document_title: Modern display of the Confederate flag

question_text: when was the confederate flag raised in south carolina

question_tokens: when was the confederate flag raised in south carolina

text: Modern display of the Confederate flag

text: Background[edit]

text: The Confederate States of America (CSA) originally used three national flags during the American Civil War. The latter two incorporated the "Southern cross" canton that was widely recognized as a symbol of the Confederacy by 1863.

text: The vernacular "Confederate flag"[edit]

text: Designed by William Porcher Miles, the chairman of the Flag and Seal Committee of the Confederate Provisional Congress, the flag now generally known as the "Confederate flag" was initially proposed, and rejected, as the national flag in 1861. The design was instead adopted as a battle flag by the Army of Northern Virginia (ANV) under General Robert E. Lee.[5]

text: Most popular today is a rectangularized variant of the originally square ANV battle flag, common in modern reproductions. (A similarly rectangular flag was used during the war by the Army of Tennessee under General Joseph E. Johnston.[6][7]) Despite never having historically represented the Confederacy as a country nor been officially recognized as one of its flags, it is commonly referred to as "the Confederate Flag" and has become a widely recognized symbol of the American South.[8] It is also known as the "rebel flag", "Dixie flag", "the Confederate battle flag", and "Southern cross", and is often incorrectly referred to as the "Stars and Bars".[9] (The actual "Stars and Bars" is the first national flag, which used an entirely different design.) The self-declared Confederate exclave of Town Line, New York, lacking a genuine Confederate flag, flew a version of this flag prior to its 1946 vote to ceremonially rejoin the Union.

text: Revival and controversy[edit]

text: Confederate soldiers were not familiar with the modern flag as such, but many were fond of the flags of their own units. These often included design elements found on the modern Confederate flag. They honored battlefield comradery rather than Southern nationalism. During the "memorial period" that ran from the late 19th century through the 1920s, use of Confederate flags broadened and they became the symbolic embodiment of the Lost Cause.[10] The Confederate battle flag was added to the state flag of Mississippi in 1894 and appeared on two former state flags of Georgia from 1956 until 2003.[11] The 50th anniversary reunion at Gettysburg in 1913 was a turning point in obtaining national acceptance of the flag and other Confederate symbols. The flag appears prominently in Birth of a Nation (1915). The second Ku Klux Klan (1915–1944), a group inspired by this film, was a nativist organization that flew the U.S. flag exclusively. Margaret Mitchell's novel, Gone with the Wind, led to a brief but intense period of nostalgia for the Old South during which the Confederate flag appeared widely.[12] In the film adaptation, the flag flutters over a scene of vast carnage.

text: Unofficial military use[edit]

text: During World War II some U.S. military units with Southern nicknames, or made up largely of Southerners, made the flag their unofficial emblem. The USS Columbia flew a Confederate Navy Ensign as a battle flag throughout combat in the South Pacific in World War II. This was done in honor of Columbia, the ship's namesake and the capital city of South Carolina, the first state to secede from the Union. Some soldiers carried Confederate flags into battle. After the Battle of Okinawa a Confederate flag was raised over Shuri Castle by a Marine from the self-styled "Rebel Company" (Company A of the 1st Battalion, 5th Marines). It was visible for miles and was taken down after three days on the orders of General Simon B. Buckner, Jr. (son of Confederate general Simon Buckner, Sr.), who stated that it was inappropriate as "Americans from all over are involved in this battle". It was replaced with the regulation, 48-star flag of the United States.[13] By the end of World War II, the use of the Confederate flag in the military was rare.[14]

text: Political groups[edit]

text: The 1948 Dixiecrat political party extensively used Confederate symbols, including the battle flag, and contributed to the flag's post-World War II re-popularization.[15] According to historian John Coski, segregationists utilized Confederate symbols as both they and the Confederates had similar goals, that is, opposition to any "change the south's racial status quo." As a result, Coski stated that "There could be no more fitting opposition" to desegregation "than the Confederate battle flag. Although segregationists lost their battle and their cause was discredited, attitudes of white supremacy live on."[16]

text: In Georgia, the Confederate battle flag was reintroduced as an element of the state flag in 1956, just two years after the Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education. It was considered by many to be a protest against school desegregation.[17] It was also raised at the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) during protests against integration of schools.[18]

text: Supporters of the flag's continued use claim it is a symbol of Southern ancestry and heritage as well as representing a distinct and independent cultural tradition of the Southern United States from the rest of the country. Some groups use the "southern cross" as one of the symbols associated with their organizations, including groups such as the Ku Klux Klan.[19] However, the flag of the United States is commonly used instead. For other supporters, the Confederate flag represents only a past era of southern sovereignty.[20] As the public display of Nazi flags (or any other flags) is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guarantees the right to freedom of speech[21], the Nazi Reichskriegsflagge has also been seen on display at white supremacist "events" within United States borders, side-by-side with the Confederate flag.[22]

text: Historian John Coski noted that the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the "most visible, active, and effective defender of the flag", "carried forward into the twenty-first century, virtually unchanged, the Lost Cause historical interpretations and ideological vision formulated at the turn of the twentieth."[23] Coski wrote concerning "the flag wars of the late twentieth century":

text: From the ... early 1950s, SCV officials defended the integrity of the battle flag against trivialization and against those who insisted that its display was unpatriotic or racist. SCV spokesmen reiterated the consistent argument that the South fought a legitimate war for independence, not a war to defend slavery, and that the ascendant "Yankee" view of history falsely vilified the South and led people to misinterpret the battle flag.[24]

text: The allied United Daughters of the Confederacy and other historical societies also used the flag as part of their symbols.

text: From a very different political perspective, both the Southern Student Organizing Committee and the Young Patriots Organization (the latter among Southern migrants in Chicago), were 1960/70s New Left anti-racist movements that attempted to reappropriate the Confederate flag in their symbolism.

text: Religious groups[edit]

text: In 2016 the Southern Baptist Convention passed a resolution at their annual meeting calling for Southern Baptist churches to stop displaying the Confederate flag, as a "sign of solidarity of the whole Body of Christ."[25]

text: Public opinion (2011-2015)[edit]

text: The Confederate flag is a controversial symbol for many Americans today. A 2011 Pew Research Center poll revealed that 30% of Americans had a "negative reaction" when "they saw the Confederate flag displayed."[26] According to the same poll, 9% of Americans had a positive reaction. A majority (58%) had no reaction. Among black Americans, 41% had a negative reaction, 10% had a positive reaction and 45% had no reaction. A similar poll taken in 2015 revealed little change from 2011.[27]

text: In an October 2013 YouGov poll, a plurality (38%) of those polled disapproved of displaying the flag in public places.[28] In the same poll, a plurality (44%) of those asked viewed the flag as a symbol of racism, with 24% viewing it as exclusively racist and 20% viewing it as both racist and symbolic of pride in the region.[28]

text: In a national survey in 2015 across all races, 57% of Americans had the opinion that the Confederate flag represented Southern pride rather than racism. A similar poll in 2000 had a nearly identical result of 59%. However, poll results from only the South yielded a completely different result. 75% of Southern whites described the flag as a symbol of pride, while, conversely, 75% of Southern blacks said the flag symbolized racism.[29]

text: Historical and modern meaning[edit]

text: As a result of these varying perceptions, there have been a number of political controversies surrounding the use of the Confederate battle flag in Southern state flags, at sporting events, at Southern universities, and on public buildings.[30] In their study of Confederate symbols in the contemporary Southern United States, the Southern political scientists James Michael Martinez, William Donald Richardson, and Ron McNinch-Su wrote:

text: The battle flag was never adopted by the Confederate Congress, never flew over any state capitols during the Confederacy, and was never officially used by Confederate veterans' groups. The flag probably would have been relegated to Civil War museums if it had not been resurrected by the resurgent KKK and used by Southern Dixiecrats during the 1948 presidential election.[31]

text: Southern historian Gordon Rhea further wrote in 2011 that:

text: It is no accident that Confederate symbols have been the mainstay of white supremacist organizations, from the Ku Klux Klan to the skinheads. They did not appropriate the Confederate battle flag simply because it was pretty. They picked it because it was the flag of a nation dedicated to their ideals: 'that the negro is not equal to the white man'. The Confederate flag, we are told, represents heritage, not hate. But why should we celebrate a heritage grounded in hate, a heritage whose self-avowed reason for existence was the exploitation and debasement of a sizeable segment of its population?[32]

text: Symbols of the Confederacy remain a contentious issue across the United States and their civic placement has been debated vigorously in many southern U.S. state legislatures since the early 1990s, such as the effort that led to the replacement of Georgia's flag in 2001.[33] Supporters have labeled attempts to display the flag as an exercise of free speech in response to bans in some schools and universities, but have not always been successful in court[34] when attempting to use this justification.

text: Popularity outside of the southern U.S.[edit]

text: The flag has found some popularity in places far outside of the former Confederacy, especially in rural areas in the United States.[35]

text: Pacific Northwest[edit]

text: When researching his ethnography of whites, Searching for Whitopia, scholar Rich Benjamin kept a notepad while traveling the Pacific Northwest. "I remember driving through swaths of Washington and Oregon and seeing a lot of Confederate flags," Benjamin explained to journalist Matthew Novak. "There are a lot of refugees from the South who seem attracted to Oregon not because they're racists, but because Oregon has a racial homogeneity and a conservatism and a gun culture that they really appreciate." The Pacific Northwest offers a cultural collision between the confederate flag, other emblems of racism, and its new technological profit hubs.[36]

text: Calls for the removal of Confederate flags from Jefferson Davis Park in Southwestern Washington State began in 2015, after the Charleston church shooting, by Rev. Marva Edwards, the president of Vancouver's NAACP chapter.[37] [38] Even though the markers and flags are located on private property, they are and were intended to be highly visible (to all cars travelling Interstate 5). Their visibility, and events in other parts of the nation regarding Confederate memorials, still make these symbols a local focus of strong emotions, especially in the aftermath of the white nationalist Unite the Right rally August 11–12, 2017.[39][40]

text: In film and television[edit]

text: The 1979–1985 American television series The Dukes of Hazzard, set in a fictional Georgia county, featured the General Lee stock car with the flag prominently painted over its roof throughout the series' run.

text: Use by musicians[edit]

text: The Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd made heavy use of the flag. They tried distancing themselves from it because of its racial connotations in 2012,[41] but then resumed using it that same year.[42]

text: Metal band Pantera sold numerous items in their official online store that featured the flag until July 2015.[43] Founding member Dimebag Darrell, who was shot and killed in 2004, used a Dean ML guitar customized with the flag covering the guitar's body. As of July 2015, singer Phil Anselmo distanced himself from usage of the flag.[44]

text: University of Mississippi statue[edit]

text: On February 16, 2014, University of Mississippi campus police discovered the James Meredith memorial statue, erected in October 2006, surrounded with pre-2003 Georgia State Flags (containing the Confederate Flag) and a rope tied into a noose around the neck of the statue. Meredith, an alumnus of the University of Mississippi, was, in October 1962, the first African American to attend the school.[45] The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Oxford, Mississippi Police Department conducted an investigation shortly after the event which led to the arrest of Graeme Phillip Harris, a former freshman at the university. Harris pleaded guilty in June 2015 to a misdemeanor for using threat of force to intimidate African-American students and employees. U.S. District Judge Michael P. Mills sentenced Harris to six months in prison, followed by twelve months of supervision after release.[46] A second student, Austin Reed Edenfield, 21, was sentenced to a year of probation in addition to 50 hours of community service.[47] A third student has yet to be charged.[48]

text: House bill banning flag at VA cemeteries[edit]

text: On May 19, 2016, the United States House of Representatives voted to ban the display of Confederate flags on flagpoles at Veterans Administration cemeteries, by a 265-159 vote. The ban was contained in an amendment (House Amendment 592, 114th Congress) to House bill 2822, an appropriations bill.[49] The author of the amendment was California congressman Jared Huffman, who stated that the flag represented "racism, slavery and division."[50][51]

text: In June 2016, Republicans in Congress attempted to attach an amendment to a bill funding the fight against the Zika virus epidemic that would have reversed the flag ban. It was just one provision of several that Republicans had attached, including an amendment cutting Planned Parenthood funding. Senate Democrats blocked the bill through filibuster.[52][53]

text: Six Flags Over Texas[edit]

text: On August 2017, in response to the controversial Unite the Right rally that was held in Charlottesville, the park Six Flags Over Texas replaced their six flags (which had included the Confederate flag) with six American flags. A representative of the park told KXAS-TV, "We always choose to focus on celebrating the things that unite us versus those that divide us. As such, we have changed the flag displays in our park to feature American flags."[54]

text: Display at American University[edit]

text: On September 27, 2017, ten Confederate flag posters bearing chunks of cotton were found on the campus of American University.

text: The date coincided with the presentation by historian Ibram Kendi to introduce the Antiracist Research and Policy Center.

text: Official usage in southern U.S. states[edit]

text: In the years after the end of the American Civil War, many former slave states that were members of the Confederacy during the war adopted new state flags. Incorporating in their new flags' designs were motifs that were used in the Confederacy's flags, such as the St. Andrew's cross. In the case of Mississippi, Florida, and Alabama, these new state flags were adopted around the same time that new Jim Crow segregation laws were being enacted. These laws, combined with poll taxes, literacy tests, and extrajudicial violence such as lynchings, disenfranchised African American voters for the next several decades.[55] According to historian John M. Coski:

text: The flag changes in Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida coincided with the passage of formal Jim Crow segregation laws throughout the South. Four years before Mississippi incorporated a Confederate battle flag into its state flag, its constitutional convention passed pioneering provisions to 'reform' politics by effectively disenfranchising most African Americans.

text: State flags[edit]

text: Alabama[edit]

text: Though state legislation described the flag of Alabama as being based on the design of St. Andrew's Cross,[56] it has been hypothesized that the crimson saltire of the flag was designed to resemble the blue saltire of the Confederate Battle Flag. The legislation that created the state flag did not specify if the flag was going to be square or rectangular.[57] The authors of a 1917 article in National Geographic expressed their opinion that because the Alabama flag was based on the Battle Flag, it should be square.[58] In 1987, the office of Alabama Attorney General Don Siegelman issued an opinion in which the Battle Flag derivation is repeated, but concluded that the proper shape is rectangular, as it had been depicted numerous times in official publications and reproductions.[59]

text: Another slim possibility is in the flag of Co. F 7th Regiment Alabama Cavalry. The regiment was the only Alabama regiment in Rucker's Brigade commanded by Col. Edmund Rucker of Tennessee, later Alabama, who became a prominent Montgomery businessman after the war. The flag of the brigade used a white background with a red saltire which did not always extend to the corners and charged with dark colored stars upon the saltire. The flag of Co. F, 7th Alabama Cavalry is currently held by the Alabama Department of Archives and History as part of its Alabama Civil War Period Flag Collection.[60] But, the flag carried by Co. F 7th Alabama was not an Alabama Flag, it was the flag made for Rucker's Brigade a month before the 7th joined his brigade; the 7th was color party only after September 24, 1864. A bunting flag that exists, in the white and red configuration with 13 blue stars, is not believed to be Alabama associated, but tied to Rucker's Brigade.

text: Arkansas[edit]

text: The flag of Arkansas contains a 4 blue stars within a diamond representing the 4 countries that historically controlled the territory, one of these stars represents the Confederate States of America. [61][62]

text: Florida[edit]

text: The current flag of Florida, adopted by popular referendum in 1900, with minor changes in 1985, contains the St. Andrew's Cross. It is believed that the Cross was added in memory of, and showing support for, the Confederacy.[63][64] The addition of the Cross was proposed by Governor Francis P. Fleming, a former Confederate soldier, who was strongly committed to racial segregation.

text: Georgia[edit]

text: In 1956 the Georgian state flag was redesigned to incorporate the Confederate battle flag. Following protests over this aspect of the design in the 1990s by the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and other groups, efforts began in the Georgia General Assembly to remove the battle flag from the state flag's design. These efforts succeeded in January 2001 when Georgia Governor Roy Barnes introduced a design that, though continuing to depict the Battle Flag, greatly reduced its prominence.

text: The following year, amidst dwindling demands for the return of the 1956 design ("Battle Flag" version) and lesser opposing demands for the continued use of the new "Barnes'" design, the Georgia General Assembly redesigned the flag yet again; it adopted a "compromise" design using the 13-star First National Flag of the Confederacy (the "Stars and Bars"), combined with a simplified version of Georgia's state seal placed within the circle of 13 stars on the flag's canton.

text: Mississippi[edit]

text: The Confederate battle flag became a part of the flag of Mississippi in 1894. In 1906 the flag statutes were omitted by error from the new legal code of the state, leaving Mississippi without an official flag. The omission was not discovered until 1993, when a lawsuit filed by the NAACP regarding the flag was being reviewed by the Supreme Court of Mississippi. In 2000 Governor Ronnie Musgrove issued an executive order making the flag official, which it did in February 2001. After continued controversy, the decision was turned over to citizens of the state, who, on April 17, 2001, voted 2:1 to keep the Confederate Battle Flag a part of the current state flag.[65]

text: Following the Charleston church shooting in June 2015 and subsequent discussion of the flying of the Confederate Battle Flag at the South Carolina State House, Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives Philip Gunn publicly called for the removal of the Confederate Battle Flag from the flag of Mississippi.[66]

text: North Carolina[edit]

text: The present form, a variant of the confederate's war flag, dates back to 1885 and bears the initials of the federal state. The red field of the old flag was replaced by blue, as a reminder of the Bonnie Blue Flag, which was used as a symbol of secession during the war.[citation needed]

text: State seals[edit]

text: The first Confederate flag appears on the reverse of the Seal of Texas, along with five other flags, together representing the six countries which have had sovereignty over Texas. These six flags are also flown Austin.

text: The Alabamian coat of arms features the Confederate battle flag's saltire in its design. Similar to Texas, the saltire on the coat of arms represents one of the five countries which have held sovereignty over part or all of Alabama.

text: The shield of the Confederacy was found in the Rotunda of the Florida Capitol, together with those of France, Spain, England, and the United States – all of them treated equally as "nations" that Florida was part of or governed by. The five flags "that have flown in Florida" were included on the official Senate seal, displayed prominently in the Senate chambers, on its stationery, and throughout the Capitol. On October 19, 2015, the Senate agreed to change the seal so as to remove the Confederate battle flag from it.[67] The new (2016) Senate seal has only the flags of the United States and Florida.[68]

text: Vehicle license plates[edit]

text: In Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee, vehicle owners can request a state-issued license plate featuring the Sons of Confederate Veterans logo, which incorporates the square Confederate battle flag.[69]

text: In 1998, a North Carolina appellate court upheld the issuance of such license plates in the case Sons of Confederate v. DMV, noting: "We are aware of the sensitivity of many of our citizens to the display of the Confederate flag. Whether the display of the Confederate flag on state-issued license plates represents sound public policy is not an issue presented to this Court in this case. That is an issue for our General Assembly."[70]

text: In 2015, the dispute over Texas vanity plates that would have displayed the logo ended up before the United States Supreme Court.[71] In its decision in Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans, the court ruled that license plates are governmental speech, so the government may decide what to have printed on them. Texas's refusal to issue flag-emblazoned license plates therefore didn't violate petitioners' right to free speech.[72]

text: In 2015, Virginia recalled its vanity plates with the Confederate flag emblem pictured within the logo of the Sons of Confederate Veterans.[73] To holders of SCV plates, the state mailed replacements without the emblem. The old design with the emblem was invalidated and driving with such Virginia tags was made a misdemeanor similar to driving an unlicensed vehicle, though in October 2015 a SCV legal team tried fighting the ban in court.[73]

text: Display at South Carolina State Capitol[edit]

text: The Confederate battle flag was raised over the State House on April 11, 1961 at the request of Representative John May,[citation needed] ostensibly as a part of opening celebrations of the Confederate War Centennial, according to Dr. Daniel Hollis, an appointed member of the centennial commission. Many historians point out that the appearance of the flag likely had a more nefarious purpose: to symbolize Southern defiance in the face of a burgeoning Civil Rights Movement. In March 1962, lawmakers passed a resolution directing the flag be flown over the State House.[74][75][76] As Time magazine later noted, the move was "a states’-rights rebuff to desegregation."[77]

text: On April 12, 2000, the South Carolina State Senate passed a bill to remove the Confederate flag from the top of the State House dome by a majority vote of 36 to 7.[78] "...[T]he new bill specified that a more traditional version of the battle flag would be flown in front of the Capitol next to a monument honoring fallen Confederate soldiers." The bill also passed the state's House of Representatives, but not without some difficulty. On May 18, 2000, after the bill was modified to ensure that the height of the flag's new pole would be 30 feet (9 m), it was passed by a majority of 66 to 43.[79] Governor Jim Hodges signed the bill into law five days later after it passed the state Senate. On July 1, 2000 the flag was removed from atop the State House by two students (one white and one black) from The Citadel; a more historically accurate Confederate battle flag was then raised on a 30-foot pole on the front lawn of the Capitol next to a slightly taller monument honoring Confederate soldiers[80] who died during the Civil War. State law prohibited the flag's removal from the State House grounds without additional legislation.

text: In 2005, two Western Carolina University researchers found that 74% of African-Americans polled favored removing the flag from the State House altogether.[81] The NAACP and other civil rights groups attacked the flag's continued presence at the state capitol. The NAACP maintained an official economic boycott of South Carolina for 15 years, citing the state's continued display of the battle flag, until the flag was eventually removed completely from the State House grounds.[82][83]

text: In 2000, the National Collegiate Athletic Association "announced that it will cancel future Association-sponsored events in South Carolina if that state doesn't take action to remove the Confederate battle flag from atop its state capitol." The association said that "many coaches and student-athletes feel that an inhospitable environment is created by the display of the Confederate flag over the South Carolina state house", and its chair said "there is no question that to a significant number of our constituents, the flag is a symbol of oppression." This has prevented South Carolina from hosting any championship sporting events in which the sites are determined in advance.[84] This NCAA ban on post-season championships in South Carolina has been strictly enforced, with the exception of HBCU Benedict College. In both 2007 and 2009, the school hosted the post-season Pioneer Bowl game, in violation of the NCAA ban, though no action was taken.[85] On April 14, 2007, Steve Spurrier, coach of the University of South Carolina football team, made an acceptance speech for a community service award in which he referred to the flag on the State House grounds as "that damn flag." This statement was also inspired by the actions of, as Spurrier said, "some clown" who waved the battle flag while being videotaped for SportsCenter.[86] On July 6, 2009, the Atlantic Coast Conference announced a decision to move three future baseball tournaments out of South Carolina citing miscommunications with the NAACP concerning the display of the Confederate flag in the state.[87]

text: The flag was removed in 2015 in the wake of the Charleston church shooting.

text: Reactions to 2015 Charleston church shooting[edit]

text: On June 18, the day after a deadly church shooting in Charleston, South Carolina, perpetrated by Dylann Roof, a white supremacist, whose website, lastrhodesian.com, contained pictures of him holding the Confederate Battle Flag. Many flags, including those at the South Carolina State House, were flown at half-staff. The Confederate battle flag flying over the South Carolina Confederate Monument[88] near the state house was not, as South Carolina law prohibits alteration of the flag without the consent of two-thirds of the state legislature.[89] The flagpole lacked a pulley system, and thus the flag could not be flown at half-staff, only removed.[89]

text: In June 2015, the National Park Service ceased flying Confederate flags over Fort Sumter.[90]

text: On June 23, 2015, three state governors—Terry McAuliffe of Virginia (a Democrat), Pat McCrory of North Carolina (a Republican), and Larry Hogan of Maryland (a Republican)—announced plans to seek discontinuation of their states' Confederate-flag specialty license plates. In addition to the Charleston killings, the governors cited the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans, issued days earlier, in which the Court affirmed that states are not constitutionally obligated to issue Confederate specialty plates.[91]

text: On June 24, 2015, Robert Bentley, governor of Alabama, ordered the removal of the Confederate flag from a memorial on the state capitol grounds. A spokeswoman for Governor Robert Bentley told the Montgomery Advertiser on Wednesday that he did not want the flag to be a "distraction".[92] Speaking with AL.com, Bentley said he made the decision himself to take the flag down.[93]

text: There were renewed calls for the flag of Mississippi, the only state flag that still includes a Confederate battle emblem, to be changed, but several bills introduced in the Mississippi Legislature were not successful.[94] A number of municipalities and schools in Mississippi, including the University of Mississippi and the city of Biloxi, announced they would no longer display the current flag.[94][95]

text: Removal from South Carolina State Capitol[edit]

text: Following the church shooting, many commentators questioned the continued display of the flag at the memorial on the State House grounds.[96][97][98][99][100] The flag had first been erected in 1962 by the state's Democratic governor in a protest against desegregation.[101] Opposition and attempts to remove the flag began almost immediately. In 1996, then-governor David Beasley pushed to have it removed from the Capitol dome, only to back off and then be driven from office two years later in the political blowback.[102]

text: On June 22, 2015, Republican South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley called for the flag's removal from state house grounds.[103] In the following weeks before the flag was officially removed, several men and women, including activist Bree Newsome, were arrested for removing or attempting to remove the flag as well as various other offenses stemming from the protests around the flagpole. The attempts to remove the flag were criticized by several S.C. State legislators who supported the flag's removal because they said such actions could hurt their goal to have the flag permanently removed.[104][105][106][107][108]

text: Calls to remove the Confederate flag from statehouse grounds, as well as debates over the context of its symbolic nature, were renewed after the attack[109][110] by several prominent figures, including President Barack Obama, Mitt Romney, and Jeb Bush.[111] On June 20, several thousand people gathered in front of the South Carolina State House in protest. An online petition at MoveOn.org encouraging the removal of the flag had received over 370,000 signatures by that time.[112]

text: At a statehouse press conference on June 22, 2015, Governor Nikki Haley, flanked by elected officials of both parties, including U.S. Republican senators Lindsey Graham and Tim Scott, and former Republican Governor Mark Sanford, called for the flag to be removed by the state legislature, saying that while the flag was "an integral part of our past, it does not represent the future" of South Carolina.[113] "We are not going to allow this symbol to divide us any longer," she said. The legislature, scheduled to meet the following day for a budget session, must vote by a two-thirds majority to extend debate to the flag issue, and by two-thirds to remove the flag from statehouse grounds,[114] although the legality of that provision has been questioned by some lawmakers.[115] Haley said she would call for a special session if the legislature did not act.[113]

text: "With the winds that started blowing last week, I figured it would just be a matter of time," said Ken Thrasher, speaking for the South Carolina division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans, which opposes the flag's removal. "Whatever the Legislature decides to do, we will accept it graciously."[115] A number of prominent Republicans who had previously appeared to struggle with the issue immediately endorsed Haley's call to remove the flag, including Kentucky Senator and Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus, and governors and presidential hopefuls Scott Walker and Rick Perry.[116]

text: On June 23, 2015, the South Carolina General Assembly added discussion of the flag to its special-session agenda in a procedural vote that indicated broad bipartisan support to remove the flag from the Statehouse grounds. The motion carried by a unanimous voice vote in the state senate and by a 103–10 vote in the state house. In the senate chamber, the desk of Clementa Pinckney, the pastor and state senator who died in the attack, was draped in black cloth with a white rose atop it. Among the legislators speaking in favor of removing the flag was Republican State Senator Paul Thurmond, son of Senator Strom Thurmond, whose 1948 "Dixiecrat" segregationist presidential campaign helped politically re-popularize the flag.[117][118]

text: Eulogizing the Rev. Clementa Pinckney on June 26, 2015, before 5,000 congregants at the College of Charleston, President Barack Obama acknowledged that the shooting had catalyzed a broad movement, backed by both Republicans and Democrats, to remove the flag from official public display. "Blinded by hatred, [the gunman] failed to comprehend what Reverend Pinckney so well understood: the power of God's grace," Obama said. "By taking down that flag we express God's grace. But I don't think God wants us to stop there."[119][120]

text: On July 6, 2015, the South Carolina Senate voted, by the required two-thirds majority, to remove the Confederate flag from display on the grounds of the South Carolina State House. Following 13 hours of debate and over 60 attempts to amend the bill, the vote in the South Carolina House of Representatives to remove the flag was passed by a two-thirds majority (94–20) on July 9. Governor Nikki Haley signed the bill the same day.[121] On July 10, the Confederate flag was taken down for the last time and it will be stored until it can be later shown at the South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum.[122]

text: Following the removal of the flag, the NAACP announced the end of its boycott of South Carolina.[83] This action marks the end of a fifteen year long boycott of the state. The initiation of the boycott began in 2000, when the Confederate Flag was moved from atop the State House to a Confederate memorial on the grounds of the Capitol. A motion to remove the boycott by the NAACP was called shortly after state legislation voted to remove the flag from the Capitol grounds. NAACP President Cornell William Brooks celebrated the state's decision, commenting that the action would make South Carolina more welcoming for all people regardless of their skin color.[123]

text: Retailer bans[edit]

text: Following the Charleston church shooting, the retailer Walmart announced that it would no longer sell items with the Confederate flag on them.[124] In a statement to the press, Walmart stated that "We never want to offend anyone with the products that we offer. We have taken steps to remove all items promoting the Confederate flag from our assortment – whether in our stores or on our web site."[125][126]

text: Shortly afterward, a number of other retailers, including Amazon.com, eBay, Etsy, Sears (which also operates Kmart) and Target announced that they would also be removing Confederate flag items from sale.[127][128] Google also pulled Confederate flag merchandise from their shopping site.[129] Smaller flag retailers are also ceasing to sell it.[130]

text: Valley Forge Flag, Annin Flagmakers, Eder Flag and the Dixie Flag Manufacturing Company, four of the largest U.S. flag manufacturers, also announced that they would cease selling Confederate flags.[129][131][132][133]

text: After Dylann Roof's racially motivated murder of nine people in a Charleston church, Warner Bros. announced that they were halting production of The Dukes of Hazzard "General Lee" toy cars, which prominently featured a Confederate flag on the roof of the car.[134] Reruns of The Dukes of Hazzard television show were also pulled from TV Land's schedule due to the controversy.[135] On July 2, 2015, professional golfer Bubba Watson announced that he would modify the General Lee car that he purchased at auction by painting an American flag over the Confederate flag that had appeared on the car's roof since it was customized for the TV series in 1978.[136][137] Actor Ben Jones, who portrayed Cooter in the original series, announced that his chain of Cooter's Place novelty stores would still sell merchandise featuring the flag.[138] Actor John Schneider, who portrayed Bo Duke in The Dukes of Hazzard television series, said he was "saddened" that Roof's murders could "cause one of the most beloved television shows in the history of the medium to suddenly be seen in this light."[139]

text: Also in June 2015, Apple's App Store began removing mobile apps featuring the flag.[140] Several U.S Civil War-based wargames were initially removed, but Apple later announced that they were only targeting apps "that use the Confederate flag in offensive or mean-spirited ways" and was working with developers who felt that their apps were wrongly removed.[140][141]

text: The U.S. National Park Service announced that it is requesting that its retail partners stop selling the Confederate flag, as well as other items that depict the flag as a stand-alone feature.[142][143]

text: NASCAR[edit]

text: Following the Charleston church shooting, the American auto racing sanctioning body NASCAR, which has roots in the Southern United States and has many fans who fly the Confederate flag at campsites, supported Governor Haley in removing the Confederate flag from the South Carolina State House. In addition, NASCAR chairman Brian France vowed the sanctioning body would not associate themselves with the flag and wanted to eliminate the flag from races. NASCAR Sprint Cup Series drivers and teammates Dale Earnhardt Jr. and Jeff Gordon, along with team owner and former NBA player Brad Daugherty (the only African-American team owner in NASCAR), also supported eliminating the Confederate flag from racing events.[144] Prior to the Coke Zero 400 race at Daytona International Speedway on July 5, 2015, the track announced fans can voluntarily exchange Confederate flags for American flags.[145] On July 2, 2015, the NASCAR tracks issued a joint statement calling for fans to refrain from flying the Confederate flag at races,[146] but many fans still continued the practice.[147]

text: Washington National Cathedral[edit]

text: At the Washington National Cathedral, the Confederate battle flag appeared in two stained glass windows, which memorialize the Confederate generals Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. On June 8, 2016, Mariann Edgar Budde, bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington and the interim dean of the cathedral, said they would be removed "as soon as we can do it," to be replaced, at least temporarily, by plain glass.[148]

text: The windows were installed in 1953 after lobbying from the Daughters of the Confederacy. The dean of the cathedral, the Very Rev. Gary Hall, stated that the Charleston church shooting was the catalyst for the planned removal, saying "It seemed to me that we couldn't, with credibility, address the race agenda if we were going to keep the windows in there."[149][150] On September 6, 2017, workmen were removing them.[151]

text: Trump rallies[edit]

text: Within a year of the shooting at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina, a counter-backlash to the removal of Confederate flags that the shooting inspired is playing out across the country, according to Politico.[152] The counter-backlash has extended to the national political scene as well. In contrast to Trump’s 2015 remarks in favor of removing Confederate flags,[153] Trump has shifted rightward. Many of those in a coalition of racists, anti-government radicals, and states’ rights activists who have led the battle charge for restoration of the rebel flag believe the GOP presumptive nominee is offering dog-whistling encouragement.[152] A police officer, Michael Peters, resigned after being suspended for flying a Confederate flag from his pickup truck at a Nov. 11 "Love Trumps Hate" rally, three days after Trump’s presidential win.[154][155] Even though event organizers of rallies "...asks participants only to bring American flags to the rally, with no Confederate flags allowed."[156], they continue to be seen at rallies.[157] On July 6, 2017, a Confederate battle flag was waved to greet President Trump upon his arrival in Poland for a brief visit before the G20 summit in Hamburg.[158]


document_title: As the Deer

question_text: who wrote as the deer panteth for the water

root

text: As the Deer

text: As the Deer is a well-known praise and worship hymn song by Martin J. Nystrom,[1] a native of Seattle, Washington. Written in 1984, this song is based on Psalm 42:1;[2][3][4][5]

tag: p

text: "As the deer pants for the water,

text:
so my soul longeth after Thee,
 You alone are my heart's desire ,
 and I long to worship Thee"


document_title: The Long Legs of the Law

question_text: who played sandra in only fools and horses

text: The Long Legs of the Law

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: It is the morning after a party at the Nag's Head attended by Del Boy and Rodney, which broke into a near-riot. It emerges that to break up the trouble, a young policewoman (Sandra) had been sent, and Del teases Rodney for trying to ask her out for a date whilst she was dealing with the offenders. Only later at Sid's Cafe does Rodney reveal that he had in fact been successful, and has thus arranged an evening out with her, much to Del's horror.

text: It ends in an argument, with Rodney accusing Del of trying to run his life, and Del countering with details of how he had raised Rodney since he was five. But despite Del's pleas, Rodney takes Sandra out. Del and Grandad solemnly consider the implications of Rodney dating a police officer for their business. Del ultimately concludes that a wrong word from Rodney and [Del] could end up doing five years.

text: Rodney returns home late at night and Grandad reveals to Del that he has brought Sandra home with him, resulting in a panic-stricken Del frantically trying to hide some of the illegal goods in the flat, including three cases of export-only gin and some stolen watches recently purchased from Trigger. Rodney and Sandra come in, and Del suddenly realises that Rodney has given her one of Trigger's watches. He gets it off her after "accidentally" spilling some gin over it, but says that they cannot give her another glass of gin, since they have run out, only for Rodney – without thinking – to reveal the three cases of it hastily hidden behind the curtains by Del. All an exasperated Del can do is shudder and bemoan what a plonker his brother is.

text: Back outside Sandra's flat, she and Rodney say goodnight. She also tells Rodney that she had indeed observed all the illegal goods in the flat, despite Del's efforts to conceal them. Rodney, realising that the situation is largely his own fault, claims full responsibility for all of the stolen goods in the flat, even though he knows it will probably result in him being arrested and will certainly put an end to any hopes of dating Sandra again. However, because she enjoyed the night, rather than arrest him, Sandra decides to give the Trotters 24 hours to get rid of the stolen property, before she returns with the CID. Rodney asks Sandra to go out on another date, but she curtly tells him not to push his luck.

text: The final scene shows the Trotters in their now near-empty flat, with all three still frantically removing stuff and Del still threatening to kill Rodney for getting them into the mess.

text: Episode cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

David Jason
Derek Trotter

Nicholas Lyndhurst
Rodney Trotter

Lennard Pearce
Grandad Trotter

Roy Heather
Sid

Kate Saunders[2]
Sandra

tag: table

text: Notes[edit]

text:
The song that is playing on the radio when Del Boy and Rodney visit Sid's cafe is Del's favourite song, "Old Shep". In the 1982 Christmas Special "Diamonds Are For Heather", Del pays for the song to be played in the Nags Head, and after being dumped by Heather, he pays carol singers to sing it, to cheer himself up.
First episode to use the opening and closing themes sung by John Sullivan.

tag: ul

text: Episode concept[edit]

text: The idea for the script was based on John Sullivan's niece, who worked as a policewoman.[3]


document_title: Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

question_text: when did tottenham hotspur last win the fa cup

question_tokens: when did tottenham hotspur last win the fa cup

text: Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

text: History

text: Formation and early years (1882–1908)

text: The club, originally named Hotspur Football Club, was formed on 5 September 1882 by a group of schoolboys led by Robert Buckle. They were members of the Hotspur Cricket Club, and the football club was formed in order to play sports during the winter months.[4] A year later the boys sought help with the club from John Ripsher, the Bible class teacher at All Hallows Church, who became the first president of the club and its treasurer. Ripsher helped and supported the boys through the club's formative years, reorganised and found premises for the club.[5][6][7] In April 1884, due to mail for another club London Hotspur being misdirected to North London, the club was renamed Tottenham Hotspur Football Club to avoid any further confusion.[8][9]

text: Initially, the boys played games between themselves and friendly matches against other local clubs. The team entered their first cup competition in the London Association Cup, and won their first competitive match on 17 October 1885.[10] The matches of the club began to attract the interest of the local community and attendances at its matches increased. In 1892, they played for the first time in a league, which was the short-lived Southern Alliance.[11]

text: The club turned professional on 20 December 1895, and in the summer of 1896 they were admitted to the Division One of the Southern League. On 2 March 1898, the club also became a limited company, the Tottenham Hotspur Football and Athletic Company.[11] Soon after, Frank Brettell became the first ever manager of Spurs, and he signed John Cameron, who took over as player-manager when Brettell left a year later. Cameron would have a significant impact on Spurs, winning the club its first trophy, the Southern League title. The following year, on 27 April 1901, Spurs won the FA Cup after beating Sheffield United 3–1 in a replay of the 1901 Cup final, and became the only non-League club to have ever achieved such a feat since the formation of The Football League in 1888.[12]

text: Early decades in Football League (1908–1958)

text: In 1908, the club was elected into the Football League Second Division, and won immediate promotion to the First Division when they finished runners-up in their first year in the league. In 1912, Peter McWilliam became manager; however, Tottenham finished bottom of the league at the end of the 1914–15 season when football was suspended due to the First World War. Spurs were relegated to Division Two on the resumption of League football after the war, but quickly returned to Division One as Division Two champions of the 1919–20 season.[13]

text: On 23 April 1921, McWilliam guided Spurs to their second FA Cup win, beating Wolverhampton Wanderers 1–0 in the Cup Final. In 1922, Spurs finished second to Liverpool in the League in 1922, but would finish mid-table in the next five seasons. Spurs was relegated in the 1927–28 season after McWilliam left. For most of the 1930s and 40s, Spurs languished in the Second Division, apart from a brief return to the top flight in the 1933–34 and 1934–35 seasons.[14]

text: Former Spurs player Arthur Rowe became manager in 1949. Rowe developed a style of play, known as "push and run", that proved to be successful in his early years as manager. He took the team back to the First Division after finishing top of the Second Division in 1949–50 season.[15] In his second season in charge, the team won Tottenham's first ever League Championship title when they finished top of the First Division of 1950–51 season. However, he resigned in April 1955 due to illness from the stress of managing the club. Nevertheless, before he left, he signed one of Spurs' most celebrated players, Danny Blanchflower, who would win the FWA Footballer of the Year twice while at Tottenham.[16]

text: Bill Nicholson and the Glory Years (1958–1974)

text: Bill Nicholson took over as manager in October 1958. Nicholson would become the club's most successful manager, guiding the team to major trophy success three seasons in a row in the early 1960s: the double in 1961, the FA Cup in 1962 and the Cup Winners' Cup in 1963. Nicholson signed Dave Mackay and John White in 1959, two influential players of the Double-winning team, and Jimmy Greaves in 1961, the most prolific goalscorer in the history of the top tier of English football.[17]

text: The 1960–61 season started with a run of 11 wins, followed by a draw and another 4 wins, at that time the best ever start by any club in the top flight of English football.[18] The title was won on 17 April 1961 when they beat the eventual runner-up Sheffield Wednesday at home 2–1, with three more games still to play. The Double was achieved when Spurs won 2–0 against Leicester in the final of the 1960–61 FA Cup. This is the first Double of the 20th century, and the first since Aston Villa achieved the feat in 1897.[19] The next year Spurs won their consecutive FA Cup after beating Burnley in the 1962 FA Cup Final.[20]

text: On 15 May 1963 Tottenham would also become the first British team to win a European trophy by winning the 1962–63 European Cup Winners' Cup when they beat Atlético Madrid 5–1 in the Cup Winners' Cup Final.[21] Spurs added another European trophy when they won the 1971–72 UEFA Cup with a rebuilt team that included Martin Chivers, Pat Jennings, and Steve Perryman. They also won the FA Cup in 1967,[22] and two League Cups (in 1971 and 1973). In total, Nicholson won eight major trophies in his 16 years at the club as manager.[23]

text: Burkinshaw to Venables (1974–1992)

text: Spurs went into a period of decline after the successes of the early 70s, and Nicholson decided to resign after a poor start to the 1974–75 season. The team was then relegated at the end of the 1976–77 season with Keith Burkinshaw as manager. Burkinshaw however, quickly returned the club to the top flight, built a team that included Glenn Hoddle as well as two Argentinians Osvaldo Ardiles and Ricardo Villa, whose signings were particularly uncommon in the British game as foreign players in British football were rare at that time.[24] The team that Burkinshaw rebuilt would win the FA Cup in 1981 and 1982,[25] and the UEFA Cup in 1984.[26]

text: The 1980s was a period of change that began with a new phase of redevelopment at White Hart Lane as well as a change of directors. Irving Scholar took over the club and moved it in a more commercial direction, the beginning of the transformation of English football clubs into commercial enterprises.[27][28] Debt at the club, however, would again lead to a change in the boardroom, and Terry Venables teamed up with businessman Alan Sugar in June 1991 to take control of Tottenham Hotspur plc.[29][30][31] Venables, who became manager in 1987, signed players such as Paul Gascoigne and Gary Lineker. Under Venables Spurs won the 1990–91 FA Cup, making them the first club to win eight FA Cups.[32]

text: Premier League football (1992–present)

text: Spurs was one of the five clubs that pushed for the founding of Premier League, created with the approval of The Football Association as replacement for the Football League First Division as the highest division of English football.[33] Despite a succession of managers and players such as Teddy Sheringham, Jürgen Klinsmann and David Ginola, for a long period in the Premier League until the late 2000s, Spurs finished mid-table most seasons with few trophies won. They won the League Cup in 1999 under George Graham, and again in 2008 under Juande Ramos. Performance improved under Harry Redknapp with players such as Gareth Bale and Luka Modrić, and the club finished in the top five in the early 2010s.

text: In February 2001, Sugar sold his share holding in Spurs to ENIC Sports plc, run by Joe Lewis and Daniel Levy, and stepped down as chairman.[34] Lewis and Levy would eventually own 85% of the club, with Levy responsible for the running of the club.[35][36] The current manager is Mauricio Pochettino who was appointed in May 2014.[37]

text: Stadium

text: Early grounds

text: Spurs played their early matches on public land at the Park Lane end of Tottenham Marshes where they needed to mark out and prepare their own pitch.[38] Occasionally fights may break out on the marshes in dispute with other teams over the use of the ground.[39] The first recorded match took place on 30 September 1882 against a local team named the Radicals, which Hotspur lost 2–0.[40] The first Spurs game reported by the local press took place on Tottenham Marshes on 6 October 1883 against Brownlow Rovers, which Spurs won 9–0.[41] It was at this ground that in 1887 Spurs first played the team that would later become their arch rivals Arsenal (then known as Royal Arsenal), leading 2–1 until the match got called off due to poor light after the away team arrived late.[42]

text: As they played on public parkland, the club could not charge admission fees, and while the number of spectators grew to a few thousands, it yielded no gate receipts. In 1888, the club rented a pitch at Asplins Farm next to the railway line at Northumberland Park at a cost of £17 per annum, where spectators may be charged 3d a game, raised to 6d for cup ties.[43] The first match on the ground was on 13 October 1888, a reserve match that yielded gate receipts of 17 shillings. The first stand with just over 100 seats and changing rooms underneath was built on the ground for the 1894–95 season at a cost of £60, however, the stand was blown down a few weeks later and had to be repaired.[44] In April 1898, 14,000 fans turned up to watch Spurs play Woolwich Arsenal. In the overcrowded ground, spectators climbed up onto the roof of the refreshment stand, which then collapsed causing a few injuries. As Northumberland Park could no longer cope with the larger crowds, Spurs were forced to look for a larger ground and moved to the White Hart Lane site in 1899.[45]

text: White Hart Lane

text: The White Hart Lane ground was built on a disused nursery owned by the brewery Charringtons and located behind a public house named White Hart on Tottenham High Road (the actual White Hart Lane road lies a few hundred yards north of the main entrance). The ground was initially leased from Charringtons, and the stands they used at Northumberland Park were moved here, giving shelter for 2,500 spectators.[46] Notts County were the first visitors to 'the Lane' in a friendly watched by 5,000 people and yielded £115 in receipts; Spurs won 4–1.[47] QPR became the first competitive visitors to the ground and 11,000 people saw them lose 1–0 to Tottenham. In 1905, Tottenham raised enough money to buy the freehold to the land as well as land at the northern (Paxton Road) end.

text: After Spurs was admitted to the Football League, the club started to rebuild the stadium, with new stands designed by Archibald Leitch being constructed over the next two and a half decades. The West Stand was added in 1909, the East stand was also covered this year and extended further two years later. The profits from the 1921 FA Cup win were used to build a covered terrace at the Paxton Road end and the Park Lane end was built at a cost of over £3,000 some two years later. This increased the ground's capacity to around 58,000 with room for 40,000 under cover. The East Stand (Worcester Avenue) stand was finished in 1934 and this increased capacity to around 80,000 spectators but cost £60,000.[46]

text: Starting in the early 1980s, the stadium underwent another major phase of redevelopment. The West Stand was replaced by an expensive new structure in 1982, and the East Stand was renovated in 1988. In 1992, following the Taylor Report's recommendation that Premier League clubs eliminate standing areas, the lower terraces of the south and east stand were converted to seating, with the north stand becoming all-seater the following season. The south stand redevelopment was completed in March 1995 and included the first giant Sony Jumbotron TV screen for live game coverage and away match screenings. In the 1997–98 season the Paxton Road stand had a new upper tier as well as a second Jumbotron screen added.[46] Minor amendments to the seating configuration were made in 2006 bringing the capacity of the stadium to 36,310.

text: By the turn of the millennium, the capacity of White Hart Lane had fallen significantly behind compared to other major Premier League clubs. Talks began over the future of White Hart Lane with a number of schemes considered, such as increasing the stadium capacity by redevelopment of the current site or the use of the 2012 London Olympic Stadium in Stratford.[48][49] Eventually the club settled on the Northumberland Development Project, whereby a new stadium would be built on a larger piece of land that incorporated the White Hart Lane site. In 2016, the northeast corner of White Hart Lane was removed to facilitate the construction of the new stadium. As this reduced the stadium capacity below that required for European games, Tottenham Hotspur played every European home game in 2016–17 at Wembley Stadium.[50] Domestic fixtures of the 2016–17 season continued to be played at the Lane, but demolition of the rest of the stadium started the day after the last game of the season,[51] and White Hart Lane was completely demolished by the end of July 2017.[52]

text: Northumberland Development Project

text: In October 2008, the club announced a plan to build a new stadium immediately to the north of the existing White Hart Lane stadium, with the southern half of the new stadium's pitch overlapping the northern part of the Lane.[53] The club submitted a planning application in October 2009, but following critical reactions to the plan, it was withdrawn in favour of a substantially revised planning application for a larger stadium and other associated developments. The new plan was resubmitted and approved by the Haringey Council in September 2010,[54] and an agreement for the Northumberland Development Project was signed 20 September 2011.[55]

text: After a long delay over the compulsory purchase order of local businesses located on land to the north of the stadium and a legal challenge against the order,[56][57] resolved in early 2015,[58] planning application for another new design was approved by Haringey Council on 17 December 2015.[59] Construction of the new stadium started in 2016,[60] and the stadium is scheduled to open for the start of the 2018–19 season.[61] While the stadium is under construction, all Tottenham home games in the 2017–18 season would be played at Wembley Stadium.[62] The new stadium is as yet unnamed.[63]

text: Crest

text: Since the 1921 FA Cup final the Tottenham Hotspur crest has featured a cockerel. Harry Hotspur, after whom the club is named, was said to have been given the nickname Hotspur as he dug in his spurs to make his horse go faster as he charged in battles,[64] and he was also said to be fond of fighting cocks fitted with spurs.[39] The club used spurs as a symbol in 1900 which then evolved into a fighting cock.[64] A former player named William James Scott made a bronze cast of a cockerel standing on a football at a cost of £35, and this 9-foot 6 inches emblem figure was then placed on top of the West Stand the end of the 1909–10 season.[64] Since then the cockerel and ball emblem has become a part of the club's identity.[65]

text: Between 1956 and 2006 Spurs used a faux heraldic shield featuring a number of local landmarks and associations. The lions flanking the shield came from the Northumberland family (of which Harry Hotspur was a member). The castle is Bruce Castle, 400 yards from the ground and the trees are the Seven Sisters. The arms featured the Latin motto Audere Est Facere (to dare is to do).

text: In 1983, to overcome unauthorised "pirate" merchandising, the club's badge was altered by adding the two red heraldic lions and the motto scroll. This device appeared on most Spurs' playing kits for the next 23 years.

text: In 2006 to rebrand and modernise the club's image, the club badge and coat of arms were dumped for a professionally designed logo/emblem.[66] This revamp showed a leaner, fitter cockerel on an old-time football. The club claims that the rebranding kept much of the original meaning of the name, but emphasised its originality.[67]

text: In November 2013, Tottenham forced non-league club Fleet Spurs to change their badge because its new design was "too similar" to the Tottenham crest.[68]

text:
Crest 1956–1983

Crest 1983–2005

Crest 2006 – present

text: Kit

text: The first Tottenham kit was in navy blue shirt with a letter H on a scarlet shield with on the left breast. In 1884 the club changed to a "quartered" kit similar in style to that of Blackburn Rovers after watching them win in the 1884 FA Cup Final.[39] Shortly after moving to Northumberland Road, the kit changed again to red shirt and blue shorts. Five years later, after becoming a professional club, they switched to a chocolate and gold striped kit.

text: At the end of the 19th century the club switched colours yet again, to the white shirts and blue shorts which they are now well known for wearing, hence the nickname "Lilywhites". This colour choice is thought to be in homage to Preston North End who had recently done The Double. White and navy blue have remained as the club's basic colours ever since. Soon after the First World War, the cockerel badge was added to the shirt. In 1939 numbers first appeared on shirt backs, and in 1983 Holsten became the first commercial sponsor logo to appear on the shirt. The club were the first to wear long-cut shorts, an innovation at a time where football kits all featured shorts cut well above the knee.[69]

text: When Thomson was chosen as kit sponsor in 2002 some Tottenham fans were unhappy as the shirt-front logo was red, the colour of their closest rivals, Arsenal.[70] In 2006, Tottenham then succeeded in securing a record £34 million sponsorship deal with internet casino group Mansion.com.[71]

text: In July 2010 Spurs announced a two-year shirt sponsorship contract with software infrastructure company Autonomy. It was said to be worth £20 million.[72] A month later they unveiled a deal with leading specialist bank and asset management firm Investec as shirt sponsor for the Champions League and domestic cup competitions for the next two years. The deal was worth £5 million.[73][74]

text: In March 2011, Under Armour announced a five-year deal to supply Spurs with shirts and other apparel from the start of 2012–13, but other deal terms were undisclosed. The kit was revealed on 12 July in London[75] and two weeks later the third kit was revealed via the promotion of Electronic Arts' FIFA 13 video game.

text: Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors

text:
Period
Kit manufacturer
Kit sponsor

1957–77
Umbro
No sponsor

1977–80
Admiral

1980–83
Le Coq Sportif

1983–85
Holsten

1985–91
Hummel

1991–95
Umbro

1995–99
Pony
Hewlett-Packard

1999–2002
Adidas
Holsten

2002–06
Kappa
Thomson Holidays

2006–10
Puma
Mansion.com Casino & Poker

2010–11
Autonomy Corporation1[76]

2011–12
Aurasma12[39]

2012–13
Under Armour

2013–14
Hewlett-Packard3[77]

2014–17
AIA[78]

2017–18
Nike[79]

text: 1 Only appeared in the Premier League. Investec Bank appeared in the Champions League, FA Cup, League Cup and Europa League.[74][80]

text: 2 Aurasma is a subsidiary of the Autonomy Corporation.

text: 3 Hewlett-Packard is the parent company of the Autonomy Corporation and only appeared in the Premier League. AIA appeared in the FA Cup, League Cup and Europa League.[81]

text: Ownership

text: Tottenham Hotspur F.C. became a limited company, The Tottenham Hotspur Football and Athletic Company Ltd, on 2 March 1898 so as to raise funds for the club and limit the personal liability of its members. 8,000 shares were issued at £1 each, although only 1,558 shares were taken up in the first year.[82] Members of the Wale family, who had association with the club since the 1930s and were chairmen of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. in the 1960s and 1970s, were once the largest shareholder of the club.[83] In the early 1980s, cost overruns in the construction of a new West Stand together with the cost of rebuilding the team in previous years led to financial difficulties for the club. In November 1982, Irving Scholar bought 25% of the club for £600,000, and together with Paul Bobroff gained control of the club.[31] Scholar floated Tottenham Hotspur plc, which wholly owns the football club, on the London Stock Exchange in 1983, the first European sports club to be listed in a stock market.[27] The share issue was successful with 3.8 million shares quickly sold.[84] However, ill-judged financial decisions led to accumulating debts,[82] and in June 1991 Terry Venables teamed up with businessman Alan Sugar to buy the club, initially as equal partner with each investing £3.25 million. Sugar however would increase his stake to £8 million by December 1991 and became the dominant partner with effective control of the club. In May 1993, Venables was sacked from the board after a dispute.[85] By 2000, Sugar began to consider selling the club,[86] and in February 2001, he sold the major part of his shareholding to ENIC International Ltd.[87]

text: Between 2001 and 2011 shares in Tottenham Hotspur F.C. were listed on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM index). The majority shareholder, ENIC International Ltd, is an investment company established by the British billionaire Joe Lewis. Daniel Levy, Lewis's partner at ENIC, is Executive Chairman of the club. They had acquired 29.9% after buying 27% share of the club for £22 million from Sugar in 1991.[87] Shareholding by ENIC increased over the decade through the purchase of the remaining 12% holding of Alan Sugar in 2007 for £25m,[88][89] and the 9.9% stake belonging to Stelios Haji-Ioannou through Hodram Inc in 2009. On 21 August 2009 the club reported that they had issued a further 30 million shares to fund the initial development costs of the new stadium project, and that 27.8 million of these new shares had been purchased by ENIC.[90] The Annual Report for 2010 indicated that ENIC had acquired 76% of all Ordinary Shares and also held 97% of all convertible redeemable preference shares, equivalent to a holding of 85% of share capital.[91] Following an announcement at the 2011 AGM, in January 2012 the club confirmed that they had been transferred into the private ownership of ENIC.[92]

text: Support

text: Tottenham have a large fanbase in the United Kingdom, drawn largely from north London and the Home counties. Five times between 1946 and 1969, Tottenham had the highest average attendance in England.[93][94] There are also Tottenham supporters' clubs located all over the world. Tottenham were 9th in average attendances for the 2008–09 Premier League season, and 11th for all Premier League seasons.[95] Historical supporters of the club have included such figures as A.J. Ayer.[96][97] Tottenham supporters have rivalries with several clubs, mainly within the London area. The fiercest of these is with north London rivals Arsenal. They also share notable rivalries with fellow London clubs Chelsea and West Ham United.[98]

text: The club, as with many clubs in London, has a large Jewish following and this has led to much antisemitic provocation[99][100] against Tottenham supporters. Tottenham supporters, Jewish and non-Jewish, united against this and adopted the nickname "Yids", developing chants to support this. Some fans view adopting "Yid" as a badge of pride, helping defuse its power as an insult.[101] Today it is mainly used to distinguish Tottenham fans from other football supporters. Others, however, disagree with the use of the phrase "Yid Army", and believe – even if intended endearingly – that use of the word "legitimis[es] references to Jews in football when, frankly, religion, ethnicity or colour should have no place in sport".[102] In April 2011, Jewish comedian, author and Chelsea supporter[103] David Baddiel produced a short film stating that the anti-semitic chanting is as unacceptable as the abuse still suffered by black footballers, and must be stamped out accordingly.[104]

text: After Spurs completed the Double in 1960–61, the club entered the European Cup for the first time. Their first opponents were Górnik Zabrze, the Polish champions, and after a hard-fought match Spurs suffered a 4–2 reverse. Tottenham's tough-tackling prompted the Polish press to describe them as "they were no angels". These comments incensed a group of three fans and for the return match at White Hart Lane they dressed as angels wearing white sheets fashioned into togas, sandals, false beards and carrying placards bearing biblical-type slogans. The angels were allowed on the perimeter of the pitch and their fervour whipped up the home fans who responded with a rendition of "Glory Glory Hallelujah", which is still sung on terraces at White Hart Lane and other football grounds.[105] The Lilywhites also responded to the atmosphere to win the tie 8–1. Manager of Spurs, Bill Nicholson, wrote in his autobiography:

text: A new sound was heard in English football in the 1961–2 season. It was the hymn Glory, Glory Hallelujah being sung by 60,000 fans at White Hart Lane in our European Cup matches. I don't know how it started or who started it, but it took over the ground like a religious feeling.

text: Social responsibility

text: The club through its Community Programme has, since 2006, been working with Haringey Council and the Metropolitan Housing Trust and the local community on developing sports facilities and social programmes which have also been financially supported by Barclays Spaces for Sport and the Football Foundation.[107][108] The Tottenham Hotspur Foundation received high-level political support from the prime minister when it was launched at 10 Downing Street in February 2007.[109]

text: In March 2007 the Club announced a partnership with the charity SOS Children's Villages UK.[110] Player fines will go towards this charity's children's village in Rustenburg, South Africa with the funds being used to cover the running costs as well as in support of a variety of community development projects in and around Rustenburg. In the financial year 2006–07, Tottenham topped a league of Premier League charitable donations when viewed both in overall terms[111] and as a percentage of turnover by giving £4,545,889, including a one-off contribution of £4.5 million over four years, to set up the Tottenham Hotspur Foundation.[112] This compared to donations of £9,763 in 2005–06.[113]

text: This commitment is an example of professional sport supporting the communities and people who support and enrich them through their attendance and other participation and support.[114][115]

text: The football club is one of the highest profile participants in the 10:10 project which encourages individuals, businesses and organisations to take action on environmental issues. They joined in 2009 in a commitment to reducing their carbon footprint. To do this they upgraded their lights to more efficient models, they turned down their heating dials and took less short-haul flights among a host of other things.[116] After working with 10:10 for one year, they reported that they had reduced their carbon emissions by an impressive 14%.[116]

text: In contrast, they have successfully sought the reduction of section 106 planning obligations connected to the redevelopment of the stadium. Initially the development would incorporate 50% affordable housing (100 out of 200), but this was reduced to 0 out of 285[117] when Spurs suggested that the development was not financially viable with this obligation. In addition, a payment of £16m for community infrastructure was reduced to £0.5m. This is controversial in an area which has suffered high levels of deprivation as well as long-term planning blight as Spurs bought up property for the development, leaving it empty.

text: Tottenham Hotspur ladies

text: Tottenham's ladies' team was founded in 1985 as Broxbourne Ladies. They started using the Tottenham Hotspur name for the 1991–92 season and played in the London and South East Women's Regional Football League (then fourth tier of the game). They won promotion after topping the league in 2007–08. In the 2016–17 season they won the FA Women's Premier League Southern Division and a subsequent playoff, gaining promotion to the FA Women's Super League 2.[118]

text: Honours

text: Major honours

text: Domestic

text: League competitions

text:
First Division/Premier League:[119][120][121]

Winners (2): 1950–51, 1960–61

Second Division/Championship:[120]

Winners (2): 1919–20, 1949–50

text: Cup competitions

text:
FA Cup:[122][123]

Winners (8): 1900–01, 1920–21, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1966–67, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1990–91

League Cup:[124]

Winners (4): 1970–71, 1972–73, 1998–99, 2007–08

FA Charity Shield/FA Community Shield:[125]

Winners (7): 1921, 1951, 1961, 1962, 1967*, 1981*, 1991* (*shared)

text: European

text:
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup:[126]

Winners (1): 1962–63

UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League:[127]

Winners (2): 1971–72, 1983–84

text: Other honours/friendlies

text: Historical competitions (All Levels)

text:
Southern League:[119]

Winners (1): 1899–1900

Western League:[119]

Winners (1): 1903–04

London League Premier Division Champions:

Winners (1): 1902–03

Football League South 'C' Division Champions:

Winners (1): 1939–40

Southern District Charity Cup:

Winners (3): 1901–02, 1904–05, 1906–07

Sheriff of London Charity Shield:

Winners (2): 1901–02, 1933–34

London Challenge Cup:

Winners (8): 1910–11, 1928–29, 1936–37, 1947–48, 1958–59, 1963–64, 1970–71, 1973–74

text: Friendly tournaments

text:
Anglo-Italian League Cup:[128]

Winners (1): 1971

Costa Del Sol Tournament:

Winners (2): 1965, 1966

Nolia Cup:

Winners (1): 1977

Kirin Cup:

Winners (1): 1979

Sun International Challenge Trophy:

Winners (1): 1983

Peace Cup:

Winners (1): 2005

Vodacom Challenge:

Winners (2): 2007, 2011

Feyenoord Jubileum Tournament:

Winners (1): 2008

Barclays Asia Trophy:

Winners (1): 2009

AIA Cup:

Winners (1): 2015

text: Statistics and records

text: Steve Perryman holds the appearance record for Spurs, having played 854 games for the club between 1969 and 1986, of which 655 were league matches.[129][130] Jimmy Greaves holds the club goal scoring record with 266 goals in 380 league, cup and European appearances.[131]

text: Tottenham's record league win is 9–0 against Bristol Rovers in the Second Division on 22 October 1977.[132][133] The club's record cup victory came on 3 February 1960 with a 13–2 win over Crewe Alexandra in the FA Cup.[134] Spurs' biggest top-flight victory came against Wigan Athletic on 22 November 2009, when they won 9–1 with Jermain Defoe scoring five goals.[133][135] The club's record defeat is an 8–0 loss to 1. FC Köln in the Intertoto Cup on 22 July 1995.[136]

text: The record home attendance at White Hart Lane was 75,038 on 5 March 1938 in a cup tie against Sunderland.[137] The highest recorded attendances however were at their temporary home Wembley Stadium due to its higher capacity – 85,512 spectators turned up on 2 November 2016 for the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League game against Bayer Leverkusen,[138] while 83,222 attended the North London Derby against Arsenal on 10 February 2018 which is the highest attendance recorded for any Premier League game.[139]

text: Players

text: First-team squad

text: Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

text:
No.

Position
Player

1

GK
Hugo Lloris (captain)

2

DF
Kieran Trippier

3

DF
Danny Rose

4

DF
Toby Alderweireld

5

DF
Jan Vertonghen (third captain)

6

DF
Davinson Sánchez

7

FW
Son Heung-min

10

FW
Harry Kane (vice-captain)

11

MF
Érik Lamela

12

MF
Victor Wanyama

13

GK
Michel Vorm

15

MF
Eric Dier

No.

Position
Player

17

MF
Moussa Sissoko

18

FW
Fernando Llorente

19

MF
Mousa Dembélé

20

MF
Dele Alli

21

DF
Juan Foyth

22

GK
Paulo Gazzaniga

23

MF
Christian Eriksen

24

DF
Serge Aurier

27

FW
Lucas Moura

29

MF
Harry Winks

33

DF
Ben Davies

37

DF
Kyle Walker-Peters

text: Out on loan

text:
No.

Position
Player

9

FW
Vincent Janssen (at Fenerbahçe for the 2017–18 season)[141]

14

MF
Georges-Kévin N'Koudou (at Burnley for the 2017–18 season)[142]

No.

Position
Player

25

MF
Josh Onomah (at Aston Villa for the 2017–18 season)[143]

38

DF
Cameron Carter-Vickers (at Ipswich Town for the 2017–18 season)[144]

text: Reserves and academy

text: Club management and support staff

text:
Role
Name

Manager
 Mauricio Pochettino

Assistant head coach
 Jesús Pérez

First team coach
 Miguel D'Agostino

First team goalkeeping coach
 Toni Jiménez

Head of sports science, fitness and conditioning
 Nathan Gardiner

International technical coordinator
 Steffen Freund

Head of recruitment and analysis
 Steve Hitchen

Head of player identification
 Rob Mackenzie

text: Club directors

text:
Role
Name[145][146]

Executive chairman
Daniel Levy

Finance director
Matthew Collecott

Director
Donna-Maria Cullen

Director
Darren Eales

non-executive director
Sir Keith Mills

non-executive director
Kevan Watts

non-executive director
Ron Robson

text: Managers and players

text: Managers and head coaches in club's history

text: Listed according to when they became managers for Tottenham Hotspur:

text:
(C) – Caretaker
(FTC) – First team coach

text:
1898  Frank Brettell
1899  John Cameron
1907  Fred Kirkham
1912  Peter McWilliam
1927  Billy Minter
1930  Percy Smith
1935  Wally Hardinge (C)
1935  Jack Tresadern
1938  Peter McWilliam
1942  Arthur Turner
1946  Joe Hulme
1949  Arthur Rowe
1955  Jimmy Anderson
1958  Bill Nicholson
1974  Terry Neill
1976  Keith Burkinshaw
1984  Peter Shreeves
1986  David Pleat
1987  Doug Livermore and  Trevor Hartley (C)
1987  Terry Venables
1991  Peter Shreeves
1992  Doug Livermore and  Ray Clemence (FTC)

1993  Osvaldo Ardiles
1994  Steve Perryman (C)
1994  Gerry Francis
1997  Chris Hughton (C)
1997  Christian Gross
1998  David Pleat (C)
1998  George Graham
2001  David Pleat (C)
2001  Glenn Hoddle
2003  David Pleat (C)
2004  Jacques Santini
2004  Martin Jol
2007  Clive Allen (C)
2007  Juande Ramos
2008  Harry Redknapp
2012  André Villas-Boas
2013  Tim Sherwood
2014  Mauricio Pochettino

text: Club hall of fame

text: The following players are noted as "greats" for their contributions to the club or have been inducted into the club's Hall of Fame:[147][148][149] The most recent additions to the club's Hall of Fame are Steve Perryman and Jimmy Greaves on 20 April 2016.[150]

text:
Osvaldo Ardiles
 Ricardo Villa
 Clive Allen
 Les Allen
 Paul Allen
 Darren Anderton
 Peter Baker
 Phil Beal
 Bobby Buckle
 Keith Burkinshaw
 Martin Chivers
 Tommy Clay
 Ray Clemence
 Ralph Coates
 Garth Crooks
 Jimmy Dimmock

 Ted Ditchburn
 Terry Dyson
 Paul Gascoigne
 Arthur Grimsdell
 Jimmy Greaves
 Willie Hall
 Ron Henry
 Glenn Hoddle
 Jack Jull
 Cyril Knowles
 Gary Lineker
 Gary Mabbutt
 Paul Miller
 Billy Minter
 Tom Morris
 Alan Mullery

 Bill Nicholson
 Maurice Norman
 Steve Perryman
 Martin Peters
 John Pratt
 Graham Roberts
 Teddy Sheringham
 Bobby Smith
 Vivian Woodward
 Chris Waddle
 Fanny Walden
 David Ginola
 Steffen Freund
 Jürgen Klinsmann
 Chris Hughton
 Danny Blanchflower

 Pat Jennings
 Steve Archibald
 Bill Brown
 John Cameron
 Alan Gilzean
 Dave Mackay
 John White
 Ronnie Burgess
 Mike England
 Cliff Jones
 Terry Medwin
 Taffy O'Callaghan

text: Player of the Year

text:
1987  Gary Mabbutt
1988  Chris Waddle
1989  Erik Thorstvedt
1990  Paul Gascoigne
1991  Paul Allen
1992  Gary Lineker
1993  Darren Anderton
1994  Jürgen Klinsmann

1995  Teddy Sheringham
1996  Sol Campbell
1997  Sol Campbell
1998  David Ginola
1999  Stephen Carr
2000  Stephen Carr
2001  Neil Sullivan
2002  Simon Davies

2003  Robbie Keane
2004  Jermain Defoe
2005–06  Robbie Keane
2006–07  Dimitar Berbatov
2007–08  Robbie Keane
2008–09  Aaron Lennon
2009–10  Michael Dawson
2010–11  Luka Modrić

2011–12  Scott Parker
2012–13  Gareth Bale
2013–14  Christian Eriksen
2014–15  Harry Kane
2015–16  Toby Alderweireld
2016–17  Christian Eriksen

text: Affiliated clubs

text:
Internacional[151]
 San Jose Earthquakes[152]
 South China[153]
 Supersport United[154]