document_title: List of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah characters

question_text: real name of sonu in tarak mehta ka ooltah chashmah

text: Groups and categories[edit]

text: Gokuldham members[edit]

text: Purush Mandal[edit]

text:
It is the group of the senior male characters of the society. They always try to have parties hiding from their wives. They drink soda daily at Abdul's soda shop at night.
It includes-
Jethalal Gada,
Taarak Mehta,
Aatmaram Bhide,
Roshan Singh Sodhi,
Krishnan Iyer,
Dr. Hathi,
Patrakar Popatlal &
Abdul (partially).

text: Mahila Mandal[edit]

text:
The group consists of all senior female members of the society.
It includes-
Daya Jethalal Gada,
Anjali Mehta,
Madhavi Bhide,
Roshan Kaur Sodhi,
Babita Iyer &
Komal Hathi.

text: Tapu Sena[edit]

text:
The Tapu Sena is a penta-member group of children residing in the society. It is providing a juvenile tone to the show. Usually, the group becomes a nuisance for the other members of the Society because of their mischievous activities, while at times, it draws praises from the members by virtue of some laudable activities performed by the children. Since the beginning of the show, the Tapu Sena has, with their childlike activities, characterized the typical frolicsome Indian children. With the growth of the five children to maturity and elegance, the stories have been tailored accordingly to suit the children.[1][2]
It includes-
Tapu,
Sonu,
Goli,
Gogi,
Pinku

text: Gada Electronics Staff[edit]

text:
Nattu Kaka,
Baagha and
Magan. All of them are very sincere, laborious and honest. Magan makes rare appearances and Nattu Kaka and Baagha are the main employees. Nattu Kaka handles the finance and Baagha specialises in repairing old mobile phones. Even though Jethalal constantly refuses to give Nattu Kaka and Baagha a hike in their salary despite their constant requests, they are still loyal to Jethalal and are dedicated to their work. Nattu Kaka and Baagha also celebrate festivals and take part in events with Gokuldham Society.

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Gada Family[edit]

text: It is Hindu-Jain mixed Gujarati family who is originally from Bhachau village of Kutch District. The family consists of four people - Jethalal, his wife Daya, his father Champaklal, and his son Tipendra aka Tapu. Jethalal, Daya and Champaklal are weak in English but Tapu is smart and talented. The family enjoys close bonding. Jethalal, Daya and Tappu have immense respect for Champaklal. They own an electronics shop "Gada Electronics" which is run by Jethalal.

text: Jethalal Champaklal Gada[edit]

text: The role is played by Dilip Joshi. He is the main central character around whom the story usually revolves. Jethalal is not very tall, is overweight and has small moustache. Although he is an honest businessman, ideal son, perfect husband and loving father, he is also very careless, forgetful and lazy. He is a late riser. He is a foodie and loves to eat meals prepared by his wife Daya, and also a Gujarati snack called Jalebi Fafda. Jethalal is often scolded by his father Champaklal, for being strict with his son Tapu and wife Daya. Because of this reason Jethalal is scared of his father, but still respects him a lot and is always shown touching his feet for blessings every now and then. He is protective about Tapu when Bhide accuses him for mischief and often ends up fighting with him. He is the proprietor of 'Gada Electronics'. Jethalal is usually called Jethiya by Champaklal, Tapu ke papa by Daya, Jethaji by Babita and Jethabhai by other ladies society members. Though Jethalal loves his wife Daya dearly, he has a secret crush on Babita and leaves no chance to impress her. Whenever he leaves for his shop in the morning and meets Babita in the society compound, his wife Daya comes to the balcony and unknowingly embarrasses him in front of Babita. His luck is the worst and consequently he gets trapped into problems. Jethalal is always very distraught about his brother-in-law Sundar, who always makes him pay thousands of rupees of taxi fare and also makes him pay for his expenses whenever they meet and Jethalal knows Sundar will never repay him the money. But he keeps quite because he does not want to hurt Daya who loves her brother a lot and is not aware of the cold war between them. He is shown to be very tensed about his father who usually gets lost; his mischievous son Tapu who instigates secretary Bhide to fight with him; his employee Nattu Kaka who always demands a hike in his salary and Baagha who along with his business ideas and fiancée Bawri irritates him. His main enemy is Krishnan Iyer, husband of Babita, whom he tries to keep away when he and Babita are together. His best friend is Taarak Mehta, who acts as his troubleshooter and Jethalal calls Taarak Mehta "fire brigade" as he helps him in his troubles. Jethalal loves to eat Jalebi-Fafda, a famous Gujarati snack. He is often shown cladding designer shirts and garish clothes.

text: It is also believed that this show cannot go on without Jethalal aka Dilip Joshi, as he attracts a majority of the audience.

text: Daya Jethalal Gada[edit]

text: Aka Daya Bhabhi and Dayaben. The role is essayed by Disha Vakani. She is the wife of Jethalal and the daughter-in-law of Gada family. She is from Ahmedabad and is popularly referred to as Garba Queen as she loves playing Garba, a Gujarati dance. She is a responsible and dedicated homemaker mostly busy in household chores. Dayaben is very innocent and naive and loves her family, she is a very caring neighbour. Jethalal is fond of her culinary skills. Dayaben enjoys close bonding with her mother Jeevdaya (Yesodhara) and brother Sundar, whom she calls Sundar Veera. Dayaben is a devoted wife and never refers Jethalal by name, instead she calls him Tapu ke Papa, meaning “Tapu’s father”. She is a little superstitious and believes in black magic, ghosts and bad luck etc. Dayaben is very religious and worships Amba Mata or Maata Ji. She usually says “Heh Maa, Maata Ji” holding her hands to her head, whenever she is surprised, forgets something, or thinks some bad is to happen. Daya loves cooking and serving food to guests. For this, she is also called ' Annapoorna' in the show and all of Gokuldham’s residents are fond of her cooking. She offers tea and breakfast to almost every visitor to their house. She speaks in a typical high pitched Gujarati accent. She is always seen wearing a Gujarati sari with a traditional hairdo, except for some special occasions. The role of Dayaben and her unique comic timing with Jethalal is one of the chief reasons for the popularity of the show.

text: Champaklal Jayantilal Gada[edit]

text: Aka Champak Chacha. The role is essayed by Amit Bhatt. He is the father of Jethalal who immigrated from ancestral village of Gada family, Bhachau, to live with the family of Jethalal in Mumbai. He is a widower and is eccentric and temperamental in nature. Despite being nearly 69 years old, he is more energetic than Jethalal. He performs Pranayam and Yoga and is active member of Young Old Group, a small group founded by him and his friends. Champaklal loves his whole family and enjoys special bonding with his grandson Tapu. He always takes the side of Tapu and Daya whenever Jethalal scolds them. Due to his supreme decision making authority, Jethalal is often sidelined in family matters. He loves Jethalal with his whole heart but shows it on very rare occasions. He always scolds Jethalal and angrily calls him babuchak and “akkal vagar no dhandho”. He calls Jethalal as Jethiya, Tapu as Tapuda, and Daya as “Bahu”. He also has nicknames for the whole purush mandal as he calls, Taarak Mehta as Mehtoos, Popatlal as Dibba and Bhide as Bhindi Master, Dr. Haathi as “Haathida” and Iyer as “Iyerdi”. However, Champaklal is a fatherly figure for Gokuldham residents. He is always given immense respect and is involved in decision making process. Everyone calls him Chachaji and whole Tapusena calls him Dadaji. Champaklal always acts as a peacemaker in issues and verbal spats. He is also very fond of Daya’s cooking skills and has Mehta be his troubleshooter when Jetha is not available.

text: Although his original character, as written in "Duniya ne Undha Chashmah" by Taarak Mehta, is rebellious, rustic and ever quarrelling, in the show he is loyal to Gandhian principles and abhors unethical practices such as theft, quarrels and corruption. He is strictly against alcohol and dislikes people who drink. Champaklal looks exactly like his father, the Late Jayantilal Bhimji Gada who in the show was a freedom fighter during the British rule.

text: Tipendra Jethalal Gada[edit]

text: Mostly known as Tapu. The role is played by Raj Anadkat (2017–present)/Bhavya Gandhi (2008 July -2017). He is the son of Jethalal. Tapu enjoys close bonding with his grandfather Champaklal who always shields him from the wrath of Jethalal for participating in mischievous activities. He is the leader of Tapu Sena, the gang of society's children. Tapu is now grown up and college going teenager. Tapu is good in academics and sports. In earlier episodes, he was shown to be very mischievous, often creating chaos and nuisance in the society which earned him ire of both Jethalal and the secretary Bhide. However, the grown up, matured Tapu is now capable of solving many miscellaneous problems and also indulges in social service. He is called “Tapuda” by Champaklal and “Tapu Dikka” by Daya.[3]

text: Mehta Family[edit]

text: It is also a Gujarati family from Bhavnagar that includes two members, Taarak Mehta and his wife Anjali Mehta. It is a proper educated, intelligent and well living family. They live in the ground floor flat in the Gokuldham Society. Taarak is known to be the advisor and peacemaker in society's important matters and is best friends with Jethalal. His wife Anjali is also of a caring and understanding nature and has put Taarak on a diet as she thinks he is getting fat.

text: Taarak Mehta[edit]

text: A.k.a. Mehta Saab/Saheb. The role is essayed by Shailesh Lodha. It is based on the character of the writer, on whose book the entire show is based. He is considered to be the most intelligent among all the members living in Gokuldham Society. He is a writer and poet by profession. He works in a trading company. He rapidly thinks of solution for any problem and excuses to tell his wife and boss. He is the best friend, mentor and troubleshooter of Jethalal. He is called "Fire Brigade" by Jethalal as he is always there for him when he needs him. He is aware about Jethalal's crush on Babita. Taarak's wife Anjali Mehta who acts as his dietitian strictly controls his diet chart. He is modern, open minded and loves Anjali from the bottom of his heart although he really dislikes the diet food prepared by her, and constantly  tries to come up with excuses to avoid eating the diet food.

text: Anjali Taarak Mehta[edit]

text: Aka Anjali Bhabhi, Anjali Taarak Mehta. The role is essayed by Neha Mehta. She is sometimes called as ATM, the acronym of her name (Anjali Tarak Mehta). She is a dietitian and exercises regularly. She strictly controls the diet chart of her husband Taarak Mehta. Anjali is smart, intelligent, wise, understanding and mature. She always cares about her husband's health.

text: Bhide Family[edit]

text: This middle class Marathi family originally hails from Ratnagiri. It is a family of three, Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide, Madhavi Bhide, and their daughter Sonalika aka Sonu. The Bhides are among the properly educated families in the society.

text: Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide[edit]

text:
The role is essayed by Mandar Chandwadkar. As he is the secretary of the society, he proudly calls himself Gokuldham Society ka Ekmeva Secretary. Bhide is a very responsible, honest, principled and caring human being. He treats every problem of the society as his own. He always remembers to collect the maintenance cheques from all members and gets irritated when they don’t give the checks on time. As Bhide's modest income is insufficient to meet family needs, he actively gives tuitions to students who need help with studies as he was a school teacher in the past. That's why many a times he tries to spend less money on luxurious things. He also assists his wife in the business of homemade pickles and papads and also in household chores and because of this is adored by the ladies of the society. During any gathering Bhide addresses residents of Gokuldham after giving them his full introduction (Ekmeva Secretary) which often irritates them. Bhide is always reminiscent of old days and loves antique things. He owns a yellow scooter named 'Sakharam' gifted by his wife and considers it as a family member. He daily writes suvichar (daily thought) on the notice board of the society. Bhide has a love-hate relationship with Jethalal. And because of his disapproval of Tapu’s mischief, he tries to keep Sonu away from Tapusena, but in vain. Bhide is often irritated by irresponsible behavior of Jethalal, mischief conducted by Tapu (his playing cricket and other mischief). However, both Jethalal and Bhide wholeheartedly help each other during crisis period. While most people refer to him as Bhide, Iyer is the only person who addresses him by his first name i.e. "Aatmaram", Sodhi mostly calls him "Phidu", Dr. Hathi calls him
Bhide Master while Champaklal always calls him "Bhindi master".

text: Madhavi Aatmaram Bhide[edit]

text: Aka Madhavi Bhabhi, the role is essayed by Sonalika Joshi. She is the wife of Aatmaram Bhide, secretary of Gokuldham Society. Madhavi Bhide is an educated, intelligent homemaker. She too, like Daya, almost always wears sarees with a traditional hairdo and does not refer to Bhide by his name and instead calls him “Aaho”. As Aatmaram's modest income as a tuition teacher is insufficient to meet family needs, she domestically prepares pickle and Papadum for supplying in the market. She also tries making excuses without hurting him when Bhide starts telling her about his old days as she is bored listening to them every other time. Madhavi always mediates in verbal spats that involve her husband. She has good relations with all members of the society.

text: Sonu aka Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide[edit]

text: Mostly known as Sonu. The role is essayed by Nidhi Bhanushali (2012–present)/Jheel Mehta (2008-2012). She is the daughter of Bhide and Madhavi. Sonalika is also an active member of Tapusena and is in the same college as that of Tapu, Goli and Pinku. She is a bright student, who has always scored good percentage and secured first position in the class. Sonu is also very smart and judicious  among whole Tapusena. She has often shown her culinary skills by making delicious chocolates.[4]

text: Sodhi Family[edit]

text: It is a family from Amritsar. This family consists of three people, Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi, his Parsi wife who is also named Roshan, and their son Gurucharan Singh Sodhi, mostly known as Gogi. Both husband and wife share the same name" Roshan." This cute couple is always ready to help other society members and express their love for each other openly as they have a carefree personality.

text: Roshan Singh Sodhi[edit]

text: The role is essayed by Gurucharan Singh (2008-2013, 2014–present)/Laad Singh Maan (2013-2014). Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi, mostly known as Sodhi, is very enthusiastic, daredevilish, optimistic, energetic and strong but naive. He is short tempered and lashes out anyone trying to mess with residents of Gokuldham Society and usually says “Main tenu chadanga nai!” whenever he is angry. He owns a garage called 'Sodhi Garage' and has a Jeep. He is a devout Sikh and always ready to help others. Sodhi is a man with golden heart and he freely expresses his romantic feelings towards his wife who is also named Roshan. He is also very fond of his son Gurucharan Singh Sodhi aka Gogi and pampers him a lot. Sodhi enjoys drinking and always encourages the purush mandal to plan for secret parties. Sodhi is shown as a jaunty, lively and energetic man who often picks up others in his arms whenever he is excited. Sometimes, in rare cases his is also shown as a dimwitted person who is unable to understand the obvious jokes. Also, Sodhi is the only person in Gokuldham Society who owns a four wheeler (an open Jeep) and he often gives rides to the residents of Gokuldham to drop them where they need to go.

text: Roshan Kaur Roshan Singh Sodhi[edit]

text: Aka Roshan Bhabhi. It is played by Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal (2008-2013, 2016–present)/Dilkhush Reporter (2013-2016). She is a Parsi woman.She is very innocent.  She loathes her husband's drinking habits so much that she once even went as far as to leave their house. She also reciprocates her romantic feelings about Sodhi openly, but is sometimes shy.

text: Gurucharan Singh Roshan Singh Sodhi[edit]

text: Mostly known as Gogi. It is played by Samay Shah. He is the youngest member of the society. He is similar to his father in nature. Gogi is also the member of Tapusena but is in junior class. He is the most pampered child of the society and is very naive which is why he gets into trouble a lot. He is also comical and jokes even in the worst of situations.

text: Iyer Family[edit]

text: Iyer family consist of Babita and  Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer. Both of them are educated, modern and smart.

text: Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer[edit]

text: The role is essayed by Tanuj Mahashabde. Iyer is a Tamilan and hails from Chennai and thus, his Hindi is not very clear. Iyer is a scientist. He is very protective about Babita and skeptic about intentions of Jethalal. Both Iyer and Jethalal publicly fight and indulge in verbal spat with each other on many occasions. They both attempt to showoff and make fun of each other in front of Babita. Iyer has given a lot of gifts and surprises to Babita and he always tries to keep Jethalal away from her. He is also the treasurer of Gokuldham Society. Iyer is the only person who addresses secretary Bhide by his first name i.e. "Aatmaram".

text: Babita Krishnan Iyer[edit]

text: Aka Babitaji. The role is essayed by Munmun Dutta. She is fair and the most gorgeous and fashionable lady of Gokuldham Society. Babita is the wife of Iyer. She is from a Bengali family and belongs to Kolkata. Babita is very smart, educated, intelligent and mature lady. However, she is very modern and not comfortable with household chores. She is fluent in Hindi, English and Bengali. Babita is a member of the Gokuldham Mahila Mandal. She treats both Jethalal and Dayaben as her good friend, and is unaware about Jethalal’s crush on her. She usually talks to Jethalal in the morning through her balcony and Jethalal is always praising her and leaves no chance to impress her. In the initial episodes, she was shown as a good dancer. Babita is very conscious about her physical fitness. She keeps herself fit by indulging in exercising, jogging, yoga, swimming, etc.

text: Haathi Family[edit]

text: This is a Bihari family. All three of the members, Dr. Hansraj Hathi, Komal Hathi and their son Goli are obese but decent and peace loving. They live in the ground floor flat in Gokuldham Society.

text: Dr. Hansraj Hathi[edit]

text: Aka Haathi Bhai or Hans or Hathida. The role was played by Nirmal Soni (2008–2009)/Kavi Kumar Azad (2009–2018). Hansraj Hathi is a doctor by profession. He is suffering from obesity. Dr. Hathi is a voracious eater. He is very kind, humorous and positive. His attention is always focused on eating even during serious discussions. He usually says Sahi Baat Hai (that's right) on all issues. The actor playing this character, Kavi Kumar Azad, died on July 9, 2018 due to a sudden heart attack in Mumbai.[5]

text: Komal Hansraj Hathi[edit]

text: Aka Komal Bhabhi. The role is played by Ambika Ranjankar. She is the wife of Dr. Hathi. Komal Hathi is a homemaker but is very protective of her family. She is confident, strong and funny. She dislikes her husband’s eating habits but is not very hard on him.  Komal Hathi is an active member of Mahila Mandal and gives ideas to make the society even better. She usually says "Oh come on". However, she gets a bit competitive at times.

text: Gulabkumar Hansraj Hathi[edit]

text: Mostly known as Goli. The role is essayed by Kush Shah. He is an active member of Tapusena. He is strong and very cunning. Goli wants to enter into his father's footstep and aspires to become a doctor. He is also a voracious eater like his father and loves the food prepared by his mother and Dayaben. He is also a little overweight. He is often seen making fun of Jethalal in various instances and drawing Jethalal's ire in return. Bhide mostly calls him Godya whenever he irritates him.

text: Pinku Aka Pankaj Diwan Sahay[edit]

text: Pinku is part of Tapu Sena. He is 19 years old. Pinku's real name is Pankaj Diwan Sahay which was revealed after 10 years. In the initial episodes, Pinku was shown living with his aunt and uncle in Gokuldham in A wing, but he later moved to a nearby society called Gulmohar Apartment. His uncle now lives in Canada and Pinku lives in his house with the cook Ghevarchand (Ghevar ; Ghevar Chacha) and the maid Kamla (Kamla Tai). His parents were introduced as secret agents of Government of India. His father's name is Diwan Sahay and mother's name is Deepika Sahay.

text: Patrakar Popatlal Pandey[edit]

text: This role is played by Shyam Pathak. He is a 40 years old bachelor, still hoping to get married, though his cynical nature often spoils his marriage aspirations. He is a crime reporter in the newspaper Toofan Express, which according to him is an international newspaper despite being low profile. Popatlal describes himself as 'The Golden Crow Award Winner' senior young journalist. He is from Bhopal. Popatlal is a miser and very stingy but always take a stand for society residents. However, he spends money wholeheartedly when it comes to marriage proposals. He often indulges in fights with Bhide and Jethalal over petty issues. Popatlal is pessimist and often uses the word "cancel" and Duniya hila dunga (I will shake the whole world) whenever someone makes him angry regarding any issue. Popatlal always carries his umbrella, regardless of the weather and is very fond of it (he had celebrated his umbrella’s 10th birthday aka ten years since he bought it). All his endeavors to get married have so far failed miserably. He is often shown visiting marriage bureaus and giving advertisements. Several times his marriage has been called off due to poor luck. He was previously involved in brief relationships with Sapna, Bulbul, Kavita, Kalavati, Senorita, Koyal,carry,mausami,Jhilmil, Bhootni etc. Popatlal is so fond of marriage that he once saw in his dream that he is being married with a ghost. Popatlal is also a committee member of the Gokuldham Society. Sodhi affectionately calls him "Popu" and Champak Chacha often call him "Dibba" due to his pessimistic outbursts. He is the most beloved uncle of the Tapu Sena and often fights with Bhide for not allowing the children to play cricket or other sports in the society.

text: Others[edit]

text: Abdul[edit]

text: The role is played by Sharad Sankla. He is the proprietor of a soda shop and general stores 'All In One General Store' situated next to the society entrance. He is the only Muslim guy in the show and the society members treat Abdul as a family member. Male members gather at Abdul's shop for interaction and enjoy soda at night after dinner. He is best known for his soda. He also sells toys, sports equipments and general store items, so that neither kids nor ladies have to go out to buy them. Abdul also offers the service of home delivery. He is disciplined and always ready to help others. He assists in making arrangements, decoration for a various cultural, social and religious programs to be held in the society along with Tapusena and arranges for all types of workers and labours, whenever required. He wholeheartedly participates in every religious festival and celebrations. He is not a resident of Gokuldham but treats the society as if his own home.

text: Natwarlal Prabhatshankar Undhaiwala[edit]

text: Mostly known as Nattu Kaka. The role is essayed by Ghanashyam Nayak. He is the manager of Jethalal's "Gada Electronics" shop. Nattu Kaka is very fluent in English and effectively handles operations of the shop. He often irritates Jethalal by using sophisticated English words despite knowing Jethalal's incompetency with English. He is from a village Undhai. He resides in Mumbai with his nephew Bagha as his wife has passed away. Nattu Kaka and Bagha have their dinner at Padmavati Bhojnalaya. He disturbs Jethalal with his perplexing offers and peculiar schemes. From several years Nattu Kaka is demanding salary hike but Jethalal cunningly turns down his request each time. However, Nattu Kaka is very honest, intelligent and efficient in his work. He often addresses Bagha as “Bagha boy” and Jethalal as “Seth-Ji”. He also addresses Daya as “Sethani-Ji” and Tapu as “Chhote Seth-Ji” and Champaklal as “Bapuji”.

text: Bagheshwar Dadukh Undhaiwala[edit]

text: Mostly known as Bagha. The role is played by Tanmay Vekaria. He works at Jethalal's shop and describes himself as the assistant manager. Bagha is the nephew of Natu Kaka. He has his back tilted behind. He often annoys Jethalal by suggesting worthless schemes and offers for enhancing sales. His girlfriend and now fiancee is Bawri. Bagha is also very honest, hard working and intelligent but is very naive. He is expert in repairing impaired mobile phones and other electronic items. He generally says jaisi jiski soch which means 'as anyone thinks'. Before playing the role of Bagha, Tanmay Vekaria has played various characters in the initial episodes such as kaamwali's bai husband and rickshawallah.

text: Bawri Dhondulal Kanpuria[edit]

text: The role is played by Monika Bhadoriya. She is the fiancee of Bagha. She is fair in complexion, tall and always clad in salwar kameej. Bawri hails from Kanpur. She is dim-witted and usually arrives at Gada Electronics at odd timings and working hours and disturbs Bagha which always annoys Jethalal. Bawri is very forgetful of people's names and misspells them (except for Bagha) and says haye-haye galti se mistake ho gayi which means ‘I made a mistake by mistake’ when corrected.

text: Reporter Rita Srivastav[edit]

text: Aka Rita Reporter. The role is played by Priya Ahuja Rajda. She is a news reporter and works for 'Kal Tak' news channel. She also lives in Gokuldham Society, in the flat below Jethalal’s balcony but makes rare appearances. Rita is often shown drafting news report on society's incidents. The programmes, games, tournaments and celebrations of Gokuldham Society are often covered by 'Kal Tak' news channel. Rita is a bachelor. Both Rita and Popatlal dislike each other due to their professional profile. Popatlal is from print media whereas Rita works in electronic media. She is intelligent, smart and a good-looking lady with generous and helping nature and wholeheartedly supports social causes. Rita now appears rarely to telecast high-profile cases solved by residents of Gokuldham Society.

text: Inspector Chalu Pandey[edit]

text: The role is played by Daya Shankar Pandey. He is the inspector of Goregaon Police Station Mumbai. He is an honest, strong and courageous police officer. His frequent catchphrase is Mera Naam hain Inspector Chalu Pandey, jhoot bologe to padenge dande (means 'My name is Inspector Chalu Pandey, on lying you will be treated with sticks). He abhors anyone disobeying the law. Chalu Pandey is often irritated by Gokuldham Society who themselves solve the cases immediately after his arrival. Jethalal usually erroneously calls him as Chaluji (which means Mr. Cunning) which annoys him. He is afraid of his wife Basundi, who has not made an appearance but is talking to Chalu Pandey of phone and is annoyed that he does not have free time for her from his work.

text: Sundarlal[edit]

text: The role is played by Mayur Vakani. He is the younger brother of Daya and brother-in-law of Jethalal. He lives in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Sundar is considered as a caring brother by residents of Gokuldham Society. He always travels to Mumbai via taxi and cunningly draws fare from the pocket of Jethalal. Only Jethalal and Taarak Mehta are familiar with his true colours. He often comes up with new businesses ideas but abandons them due to his temperamental nature. Daya is not aware about the cold war that exists between Jethalal and Sundar. Mayur Vakani is brother of Disha Vakani in real life too.

text: Bhootni/Darawni Dulhan[edit]

text: The roles were played by Mamta Dutta. The character of “Bhootni” appeared in 2013 who terrorised Gokuldham Society. She had blue eyes, red lipstick and a white sari on with wild hair. She first scared Jethalal and then the whole society. It turned out though that she was not a real ghost, but pretending to be one to scare all the residents out of Gokuldham Society so that she and her gang could operate their drug trafficking business from there. She was exposed by Tapu Sena and Daya, who also pretended to be a ghost to scare the Bhootni to make her reveal the truth. She and her gang were arrested by the police.

text: Mamta Dutta made an appearance in August 2018 again, this time as the “Darawni Dulhan” who mainly targets bachelors. Champaklal is the first one to see her in Matka King Mohanlal’s balcony at night. Nobody believes Champaklal thinking it to be his imagination as nobody else sees anything when they check. Popatlal finds out about a certain “Darawni Dulhan” who settles in vacant flats and terrorised bachelors. He also sees the ghost and everyone believes him and Champaklal when the other society members also find bangles, a Mangal Sutra and red footprints on the walls of Mohanlal’s house. But when the police arrives, all the bangles and footprints and even the words “Go away from here” which were written on the doorstep are gone, leading the police to believe it was an imagination. Later that night, Popatlal has a dream in which the Darawni Dulhan marries him and he and Champaklal are terrified. To make their fear go away, Sodhi makes them drink alcohol, and Champaklal thinking it is a medicine, drinks the whole bottle and feels brave and challenges the Dulhan to fight him.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text: Asit Kumarr Modi[edit]

text:
He plays the role of himself. He is a film and television producer, who sometimes visits the Gokuldham Society and is friendly with the society members.
In early episodes, Asit Kumarr Modi also used to play various characters.

text: Sunita (Sabjiwali)[edit]

text: The role is played by Madhusree Sharma. She is a very kind Marathi woman and comes to sell vegetables in the Gokuldham Society and all the wives of Gokuldham buy their vegetables from her. She shares a great bond with Gokuldham Society's Mahila Mandal. Her onscreen appearance is very rare.

text: Diwan Sahay[edit]

text: Pinku's Father who is working as secret agent in The Government of India along with his wife,Deepika Diwan Sahay,Pinku's Mother.

text: Deepika Diwan Sahay[edit]

text: Pinku's Mother who works in The Government of India as secret agent, Along with Diwan Sahay,Pinku's Father.

text: Patil[edit]

text: He is the assistant of Inspector Chalu Pandey and appears rarely.

text: Magan[edit]

text: He is a staff member of Gada Electronics and usually takes care of the stock of electronic items. He is the one who looks after the shop in the absence of Jethalal, Natu Kaka and Bagha. His lower lip is a little twisted. His onscreen appearance is very rare.

text: Subhash[edit]

text: He is a Dry Cleaner and Popatlal does his laundry at his shop. His shop  named 'Chamko Laundry' is next to Abdul's shop near society entrance.

text: Kadam[edit]

text: He is also an Inspector working under Chalu Pandey.

text: Former cast[edit]

text: This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: "Former cast" is not a valid category for cast. Cast members don't stop being of academic importance just because they've left the series. If that were the case, then if a series was canceled, we'd move everybody into the "Former cast". Please integrate these people back into relevant sections above, and if you want to explain that the people left the series or that the characters were killed off, feel free to do so in prose. See WP:TVCAST. Please help improve this article if you can. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Mr. Chandaramani[edit]

text: The role was played by Raju Kher. Mr. Chandaramani is a rich NRI who resides in Singapore. His flat is occasionally used for miscellaneous purposes.

text: Mohanlal[edit]

text: Mohanlal aka "Matka King" was shown as a rich man residing in Gokuldham Society. He was a corrupt businessman who earned money through illegal activities.

text: Inspector Patni[edit]

text: He was another inspector. He always used to say a line main hoon Inspector Patni, muzrimon ki banata hoon chatni meaning ' I am Inspector Patni, who crushes criminals'.

text: Gulabo[edit]

text: Simple Kaul has played the role of Gulabo. Jethalal along with friends went to Kashmir for celebrating last days of his bachelorhood. Due to immense craze for acting, Jethalal volunteered to appear for a marriage scene with Gulabo as her groom in a movie. Unfortunately, the movie never got released and Jethalal returned to Mumbai. However, Gulabo's life was ruined due to this incident as she was forced to remain spinster. Once again, the poor luck of Jethalal brought Gulabo to his doorsteps. She then claimed Jethalal as her legal husband. Jethalal then challenged the authenticity of this fake marriage in court. Sensing his defeat, Jethalal cunningly feigns renouncing public life and Gulabo admits the fact behind their fake marriage. She then tied nuptial knot with "Pyare Mohan" - the lawyer of Jethalal, thus bringing the track to an end.


document_title: Dab (dance)

question_text: who was the first person to ever dab

question_tokens: who was the first person to ever dab

root

text: Dab (dance)

text: Origin of the "dab"

text: The dab has its origins in the Atlanta hip-hop scene in the 2010s, but there was initially disagreement about who originated the dance.[3] Artists initially mentioned as possible originators include Migos (as in "Look at My Dab"), Skippa Da Flippa, Peewee Longway, Jose Guapo and Rich The Kid.[4] QC labelmate OG Maco called out Migos for saying they were the creators when it was actually Skippa Da Flippa. The controversy was cleared up when Migos confirmed Skippa as the originator of the dance, though they were unhappy with the way Maco handled the situation.[5]

tag: p

text: American rapper Bow Wow attempted to explain the origin of the dab dance, saying it derived from the cannabis dabbers community, which started in about 2012, before the dance move. He was met with opposition from other rappers who immediately took to Twitter to insult him and disprove his claims.[6]

text: Popularity

text: In 2015, the dab rose to national prominence in the United States. As XXL magazine reported in August 2015, "What started as a regional down South adlib is quickly becoming a masterful maneuver in clubs and on street corners. It’s called dabbin’."[7] Jason Derulo taught James Corden how to dab during the November 4, 2015 edition of "Carpool Karaoke" on The Late Late Show with James Corden.[8]

text: The dab gained popularity in American sports following an eight-second celebratory dab by Cam Newton, football quarterback for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League, during a game against the Tennessee Titans on November 15, 2015.[9][10] According to a Sports Illustrated account of the incident, "[w]hen two Titans players confronted [Newton] about the celebration, he continued to dance in their faces, even as he backed away."[1] Newton explained the incident by crediting a 16-year-old for instructing him to "Dab on them folks":

text: I'm a firm believer that if you don't like me to do it then don't let me in ... I just like doing it, man. It's not to be boastful, and from the crowd's response they like seeing it. ... Tell me what to do "Dab on them folks," so I tried "Dab on them folks," in that tone too. "Dab on them folks." He's only like 16, but he's got an Adam's apple out of this world.[11]

text: It was later confirmed that the 16-year-old was Newton's younger brother Caylin.[12] On June 9, 2016, Cam Newton announced that he would no longer perform the celebration. However, he dabbed again on November 13, 2016 after a touchdown against the Kansas City Chiefs, nearly a year after his initial dab against the Titans.[13]

text: Dabbing has made its appearance in politics, as well. In January 2016, Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton dabbed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show. In October 2016, Congresswoman Loretta Sanchez dabbed at the end of a Senate debate against Attorney General Kamala Harris.[14][15][16] On January 3, 2017, Cal Marshall, 17-year-old son of Rep. Roger Marshall (R-Kan), dabbed at his father's swearing in as a Congressman, confusing House Speaker Paul Ryan.[17] On February 22, 2017, Deputy Labour Leader Tom Watson dabbed in the UK's House of Commons.[18] French presidential candidates Emmanuel Macron,[19] Benoît Hamon and François Fillon dabbed on TV in March 2017.

text: In February 2017, the president of the Republic of Kenya, Uhuru Kenyatta, invited a dance group to State House to perform the dab dance move with him.[20] The president was doing the dab dance in a bid to appeal to the youthful population of Kenya to come out and register as voters. Some critics found this move to be in bad taste since there were other pressing issues like the doctors and lecturers strike that the president ought to have been dealing with rather than dancing.[21]

text: Today, the dab is both a dance move and a statement. The culture behind it has been propagated by celebrity use and memes. Many dancers incorporate the move in their repertoire as a minor addition to a set. Whether at the beginning, middle, or end of a set, a dab is usually used to mark a drop.[citation needed]

text: Wrestler T.J. Perkins often uses the move as a taunt or a sign of disrespect after a headstand headscissors takedown.[citation needed]

text: Illegality in Saudi Arabia

text: In Saudi Arabia, the move was made illegal by the National Committee for Drug Control as it was deemed that it "alludes to weed and other illegal substances." In August 2017, Saudi singer and actor Abdallah Al Shaharani was arrested for performing the move at a music festival in Ta'if.[22]


question_text: who said hell is paved with good intentions

text: Origin[edit]

text: The saying is thought to have originated with Saint Bernard of Clairvaux who wrote (c. 1150), "L'enfer est plein de bonnes volontés ou désirs" (hell is full of good wishes or desires).[2] An earlier saying occurs in Virgil's Aeneid: "facilis descensus Averno (the descent to hell is easy)".[3]

text: Meaning[edit]

text: A common interpretation of the saying is that wrongdoings or evil actions are often masked by good intentions; or even that good intentions, when acted upon, may have unintended consequences.[4]

text: Another meaning of the phrase is that individuals may have the intention to undertake good actions but nevertheless fail to take action.[5][6] This inaction may be due to procrastination, laziness or other subversive vice.[7] As such, the saying is an admonishment that a good intention is meaningless unless followed through.[8]

text: Moral certainty can be used to justify the harm done by failing policies and actions. Those with good intentions believe their practices are good for the group; it is self-evident to them. They justify collateral damage in the belief they do a greater good.

text: On a personal level, taking a subjectively "good action" can land one in a horrific emotional and/or physical state of being, e.g., a soldier goes off to war to fight for the subjective good of their country and ends up with post-traumatic stress disorder.

text: Studies[edit]

text: Psychological studies of the effect of intention upon task completion by professors Peter Gollwitzer, Paschal Sheeran and Sheina Orbell indicate that there is some truth in the proverb.[9] Perfectionists are especially prone to having their intentions backfire in this way.[10] Some[11] have argued that people are more likely to interpret their own actions as more well intended than the actions of others.

text: Attempts to improve the ethical behaviour of groups are often counter-productive. If legislation is used for such an attempt, people observe the letter of the law rather than improve the desired behaviour. During negotiation, groups that are encouraged to understand the point of view of the other parties are worse at this than those whose perspective is not enlightened.[citation needed] The threat of punishment may make behavior less rather than more ethical.[12] Studies of business ethics indicate that most wrongdoing is not due directly to wickedness but is performed by people who did not plan to err.[13]

text: Stephen Garrard Post, writing about altruism, suggests that good intentions are often not what they seem and that mankind normally acts from less worthy, selfish motives—"If the road to hell is paved with good intentions, it is partly because that is the road they generally start out on."[14]

text: Artistic references[edit]

text: Authors who have used the phrase include Charlotte Brontë, Lord Byron, Samuel Johnson,[15] Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Sir Walter Scott,[16] Søren Kierkegaard,[17] and Karl Marx.[18] Ozzy Osbourne used the term in the song "Tonight" on his album Diary of a Madman.

text: In the movie Highway to Hell, the phrase is taken literally to create one particular scene. The Good Intentions Paving Company has a team of Andy Warhols who grind good-intentioned souls into pavement. "I was only sleeping with my husband's boss to advance his career", says one.[19] The figurative meaning of the phrase is a big part of the plot too, as several characters offer help to the two protagonists on the Road to Hell, but all of them have ulterior motives.

text: Pink used the phrase in her 2006 song Dear Mr. President to refer to the No Child Left Behind Act.

text: Madonna uses this line in her 2008 single "4 Minutes," featuring Justin Timberlake and Timbaland, off her eleventh studio album Hard Candy. She mentions it in one of her verses, singing "The road to hell is paved with good intentions, yeah."[20]


document_title: Tóth

question_text: where does the last name toth come from

question_tokens: where does the last name toth come from

text: Tóth

text: Tóth (sometimes Toth) is a very common surname in Hungary, meaning "Slav" and later "Slovak" in old Hungarian (now spelt tót). [citation needed]

text: It can also mean "Croat", since one of the Hungarian names for Slavonia (the northern part of Croatia, bordering to Hungary) was Tothorszag;[1] although Horváth is the more usual contemporary formulation.

text: The surname Toth is also a less common German surname (Tod), which is a variation of the old German word for 'death'.

text: Notable bearers include:

text:
Alex Toth (1928–2006), American cartoonist
Amerigo Tot (1909–1984), Hungarian sculptor born Imre Tóth
Saint Alexis Toth (1853–1909), Slovakian priest of the Russian Orthodox church who served in the United States
André De Toth (1912?–2002), American filmmaker
Andrea Tóth (born 1980), Hungarian water polo player
Árpád Tóth (1886–1928), Hungarian poet
Claudia Toth (born 1981), Austrian curler
Ed Toth, American drummer
Eric Justin Toth (born 1982), suspected child pornographer and FBI Ten Most Wanted fugitive
Ferenc Tóth (sport wrestler) (1928–2003), Hungarian Greco-Roman wrestler
Ferenc Tóth (pilot), Hungarian glider aerobatic champion
Gabi Tóth (born 1988), Hungarian singer
Ildikó Tóth (actress) (born 1966), Hungarian actress
Iván Tóth (born 1971), Hungarian retired football goalkeeper
Ivett Tóth (born 1998), Hungarian figure skater
Jennifer Toth (born 1967), English journalist and writer
Jerry Toth (1928–1999), Canadian composer and woodwind player
Juraj Tóth, Slovak astronomer
Kaleb Toth (born 1977), Canadian lacrosse player
Kálmán Tóth (1831–1891), Hungarian poet
Kevin Toth (born 1967), American shot putter
Lazlo Toth (vandal) (born 1940), Australian who took a geologist hammer to Michelangelo's Pieta
László Fejes Tóth (1915–2005), Hungarian mathematician
Mihály Tóth II (born 1974), Hungarian footballer
Mike Toth (born 1963), Canadian sports anchor
Noémi Tóth (born 1976), Italian water polo player
Peter Wolf Toth (born 1947), American sculptor
Steve Toth (born 1960), American politician
Taylor Toth (born 1988), American figure skater
Tamás Tóth (born 1989), Hungarian triathlete
Tímea Tóth (born 1980), Hungarian handballer
Timea Toth (swimmer) (born 1968), Israeli retired Olympic swimmer
Tom Toth (born 1962), American football player
Zsófia Tóth (born 1989), Hungarian triathlete

tag: ul


question_text: who wrote another somebody done somebody wrong song

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
"(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song"

Single by B.J. Thomas

from the album Reunion

Released
January 1975

Format
7"

Recorded
1974

Genre
Country, pop

Length
3:23

Label
ABC Records 12054

Songwriter(s)
Larry Butler, Chips Moman

Producer(s)
Chips Moman

B.J. Thomas singles chronology

"Rock and Roll Lullaby"
(1972)
"(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song"
(1975)
"Help Me Make it (To My Rocking Chair)"
(1975)

"Rock and Roll Lullaby"
(1972)
"(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song"
(1975)
"Help Me Make it (To My Rocking Chair)"
(1975)

text: "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song" is an American country and pop song made famous by B.J. Thomas. It won the 1976 Grammy Award for Best Country Song, awarded to its songwriters, Larry Butler and Chips Moman.

text: Bowing at #99 on the Billboard Hot 100 on February 1, 1975, the hit became Thomas' second #1 single, on April 26, 1975. Including the parenthetical part, the title was the longest of any song to top the Hot 100, until 1981 when a medley by Stars On 45 hit #1. It also topped Billboard's Easy Listening chart and was the last of his four Number Ones on that chart.[1] It also hit #1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart.[2] Billboard ranked it as the No. 17 song for 1975.[3]

text: Although he would not have any major country hits for another eight years, this hit paved the way for Thomas' future success as a mainstream artist in that genre.

text: In 1976, the song was performed by the Muppets on The Muppet Show. In 1979, Larry Butler produced a cover version by Kenny Rogers and Dottie West for their album Classics. Alvin and the Chipmunks and Butler covered the song for the 1981 album Urban Chipmunk.

text: "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song" was certified gold for sales of one million units by the Recording Industry Association of America.[4]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1975)
Peak
position

U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks
1

U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles
1

U.S. Billboard Hot 100
1

Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks
1

Canadian RPM Country Tracks
2

Canadian RPM Top Singles
3

New Zealand Singles Chart
3

text:
Preceded by
"I've Been This Way Before" by Neil Diamond
Billboard Easy Listening Singles number-one single B.J Thomas
March 22, 1975 (one week)
Succeeded by
"Amourese" by Helen Reddy

Preceded by
"Philadelphia Freedom"
by Elton John
Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
April 26, 1975 (one week)
Succeeded by
"He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)" by Tony Orlando and Dawn

Preceded by
"She's Actin' Single (I'm Drinkin' Doubles)" by Gary Stewart
Billboard Hot Country Singles
number-one single
May 17, 1975 (one week)
Succeeded by
"I'm Not Lisa" by Jessi Colter


document_title: List of Indiana Pacers head coaches

question_text: who is the coach of the indiana pacers

question_tokens: who is the coach of the indiana pacers

text: List of Indiana Pacers head coaches

text: Key[edit]

text:
GC
Games coached

W
Wins

L
Losses

Win%
Winning percentage

#
Number of coaches[a]

*
Spent entire NBA head coaching career with the Pacers

Elected into the Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach

text: Coaches[edit]

text: Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the 2016–17 season.

text:
#
Name
Term[b]
GC
W
L
Win%
GC
W
L
Win%
Achievements
Reference

Regular season
Playoffs

7000100000000000000♠1
Staverman, LarryLarry Staverman
1967–1968
87
40
47
.460
3
0
3
.000

[2]

7000200000000000000♠2
Leonard, BobbyBobby Leonard
1968–1980
985
529
456
.537
116
69
47
.595
3 ABA Championships (1970, 1972, 1973)[4]
[3]

7000300000000000000♠3
McKinney, JackJack McKinney
1980–1984
328
125
203
.381
2
0
2
.000
1980–81 NBA Coach of the Year[11]
[14]

7000400000000000000♠4
Irvine, GeorgeGeorge Irvine
1984–1986
164
48
116
.293
—
—
—
—

[15]

7000500000000000000♠5
Ramsay, JackJack Ramsay
1986–1988
171
79
92
.462
4
1
3
.250
One of the top 10 coaches in NBA history[10]
[8]

7000600000000000000♠6
Daniels, MelMel Daniels
1988
2
0
2
.000
—
—
—
—

[7]

7000700000000000000♠—
Irvine, GeorgeGeorge Irvine
1988–1989
20
6
14
.300
—
—
—
—

[15]

7000800000000000000♠7
Versace, DickDick Versace*
1989–1990
160
73
87
.456
3
0
3
.000

[12]

7000900000000000000♠8
Hill, BobBob Hill
1990–1993
221
113
108
.511
12
3
9
.250

[16]

7001100000000000000♠9
Brown, LarryLarry Brown
1993–1997
328
190
138
.579
38
22
16
.579

[9]

7001110000000000000♠10
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
1997–2000
214
147
67
.687
52
32
20
.615
1997–98 NBA Coach of the Year[11]
[5]

7001120000000000000♠11
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas
2000–2003
246
131
115
.533
15
5
10
.333

[17]

7001130000000000000♠12
Carlisle, RickRick Carlisle
2003–2007
328
181
147
.552
35
18
17
.514

[18]

7001140000000000000♠13
O'Brien, JimJim O'Brien
2007–2011
290
121
169
.417
—
—
—
—

[19]

7001150000000000000♠14
Vogel, FrankFrank Vogel
2011–2016
431
250
181
.580
59
30
29
.508

[20]

7001160000000000000♠15
McMillan, NateNate McMillan
2016–present
82
42
40
.512
4
0
4
.000

[21]

text:
Larry Bird coached the Pacers to the NBA Finals during the 1999–2000 season.

Isiah Thomas coached the Pacers from 2000–01 to 2002–03.

Rick Carlisle coached the Pacers from 2003–04 to 2006–07.

Frank Vogel, Pacers from 2010 to 2016

Nate McMillan, 2016–17 was his first season as Pacers' head coach, and he is The Pacers’ current Head Coach.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a A running total of the number of coaches of the Pacers. Thus, any coach who has two or more separate terms as head coach is only counted once.
b Each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season, except for the seasons spent in the ABA.


document_title: United States Ambassador to the Holy See

question_text: ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary of the united states of america to the holy see

text: History before formal diplomatic relations established[edit]

text: The United States had diplomatic relations with the Papal States from 1797 to 1867. The Papal States ceased to exist in 1870, when its last territory (the city of Rome) was lost to the Kingdom of Italy. After that, the international status of the Papacy was controversial until 1929, when the Italian government agreed to the establishment of Vatican City as a sovereign city-state.

text: The United States was slow to establish full diplomatic relations with the re-established Holy See, partly due to the prevalence of anti-Catholicism in the United States. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Postmaster General James Farley was the first high-ranking government official to normalize relations with the Holy See in 1933 when the Postmaster General set sail for Europe, along with Soviet Commissar of Foreign Affairs Maxim Litvinoff on the Italian Liner SS Conte di Savoia "Count of Savoy". In Italy Farley had an audience with Pope Pius XI, and dinner with Cardinal Pacelli, who was to accede to the papacy in 1939.[2] Myron Charles Taylor, an industrialist, philanthropist and diplomat (starting with World War II), served from December 1939 until 1950 as an emissary[clarification needed] to Pope Pius XII for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman.

text: On October 20, 1951, Truman nominated Mark W. Clark, a U.S. Army general and World War II hero, to be emissary to the Holy See. Clark later withdrew his nomination on January 13, 1952, following protests from U.S. Senator Tom Connally from Texas and Protestant groups.

text: Between 1951 and 1968, the United States had no official representative accredited to the Holy See.

text: In 1969, President Richard Nixon changed this when he appointed—as his personal representative[clarification needed] — Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., a former U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, Nixon's 1960 Republican Vice Presidential running mate and a former U.S. Ambassador (to the United Nations, South Vietnam and West Germany).

text: In 1978, President Jimmy Carter followed with the appointment of Robert F. Wagner, Jr., a former Mayor of New York City, New York, and a former U.S. Ambassador to Spain.

text:
Heads of the U.S. Legation at Rome (1848–1867)

Name and Title
Presentation of
Credentials
Termination of
Mission

Jacob L. Martin, Chargé d'Affaires
August 19, 1848
August 26, 1848

Lewis Cass, Jr., Minister Resident
November 19, 1849
November 27, 1858

John P. Stockton, Minister Resident
November 27, 1858
May 23, 1861

Alexander Randall, Minister Resident
June 6, 1862
August 4, 1862

Richard Milford Blatchford, Minister Resident
November 26, 1862
May 20, 1863

Rufus King, Minister Resident
January 8, 1864
August 17, 1867

text: List of the ambassadors[edit]

text: The following is a list of U.S. Ambassadors to the Holy See, past and present:

text:
Name
Years served
Pope
U.S. President

William Wilson[4]
1984–1986
John Paul II
Ronald Reagan

Frank Shakespeare
1986–1989

Thomas Patrick Melady
1989–1993
George H. W. Bush

Raymond Flynn
1993–1997
Bill Clinton

Lindy Boggs
1997–2001

James Nicholson
2001–2005
George W. Bush

Francis Rooney
2005–2008
Benedict XVI

Mary Ann Glendon
2008–2009

Miguel H. Díaz
2009–2012
Barack Obama

Ken Hackett

2013–2017
Francis

Callista Gingrich
2017–present
Donald Trump

text: Vacancy controversies[edit]

text: In 2009, the post of ambassador remained vacant for several months because of tensions between the Vatican and the Obama administration over the issues of abortion and same-sex marriage.[5] Three candidates were mentioned, including Caroline Kennedy and Douglas Kmiec.[5][6][7]

text: From November 2012 through mid-2013, the seat was also vacant, after Miguel Díaz left the office to teach at the University of Dayton. President Barack Obama nominated Ken Hackett, a longtime president of Catholic Relief Services, for the position in June 2013.[8] Ken Hackett was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as U.S. Ambassador to the Holy See on August 1, 2013.[9][10]


document_title: List of international goals scored by Lionel Messi

question_text: goals scored by messi in 2018 world cup

question_tokens: goals scored by messi in 2018 world cup

text: Lionel Messi is an association football forward in the Argentina national football team. Since debuting for Argentina in 2005, Messi has scored 65 goals in 128 international appearances,[1] making him the country's all-time top scorer, surpassing Gabriel Batistuta's record, with a free kick against United States in the semi-final of Copa América Centenario on 21 June 2016.[2][3] He made his debut for Argentina in a 2–1 away win over Hungary on 17 August 2005.[4] He scored his first international goal a year later in his sixth appearance for his country against Croatia.[1]

text: Messi's goal against Serbia and Montenegro, on 16 June 2006, made him the youngest-ever scorer for Argentina at a FIFA World Cup when he was 18 years and 357 days old.[5] He has scored six international hat-tricks, and has netted twice in a match (also known as a brace) on eleven occasions.[1] Messi has scored more times against Brazil, Paraguay, Venezuela, Uruguay and Ecuador than any other team, with four goals against each one of them.[1]

text:
Messi has scored 21 goals in FIFA World Cup qualifiers, making him the all-time top scorer of the qualification in CONMEBOL, along with his Barcelona teammate Luis Suárez.[6] He has scored eight goals in Copa América,[1] leading his team to the final of the tournament in 2007, 2015, and 2016, each time finishing as a runner-up. At the 2015 tournament, he allegedly rejected the Best Player award and the trophy was omitted from the ceremony.[7][8]
He has scored six times in the FIFA World Cup tournaments,[1] once in 2006, four times in 2014, when he guided his team to the final and was awarded the Golden Ball, and once in the 2018 World Cup finals.[9] The remainder of Messi's goals, 30, have come in friendlies.[1]

text: List of goals[edit]

text:
Goal

Cap

Date

Venue

Opponent

Score

Result

Competition

Ref

1

6
1 March 2006
St. Jakob-Park, Basel, Switzerland
 Croatia
2–1
2–3
Friendly

[10]

2

8
16 June 2006
Veltins-Arena, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
 Serbia and Montenegro
6–0
6–0
2006 FIFA World Cup

[5]

3

14
5 June 2007
Camp Nou, Barcelona, Spain
 Algeria
2–2
4–3
Friendly

[11]

4

4–2

5

18
8 July 2007
Metropolitano de Lara, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
 Peru
2–0
4–0
2007 Copa América

[12]

6

19
11 July 2007
Polideportivo Cachamay, Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela
 Mexico
2–0
3–0

[13]

7

24
16 October 2007
Estadio José Pachencho Romero, Maracaibo, Venezuela
 Venezuela
2–0
2–0
2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

[1]

8

26
20 November 2007
Estadio El Campín, Bogotá, Colombia
 Colombia
1–0
1–2

[14]

9

27
4 June 2008
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego, United States
 Mexico
2–0
4–1
Friendly

[15]

10

33
11 October 2008
Estadio Antonio V. Liberti, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 Uruguay
1–0
2–1
2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

[16]

11

35
11 February 2009
Stade Vélodrome, Marseille, France
 France
2–0
2–0
Friendly

[17]

12

36
28 March 2009
Estadio Antonio V. Liberti, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 Venezuela
1–0
4–0
2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

[18]

13

44
14 November 2009
Vicente Calderón Stadium, Madrid, Spain
 Spain
1–1
1–2
Friendly

[19]

14

52
7 September 2010
Estadio Antonio V. Liberti, Buenos Aires, Argentina
1–0
4–1

[20]

15

54
17 November 2010
Khalifa International Stadium, Doha, Qatar
 Brazil
1–0
1–0

[21]

16

55
9 February 2011
Stade de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
 Portugal
2–1
2–1

[22]

17

57
20 June 2011
Estadio Antonio V. Liberti, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 Albania
2–0
4–0

[23]

18

64
7 October 2011
 Chile
2–0
4–1
2014 FIFA World Cup qualification

[24]

19

67
15 November 2011
Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Meléndez, Barranquilla, Colombia
 Colombia
1–1
2–1

[25]

20

68
29 February 2012
Stade de Suisse Wankdorf, Bern, Switzerland
  Switzerland
1–0
3–1
Friendly
[26]

21

2–1

22

3–1

23

69
2 June 2012
Estadio Antonio V. Liberti, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 Ecuador
3–0
4–0
2014 FIFA World Cup qualification

[27]

24

70
9 June 2012
MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, United States
 Brazil
1–1
4–3
Friendly

[28]

25

2–1

26

4–3

27

71
15 August 2012
Commerzbank-Arena, Frankfurt, Germany
 Germany
2–1
3–1

[29]

28

72
7 September 2012
Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes, Córdoba, Argentina
 Paraguay
3–1
3–1
2014 FIFA World Cup qualification
[30]

29

74
12 October 2012
Estadio Malvinas Argentinas, Mendoza, Argentina
 Uruguay
1–0
3–0

[31]

30

3–0

31

75
16 October 2012
Estadio Nacional, Santiago, Chile
 Chile
1–0
2–1

[32]

32

78
22 March 2013
Estadio Antonio V. Liberti, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 Venezuela
3–0
3–0

[33]

33

82
14 June 2013
Estadio Mateo Flores, Guatemala City, Guatemala
 Guatemala
1–0
4–0
Friendly
[34]

34

3–0

35

4–0

36

83
10 September 2013
Estadio Defensores del Chaco, Asunción, Paraguay
 Paraguay
1–0
5–2
2014 FIFA World Cup qualification

[35]

37

4–1

38

86
7 June 2014
Estadio Ciudad de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
 Slovenia
2–0
2–0
Friendly

[36]

39

87
15 June 2014
Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
2–0
2–1
2014 FIFA World Cup

[37]

40

88
21 June 2014
Estádio Mineirão, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
 Iran
1–0
1–0

[38]

41

89
25 June 2014
Estádio Beira-Rio, Porto Alegre, Brazil
 Nigeria
1–0
3–2

[39]

42

2–1

43

95
14 October 2014
Hong Kong Stadium, So Kon Po, Hong Kong
 Hong Kong
5–0
7–0
Friendly

[40]

44

7–0

45

96
12 November 2014
Upton Park, London, England
 Croatia
2–1
2–1

[41]

46

98
13 June 2015
Estadio La Portada, La Serena, Chile
 Paraguay
2–0
2–2
2015 Copa América

[42]

47

104
4 September 2015
BBVA Compass Stadium, Houston, United States
 Bolivia
5–0
7–0
Friendly

[43]

48

6–0

49

105
8 September 2015
AT&T Stadium, Arlington, United States
 Mexico
2–2
2–2

[44]

50

107
29 March 2016
Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes, Córdoba, Argentina
 Bolivia
2–0
2–0
2018 FIFA World Cup qualification

[45]

51

109
10 June 2016
Soldier Field, Chicago, United States
 Panama
2–0
5–0
Copa América Centenario

[46]

52

3–0

53

4–0

54

111
18 June 2016
Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, United States
 Venezuela
3–0
4–1

[47]

55

112
21 June 2016
NRG Stadium, Houston, United States
 United States
2–0
4–0

[48]

56

114
1 September 2016
Estadio Malvinas Argentinas, Mendoza, Argentina
 Uruguay
1–0
1–0
2018 FIFA World Cup qualification

[49]

57

116
15 November 2016
Estadio San Juan del Bicentenario, San Juan, Argentina
 Colombia
1–0
3–0

[50]

58

117
23 March 2017
Estadio Antonio V. Liberti, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 Chile
1–0
1–0

[51]

59

121
10 October 2017
Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa, Quito, Ecuador
 Ecuador
1–1
3–1

[52]

60

2–1

61

3–1

62

124
29 May 2018
La Bombonera, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 Haiti
1–0
4–0
Friendly
[53]

63

2–0

64

3–0

65

127
26 June 2018
Krestovsky Stadium, Saint Petersburg, Russia
 Nigeria
1–0
2–1
2018 FIFA World Cup

[54]

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
This article is part of a series aboutLionel Messi

 Argentine professional footballer

International goals
Career achievements
Comparisons to Cristiano Ronaldo

Films

Messi (2014)
Messi (2017)
vte

text:
Year

Competitive

Friendly

Total

Apps

Goals

Apps

Goals

Apps

Goals

2005

3[a]
0
2
0
5
0

2006

3[b]
1
4
1
7
2

2007

10[c]
4
4
2
14
6

2008

6[a]
1
2
1
8
2

2009

8[a]
1
2
2
10
3

2010

5[b]
0
5
2
10
2

2011

8[d]
2
5
2
13
4

2012

5[a]
5
4
7
9
12

2013

5[a]
3
2
3
7
6

2014

7[b]
4
7
4
14
8

2015

6[e]
1
2
3
8
4

2016

10[f]
8
1
0
11
8

2017

5[a]
4
2
0
7
4

2018

3
1
1
3
4
4

Total

85
35
43
30
128
65

Goals by competition

Competition

Goals

Friendlies
30

Copa América
8

FIFA World Cup qualification
21

FIFA World Cup tournaments
6

Total

65

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Appearances in FIFA World Cup qualification

^ Jump up to: a b c Appearances in FIFA World Cup

Jump up ^ Six appearances and two goals in Copa América, four appearances and two goals in FIFA World Cup qualification

Jump up ^ Four appearances in Copa América, four appearances and two goals in FIFA World Cup qualification

Jump up ^ Appearances in Copa América

Jump up ^ Five appearances and three goals in FIFA World Cup qualification, five appearances and five goals in Copa América Centenario

tag: ol


document_title: How the Grinch Stole Christmas!

question_text: when was how the grinch stole christmas written

text: How the Grinch Stole Christmas!

text: Plot[edit]

text: The Grinch is a bitter, grouchy, cave-dwelling creature with a heart "two sizes too small" who is living as a hermit on the snowy Mount Crumpit, a steep high mountain just north of the town of Whoville, home of the merry and warm-hearted Whos. His only companion is his unloved, but loyal dog, Max. From his cave, the Grinch can hear the noisy Christmas festivities that take place in Whoville. Continuously annoyed, he decides to devise a wicked scheme by stealing their presents, trees, and food for their Christmas feast. He crudely disguises himself as Santa Claus, and forces Max, disguised as a reindeer, to drag a sleigh down the mountain towards Whoville. Once at Whoville, the Grinch slides down the chimney of one house and steals all of the Whos' Christmas presents, the Christmas tree, and the log for their fire. He is briefly interrupted in his burglary by Cindy Lou, a little Who girl, but concocts a crafty lie to effect his escape from her home. After stealing from one house, he does the same thing to all the other houses in the village of Whoville.

text: After spending all night stealing stuff from the houses of Whoville, the Grinch prepares his journey back to Mount Crumpit, and intends to dump all of the Christmas stuff into the abyss, but Max, utilizing every last of his strength to pull the sleigh upward, causes the sleigh to get stuck on a cliff. As dawn arrives, the Grinch expects the people in Whoville to let out bitter and sorrowful cries, but is confused to hear them singing a joyous Christmas song instead. He puzzles for a moment until it dawns on him that "maybe Christmas, perhaps, means a little bit more" than just presents and feasting. The Grinch's shrunken heart suddenly grows three sizes. The reformed and liberated Grinch begins having second thoughts, and returns to the village to give back all of the Whos' Christmas stuff. The Grinch is warmly invited to the Whos' feast, where he has the honor of carving the Roast Beast.

text: Creation and publication[edit]

text: The Grinch first appeared in a 32-line illustrated poem by Dr. Seuss called "The Hoobub and the Grinch," which was originally published in the May 1955 edition of Redbook magazine.[3] Dr. Seuss began work on How the Grinch Stole Christmas! a couple years later, around the beginning of 1957. He had recently completed The Cat in the Hat and was in the midst of founding Beginner Books with Phyllis and Bennett Cerf and his wife, Helen Palmer Geisel. Helen, who had ongoing medical problems and had suffered a small stroke in April 1957, nevertheless acted as an unofficial editor, as she had with previous Dr. Seuss books.[4] Dr. Seuss wrote the book quickly and was mostly finished with it within a few weeks.[5] Biographers Judith and Neil Morgan wrote, "It was the easiest book of his career to write, except for its conclusion."[4] According to Dr. Seuss,

text: "I got hung up getting the Grinch out of the mess. I got into a situation where I sounded like a second-rate preacher or some biblical truisim... Finally in desperation... without making any statement whatever, I showed the Grinch and the Whos together at the table, and made a pun of the Grinch carving the 'roast beast.' ... I had gone through thousands of religious choices, and then after three months it came out like that."[4]

text: By mid-May 1957, the book was finished and in the mail to the Random House offices in New York. In June, the Dr. Seuss and his wife took a month-long vacation to Hawaii, where he checked and returned the book's galley proof.[4] The book debuted in December 1957, in both a book version published by Random House and in an issue of Redbook.[6] Dr. Seuss dedicated the book to Theodor "Teddy" Owens, the one-year-old son of his niece, Peggy Owens.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: M.S. Libby, writing in the New York Herald Tribune, compared the book favorably to Dr. Seuss's earlier works: "His peculiar and original genius in line and word is always the same, yet, so rich are the variations he plays on his themes, always fresh and amusing."[7] Kirkus Reviews wrote, "Youngsters will be in transports over the goofy gaiety of Dr. Seuss's first book about a villain."[7] The reviewer called the Grinch "easily the best Christmas-cad since Scrooge."[7] Ellen Lewis Buell, in her review in The New York Times, praised the book's handling of its moral, as well as its illustrations and verse. She wrote,

text: "Even if you prefer Dr. Seuss in a purely antic mood, you must admit that if there's a moral to be pointed out, no one can do it more gaily. The reader is swept along by the ebullient rhymes and the weirdly zany pictures until he is limp with relief when the Grinch reforms and, like the latter, mellow with good feelings."[7]

text: The review for The Saturday Review of Literature stated: "The inimitable Dr. Seuss has brought off a fresh triumph in his new picture book... The verse is as lively and the pages are as bright and colorful as anyone could wish."[7] The reviewer suggested that parents and older siblings reading the book to young children would also enjoy its moral and humor.[7] Charlotte Jackson of the San Francisco Chronicle called the book "wonderful fantasy, in the true Dr. Seuss manner, with pictures in the Christmas colors."[7]

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Some writers, including Dr. Seuss himself, have made a connection between the Grinch and Dr. Seuss. In the story, the Grinch laments that he has had to put up with the Whos' celebration of Christmas for 53 years. As both Thomas Fensch and Charles Cohen note, Dr. Seuss was 53 when he wrote and published the book.[8][9] Dr. Seuss himself asserted the connection in an article in the December 1957 edition of Redbook: "I was brushing my teeth on the morning of the 26th of last December when I noticed a very Grinch-ish countenance in the mirror. It was Seuss! So I wrote about my sour friend, the Grinch, to see if I could rediscover something about Christmas that obviously I'd lost."[10] Seuss's step-daughter, Lark Dimond-Cates, stated in a speech in 2003, "I always thought the Cat... was Ted on his good days, and the Grinch was Ted on his bad days."[11] Cohen notes that Seuss drove a car with a license plate that read "GRINCH".[9]

text: Thomas Fensch notes that the Grinch is the first adult and the first villain to be a main character in a Dr. Seuss book.[8]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The book has been adapted into a variety of media, including stage and film. Chuck Jones and Ben Washam (Co-Director) adapted the story as an animated special in 1966, featuring narration by Boris Karloff, who also provided the Grinch's voice. Thurl Ravenscroft sang "You're a Mean One Mr. Grinch" with lyrics written by Dr. Seuss himself.[12][13] A musical stage version was produced by the Old Globe Theatre, San Diego, in 1998. It also was produced on Broadway and a limited-engagement US tour in 2008. The North American Tour began in the fall of 2010 and has subsequently toured every fall since. It will begin its 6th tour in October 2015.[14] In 2000, the book was adapted into a live-action film, directed by Ron Howard and starring Jim Carrey as the Grinch.[15] Illumination Entertainment is also developing a 3D animated feature film, titled The Grinch[16] with Peter Candeland and Yarrow Cheney set to direct it and Benedict Cumberbatch voicing the Grinch.[17] It was originally scheduled to be released on November 10, 2017,[18] but in June 2016, it was pushed back to November 9, 2018.[19]

text: Several audio recordings and audio-visual adaptations of the book have also been published. In 1975, Zero Mostel narrated an LP record of the story.[20] In 1992, Random House Home Video released an updated animated version of the book narrated by Walter Matthau.[21] In 2009, an interactive e-book version was released for the iPhone.[22] The book was adapted into a 13-minute song, performed by the Boston Pops Orchestra, arranged by Danny Troob, and featuring bassist Reid Burton and actor Will LeBow narrating it on the Boston Pops's 2013 CD, "A Boston Pops Christmas – Live from Symphony Hall with Keith Lockhart".

text: As of 2005, the book had been translated into nine languages,[23] including Latin as Quomodo Invidiosulus Nomine Grinchus Christi Natalem Abrogaverit: How the Grinch Stole Christmas in Latin by Jennifer Morrish Tunberg with the assistance of Terence O. Tunberg. The translation was published in October 1998 by Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers Inc.[24]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named How the Grinch Stole Christmas! one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children".[25] In 2012 it was ranked number 61 among the "Top 100 Picture Books" in a survey published by School Library Journal – the fourth of five Dr. Seuss books on the list.[26]

text: The Grinch appears in the animated specials Halloween Is Grinch Night and The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat and he and Max also appear in the puppet children's show The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss. The Grinch, Cindy Lou Who, and Max, appear in Seussical, a musical which takes it plot from several Dr. Seuss books.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Zielinski, Stan (2006-06-20). "Collecting Children's Picturebooks: Dr. Seuss – Redbook Magazine Original Stories". 1stedition.net. Retrieved 2010-09-09.
Jump up ^ Nel 2004, p. 130.
Jump up ^ Nel 2004, p. 117
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Morgan & Morgan 1995, pp. 157–58.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 1988, p. 92.
Jump up ^ Nel 2004, p. 118.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Fensch 2001, pp. 128–29.
^ Jump up to: a b Fensch 2001, p. 126.
^ Jump up to: a b Cohen 2004, p. 330.
Jump up ^ Hart, William B. (December 1957). "Between the Lines". Redbook.  |access-date= requires |url= (help) as quoted in Cohen 2004, p. 330
Jump up ^ Dimond-Cates, Lark (October 27, 2003). Speech by Lark Dimond-Cates (Speech). United States Postal Service's unveiling of Theodor Seuss Geisel stamp. Dr. Seuss National Memorial Sculpture Garden, Springfield, Massachusetts.  as quoted in Cohen 2004, p. 321
Jump up ^ Lindemann 2005, p. 124
Jump up ^ Morgan & Morgan 1995, pp. 190–92
Jump up ^ http://www.grinchmusical.com/
Jump up ^ "How the Grinch Stole Christmas". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (February 7, 2013). "'How the Grinch Stole Christmas' Remake in the Works at Universal". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (April 13, 2016). "Benedict Cumberbatch to Voice the Grinch in 'How the Grinch Stole Christmas'". Variety.
Jump up ^ "Universal Dates 'Despicable Me 3,' New 'Grinch Who Stole Christmas'". The Hollywood Reporter. 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (June 7, 2016). "Illumination's 'The Grinch' Pushed Back to 2018". Variety. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lindemann 2005, p. 139
Jump up ^ Lindemann 2005, p. 125
Jump up ^ Broida, Rick. "'How the Grinch Stole Christmas' dazzles on iPhone". Cnet. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Lindemann 2005, pp. 31–33
Jump up ^ Reardon, Patrick (15 December 1998). "How the Grinch Went Latin". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Jump up ^ National Education Association (2007). "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children". Retrieved August 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bird, Elizabeth (July 6, 2012). "Top 100 Picture Books Poll Results". A Fuse #8 Production. Blog. School Library Journal (blog.schoollibraryjournal.com). Retrieved August 19, 2012.

text: Sources[edit]

text:
Cohen, Charles (2004). The Seuss, the Whole Seuss, and Nothing But the Seuss: A Visual Biography of Theodor Seuss Geisel. Random House. ISBN 978-0375822483.
Fensch, Thomas (2001). The Man Who Was Dr. Seuss. Woodlands: New Century Books. ISBN 0-930751-11-6.
Lindemann, Richard (2005). The Dr. Seuss Catalog: An Annotated Guide to Works by Theodor Geisel in All Media, Writings About Him, and Appearances of Characters and Places in the Books, Stories and Films. McFarland & Company.
MacDonald, Ruth (1988). Dr. Seuss. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-7524-2.
Morgan, Neil; Morgan, Judith Giles (1996). Dr. Seuss and Mr. Geisel: a biography. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80736-7.
Nel, Philip (2004). Dr. Seuss: American Icon. Continuum Publishing. ISBN 0-8264-1434-6.
Pease, Donald E. (2010). Theodor Seuss Geisel. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532302-3.


document_title: Protoplasm

question_text: what is the name of the semi fluid medium inside the cell

text: Protoplasm

text: History[edit]

text: The word "protoplasm" comes from the Greek protos for first, and plasma for thing formed, and was originally used in religious contexts.[8] It was used in 1839 by J. E. Purkinje for the material of the animal embryo.[9][10] Later, in 1846 Hugo von Mohl redefined the term (also named as Primordialschlauch, "primordial utricle") to refer to the "tough, slimy, granular, semi-fluid" substance within plant cells, to distinguish this from the cell wall and the cell sap (Zellsaft) within the vacuole.[11][12][13] Thomas Huxley (1869) later referred to it as the "physical basis of life" and considered that the property of life resulted from the distribution of molecules within this substance.[14] The protoplasm became an "epistemic thing".[15] Its composition, however, was mysterious and there was much controversy over what sort of substance it was.[16]

text: In 1872, Beale created the vitalist term "bioplasm", to contrast with the materialism of Huxley.[17][18] In 1880, term protoplast was proposed by Hanstein (1880) for the entire cell, excluding the cell wall,[19][20] and some authors like Julius von Sachs (1882) preferred that name instead of cell.[21]

text: In 1965, Hardy introduced the term "cytosol", later redefined to refer to the liquid inside cell.[22]

text: Other related terms are:[23] Urschleim (Oken, 1802, 1809),[24][25] sarcode (Dujardin, 1835, 1841),[26][27] Grundsubstanz (ground substance, Cienkowski, 1863),[28] enchylema/hyaloplasma (Hanstein, 1880), paramitome (Flemming, 1882),[29] inter-filar substance (Velten, 1876)[30] and inter-alveolar substance (Bütschli, 1892).[31]

text: By the time Huxley wrote, a long-standing debate was largely settled over the fundamental unit of life: was it the cell or was it protoplasm? By the late 1860s, the debate was largely settled in favor of protoplasm. The cell was a container for protoplasm, the fundamental and universal material substance of life. Huxley's principal contribution was to establish protoplasm as incompatible with a vitalistic theory of life.[32] Attempts to investigate the origin of life through the creation of synthetic "protoplasm" in the laboratory were not successful.[33]

text: The idea that protoplasm of eukaryotes is simply divisible into a ground substance called "cytoplasm" and a structural body called the cell nucleus reflects the more primitive knowledge of cell structure that preceded the development of electron microscopy, when it seemed that cytoplasm was a homogeneous fluid and the existence of most sub-cellular compartments, or how cells maintain their shape, was unknown.[34] Today, it is known that the cell contents are structurally very complex and contain multiple organelles.

text: Description[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Protoplasm is composed of a mixture of small molecules such as ions, amino acids, monosaccharides and water, and macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides.[35] In eukaryotes the protoplasm surrounding the cell nucleus is known as the cytoplasm and that inside the nucleus as the nucleoplasm. In prokaryotes the material inside the plasma membrane is the bacterial cytoplasm, while in Gram-negative bacteria the region outside the plasma membrane but inside the outer membrane is the periplasm.

text: Protoplasm was said to exist in two forms: a liquid-like sol state or a jelly-like gel state.


document_title: Meet the Fockers

question_text: who played the baby in meet the fockers

question_tokens: who played the baby in meet the fockers

text: Meet the Fockers

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set two years after the events of the first film, Gaylord "Greg" Focker (Stiller) and his fiancée Pam Byrnes (Polo) decide to introduce their parents to each other. They first fly to Oyster Bay, New York, on Long Island, to pick up Pam's father, retired CIA operative Jack Byrnes (De Niro), her mother Dina (Danner) and one-year-old nephew Little Jack (the son of Bob and Debbie Banks). But rather than going to the airport as planned, Jack decides to drive the family to Miami to meet the Fockers in his new RV.

text: Once they arrive, they are greeted by Greg's eccentric but fun-loving and amiable father, Bernie (Hoffman), and mother, Roz (Streisand), who is a sex therapist for elderly couples. Concerned that Jack might be put off by the Focker's lifestyle, Greg convinces Roz to pretend that she is a yoga instructor for the weekend. However, small cracks begin to form between Jack and the Fockers, due to their contrasting personalities. The meet gets off to a bad start when a chase between the Focker's active dog, Moses, and the Byrnes's cat, Jinx, culminates with Jinx flushing Moses down the RV's toilet, forcing Bernie to destroy it to save Moses. Later, Bernie accidentally injures Jack's back during a game of football.

text: Meanwhile, Pam informs Greg that she's pregnant, and the two decide to keep it secret from Jack. Jack again becomes suspicious of Greg's integrity and quality, when they are introduced to the Fockers' housekeeper, Isabel Villalobos (Alanna Ubach), with whom Bernie reveals Greg had a sexual affair fifteen years before. Jack later takes the RV to Isabel's 15-year-old son, Jorge (Ray Santiago), to fix the toilet, but is disturbed by Jorge's striking resemblance to Greg, and the fact that Jorge never met his father, and jumps to the conclusion that he might be Greg's son with Isabel. Meanwhile, Roz, Bernie and Dina realize Pam is pregnant, but promise not to tell Jack. Growing envious of Bernie and Roz's active sex life, Dina consults Roz on sex tips in order to seduce Jack, but none of them work.

text: Greg and Jack's relationship goes off with a bang when Greg is left alone to babysit Little Jack, whom Jack has been raising via the Ferber method. Despite Jack's instructions to leave Little Jack to self-soothe, Greg could not stand to listen to Little Jack's cries and tends to the boy to cheer him up by hugging him, letting him watch TV, acting funny, and inadvertently teaching Little Jack the word "asshole." Disaster strikes when Greg answers a brief phone call from Roz, which is long enough for Little Jack to wander out of his playpen (after being opened by Jinx), put on Scarface and glue his hands to a bottle of rum. After a furious argument with the Fockers and his own family (though amends are quickly made), Jack resumes his spying on Greg and sends Greg and Jorge's hair samples for a DNA test, while inviting Jorge to the Fockers' planned engagement party in the hope of getting Greg to admit he is Jorge's father. At the engagement party, Jack, who automatically assumes that Greg knew about Jorge and has deliberately been keeping him a secret from Pam, introduces Greg to Jorge. Later, when Greg denies knowing anything about Jorge, Jack does not believe him and drugs him with truth serum to make him talk. On stage, Greg uncontrollably blurts out that Pam is pregnant and that Jorge is his son before losing consciousness.

text: The next morning, Pam questions Greg about Jorge, and Greg does not confirm or deny that he is Jorge's father, but insists that he knew nothing about him before the previous evening. Pam believes him, and is willing to work things out with him. Jack reaches his breaking point with Greg's dishonesty and demands that Pam and Dina leave the island with him. Dina refuses and reveals Jack's actions to everyone. Everyone turns against Jack, with Pam announcing her intent to marry Greg regardless of him having Jorge with Isabel, and Dina admits that they were all aware of Pam's pregnancy. A shocked and hurt Jack leaves with his grandson.

text: Bernie and Greg pursue Jack, but are soon tasered and arrested by an incompetent deputy sheriff, Vern LeFlore (Tim Blake Nelson), for speeding. Jack returns to defend them after being informed Greg is not Jorge's father (his real father turns out to be a baseball player who also resembles Greg), but the overzealous LeFlore tasers and arrests him as well. In their cell, Greg, Jack, and Bernie are released by the local judge, Ira (Shelley Berman), who is a client of Roz and close friend of the Fockers. Before they leave, Greg requests that Jack and Bernie stop their feud. Jack admits that he made a mistake regarding Jorge and reveals his past career in the CIA to Bernie, before apologizing for his actions and making up with the two of them.

text: Greg and Pam are married that weekend by Pam's ex-fiancé, Kevin (Owen Wilson), who is now an ordained interfaith minister. During the party, Jack asks Roz for some sex tips and sneaks into the RV with Dina.

text: During the post-credit scene, Jack watches hidden baby-cam footage of the Fockers giving attention to Little Jack over Jack's previous objections: Roz gives Little Jack chocolate, Bernie advises him to use his crying to disagree with everything Jack says, and Greg pretends to drunkenly tell Little Jack to keep it a secret that he left to smoke pot, not answer the phone, when he left Little Jack unattended and that Pam is not really pregnant and only said it so that Jack would let them get married. Greg then pretends to only just discover the camera but then after making teasing gestures at it, Greg reveals that he knew about it all along and none of the things he said before were true.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Robert De Niro as Jack Byrnes
Ben Stiller as Gaylord "Greg" Focker
Dustin Hoffman as Bernard "Bernie" Focker
Barbra Streisand as Rozalin "Roz" Focker
Teri Polo as Pam Byrnes-Focker
Blythe Danner as Dina Byrnes
Spencer and Bradley Pickren as "Little" Jack Banks
Alanna Ubach as Isabel Villalobos
Ray Santiago as Jorge Villalobos
Tim Blake Nelson as Officer Vern LeFlore
Shelley Berman as Judge Ira
Owen Wilson as Kevin Rawley

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes reported that 39% of 161 sampled critics gave the film positive reviews, with an average rating of 5.2 out of 10. The site's consensus is "Talented cast is wasted as the movie is content with recycling jokes from its predecessor, Meet the Parents.",[2] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 with reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 41 based on 34 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[3]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was a commercial success and is currently the highest-grossing film starring Robert De Niro.[4] The film grossed $46,120,980 on its opening weekend in North America (5,000 screens at 3,518 theaters, averaging $13,110 per theater, or $9,224 per screen).[5] At the end of the film's 149 days of release, it grossed a total of $279,261,160 in North America, and $237,381,779 in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $516,642,939, with an estimated 44 million tickets sold in the US. The film's budget was $80 million.[6]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
2005: Casting Society Of America, USA: Nominated for Best Feature Film Casting: Comedy.
2005: Teen Choice Awards: Nominated for Choice Movie: Blush, Choice Movie Actor: Comedy, Choice Movie Actor: Comedy, Choice Movie: Liar.
2005: MTV Movie Awards Won: Best Comedic Performance.
2005: ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards: Won Top Box Office Films.
2005: MTV Movie Awards in Mexico: Nominated for Best International Movie.


document_title: List of highest paid film actors

question_text: who has been paid the most for a movie

question_tokens: who has been paid the most for a movie

text: List of highest paid film actors

text: Salaries for the world's highest paid film actors currently range from $20–30 million, but an actor can earn substantially more by deferring all or part of their salary against a percentage of the film's gross, known within the industry as a "profit participation" deal. Since not all salaries are made public, this is a non-definitive list of actors who have received $30 million or more as compensation for their services. The figures are given at their nominal value, since earnings from profit based deals are accumulated over many years, making it unfeasible to adjust for inflation.

text:
Highest-earning actors in films

Actor
Film
Year
Salary
Total income
Ref

Reeves, KeanuKeanu Reeves
Matrix Reloaded, TheThe Matrix Reloaded
The Matrix Revolutions
2003
$30,000,000
$156,000,000
[1]

Willis, BruceBruce Willis
Sixth Sense, TheThe Sixth Sense
1999
$14,000,000
$100,000,000
[1]

Cruise, TomTom Cruise
Mission Impossible 2Mission: Impossible 2
2000

$100,000,000
[1]

Cruise, TomTom Cruise
War of the Worlds
2005

$100,000,000
[1]

Smith, WillWill Smith
Men in Black 3
2012

$100,000,000
[2]

Bullock, SandraSandra Bullock
Gravity
2013
$20,000,000
$70,000,000+
[3]

Hanks, TomTom Hanks
Forrest Gump
1994

$70,000,000
[1]

Cruise, TomTom Cruise
Mission Impossible 1Mission: Impossible
1996

$70,000,000
[1]

Ford, HarrisonHarrison Ford
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
2008

$65,000,000
[4]

Nicholson, JackJack Nicholson
Batman
1989
$6,000,000
$60,000,000
[1][5]

DiCaprio, LeonardoLeonardo DiCaprio
Inception
2010

$59,000,000
[6]

Depp, JohnnyJohnny Depp
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
2011
$35,000,000
$55,000,000
[6][7]

Downey, Jr., RobertRobert Downey, Jr.
Avengers, TheThe Avengers
2012

$50,000,000
[8]

Diaz, CameronCameron Diaz
Bad Teacher
2011

$42,000,000
[9]

DiCaprio, LeonardoLeonardo DiCaprio
Titanic
1997

$40,000,000
[1]

Hanks, TomTom Hanks
Saving Private Ryan
1998

$40,000,000
[1]

Depp, JohnnyJohnny Depp
Alice in Wonderland
2010

$40,000,000
[6]

Khan, AamirAamir Khan
Dangal
2016

$37,000,000+
[nb 1][10][11]

Carrey, JimJim Carrey
Yes Man
2008

$35,000,000
[12]

Schwarzenegger, ArnoldArnold Schwarzenegger
Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines
2003
$29,250,000
$30,000,000+
[nb 2][1]

Gibson, MelMel Gibson
Lethal Weapon 4
1998
$30,000,000
$30,000,000
[1]

Pitt, BradBrad Pitt
Ocean's Eleven
2001
$10,000,000
$30,000,000
[1]

text:
Jump up ^ ₹257 crore ($37–41 million at 2017 exchange rates).
Jump up ^ Arnold Schwarzenegger received a $29,250,000 salary for Terminator 3 plus a 20% royalty on the worldwide box office gross over $380 million. The film ultimately had a global gross of $433 million.


document_title: Small Town Girl (song)

question_text: who sings she's just a small town girl

question_tokens: who sings she 's just a small town girl

text: Small Town Girl (song)

text:
"Small Town Girl"Single by Steve Warinerfrom the album It's a Crazy WorldB-side
"When It Rains"Released
December 27, 1986Genre
CountryLength
3:45Label
MCASongwriter(s)
Don CookJohn Barlow JarvisProducer(s)
Jimmy BowenTony BrownSteve Wariner singles chronology

"Starting Over Again" (1986)

"Small Town Girl" (1986)

"The Weekend" (1987)

"Starting Over Again"(1986)

"Small Town Girl"(1987)

"The Weekend"(1987)

text: "Small Town Girl" is a song written by John Barlow Jarvis and Don Cook, and recorded by American country music artist Steve Wariner.  It was released in December 1986 as the first single from the album It's a Crazy World.  "Small Town Girl" was Steve Wariner's fifth number one country single.  The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of 24 weeks on the chart.[1]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1986–1987)

Peakposition

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[2]

1

Canadian RPM Country Tracks

1