series of tweets from co-producer Palak Patel confirmed that Stewart was offered the role.[10] Winona Ryder was initially considered to play Queen Ravenna, before the role went to Charlize Theron.[11] Tom Hardy was supposedly first offered the role of Eric, the Huntsman, but turned down the offer. The role was then apparently offered to Michael Fassbender,[12] and then Johnny Depp, but both claim to have declined it.[13] Viggo Mortensen was said to have been in negotiations with Universal for the part, but supposedly turned down the role, too.[14] It was claimed that Hugh Jackman was offered the role, but that he declined.[15] In 2011, Thor star Chris Hemsworth was eventually cast in the role of the Huntsman.[16] The Dwarfs were played by actors of average height who had their faces digitally superimposed onto small bodies. This caused a protest from the Little People of America.[17]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography took place in the United Kingdom.[18] The beach scenes were predominantly filmed in Pembrokeshire, on the Marloes Sands beach near the village of Marloes between September 26 and 29, 2011.[19] Though the beach was not closed to the public during filming, as filming progressed, certain parts were advised to be off limits. A computer-generated castle was set on nearby Gateholm island. A field above the beach was used for production purposes, and a special wooden ramp was built for vehicles and horses to access the beach.[citation needed] The film used academic consultants from the University of Chichester and the University of Oxford for back-up research on fairy tales and medieval battles.[20] The English band Florence and the Machine recorded "Breath of Life" exclusively for the film, which was reportedly inspired by Theron's character Queen Ravenna.[21][22]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its premiere on May 14, 2012, at the Empire, Leicester Square, in London.[23]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in Region 1 on September 11, 2012,[24] with both the theatrical version (127 minutes) and an extended version (132 minutes) available on both formats. The film was released on the same formats in Region 2 on October 1, 2012.[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Snow White and the Huntsman earned $155,332,381 in North America, along with $241,260,448 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $396,592,829.[5] In North America, the film earned $1,383,000 from midnight showings.[26] For its opening day, the film topped the box office with $20,468,525.[27] It debuted in first place at the box office during its opening weekend with $56,217,700.[28] It is the seventeenth highest-grossing 2012 film.[29] Outside North America, Snow White and the Huntsman had an opening of $39.3 million, ranking second overall for the weekend behind Men in Black 3; however, it ranked number 1 in 30 countries.[30]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: Snow White and the Huntsman received mixed reviews from critics. The film has a 49% "rotten" score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 218 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The site's consensus states: "While it offers an appropriately dark take on the fairy tale that inspired it, Snow White & the Huntsman is undone by uneven acting, problematic pacing, and a confused script."[31] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 57 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". CinemaScore polls conducted revealed the average grade that filmgoers gave the film was a "B" on an A+ to F scale.[32]

text: David Edelstein of New York praised the film's revisionist tone and said the film was "strongly influenced by a lot of smart, feminist thinking".[33] Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4.[34] A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised Theron's performance and also wrote, "Though it is an ambitious – at times mesmerizing – application of the latest cinematic technology, the movie tries to recapture some of the menace of the stories that used to be told to scare children rather than console them."[35] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Ravenna hates living in a world where men can feed on women's beauty and then toss them away. She's a fascist of feminism, and Theron's acting has the blood of operatic anger coursing through it."[36] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times said the film is, "an absolute wonder to watch and creates a warrior princess for the ages. But what this revisionist fairy tale does not give us is a passionate love – its kisses are as chaste as the snow is white."[37] Rolling Stone's Peter Travers called it "a visual marvel" while noting that Stewart "morphs convincingly from a skittish girl into a determined warrior princess."[38] MSN news said that Stewart "grows into her character, it seems, and eventually got this reviewer completely on her side.[39] Colin Covert of the Minneapolis Star Tribune gave the film 4/4 stars.[40] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian said that while the film is "less jokey than the recent Mirror Mirror", "this Twilightified fairytale has the same basic problem," and that, "The result is tangled and overblown."[41] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle called it "[a] slow, boring film that has no charm and is highlighted only by a handful of special effects and Charlize Theron's truly evil queen."[42] Michael O'Sullivan of the Washington Post also gave the film a negative review: "Overlong, overcrowded, overstimulating and with an over-the-top performance by Charlize Theron as the evil queen Ravenna, the movie is a virtual orchard of toxic excess, starting with the unnecessarily sprawling cast of characters."[43] Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post gave the film two out of four stars and said, "Only Bob Hoskins as the blind seer Muir comes close to making us care. We can almost glean Snow White's heroic possibilities through his clouded eyes. As much as we'd like to, we certainly can't from Stewart's efforts."[44] Scott Foundas states that "Stewart’s Snow White... pouts her lips, bats her bedroom eyes, and scarcely seems to have more on her mind than who might take her to the senior prom—let alone the destiny of an entire kingdom."[45] Richard Roeper gave the movie a B+, calling it "Vastly superior to Mirror, Mirror", and praising Theron and Stewart's performances.[46]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Year
Recipient
Award
Category
Result

2012
Charlize Theron
Teen Choice Award
Choice Movie: Hissy Fit
Won

Kristen Stewart
Teen Choice Award
Choice Summer Movie Star: Female
Won

Chris Hemsworth
Teen Choice Award
Choice Summer Movie Star: Male (also for The Avengers)
Won

Sam Claflin
Teen Choice Award
Choice Movie: Breakout
Nominated

Charlize Theron
Teen Choice Award
Choice Movie: Villain
Nominated

Charlize Theron
Teen Choice Award
Choice Summer Movie Star: Female (also for Prometheus)
Nominated (she lost to Kristen Stewart)

Chris Hemsworth
GQ Award
GQ Men Of The Year Award for International Breakthrough
Won

Colleen Atwood
Gucci Award
Best Costume Design
Nominated

Florence and the Machine
World Soundtrack Awards
Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film
Nominated

Chris Munro and Craig Henighan
Satellite Award
Best Sound (Editing & Mixing)
Nominated

Wild Card and Universal Pictures
Golden Trailer Award
Best Action (for "Forever")
Won

Universal Pictures
Golden Trailer Award
Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot (for "Ravenna")
Won

Universal Pictures
Golden Trailer Award
Best Motion/Title Graphics (for "Domestic Trailer 2")
Nominated

Universal Pictures and Wild Card
Golden Trailer Award
Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot (for "Bound")
Nominated

Universal Pictures and Aspect Ratio
Golden Trailer Award
Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot (for "Kingdom")
Nominated

Universal Pictures and Wild Card
Golden Trailer Award
Best in Show (for "Forever")
Nominated

Cedric Nicolas-Troyan, Philip Brennan, Neil Corbould, and Michael Dawson
St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association
Best Visual Effects
Nominated

Greig Fraser
San Diego Film Critics Society Awards
Special Award
Won

Film
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Film
Nominated

2013
Chris Hemsworth
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Action Movie Star (also for The Avengers)
Nominated

Charlize Theron
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress (also for Prometheus)
Nominated

Kristen Stewart and Chris Hemsworth
People's Choice Awards
Favorite On-Screen Chemistry
Nominated

Kristen Stewart
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Face of Heroism
Nominated

Colleen Atwood
Academy Awards
Best Costume Design
Nominated

Cedric Nicolas-Troyan, Philip Brennan, Neil Corbould, and Michael Dawson
Academy Awards
Best Visual Effects
Nominated

Kristen Stewart
Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Actress (also for The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 2)
Won

Film
Saturn Awards
Best Fantasy Film
Nominated

Charlize Theron
Saturn Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Nominated

Colleen Atwood
Saturn Awards
Best Costume
Nominated

Cedric Nicolas-Troyan, Philip Brennan, Neil Corbould and Michael Dawson
Saturn Awards
Best Special Effects
Nominated

Kristen Stewart
2013 MTV Movie Awards
Best Hero
Nominated

tag: table

text: Prequel/Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel was planned, with director Rupert Sanders in talks to return.[citation needed] In August 2012, The Hollywood Reporter reported that the sequel was shelved in the aftermath of the scandal involving Sanders cheating on his wife with Stewart and that a spin-off film concentrating on the Huntsman was planned instead, which would not star Stewart.[47] Universal announced a few days later that they were not shelving the sequel.[48] A 2012 report stated that Universal has authorized a sequel[49] and Stewart was set to reprise her role, but without Sanders to return as the director due to the scandal.[50] The script was written and production was set to begin in 2013.[49]

text: The film was originally scheduled for release in 2015.[51] In September 2013, Chris Hemsworth stated he did not know anything about the sequel while speaking to E!.[52] On June 4, 2014, Deadline reported that Frank Darabont, Gavin O'Connor and Andrés Muschietti were on the shortlist to direct the sequel.[53] On June 26, 2014, Deadline reported that Darabont was in talks to direct the sequel.[54] Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Legendary Pictures were set to co-finance the film with Universal but dropped out and were replaced by Perfect World Pictures. On July 31, 2014, the project was described as a prequel titled The Huntsman scheduled for April 22, 2016, which would not star Stewart as Snow White.[55] In January 2015, Darabont left the project as director,[56] but the third leading role was set with Emily Blunt. It was later announced that Cedric Nicolas-Troyan would take over as the new director for the film.[57][58] Nick Frost will return as Dwarf Nion and Jessica Chastain will star.[59] On March 18, 2015, Rob Brydon, Alexandra Roach and Sheridan Smith were added to the cast as dwarves.[60] TheWrap confirmed on May 7, 2015, that Sam Claflin would return as William in this sequel.[61]

text: It was later revealed that the film would feature Ravenna's sister, the Ice Queen, and would reveal the origins of the Huntsman, while also continuing the story of the first film.[62]


document_title: List of Southwest Airlines destinations

question_text: what airports in florida does southwest fly to

text: List of Southwest Airlines destinations

text: Destinations[edit]

text: Southwest does not use the "hub and spoke" system of other major airlines, preferring the "point-to-point" system. It has large operations in certain airports. An average of 80 percent of Southwest passengers are local passengers— only 20 percent of all passengers are connecting passengers. This is higher than most airlines, where many passengers connect in hub cities. However, at Southwest's focus cities, the percentage of connecting passengers can reach 30 percent.[3] Recent numbers indicate that the number of connecting passengers is steadily rising.[4]

text: As part of its effort to control costs, Southwest sometimes uses secondary airports in cities with high costs. Secondary airports have lower costs and may be more convenient to travelers than major airports. Some examples include:

text:
Chicago, Illinois: Southwest uses Midway International Airport instead of O'Hare International Airport.
Dallas, Texas: Southwest uses Dallas Love Field instead of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport.
Houston, Texas: Southwest uses William P. Hobby Airport instead of George Bush Intercontinental Airport.
Miami/Fort Lauderdale, Florida: Southwest uses Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport instead of Miami International Airport.
New York City, New York: Southwest uses Newark Liberty International Airport, LaGuardia Airport and Long Island MacArthur Airport airports instead of John F. Kennedy International Airport.

text: AirTran cities acquired by Southwest[edit]

text: Through Southwest's acquisition of AirTran Airways, Southwest opened a focus city in Atlanta and acquired additional slots at Washington–National and New York–LaGuardia. In addition, Southwest added service to the following destinations.[5]

text:
Aruba
Atlanta, Georgia
Cancún, Mexico
Charlotte, North Carolina
Des Moines, Iowa
Grand Rapids, Michigan
Memphis, Tennessee
Mexico City, Mexico
Montego Bay, Jamaica

Nassau, Bahamas
Pensacola, Florida
Portland, Maine
Punta Cana, Dominican Republic
Richmond, Virginia
Rochester, New York
San José del Cabo, Mexico
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Wichita, Kansas

text: International service[edit]

text: Southwest began planning international service when it acquired AirTran, which already served international destinations. Southwest's first approach to international service came on April 19, 2012 when it signed a contract with the Amadeus IT Group to launch an international reservation system. This agreement gave the airline the capability to begin flying to destinations outside of the United States.[6]

text: Southwest debuted the international reservation system on January 27, 2014 when its first international flights went on sale. This was followed by the first international flights which began on July 1, 2014 to Aruba (AUA), Montego Bay, Jamaica (MBJ) and Nassau, Bahamas (NAS).

text: Southwest built a 5 gate international terminal at William P. Hobby Airport that opened in 2015. Southwest also built a 5 gate international terminal in Fort Lauderdale that opened in 2017.[7]

text: Hawaii service[edit]

text: On October 11, 2017, Southwest announced they would add service to Hawaii beginning in 2018, pending government approval. The airline announced that the flights to Hawaii will be operated from four California cities: Oakland, San Diego, San Jose, and Sacramento, utilizing their Boeing 737-800 and 737 MAX 8 aircraft. As announced Southwest Airlines will begin service to the following destinations: Honolulu (Daniel K. Inouye International Airport), Kahului (Kahului Airport), Kailua-Kona (Kona International Airport), Lihue (Lihue Airport).[8]

text: Chart[edit]

text: As of  June 2018[update], this is a list of destinations that Southwest Airlines serves.

text:
Operating Base

Focus city

Future destination

Terminated destination

text:
Country (State/Province)

City

Airport

City Count

Begin

End

Refs

Aruba
Oranjestad
Queen Beatrix International Airport
85
2014
Present

Bahamas
Nassau
Lynden Pindling International Airport
86
2014
Present

Belize
Belize City
Philip S. W. Goldson International Airport
93
2015
Present

Cayman Islands
George Town
Owen Roberts International Airport
97
2017
Present
[9]

Costa Rica
Liberia
Daniel Oduber Quirós International Airport
94
2015
Present

Costa Rica
San José
Juan Santamaría International Airport
91
2015
Present

Cuba
Havana
José Martí International Airport
96
2016
Present

Cuba
Santa Clara
Abel Santamaría Airport
—
2016
2017
[10]

Cuba
Varadero
Juan Gualberto Gómez Airport
—
2016
2017
[10]

Dominican Republic
Punta Cana
Punta Cana International Airport
89
2014
Present

Jamaica
Montego Bay
Sangster International Airport
84
2014
Present

Mexico (Baja California Sur)
San José del Cabo
Los Cabos International Airport
88
2014
Present

Mexico (Federal District)
Mexico City
Mexico City International Airport
90
2014
Present

Mexico (Jalisco)
Puerto Vallarta
Lic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport
92
2015
Present

Mexico (Quintana Roo)
Cancún
Cancún International Airport
87
2014
Present

Turks and Caicos Islands
Providenciales
Providenciales International Airport
99
2017
Present
[11]

United States (Alabama)
Birmingham
Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport
25
1987
Present

United States (Arizona)
Phoenix
Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport
16
1982
Present

United States (Arizona)
Tucson
Tucson International Airport
43
1994
Present

United States (Arkansas)
Little Rock
Little Rock National Airport
20
1984
Present

United States (California)
Burbank
Hollywood Burbank Airport
29
1990
Present

United States (California)
Long Beach
Long Beach Airport
95
2016
Present

United States (California)
Los Angeles
Los Angeles International Airport
19
1982
Present

United States (California)
Oakland
Oakland International Airport
28
1989
Present

United States (California)
Ontario
Ontario International Airport
23
1985
Present

United States (California)
Orange County
John Wayne Airport
37
1994
Present

United States (California)
Sacramento
Sacramento International Airport
31
1991
Present

United States (California)
San Diego
San Diego International Airport
17
1982
Present

United States (California)
San Francisco
San Francisco International Airport
63
1982, 2007
2001, Present

United States (California)
San José
San Jose International Airport
35
1993
Present

United States (Colorado)
Denver
Denver International Airport
61
2006
Present

United States (Colorado)
Denver
Stapleton International Airport
—
1983
1986
[12]

United States (Connecticut)
Hartford
Bradley International Airport
53
1999
Present

United States (Florida)
Fort Lauderdale
Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport
45
1996
Present

United States (Florida)
Fort Myers
Southwest Florida International Airport
60
2005
Present

United States (Florida)
Jacksonville
Jacksonville International Airport
49
1997
Present

United States (Florida)
Key West
Key West International Airport
—
2012
2014
[13]

United States (Florida)
Orlando
Orlando International Airport
47
1996
Present

United States (Florida)
Palm Beach
Palm Beach International Airport
56
2001
Present

United States (Florida)
Panama City
Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport
68
2010
Present

United States (Florida)
Pensacola
Pensacola International Airport
82
2013
Present

United States (Florida)
Tampa
Tampa International Airport
46
1996
Present

United States (Georgia)
Atlanta
Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport
72
2012
Present

United States (Hawaii)
Honolulu
Daniel K. Inouye International Airport
—
2018
Future
[14]

United States (Hawaii)
Kahului
Kahului Airport
—
2018
Future
[15]

United States (Hawaii)
Kailua-Kona
Kona International Airport
—
2018
Future
[16]

United States (Hawaii)
Lihue
Lihue Airport
—
2018
Future
[17]

United States (Idaho)
Boise
Boise Airport
41
1994
Present

United States (Illinois)
Chicago
Chicago Midway International Airport
21
1985
Present

United States (Indiana)
Indianapolis
Indianapolis International Airport
27
1989
Present

United States (Iowa)
Des Moines
Des Moines International Airport
74
2012
Present

United States (Kansas)
Wichita
Wichita Eisenhower National Airport
79
2013
Present

United States (Kentucky)
Covington/Cincinnati
Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport
98
2017
Present
[18]

United States (Kentucky)
Louisville
Louisville International Airport
34
1993
Present

United States (Louisiana)
New Orleans
Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport
11
1979
Present

United States (Maine)
Portland
Portland International Jetport
78
2013
Present

United States (Maryland)
Baltimore/Washington, D.C.
Baltimore-Washington International Airport
36
1993
Present

United States (Massachusetts)
Boston
Logan International Airport
66
2009
Present

United States (Michigan)
Detroit
Coleman A. Young International Airport
—
1988
1993
[12]

United States (Michigan)
Detroit
Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport
26
1987
Present

United States (Michigan)
Flint
Bishop International Airport
—
2013
2018
[19]

United States (Michigan)
Grand Rapids
Gerald R. Ford International Airport
80
2013
Present

United States (Minnesota)
Minneapolis/St. Paul
Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport
64
2009
Present

United States (Mississippi)
Jackson
Jackson International Airport
—
1997
2014
[13]

United States (Missouri)
Branson
Branson Airport
—
2013
2014
[13]

United States (Missouri)
Kansas City
Kansas City International Airport
18
1982
Present

United States (Missouri)
St. Louis
St. Louis Lambert International Airport
22
1985
Present

United States (Nebraska)
Omaha
Eppley Airfield
44
1995
Present

United States (Nevada)
Las Vegas
McCarran International Airport
15
1982
Present

United States (Nevada)
Reno/Tahoe
Reno-Tahoe International Airport
30
1990
Present

United States (New Hampshire)
Manchester
Manchester-Boston Regional Airport
50
1998
Present

United States (New Jersey)
Newark
Newark Liberty International Airport
71
2011
Present

United States (New Mexico)
Albuquerque
Albuquerque International Sunport
14
1980
Present

United States (New York)
Albany
Albany International Airport
54
2000
Present

United States (New York)
Buffalo
Buffalo Niagara International Airport
55
2000
Present

United States (New York)
Long Island/Islip
Long Island MacArthur Airport
51
1999
Present

United States (New York)
New York City
LaGuardia Airport
65
2009
Present

United States (New York)
Rochester
Greater Rochester International Airport
77
2013
Present

United States (North Carolina)
Charlotte
Charlotte/Douglas International Airport
75
2013
Present

United States (North Carolina)
Raleigh-Durham
Raleigh-Durham International Airport
52
1999
Present

United States (Ohio)
Akron/Canton
Akron-Canton Regional Airport
—
2012
2017

United States (Ohio)
Cleveland
Cleveland Hopkins International Airport
32
1992
Present

United States (Ohio)
Columbus
John Glenn Columbus International Airport
33
1992
Present

United States (Ohio)
Dayton
Dayton International Airport
—
2012
2017

United States (Oklahoma)
Oklahoma City
Will Rogers World Airport
12
1980
Present

United States (Oklahoma)
Tulsa
Tulsa International Airport
13
1980
Present

United States (Oregon)
Portland
Portland International Airport
38
1994
Present

United States (Pennsylvania)
Philadelphia
Philadelphia International Airport
58
2004
Present

United States (Pennsylvania)
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh International Airport
59
2005
Present

United States (Puerto Rico)
San Juan
Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport
76
2013
Present

United States (Rhode Island)
Providence
T. F. Green Airport
48
1996
Present

United States (South Carolina)
Charleston
Charleston International Airport
70
2011
Present

United States (South Carolina)
Greenville/Spartanburg
Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport
69
2011
Present

United States (Tennessee)
Memphis
Memphis International Airport
81
2013
Present

United States (Tennessee)
Nashville
Nashville International Airport
24
1986
Present

United States (Texas)
Amarillo
Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport
10
1978
Present

United States (Texas)
Austin
Austin-Bergstrom International Airport
9
1977
Present

United States (Texas)
Beaumont/Port Arthur
Jack Brooks Regional Airport
—
1979
1980
[12]

United States (Texas)
Corpus Christi
Corpus Christi International Airport
5
1977
Present

United States (Texas)
Dallas
Dallas Love Field
1
1971
Present

United States (Texas)
El Paso
El Paso International Airport
8
1977
Present

United States (Texas)
Harlingen/South Padre Island
Valley International Airport
4
1975
Present

United States (Texas)
Houston
William P. Hobby Airport
3
1971
Present

United States (Texas)
Houston
George Bush Intercontinental Airport
—
1971, 1980
1972, 2005
[12]

United States (Texas)
Lubbock
Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport
6
1977
Present

United States (Texas)
Midland/Odessa
Midland International Airport
7
1977
Present

United States (Texas)
San Antonio
San Antonio International Airport
2
1971
Present

United States (Utah)
Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City International Airport
42
1994
Present

United States (Virginia)
Norfolk
Norfolk International Airport
57
2001
Present

United States (Virginia)
Richmond
Richmond International Airport
83
2013
Present

United States (Virginia)
Washington, D.C./Arlington
Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport
73
2012
Present

United States (Virginia)
Dulles
Washington Dulles International Airport
62
2006
Present

United States (Washington)
Everett
Paine Field
—
2018
Future
[20]

United States (Washington)
Seattle/Tacoma
Seattle–Tacoma International Airport
39
1994
Present

United States (Washington)
Spokane
Spokane International Airport
40
1994
Present

United States (Wisconsin)
Milwaukee
General Mitchell International Airport
67
2009
Present

United States (Wyoming)
Jackson Hole
Jackson Hole Airport
—
1985
1986


document_title: Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's singles

question_text: who won the men's ice skating in the 2018 olympics

question_tokens: who won the men 's ice skating in the 2018 olympics

text: Summary[edit]

text: With his victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics, Yuzuru Hanyu became the first male figure skater to win two consecutive gold medals after Dick Button, who did so in 1952. Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal, and Spain's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal. Fernández won Spain's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics.

text: After the short program, Hanyu, Fernández, Uno, and Jin Boyang were first, second, third, and fourth respectively. Nathan Chen, originally one of the favorites for the podium, skated an uncharacteristically poor short program that placed him at 17th, but fought back to win the free skating with a score of 215.08--8.91 points above the second place free skating by Hanyu. He ended up fifth overall. In the free program, Jin Boyang overtook Chen by less than a point overall, and placed fourth.

text: In the victory ceremony, the medals were presented by Tsunekazu Takeda, member of the International Olympic Committee, accompanied by Alexander Lakernik, ISU Figure Skating Vice President.

text: Vincent Zhou landed the first quadruple lutz at the Olympics. Nathan Chen became the first to ever land six quads, five clean. He also landed the first quadruple flip at the Olympics. [5] With these jumps he holds the new record for highest free skating technical score.[6] For complete list of figure skating records, see list of highest scores in figure skating.

text: Qualification[edit]

text: A total of 30 skaters qualified to compete for the event, with each country allowed to only enter a maximum of three. 24 quotas were handed out during the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships and the remaining six were given out at the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy. Each country decided the entry of its teams, and athletes winning the quota were not necessarily granted the right to compete.[7] All athletes competing must have met the minimum total elements score, which does not include component scores. For the short program this was 25.00 and the free skating 45.00.[8]

text: Schedule[edit]

text: All times are (UTC+9).

text:
Date
Time
Round

16 February
10:00[3]
Short program

17 February
10:00[3]
Free skating

text: Results[edit]

text: Short program[edit]

text: The short program was held on 16 February 2018.[3][9]

text:
Pl.
Name
Nation
TSS
TES
PCS
SS
TR
PE
CH
IN
Ded
StN

1
Yuzuru Hanyu
 Japan
111.68
63.18
48.50
9.71
9.43
9.86
9.75
9.75
0.00
25

2
Javier Fernández
 Spain
107.58
59.79
47.79
9.36
9.36
9.71
9.68
9.68
0.00
29

3
Shoma Uno
 Japan
104.17
58.13
46.04
9.29
9.00
9.25
9.29
9.21
0.00
28

4
Jin Boyang
 China
103.32
60.27
43.05
8.79
8.29
8.82
8.54
8.61
0.00
30

5
Dmitri Aliev
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
98.98
56.98
42.00
8.43
8.11
8.50
8.50
8.46
0.00
20

6
Patrick Chan
 Canada
90.01
45.08
45.93
9.36
9.07
9.00
9.29
9.21
–1.00
21

7
Adam Rippon
 United States
87.95
44.48
43.47
8.57
8.43
8.86
8.68
8.93
0.00
19

8
Mikhail Kolyada
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
86.69
43.84
43.85
8.96
8.54
8.64
8.82
8.89
–1.00
27

9
Michal Březina
 Czech Republic
85.15
44.34
40.81
8.25
7.89
8.25
8.21
8.21
0.00
13

10
Keegan Messing
 Canada
85.11
45.50
40.61
8.04
7.96
8.07
8.29
8.25
−1.00
12

11
Jorik Hendrickx
 Belgium
84.74
44.17
40.57
7.96
7.89
8.25
8.18
8.29
0.00
17

12
Vincent Zhou
 United States
84.53
48.50
36.03
7.39
6.96
7.11
7.32
7.25
0.00
3

13
Oleksii Bychenko
 Israel
84.13
43.63
40.50
7.93
7.71
8.36
8.18
8.32
0.00
23

14
Misha Ge
 Uzbekistan
83.90
41.75
42.15
8.18
8.18
8.54
8.46
8.79
0.00
16

15
Cha Jun-hwan
 South Korea
83.43
43.79
39.64
7.93
7.68
8.07
8.00
7.96
0.00
14

16
Brendan Kerry
 Australia
83.06
45.49
37.57
7.57
7.36
7.61
7.57
7.46
0.00
10

17
Nathan Chen
 United States
82.27
41.39
41.88
8.46
8.32
8.14
8.57
8.39
–1.00
26

18
Daniel Samohin
 Israel
80.69
43.29
38.40
7.79
7.29
7.79
7.71
7.82
–1.00
18

19
Yan Han
 China
80.63
40.99
40.64
8.46
8.07
7.86
8.18
8.07
−1.00
8

20
Keiji Tanaka
 Japan
80.05
40.30
40.75
8.36
7.86
8.07
8.21
8.25
–1.00
22

21
Deniss Vasiļjevs
 Latvia
79.52
39.34
41.18
8.25
8.00
8.18
8.39
8.36
–1.00
24

22
Moris Kvitelashvili
 Georgia
76.56
40.88
36.68
7.46
7.11
7.32
7.43
7.36
−1.00
11

23
Matteo Rizzo
 Italy
75.63
39.23
36.40
7.29
7.11
7.29
7.39
7.32
0.00
5

24
Paul Fentz
 Germany
74.73
37.71
37.02
7.46
7.25
7.46
7.46
7.39
0.00
15

Did not advance to free skating

25
Julian Yee
 Malaysia
73.58
38.37
35.21
7.07
6.82
7.11
7.14
7.07
0.00
9

26
Chafik Besseghier
 France
72.10
38.41
33.69
6.79
6.29
6.89
6.86
6.86
0.00
2

27
Denis Ten
 Kazakhstan
70.12
30.77
39.35
8.11
7.82
7.46
8.07
7.89
0.00
4

28
Michael Christian Martinez
 Philippines
55.56
26.04
29.52
5.96
5.64
5.96
6.00
5.96
0.00
6

29
Felipe Montoya
 Spain
52.41
22.59
30.82
6.25
6.07
6.00
6.25
6.25
−1.00
1

30
Yaroslav Paniot
 Ukraine
46.58
18.68
29.90
6.43
5.79
5.61
6.21
5.86
−2.00
7

text:
Notes:
WR - World record
TSS - Total Segment Score; TES - Technical Element Score; PCS - Program Component Score
SS - Skating Skills; TR - Transitions; PE - Performance/Execution
CH - Choreography; IN - Interpretation; Ded - Deduction; StN - Starting Number

text: Free skating[edit]

text: The free skating was held on 17 February 2018.[3][10]

text:
Pl.
Name
Nation
TSS
TES
PCS
SS
TR
PE
CH
IN
Ded
StN

1
Nathan Chen
 United States
215.08
127.64
87.44
8.82
8.32
9.04
8.79
8.75
0.00
9

2
Yuzuru Hanyu
 Japan
206.17
109.55
96.62
9.71
9.50
9.64
9.71
9.75
0.00
22

3
Shoma Uno
 Japan
202.73
111.01
92.72
9.36
9.07
9.25
9.32
9.36
–1.00
24

4
Javier Fernández
 Spain
197.66
101.52
96.14
9.46
9.43
9.64
9.79
9.75
0.00
23

5
Jin Boyang
 China
194.45
109.69
85.76
8.71
8.21
8.64
8.68
8.64
–1.00
20

6
Vincent Zhou
 United States
192.16
112.24
79.92
8.04
7.71
8.25
7.96
8.00
0.00
15

7
Mikhail Kolyada
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
177.56
91.62
87.94
9.00
8.64
8.68
8.86
8.72
–2.00
16

8
Patrick Chan
 Canada
173.42
81.56
91.86
9.32
9.14
8.66
9.29
9.32
0.00
21

9
Oleksii Bychenko
 Israel
172.88
89.08
83.80
8.39
8.04
8.61
8.43
8.43
0.00
7

10
Adam Rippon
 United States
171.41
84.47
86.94
8.75
8.54
8.68
8.71
8.79
0.00
18

11
Daniel Samohin
 Israel
170.75
89.03
81.72
8.32
7.75
8.32
8.18
8.29
0.00
8

12
Keegan Messing
 Canada
170.32
84.88
85.44
8.50
8.29
8.61
8.61
8.71
0.00
14

13
Dmitri Aliev
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
168.53
85.39
85.13
8.64
8.39
8.32
8.61
8.61
–2.00
19

14
Cha Jun-hwan
 South Korea
165.16
84.94
81.22
8.21
7.86
8.25
8.11
8.18
–1.00
13

15
Keiji Tanaka
 Japan
164.78
85.64
81.14
8.36
7.89
8.00
8.18
8.14
–2.00
5

16
Jorik Hendrickx
 Belgium
164.21
81.79
82.42
8.25
7.96
8.36
8.25
8.39
0.00
13

17
Misha Ge
 Uzbekistan
161.04
74.96
86.08
8.46
8.36
8.54
8.75
8.93
0.00
10

18
Michal Březina
 Czech Republic
160.92
76.58
84.34
8.57
8.21
8.39
8.57
8.43
0.00
17

19
Matteo Rizzo
 Italy
156.78
80.86
75.92
7.64
7.32
7.79
7.64
7.57
0.00
2

20
Deniss Vasiļjevs
 Latvia
155.06
76.42
80.64
8.14
7.86
7.96
8.18
8.18
–2.00
1

21
Brendan Kerry
 Australia
150.75
73.33
77.42
7.96
7.54
7.68
7.82
7.71
0.00
12

22
Paul Fentz
 Germany
139.82
66.98
72.84
7.50
7.14
7.14
7.39
7.25
0.00
3

23
Yan Han
 China
132.38
53.80
79.58
8.56
7.82
7.57
8.04
8.00
–1.00
4

24
Moris Kvitelashvili
 Georgia
128.01
63.35
70.66
7.34
6.86
6.68
7.32
7.04
–6.00
6

text:
Notes:
TSS - Total Segment Score; TES - Technical Element Score; PCS - Program Component Score
SS - Skating Skills; TR - Transitions; PE - Performance/Execution
CH - Choreography; IN - Interpretation; Ded - Deduction; StN - Starting Number

text: Overall[edit]

text: The skaters were ranked according to their overall score.[11]

text:
Rank
Name
Nation
TP
SP
FS

01 !
Yuzuru Hanyu
 Japan
317.85
111.68
1
206.17
2

02 !
Shoma Uno
 Japan
306.90
104.17
3
202.73
3

03 !
Javier Fernández
 Spain
305.24
107.58
2
197.66
4

4
Jin Boyang
 China
297.77
103.32
4
194.45
5

5
Nathan Chen
 United States
297.35
82.27
17
215.08
1

6
Vincent Zhou
 United States
276.69
84.53
12
192.16
6

7
Dmitri Aliev
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
267.51
98.98
5
168.53
13

8
Mikhail Kolyada
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
264.25
86.69
8
177.56
7

9
Patrick Chan
 Canada
263.43
90.01
6
173.42
8

10
Adam Rippon
 United States
259.36
87.95
7
171.41
10

11
Oleksii Bychenko
 Israel
257.01
84.13
13
172.88
9

12
Keegan Messing
 Canada
255.43
85.11
10
170.32
12

13
Daniel Samohin
 Israel
251.44
80.69
18
170.75
11

14
Jorik Hendrickx
 Belgium
248.95
84.74
11
164.21
16

15
Cha Jun-hwan
 South Korea
248.59
83.43
15
165.16
14

16
Michal Březina
 Czech Republic
246.07
85.15
9
160.92
18

17
Misha Ge
 Uzbekistan
244.94
83.90
14
161.04
17

18
Keiji Tanaka
 Japan
244.83
80.05
20
164.78
15

19
Deniss Vasiļjevs
 Latvia
234.58
79.52
21
155.06
20

20
Brendan Kerry
 Australia
233.81
83.06
16
150.75
21

21
Matteo Rizzo
 Italy
232.41
75.63
23
156.78
19

22
Paul Fentz
 Germany
214.55
74.73
24
139.82
22

23
Yan Han
 China
213.01
80.63
19
132.38
23

24
Moris Kvitelashvili
 Georgia
204.57
76.56
22
128.01
24

Did not advance to free skating

25
Julian Yee
 Malaysia

73.58
25

26
Chafik Besseghier
 France

72.10
26

27
Denis Ten
 Kazakhstan

70.12
27

28
Michael Christian Martinez
 Philippines

55.56
28

29
Felipe Montoya
 Spain

52.41
29

30
Yaroslav Paniot
 Ukraine

46.58
30

text: TP - Total points; SP - Short program; FS - Free skating