document_title: The Flash (season 4)

question_text: when will the flash season 4 episode 19 come out

text: The Flash (season 4)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

70
1
"The Flash Reborn"
Glen Winter
Story by : Andrew Kreisberg
Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
T27.13401
2.84[1]

Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months, but refuses to grieve Barry. A flying samurai with superpowers appears in Central City, threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him. Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force and tracks down Caitlin for help, but is forbidden by Iris to bring Barry back. Against Iris' orders, Team Flash successfully returns Barry, who rambles random statements and continually writes symbols on the walls. Wally engages the samurai, but is defeated. Cisco deciphers Barry's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence. In an attempt to recover Barry's memories, Iris gives herself up to the samurai. The plan works and Barry speeds away, rescuing Iris and defeating the samurai, who is revealed to be an android. Caitlin rejoins Team Flash, but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet, while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging. The "Samuroid" is revealed to have been controlled by a supremely intelligent man in a superpowered wheelchair, whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes.

71
2
"Mixed Signals"
Alexandra La Roche
Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
T27.13402
2.54[2]

When Barry, Joe, and Cisco report to a crime scene, they discover remnants of a mysterious code. Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit, intended to facilitate his activities. He tests it out, trying to save someone from a haywire car controlled by metahuman Ramsey Deacon. Gypsy arrives on Earth-1 for a date with Cisco, who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon. Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin, Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship. Deacon kidnaps a witness, a former member of a tech team that stole his idea for profit. Barry and Wally go to save him, but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry's suit haywire. On Iris' instruction, Barry throws lightning at himself, shorting out his suit. He then incapacitates Deacon, who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights, revealed to be part of the Thinker's plan. Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy. Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident, Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are "others."

72
3
"Luck Be a Lady"
Armen V. Kevorkian
Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
T27.13403
2.62[3]

In flashbacks, the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe, a woman with seemingly unending bad luck, and determines that she will be easily manipulated. In the present, Becky robs a bank and gets away when Barry slips on marbles. Harry arrives from Earth-2 and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up with him in order to focus on her vigilantism. Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others. Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people, including Becky and Deacon, to transformative dark matter. Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime-fighting team due to his attitude. Becky's powers expand out of control, reactivating the particle accelerator, which Harry deliberately allows, nullifying Becky's powers and leading to her incarceration. Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated the events surrounding Barry's return. Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself. The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the "Samuroid" helmet. Joe learns Cecile is pregnant.

73
4
"Elongated Journey Into Night"
Tom Cavanagh
Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
T27.13404
1.99[4]

Gypsy's father, Breacher, attacks Cisco, vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours, allowing the romance should he survive. Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger, Ralph Dibny, former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator. As two thugs attack Dibny, he is revealed to have the power to stretch. Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum. The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery, with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs. Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him, claiming to have been a "good cop". He later stops blackmailing Bellows, who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid, the species that invaded Earth-19 previously, and attacks him. Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph, whom Barry, having revealed his alter-ego, convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows. Admiring Cisco's gallantry, Breacher allows the relationship. Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows. Barry remembers that both Abra Kadabra and Savitar mentioned DeVoe. Meanwhile, Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door.

74
5
"Girls Night Out"
Laura Belsey
Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
T27.13405
2.38[5]

While failing to track DeVoe, Team Flash is visited by Felicity, who joins Iris's bachelorette party. Mocking Cisco's plans for Barry's bachelor party, Ralph takes the men to a strip club, where they learn that Cecile's daughter, Joanie, is working. Joe confronts her, who states she is only doing feminist research. Ralph incites a brawl, leading to the men's arrest until Harry posts bail. Meanwhile, Amunet's enforcer, Norvock, demands Caitlin's return and attacks the women when she refuses. Killer Frost emerges and repels him, later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost. Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls the "Weeper", whose tears are a strong narcotic, prisoner and intends to sell him, Iris's party decides to stop her. Though Caitlin refuses to join, she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger. Using a strong magnet, the team robs Amunet's metal shards, leaving her powerless. Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet, who promises revenge. Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures. Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research. DeVoe captures the Weeper.

75
6
"When Harry Met Harry..."
Brent Crowell
Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
T27.13406
2.46[6]

Barry trains Ralph to use his abilities, with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him. Another bus metahuman, a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton, who can animate statues, starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace, which she claims belongs to her tribe. When Barry and Ralph catch up to her, she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway. Ralph chooses to stop her, but a little girl is injured in the process. Ralph regrets his actions, but is comforted by Barry. Chayton escapes CCPD, going after the last necklace piece held at the museum. When Barry and Ralph confront her, she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life. Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton. Later, Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton's tribe, before visiting the little girl in the hospital, using his abilities to entertain her. Meanwhile, Harry, trying to make friends, works with his doppelgangers of alternate Earths, The Council of Wells. They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe. Barry and Joe head to DeVoe's house, to find out that he is a middle-aged man in a wheelchair.

76
7
"Therefore I Am"
David McWhirter
Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
T27.13407
2.20[7]

Barry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information. In flashbacks, DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity, powering it through the particle accelerator explosion. DeVoe's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive. Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and goes to DeVoe's house, narrowly avoiding being caught by DeVoe's wife. Barry later confronts DeVoe, who reveals his true identity, leading to Cisco dubbing him "The Thinker". Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley.

77
8
"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 3"
Dermott Downs
Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim
Teleplay by : Todd Helbing
November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)
T27.13408
2.82[8]

Barry, Oliver, Sara, Alex, Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth-X wearing power dampeners. The arriving SS Sturmbannführer is revealed to be the Earth-X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance, who plans to execute them, but they are saved by Citizen Cold (the Earth-X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart) and Ray Terrill. Snart and Terrill take them to the headquarters of the Freedom Fighters, where the team meets the resistance movement's leader, General Schott (Winn Schott's Earth-X doppelgänger). They learn that the only way back to Earth-1 is through a temporal gateway in a research facility, which Schott plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow (Oliver's Earth-X doppelgänger) on Earth-1. Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility and discovers the Nazi doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter. Barry and Ray battle the Freedom Fighters' Red Tornado to stop it from destroying the gateway while the rest of the team enters the facility to reactivate its portal, during which Stein is shot and gravely wounded. On Earth-1, Eobard Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl. Felicity and Iris try to stop him, but are captured.

This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8, and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8.

78
9
"Don't Run"
Stefan Pleszczynski
Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira
December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)
T27.13409
2.22[9]

While out Christmas shopping, Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet. Iris claims they have to look for both of them, despite Harry's claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one. Barry is held in DeVoe's lair. Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse, who can read minds. They try to escape, but Amunet blocks their exit. Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet, and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in. Once outside, they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph, as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin. Barry manages to escape from DeVoe. Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them. Barry gets a security alert from his apartment. When he arrives, he receives a phone call from Dominic, who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic's body. Barry discovers DeVoe's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his "murder"; the police arrive, and Barry lets himself get arrested, not wanting to leave Iris again.

79
10
"The Trial of The Flash"
Philip Chipera
Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
T27.13410
2.51[10]

Barry stands trial for the murder of Clifford DeVoe, with Cecile representing him. Cisco and Joe have to leave during the trial for a meta investigation, in which a meta caused people to collapse. Singh reveals to Joe he is appearing as a witness for the prosecution against Barry. The meta is eventually discovered as Neil Borman, who is a meta who produces radiation, which is causing the illness and collapsing. Barry takes him on, but is ill equipped to deal with the situation. Cisco and Killer Frost travel to the scene where Caitlin tries to freeze Borman, who quickly defrosts and incapacitates Caitlin. Barry creates a vacuum seal around Borman to contain the radiation, with Cisco transporting the radiation to the dead Earth-15, draining the meta and defeating him. Barry is eventually found guilty by the jury and is sentenced to life in prison.

80
11
"The Elongated Knight Rises"
Alexandra La Roche
Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound
January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)
T27.13411
2.12[11]

Barry uses his speed to secretly help the guards contain the other inmates during a prison riot. He also befriends Dave Ratchet, his father's former cellmate. The next day, Barry meets Axel Walker who was later broken out of prison by his mother Zoey Clark, his father's one-time partner Prank. Axel challenges Ralph by threatening to cause chaos in the city. Ralph attempts to stop him but is wounded by Axel and is evacuated by Cisco. Ralph sneaks into the prison to talk to Barry about how scared he is. Barry reassures him that being a hero isn't about not being scared, but about having the ability to rise above your fear. Cisco and Caitlin go to rescue the hostages, but get captured by Axel and Zoey, who intend to kill them. Ralph arrives, and attempts to shield the two from an acid shower, until Wells manages to hack into the shower system to neutralize its acidity. Iris visits Barry in prison, where they reaffirm their love for each other. Ralph and Cisco go to get coffee, where they meet the excitable girl from the wedding. The girl writes in her journal, where she appears to be writing in the language Barry was using when he came out of the Speed Force.

81
12
"Honey, I Shrunk Team Flash"
Chris Peppe
Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira
January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)
T27.13412
2.60[12]

Cecile develops telepathic abilities as a result of her pregnancy, combined with dormant dark matter in her cells, which Caitlin assures her should be temporary. In prison, Barry learns that Ratchet is innocent of a robbery-homicide that was actually committed by Sylbert Rundine fifteen years prior. Barry asks the team to look into the case. Rundine turns out to be a bus meta with the ability to shrink and enlarge objects, and he shrinks Cisco and Ralph while escaping. Harry's attempted cure backfires, and Caitlin determines that if they are not re-enlarged within a certain period of time, their bodies will explode. The team confronts Rundine at a warehouse, where Harry tricks him into re-enlarging Ralph and Cisco. Rundine is arrested, but refuses to confess to the earlier crime. Barry gathers that even if Ratchet went free, he would be as unhappy in the city as he is in prison; he wishes to live in a secluded Chinese village called Jiaju, but fears he will never get there. Barry then uses his speed to take Ratchet to Jiaju, where he can live out his dream. After discovering Barry is the Flash, the prison's warden, Gregory Wolfe, locks Barry in his private metahuman wing, intending to sell him to Amunet.

82
13
"True Colors"
Tara Nicole Weyr
Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
T27.13413
2.28[13]

Wolfe plans to sell Barry and the imprisoned bus metas (Ramsey Deacon, Becky Sharpe, Mina Chaytan, and Sylbert Rundine) to Amunet, so they plan to escape. Cecile discovers Wolfe's plans after reading his mind. Ralph encounters a former colleague and his negative interaction with him prompts the discovery that he can shapeshift. His lack of mastery of the new ability prevents his attempt to foil Amunet's deal with Wolfe. Barry helps the metas escape the power dampeners, but they are cornered by Wolfe and Amunet. DeVoe arrives and again uses his chair to extract the metas' abilities, before transferring his mind into Sharpe's body. He then crushes Wolfe's skull as Marlize looks on in horror; Amunet flees. Ralph uses his shapeshifting ability to appear as the original DeVoe at Barry's appeal, claiming that he was unconscious at Barry's loft but not dead, which clears Barry's name. Team Flash realizes that DeVoe is only stealing powers from metahumans who were on the bus when the dark matter wave was unleashed, which means he will likely target Ralph as well. Back at the DeVoes' house, their marriage continues to deteriorate, and DeVoe drugs his wife with the Weeper's tears to maintain her devotion towards him.

83
14
"Subject 9"
Ralph Hemecker
Mike Alber & Gabe Snyder
February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)
T27.13414
2.12[14]

Barry is put on indefinite leave at the CCPD due to his connection with the DeVoe case. The team encounter another bus metahuman named Izzy with sound wave abilities, amplified by her violin. She manages to use her abilities when DeVoe (inside Sharpe's body) comes to claim her. Barry and Ralph help to train Izzy to refine her abilities, which proves difficult when she gets hurt. Eventually DeVoe shows up once again, using Dominic's and Becky's abilities to make Barry experience a brain aneurysm, while using Rundine's abilities to incapacitate Ralph. DeVoe then once again uses the chair to transfer his mind into Izzy's body and escapes. Both Ralph and Barry comfort each other over their respective losses: Barry being let go from the police force and Ralph losing Izzy to DeVoe. These losses enforce both Barry's and Ralph's determination to bring DeVoe down and save the three remaining metas.

84
15
"Enter Flashtime"
Gregory Smith
Todd Helbing & Sterling Gates
March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)
T27.13415
2.04[15]

Jesse comes to Earth-1 to have a talk with her dad. Eco-terrorist Veronica Dale sets off a nuclear bomb, which Barry tries to stop, entering a form of superspeed known as Flashtime, where everything is frozen. However, the bomb has already detonated, and he and Jesse cannot stop it or save everyone with superspeed. Jay Garrick comes from Earth-3 to help, but they are still unable to stop it. Barry remains in Flashtime for hours, bringing each of his friends into it, in an attempt to find a solution; they discuss options such as freezing it or sending it to another Earth, but none of those solutions prove to be viable. Eventually, Iris gives him the idea to retrieve the Quark Sphere from the Speed Force to send a blast lightning through the bomb, enough to disable it. Barry does so, and throws the Sphere back into the Speed Force, saving Central City. Jay admits he is retiring and going to train a new "female" speedster. Jesse and Jay return to their Earths, and Caitlin and Wells go for a coffee, where they encounter the mysterious girl.

85
16
"Run, Iris, Run"
Harry Jierjian
Eric Wallace
March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)
T27.13416
2.09[16]

A metahuman with fire powers tries to rob Central City bank. Another bus meta named Matthew Kim touches the metahuman, which causes his powers to transfer to another individual. When Joe, Iris and Barry turn up to ask Kim a few questions, Barry and Iris come into contact with Kim, causing Barry to lose his speed and Iris to gain superspeed. Inspired by Thawne, Harry plans to build his own thinking cap to outwit DeVoe. With their roles reversed, Iris becomes Central City's hero speedster, while Barry must learn to act as team leader. The new metahuman demands money and terrorizes the city with his fire powers. Using Wells' thinking cap, the Team comes up with the idea for Iris to create a tidal wave, negating the flames and defeating the meta. Back at S.T.A.R. Labs, Kim touches Iris and Barry again, restoring the Flash's speed. At home, Iris admits that while she did enjoy having superspeed, Central City needs the light that Barry was, and she is happy being team leader. Wells uses his thinking cap once more, determining the final two bus metas are Janet Petty and Edwin Gauss.

86
17
"Null and Annoyed"
Kevin Smith
Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim
April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)
T27.13417
1.82[17]

Barry and Ralph train to defeat DeVoe, with Barry becoming annoyed at Ralph's apparent inability to be serious. The team manages to locate another bus meta, Janet Petty. When Barry and Ralph confront her, it is revealed that Petty can manipulate a person's gravitational pull, which she demonstrates on Barry. Fearing once again that Ralph is not taking things seriously, Barry refuses to work with him. Ralph reveals his comedic attitude is due to a difficult childhood where his father abandoned him, causing him to make jokes whenever he is scared or under pressure. Barry relents and they go to stop Janet at a gala event. Janet uses her powers on Barry, causing him to float into the atmosphere. Barry tells the team to trust Ralph to improvise. Ralph detains Janet, then becomes a giant airbag to allow Barry to land safely. DeVoe's wife discovers he has been drugging her, so she will continue to assist him. Breacher comes to Earth-1 to ask Cisco for help as some of his powers have failed. Harry takes the thinking cap to Thawne's time vault to recharge it and activates Gideon.

87
18
"Lose Yourself"
Hanelle Culpepper
Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza
April 17, 2018 (2018-04-17)
T27.13418
1.88[18]

Team Flash track down the final bus meta Edwin Gauss, but are followed by the Samuroid, who injures Caitlin. The team rush back to Star Labs to regroup and heal. Caitlin reveals to Iris that Killer Frost is activated by her adrenal gland, and she is working on a way to separate them. Harry comes up with a tuning fork weapon that mimics Izzy's abilities in order to defeat DeVoe. Ralph reveals to Barry that he isn't afraid of losing his own life, but of Team Flash losing theirs, as he considers them family. Wells is shown to be addicted to the Thinking Cap, which Joe helps him deal with. Ralph takes the fork, with the intent to go with Edwin to kill DeVoe, which Barry argues against. Eventually, DeVoe manages to take over Edwin's mind, and as well takes the abilities of Janet Petty and Matthew Kim, before transferring his mind into Ralph's body. The team try to stop him, but DeVoe incapacitates them, and alters Caitlin's DNA, removing the dark matter and Killer Frost, before leaving. Back at his lair, DeVoe uses Ralph's morphing abilities to morph back into his original form, while he and Marlize plan their next move to destroy Team Flash.

88
19
"Fury Rogue"
Rachel Talalay
Joshua V. Gilbert & Jeff Hersh
April 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)
T27.13419
1.90[19]

With DeVoe moving forward with his plans, Team Flash decide to secure Neil Borman. Barry and Cisco travel to Earth-X to recruit Leo Snart as a backup, but are followed to Earth-1 by the Earth-X doppelganger of Laurel Lance. Team Flash plan to deliver Borman to a safe ARGUS facility, using a suit to contain the radiation, with Snart on hand, in case Borman goes nuclear. Snart agrees to help, but claims he can only stay for 24 hours, as he is due to get married to Ray Terrill. DeVoe attempts to intercept the transfer, but he and Team Flash are further ambushed by Earth-X Laurel, who kidnaps Caitlin, Borman and Joe, holding them at CCPD. Snart learns about Ralph, and convinces Barry to allow himself to grieve his fallen allies, which Barry eventually does, giving him strength to defeat Laurel. Lyla transfers Borman to another facility and Leo returns to Earth-X. Cisco and Wells come up with a plan to boost Wells' thinking cap. DeVoe goes more into his "god-complex"; stating that human emotion is a weakness, causing Marlize to doubt him.

89
20
"Therefore She Is"
Rob J. Greenlea
Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound
May 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)
T27.13420
1.70[20]

DeVoe starts gathering the technology required to build the Enlightenment Machine, including murdering anyone who gets in his way. Barry, Cisco, Iris and Harry attempt to trigger Killer Frost's powers in Caitlin, but do not succeed. Harry reveals to the team that the amount of dark matter he used with the Thinking Cap caused brain damage. Cisco, Gypsy, Barry and Caitlin fight Marlize and DeVoe when they acquire the computers required to power the Enlightenment Machine. Flashbacks reveal partially why Marlize follows DeVoe: she was a humanitarian worker in Kenya who created a water purifier for a villager, but when warlords found out about it, they attacked and killed everyone. Marlize pleads with DeVoe when he begins choking Gypsy; she later decides to leave him, encasing his chair in a force-field so DeVoe cannot stop her from leaving the pocket dimension. The team realizes that DeVoe plans to use the Enlightenment Machine to launch dark matter towards Earth, reverting all of humanity into a simplified state, similar to what Harry is dealing with. The mysterious girl brings a gift to Cecile and Joe's baby shower and, after leaving quickly, runs away using speedster abilities.

90
21
"Harry and the Harrisons"
Kevin Mock
Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo
May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)
T27.13421
1.74[21]

Cisco assembles a Council of Harrisons to try and come up with a way of stopping Harry's intelligence loss. Team Flash reluctantly go to Amunet for help, encountering her successor Norvok in the process, though Barry insists Amunet must not kill. The team is eventually given a bomb made from Amunet's metal which will be capable of destroying one of DeVoe's satellites, and Harry manages to work out that DeVoe's plan might be changing because Marlize is no longer with him. Iris posts an article revealing DeVoe's plan and the residents of Central City begin reporting DeVoe sightings, which Iris believes will hamper his ability to remain undetected.

91
22
"Think Fast"
Viet Nguyen
Sam Chalsen & Kristen Kim
May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)
T27.13422
1.93[22]

DeVoe infiltrates the A.R.G.U.S. facility holding Fallout by impersonating John Diggle and kills most of the security, except for a few hostages; overcharging and killing Fallout to be a nuclear battery for the satellites. Barry runs to Star City and brings back John to reveal the location of the facility. Caitlin and Cisco ask Barry to train them in Flashtime so that they can save the hostages and Barry can follow DeVoe through the breach before it closes. In the last stages of pregnancy, Cecile's telepathy causes her to take on the personality and thoughts of anyone nearby. Harry and Iris track Marlize to London, and use the last extrapolator to get there. Caitlin and Cisco are able to rescue the hostages. Searching her mind for Killer Frost, Catlin has Cisco vibe her into a repressed memory of a childhood accident; Killer Frost was already part of Caitlin decades before the particle accelerator had created any metas. Barry manages to follow DeVoe through the breach and destroys one of the satellites with Amunet's bomb. DeVoe takes control of S.T.A.R. Labs and uses its satellite to replace the one destroyed. He initiates the Enlightenment protocol in the time vault.

92
23
"We Are the Flash"
David McWhirter
Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace
May 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)
T27.13423
2.16[23]

After the Enlightenment begins, Marlize joins Team Flash as Cecile goes into labor. Marlize uses Cecile's powers to send Barry into DeVoe's consciousness to find the good left in him. Barry finds Ralph alive in DeVoe's consciousness and together they find the "good" DeVoe dead. DeVoe attempts to keep them from reaching the nexus of his mind, as he follows Team Flash to a pocket dimension. In his consciousness, DeVoe multiplies himself to fight Barry and Ralph as he takes down Team Flash. Barry and Ralph make it to the nexus; Barry wakes up in the real world and Ralph reclaims his body just as DeVoe was going to kill Cecile. He reappears, though, as a hologram through his chair until Marlize destroys it. Barry, Cisco and Ralph shield civilians from the falling satellites and the mysterious girl helps Barry destroy the last one. Harry's brain resets but is mostly restored by Marlize; he decides to return to Earth-2 to be with Jesse. Team Flash celebrates DeVoe's defeat with Wally (who returned from the Legends) and Cecile's newborn daughter Jenna. The mysterious girl arrives to reveal herself as Barry and Iris' daughter from the future, Nora; she claims to have made "a big, big mistake".

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash[24]
Candice Patton as Iris West[24]
Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost[25]
Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe[24]
Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash[24]
Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker[26]
Tom Cavanagh as Harrison "Harry" Wells[24]
Jesse L. Martin as Joe West[24]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton[27]
Kim Engelbrecht as Marlize DeVoe / Mechanic[26]
Jessica Camacho as Cynthia / Gypsy[28][29]
Patrick Sabongui as David Singh[30]
Donna Pescow as Sharon Finkel
Richard Brooks as Gregory Wolfe[31]
Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man[32]
Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith[33]
Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard[34] and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker
Jessica Parker Kennedy as Nora West-Allen[35]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek-a-Boo[36]
Mark Sweatman as Norvok[37]
Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon / Kilg%re[38]
Chelsea Kurtz as Mina Chayton / Black Bison[39]
Violett Beane as Jesse Chambers Wells / Jesse Quick[40]
Danny Trejo as Josh / Breacher[26][29]
Vito D'Ambrosio as Anthony Bellows
Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak[33]
Riley Jade Berglund as Joanie[41]
Matt Afonso as Weeper[42]
Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Dark Arrow[43]
Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm[43]
Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary[43]
Chyler Leigh as Alex Danvers[43]
Franz Drameh as Jefferson Jackson / Firestorm[43]
Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance / Sturmbannführer
Jeremy Jordan as General Schott[43]
Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake / Black Canary
Melissa Benoist as Kara Zor-El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl and Overgirl[43]
Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Citizen Cold[44]
Russell Tovey as Ray Terrill / The Ray[43]
Frederick Schmidt voices Metallo-X
Kendrick Sampson as Dominic Lanse / Brainstorm[45] and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker
Mark Valley as Anton Slater[46]
Ryan Alexander McDonald as Neil Borman / Fallout
Devon Graye as Axel Walker / Trickster[47]
Corinne Bohrer as Zoey Clark / Prank[47]
Bill Goldberg as Dave Ratchet / Big Sir[47]
Derek Mears as Sylbert Rundine / Dwarfstar[48]
Paul McGillion as Earl Cox
Miranda MacDougall as Izzy Bowin / Fiddler[49] and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker
John Wesley Shipp as Jay Garrick[50]
Leonardo Nam as Matthew Kim / Melting Point[51]
Max Adler as Jaco Birch / Pyro[52]
Bethany Brown as Janet Petty / Null
Arturo Del Puerto as Edwin Gauss / Folded Man
Katie Cassidy as Siren-X
David Ramsey as John Diggle / Spartan
Victoria Askounis as young Caitlin Snow[53]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8, 2017,[54] earlier than usual for the series. Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this, "The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season."[55] In May 2017, it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four, with only Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, Sarah Schechter, and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons.[56] Todd Helbing and Kreisberg were slated to serve as the season's showrunners.[57][58] In November 2017, Kreisberg was suspended from his role as executive producer and showrunner on The Flash over allegations of sexual harassment.[59][60] By the end of the month, he had been fired, with his name eventually being removed from the credits from all shows he worked on. In addition, Berlanti would take additional responsibilities working with Helbing to co-showrun the season.[61]

text: Writing[edit]

text:
The way I see it is, time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force. In some ways he's had an awakening and he's had a rebirth. Our first episode is called 'Reborn,' and it is a rebirth for Barry, but he's kind of scrambled, too, because he's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months, even though for him it was an eternity. He's not Barry when we see him for the first time.

—Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four.[62]

text: In March 2017, Kreisberg confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster, like the previous three seasons.[63] Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season, with Aaron saying, "We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past. For now, I think we're going to focus on the present."[64] In June 2017, Clifford DeVoe / Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season. He was first hinted in the third season episode "Abra Kadabra" when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash's greatest enemies, and again in the season finale "Finish Line" when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet.[65] At the series' San Diego Comic-Con panel, the speculation was confirmed, with Todd Helbing saying, "With three Speedsters in a row, this year it's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive."[27] He added that the writers were "making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up".[66]

text: Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry's absence, Keiynan Lonsdale said that "It's not something that's on my radar. I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for."[67] With the action picking up six months after season three, Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City, with Carlos Valdes saying "the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together,... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it's just not the same without Barry... So in light of that, Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back."[68] Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco's more lighthearted joking manner.[68] Candice Patton explained Iris West's larger role within Team Flash as "a way of distracting herself,"[68] adding that "[Iris] is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City... We're seeing a very different Iris, almost a very hardened Iris."[69] Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season, and noted that "the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco, not Barry".[70]

text: In July 2017, Sterling Gates, DC Comics comic book writer, joined as a member of the fourth season's writing staff.[71] At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017, Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is "going to try to find the lightness... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons,"[72] and said that the show was likely "done with Speedster villains".[73] Later in the month, Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth-2, saying that "season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better, more complete person, and so he's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to the Thinker's plan," in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character.[74]

text: In September 2017, Helbing noted "There's a lot of love in the air this season," and compared Barry and Iris' reunion to "somebody going off to war for six months and coming back. There's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry didn't when he was gone, and it's really [about] the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they weren't together." Helbing also explained that the Speed Force "let [Barry] deal with all of the baggage [from the past three seasons]. When he comes out, he's sort of left that all behind."[75] That month, Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season,[76] while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since "[they] keep comically clashing inadvertently because [both are] used to being in charge, and so they wind up going... to work through it." He added, "The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show, but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship."[77]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Main cast members Grant Gustin, Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Carlos Valdes, Keiynan Lonsdale, Tom Cavanagh, and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash, Iris West, Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost, Cisco Ramon / Vibe, Wally West / Kid Flash, Harrison Wells, and Joe West, respectively.[24] Cavanagh will portray Harry Wells from Earth-2 at the start of the season, without ruling out the possibility of introducing another incarnation of the Wells character later on.[68] Teasing the arrival of a new Harrison Wells, Cavanagh said, "We're going to start with Harry and then find a way, I think, to try and get a different version of Wells in there, be it some version of Harry or whatnot as the season's gaps present themselves."[78] Also returning from earlier in the series is Jessica Camacho as Gypsy.[28] It was revealed that Tom Felton, who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season, would not be a series regular in the fourth season, and that there were no plans for him to appear.[79] Julian's absence will be addressed "pretty quickly — there's a reason why he's no longer with the team," said Helbing.[80] In the season premiere, it is revealed that Julian has returned to London.[81] Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show, but did not rule out a possible return in the future.[82] Beane eventually appeared as Jesse on the episode "Luck Be a Lady".[40] Britne Oldford, who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek-a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco, reprised her role in the season premiere.[36]

text: In July 2017, Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe, a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic, DeVoe's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him; and Danny Trejo as Breacher, a bounty hunter from Earth-19 and the father of Gypsy.[26] Also in June, the series was looking to cast a role that "should put the visual effects department to the test",[83] with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man, a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes.[84] Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast-talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City's greatest mysteries.[32] The character was previously mentioned in the first season, as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion.[85] The next month, Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith, who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains.[33]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the season began on July 4, 2017,[86] in Vancouver, British Columbia, and concluded on April 21, 2018.[87] Kevin Smith returned to direct an episode in January 2018.[88]

text: Music[edit]

text: In August 2017, series composer Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season.[89]

text: Arrowverse tie-ins[edit]

text: In May 2017, The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four-show Arrowverse crossover event, crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl, The Flash, Legends of Tomorrow, and Arrow.[90] The crossover, Crisis on Earth-X, began with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27, 2017, and concluded on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28.[91] In August 2017, Berlanti noted that it would be "a big life event for a few different people" that would bring them all together for the crossover, adding "There are many life events that happen."[92] Prior to that, Arrow actress Emily Bett Rickards appears as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season.[33] Following the crossover, Katie Cassidy (who has previously appeared on The Flash as both Laurel Lance and Black Siren) appears in the nineteenth episode as Siren-X, an alternate version of Laurel from Earth-X. Arrow actor David Ramsey appears as John Diggle, as well as DeVoe's Diggle disguise earlier in the twenty second episode.

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The season began airing on October 10, 2017, on The CW in the United States,[93] and on CTV in Canada.[94] The season concluded on May 22, 2018.[95] Sky One acquired the rights to air the season in the UK & Ireland, airing it alongside the other Arrowverse shows. The season premiered October 17.[96][97]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In July 2017, cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic-Con International to promote the season, where exclusive footage was shown.[98] During the panel, a trailer for the season was shown, with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the "grim" tone, there was "some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without [Barry],... Sprinkle in a few wacky things, like, say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics, and ladies and gents, you've got a good season of The Flash lined up."[99] Ben Pearson with /Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was "a nice change of pace for that character", but anticipated that "Barry [would] be back two or three episodes in at the latest."[100] Collider's Allison Keene also noted Iris "getting an actual storyline" with Barry gone, and similarly presumed that he "[would] be back in the fold by the end of the first episode" alike to Flashpoint in the third season. She added, "There are some new foes, lots of action, plenty of tech — it's great!"[101]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"The Flash Reborn"
October 10, 2017
1.1/4
2.84[1]
0.7
1.92
1.8
4.77[102]

2
"Mixed Signals"
October 17, 2017
0.9/4
2.54[2]
0.8
1.82
1.7
4.36[103]

3
"Luck Be a Lady"
October 24, 2017
1.0/4
2.62[3]
0.8
1.84
1.8
4.46[104]

4
"Elongated Journey Into Night"
October 31, 2017
0.7/3
1.99[4]
0.7
1.79
1.4
3.79[105]

5
"Girls Night Out"
November 7, 2017
0.9/4
2.38[5]
0.8
1.84
1.7
4.22[106]

6
"When Harry Met Harry..."
November 14, 2017
1.0/4
2.46[6]
0.7
1.83
1.7
4.29[107]

7
"Therefore I Am"
November 21, 2017
0.8/3
2.20[7]
0.8
2.08
1.6
4.28[108]

8
"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 3"
November 28, 2017
1.0/4
2.82[8]
0.7
1.83
1.7
4.64[109]

9
"Don't Run"
December 5, 2017
0.8/3
2.22[9]
0.6
1.45
1.4
3.67[110]

10
"The Trial of The Flash"
January 16, 2018
0.8/3
2.51[10]
0.7
1.55
1.5
4.06[111]

11
"The Elongated Knight Rises"
January 23, 2018
0.7/3
2.12[11]
0.7
1.69
1.4
3.81[112]

12
"Honey, I Shrunk Team Flash"
January 30, 2018
0.9/3
2.60[12]
0.8
1.84
1.7
4.43[113]

13
"True Colors"
February 6, 2018
0.8/3
2.28[13]
0.9
2.00
1.7
4.28[114]

14
"Subject 9"
February 27, 2018
0.7/3
2.12[14]
0.8
1.86
1.5
3.98[115]

15
"Enter Flashtime"
March 6, 2018
0.7/3
2.04[15]
0.8
1.83
1.5
3.87[116]

16
"Run, Iris, Run"
March 13, 2018
0.7/3
2.09[16]
0.7
1.58
1.4
3.67[117]

17
"Null and Annoyed"
April 10, 2018
0.6/2
1.82[17]
0.7
1.64
1.3
3.47[118]

18
"Lose Yourself"
April 17, 2018
0.7/3
1.88[18]
0.6
1.54
1.3
3.43[119]

19
"Fury Rogue"
April 24, 2018
0.6/2
1.90[19]
0.7
1.61
1.3
3.51[120]

20
"Therefore She Is"
May 1, 2018
0.6/2
1.70[20]
0.8
1.62
1.4
3.31[121]

21
"Harry and the Harrisons"
May 8, 2018
0.7/3
1.74[21]
0.6
1.52
1.3
3.26[122]

22
"Think Fast"
May 15, 2018
0.7/3
1.93[22]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

23
"We Are the Flash"
May 22, 2018
0.8/4
2.16[23]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 88% approval rating with an average rating of 6.82/10 based on 16 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "After an unsteady turn in season three, The Flash returns to its roots with a fourth season packed with humor, spectacle, and a whole lot of heart."[123]

text: Reviewing the first two episodes of the season, Allison Keene writing for Collider.com, felt the premiere "wipes the slate clean, fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season, and setting up a much more toned-down storyline. Most importantly, it's brought back some fun." She added that with a "streamlined team," the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines. On the second episode, Keene described it as "truly a delight" with the show taking "the time to focus on character relationships, and not just romantic relationships" and each character "feeling like a refreshed version of themselves, with new narrative purpose". She also highlighted the setup of the Thinker "as an Alchemy-like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash's path as part of some kind of masterplan", saying "The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural, with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week."[124]

text: The season as a whole received mixed to negative reviews from critics. In reviewing for the finale, IGN's Jesse Schedeen gave the episode "We Are The Flash" a rating of 4.6/10, opining that, "As troubled as the series has been this year, it's disappointing but unsurprising to see The Flash's fourth season end on such a bland note."[125] Mike Cecchini of Den of Geek! similarly assigned the episode a rating of 2.5/5. In his review, Cecchini felt that the finale was "the weakest season finale [The Flash] has ever produced," and that, "despite several high points, wasn't really enough to salvage the season."[126] In a more positive review from The A.V. Club, Scott Von Doviak gave the finale a B+, praising the light tone and character moments, while adding that "None of this can make up for the long stretches of mediocrity this year, but at least it doesn’t leave me with a bad taste in my mouth."[127]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2018
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Actor
Grant Gustin
Nominated
[128]

Favorite TV Show
The Flash
Nominated

BMI Film, TV & Visual Media Awards
BMI Network Television Music Award
Nathaniel Blume and Blake Neely
Won
[129]

MTV Movie & TV Awards
Best Hero
Grant Gustin
Pending
[130]

Saturn Awards
Best Guest-Starring Performance on Television
Hartley Sawyer
Pending
[131]

Best Superhero Television Series
The Flash
Pending

Best Supporting Actress on a Television Series
Candice Patton
Pending


document_title: Shetland (TV series)

question_text: how many episodes of shetland series 3 are there

root

text: Shetland (TV series)

text: Production history[edit]

text: The first series consists of two episodes as a pilot – a single two-part story based on the novel Red Bones by Ann Cleeves.[6][7] It was broadcast on 10 and 11 March 2013. Subsequently, a full second series was commissioned by the BBC. Series two contains six episodes, filmed in 2013 and screened in 2014. It features three two-part stories based on Ann Cleeves' novels Raven Black, Dead Water, and Blue Lightning.[8] Filming began in April 2015 for a third series which began screening in January 2016.[9] A fourth series was announced by the BBC in July 2016.[10] The upcoming series will once again contain six parts and began filming in March 2017.[3]

tag: p

text: During filming of the various series, the cast and crew usually worked on mainland Scotland, including Glasgow but also in areas with landscape or buildings reminiscent of those on the Shetland Islands such as Kilbarchan (Renfrewshire), Barrhead where Henshall was born and grew up,[11] in Ayr and in Irvine, North Ayrshire. Filming locations on or near Shetland have included Lerwick, the main port of the Shetland Islands and on the NorthLink ferry approaching Lerwick.[12][13][1][14]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
2
10 March 2013 (2013-03-10)
11 March 2013 (2013-03-11)

2
6
11 March 2014 (2014-03-11)
15 April 2014 (2014-04-15)

3
6
15 January 2016 (2016-01-15)
4 March 2016 (2016-03-04)

tag: table

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Douglas Henshall as Detective Inspector Jimmy Perez (Series 1– )
Alison O'Donnell as Detective Constable / Detective Sergeant Alison 'Tosh' MacIntosh (Series 1– )
Steven Robertson as Police Constable / Detective Constable Sandy Wilson (Series 1– )
Stewart Porter as Sgt Billy McBride (Series 1–2)
Lewis Howden as Sgt Billy McCabe (Series 3–)
Erin Armstrong as Cassie Perez (Series 1– )
Mark Bonnar as Duncan Hunter (Series 1– )
Anne Kidd as Cora McLean, forensic pathologist (Series 2– )
Julie Graham as Rhona Kelly, Procurator Fiscal (Series 2– )

tag: ul

text: Additional cast[edit]

text: Series 1[edit]

text:
Sandra Voe as Mima Wilson
Claire Rafferty as Anna Haldane
Jim Sturgeon as Ronald Haldane
Gemma Chan as Hattie James
Geraldine Alexander as Gwen James
Lindy Whiteford as Jackie Haldane
James Greene as Andrew Haldane
Martin Wenner as Professor Paul Berglund
Alexander Morton as Joseph Wilson
Sophie Rundle as Sophie

text: Series 2[edit]

text:
Kari Corbett as Evie Watt
Brian Cox as Magnus Bain
Alex Norton as Cameron Watt
Nina Sosanya as Willow Reeves
Sophia Carr-Gomm as Catherine Ross
Marnie Baxter as Jenny Belshaw
Iain Robertson as Jerry Markham
John Lynch as Frank Blake
Bill Paterson as James Perez
Leigh Biagi as Anna Blake
Anthony Howell as Peter Latimer
David Ireland as Finlay Caulfield
Julie Hale as Tessa Warren
Keith Ramsey as Joe Blake

text: Series 3[edit]

text:
Ciarán Hinds as Michael Maguire
Saskia Reeves as Freya Galdie
Sara Vickers as Leanne Randall
Andrew Rothney as Robbie Morton
Archie Panjabi as Asha Israni
Anna Chancellor as Phyllis Brennan
James Cosmo as Arthur MacCall
Jamie Michie as Lowrie
Jack Greenlees as Craig Cooper
Kate Donnelly as Grace
Mark Cox as Tommy Monro
Struan Rodger as Alec
Ace Bhatti as Calvin Sarwar

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Series 1 (2013)[edit]

text: The first series was produced by Sue de Beauvoir.

text:
Overall
No.
Episode
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(million)[15]

1
1
"Red Bones – Part 1"
Peter Hoar
David Kane
10 March 2013 (2013-03-10)
7.97

Elderly Shetlander Mima Wilson is found murdered on the archaeological site in the grounds of her croft. Detective Inspector Jimmy Perez and his team investigate and find that somehow the murder is linked to the Shetland bus.

2
2
"Red Bones – Part 2"
Peter Hoar
David Kane
11 March 2013 (2013-03-11)
5.68

With two murders and no strong leads, Detective Inspector Perez and his team must apprehend the suspect before crowds descend on the Shetland Islands for Up Helly Aa, the biggest fire festival in Europe.

text: Series 2 (2014)[edit]

text: The second series was produced by Peter Gallagher.

text:
Overall
No.
Episode
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(million)[16]

3
1
"Raven Black – Part 1"
John McKay
Gaby Chiappe
11 March 2014 (2014-03-11)
6.37

DI Jimmy Perez and his team investigate the murder of a teenage girl whose body was found on a secluded beach, and time and again the same name crops up – that of local recluse Magnus Bain, whose home overlooks the crime scene and who had forged an unlikely friendship with the victim. But then the procurator fiscal draws attention to the unsolved disappearance of a girl named Catriona 19 years previously – a case that shares several similarities with this one.

4
2
"Raven Black – Part 2"
John McKay
Gaby Chiappe
18 March 2014 (2014-03-18)
6.16

The discovery of seven-year-old Catriona's body after almost two decades prompts Jimmy Perez to take Magnus in for further questioning. But at the station, the recluse's distress ends in him in attacking the inspector, and he is sent for a psychological evaluation. Ploughing on, Perez re-examines the evidence, but it is only when Catriona's brother reveals she had a secret hiding place at their old home – the same house where Catherine also lived – that he finally sees a glimmer of hope.

5
3
"Dead Water – Part 1"
David Moore
David Kane
25 March 2014 (2014-03-25)
5.56

A journalist dies in a suspicious car accident, and when it turns out he was an old friend of Perez, a forensic scientist is called in to ensure an objective view of the case. As the team awaits her results, they look into the reasons for the victim's return to the island, and find he was chasing a lead about plans for a controversial new gas pipeline.

6
4
"Dead Water – Part 2"
David Moore
David Kane
1 April 2014 (2014-04-01)
5.53

The discovery of John Henderson's body leads DI Perez to wonder if this second killing is linked to the death of his journalist friend Jerry, a theory given greater weight by forensic investigator Willow Reeves' finds. But then the case takes another surprising turn with the arrival of Jerry's fiancee, carrying a memory stick he gave to her for safekeeping several weeks earlier.

7
5
"Blue Lightning – Part 1"
Stewart Svaasand
Richard Davidson
8 April 2014 (2014-04-08)
5.29

A scientist is found dead in the bird observatory on Fair Isle, Perez's childhood home, so he takes Tosh and they make their way across to the island, where they are greeted by his father – just before flights are grounded by incoming storms. Working alone and without a forensic team, the detectives talk to the victim's friends, family and colleagues – and as tensions run high, the storm forces Perez and the suspects to remain together under a single roof.

8
6
"Blue Lightning – Part 2"
Stewart Svaasand
Richard Davidson
15 April 2014 (2014-04-15)
5.33

Time is running out for Perez and Tosh as their prime suspect lies critically ill in hospital, but it's unclear whether the fire that put him there was a drunken accident or if he was the second victim of Anna's real killer. The DI turns his attention to Finlay Caulfield regarding the photos of Anna on his camera, and while it becomes clear he was obsessed with her, it may not be enough to charge the stalker with her murder. There are still so many unanswered questions – until Sandy spots something on the CCTV footage that takes the investigation in a new direction.

text: Series 3 (2016)[edit]

text: A third series began filming in 2015,[9] with Douglas Henshall returning as Jimmy Perez, joined by Game of Thrones star Ciarán Hinds, Anna Chancellor and Julie Graham.[17] The series consists of a single full-length story, told in six episodes.[18] The third series does not adapt any of Cleeves' existing books.

text:
Overall
No.
Episode
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
UK air date
UK viewers
(million)[16]

9
1
"Episode 1"
Thaddeus O'Sullivan
Gaby Chiappe
15 January 2016 (2016-01-15)
6.82

When a young man disappears on a ferry crossing and a small boy ends up in intensive care, DI Jimmy Perez and his team become convinced the two events are connected.

10
2
"Episode 2"
Thaddeus O'Sullivan
Robert Murphy
22 January 2016 (2016-01-22)
6.02

DI Perez grows convinced that Michael Maguire is implicated in the grisly death of a young man, discovered in a shipping container.

11
3
"Episode 3"
Thaddeus O'Sullivan
Robert Murphy
5 February 2016 (2016-02-05)
6.21

Perez and Tosh's investigation leads them to Glasgow, where they hope to uncover the truth behind Maguire's brutal death and his connection to Robbie Morton. But old ghosts return to haunt Perez, and with his enemies trying to prevent him from getting to the truth, the murder mystery continues.

12
4
"Episode 4"
Jan Matthys
Gaby Chiappe and Alexander Perrin
12 February 2016 (2016-02-12)
6.26

Perez and his team are determined to track down the person who aided Michael Thompson's killer. But as the case gathers pace, the officers involved find they are all under threat. Sandy comes across the killer by chance in a ruined building, and is knocked out. Tosh, returning from Glasgow, is abducted at the airport.

13
5
"Episode 5"
Jan Matthys
Gaby Chiappe
19 February 2016 (2016-02-19)
6.55

Tosh returns apparently unharmed, but the truth later comes out. Perez continues to investigate the double murder case, but finds bureaucracy getting in the way, until he tracks down a rape victim and discovers that her attacker was the son of Phyllis Brennan.

14
6
"Episode 6"
Jan Matthys
David Kane
4 March 2016 (2016-03-04)
6.14

DI Perez and his team discover that the person responsible for the deaths of Robbie Morton and Michael Thompson is closer to home than they had thought.

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text:
Australia: The programme airs on BBC First and ABC in Australia.[1]
Belgium: The programme began airing on Flemish public broadcaster VRT's main channel, één, in October 2015.[2]
Sweden: Swedish public broadcaster SVT started airing the 3rd series in January 2016 on their primary network SVT1.[3]
Denmark: Danish network DR 1 began showing Shetland in October 2015.[4]
Germany: The series began airing on Das Erste at the end of March 2016.[5]
Finland: Viewers in Finland were able to start watching the show from August 2015 on public broadcaster YLE's main TV1 channel, where the show was titled "Shetlandsaarten murhat".[6]
Netherlands: Shetland is aired as part of the "Detectives" series from KRO on the Dutch public broadcasting service NPO.[7]
New Zealand: The programme began airing in New Zealand on Vibe in January 2016.[8]
Norway: Shetland is aired on public broadcaster NRK.[9]
Portugal: The programme began airing in Portugal on Fox Crime in August 2016.[10]
Slovenia: The programme began airing in Slovenia on public broadcaster RTVSLO in July 2015.[11]
United States: The series is broadcast on many stations of the Public Broadcasting System.[12]
Canada: The series is broadcast on British Columbia's Knowledge Network.[13]
The series became available on Netflix in 2016.


document_title: History of the United Nations

question_text: where did the name united nations come from

text: History of the United Nations

text: Origins[edit]

text: The earliest concrete plan for a new world organization to replace the ineffective League of Nations began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939.[1] On 12 June 1941, representatives of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and of the exiled governments of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Yugoslavia, as well as General de Gaulle of France, met in London and signed the Declaration of St. James's Palace. This was the first of six conferences that led up to the founding of the United Nations and the Charter of the United Nations.[2]

text: U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt first suggested using the name United Nations, to refer to the Allies of World War II, to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill during the latter's three-week visit to the White House in December 1941. Roosevelt suggested the name as an alternative to "Associated Powers", a term the U.S. used in the First World War (the U.S. was never formally a member of the Allies of World War I but entered the war in 1917 as a self-styled "Associated Power"). Churchill accepted the idea and cited Lord Byron's use of the phrase "United Nations" in the poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, which referred to the Allies at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.[3][4]

text: 1942 "Declaration of United Nations"[edit]

text: The text of the "Declaration of United Nations" was drafted by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Roosevelt aide Harry Hopkins, while meeting at the White House on 29 December 1941. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France. The first official use of the term "United Nations" was on 1–2 January 1942 when 26 Governments signed the Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted.[5][6] By early 1945 it had been signed by 21 more states.[7]

text:
A JOINT DECLARATION BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS, CHINA, AUSTRALIA, BELGIUM, CANADA, COSTA RICA, CUBA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, EL SALVADOR, GREECE, GUATEMALA, HAITI, HONDURAS, INDIA, LUXEMBOURG, NETHERLANDS, NEW ZEALAND, NICARAGUA, NORWAY, PANAMA, POLAND, SOUTH AFRICA, YUGOSLAVIA
The Governments signatory hereto,
Having subscribed to a common program of purposes and principles embodied in the Joint Declaration of the President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister of Great Britain dated August 14, 1941, known as the Atlantic Charter,
Being convinced that complete victory over their enemies is essential to defend life, liberty, independence and religious freedom, and to preserve human rights and justice in their own lands as well as in other lands, and that they are now engaged in a common struggle against savage and brutal forces seeking to subjugate the world,
DECLARE:
(1) Each Government pledges itself to employ its full resources, military or economic, against those members of the Tripartite Pact and its adherents with which such government is at war.
(2) Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto and not to make a separate armistice or peace with the enemies.
The foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are, or which may be, rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism.[8]

text: During the war, the United Nations became the official term for the Allies. To join countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis.[9]

text: Planning[edit]

text: The idea for the future United Nations as an international organization emerged in declarations signed at the wartime Allied conferences: the Moscow Conference and the Tehran Conference in 1943.

text: From August to October 1944, representatives of the Republic of China, Britain, the US and the USSR met to elaborate plans at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, D.C. Those and later talks produced proposals outlining the purposes of the United Nations organization, its membership and organs, as well as arrangements to maintain international peace and security and international economic and social cooperation. Governments and private citizens worldwide discussed and debated these proposals.[10] Winston Churchill urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major Power after the liberation of Paris in August 1944.

text: At the Yalta Conference it was agreed that membership would be open to nations that had joined the Allies by 1 March 1945.[11] Brazil, Syria and a number of other countries qualified for membership by declarations of war on either Germany or Japan in the first three months of 1945 – in some cases retroactively.

text: Establishment[edit]

text: On 25 April 1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco. In addition to Governments, a number of non-government organizations, including Rotary International and Lions Clubs International received invitations to assist in the drafting of a charter. After working for two months, the fifty nations represented at the conference signed the Charter of the United Nations on 26 June. Poland, which was unable to send a representative to the conference due to political instability, signed the charter on 15 October 1945. The charter stated that before it would come into effect, it must be ratified by the Governments of the Republic of China, France, the USSR, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and by a majority of the other 46 signatories. This occurred on 24 October 1945, and the United Nations was officially formed.[12]

text: The date each founding member state deposited their ratification of the UN Charter is as follows:[13]

text:
USA – 8 Aug 1945
France – 31 Aug 1945
Dominican Rep. – 4 Sep 1945
Nicaragua – 6 Sep 1945
New Zealand – 19 Sep 1945
Brazil – 21 Sep 1945
Argentina – 24 Sep 1945
El Salvador – 26 Sep 1945
Haiti – 27 Sep 1945
China – 28 Sep 1945
Turkey – 28 Sep 1945
Denmark – 9 October 1945
Chile – 11 Oct 1945
Philippines – 11 Oct 1945
Paraguay – 12 Oct 1945
Cuba – 15 Oct 1945
Lebanon – 15 Oct 1945
Iran – 16 Oct 1945
Luxembourg – 17 Oct 1945
Saudi Arabia – 18 Oct 1945
Czechoslovakia – 19 Oct 1945
Syria – 19 Oct 1945
Yugoslavia – 19 Oct 1945
UK – 20 Oct 1945
Egypt – 22 Oct 1945
Byelorussia – 24 Oct 1945
Poland – 24 Oct 1945
Ukraine – 24 Oct 1945
USSR – 24 Oct 1945 (note - the United Nations is established on this date)
Greece – 25 Oct 1945
India – 30 Oct 1945
Peru – 31 Oct 1945
Australia – 1 Nov 1945
Costa Rica – 2 Nov 1945
Liberia – 2 Nov 1945
Colombia – 5 Nov 1945
Mexico – 7 Nov 1945
South Africa – 7 Nov 1945
Canada – 9 Nov 1945
Ethiopia – 13 Nov 1945
Panama – 13 Nov 1945
Bolivia – 14 Nov 1945
Venezuela – 15 Nov 1945
Honduras – 17 Nov 1945
Guatemala – 21 Nov 1945
Norway – 27 Nov 1945
Netherlands – 10 Dec 1945
Uruguay – 18 Dec 1945
Ecuador – 21 Dec 1945
Iraq – 21 Dec 1945
Belgium – 27 Dec 1945

text: The first meeting of the General Assembly was held in Westminster Central Hall, London, on 10 January 1946.[14] The Security Council met for the first time a week later in Church House, Westminster.[15] The League of Nations formally dissolved itself on 18 April 1946 and transferred its mission to the United Nations.

text: Activities[edit]

text: The United Nations has achieved considerable prominence in the social arena, fostering human rights, economic development, decolonization, health and education, for example, and interesting itself in refugees and trade.

text: The leaders of the UN had high hopes that it would act to prevent conflicts between nations and make future wars impossible. Those hopes have obviously not fully come to pass. From about 1947 until 1991 the division of the world into hostile camps during the Cold War made agreement on peacekeeping matters extremely difficult. Following the end of the Cold War, renewed calls arose for the UN to become the agency for achieving world peace and co-operation, as several dozen active military conflicts continued to rage across the globe. The breakup of the Soviet Union has also left the United States in a unique position of global dominance, creating a variety of new problems for the UN (See the United States and the United Nations).

text: Facilities[edit]

text: In December 1945, the US Senate and the US House of Representatives, by unanimous votes, requested that the UN make its headquarters in the United States. The UN accepted this suggestion and, after considering sites in the Black Hills, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, Navy Island and what would become the World Trade Center site, constructed the United Nations headquarters building in New York City in 1949 and 1950 beside the East River on land purchased with an $8.5 million donation from John D. Rockefeller, Jr. The UN headquarters officially opened on January 9, 1951, although construction was not formally completed until October 9, 1952.[16]

text: Under special agreement with the United States, the UN enjoys certain diplomatic privileges and immunities, but generally the laws of New York City, New York State, and the United States apply.

text: While the principal headquarters of the UN remain in New York City, major agencies base themselves in Geneva, The Hague, Vienna, Nairobi and elsewhere.

text: Structure and associated organizations[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2011)

text: The basic constitutional makeup of the United Nations has changed little, though vastly increased membership has altered the functioning of some elements. The UN as a whole has generated a rich assortment of non-governmental organizations and special bodies over the years: some with a regional focus, some specific to the various peacekeeping missions, and others of global scope and importance. Other bodies (such as the International Labour Organization) formed prior to the establishment of the United Nations and only subsequently became associated with it.

text: Milestones[edit]

text: In October 2015 over 350 landmarks in 60 countries were lit in blue to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the world body.[17][18][19]


document_title: Edgar Degas

question_text: what kind of paint did edgar degas use

question_tokens: what kind of paint did edgar degas use

text: Edgar Degas

text: Early life[edit]

text: Degas was born in Paris, France, into a moderately wealthy family. He was the oldest of five children of Célestine Musson De Gas, a Creole from New Orleans, Louisiana, and Augustin De Gas, a banker. His maternal grandfather Germain Musson, was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti of French descent and had settled in New Orleans in 1810.[6] Degas (he adopted this less grandiose spelling of his family name when he became an adult)[7] began his schooling at age eleven, enrolling in the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. His mother died when he was thirteen, and his father and grandfather became the main influences on him for the remainder of his youth.

text: Degas began to paint early in life. By the time he graduated from the Lycée with a baccalauréat in literature in 1853, at age 18, he had turned a room in his home into an artist's studio. Upon graduating, he registered as a copyist in The Louvre Museum, but his father expected him to go to law school. Degas duly enrolled at the Faculty of Law of the University of Paris in November 1853, but applied little effort to his studies. In 1855 he met Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, whom Degas revered and whose advice he never forgot: "Draw lines, young man, and still more lines, both from life and from memory, and you will become a good artist."[8] In April of that year Degas was admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts. He studied drawing there with Louis Lamothe, under whose guidance he flourished, following the style of Ingres.[9] In July 1856, Degas traveled to Italy, where he would remain for the next three years. In 1858, while staying with his aunt's family in Naples, he made the first studies for his early masterpiece The Bellelli Family. He also drew and painted numerous copies of works by Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian, and other Renaissance artists, but—contrary to conventional practice—he usually selected from an altarpiece a detail that had caught his attention: a secondary figure, or a head which he treated as a portrait.[10]

text: Artistic career[edit]

text: Upon his return to France in 1859, Degas moved into a Paris studio large enough to permit him to begin painting The Bellelli Family—an imposing canvas he intended for exhibition in the Salon, although it remained unfinished until 1867. He also began work on several history paintings: Alexander and Bucephalus and The Daughter of Jephthah in 1859–60; Sémiramis Building Babylon in 1860; and Young Spartans around 1860.[11] In 1861 Degas visited his childhood friend Paul Valpinçon in Normandy, and made the earliest of his many studies of horses. He exhibited at the Salon for the first time in 1865, when the jury accepted his painting Scene of War in the Middle Ages, which attracted little attention.[12] Although he exhibited annually in the Salon during the next five years, he submitted no more history paintings, and his Steeplechase—The Fallen Jockey (Salon of 1866) signaled his growing commitment to contemporary subject matter. The change in his art was influenced primarily by the example of Édouard Manet, whom Degas had met in 1864 (while both were copying the same Velázquez portrait in the Louvre, according to a story that may be apocryphal).[13]

text: Upon the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, Degas enlisted in the National Guard, where his defense of Paris left him little time for painting. During rifle training his eyesight was found to be defective, and for the rest of his life his eye problems were a constant worry to him.[14]

text: After the war, Degas began in 1872 an extended stay in New Orleans, Louisiana, where his brother René and a number of other relatives lived. Staying at the home of his Creole uncle, Michel Musson, on Esplanade Avenue,[15] Degas produced a number of works, many depicting family members. One of Degas's New Orleans works, A Cotton Office in New Orleans, garnered favorable attention back in France, and was his only work purchased by a museum (the Pau) during his lifetime.

text: Degas returned to Paris in 1873 and his father died the following year, whereupon Degas learned that his brother René had amassed enormous business debts. To preserve his family's reputation, Degas sold his house and an art collection he had inherited, and used the money to pay off his brother's debts. Dependent for the first time in his life on sales of his artwork for income, he produced much of his greatest work during the decade beginning in 1874.[16] Disenchanted by now with the Salon, he instead joined a group of young artists who were organizing an independent exhibiting society. The group soon became known as the Impressionists. Between 1874 and 1886 they mounted eight art shows, known as the Impressionist Exhibitions. Degas took a leading role in organizing the exhibitions, and showed his work in all but one of them, despite his persistent conflicts with others in the group. He had little in common with Monet and the other landscape painters in the group, whom he mocked for painting outdoors. Conservative in his social attitudes, he abhorred the scandal created by the exhibitions, as well as the publicity and advertising that his colleagues sought.[2] He also deeply disliked being associated with the term "Impressionist", which the press had coined and popularized, and insisted on including non-Impressionist artists such as Jean-Louis Forain and Jean-François Raffaëlli in the group's exhibitions. The resulting rancor within the group contributed to its disbanding in 1886.[17]

text: As his financial situation improved through sales of his own work, he was able to indulge his passion for collecting works by artists he admired: old masters such as El Greco and such contemporaries as Manet, Pissarro, Cézanne, Gauguin, Van Gogh, and Édouard Brandon. Three artists he idolized, Ingres, Delacroix, and Daumier, were especially well represented in his collection.[18]

text: In the late 1880s, Degas also developed a passion for photography.[19] He photographed many of his friends, often by lamplight, as in his double portrait of Renoir and Mallarmé. Other photographs, depicting dancers and nudes, were used for reference in some of Degas's drawings and paintings.[20]

text: As the years passed, Degas became isolated, due in part to his belief that a painter could have no personal life.[21] The Dreyfus Affair controversy brought his anti-Semitic leanings to the fore and he broke with all his Jewish friends.[22] His argumentative nature was deplored by Renoir, who said of him: "What a creature he was, that Degas! All his friends had to leave him; I was one of the last to go, but even I couldn't stay till the end."[23]

text: Although he is known to have been working in pastel as late as the end of 1907, and is believed to have continued making sculptures as late as 1910, he apparently ceased working in 1912, when the impending demolition of his longtime residence on the rue Victor Massé forced him to move to quarters on Boulevard de Clichy.[24] He never married and spent the last years of his life, nearly blind, restlessly wandering the streets of Paris before dying in September 1917.[25]

text: Artistic style[edit]

text: Degas is often identified as an Impressionist, an understandable but insufficient description. Impressionism originated in the 1860s and 1870s and grew, in part, from the realism of such painters as Courbet and Corot. The Impressionists painted the realities of the world around them using bright, "dazzling" colors, concentrating primarily on the effects of light, and hoping to infuse their scenes with immediacy. They wanted to express their visual experience in that exact moment.[26]

text: Technically, Degas differs from the Impressionists in that he continually belittled their practice of painting en plein air.[27]

text: You know what I think of people who work out in the open. If I were the government I would have a special brigade of gendarmes to keep an eye on artists who paint landscapes from nature. Oh, I don't mean to kill anyone; just a little dose of bird-shot now and then as a warning.[28]

text: "He was often as anti-impressionist as the critics who reviewed the shows", according to art historian Carol Armstrong; as Degas himself explained, "no art was ever less spontaneous than mine. What I do is the result of reflection and of the study of the great masters; of inspiration, spontaneity, temperament, I know nothing."[29] Nonetheless, he is described more accurately as an Impressionist than as a member of any other movement. His scenes of Parisian life, his off-center compositions, his experiments with color and form, and his friendship with several key Impressionist artists—most notably Mary Cassatt and Édouard Manet—all relate him intimately to the Impressionist movement.[30]

text: Degas's style reflects his deep respect for the old masters (he was an enthusiastic copyist well into middle age)[31] and his great admiration for Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres and Eugène Delacroix. He was also a collector of Japanese prints, whose compositional principles influenced his work, as did the vigorous realism of popular illustrators such as Daumier and Gavarni. Although famous for horses and dancers, Degas began with conventional historical paintings such as The Daughter of Jephthah (c.1859–61) and The Young Spartans (c.1860–62), in which his gradual progress toward a less idealized treatment of the figure is already apparent. During his early career, Degas also painted portraits of individuals and groups; an example of the latter is The Bellelli Family (c.1858–67), a brilliantly composed and psychologically poignant portrayal of his aunt, her husband, and their children. In this painting, as in The Young Spartans and many later works, Degas was drawn to the tensions present between men and women. In his early paintings, Degas already evidenced the mature style that he would later develop more fully by cropping subjects awkwardly and by choosing unusual viewpoints.

text: By the late 1860s Degas had shifted from his initial forays into history painting to an original observation of contemporary life. Racecourse scenes provided an opportunity to depict horses and their riders in a modern context. He began to paint women at work, milliners and laundresses. Mlle. Fiocre in the Ballet La Source, exhibited in the Salon of 1868, was his first major work to introduce a subject with which he would become especially identified, dancers.[32]

text: In many subsequent paintings dancers were shown backstage or in rehearsal, emphasizing their status as professionals doing a job. From 1870 Degas increasingly painted ballet subjects, partly because they sold well and provided him with needed income after his brother's debts had left the family bankrupt.[33] Degas began to paint café life as well, in works such as L'Absinthe and Singer with a Glove. His paintings often hinted at narrative content in a way that was highly ambiguous; for example, Interior (which has also been called The Rape) has presented a conundrum to art historians in search of a literary source—Thérèse Raquin has been suggested[34]—but it may be a depiction of prostitution.[35]

text: As his subject matter changed, so, too, did Degas's technique. The dark palette that bore the influence of Dutch painting gave way to the use of vivid colors and bold brushstrokes. Paintings such as Place de la Concorde read as "snapshots," freezing moments of time to portray them accurately, imparting a sense of movement. The lack of color in the 1874 Ballet Rehearsal on Stage and the 1876 The Ballet Instructor can be said to link with his interest in the new technique of photography. The changes to his palette, brushwork, and sense of composition all evidence the influence that both the Impressionist movement and modern photography, with its spontaneous images and off-kilter angles, had on his work.[30]

text: Blurring the distinction between portraiture and genre pieces, he painted his bassoonist friend, Désiré Dihau, in The Orchestra of the Opera (1868–69) as one of fourteen musicians in an orchestra pit, viewed as though by a member of the audience. Above the musicians can be seen only the legs and tutus of the dancers onstage, their figures cropped by the edge of the painting. Art historian Charles Stuckey has compared the viewpoint to that of a distracted spectator at a ballet, and says that "it is Degas' fascination with the depiction of movement, including the movement of a spectator's eyes as during a random glance, that is properly speaking 'Impressionist'."[36]

text: Degas's mature style is distinguished by conspicuously unfinished passages, even in otherwise tightly rendered paintings. He frequently blamed his eye troubles for his inability to finish, an explanation that met with some skepticism from colleagues and collectors who reasoned, as Stuckey explains, that "his pictures could hardly have been executed by anyone with inadequate vision".[14] The artist provided another clue when he described his predilection "to begin a hundred things and not finish one of them",[37] and was in any case notoriously reluctant to consider a painting complete.

text: His interest in portraiture led Degas to study carefully the ways in which a person's social stature or form of employment may be revealed by their physiognomy, posture, dress, and other attributes. In his 1879 Portraits, At the Stock Exchange, he portrayed a group of Jewish businessmen with a hint of anti-Semitism. In 1881 he exhibited two pastels, Criminal Physiognomies, that depicted juvenile gang members recently convicted of murder in the "Abadie Affair". Degas had attended their trial with sketchbook in hand, and his numerous drawings of the defendants reveal his interest in the atavistic features thought by some 19th-century scientists to be evidence of innate criminality.[38] In his paintings of dancers and laundresses, he reveals their occupations not only by their dress and activities but also by their body type: his ballerinas exhibit an athletic physicality, while his laundresses are heavy and solid.[39]

text: By the later 1870s Degas had mastered not only the traditional medium of oil on canvas, but pastel as well. The dry medium, which he applied in complex layers and textures, enabled him more easily to reconcile his facility for line with a growing interest in expressive color.

text: In the mid-1870s he also returned to the medium of etching, which he had neglected for ten years. At first he was guided in this by his old friend Ludovic-Napoléon Lepic, himself an innovator in its use, and began experimenting with lithography and monotype.[40]

text: He produced some 300 monotypes over two periods, from the mid-1870s to the mid-1880s and again in the early 1890s.[41]

text: He was especially fascinated by the effects produced by monotype and frequently reworked the printed images with pastel.[40] By 1880, sculpture had become one more strand to Degas's continuing endeavor to explore different media, although the artist displayed only one sculpture publicly during his lifetime.

text: These changes in media engendered the paintings that Degas would produce in later life. Degas began to draw and paint women drying themselves with towels, combing their hair, and bathing (see: After the Bath, Woman drying herself). The strokes that model the form are scribbled more freely than before; backgrounds are simplified.

text: The meticulous naturalism of his youth gave way to an increasing abstraction of form. Except for his characteristically brilliant draftsmanship and obsession with the figure, the pictures created in this late period of his life bear little superficial resemblance to his early paintings. In point of fact, these paintings—created late in his life and after the heyday of the Impressionist movement—most vividly use the coloristic techniques of Impressionism.[42][43]

text: For all the stylistic evolution, certain features of Degas's work remained the same throughout his life. He always painted indoors, preferring to work in his studio, either from memory, photographs, or live models.[44] The figure remained his primary subject; his few landscapes were produced from memory or imagination. It was not unusual for him to repeat a subject many times, varying the composition or treatment. He was a deliberative artist whose works, as Andrew Forge has written, "were prepared, calculated, practiced, developed in stages. They were made up of parts. The adjustment of each part to the whole, their linear arrangement, was the occasion for infinite reflection and experiment."[45] Degas himself explained, "In art, nothing should look like chance, not even movement".[33]

text: Sculpture[edit]

text:
External video

 Edgar Degas's Studies of Circus Performer, Miss Lala, Getty Museum

 Degas' The Dance Class, Smarthistory

 Video Postcard: The Millinery Shop (1879/86) on YouTube, Art Institute of Chicago

text: Degas's only showing of sculpture during his life took place in 1881 when he exhibited The Little Dancer of Fourteen Years. A nearly life-size wax figure with real hair and dressed in a cloth tutu, it provoked a strong reaction from critics, most of whom found its realism extraordinary but denounced the dancer as ugly.[46] In a review, J.-K. Huysmans wrote: "The terrible reality of this statuette evidently produces uneasiness in the spectators; all their notions about sculpture, about those cold inanimate whitenesses ... are here overturned. The fact is that with his first attempt Monsieur Degas has revolutionized the traditions of sculpture as he has long since shaken the conventions of painting."[47]

text: Degas created a substantial number of other sculptures during a span of four decades, but they remained unseen by the public until a posthumous exhibition in 1918. Neither The Little Dancer of Fourteen Years nor any of Degas's other sculptures were cast in bronze during the artist's lifetime.[46] Degas scholars have agreed that the sculptures were not created as aids to painting, although the artist habitually explored ways of linking graphic art and oil painting, drawing and pastel, sculpture and photography. Degas assigned the same significance to sculpture as to drawing: "Drawing is a way of thinking, modelling another".[33]

text: After Degas's death, his heirs found in his studio 150 wax sculptures, many in disrepair. They consulted foundry owner Adrien Hébrard, who concluded that 74 of the waxes could be cast in bronze. It is assumed that, except for the Little Dancer Aged Fourteen, all Degas bronzes worldwide are cast from surmoulages (fr) (i.e., cast from bronze masters). A surmoulage bronze is a bit smaller, and shows less surface detail, than its original bronze mold. The Hébrard Foundry cast the bronzes from 1919 until 1936, and closed down in 1937, shortly before Hébrard's death.

text: In 2004, a little-known group of 73 plaster casts, more or less closely resembling Degas's original wax sculptures, was presented as having been discovered among the materials bought by the Airaindor Foundry (later known as Airaindor-Valsuani) from Hébrard's descendants. Bronzes cast from these plasters were issued between 2004 and 2016 by Airaindor-Valsuani in editions inconsistently marked and thus of unknown size. There has been substantial controversy concerning the authenticity of these plasters as well as the circumstances and date of their creation as proposed by their promoters.[46][48] While several museum and academic professionals accept them as presented, most of the recognized Degas scholars have declined to comment.[49][50]

text: Personality and politics[edit]

text: Degas, who believed that "the artist must live alone, and his private life must remain unknown",[51] lived an outwardly uneventful life. In company he was known for his wit, which could often be cruel. He was characterized as an "old curmudgeon" by the novelist George Moore,[51] and he deliberately cultivated his reputation as a misanthropic bachelor.[23] Profoundly conservative in his political opinions, he opposed all social reforms and found little to admire in such technological advances as the telephone. He fired a model upon learning she was Protestant.[51] Although Degas painted a number of Jewish subjects from 1865 to 1870, his anti-Semitism became apparent by the mid-1870s. His 1879 painting Portraits at the Stock Exchange is widely regarded as anti-Semitic, with the facial features of the banker taken directly from the anti-Semitic cartoons rampant in Paris at the time.[52]

text: The Dreyfus Affair, which divided Paris from the 1890s to the early 1900s, further intensified his anti-Semitism. By the mid-1890s, he had broken off relations with all of his Jewish friends,[22] publicly disavowed his previous friendships with Jewish artists, and refused to use models who he believed might be Jewish. He remained an outspoken anti-Semite and member of the anti-Semitic "Anti-Dreyfusards" until his death.[53]

text: Reputation[edit]

text: During his life, public reception of Degas's work ranged from admiration to contempt. As a promising artist in the conventional mode, Degas had a number of paintings accepted in the Salon between 1865 and 1870. These works received praise from Pierre Puvis de Chavannes and the critic Jules-Antoine Castagnary.[54] He soon joined forces with the Impressionists, however, and rejected the rigid rules, judgments, and elitism of the Salon—just as the Salon and general public initially rejected the experimentalism of the Impressionists.

text: Degas's work was controversial, but was generally admired for its draftsmanship. His La Petite Danseuse de Quatorze Ans, or Little Dancer of Fourteen Years, which he displayed at the sixth Impressionist exhibition in 1881, was probably his most controversial piece; some critics decried what they thought its "appalling ugliness" while others saw in it a "blossoming".[55]

text: In part Degas' originality consisted in disregarding the smooth, full surfaces and contours of classical sculpture ... [and] in garnishing his little statue with real hair and clothing made to scale like the accoutrements for a doll. These relatively "real" additions heightened the illusion, but they also posed searching questions, such as what can be referred to as "real" when art is concerned.[56]

text: The suite of pastels depicting nudes that Degas exhibited in the eighth Impressionist Exhibition in 1886 produced "the most concentrated body of critical writing on the artist during his lifetime ... The overall reaction was positive and laudatory".[57]

text: Recognized as an important artist in his lifetime, Degas is now considered "one of the founders of Impressionism".[58] Though his work crossed many stylistic boundaries, his involvement with the other major figures of Impressionism and their exhibitions, his dynamic paintings and sketches of everyday life and activities, and his bold color experiments, served to finally tie him to the Impressionist movement as one of its greatest artists.

text: Although Degas had no formal pupils, he greatly influenced several important painters, most notably Jean-Louis Forain, Mary Cassatt, and Walter Sickert;[59] his greatest admirer may have been Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.[60]

text: Degas's paintings, pastels, drawings, and sculptures are on prominent display in many museums, and have been the subject of many museum exhibitions and retrospectives. Recent exhibitions include Degas: Drawings and Sketchbooks (The Morgan Library, 2010); Picasso Looks at Degas (Museu Picasso de Barcelona, 2010); Degas and the Nude (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 2011); Degas' Method (Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, 2013); Degas's Little Dancer (National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C., 2014) and Degas: A passion for perfection (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, 2017-2018).[61]

text: Gallery[edit]

text: Paintings[edit]

text:
Male Nude, 1856, oil on canvas, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City

Achille De Gas in the Uniform of a Cadet, 1856/57, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

The Bellelli Family, 1858–1867, Musée d'Orsay, Paris

Young Spartans Exercising, c. 1860–1862, National Gallery, London

Woman Seated beside a Vase of Flowers, 1865, oil on canvas, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City

The Amateur, 1866, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City

Édouard Manet and Mme. Manet, 1868–1869, Kitakyushu Municipal Museum of Art, Japan

Dancing Class, 1871, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City

Ballet Rehearsal, 1873, The Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Rehearsal on Stage, 1874, Musée d'Orsay, Paris

Portrait of Miss Cassatt, Seated, Holding Cards, 1876–1878

At the Café-Concert: The Song of the Dog, 1875–1877

Fin d'Arabesque, with ballerina Rosita Mauri, 1877, Musée d'Orsay.

The Singer with the Glove, 1878, The Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Miss La La at the Cirque Fernando, 1879, The National Gallery, London

Dancer with a Bouquet of Flowers (Star of the Ballet) (with also ballerina Rosita Mauri), 1878

Stage Rehearsal, 1878–1879, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City

Woman in Street Clothes, Portrait of Ellen Andrée, 1879, pastel on paper

Waiting, pastel on paper, 1880–1882.

Before the Race, 1882–84, oil on panel, The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore

The Millinery Shop, 1885, The Art Institute of Chicago

Dancers at the Bar, 1888, The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.

Woman in the Bath, 1886, Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, Connecticut

The Tub, 1886, Musée d'Orsay, Paris, France

The Bath: Woman Supporting Her Back, c. 1887, pastel on paper, Honolulu Museum of Art

Kneeling Woman, 1884, Pushkin Museum, Moscow

Three Dancers in Yellow Skirts, c. 1891, oil on canvas, The Detroit Institute of Arts

After the Bath, Woman Drying her Nape, pastel on paper, 1898, Musée d'Orsay, Paris

After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself, c. 1884–1886, reworked between 1890 and 1900, pastel on wove paper, 40.5 × 32 cm, Musée Malraux, Le Havre

Portrait of Henri Michel-Lévy, Calouste Gulbenkian Museum

James-Jacques-Joseph Tissot (1836–1902), 1867, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City

Portrait of Mlle. Hortense Valpinçon, c. 1871, Minneapolis Institute of Art

Deux danseuses, 1879 at the Shelburne Museum

text: Sculptures[edit]

text:
Little Dancer of Fourteen Years
Cast posthumously in 1922 from a mixed-media sculpture modeled
c. 1879–1880
Bronze
Partly tinted, with cotton skirt and satin hair ribbon, on a wooden base
Metropolitan Museum of Art
New York City

Dancer Moving Forward, Arms Raised
c. 1882–1895
Cast posthumously 1919–1926
Bronze
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
Thannhauser Galleries
New York City

The Spanish Dance
c. 1885
Cast posthumously in 1921
Bronze
46.3 × 14.3 cm
Ackland Art Museum
Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Seated Woman, Wiping Her Left Side
c. 1896–1911
Cast posthumously 1919–1926
Bronze
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
Thannhauser Galleries
New York City