document_title: History of mental disorders

question_text: when was the term mental illness first used

text: History of mental disorders

text: Historical conceptions of abnormal behavior[edit]

text: For thousands of years, humans have tried to explain and control problematic behavior. But our efforts always derive from theories or models of behavior popular at the time, and the purpose is to explain 'why someone is like that'. Three major models, namely, supernatural model, biological model and psychological model.[1]

text: Supernatural tradition[edit]

text: For much of our recorded history, deviant behavior has been considered a reflection of the battle between good and evil. When confronted with unexplainable, irrational behavior and by suffering and upheaval, people have perceived evil. In fact, in the Great Persian Empire from 900 to 600 B.C., all physical and mental disorders were considered the work of the devil.[2]

text: Biological tradition[edit]

text: Physical causes of mental disorders have been sought in history. Important to this tradition are a man, Hippocrates; a disease, syphilis; and the early consequences of believing that psychological disorders are biologically caused.[3]

text: Psychological tradition[edit]

text: This was a precursor to modern psychosocial treatment approaches to the causation of psychopathology, with the focus on psychological, social and cultural factors. Well known philosophers like Aristotle, Plato, etc., wrote about the importance of fantasies, dreams, cognitions, and thus anticipated, to some extent, later developments in psychoanalytic thought and cognitive science. They also advocated humane and responsible care for individuals with psychological disturbances.[4]

text: Ancient period[edit]

text: Mesopotamia[edit]

text: Mental illnesses were well known in ancient Mesopotamia,[5] where diseases and mental disorders were believed to be caused by specific deities.[6] Because hands symbolized control over a person, mental illnesses were known as "hands" of certain deities.[6] One psychological illness was known as Qāt Ištar, meaning "Hand of Ishtar".[6] Others were known as "Hand of Shamash", "Hand of the Ghost", and "Hand of the God".[6] Descriptions of these illnesses, however, are so vague that it is usually impossible to determine which illnesses they correspond to in modern terminology.[6] Mesopotamian doctors kept detailed record of their patients' hallucinations and assigned spiritual meanings to them.[5] A patient who hallucinated that he was seeing a dog was predicted to die;[5] whereas, if he saw a gazelle, he would recover.[5] The royal family of Elam was notorious for its members frequently suffering from insanity.[5] Erectile dysfunction was recognized as being rooted in psychological problems.[5]

text: Egypt[edit]

text: Limited notes in an ancient Egyptian document known as the Ebers papyrus appear to describe the affected states of concentration, attention, and emotional distress in the heart or mind.[7] Some of these were interpreted later, and renamed as hysteria and melancholy. Somatic treatments included applying bodily fluids while reciting magical spells. Hallucinogens may have been used as a part of the healing rituals. Religious temples may have been used as therapeutic retreats, possibly for the induction of receptive states to facilitate sleep and the interpretation of dreams.[8]

text: India[edit]

text: This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (December 2016)

text: Ancient Hindu scriptures-Ramayana and Mahabharata-contain fictional descriptions of depression and anxiety.[9] Mental disorders were generally thought to reflect abstract metaphysical entities, supernatural agents, sorcery and witchcraft. The Charaka Samhita from circa 600 BC, which is a part of the Hindu Ayurveda ("knowledge of life"), saw ill health as resulting from an imbalance among three the three body fluids or forces called Tri-Dosha. These also affected the personality types among people. Suggested causes included inappropriate diet, disrespect towards the gods, teachers or others, mental shock due to excessive fear or joy, and faulty bodily activity. Treatments included the use of herbs and ointments, charms and prayers, and moral or emotional persuasion.[10]

text: China[edit]

text: The earliest known record of mental illness in ancient China dates back to 1100 B.C.[11] Mental disorders were treated mainly under Traditional Chinese Medicine using herbs, acupuncture or "emotional therapy". The Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor described symptoms, mechanisms and therapies for mental illness, emphasizing connections between bodily organs and emotions. The ancient Chinese believed that demonic possession played a role in mental illness during this time period. They felt that areas of emotional outbursts such as funeral homes could open up the Wei Chi and allow entities to possess an individual. Trauma was also considered to be something that caused high levels of emotion. Thus, trauma is a possible catalyst for mental illness, due to its ability to allow the Wei Chi open to possession. This explains why the ancient Chinese believed that a mental illness was in reality a demonic possession.[12] According to Chinese thought, five stages or elements comprised the conditions of imbalance between Yin and yang. Mental illness, according to the Chinese perspective is thus considered as an imbalance of the yin and yang because optimum health arises from balance with nature.[13]

text: China was one of the earliest developed civilizations in which medicine and attention to mental disorders were introduced (Soong, 2006)As in the West, Chinese views of mental disorders regressed to a belief in supernatural forces as causal agents. From the later part of the second century through the early part of the ninth century, ghosts and devils were implicated in “ghostevil” insanity, which presumably resulted from possession by evil spirits. The “Dark Ages” in China, however, were neither so severe (in terms of the treatment of mental patients) nor as long-lasting as in the West. A return to biological, somatic (bodily) views and an emphasis on psychosocial factors occurred in the centuries that followed. Over the past 50 years, China has been experiencing a broadening of ideas in mental health services and has been incorporating many ideas from Western psychiatry (Zhang & Lu, 2006) [14]

text: Greece and Rome[edit]

text: In ancient Greece and Rome, madness was associated stereotypically with aimless wandering and violence. However, Socrates considered positive aspects including prophesying (a 'manic art'); mystical initiations and rituals; poetic inspiration; and the madness of lovers. Now often seen as the very epitome of rational thought and as the founder of philosophy, Socrates freely admitted to experiencing what are now called "command hallucinations" (then called his 'daemon'). Pythagoras also heard voices.[15] Hippocrates (470–ca. 360 BC) classified mental disorders, including paranoia, epilepsy, mania and melancholia.[16]

text: Through long contact with Greek culture, and their eventual conquest of Greece, the Romans absorbed many Greek (and other) ideas on medicine.[17] The humoral theory fell out of favor in some quarters. The Greek physician Asclepiades (ca. 124–40 BC), who practiced in Rome, discarded it and advocated humane treatments, and had insane persons freed from confinement and treated them with natural therapy, such as diet and massages. Arateus (ca. AD 30–90) argued that it is hard to pinpoint from where a mental illness comes. However, Galen (AD 129–ca. 200), practicing in Greece and Rome, revived humoral theory.[18] Galen, however, adopted a single symptom approach rather than broad diagnostic categories, for example studying separate states of sadness, excitement, confusion and memory loss.[15]

text: Playwrights such as Homer, Sophocles and Euripides described madmen driven insane by the gods, imbalanced humors or circumstances. As well as the triad (of which mania was often used as an overarching term for insanity) there were a variable and overlapping range of terms for such things as delusion, eccentricity, frenzy, and lunacy. Physician Celsus argued that insanity is really present when a continuous dementia begins due to the mind being at the mercy of imaginings. He suggested that people must heal their own souls through philosophy and personal strength. He described common practices of dietetics, bloodletting, drugs, talking therapy, incubation in temples, exorcism, incantations and amulets, as well as restraints and "tortures" to restore rationality, including starvation, being terrified suddenly, agitation of the spirit, and stoning and beating. Most, however, did not receive medical treatment but stayed with family or wandered the streets, vulnerable to assault and derision. Accounts of delusions from the time included people who thought themselves to be famous actors or speakers, animals, inanimate objects, or one of the gods. Some were arrested for political reasons, such as Jesus ben Ananias who was eventually released as a madman after showing no concern for his own fate during torture.

text: Israel and the Hebrew diaspora[edit]

text: Passages of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament have been interpreted as describing mood disorders in figures such as Job, King Saul and in the Psalms of David.[18] In the Book of Daniel, King Nebuchadnezzar is described as temporarily losing his sanity.[19] Mental disorder was not a problem like any other, caused by one of the gods, but rather caused by problems in the relationship between the individual and God.[citation needed] They believed that abnormal behavior was the result of possessions that represented the wrath and punishment from God. This punishment was seen as a withdrawal of God's protection and the abandonment of the individual to evil forces.[20]

text: Middle ages[edit]

text: Persia, Arabia and the Muslim empire[edit]

text: Persian and Arabic scholars were heavily involved in translating, analyzing and synthesizing Greek texts and concepts. As the Muslim world expanded, Greek concepts were integrated with religious thought and over time, new ideas and concepts were developed. Arab texts from this period contain discussions of melancholia, mania, hallucinations, delusions, and other mental disorders. Mental disorder was generally connected to loss of reason, and writings covered links between the brain and disorders, and spiritual/mystical meaning of disorders.[21] wrote about fear and anxiety, anger and aggression, sadness and depression, and obsessions.

text: Authors who wrote on mental disorders and/or proposed treatments during this period include Al-Balkhi, Al-Razi, Al-Farabi, Ibn-Sina, Al-Majusi[22] Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Averroes,[23] and Unhammad.[24]

text: Some thought mental disorder could be caused by possession by a djinn (genie), which could be either good or demon-like. There were sometimes beatings to exorcise the djin, or alternatively over-zealous attempts at cures.[25] Islamic views often merged with local traditions. In Morocco the traditional Berber people were animists and the concept of sorcery was integral to the understanding of mental disorder; it was mixed with the Islamic concepts of djin and often treated by religious scholars combining the roles of holy man, sage, seer and sorcerer.[26]

text: The first psychiatric hospital ward was founded in Baghdad in 705, and insane asylums were built in Fes in the early 8th century, Cairo in 800 and in Damascus and Aleppo in 1270. Insane patients were treated using baths, drugs, music and activities.[citation needed] In the centuries to come, The Muslim world would eventually serve as a critical way station of knowledge for Renaissance Europe, through the Latin translations of many scientific Islamic texts. Ibn-Sina's (Avicenna's) Canon of Medicine became the standard of medical science in Europe for centuries, together with works of Hippocrates and Galen.[27]

text: Christian Europe[edit]

text: Conceptions of madness in the Middle Ages in Europe were a mixture of the divine, diabolical, magical and transcendental. Theories of the four humors (black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood) were applied, sometimes separately (a matter of "physic") and sometimes combined with theories of evil spirits (a matter of "faith"). Arnaldus de Villanova (1235–1313) combined "evil spirit" and Galen-oriented "four humours" theories and promoted trephining as a cure to let demons and excess humours escape. Other bodily remedies in general use included purges, bloodletting and whipping. Madness was often seen as a moral issue, either a punishment for sin or a test of faith and character. Christian theology endorsed various therapies, including fasting and prayer for those estranged from God and exorcism of those possessed by the devil.[28] Thus, although mental disorder was often thought to be due to sin, other more mundane causes were also explored, including intemperate diet and alcohol, overwork, and grief.[29] The Franciscan monk Bartholomeus Anglicus (ca. 1203 – 1272) described a condition which resembles depression in his encyclopedia, De Proprietatibis Rerum, and he suggested that music would help. A semi-official tract called the Praerogativa regis distinguished between the "natural born idiot" and the "lunatic". The latter term was applied to those with periods of mental disorder; deriving from either Roman mythology describing people "moonstruck" by the goddess Luna[30] or theories of an influence of the moon.[31][32]

text: Episodes of mass dancing mania are reported from the Middle Ages, "which gave to the individuals affected all the appearance of insanity".[33] This was one kind of mass delusion or mass hysteria/panic that has occurred around the world through the millennia.[34]

text: The care of lunatics was primarily the responsibility of the family. In England, if the family were unable or unwilling, an assessment was made by crown representatives in consultation with a local jury and all interested parties, including the subject himself or herself. The process was confined to those with real estate or personal estate, but it encompassed poor as well as rich and took into account psychological and social issues. Most of those considered lunatics at the time probably had more support and involvement from the community than people diagnosed with mental disorders today.[35] As in other eras, visions were generally interpreted as meaningful spiritual and visionary insights; some may have been causally related to mental disorders, but since hallucinations were culturally supported they may not have had the same connections as today.[36]

text: Modern period[edit]

text: The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: 16th to 18th centuries[edit]

text: Some mentally disturbed people may have been victims of the witch-hunts that spread in waves in early modern Europe.[37] However, those judged insane were increasingly admitted to local workhouses, poorhouses and jails (particularly the "pauper insane") or sometimes to the new private madhouses.[38] Restraints and forcible confinement were used for those thought dangerously disturbed or potentially violent to themselves, others or property.[28] The latter likely grew out of lodging arrangements for single individuals (who, in workhouses, were considered disruptive or ungovernable) then there were a few catering each for only a handful of people, then they gradually expanded (e.g. 16 in London in 1774, and 40 by 1819). By the mid-19th century there would be 100 to 500 inmates in each. The development of this network of madhouses has been linked to new capitalist social relations and a service economy, that meant families were no longer able or willing to look after disturbed relatives.[39]

text: Madness was commonly depicted in literary works, such as the plays of Shakespeare.[40][41]

text: By the end of the 17th century and into the Enlightenment, madness was increasingly seen as an organic physical phenomenon, no longer involving the soul or moral responsibility. The mentally ill were typically viewed as insensitive wild animals. Harsh treatment and restraint in chains was seen as therapeutic, helping suppress the animal passions. There was sometimes a focus on the management of the environment of madhouses, from diet to exercise regimes to number of visitors. Severe somatic treatments were used, similar to those in medieval times.[28] Madhouse owners sometimes boasted of their ability with the whip. Treatment in the few public asylums was also barbaric, often secondary to prisons. The most notorious was Bedlam where at one time spectators could pay a penny to watch the inmates as a form of entertainment.[42][43]

text: Concepts based in humoral theory gradually gave way to metaphors and terminology from mechanics and other developing physical sciences. Complex new schemes were developed for the classification of mental disorders, influenced by emerging systems for the biological classification of organisms and medical classification of diseases.

text: The term "crazy" (from Middle English meaning cracked) and insane (from Latin insanus meaning unhealthy) came to mean mental disorder in this period. The term "lunacy", long used to refer to periodic disturbance or epilepsy, came to be synonymous with insanity. "Madness", long in use in root form since at least the early centuries AD, and originally meaning crippled, hurt or foolish, came to mean loss of reason or self-restraint. "Psychosis", from Greek "principle of life/animation", had varied usage referring to a condition of the mind/soul. "Nervous", from an Indo-European root meaning to wind or twist, meant muscle or vigor, was adopted by physiologists to refer to the body's electrochemical signalling process (thus called the nervous system), and was then used to refer to nervous disorders and neurosis. "Obsession", from a Latin root meaning to sit on or sit against, originally meant to besiege or be possessed by an evil spirit, came to mean a fixed idea that could decompose the mind.[44]

text: With the rise of madhouses and the professionalization and specialization of medicine, there was considerable incentive for medical doctors to become involved. In the 18th century, they began to stake a claim to a monopoly over madhouses and treatments. Madhouses could be a lucrative business, and many made a fortune from them. There were some bourgeois ex-patient reformers who opposed the often brutual regimes, blaming both the madhouse owners and the medics, who in turn resisted the reforms.[39]

text: Towards the end of the 18th century, a moral treatment movement developed, that implemented more humane, psychosocial and personalized approaches. Notable figures included the medic Vincenzo Chiarugi in Italy under Enlightenment leadership; the ex-patient superintendent Pussin and the psychologically inclined medic Philippe Pinel in revolutionary France; the Quakers in England, led by businessman William Tuke; and later, in the United States, campaigner Dorothea Dix.

text: 19th century[edit]

text: The 19th century, in the context of industrialization and population growth, saw a massive expansion of the number and size of insane asylums in every Western country, a process called "the great confinement" or the "asylum era". Laws were introduced to compel authorities to deal with those judged insane by family members and hospital superintendents. Although originally based on the concepts and structures of moral treatment, they became large impersonal institutions overburdened with large numbers of people with a complex mix of mental and social-economic problems.[38] The success of moral treatment had cast doubt on the approach of medics, and many had opposed it, but by the mid-19th century many became advocates of it but argued that the mad also often had physical/organic problems, so that both approaches were necessary. This argument has been described as an important step in the profession's eventual success in securing a monopoly on the treatment of lunacy. However, it is well documented that very little therapeutic activity occurred in the new asylum system, that medics were little more than administrators who seldom attended to patients, and then mainly for other physical problems.[39]

text: Clear descriptions of some syndromes, such as the condition that would later be termed schizophrenia, have been identified as relatively rare prior to the 19th century,[45] although interpretations of the evidence and its implications are inconsistent.[46]

text: Numerous different classification schemes and diagnostic terms were developed by different authorities, taking an increasingly anatomical-clinical descriptive approach. The term "psychiatry" was coined as the medical specialty became more academically established. Asylum superintendents, later to be psychiatrists, were generally called "alienists" because they were thought to deal with people alienated from society; they adopted largely isolated and managerial roles in the asylums while milder "neurotic" conditions were dealt with by neurologists and general physicians, although there was overlap for conditions such as neurasthenia.[47]

text: In the United States it was proposed that black slaves who tried to escape were suffering from a mental disorder termed drapetomania. It was then argued in scientific journals that mental disorders were rare under conditions of slavery but became more common following emancipation, and later that mental illness in African Americans was due to evolutionary factors or various negative characteristics, and that they were not suitable for therapeutic intervention.[48]

text: By the 1870s in North America, officials who ran Lunatic Asylums renamed them Insane Asylums. By the late century, the term "asylum" had lost its original meaning as a place of refuge, retreat or safety, and was associated with abuses that had been widely publicized in the media, including by ex-patient organization the Alleged Lunatics' Friend Society and ex-patients like Elizabeth Packard.[30]

text: The relative proportion of the public officially diagnosed with mental disorders was increasing, however. This has been linked to various factors, including possibly humanitarian concern; incentives for professional status/money; a lowered tolerance of communities for unusual behavior due to the existence of asylums to place them in (this affected the poor the most); and the strain placed on families by industrialization.[39]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: The turn of the 20th century saw the development of psychoanalysis, which came to the fore later. Kraepelin's classification gained popularity, including the separation of mood disorders from what would later be termed schizophrenia.[49][page needed]

text: Asylum superintendents sought to improve the image and medical status of their profession. Asylum "inmates" were increasingly referred to as "patients" and asylums renamed as hospitals. Referring to people as having a "mental illness" dates from this period in the early 20th century.[30]

text: In the United States, a "mental hygiene" movement, originally defined in the 19th century, gained momentum and aimed to "prevent the disease of insanity" through public health methods and clinics.[50] The term mental health became more popular, however. Clinical psychology and social work developed as professions alongside psychiatry. Theories of eugenics led to compulsory sterilization movements in many countries around the world for several decades, often encompassing patients in public mental institutions.[51] World War I saw a massive increase of conditions that came to be termed "shell shock".

text: In Nazi Germany, the institutionalized mentally ill were among the earliest targets of sterilization campaigns and covert "euthanasia" programs.[52] It has been estimated that over 200,000 individuals with mental disorders of all kinds were put to death, although their mass murder has received relatively little historical attention. Despite not being formally ordered to take part, psychiatrists and psychiatric institutions were at the center of justifying, planning and carrying out the atrocities at every stage, and "constituted the connection" to the later annihilation of Jews and other "undesirables" such as homosexuals in the Holocaust.[53]

text: In other areas of the world, funding was often cut for asylums, especially during periods of economic decline, and during wartime in particular many patients starved to death.[54] Soldiers received increased psychiatric attention, and World War II saw the development in the US of a new psychiatric manual for categorizing mental disorders, which along with existing systems for collecting census and hospital statistics led to the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) followed suit with a section on mental disorders.

text: Previously restricted to the treatment of severely disturbed people in asylums, psychiatrists cultivated clients with a broader range of problems, and between 1917 and 1970 the number practicing outside institutions swelled from 8 percent to 66 percent.[55] The term stress, having emerged from endocrinology work in the 1930s, was popularized with an increasingly broad biopsychosocial meaning, and was increasingly linked to mental disorders.[56] "Outpatient commitment" laws were gradually expanded or introduced in some countries.

text: Lobotomies, Insulin shock therapy, Electro convulsive therapy, and the "neuroleptic" chlorpromazine came into use mid-century.

text: An antipsychiatry movement came to the fore in the 1960s. Deinstitutionalization gradually occurred in the West, with isolated psychiatric hospitals being closed down in favor of community mental health services. However, inadequate services and continued social exclusion often led to many being homeless or in prison.[57] A consumer/survivor movement gained momentum.

text: Other kinds of psychiatric medication gradually came into use, such as "psychic energizers" and lithium. Benzodiazepines gained widespread use in the 1970s for anxiety and depression, until dependency problems curtailed their popularity. Advances in neuroscience and genetics led to new research agendas. Cognitive behavioral therapy was developed. Through the 1990s, new SSRI antidepressants became some of the most widely prescribed drugs in the world.

text: The DSM and then ICD adopted new criteria-based classification, representing a return to a Kraepelin-like descriptive system. The number of "official" diagnoses saw a large expansion, although homosexuality was gradually downgraded and dropped in the face of human rights protests. Different regions sometimes developed alternatives such as the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders or Latin American Guide for Psychiatric Diagnosis.

text: 21st century[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2016)

text: Starting from 2002 DSM-5 Research Agenda researchers were invited to contribute with their publication to the literature basis for the DSM-5, whose draft criteria are now[when?] available to the scientific community.[58] In the meanwhile, serious limits of the current version of the DSM extremely high comorbidity, diagnostic heterogeneity of the categories, unclear boundaries have been interpreted as intrinsic anomalies of the criterial, neopositivistic approach leading the system to a state of scientific crisis.[59] Accordingly, a radical rethinking of the concept of mental disorder and the need of a radical scientific revolution in psychiatric taxonomy was proposed.[60]

text: History of mental health treatment[edit]

text: Trephination[edit]

text: This procedure included removing a part of the skull using an auger, bore or so. It was used 7000 years ago to remove headaches, mental illness and even perceived demonic possession.

text: Bloodletting and purging[edit]

text: This procedures saw its inception in the 1600s. Bleeding, purging and vomiting were thought to keep the balance of humors in the body. According to the Greek philosophy, the imbalance of these humors were considered to cause mental disorders. These techniques were used to treat more than just mental disorders.

text: Isolation and asylums[edit]

text: The confinement of the mentally ill became prevalent in the 17th century. The idea behind these asylums was to isolate the abnormal and keep them separate from the normal. The poor sanitation conditions, and overcrowding along with violent treatment of the mentally ill were serious problems faced in these asylums.

text: Insulin coma therapy[edit]

text: This treatment was introduced in 1927 and was used till 1960. Physicians deliberately put the patient into a low blood sugar coma because they thought that large fluctuations in insulin levels could alter the function of the brain. Risks included prolong coma. Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT) was later adopted as a substitution to this.

text: Lobotomy[edit]

text: Prefrontal Lobotomies, required the surgical removal of the connections in between the prefrontal cortex and frontal lobes of the brain. The procedure took not more than five minutes to be performed. Though useful for some, it often created further impairments for others. It was discontinued in the mid-1950s.


document_title: FIFA World Cup anthems and songs

question_text: who is going to sing the 2018 world cup song

root

text: FIFA World Cup anthems and songs

text: Anthems and Songs[edit]

text:
World
Cup
Country
Title
Language
Performer(s)
Writer(s) & Producer(s)
Audios & Videos

1962

 Chile
"El Rock del Mundial"
Spanish
Los Ramblers
Jorge Rojas Astorga
Audio

1966

 England
"World Cup Willie (Where in this World are We Going)"
English
Lonnie Donegan

Audio

1970

 Mexico
"Fútbol México 70"
Spanish
Los Hermanos Zavala
Roberto do Nascimento
Audio

1974

 Germany
"Futbol"
Polish, English, German
Russian, Spanish
Maryla Rodowicz
Jonasz Kofta, Leszek Bogdanowicz
Live Performance - Opening Ceremony

1978

 Argentina
"El Mundial" (Official Anthem)

Buenos Aires Municipal Symphony
Ennio Morricone
Audio

1982

 Spain
"Mundial '82"
Spanish

Plácido Domingo
Audio

1986

 Mexico
"A Special Kind of Hero"[3]
English
Stephanie Lawrence
Rick Wakeman
1986 World Cup Official Film

"Hot Hot Hot"[4]
English
Arrow
Alphonsus Cassell and Leston Paul[5]
Music Video

"El mundo unido por un balón"
Spanish
Juan Carlos Abara
Spanish

1990

 Italy
"Un'estate italiana (To Be Number One)"
Italian, English
Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini (Italian)
Giorgio Moroder Project (English)
Edoardo Bennato, Giorgio Moroder, Gianna Nannini and Tom Whitlock
Live Performance - Opening Ceremony (Italian)
Live Performance - Opening Ceremony (English)
Official Music Video (Italian-1)
Official Music Video (Italian-2)
Official Music Video (English-1)
Official Music Video (English-2)

1994

 United States
"Gloryland"
English
Daryl Hall and Sounds of Blackness
Charlie Skarbek and Rick Blaskey
Live Performance - Opening Ceremony
Official Music Video-1
Official Music Video-2
Music Video (Instrumental-1)
Music Video (Instrumental-2)
Audio

"We Are the Champions"
English
Queen

1998

 France
"La Cour des Grands (Do You Mind If I Play)"
(Official Anthem)
French, English
Youssou N'Dour & Axelle Red

Live Performance - Opening Ceremony
Official Music Video

"La Copa de la Vida (The Cup of Life)" (Official Song)
English, Spanish
Ricky Martin
Desmond Child and Robi Rosa
Official Music Video (English)
Official Music Video (Spanish)

"Carnaval de Paris"

Dario G
Dario G
Official Music Video

"Together Now"
English, Spanish
Jean Michel Jarre and Tetsuya Komuro
Jean Michel Jarre, Tetsuya Komuro and Olivia Lufkin
Official Music Video

2002

 South Korea
 Japan
(Jointly Hosted)
"Anthem" (Official Anthem)

Vangelis
Vangelis / Takkyu Ishino
Music Video
Audio (Synthesized)
Music Video (Remixed)

"Boom" (Official Song)
English
Anastacia
Anastacia, Glen Ballard
Official Music Video

"Let's Get Together Now" (Official Local Song)
Japanese, Korean
Voices of KOREA/JAPAN

Live Performance - Opening Ceremony
Live Performance - Closing Ceremony

"Vamos Al Mundial" (Univision Version)
Spanish
Jennifer Peña
Claudia Garcia
Official Music Video

2006

 Germany
"Zeit dass sich was dreht (Celebrate The Day)" (Official Anthem)
German, French, Bambara
English
Herbert Grönemeyer featuring Amadou & Mariam
Herbert Grönemeyer
Live Performance - Opening Ceremony

"The Time of Our Lives" (Official Song)
English, Spanish
Il Divo featuring Toni Braxton
Jörgen Elofsson & Steve Mac|-
Official Music Video

"Hips Don't Lie (Bamboo mix)"
English, Spanish
Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean
Jerry Duplessis, Omar Alfanno & LaTavia Parker

Love Generation (song)
English
Bob Sinclar featuring Gary Pine
Duane Harden, Christophe le Friant, Gary Pine, Jay Woodhouse, JG Schreiner,

"Arriba, Arriba"
Spanish
Ana Barbara, Mariana Seoane, Anaís Martínez, Pablo Montero

2010

 South Africa
"Sign of a Victory" (Official Anthem)
English
R. Kelly featuring Soweto Spiritual Singers
R. Kelly
Official Music Video

"Waka Waka" (Official Song)
English, Spanish, Fang
Shakira featuring Freshlyground
Shakira, Freshlyground
Live Performance - Closing Ceremony
Official Music Video

"Wavin' Flag" (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)
English
K'Naan
K'naan, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Jean Daval
Official Music Video

"Wavin' Flag" (Spanish Celebration Mix)
English, Spanish
K'Naan, David Bisbal

Official Music Video

2014

 Brazil
"Dar um Jeito (We Will Find a Way)" (Official Anthem)
English, Portuguese, Spanish
Carlos Santana featuring Wyclef & Avicii & Alexandre Pires
Alexandre Pires, Arash Pournouri, Rami Yacoub, Carl Falk
Tim Bergling, Arnon Woolfson, Diogo Vianna, Wyclef Jean
Official Music Video

"We Are One (Ole Ola)" (Official Song)
English, Portuguese, Spanish
Pitbull featuring Jennifer Lopez & Claudia Leitte
Jennifer Lopez, Claudia Leitte, Pitbull, Thomas Troelsen
Danny Mercer, Sia Furler, Lukasz Gottwald, Henry Walter, Nadir Khayat
Live Performance - Opening Ceremony
Official Music Video

"Tatu Bom de Bola" (Official Mascot Song)
Portuguese
Arlindo Cruz
Arlindo Cruz

"La La La (Brasil 2014)"
English , Portuguese, Spanish
Shakira featuring Carlinhos Brown
Shakira, Carlinhos Brown, Jay Singh, Lukasz Gottwald
Mathieu Jomphe-Lepine, Max Martin
Henry Walter, Raelene Arreguin, John J Conte Jr.
Live Performance - Closing Ceremony
Official Music Video

"Magic in the Air"
French
Magic System and Chawki
Magic System (A'Salfo, Manadja,Goudé, Tino), RedOne, Alex PChawki
Official Music Video

"Adrenalina" (Univision version)
Spanish
Wisin, Ricky Martin and J-LO
Juan Luis Morera, José Torres, Carlos E. Ortiz
Official Music Video

"Time of Our Lives" (The Official BeIN Sports Song)
Arabic, French, English
Ahmed Chawki
RedOne
Official Music Video

"The World Is Ours"[6] (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)
English
David Correy, Monobloco

Official Music Video

"La Copa de Todos" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem Spanish mix)
Spanish, English
David Correy, Paty Cantú, Wisin, Monobloco

Official Music Video

2018

 Russia
"Komanda" (Команда) [7] (Official Anthem)
Russian
Polina Gagarina featuring Egor Kreed and DJ Smash
DJ Smash
Official Music Video-1

"Live It Up" (Official Song)
English, Spanish
Nicky Jam featuring Will Smith and Era Istrefi
Nicky Jam, Will Smith, Era Istrefi
Diplo

Official Audio
Official Music Video

"Colors" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem) and also (Spanglish version) & (Pakistani version)
English,
Spanish, Urdu

Jason Derulo, Maluma, Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch
Jason Derulo, Robin Weisse, Jamie Sanderson, Nija Charles, Ishmael Sadiq Montague, Geoffrey Earley
Sermstyle, ISM

Official Music Video
Official Spanish Music Video
Official Pakistani Music Video

"Positivo" (Telemundo Version)
Spanish
J Balvin and Michael Brun
J Balvin, Michael Brun, Fernando Lugo
Official Promo
Official Music Video

tag: table

text: Official albums[edit]

text:
1994 – Gloryland World Cup USA 94
1998 – Music of the World Cup: Allez! Ola! Ole!
2002 – The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup
2006 – Voices from the FIFA World Cup
2010 – Listen Up! The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Album
2014 – One Love, One Rhythm – The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album
2018 – The Official Album of the 2018 FIFA World Cup

tag: ul


document_title: Suzuki Mehran

question_text: what is the mileage of suzuki mehran euro 2

text: Suzuki Mehran

text: Technical specifications[edit]

text: Dimensions[edit]

text:
Body type: five-door hatchback
Overall length: 3,300 mm (129.9 in)
Overall width: 1,405 mm (55.3 in)
Overall height: 1,410 mm (55.5 in)
Wheelbase: 2,175 mm (85.6 in)
Tread front: 1,215 mm (47.8 in)
Tread rear: 1,200 mm (47.2 in)
Minimum turning radius: 2.4 m (7.9 ft)

text: Engine[edit]

text:
Engine: F8a (carburetor) F8b (EFI)
Type: EFI (Euro II)
No. of cylinders: three cylinder
Top Speed 140 km/h
EFI mileage 24 km/l (Euro II) on highway
EFI mileage 16 km/l (Euro II) in city
Piston displacement: 800 cc
Bore × stroke: 68.5 mm × 72.0 mm
Max. output (kW / rpm): 29.4/5,500
Max. torque (Nm / rpm): 59.0/3,000

text: Transmission[edit]

text:
Transmission type: manual
No. of gears: 4-speed

text: Chassis[edit]

text:
Steering: manual (no power assist)
Suspension front: MacPherson strut
Suspension rear: leaf springs
Brakes: front disc and rear drums (no ABS nor a Brake Booster)


document_title: List of worst Major League Baseball season records

question_text: who has the worst record in baseball history

text: Season records[edit]

text: The following teams finished the season with a .300 winning percentage or lower.

tag: p

text:
NL = National League
AL = American League
AA = American Association
PL = Players' League

text:
Season
Franchise
League
Wins
Losses
Pct.
GB

1899 !1899
Cleveland Spiders
NL
20
134
.130
84

1890 !1890
Pittsburg Alleghenys
NL
23
113
.169
66.5 !66½

1889 !1889
Louisville Colonels
AA
27
111
.196
66.5 !66½

1897 !1897
St. Louis Browns
NL
29
102
.221
63.5 !63½

1886 !1886
Washington Nationals
NL
28
92
.233
60

1886 !1886
Kansas City Cowboys
NL
30
91
.248
58.5 !58½

1898 !1898
St. Louis Browns
NL
39
111
.260
63.5 !63½

1895 !1895
Louisville Colonels
NL
35
96
.267
52.5 !52½

1890 !1890
Buffalo Bisons
PL
36
96
.273
46.5 !46½

1894 !1894
Louisville Colonels
NL
36
94
.277
54

1896 !1896
Louisville Colonels
NL
38
93
.290
53

1887 Indianapolis !1887
Indianapolis Hoosiers
NL
37
89
.294
43

1895 !1895
St. Louis Browns
NL
39
93
.295
48.5 !48½

1887 !1887
Cleveland Blues
AA
39
92
.298
54

text: Modern era (1900–present)[edit]

text:
Season
Franchise
League
Wins
Losses
Pct.
GB

1916 !1916
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
36
117
.235
54.5 !54½

1935 !1935
Boston Braves
NL
38
115
.248
61.5 !61½

1962 !1962
New York Mets
NL
40
120
.250
60.5 !60½

1904 !1904
Washington Senators
AL
38
113
.252
55.5 !55½

1919 !1919
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
36
104
.257
52

2003 !2003
Detroit Tigers
AL
43
119
.265
47

1952 !1952
Pittsburgh Pirates
NL
42
112
.273
54.5 !54½

1909 Washington !1909
Washington Senators
AL
42
110
.276
56

1942 !1942
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
42
109
.278
62.5 !62½

1939 !1939
St. Louis Browns
AL
43
111
.279
64.5 !64½

1932 !1932
Boston Red Sox
AL
43
111
.279
64

1941 !1941
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
43
111
.279
57

1915 !1915
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
43
109
.283
58.5 !58½

1928 !1928
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
43
109
.283
51

1911 Boston !1911
Boston Rustlers
NL
44
107
.291
54

1909 Boston !1909
Boston Doves
NL
45
108
.294
65.5 !65½

1911 St. Louis !1911
St. Louis Browns
AL
45
107
.296
56.5 !56½

1939 Philadelphia !1939
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
45
106
.298
50.5 !50½

1937 !1937
St. Louis Browns
AL
46
108
.299
56

1945 !1945
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
46
108
.299
52

1938 !1938
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
45
105
.300
43

text: 1898 St. Louis Browns and 1899 Cleveland Spiders[edit]

text: The 1899 Cleveland Spiders own the worst single-season record of all time (minimum 120 games) and for all eras, finishing at 20–134 (.130 percentage) in the final year of the National League's 12-team era in the 1890s; for comparison, this projects to 21–141 under the current 162-game schedule, and Pythagorean expectation based on the Spiders' results and the current 162-game schedule predicts a record of 25–137.

text: The Spiders had a fair amount of success in the 1890s, with seven straight winning seasons from 1892 to 1898 and a Temple Cup victory in 1895. Meanwhile, the once four-time American Association champion St. Louis Browns had fallen to 29–102 in 1897 and to 39–111 (including 19–67 on the road) in 1898. But the Spiders ownership, the Robison brothers, bought the Browns in time for the 1899 season, creating a conflict-of-interest situation which was later outlawed. On the eve of the season, they traded almost all of Cleveland's good players to St. Louis for very little in return, with respectable results for St. Louis and disastrous results for Cleveland.

text: The 1899 Spiders set the major league record for most consecutive losses in a season (24, from July 26 to September 16), and had six losing streaks of 10 games or more. The Spiders lost 40 of their last 41 games, finishing 84 games behind the 1899 National League champion Brooklyn Dodgers and 35 games behind the second-last-placed Washington Senators. They lost 27 games in September, a record for the most games lost in a month until the 1909 Washington Senators went 5–29 in July. Due to paltry attendances, the Spiders played 112 games on the road, finishing with a road record of 11–101 (the 101 road losses is a record which is unbreakable under the current MLB scheduling rules, which allow a maximum of 81 road games).

text: The 1899 Browns, renamed the "Perfectos" and staffed with all the best players from the 1898 Spiders (six of the Spiders' eight starting position players and four starting pitchers, including the great Cy Young) improved by 44½ games, from 39–111 to 84–67. However, all St. Louis did ultimately was to trade places with Cleveland in the standings. The Browns/Perfectos were renamed the St. Louis Cardinals in 1900, and are unrelated to the American League St. Louis Browns that adopted the discarded nickname and also appear on this list.

text: After the 1899 season, the National League contracted from twelve to eight clubs for the 1900 season, with the Spiders, the original Baltimore Orioles, Louisville Colonels (Louisville has never had another major league team since), and the original Washington Senators folding operations. Baltimore had also been stripped of its best players by Brooklyn in 1899, to somewhat less dramatic effect, but still enough to speed their demise. The smaller 1900 National League allowed the Western League to fulfill its dreams of becoming a major league, filling the void in a number of cities by renaming itself the American League in 1900 and declaring itself a major league in 1901.

text: Other teams[edit]

text: With shorter schedules before 1886, it was much more common for teams to finish with sub-.300 winning percentages.

text: Two teams have finished with worse overall winning percentages than the 1899 Spiders, but both teams played fewer than 50 games during their seasons and in leagues whose status as "major" is questionable.

text: The 1875 Brooklyn Atlantics of the National Association finished at 2–42 (.045 percentage), but the status of the National Association as a major league has long been disputed. For comparison, the Atlantics' record projects to 7–155 under the current schedule, and Pythagorean expectation based on the Atlantics' results and the current 162-game schedule predicts a record of 13–149.

text: The 1884 Wilmington Quicksteps of the Union Association played only 18 games, finishing with a 2–16 record (.111 percentage) before they dropped out of the Association and folded. For comparison, this projects to 18–144 under the current schedule, and Pythagorean expectation based on the Quicksteps' results and the current 162-game schedule predicts a record of 14–148. However, although the Union Association is conventionally listed as a major league, this status has been questioned due to the league's overall lack of playing talent and poor organizational structure. Contemporary baseball guides did not consider the Union Association to be a major league, with the earliest record referencing the Union Association as a major league dating to 1922.[1]

text: The 1890 Alleghenys were gutted before the season when nearly all of their best players defected to the Pittsburgh Burghers of the Players' League. Poor attendances meant that they played 97 of their 136 games on the road, finishing with a road record of 9–88 (the 88 road losses remained a record until 1899, and is unreachable under current MLB scheduling rules). The Alleghenys .093 road winning percentage is the lowest in MLB history for a minimum of 60 games.

text: The Philadelphia Athletics were a good team in the early 1910s, winning American League pennants in 1913 and 1914 and the World Series in 1913. However, owner-manager Connie Mack felt that he was unable to pay his star players' salaries while the Federal League was in operation, and he sold or traded most of them after the 1914 World Series ended. The Athletics then finished in last place from 1915–1922. In 1916, they went 36–117, including 13–64 on the road. The 1916 Athletics .235 winning percentage is the sixth-lowest of any MLB team and the lowest since 1900.

text: The 1935 Boston Braves featured Hall of Famers Rabbit Maranville (age 43) and Babe Ruth (age 40). Braves owner Emil Fuchs had promised Ruth an ownership stake in the Braves and a chance to manage the club in the near future, but had little intention of delivering either. Ruth retired on June 1, 1935, having hit .181 in 72 at-bats for the Braves, with six home runs (the last three all coming on the same day, May 25, 1935, at Pittsburgh). Fuchs, who had been plagued by financial problems for a decade, was forced to give up control of the Braves before the end of the season. The Braves' home winning percentage of .167 is the fifth-lowest of any MLB team and the lowest since 1900.

text: The 1939 Browns drew 386 fans to the park for a 7–4 home loss to Detroit on September 27.[2]

text: The 1962 New York Mets were an expansion team created to fill the void after the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers left New York City at end of the 1957 season. The Mets, filled with castoffs like "Marvelous" Marv Throneberry as well as aging Hall of Famer Richie Ashburn and low-talent rookies such as Choo-Choo Coleman, finished with the third-worst winning percentage in the modern era and the modern-era record for most losses. The Mets went on to finish last or next-to-last for seven years in a row, before they shocked the baseball world by winning the 1969 World Series.

text: The 2003 Tigers seemed like a sure bet to break the 1962 Mets' modern record for most losses when they stood at 38–118 after 156 games, but they won five of their last six to avoid ignominy. On September 27, in their penultimate game, the Tigers came back from an 8–0 deficit to beat the Minnesota Twins 9–8 (the Twins, having just clinched the division, were resting their starters).[3] When the Tigers won the season finale to avoid tying the record, they received a standing ovation from the crowd. Mike Maroth, a starting pitcher for the 2003 Detroit Tigers, went 9–21 and became the first pitcher to lose 20 games in a season since Brian Kingman dropped 20 games for the 1980 Oakland Athletics.[4] Ramón Santiago of the Tigers became only the 12th Triple Crown loser (a player who finishes last in all of the three Triple Crown categories) in modern MLB history.[5] One baseball statistician described the Tigers as possibly "the worst team of all time without a good excuse", as virtually every other team on the list had been reduced to minor-league status, plagued by financial problems or was a first-year expansion team.[6]

text: Three years after losing 119 games, the Detroit Tigers went 95–67 and won their 10th American League pennant, before losing the World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals. Players common to the 2003 and 2006 Tigers teams included Brandon Inge, Ramón Santiago (who spent 2004 and 2005 with the Seattle Mariners), Craig Monroe, Dmitri Young (released in September 2006), Omar Infante, Mike Maroth, Jeremy Bonderman, Nate Robertson, Jamie Walker, Wilfredo Ledezma, and Fernando Rodney.


document_title: List of the largest counties in the United States by area

question_text: what is the largest county in the continental united states

text: List of largest counties[edit]

text:
Rank
County
State
County Seat
Total Area
Land Area

1
San Bernardino County
California
San Bernardino
20,105.32 sq mi (52,072.5 km2)
20,052.5 sq mi (51,936 km2)

2
Coconino County
Arizona
Flagstaff
18,661.21 sq mi (48,332.3 km2)
18,617.42 sq mi (48,218.9 km2)

3
Nye County
Nevada
Tonopah
18,158.73 sq mi (47,030.9 km2)
18,146.66 sq mi (46,999.6 km2)

4
Elko County
Nevada
Elko
17,202.94 sq mi (44,555.4 km2)
17,179.03 sq mi (44,493.5 km2)

5
Mohave County
Arizona
Kingman
13,469.71 sq mi (34,886.4 km2)
13,311.64 sq mi (34,477.0 km2)

6
Apache County
Arizona
St. Johns
11,218.42 sq mi (29,055.6 km2)
11,204.88 sq mi (29,020.5 km2)

7
Lincoln County
Nevada
Pioche
10,636.77 sq mi (27,549.1 km2)
10,633.61 sq mi (27,540.9 km2)

8
Sweetwater County
Wyoming
Green River
10,491.17 sq mi (27,172.0 km2)
10,425.3 sq mi (27,001 km2)

9
Inyo County
California
Independence
10,226.98 sq mi (26,487.8 km2)
10,203.1 sq mi (26,426 km2)

10
Harney County
Oregon
Burns
10,226.49 sq mi (26,486.5 km2)
10,134.33 sq mi (26,247.8 km2)

11
Navajo County
Arizona
Holbrook
9,959.49 sq mi (25,795.0 km2)
9,953.18 sq mi (25,778.6 km2)

12
Malheur County
Oregon
Vale
9,929.99 sq mi (25,718.6 km2)
9,887.09 sq mi (25,607.4 km2)

13
Humboldt County
Nevada
Winnemucca
9,657.87 sq mi (25,013.8 km2)
9,647.91 sq mi (24,988.0 km2)

14
Fremont County
Wyoming
Lander
9,265.8 sq mi (23,998 km2)
9,182.27 sq mi (23,782.0 km2)

15
Maricopa County
Arizona
Phoenix
9,224.27 sq mi (23,890.7 km2)
9,203.14 sq mi (23,836.0 km2)

16
Pima County
Arizona
Tucson
9,188.83 sq mi (23,799.0 km2)
9,186.27 sq mi (23,792.3 km2)

17
White Pine County
Nevada
Ely
8,896.6 sq mi (23,042 km2)
8,875.98 sq mi (22,988.7 km2)

18
Idaho County
Idaho
Grangeville
8,502.48 sq mi (22,021.3 km2)
8,484.88 sq mi (21,975.7 km2)

19
Lake County
Oregon
Lakeview
8,358.47 sq mi (21,648.3 km2)
8,135.75 sq mi (21,071.5 km2)

20
Kern County
California
Bakersfield
8,161.42 sq mi (21,138.0 km2)
8,140.96 sq mi (21,085.0 km2)

21
Yavapai County
Arizona
Prescott
8,127.78 sq mi (21,050.9 km2)
8,123.3 sq mi (21,039 km2)

22
Clark County
Nevada
Las Vegas
8,090.66 sq mi (20,954.7 km2)
7,910.34 sq mi (20,487.7 km2)

23
Carbon County
Wyoming
Rawlins
7,964.03 sq mi (20,626.7 km2)
7,896.14 sq mi (20,450.9 km2)

24
San Juan County
Utah
Monticello
7,933.09 sq mi (20,546.6 km2)
7,820.18 sq mi (20,254.2 km2)

25
Owyhee County
Idaho
Murphy
7,696.71 sq mi (19,934.4 km2)
7,677.98 sq mi (19,885.9 km2)

26
Riverside County
California
Riverside
7,303.13 sq mi (18,915.0 km2)
7,207.37 sq mi (18,667.0 km2)

27
Tooele County
Utah
Tooele
7,287.12 sq mi (18,873.6 km2)
6,930.35 sq mi (17,949.5 km2)

28
Park County
Wyoming
Cody
6,968.51 sq mi (18,048.4 km2)
6,942.39 sq mi (17,980.7 km2)

29
Catron County
New Mexico
Reserve
6,929.03 sq mi (17,946.1 km2)
6,927.81 sq mi (17,942.9 km2)

30
St. Louis County
Minnesota
Duluth
6,859.91 sq mi (17,767.1 km2)
6,225.16 sq mi (16,123.1 km2)

31
Aroostook County
Maine
Houlton
6,828.79 sq mi (17,686.5 km2)
6,671.54 sq mi (17,279.2 km2)

32
Millard County
Utah
Fillmore
6,828.01 sq mi (17,684.5 km2)
6,589.13 sq mi (17,065.8 km2)

33
Box Elder County
Utah
Brigham City
6,729.03 sq mi (17,428.1 km2)
5,723.34 sq mi (14,823.4 km2)

34
Socorro County
New Mexico
Socorro
6,648.71 sq mi (17,220.1 km2)
6,646.4 sq mi (17,214 km2)

35
Otero County
New Mexico
Alamogordo
6,627.43 sq mi (17,165.0 km2)
6,626.5 sq mi (17,163 km2)

36
Washoe County
Nevada
Reno
6,551.32 sq mi (16,967.8 km2)
6,342.27 sq mi (16,426.4 km2)

37
Siskiyou County
California
Yreka
6,347.46 sq mi (16,439.8 km2)
6,286.78 sq mi (16,282.7 km2)

38
Cochise County
Arizona
Bisbee
6,218.77 sq mi (16,106.5 km2)
6,169.45 sq mi (15,978.8 km2)

39
Brewster County
Texas
Alpine
6,192.78 sq mi (16,039.2 km2)
6,192.61 sq mi (16,038.8 km2)

40
Klamath County
Oregon
Klamath Falls
6,135.75 sq mi (15,891.5 km2)
5,944.19 sq mi (15,395.4 km2)

41
Chaves County
New Mexico
Roswell
6,075.07 sq mi (15,734.4 km2)
6,070.86 sq mi (15,723.5 km2)

42
Pershing County
Nevada
Lovelock
6,067.55 sq mi (15,714.9 km2)
6,036.56 sq mi (15,634.6 km2)

43
Fresno County
California
Fresno
6,017.42 sq mi (15,585.0 km2)
5,962.73 sq mi (15,443.4 km2)

44
Cherry County
Nebraska
Valentine
6,009.54 sq mi (15,564.6 km2)
5,960.52 sq mi (15,437.7 km2)

45
Keweenaw County
Michigan
Eagle River
5,965.96 sq mi (15,451.8 km2)
540.97 sq mi (1,401.1 km2)

46
Rio Arriba County
New Mexico
Tierra Amarilla
5,896.1 sq mi (15,271 km2)
5,857.63 sq mi (15,171.2 km2)

47
Beaverhead County
Montana
Dillon
5,572.04 sq mi (14,431.5 km2)
5,542.31 sq mi (14,354.5 km2)

48
San Juan County
New Mexico
Aztec
5,538.36 sq mi (14,344.3 km2)
5,514.02 sq mi (14,281.2 km2)

49
Lander County
Nevada
Battle Mountain
5,519.47 sq mi (14,295.4 km2)
5,493.63 sq mi (14,228.4 km2)

50
Yuma County
Arizona
Yuma
5,518.96 sq mi (14,294.0 km2)
5,514.09 sq mi (14,281.4 km2)

51
McKinley County
New Mexico
Gallup
5,455.22 sq mi (14,129.0 km2)
5,448.72 sq mi (14,112.1 km2)

52
Natrona County
Wyoming
Casper
5,375.72 sq mi (13,923.1 km2)
5,339.88 sq mi (13,830.2 km2)

53
Pinal County
Arizona
Florence
5,374.09 sq mi (13,918.8 km2)
5,369.59 sq mi (13,907.2 km2)

54
Okanogan County
Washington
Okanogan
5,315.16 sq mi (13,766.2 km2)
5,268.07 sq mi (13,644.2 km2)

55
Flathead County
Montana
Kalispell
5,256.45 sq mi (13,614.1 km2)
5,098.34 sq mi (13,204.6 km2)

56
Phillips County
Montana
Malta
5,212.17 sq mi (13,499.5 km2)
5,139.57 sq mi (13,311.4 km2)

57
Garfield County
Utah
Panguitch
5,208.2 sq mi (13,489 km2)
5,174.22 sq mi (13,401.2 km2)

58
Douglas County
Oregon
Roseburg
5,133.83 sq mi (13,296.6 km2)
5,036.62 sq mi (13,044.8 km2)

59
Hawaii County
Hawaii
Hilo
5,086.7 sq mi (13,174 km2)
4,028.02 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)

60
Valley County
Montana
Glasgow
5,061.98 sq mi (13,110.5 km2)
4,921 sq mi (12,750 km2)

61
Alger County
Michigan
Munising
5,049.08 sq mi (13,077.1 km2)
917.83 sq mi (2,377.2 km2)

62
Rosebud County
Montana
Forsyth
5,026.94 sq mi (13,019.7 km2)
5,012.37 sq mi (12,982.0 km2)

63
Churchill County
Nevada
Fallon
5,023.38 sq mi (13,010.5 km2)
4,929.08 sq mi (12,766.3 km2)

64
Big Horn County
Montana
Hardin
5,014.65 sq mi (12,987.9 km2)
4,994.81 sq mi (12,936.5 km2)

65
Custer County
Idaho
Challis
4,936.79 sq mi (12,786.2 km2)
4,925.45 sq mi (12,756.9 km2)

66
Sublette County
Wyoming
Pinedale
4,935.66 sq mi (12,783.3 km2)
4,882.57 sq mi (12,645.8 km2)

67
Garfield County
Montana
Jordan
4,847.54 sq mi (12,555.1 km2)
4,668.06 sq mi (12,090.2 km2)

68
Tulare County
California
Visalia
4,839.09 sq mi (12,533.2 km2)
4,823.97 sq mi (12,494.0 km2)

69
Lincoln County
New Mexico
Carrizozo
4,831.25 sq mi (12,512.9 km2)
4,830.97 sq mi (12,512.2 km2)

70
Campbell County
Wyoming
Gillette
4,801.56 sq mi (12,436.0 km2)
4,796.76 sq mi (12,423.6 km2)

71
Gila County
Arizona
Globe
4,795.74 sq mi (12,420.9 km2)
4,767.7 sq mi (12,348 km2)

72
Las Animas County
Colorado
Trinidad
4,775.42 sq mi (12,368.3 km2)
4,772.63 sq mi (12,361.1 km2)

73
Pecos County
Texas
Fort Stockton
4,764.73 sq mi (12,340.6 km2)
4,763.66 sq mi (12,337.8 km2)

74
Los Angeles County
California
Los Angeles
4,752.32 sq mi (12,308.5 km2)
4,060.87 sq mi (10,517.6 km2)

75
Moffat County
Colorado
Craig
4,750.94 sq mi (12,304.9 km2)
4,742.25 sq mi (12,282.4 km2)

76
San Miguel County
New Mexico
Las Vegas
4,735.63 sq mi (12,265.2 km2)
4,717.04 sq mi (12,217.1 km2)

77
Lane County
Oregon
Eugene
4,721.79 sq mi (12,229.4 km2)
4,554 sq mi (11,790 km2)

78
Lassen County
California
Susanville
4,720.37 sq mi (12,225.7 km2)
4,557.27 sq mi (11,803.3 km2)

79
Graham County
Arizona
Safford
4,641.14 sq mi (12,020.5 km2)
4,629.32 sq mi (11,989.9 km2)

80
Hudspeth County
Texas
Sierra Blanca
4,571.93 sq mi (11,841.2 km2)
4,571 sq mi (11,840 km2)

81
Lemhi County
Idaho
Salmon
4,569.5 sq mi (11,835 km2)
4,564.16 sq mi (11,821.1 km2)

82
Cibola County
New Mexico
Grants
4,541.71 sq mi (11,763.0 km2)
4,539.21 sq mi (11,756.5 km2)

83
Grant County
Oregon
Canyon City
4,529.32 sq mi (11,730.9 km2)
4,528.6 sq mi (11,729 km2)

84
San Diego County
California
San Diego
4,525.52 sq mi (11,721.0 km2)
4,199.89 sq mi (10,877.7 km2)

85
La Paz County
Arizona
Parker
4,513.36 sq mi (11,689.5 km2)
4,499.95 sq mi (11,654.8 km2)

86
Uintah County
Utah
Vernal
4,498.98 sq mi (11,652.3 km2)
4,477.07 sq mi (11,595.6 km2)

87
Imperial County
California
El Centro
4,481.73 sq mi (11,607.6 km2)
4,174.73 sq mi (10,812.5 km2)

88
Emery County
Utah
Castle Dale
4,461.54 sq mi (11,555.3 km2)
4,451.85 sq mi (11,530.2 km2)

89
Lea County
New Mexico
Lovington
4,394.02 sq mi (11,380.5 km2)
4,392.96 sq mi (11,377.7 km2)

90
Piscataquis County
Maine
Dover-Foxcroft
4,377.36 sq mi (11,337.3 km2)
3,966.22 sq mi (10,272.5 km2)

91
Fergus County
Montana
Lewistown
4,350.36 sq mi (11,267.4 km2)
4,339.17 sq mi (11,238.4 km2)

92
Yakima County
Washington
Yakima
4,311.61 sq mi (11,167.0 km2)
4,296.23 sq mi (11,127.2 km2)

93
Albany County
Wyoming
Laramie
4,308.79 sq mi (11,159.7 km2)
4,272.75 sq mi (11,066.4 km2)

94
Converse County
Wyoming
Douglas
4,265.1 sq mi (11,047 km2)
4,254.72 sq mi (11,019.7 km2)

95
Blaine County
Montana
Chinook
4,238.92 sq mi (10,978.8 km2)
4,226.18 sq mi (10,945.8 km2)

96
Sierra County
New Mexico
Truth or Consequences
4,236.3 sq mi (10,972 km2)
4,180.23 sq mi (10,826.7 km2)

97
Teton County
Wyoming
Jackson
4,221.8 sq mi (10,934 km2)
4,007.76 sq mi (10,380.1 km2)

98
Modoc County
California
Alturas
4,203.37 sq mi (10,886.7 km2)
3,944.1 sq mi (10,215 km2)

99
Eddy County
New Mexico
Carlsbad
4,197.57 sq mi (10,871.7 km2)
4,182.02 sq mi (10,831.4 km2)

100
Eureka County
Nevada
Eureka
4,179.96 sq mi (10,826.0 km2)
4,175.68 sq mi (10,815.0 km2)

101 (94)[a]
Johnson County
Wyoming
Buffalo
4,174.71 sq mi (10,812.4 km2)
4,166.28 sq mi (10,790.6 km2)

102 (100)[a]
Kane County
Utah
Kanab
4,108.42 sq mi (10,640.8 km2)
3,991.96 sq mi (10,339.1 km2)

104 (95)[a]
Lincoln County
Wyoming
Kemmerer
4,089.01 sq mi (10,590.5 km2)
4,069.09 sq mi (10,538.9 km2)

106 (99)[a]
Weld County
Colorado
Greeley
4,021.56 sq mi (10,415.8 km2)
3,992.45 sq mi (10,340.4 km2)

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d The figure shown in parentheses indicates the rank this county would have when considering land area only.

tag: ol

text: Alaskan boroughs and census areas[edit]

text: Unlike most states, Alaska is divided into boroughs and census areas that serve as county-equivalents for the Census Bureau. If included with the remainder of the counties and county-equivalent areas in the United States, Alaska's boroughs and census areas would occupy the largest 11. Below is a list of these boroughs and census areas that would rank in the top 100 if included in the above list.

text: The Unorganized Borough, in which all of the census areas are located, is not considered a county-equivalent area and is not included in this list. With an area of 323,440 sq mi (837,700 km2), it would easily top the list, outranking every state in the country (except Alaska).

text: The rankings in the below list reflect the rank each borough or census area would have if included with all counties and county-equivalent areas in the United States (up to #11).

text:
Rank
County
State
Total Area
Land Area

1
Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area
Alaska
147,842.51 sq mi (382,910.3 km2)
145,899.69 sq mi (377,878.5 km2)

2
North Slope Borough
Alaska
94,762.64 sq mi (245,434.1 km2)
88,817.12 sq mi (230,035.3 km2)

3
Bethel Census Area
Alaska
45,508.46 sq mi (117,866.4 km2)
40,633.31 sq mi (105,239.8 km2)

4
Northwest Arctic Borough
Alaska
40,762 sq mi (105,570 km2)
35,898.34 sq mi (92,976.3 km2)

5
Valdez-Cordova Census Area
Alaska
40,199.15 sq mi (104,115.3 km2)
34,319.1 sq mi (88,886 km2)

6
Lake and Peninsula Borough
Alaska
30,906.96 sq mi (80,048.7 km2)
23,781.96 sq mi (61,595.0 km2)

7
Nome Census Area
Alaska
28,283.33 sq mi (73,253.5 km2)
23,000.91 sq mi (59,572.1 km2)

8
Matanuska-Susitna Borough
Alaska
25,259.79 sq mi (65,422.6 km2)
24,681.54 sq mi (63,924.9 km2)

9
Southeast Fairbanks Census Area
Alaska
25,061.19 sq mi (64,908.2 km2)
24,814.86 sq mi (64,270.2 km2)

10
Kenai Peninsula Borough
Alaska
24,754.6 sq mi (64,114 km2)
16,013.26 sq mi (41,474.2 km2)

11
Dillingham Census Area
Alaska
20,928.41 sq mi (54,204.3 km2)
18,674.78 sq mi (48,367.5 km2)

12
Kusilvak Census Area
Alaska
19,669.24 sq mi (50,943.1 km2)
17,193.5 sq mi (44,531 km2)

13
Aleutians East Borough
Alaska
15,011.6 sq mi (38,880 km2)
6,988.14 sq mi (18,099.2 km2)

14
Aleutians West Census Area
Alaska
14,116.51 sq mi (36,561.6 km2)
4,396.77 sq mi (11,387.6 km2)

15
Denali Borough
Alaska
12,774.53 sq mi (33,085.9 km2)
12,749.65 sq mi (33,021.4 km2)

16
Prince of Wales-Outer Ketchikan Census Area
Alaska
12,706.3 sq mi (32,909 km2)
7,410.62 sq mi (19,193.4 km2)

17
Kodiak Island Borough
Alaska
12,023.67 sq mi (31,141.2 km2)
6,559.85 sq mi (16,989.9 km2)

18
Skagway-Hoonah-Angoon Census Area
Alaska
11,376.73 sq mi (29,465.6 km2)
7,896.48 sq mi (20,451.8 km2)

19
Yakutat City and Borough
Alaska
9,459.28 sq mi (24,499.4 km2)
7,650.46 sq mi (19,814.6 km2)

20
Wrangell-Petersburg Census Area
Alaska
9,021.21 sq mi (23,364.8 km2)
5,834.94 sq mi (15,112.4 km2)

21
Fairbanks North Star Borough
Alaska
7,444.02 sq mi (19,279.9 km2)
7,366.24 sq mi (19,078.5 km2)

22
Sitka City and Borough
Alaska
4,811.53 sq mi (12,461.8 km2)
2,873.98 sq mi (7,443.6 km2)


document_title: List of cities and towns in India by nicknames

question_text: which state is known as garden of india

question_tokens: which state is known as garden of india

text: List by states[edit]

text: Andhra Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Dharmavaram

Silk City of Andhra Pradesh[1]

Kakinada

Pensioner's Paradise[2]

Piduguralla

Lime City[3]

Rajahmundry

Cultural Capital of Andhra Pradesh[4]

Tenali

Andhra Paris[5]

Tirupati

Spiritual Capital of India
Spiritual Capital of Andhra Pradesh[6]

Visakhapatnam

Financial Capital of Andhra Pradesh[6]
The Jewel of the East Coast[7]
Goa of the East[7]
The City of Destiny[7]

text: Bihar[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Muzaffarpur

The Land of Leechi[8]

Bhagalpur

Silk City[9][10]

Nalanda

land of knowledge

HAJIPUR

Electronic city of bihar

text: Chhattisgarh[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Chhattisgarh

Korba

Power hub of India

Jagdalpur

Tourism capital of Chhattisgarh

Bhilai

Steel city of India

Kanker

Gateway of bastar

text: Gujarat[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Ahmedabad

INDIA'S first world heritage city
Manchester City Of India
Boston of India

Surat

Diamond City of India

Baroda (Vadodara)

Banyan City[11]
Cultural Capital of Gujarat (Sanskari Nagari)[12]
Power Hub of India[13]
Sayajinagari

text: Chandigarh[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Chandigarh

The City Beautiful

text: Haryana[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Gurgaon

Millennium city of India

Bhiwani

Mini Cuba

Rewari

Copper City

Narnaul

Saffron City

text: Jharkhand[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Jamshedpur

Steel City of India[14]

Dhanbad

The Coal Capital of India

text: Karnataka[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Bengaluru (Bengaluru)

Silicon Valley of India[15]
Science City of India[16]
Garden City of India[17]

Coorg (Kodagu)

Scotland of India[18]

Mangalore (Mangaluru)

Rome of the East[19]
Ice Cream Capital of India[20]

Mysore (Mysuru)

Sandalwood City[21]
Cultural Capital of Karnataka[22]
City of Palaces (†3)
Heritage City of Karnataka[23]

Sakleshpur (Sakleshpura)

Poor Man's Ooty[24][25]

text:
|Chickmagalur (Chickamagaluru)
|

text: Switzerland of India[26]

text: Kerala[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram)

Evergreen City of India

Kochi (Cochin)

Queen of Arabian Sea[27]

Kozhikode (Calicut)

City of Spices.[28]

Kannur (Cannanore)

City of Looms and Lores.[29]

Kottayam

City of letters (Aksharanagri)[30][better source needed]
City of Murals[30]
City of latex[30]
City of lakes[30]

Kollam (Quilon)

Cashew Capital of the World[31]

Alappuzha (Alleppey)

Venice of east[32][better source needed]

Kasaragod

Land of Seven Languages (സപ്തഭാഷസംഗമഭൂമി, Saptabashasangamabhoomi)[33]
Harkwillia[34]

Palakkad

Land of Palm trees[35]
Rice bowl of Kerala[36]

Thrissur

The Cultural capital of Kerala[37]
Land of Poorams (പൂരങ്ങളുടെ നാട്)[38]
The land of Vadakkumnathan (വടക്കുംനാഥന്റെ മണ്ണ്)[39]
Gold capital of India[40]

Wayanad

God’s own district [41]

text: Madhya Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/Town

Nickname

Indore

Mini Bombay

Ujjain

City Of Temples

Bhopal

City of Lakes

text: Maharashtra[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Akola

Cotton City of India[42][43][44]

Nagpur

Orange City,[45]
Tiger Capital of India[46]

Nashik

Wine Capital of India

Jalgaon

City of Banana

Pune

Queen of Deccan[47]
Oxford of the east
Educational hub
Information Technology (IT) hub
culture capital of Maharashtra
Automobile hub
India's smartest city

Kolhapur

City of Wrestlers[48]

Mumbai

City of Dreams
Financial Capital Of India
City of seven Islands
Maya Nagari
Gateway of India

Pandharpur

Spiritual Capital of Maharashtra

Aurangabad

Detroit of Maharashtra

Chandrapur

Black Golden City

text: Meghalaya[edit]

text:
City/Town

Nickname

Shillong

Scotland of East

text: Odisha[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Balangir

Cloth City of Odisha

Sambalpur

The City of Culture
Handloom City

Bargarh

Rice Bowl of Odisha

Bhubaneswar

The Temple City[49]

Cuttack

The silver city of India
Millenium City

Rourkela

Steel city of Odisha

Puri

Spiritual City of India

Deogarh

City of Waterfalls

text: Punjab[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Patiala

Royal City[50]

Ludhiana

Manchester of Punjab

text: Rajasthan[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Jaipur

Pink City[51]

Udaipur

City of Lakes[52]
Venice of the East (†4)[52][53]

Jodhpur

Blue City[54]

text:
Bhilwara
Textile City of India

text: Tamil Nadu[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Chennai (Madras) (Madarasapattinam)

Detroit of Asia[55]
Banking Capital of India[55]
Gateway of South India
Healthcare Capital of India[56]

Coimbatore (Kovai)

Manchester of South India[57][58]

Madurai

Athens of the east[59]

Salem

Steel City[60]
Mango City

Puducherry (Pondicherry)

Paris of the East (†3)

Tirunelveli

City of paddy fields[61]
Oxford of Southindia

Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)

Pearl City[62]

Auroville

City of Dawn

Yercaud

Poor Man's Ooty[63][64]
Jewel of the South[65]

Sivakasi

Kutty (A little) Japan
Crackers City of Tamil Nadu[66]

Ooty

Queen of Hill Stations[67]

Kodaikanal

Princess of Hill stations[68]

Ooththukuli

Butter city of Tamil Nadu[68]

Ambur

Biriyani city of Tamil Nadu[68]

Tirupur

dollar city of India
knitwear capital of india

text: Telangana[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Hyderabad

City of Biryani
City of Pearls[69]

Nalgonda

City of Rocks

Ramagundam

City of Coal

text: Uttar Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Lucknow

City of Nawabs[70]
City of Gardens
Constantinople of East

text:
City

Nickname

Kanpur

Manchester Of The East[71]
Leather City of the World[72]
Crossroad of National Highways

Allahabad (Prayag)

Sangam City[73]
City of Prime Ministers[74]
Abode of God[74] (भगवान का घर)
King of Pilgrims(तीर्थो का राजा)

Varanasi

The City Of Ghats
City of Lights
Abode of Shiva
Cultural Capital of India
The Ultimate Crematorium
The City of Moksha

text: West Bengal[edit]

text:
City

Nickname(s)

Calcutta (Kolkata)

City of Joy[75]
City of Palaces(†3)
Heaven of the Aged
Gateway of Eastern India

Siliguri

Gateway of Northeast India[76]
Gateway to the Dooars[77]
City of Hospitality

Asansol

City of black diamond

Bardhaman

City of Peace
Royal Heritage City of West Bengal

Durgapur

Rurh of India

Darjeeling

Queen of the Hills

Malda

Mango City

Purulia

Manbhum City

text: Anchors[edit]

text:
(†1) (For other places with the same nickname as 'Paris of the East', see Paris of the East)
(†2) (For other places with the same nickname as 'Venice of the East', see List of places called Venice of the East)
(†3) (For other places with the same nickname as 'City of Palaces', see City of Palaces)


document_title: List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth

question_text: which indian state has the highest life expectancy

text:
States and union  territories of India  ordered by
Area
Population

Abbreviations
Capitals
Child Nutrition
Crime rate
Electricity penetration
Fertility rate
Forest cover
GDP (per capita)
Highest point
HIV awareness
HDI
Home ownership
Household size
Human Trafficking
Institutional delivery
Life expectancy at birth
Literacy rate
Media exposure
Number of Vehicles
Number of voters
Obesity
Open defecation
Origin of name
Places of worship
Poverty
Power capacity
Safe Drinking Water
Safety of Women
School Enrollment Rate
Sex ratio
Suicides
Tax revenues
TV ownership
Toilet availability
Transport network
Underweight people
Unemployment
Vaccination coverage
vte

text: This is a list of Indian states by Life expectancy at birth. The figures come from the Human Development Index Report, published in 2011, by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) India[3] and Sample Registration Survey (SRS) based life table 2010-14.[4][5]

text: The report provides life expectancy at birth for years 2002-06 and 2010-14. In 2002-6, Punjab had the second highest life expectancy. Kerala had the highest life expectancy among the states in India, while Assam had the lowest. The figures for North-Eastern States were unavailable.[5]

text:
Rank
State
Life expectancy at birth

(2010-14)[5]
(2002-06)[6]

1
Kerala
74.9
74.0

2
Delhi
73.2
-

3
Jammu and Kashmir
72.6
-

4
Uttarakhand
71.7
60.0

5
Himachal Pradesh
71.6
67.0

5
Punjab
71.6
69.4

5
Maharashtra
71.6
67.2

8
Tamil Nadu
70.6
66.2

9
West Bengal
70.2
64.9

10
Karnataka
68.8
65.3

11
Gujarat
68.7
64.1

12
Haryana
68.6
66.2

13
Andhra Pradesh (includes Telangana)
68.5
64.4

14
Bihar
68.1
61.6

*
India
67.9
63.5

15
Rajasthan
67.7
62.0

16
Jharkhand
66.6
58.0

17
Odisha
65.8
59.6

18
Chhattisgarh
64.8
58.0

19
Madhya Pradesh
64.2
58.0

20
Uttar Pradesh
64.1
60.0

21
Assam
63.9
58.9