document_title: Bank of England £50 note

question_text: when was the first £50 note issued

question_tokens: when was the first £ 50 note issued

text: Bank of England £50 note

text: History[edit]

text: Fifty pound notes were introduced by the Bank of England for the first time in 1725. The earliest notes were handwritten and were issued as needed to individuals. These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee, the date, and the signature of the issuing cashier. With the exception of the Restriction Period between 1797 and 1821, when the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars caused a bullion shortage, these notes could be exchanged in full, or in part, for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank. If redeemed in part, the banknote would be signed to indicate the amount that had been redeemed. From 1853 printed notes replaced handwritten notes, with the declaration "I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of fifty pounds" replacing the name of the payee. This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day. A printed signature of one of three cashiers appeared on the printed notes, although this was replaced by the signature of the Chief Cashier from 1870 onward.[1]

text: The ability to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[1] The £50 note ceased to be produced by the Bank of England in 1943 and did not reappear until it was reintroduced in 1981. These D series notes were predominantly olive green on both sides, with an image of Queen Elizabeth II on the front (as with all subsequent £50 notes) and an image of architect Christopher Wren on the back. As a security feature, this note had a metallic thread running through it, which was upgraded to a "windowed" thread from July 1988 onward. The thread is woven into the paper such that it forms a dashed line, yet appears as a single line when held up to the light. The series D note was gradually replaced by the series E, beginning in 1994. This reddish note replaced Christopher Wren with John Houblon, the first governor of the Bank of England, on the reverse. As an additional security feature, these notes had a foil patch on the front.[2]

text: The current £50 note was introduced in 2011. It features two portraits on the reverse: engineer and scientist James Watt and industrialist and entrepreneur Matthew Boulton, along with the Whitbread Engine and the Soho Manufactory, Birmingham.[3][4] The note has a number of security features in addition to the metallic thread, including motion thread, raised print, a watermark, microlettering, a see-through register, and a colourful pattern that only appears under ultraviolet light.[5] The current note is the first Bank of England banknote to feature two people on the reverse,[6] and the first Bank of England note to feature the motion thread security feature. This is an image in a broken green thread that moves as the note is viewed from different angles.

text: Future[edit]

text: The Bank of England has announced it is creating new £5, £10 and £20 notes in polymer form.[7] The Governor of the Bank of England, Mark Carney has said there are "no plans" for a polymer £50.[8]

text: Peter Sands, an advisor to the British Government and former Chief Executive of Standard Chartered, has raised concern with the Bank of England over high denomination notes and their role in tax evasion. He claimed that scrapping the £50, and other high denomination notes such as the CHF 1000 and $100, will reduce financial crime.[9][10]

text: However, a Bank of England source told the Financial Times (FT) in December 2016 that there were no plans to remove the note from circulation. The FT said the removal would be "a loss of Liberty" and raised points that the £50 is useful for high-value cash transactions, such as eating out.[11]

text: Furthermore, there is a worldwide precedent for mixed material currency as the Singapore Dollar has its 2, 5, and 10 dollar bills on polymer substrate and their 50, 100, 1000, and 10,000 dollar bills on paper.

text: Designs[edit]

text:
Note
First issued
Last issued
Ceased to be legal tender
Colour
Size
Design
Additional information

White
1725
1943
16 April 1945
Monochrome (printed on one side only)
211mm x 133mm (may vary)

Series D
20 March 1981
1994
20 September 1996
Predominantly olive green
169mm x 95mm
Front: Queen Elizabeth II; Back: Christopher Wren
First £50 note to carry a portrait of a monarch and used a 'windowed' security thread (July 1988 onward)

Series E
20 April 1994
2011
30 April 2014
Multicoloured (predominantly red)
156mm x 85mm
Front: Queen Elizabeth II; Back: John Houblon
Foil patch for additional security

Series F
2 November 2011

Multicoloured (predominantly red)
156mm x 85mm
Front: Queen Elizabeth II; Back: Matthew Boulton and James Watt

text: Information taken from Bank of England website.[1][2]


document_title: The Circle (Eggers novel)

question_text: who helps mae get her job at the circle

question_tokens: who helps mae get her job at the circle

root

text: The Circle (Eggers novel)

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The book follows the story of Mae Holland, a recent college graduate who lands a job at The Circle, a powerful technology company run by the "Three Wise Men." Mae owes her job largely to her best friend and college roommate, Annie, one of the forty most influential people in the company. Mae starts out in Customer Experience (CE), the firm's customer service department, but quickly climbs the company ladder.  From the beginning, Mae is impressed by amenities at The Circle, including access to top-notch technology, dorm-like housing, gyms, recreation activities and parties. Mae's very first day at The Circle ends with a party where she encounters Francis, who remains a love interest throughout the rest of the novel. Later, Mae encounters and quickly becomes romantically involved with a mysterious colleague named Kalden, even though she is unable to verify his status at the company, or even obtain his last name.

tag: p

text: Meanwhile, The Circle continues to develop a range of sophisticated technologies, including SeeChange: light, portable cameras that can provide real-time video with minimal effort. Eventually, SeeChange cameras are worn all day long by politicians wishing to be 'transparent', allowing the public to see what they are seeing at all times.

text: Another subplot is the diagnosis of Mae's father with multiple sclerosis, which eventually leads Mae to enroll her parents on her healthcare, which in turn drives them to install SeeChange cameras in their home. After a brief incident with her own legal issues, Mae ends up agreeing to wear a SeeChange device herself (called going transparent), representing her own growing role in the company, epitomized by a public talk in which she insists, "secrets are lies," "sharing is caring," and "privacy is theft." Mae's job now mainly consists of touring the campus and showing customers future products; any hints of her own doubts about privacy seem dropped, in contrast to her ex-boyfriend Mercer. He has internet phobia and eventually insists on going off the grid to escape the more and more far-reaching influence of The Circle and its technologies.  Kalden calls Mae, warning her that The Circle must be stopped, but she refuses to listen. Mae’s indoctrination into the company and its use of peer pressure to invoke “herd mentality” is directly contrasted by the character of Mercer. Mercer represents a small portion of the book’s world that rejects The Circle’s ever more intrusive technologies. Throughout the novel he goes from having a benign distaste for the ways of the present to attempting to escape from his doomed society.

text: Meanwhile, Annie becomes envious of Mae's success and volunteers to be the test subject for PastPerfect, a new product that tracks a person's family history and activities, to regain her standing within the company.  Disturbing facts about Annie's family history come to light and she becomes increasingly stressed, eventually causing her to fall into a catatonic state.  Embarrassed both by her parents' distrust of SeeChange monitoring in their home and the conduct of her ex, Mercer - all of which have been publicly accessible to Mae's millions of followers - Mae becomes upset that they have embarrassed her in this way and, while demonstrating a program designed to catch fugitives within minutes, uses it to find Mercer. He attempts to escape using his truck, but after drones prevent him from getting away, Mercer seems to make a decision and ends up driving off a bridge in front of the billion people Mae is streaming to.  While initially depressed, Mae soon rationalizes Mercer's death with the help of charismatic 'Wise Man' Eamon Bailey, concluding that he was an extremely depressed, asocial human being who refused society's help, comparing his actions to a person committing suicide by jumping out of the window when being visited by a doctor.

text: Kalden is, in fact, the elusive "Wise Man" Ty Gospodinov, the original inventor and founder who came up with the idea for the company.  Mae agrees to meet him in secret and he tells her that a totalitarian regime will soon arise if nothing is done to stop it, equating it to a surveillance society.  He explains the need for privacy in the digital age and asks her to help him take down The Circle, saying he cannot do it alone.  Mae thinks that he is crazy, but pretends to go along with him, but then betrays him by telling the other founders of The Circle what has happened, who ensure that Ty is silenced.  The book ends with Mae looking at Annie in a coma at the hospital, wondering when the time will come that The Circle will develop enough technology to read people's thoughts, saying that "the world deserves nothing less and would not wait".

text: Reception[edit]

text: On review aggregating website iDreamBooks, The Circle has a score of 66% based on reviews from 50 critics.[5]

text: Upon the book's summer 2014 release in German, the weekly magazine Der Spiegel's Thomas Andre gave a favorable review: "The Circle is a genre novel, with its simplistic fabrication meant to be obvious. The symbolism is abundantly clear, because it is Eggers' only way of bringing his message to the ear: How do we mean to handle the right to sovereignty of interpretation over one's own life in the future?"[6] On the other hand, German blogger and internet columnist Sascha Lobo called the book a "demonization" of internet companies that offers no actual arguments.[7]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: A film based on the novel, adapted and directed by James Ponsoldt, was released in April 2017. Emma Watson (Mae Holland), Tom Hanks (Bailey), Karen Gillan (Annie), Ellar Coltrane (Mercer) and John Boyega (Kalden) play the lead roles.[8][9] The film made over $20 million in the box office but it received very poor reviews. The film review website, Rotten Tomatoes, gave the adaptation a rating of 16/100. The Rotten Tomatoes site also offers the following quote as a critic consensus: "The Circle assembles an impressive cast, but this digitally driven thriller spins aimlessly in its half-hearted exploration of timely themes."[10]

text: Some plot points and characters from the book were changed or removed for the film due to a need to narrow down the story so that it fits into a two-hour film.[11] Smaller details such as Annie dressing up Mae's desk at The Circle to look identical to the one from her previous job were eliminated to make the plot come across as more serious. The character of Francis, Mae's love interest, was removed, as was the episode of Annie falling into a coma.[12] The ending's tone was also changed to make Mae appear more sympathetic as opposed to her depiction in the book, where she does not sympathize with anyone who may be impacted by her choices.[12]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Jessica Hische - The Circle cover art". Jessica Hische. Archived from the original on 2014-01-10. Retrieved 2014-01-10.

Jump up ^ Levenson, Eric (13 August 2013). "Dave Eggers to Release New Novel, 'The Circle'".

Jump up ^ Poulos, James (22 September 2013). "Dave Eggers, Arcade Fire and Other Hipsters Shun the Internet"  – via www.thedailybeast.com.

Jump up ^ Berman, Dennis K. (17 September 2013). "Dave Eggers's 'The Circle' Takes Vengeance on Google, Facebook"  – via www.wsj.com.

Jump up ^ "The Circle by Dave Eggers - Reviews & Ratings  | iDreamBooks". idreambooks.com. Retrieved 2016-02-29.

Jump up ^ Diskussion um US-Bestseller "The Circle": Die Tyrannei des Internets. Thomas Andre for Spiegel Online. Retrieved 2014-08-04. (German)

Jump up ^ S.P.O.N. - Die Mensch-Maschine: Dämonisierte Digitalkonzerne. Sascha Lobo for Spiegel Online. Retrieved 2014-08-04. (German)

Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain (25 June 2015). "Emma Watson And Tom Hanks Will Battle An Evil Facebook In The Circle". io9. Retrieved 25 June 2015.

Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (1 September 2015). "Karen Gillan Joins Tom Hanks, Emma Watson, John Boyega in 'The Circle'". Variety. Retrieved 2 September 2015.

Jump up ^ The Circle, retrieved 2018-03-08

Jump up ^ Truffaut-Wong, Olivia. "'The Circle' Changed A Big Part Of The Book". Bustle. Retrieved 2018-05-10.

^ Jump up to: a b Guerrasio, Jason (April 28, 2017). "The director of 'The Circle' explains why the movie makes huge changes from the book". Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-05-10.

tag: ol

text:
hidevteDave EggersNovels
You Shall Know Our Velocity
What Is the What
The Wild Things
A Hologram for the King
The Circle
Your Fathers, Where Are They? And the Prophets, Do They Live Forever?
Heroes of the Frontier
Short story collections
How We Are Hungry
Non-fiction
A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius
Teachers Have It Easy
Zeitoun
The Monk of Mokha
Projects
1,000 Days, 1,000 Songs
826 Valencia
The Best American Nonrequired Reading
McSweeney's
Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern
The Believer
Wholphin
Might
ScholarMatch
Adaptations
Where the Wild Things Are (2009)
A Hologram for the King (2016)
The Circle (2017)

tag: table

text:
Authority control
 WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 310479345

text: 2013 American novelsNovels about totalitarianismMcSweeney's booksNovels by Dave EggersEnglish-language novelsNovels about the InternetMass surveillance in fictionFiction about social mediaTechno-thriller novelsSocial reputation in fictionWorks about privacyAmerican novels adapted into films

tag: ul

text: Pages to import images to WikidataWikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers


document_title: List of Olympic medal leaders in women's gymnastics

question_text: who has the most gold medals in gymnastics

text: Gymnastics events have been staged at the Olympic Games since 1896.[1] Since then, 30 female gymnasts have won at least five total medals. The country with the most athletes on this list is the Soviet Union, with nine. Romania (7), United States (5), Hungary (4), East Germany (2), Russia (2), and Czechoslovakia (1) are also represented.[2]

text: Eight female gymnasts have won at least eight medals at the Olympic Games: Larisa Latynina (18), Věra Čáslavská (11), Ágnes Keleti (10), Polina Astakhova (10), Nadia Comăneci (9), Ludmilla Tourischeva (9), Margit Korondi (8), and Sofia Muratova (8).[2]

text: Larisa Latynina and Polina Astakhova each competed for the Soviet Union in 1956, 1960, and 1964.[3][4] Latynina has the most medals of any female athlete in Olympic history, with 18. She won six medals in each Olympic Games that she competed in, winning the individual all-around titles in 1956 and 1960.[3] Astakhova won two medals in 1956, four medals in 1960, and four medals in 1964. She won the uneven bars golds in 1960 and 1964.[4] Sofia Muratova was Latynina's and Astakhova's teammate in 1956 and 1960. Muratova won a total of eight medals.[5] Ludmilla Tourischeva also competed for the Soviet Union. She won one medal in 1968, four medals in 1972, and four medals in 1976.[6]

text: Ágnes Keleti and Margit Korondi both competed for Hungary in 1956 and 1960.[7][8] Keleti won 10 medals, including two golds on floor exercise.[7] Korondi won eight total medals.[8]

text: Czechoslovakia's Věra Čáslavská won 11 total Olympic medals, the second-most of any female gymnast. She won one in 1960, four in 1964, and six in 1968. She won the individual all-around golds in 1964 and 1968.[9] Nadia Comăneci, who competed for Romania in 1976 and 1980, won nine medals. In 1976, she became the first gymnast to earn a perfect 10 and eventually achieved that mark seven times during the Games. She also won the individual all-around gold that year.[10]

text:
Gymnasts

Rank

Gymnast

Nation

Years

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total medals

Ref.

1

Larisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
1956, 1960, 1964
9
5
4
18
[3]

2

Věra Čáslavská
 Czechoslovakia
1960, 1964, 1968
7
4
0
11
[9]

3

Ágnes Keleti
 Hungary
1952, 1956
5
3
2
10
[7]

4

Polina Astakhova
 Soviet Union
1956, 1960, 1964
5
2
3
10
[4]

5

Nadia Comăneci
 Romania
1976, 1980
5
3
1
9
[10]

6

Ludmilla Tourischeva
 Soviet Union
1968, 1972, 1976
4
3
2
9
[6]

7

Margit Korondi
 Hungary
1952, 1956
2
2
4
8
[8]

7

Sofia Muratova
 Soviet Union
1956, 1960
2
2
4
8
[5]

9

Simona Amânar
 Romania
1996, 2000
3
1
3
7
[11]

10

Maria Gorokhovskaya
 Soviet Union
1952
2
5
0
7
[12]

11

Svetlana Khorkina
 Russia
1996, 2000, 2004
2
4
1
7
[13]

12

Karin Büttner-Janz
 East Germany
1968, 1972
2
3
2
7
[14]

13

Shannon Miller
 United States
1992, 1996
2
2
3
7
[15]

13

Aliya Mustafina
 Russia
2012, 2016
2
2
3
7
[16]

15

Nellie Kim
 Soviet Union
1976, 1980
5
1
0
6
[17]

16

Olga Korbut
 Soviet Union
1972, 1976
4
2
0
6
[18]

17

Daniela Silivaș
 Romania
1988
3
2
1
6
[19]

17

Aly Raisman
 United States
2012, 2016
3
2
1
6

19

Tamara Manina
 Soviet Union
1956, 1964
2
3
1
6
[20]

20

Lavinia Miloșovici
 Romania
1992, 1996
2
1
3
6
[21]

21

Olga Lemhényi-Tass
 Hungary
1948, 1952, 1956
1
3
2
6
[22]

22

Ecaterina Szabo
 Romania
1984
4
1
0
5
[23]

23

Simone Biles
 United States
2016
4
0
1
5

24

Svetlana Boginskaya
 Soviet Union
1988, 1992
3
1
1
5
[24]

24

Cătălina Ponor
 Romania
2004, 2012, 2016
3
1
1
5
[25]

26

Erzsébet Gulyás-Köteles
 Hungary
1948, 1952, 1956
1
3
1
5
[26]

26

Nastia Liukin
 United States
2008
1
3
1
5
[27]

28

Mary Lou Retton
 United States
1984
1
2
2
5
[28]

29

Erika Zuchold
 East Germany
1968, 1972
0
4
1
5
[29]

30

Gina Gogean
 Romania
1992, 1996
0
2
3
5
[30]


document_title: Nepalese customary units of measurement

question_text: 1 anna is equal to how many square feet

question_tokens: 1 anna is equal to how many square feet

text: Nepalese customary units of measurement

text: Land area[edit]

text: The following is a partial list of everyday units used to calculate land area in Nepal.[2]

text:
1 Bigha (बिघा) =	20 Kattha (कठ्ठा)
1 Bigha (बिघा) =	6772.63 m²
1 Bigha (बिघा) =	72900 sq.ft.
1 Bigha (बिघा) =	13.31 Ropani
1 Katha (कठ्ठा) = 20 Dhur (धुर)
1 Katha (कठ्ठा) = 338.63 m²
1 Katha (कठ्ठा) = 3645 sq.ft.
1 Dhur (धुर) =	16.93 m²
1 Dhur (धुर) =	182.25 sq.ft.
1 Ropani (रोपनी)= 16 aana (आना)
1 Ropani (रोपनी)= 64 Paisa (पैसा)
1 Ropani (रोपनी)= 508.72 m²
1 Ropani (रोपनी)= 5476 sq.ft.
1 Ropani (रोपनी)= 256 Daam (दाम)
1 Ropani = 4 llka
1 Khetmuri = 25 Ropani
1 Aana (आना)= 4 Paisa (पैसा)
1 Aana (आना)= 31.80 m²
1 Aana (आना) =	342.25 sq. ft.
1 Aana (आना) =	16 Daam (दाम)
1 Paisa (पैसा) =	4 Daam (दाम)
1 Paisa (पैसा) =	7.95 m²
1 Paisa (पैसा) =	85.56 sq. ft.
1 Daam (दाम) =	1.99 m²
1 Daam (दाम) =	21.39 sq. ft.

text: Length[edit]

text: The kos (kosh, krosh, koss) is a very ancient measure of distance, measuring about 2.25 miles or 3.7 km.[3]

text:
1 angul = approx. 0.75 inch
4 angul = 1 dharnugrah (bow grip) = 3 in
8 angul = 1 dhanurmushti (fist with thumb raised) = 6 in
12 angul = 1 vitastaa (span) = 9 in
2 vittaa (cubit) = 18 in
4 haath = 1 dand or dhanush (bow) = 6 ft
2000 dand = 1 kos or Gorut = 4000 yards or 2.25 miles
4 kosh = 1 yojan = 9 miles = 14.48 km
1 Haath = 1.5 ft.

text: Area[edit]

text: The units of measurement of area of land depends on the part of the country where they are being used, with the Bigha-Katha-Dhur measurements common in the Terai region while the Ropani-Aana measurements are common in hilly and mountainous regions.

text: In the Terai region, the southern parts of Nepal, the customary units are those used elsewhere in South Asia:

text:
1 katha = 20 dhur
1 bigha = 20 katha

text:
Conversions for Terai customary units[4]

Unit

Divisions

In square metres

In square feet

Dhur

16.93 square metres

182.25 square feet

Katha

20 Dhur

338.62 square metres

3,645 square feet

Bigha

20 Katha

6772.41 square metres

72,900 square feet

text:
Hilly and Mountainous regions
A different system is used in hilly regions:

text:
1 paisa = 4 dam (daam)
1 ana = 4 paisa[5]

text: 1 ropani = 16 ana

text:
Conversions for Mountainous customary units[4]

Unit

Divisions

In square metres

In square feet

Dam

1.99 square metres

21.39 square feet

Paisa

4 Dam

7.95 square metres

85.56 square feet

Ana

4 Paisa

31.80 square metres

342.25 square feet

Ropani

16 Aana

508.74 square metres

5476 square feet

text: Conversions

text:
1 ropani = 74 feet × 74 feet
1 bigha = 13 ropani
1 kattha = 442 square yards or 338 square m[6]eters[7]


document_title: Sofia the First

question_text: who plays king roland in sofia the first

text: Sofia the First

text: History[edit]

text: The series pilot episode "Once Upon a Princess", premiered on November 18, 2012 on Disney Channel, featuring a cameo from Cinderella. The 3 good fairies from Sleeping Beauty also get introduced as teachers. The series itself premiered on January 11, 2013 on Disney Channel during its Disney Junior block. Disney Junior renewed Sofia the First for a second season on March 5, 2013,[5] and then the series was renewed on January 8, 2014.[6] The show's second double-length episode, The Floating Palace, aired on November 24, 2013, with an appearance from Ariel. The third double-length episode, The Curse of Princess Ivy, aired on November 23, 2014, featuring Rapunzel. On April 14, 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth season by Disney Junior.[7] Gerber clarified in December that it will begin in Spring and have 24 22-minute episodes plus 2 60-minute specials.[8]

text: On January 29, 2015, a spin-off series was announced titled Elena of Avalor. The series premiered on July 22, 2016 on Disney Channel. In addition, a television movie premiered on November 20, 2016 titled Elena and the Secret of Avalor, which featured characters from Sofia the First.[9][10]

text: Plot[edit]

text: A young girl named Sofia and her mother Miranda lived a peasant life in the kingdom of Enchancia. One day, Sofia's mother marries King Roland II, which leads to her becoming a princess. As she adjusts to her new role, Sofia works to live amongst the royal family while having different adventures along the way. King Roland presents Sofia with a magical amulet, which, Sofia discovers, gives her the power to talk to animals and summon Disney princesses in the time of need.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Ariel Winter as Sofia
Darcy Rose Byrnes as Princess Amber
Zach Callison as Prince James (Season 1-Early Season 2)
Tyler Merna as Prince James (Season 2-Mid-Season 3)
Nicolas Cantu as Prince James (Mid-Season 3-)
Sara Ramirez as Queen Miranda
Travis Willingham as King Roland II
Jess Harnell as Cedric
Wayne Brady as Clover
Tim Gunn as Baileywick

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

Pilot
November 18, 2012 (2012-11-18)

1
25
January 11, 2013 (2013-01-11)
February 14, 2014 (2014-02-14)

2
30
February 28, 2014 (2014-02-28)
August 12, 2015 (2015-08-12)

3
28
August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05)
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

4
24
April 28, 2017 (2017-04-28)[11]
TBA

text: Reception[edit]

text: In October 2012, Sofia was initially identified as Disney's first Latina princess when a producer spoke during a press tour.[12] A Disney Junior general manager later clarified that "...Sofia is a fairytale girl who lives in a fairytale world. All our characters come from fantasy lands that may reflect elements of various cultures and ethnicities but none are meant to specifically represent those real world cultures." [13] Sofia has a mixed fairy-tale heritage, as a Disney spokeswoman elaborated, "...Sofia's mother, Queen Miranda, was born in a fictitious land, Galdiz, a place with Latin influences. Miranda met Sofia's father, Birk Balthazar, who hailed from the kingdom of Freezenberg, and together they moved to Enchancia, the place where Sofia was born."[14]

text: Galdiz is based on Spain[15] and Freezenberg is based on Scandinavia.[16] The National Hispanic Media Coalition president/CEO interpreted Kanter's half-Spanish(-inspired) description of Sofia as her not qualifying as Latina.[17]

text: Sofia the First: Once Upon a Princess premiered on Disney Channel on November 18, 2012, garnering 8.17 million viewers (when the Live+7 ratings were tabulated), which made it the #1 cable TV telecast of all time for kids 2-5 and girls 2-5. It also set a record for the #1 preschool cable TV telecast ever in total viewers and for adults 18-49.[18]


document_title: Noah Newman

question_text: who plays noah's girlfriend on the young and the restless

question_tokens: who plays noah 's girlfriend on the young and the restless

text: Noah Newman

text: Casting[edit]

text: The role was first played as an infant by twins Samantha and Zachary Elkins in March 1997 before being replaced with Lauren Summer Harvey that same year. The character was then portrayed by Hunter Preisendorfer from the fall of 1997 to 1998 and again from 1999 to November 22, 2000. Other actors who've played the role include C.J. Hunter from 1998 to 1999, Nicholas Graziano in 1999, and Blake Michael Bryan from December 20, 2000 to June 6, 2001. McKay Giller took over the role on July 4, 2001, portraying Noah through December 7, 2004. Blake Woodruff played the role briefly from December 24, 2004 to April 27, 2005, followed by Chase Ellison from May 11 to September 20, 2005, when the role was recast with final child actor Hunter Allan from September 28, 2005 to June 9, 2008.[1]

text: The character of Noah was then rapidly aged, and Kevin Schmidt was cast in the role as a teenager, making his debut on August 13, 2008.[2] Just months later, Schmidt acquired other roles and speculation arose that the role would be recast, however, Schmidt ended up staying with the soap.[3] In 2010, Schmidt took a leave of absence to appear on the Cartoon Network series Unnatural History. Schmidt was expected to return to the role later that summer.[4] In July 2010, Schmidt revealed that he had not been asked to return to the soap and plans for an older recast were announced.[5][6] Drew Garrett, known for his short-lived role as Michael Corinthos on General Hospital, was rumored to be considered for the role but the casting never panned out.[7][8] In August 2010 Soap Opera Digest confirmed on their website that Luke Kleintank had been cast in the role of Noah. Kleintank first appeared on September 21, 2010.[9] However, the recast was very brief and Kleintank only appeared in seven episodes; his last air date was April 8, 2011. Schmidt had previously alluded to a possible return on Facebook and returned to the role on April 14, on a recurring status.[10] Kleintank later revealed that he chose to vacate the role to focus on other projects.[11] In August 2012, Schmidt informed his followers on Twitter that he had been let go and revealed that the role would be recast.[12]

text: Several days after Schmidt's announcement, it was announced that Robert Adamson had been placed on contract and would join the cast as Noah. He made his debut on October 1, 2012.[13]

text: In March 2016, it was revealed that Adamson was placed off contract and put on recurring status.[14][15]

text: Development[edit]

text: Adolescence[edit]

text: Most of Noah's storylines as a teenager and young adult revolve around his reactions to his parents' decisions in life. With the casting of Schmidt as Noah, the character develops into a catalyst for bigger storylines. Noah begins to take more of an interest in what his parents and stepparents are doing.[16] When Schimdt was cast, he told Soap Opera Digest that although his television parents (Joshua Morrow and Sharon Case) are relatively young, "Joshua has kids of his own and Sharon definitely has a maternal instinct, so we play well off of each other." He said that he was excited Noah is "back from camp and ready to do things on his own".[16] Schmidt noted "the younger Noah definitely gave me a good base to build from. It's my job to explore his familial relationships from the perspective of a teenager". Noah goes on to question whether his stepfather Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman) is treating Sharon right, and if she really is in love with him; these were questions that "a younger Noah wouldn't be able to question". Following Noah's aging, he becomes involved with Eden Baldwin (Vanessa Marano), his first love interest; prior to this, Schmidt said that he would like to play Noah with a love interest.[16] However, Noah and Eden's relationship is immediately met with disapproval from their families. They eventually get their families to accept the relationship, only to face another obstacle when Daisy Callahan (Yvonne Zima) sets out to frame Eden for several crimes in Genoa City. To get away, the couple rushes off to Paris.[17]

text: Adulthood[edit]

text: Upon Kleintank's introduction as a young adult Noah, the character reveals that he and Eden have ended their relationship. Noah finally gets a chance to bond with younger sister, Faith and his stepmother, Phyllis Newman (Michelle Stafford).[17] In the meantime, the character also launches a short-lived music career and enters into a brief romance with Jana Hawkes (Emily O'Brien).

text: In 2012, when Adamson stepped into the role, Noah becomes more outspoken about his parents behavior. According to Adamson, "Noah will be giving his parents more of a hard time, while figuring out who he is."[18] Adamson observed that Noah is a guy "who has transitioned into being a man" and "is recognizing the difficult position he was given as a kid. He's a middle man, a kid who's learned to be deflective and you may see some self-righteousness" in his attitude toward his parents, realizing his mistakes "are not nearly as bad" as theirs.[18] Adamson's first major storyline as Noah starts very subtly. Luke Kerr noted that Noah seemed to be hiding something because of his mysterious and vague phone calls. This led to the introduction of New York City police detective, Alex Chavez portrayed by Adamson's former Lincoln Heights costar, Ignacio Serricchio. Chavez demands information from Noah about his ex-girlfriend, Adriana Stone.[19] As Noah denies having contact with her, the series introduced Jhoanna Flores as Adriana.[20] As of April 5, 2013, Noah was stated to be 23 years old.[21] Noah begins Genoa City Police Officer Courtney Sloane (Kelli Goss). Adamson viewed Courtney as marking Noah's first "strong relationship", saying: "His past relationship with Adriana, it was all trouble all around. So he sees this as a grown up relationship."[22] Courtney is later murdered as part of a killer storyline in 2015, on the day she and Noah were planning to marry.[23]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Insecure about her new marriage, Sharon Collins Newman stops taking birth control unbeknownst to husband, Nicholas Newman. Sharon convinces Nick that the pregnancy is accidental and he wants her to get an abortion; however, at the last minute, she changes her mind. Sharon later falls and gives birth to a premature baby boy, Noah Christian.[24] When it appears that Noah may die, Sharon's best friend, Grace Turner and her boyfriend, Tony Viscardi track down Cassie, the child Sharon gave up in high school to help ease her pain. Fortunately, Noah lives, and Nicholas eventually adopts Cassie.

text: In 2005, a 14-year-old Cassie dies from injuries after a drunken car accident with Daniel Romalotti. Noah put Cassie's doll, "Cindy" on her casket at her funeral. Following Cassie's death, a devastated Noah begins acting out, while his parents are torn apart. Noah becomes a big brother with the birth of half-sister Summer when his father has an affair with Daniel's mother, Phyllis Summers. An angry Noah is sent to therapy and Nick and Phyllis buy him a puppy, "Fisher" to stop him from acting out. Sharon then marries Jack Abbott while Nick is presumed dead in a plane crash and Phyllis lands herself in prison. Sharon sends Noah back to therapy after he locks Fisher in a closet for being bad.[1] In August 2008, a now 15-year-old Noah begins getting into a lot of trouble, when he attends wild parties, gets into fights, lies to his parents and starts dating Eden Gerick. Noah and Eden lie to Phyllis and Eden's brother, Michael Baldwin about their relationship and continue seeing one another in secret. Noah and Eden go ice skating on a frozen lake during a blizzard when he falls through the ice. Noah is rescued by Brad Carlton who drowns after saving him. Later, Noah and Eden lose their virginity to one another and later begin dating officially. Noah is also forced to deal with kids teasing him due to Sharon becoming a kleptomaniac. When Sharon and Nick reunite, Noah wants to emancipate himself from them, believing their reunion will only end in heartache. Noah and Sharon briefly move into Brad Carlton's mansion until Daisy Callahan's attempts to kill Eden by starting a fire. Victor's wife, Ashley Abbott Newman then invites them to live at the Newman Ranch. In early 2010, Noah and Eden leave town for Paris to visit her long-lost relatives.[1]

text: A now-adult Noah returned in September 2010 revealing that he and Eden had broken up. Because both his parents are single, Noah realizes it is only a matter of time before they reunite. Noah later pursues the recently divorced Jana Hawkes and also reveals his new passion for music. After Jana rejects his sexual advances, he realizes she is still in love with her ex, Kevin Fisher and leaves town. Noah returns home in April 2011 when a fugitive Sharon is presumed dead and moves into his mom's house. Fortunately Sharon is revealed to be alive and the murder charges she is running from are dropped. Noah went back to New York City for work and returned months later to find out Sharon and Victor had started dating. Noah briefly moves back in with Eden until he returns to New York.[1]

text: In October 2012, Noah returns home when Victor is presumed dead and he is upset with Sharon for not inviting him to the funeral. He also helps celebrate his little sister Faith's birthday. Noah later takes a job as the bartender at the athletic club. Most recently, Noah has become very protective of Sharon since she has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. He tries to convince her to reach out to Nick while keeping Adam at arms length believing his mother's dependency on him is unhealthy. Noah gets a bag of money from his ex, Adriana Stone, and must hide it. He tries to contact her, but he is unable to contact her. In December 2012, Noah contemplates leaving town, but stays to support his mom and later receives huge amount of cash from his ex-girlfriend. Meanwhile, he is confronted by New York Detective Alex Chavez, who is looking for Adriana Stone.[1] Adriana arrives and thanks Noah for hiding the money. His family immediately disapproves of Adriana, thinking she is trouble. The money is stolen, and their reunion is short-lived as Adriana steals the money back and skips town. Noah befriends Tyler Michaelson (Redaric Williams) who gets him a job as a photographer's assistant as Jabot Cosmetics; they later get an apartment together. Noah eventually begins dating Summer's best friend, Courtney Sloan, as he settles into his new job working for Victor. Noah is uneasy when Victor hires Kyle Abbott (Hartley Sawyer).

text: Reception[edit]

text: Michael Fairman of On-Air On-Soaps applauded Luke Kleintank's casting describing the actor as a "younger Joshua Morrow-type." Fairman said that Kleintank would bring a very different vibe compared to Kevin Schmidt's portrayal.[25] Upon Kleintank's departure, he encouraged Schmidt on his return and said "Kevin should do great."[11] Schmidt was very upset following his 2012 ousting and even sent a direct message to Y&R's Twitter page saying, "How many times you gonna try and bring in a "New Noah"? There's only one!" and he apologized for the fans who watched for him.[26] Prior to Adamson's casting, Jamey Giddens of Zap2it's Daytime Confidential did a "Wishful Casting" and recommended Adamson as a recast of Noah. Giddens said that Adamson would fit the role very well. Giddens described Adamson as being a "doppelganger" for Joshua Morrow.[27] Soap Opera Digest responded to the news of Adamson's casting, saying that it happened rather quickly.[13] "Majorly awesome news!" Giddens said in the response to the official announcement. In addition to his looks, Giddens believed that Adamson would bring "a much-needed edge and sex appeal" to the character.[28] Michael Fairman said, "Adamson certainly has the looks to be Nick and Sharon’s son!"[29]

text: Omar Nobles of TVSource acknowledged that prior to Adamson's casting, Noah was not a major factor in storylines, and hoped that it would change under the new executive producer and head-writer. Nobles explained that while he was sad to see Schmidt go, he was "thrilled" with the casting news and explained the storyline potential that the recast provided.[30] The casting news did not come as a shock due to the recently hired executive producer and head-writer, Jill Farren Phelps and Josh Griffith working on the primetime teen soap, Hollywood Heights which Adamson also appeared on. The news led to speculation that Adamson would be followed by several more Hollywood Heights alumni.[31] However, the speculation turned out to be true when Adamson's former costar, Hunter King stepped into the role of Summer Newman, Noah's half-sister. Jamey Giddens pointed out how weird it would be for Adamson and King who had previously portrayed one another's love interest on Hollywood Heights to now play siblings.[32] Adamson ranked at #5 on Daytime Confidential's list of the "Top 5 Soap Opera Newcomers of 2012."[33] Adamson was also listed as the Best Male Newcomer of 2012 by On-Air On-Soaps; "Noah’s come and Noah’s go, we think this one will stick! Handsome, charming and he can act" said Michael Fairman.[34]


document_title: Food rotation system

question_text: how does labelling prepared food assist the process of fifo

text: Food rotation system

text: This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (February 2009)

text: A food rotation system is a front-loading shelving unit that organizes and rotates food cans on a first-in first-out basis (FIFO). An effective food rotation system is essential for storing food to prepare for catastrophes, preventing foodborne illness and controlling commercial kitchen costs. When used correctly, the first-in first-out food rotation method ensures serving safe food and eliminates spoiled food waste.

text: Besides the shelving units used for food rotation, other systems exist with the same idea. These systems are especially present in the food and beverage type industries such as restaurants, cafes, bakeries, etc. where food is being produced or being removed from their original package and put into other containers. In order to keep the food safety standard intact with the rotation system, adhesive labels are used to keep track of the date at which it was repackaged and or transferred, as well as the date it must be used by. The labels focus people’s attention toward it, so that they are aware to keep maintenance whenever possible. Many factors must be considered when using adhesive labels for a rotation system; such as type of material it is made of, size, shape, training involved and addition information that the label may include. The labels provide a visual aid in assisting employees and managers to rotate containers and maintain a high quality product with minimal waste. Not only does this benefit the consumer, but the owners as well.

text: Food rotation systems help establishments run more smoothly and efficiently, which is a standard that should be strived for. Other standards, such as the FDA food code are also met when implementing a food rotation system. The system, if done correctly and maintained regularly, one can extract information (for example, length of storage), that may be useful in preventing food borne pathogens from growing and causing sickness.

text: A benefit, besides following the regulations set out by the FDA, is that it organizes stock and inventory. If the sequences at which items are received are used in the same manner, it will reduce the cost to owners. This cost would otherwise be used to replenish goods and maintain a solid business. Lastly, the food rotation system allows businesses to build their reputation and have confidence in what they are selling to everyday customers.

text: [1] [2] [3]


document_title: Kenny McCormick

question_text: when did kenny stop dying in south park

question_tokens: when did kenny stop dying in south park

text: Kenny McCormick

text: Role in South Park[edit]

text: Kenny attends South Park Elementary as part of Mr. Garrison's fourth grade class. During the first 58 episodes, Kenny and the other main child characters were in the third grade. Kenny comes from a poor household, presided over by his violent, alcoholic, unemployed father, Stuart McCormick. His mother Carol McCormick has a job washing dishes at the Olive Garden.[2] Kenny has an older brother named Kevin. He also has a younger sister who is shown with his family in the season nine episode "Best Friends Forever", but does not make another appearance until the 15th season episode "The Poor Kid", in which her name is revealed to be Karen, whom he loves unconditionally. Kenny is friends with Stan and Kyle. Kenny is regularly teased for living in poverty, particularly by Cartman.[3]

text: Kenny's superhero alter ego, Mysterion, first appeared in the Season 13 episode "The Coon",[4] as a rival to Eric Cartman's eponymous superhero alter ego. He unmasks himself at the end of the episode, but his identity is left intentionally ambiguous. He is not revealed to be Kenny until the Season 14 episode "Mysterion Rises",[5] the character's third appearance as part of a story arc.

text: Deaths[edit]

text: Prior to season six, Kenny died in almost every episode.[note 1] The nature of the deaths were often gruesome and portrayed in a comically absurd fashion,[6] and usually followed by Stan and Kyle respectively yelling "Oh my God! They killed Kenny!" and "You bastards!"[7] Shortly afterward, rats would commonly appear and begin picking at his corpse.[8] In a following episode, Kenny would reappear alive and well, usually without any explanation. Most characters appear oblivious or indifferent to the phenomenon, although occasionally one will acknowledge an awareness of it.[9] In "Cherokee Hair Tampons", Kenny gets irritated and offended when Stan laments Kyle's critical condition while utterly ignoring Kenny's past demises. Eric Cartman commented on Kenny's deaths in the episode "Cartmanland", when he is being sued for unsafe rides insisting to attorneys representing his family that "Kenny dies all the time!"

text: Near the end of the production run of the show's fifth season, Parker and Stone contemplated having an episode in which Kenny was killed off permanently. The reasoning behind the idea was to genuinely surprise fans, and to allow an opportunity to provide a major role for Butters Stotch, a breakout character whose popularity was growing with the viewers and creators of the show.[10] In the episode "Kenny Dies", Kenny dies after developing terminal muscular dystrophy,[11] while Parker and Stone claimed that Kenny would not be returning in subsequent episodes. The duo insisted they grew tired of upholding the tradition of having Kenny die in each episode.[12] Stone stated that thinking of humorous ways to kill the character was initially fun, but became more mundane as the series progressed.[11] When they determined that it would be too difficult to develop the character because he was too much of a "prop", Parker and Stone finally decided to kill off Kenny permanently.[7][13]

text:
["Kenny Dies"] was the one episode where [all the characters] cared [he was dying] for once. After that, we said, 'Why doesn't he just stay dead?' And it was like, 'Okay, let's just do that.' It was that easy of a decision. I think a lot of people probably haven't noticed. I couldn't care less. I am so sick of that character.
—Matt Stone, from a 2002 article in the Knoxville News-Sentinel[11]

text: For much of season six, Kenny remained dead, though both Stone and Parker entertained the idea of eventually bringing the character back.[13] According to Stone, only a small minority of fans were significantly angered by Kenny's absence to threaten a boycott of the cable channel Comedy Central, on which South Park is aired.[7] For most of the season, Stan, Kyle, and Cartman fill the void left by Kenny by allowing the characters Butters Stotch and Tweek Tweak into their group, paving the way for those characters to receive more focus on the show.[13][14] Nevertheless, Kenny returned from the year-long absence in the season six finale "Red Sleigh Down", has remained a main character since, and has been given larger roles in episodes.[15] His character no longer dies each week, and has only been killed occasionally in episodes following his return.

text: The first explanation given for Kenny's deaths and reappearances was given in "Cartman Joins NAMBLA", wherein the McCormicks have a baby exactly like Kenny, including the characteristic orange parka, shortly after the former Kenny dies. Mr. McCormick exclaims, "God, this must be the fiftieth time this has happened", to which Mrs. McCormick quickly replies, "Fifty-second". This explanation is expanded upon in the Season 14 episodes "Coon 2: Hindsight", "Mysterion Rises" and "Coon vs. Coon and Friends", in which Kenny, while playing superheroes with his friends, claims his "super power" is immortality. He actually dies several times during these episodes—even committing suicide more than once—reawakening alive and unharmed in his bed each time. He is frustrated and angry that no one can remember him dying every time he regenerates, and longs to know the source of his power, which he views as a curse. Unbeknownst to him, his parents were previously connected to a Cthulhu-worshipping death cult. After Kenny shoots himself the second time, Mrs. McCormick awakes with a scream, shrieks "It's happening again!", and minutes later, is shown gently placing a newborn Kenny in his bed. "We should never have gone to that stupid cult meeting," she grouses as she and her husband return to bed.

text: Character[edit]

text: Creation and design[edit]

text: When developing the character, the show's creators had observed that most groups of childhood friends in small middle-class towns always included "the one poor kid" and decided to portray Kenny in this light.[16]

text: An unnamed precursor to Kenny first appeared in the first The Spirit of Christmas short, dubbed Jesus vs. Frosty, created by Parker and Stone in 1992 while they were students at the University of Colorado. The character was composed of construction paper cutouts and animated through the use of stop motion.[17] When tasked three years later by friend Brian Graden to create another short as a video Christmas card that he could send to friends, Parker and Stone created another similarly-animated The Spirit of Christmas short, dubbed Jesus vs. Santa.[18][19] In this short, Kenny is given his first name, and first appears as he does in the series. Kenny next appeared on August 13, 1997, when South Park debuted on Comedy Central with the episode "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe".

text: In tradition with the show's animation style, Kenny is composed of simple geometrical shapes and primary colors.[9][17] He is not offered the same free range of motion associated with hand-drawn characters; his character is mostly shown from only one angle, and his movements are animated in an intentionally jerky fashion.[9][17][20] Ever since the show's second episode, "Weight Gain 4000" (season one, 1997), Kenny, like all other characters on the show, has been animated with computer software, though he is portrayed to give the impression that the show still utilizes its original technique.[17]

text: The effect of Kenny's speech is achieved by Stone mumbling into his own hand as he provides Kenny's lines,[17] while the recorded audio is then edited with Pro Tools, and the pitch is altered to make the voice sound more like that of a fourth grader.[21][22] As the technique of Kenny's muzzled enunciation frequently implies, many of his lines are indeed profane and sexually explicit, the lengthier of which are mostly improvised by Stone.[17]

text: He first appeared unobscured by his hood in South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, where it was revealed that he had messy golden hair. In a cameo appearance during this moment in the film, Mike Judge provided the voice for Kenny's one line of uninsulated dialogue: "Goodbye, you guys."[23] On a few occasions during episodes that have originally aired since the film's release, he has been seen without the parka;[note 2] however, unlike in Bigger, Longer & Uncut his entire face has been only seen once in the television series without being partially obscured or otherwise altered, this being in "The Losing Edge". He also speaks unmuffled during some of these instances, in which case co-producer Eric Stough provides Kenny's voice.[23] During "The Coon" episodes of seasons 13 and 14, Kenny has his first major speaking role as the character Mysterion.

text: Personality and traits[edit]

text: While most child characters on the show are foul-mouthed, Kenny is often even more risqué with his dialogue.[24] Parker and Stone state that they depict Kenny and his friends in this manner in order to display how young boys really talk when they are alone.[9][25] While Kenny is often cynical and profane, Parker notes that there nonetheless is an "underlying sweetness" aspect to the character,[26] and Time magazine described Kenny and his friends as "sometimes cruel but with a core of innocence".[27] He is amused by toilet humor and bodily functions,[27] and his favorite television personalities are Terrance and Phillip, a Canadian duo whose comedy routines on their show-within-the-show revolve substantially around fart jokes. Kenny is shown to desire intercourse in the episode "The Ring", when Kenny gets a girlfriend and is overjoyed to find out that she has a reputation as a slut. Kenny is also lecherous,[3] and often portrayed as being eager to do and say disgusting things in an attempt to impress others or earn money.[16] Conversely, his alter-ego Mysterion is seemingly mature, principled, and serious-minded, the only exception being one instance in "Mysterion Rises" in which he takes delight in irritating Cartman. As Mysterion he convinces his parents to take better care of themselves and their children, as seen by their reaction when he questions them about the cult of Cthulhu. He also uses his disguise to protect his sister Karen (who refers to Mysterion as her "guardian angel"), as revealed in "The Poor Kid." In all of his guises, however, Kenny is depicted as being uncommonly selfless, dying for the sake of others and spending all of his time working so he could buy his little sister a doll.

text: In the trilogy of episodes "Black Friday", "A Song of Ass and Fire" and "Titties and Dragons", in which the boys play-act characters from the TV series Game of Thrones, Kenny cross-dresses as a fantasy-style princess with a wig and dress similar to the video game character Princess Zelda, and becomes a Japanese-speaking moe anime character at one point. When Cartman complains, "You're never going to be a real princess", Princess Kenny responds (via her translator, Stan) angrily to Cartman, calling him a "ball-licking lesbian".

text: This portrayal continues in the video game South Park: The Stick of Truth where Cartman notes that playing a "chick" is "just how [Kenny] seems to be rolling right now". Kenny's sister also talks about Kenny as if he was a girl, if you talk to her in the McCormick house. Throughout the game, Kenny posts 'status updates' referring to himself as "the cutest of them all" and refers to himself as a girl.

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: Kenny's deaths are well known in popular culture,[7] and was one of the things viewers most commonly associated with South Park during its earlier seasons.[28] The exclamation of "Oh my God! They killed Kenny!" quickly became a popular catchphrase,[11][27] while both Kenny and the phrase have appeared on some of the more popular pieces of South Park merchandise,[7] including shirts, bumper stickers, calendars and baseball caps,[3] and inspired the rap song "Kenny's Dead" by Master P,[7] which was featured on Chef Aid: The South Park Album.

text: The running gag of Kenny's deaths in earlier seasons was incorporated into the season 9 (2005) episode "Best Friends Forever" when Kenny, in a vegetative state, is kept alive by a feeding tube while a media circus erupted over whether the tube should be removed and allow Kenny to die. The episode received much attention as it served to provide commentary on the Terri Schiavo case,[29][30] originally airing just one day before Schiavo died.[31] The episode earned South Park its first Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program.[32]

text: Kenny's deaths have been subject to much critical analysis in the media and literary world. In the book South Park and Philosophy: Bigger, Longer, and More Penetrating, an essay by Southern Illinois University philosophy professor Dr. Randall Auxier, entitled "Killing Kenny: Our Daily Dose of Death", suggests that the fashion of the recurring gag serves to help the viewer become more comfortable with the inevitability of their own death.[33][34] In the book South Park and Philosophy: You Know, I Learned Something Today, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point professor Karin Fry wrote an essay concerning the parallels between Kenny's role in the show and the different concepts of existentialism.[35]

text: When Sophie Rutschmann of the University of Strasbourg discovered a mutated gene that causes an adult fruit fly to die within two days after it is infected with certain bacteria, she named the gene "Kenny" in honor of the character.[36]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Kenny had a major role in South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut,[37] the full-length film based on the series, and appeared on the film's soundtrack singing (albeit muffled) several lines of the song "Mountain Town" from the film.[38] As a tribute to the Dead Parrot sketch, a short that features Kenny as a "dead friend" being returned by Cartman to a shop run by Kyle aired during a 1999 BBC television special commemorating the 30th anniversary of Monty Python's Flying Circus.[39] Kenny was also featured in the documentary film The Aristocrats, listening to Cartman tell his version of the film's titular joke,[40] and in "The Gauntlet", a short spoofing both Gladiator and Battlefield Earth that aired during the 2000 MTV Movie Awards.[41][42]

text: Kenny also appears in six South Park-related video games: In South Park, Kenny is controlled by the player through the first person shooter mode who attempts to ward off enemies from terrorizing the town of South Park.[43] In South Park: Chef's Luv Shack, a user has the option of playing as Kenny when participating in the game's several "minigames" based on other popular arcade games.[44] In the racing game South Park Rally, a user can race as Kenny against other users playing as other characters, while choosing to place him in any of a variety of vehicles.[45] In South Park Let's Go Tower Defense Play!, Kenny can be selected as a playable character used to establish a tower defense against the game's antagonists.[46] In South Park: The Stick of Truth, Kenny can be selected as a companion over the course of much of the game. In South Park: The Fractured But Whole Kenny is seen as his alter-ego Mysterion.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Exceptions include "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo", and "Fat Camp". He also seems to die (but turns out to be alive) in some episodes, including "Rainforest Shmainforest" and the two-part episode "Do the Handicapped Go to Hell?" / "Probably".
Jump up ^ Including "The Tooth Fairy Tats 2000", "Super Best Friends", "Lil' Crime Stoppers", "The Jeffersons", "Good Times with Weapons", "The Losing Edge", "South Park Is Gay!", "Lice Capades", "Margaritaville", "W.T.F.", "Pee", and "You're Getting Old".


document_title: Sleeping with the Enemy

question_text: who played the husband in sleeping with the enemy

text: Sleeping with the Enemy

text: Plot[edit]

text: Laura Burney lives in a beautiful home by the beach on Cape Cod with her husband, Martin, a charming, handsome and wealthy investment counselor. Beneath his charm, Martin has extreme obsessive control issues, who has been physically and emotionally abusing Laura throughout their marriage. He makes her keep everything in order in the house, tells her what she should wear, picks out what music she listens to, and limits her social activities.

text: One day, Martin believes Laura has been flirting with an attractive neighbor, and he physically assaults her in a jealous rage. In an effort to escape Martin, Laura fakes her own death at sea in a storm while the couple are boating. Because Laura had deliberately led Martin to believe that she could not swim, he believed she had drown once she was lost overboard. However, Laura was able to swim safely to shore, because she had recently taken swimming lessons at the YWCA. Laura secretly returns home, retrieves some clothing and cash she had hidden away in preparation, disguises herself, and leaves home after flushing her wedding ring down the toilet.

text: Laura moves to Cedar Falls, Iowa. In preparation, she has told Martin that her blind mother, Chloe Williams, died and pretends to attend the funeral, but secretly moves her from a nursing home in Minneapolis to Iowa. She rents a modest house, and adopts the name Sara Waters. In Cedar Falls, she meets Ben Woodward, who teaches drama at University of Northern Iowa. A relationship develops, but suffers a setback when Ben discovers that her real name is not Sara. After a date, Laura is unable to be physically intimate with Ben, and the next day, she confesses that she is on the run from her abusive husband.

text: Meanwhile, Martin receives a chance phone call from a friend of Laura's from the YWCA and learns of Laura's swimming lessons. His suspicions aroused, Martin heads home and finds Laura's wedding ring in the toilet bowl where it failed to flush. From the Minneapolis nursing home, he learns that Laura's mother is alive, and has a private investigator trace her to the nursing home in Iowa. He visits Laura's mother and tells her he is a police officer needing information about Laura. He learns from her that Laura is seeing a college drama teacher in Cedar Falls.

text: Martin finds Laura and Ben at a local fair, then follows her home. After leaving idiosyncratic clues of his presence around the house for Laura to find, such as the cans lined up in the cabinet, Martin confronts her. Ben appears at the front door and Martin, brandishing a gun, threatens to kill Ben if she doesn't make him leave. Laura talks to Ben and he appears to leave, but then he breaks down the door and struggles with Martin, who knocks him unconscious. As Martin points the gun at Ben, Laura distracts Martin then attacks him. He drops the gun and Laura manages to take control of it; she fires at Martin but misses.

text: Laura holds Martin at gunpoint while she calls the police. She tells the police that she just killed an intruder, hangs up the phone and shoots Martin three times.

text: When Martin falls to the ground, she drops the pistol and collapses, sobbing. Martin, not yet dead, picks up the gun and attempts to shoot her, but the gun only clicks empty and he dies. Ben is revived by Laura. They embrace as Martin's dead body lies on the ground with Laura's wedding ring inches from his hand.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Julia Roberts as Laura Williams Burney/Sara Waters
Patrick Bergin as Martin Burney
Kevin Anderson as Ben Woodward
Elizabeth Lawrence as Chloe Williams
Harley Venton as Garber
Sandi Shackelford as Edna
Bonnie Johnson as Mrs. Neppert

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: As of November 2011[update], the film held a 24% 'Rotten' rating based on 34 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes.[4]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 1.5 stars upon its release, calling it "a slasher movie in disguise, an up-market version of the old exploitation formula where the victim can run, but she can't hide."[5]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film's opening ended Home Alone's eleven week run atop the box office.[6] By the end of its run, the film had grossed $101,599,005 in the domestic box office; with an international total of $73,400,000, the film's worldwide gross was $174,999,005; based on a $19 million budget, the film was a box office success.[7] The film was released in the United Kingdom on April 12, 1991, and opened on #2, behind Highlander II: The Quickening.[8] The next week, the film remained in the same position.[9]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The original music for the film was composed and conducted by Jerry Goldsmith. Columbia Records released an album concurrently with the film containing just over 38 minutes of score plus the Van Morrison song "Brown Eyed Girl." In 2011, La-La Land Records issued a limited edition album of 3500 copies expanding Goldsmith's score (but omitting the song).

text: Home media releases[edit]

text: The film reached #1 in the rental charts.[10] It was released on LaserDisc in Australia, the United States, United Kingdom and Japan by Fox Video in 1991.[11] It also received various releases on VHS, was released on DVD on 2 September 2003[12] and subsequently entered the Blu ray market on in June 2011.[13]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The score by Jerry Goldsmith won the BMI Film Music Award, 1992, and the film was nominated for the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films Saturn Award for 1992 in four categories: Best Actress (Roberts), Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor (Bergin), Best Horror Film and Best Music (Goldsmith).

text: Remakes[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Language
Cast
Director
Box Office

1995
Yaraana
Hindi (India)
Rishi Kapoor, Madhuri Dixit, Raj Babbar
David Dhawan
Flop

1996
Agni Sakshi
Hindi (India)
Jackie Shroff, Nana Patekar, Manisha Koirala
Partho Ghosh
Blockbuster

1996
Daraar
Hindi (India)
Rishi Kapoor, Juhi Chawla, Arbaaz Khan
Abbas-Mustan
Flop

1997
Pelli
Telugu (India)
Naveen, Maheswari, Prudhvi Raj
Kodi Ramakrishna
SuperHit

1997
Maduve
Kannada (India)
Ramesh Aravind, Charulatha, Kumar Govind
V. Umakanth
Above Average

1997
Khilona
Urdu
Meera, Saud
Sangeeta
Hit

1997
Sagorika
Bangla (Bangladesh/India)
Amin Khan, Helal Khan & Rituparna
Badol Khandakar
Blockbuster

Ranga Bou
Bangla (Bangladesh/India)
Amin Khan, Humayan Faridi & Rituparna
Delowar
Blockbuster

1998
Aval Varuvala
Tamil (India)
Ajith Kumar, Simran
Raajkapoor
Average

2002
Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe
Hindi (India)
Aftab Shivdasani, Esha Deol, Sanjay Kapoor
Vinay Shukla
Flop

2008
Mu Sapanara Soudagar
Odiya (India)
Arindam Roy, Archita Sahu, Sabyasachi Mishra
Sanjay Nayak
Hit

2012
Luchakali
Odiya (India)
Babushan, Samaresh Routray & Shreya
Susant Mani
Average

Korean

Im Sang-soo

2013
"Loobat Al Mawt"(series) ar:لعبة الموت
Lebanese, Syrian & Egyptian
Cyrine Abdelnour, ar:عابد فهد, ar:ماجد المصري
Laith Hajo, Samer Barqawi


document_title: Fuller House (TV series)

question_text: who is rose related to in fuller house

question_tokens: who is rose related to in fuller house

text: Fuller House (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Like the original series, the show is set in the same house in San Francisco, California.[6] Recently widowed D.J. Tanner-Fuller is a veterinarian and the mother of three young boys. After the unexpected death of her husband, Tommy, who was following his hazardous duties as a firefighter, D.J. accepts the help of her sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy to move in and take part in raising her three sons, 13-year-old Jackson, 7-year-old Max, and baby Tommy Jr. Kimmy's teenage daughter Ramona also moves in.[3]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Candace Cameron Bure as Donna Jo "D.J." Tanner-Fuller, a widowed mother who has a full-time job as a veterinarian[7]
Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner, D.J.'s younger sister, who leaves her life in London to help D.J. raise her kids[8]
Andrea Barber as Kimmy Gibbler, D.J.'s best friend and owner of a party planning business, who moves in with D.J. and Stephanie to help them raise D.J.'s kids[9]
Michael Campion as Jackson Fuller, D.J.'s mischievous 13-year-old son who often engages in reckless stunts[10][11][12]
Elias Harger as Max Fuller, D.J.'s 7-year-old son who is bit of neat freak like his grandfather[13]
Soni Nicole Bringas as Ramona Gibbler, Kimmy's 13-year-old daughter[11]
Dashiell & Fox Messitt as Tommy Fuller, Jr., D.J.'s infant son[11]
Juan Pablo Di Pace as Fernando Hernandez-Guerrero-Fernandez-Guerrero, Kimmy's ex-husband and Ramona's father (recurring: season 1; main: season 2–3)[14][15]
Scott Weinger as Steve Hale, a podiatrist and D.J.'s ex-boyfriend, who tries to get back with her after his unsuccessful marriage; also the owner of Comet Jr. Jr. (recurring: season 1; main: season 2–3)[15][16]
John Brotherton as Matt Harmon, co-worker and love interest of D.J. (recurring: season 1; main: season 2–3)[17]
Ashley Liao as Lola Wong, Ramona's best friend and Jackson's love interest (recurring: seasons 1 and 3; main: season 2)[18]
Adam Hagenbuch as Jimmy Gibbler, Kimmy's younger brother and a freelance photographer, who is dating Stephanie (recurring: season 2; main: season 3)[19]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis, D.J. and Stephanie's uncle (Danny's brother-in-law of his first marriage); the music composer for General Hospital[20]
Lori Loughlin as Rebecca Donaldson-Katsopolis, Jesse's wife and aunt to D.J. and Stephanie, who leaves San Francisco to co-star with Danny on Wake Up USA in Los Angeles[21]
Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone, a Vegas comedian who helped Danny raise D.J. and Stephanie, along with Jesse and Becky[22]
Bob Saget as Danny Tanner, D.J. and Stephanie's father, and the grandfather of Jackson, Max & Tommy Jr., who leaves San Francisco for Los Angeles to star in the new talk show Wake Up USA[22]
Robin Thomas as Dr. Fred Harmon, Matt's father and the owner of Harmon Pet Care, D.J.'s employer
Blake and Dylan Tuomy-Wilhoit as Nicky and Alex Katsopolis, Jesse and Rebecca's twin sons, and the cousins of DJ and Stephanie, who both spent six years in college and operate a fish taco truck together[23]
Gianna DiDonato as Crystal, Matt's girlfriend for a brief time in season two
Virginia Williams as C.J., Steve's fiancée who is strikingly similar to D.J.
Isaak Presley as Bobby Popko, Jackson's best friend and a love interest for Ramona
Lucas Jaye as Taylor, Max's intelligent and challenging best friend
Mckenna Grace as Rose, C.J.'s daughter and Max's best friend/love interest
Marla Sokoloff as Gia Mahan, Stephanie's best friend, and Rocki's mother
Landry Bender as Rocki, Gia's daughter and Jackson’s new love interest[24]

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Eva LaRue as Teri Tanner, Danny's second wife[23]
Lanny Cordola and Gary Griffin, original members of Jesse and the Rippers
Maksim Chmerkovskiy as himself
Valentin Chmerkovskiy as himself
Macy Gray as herself
Stephen Tobolowsky as Mr. Gerald
Jeff B. Davis as Wrestling Announcer
Tyne Stecklein as Mandy
Ryan McPartlin as Tyler, a brief potential love interest of D.J.
Hunter Pence as himself
Michael Sun Lee as Harry Takayama, Stephanie's childhood friend, who is a CPA[25]
Steve Talley as Darren, a brief love interest of Stephanie
Alan Thicke as Mike, Crystal's grandfather.
Bruno Tonioli as Giuseppe Pignoli, Ramona's famous Italian dance coach
Laura Bell Bundy as Ginger Gladstone, Joey's wife and a Vegas magician
Finn Carr as Lewis Gladstone, Joey's younger son
Kingston Foster as Joan Gladstone, Joey's younger daughter
Noah Salsbury Lipson as Jerry Gladstone, Joey's older son
Ruby Rose Turner as Phyllis Gladstone, Joey's older daughter
Jonathan Knight, Jordan Knight, Joey McIntyre, Donnie Wahlberg, and Danny Wood, members of New Kids on the Block
David Lipper as Viper, D.J.'s ex-boyfriend
Anne Marie McEvoy as Kathy Santoni, D.J. and Kimmy's high school classmate
Scott Menville as Duane Moffat, Kimmy's high school ex-boyfriend who is now a motivational speaker
Hal Sparks as Nelson Burkhard, D.J.'s rich high school ex-boyfriend, originally played by Jason Marsden
John Aprea as Nick Katsopolis, Jesse's father, D.J. Stephanie and Michelle's grandfather, and Jackson, Max and Tommy's great-grandfather
Lonzo Ball as himself
Gail Edwards as Vicky Larson, Danny's ex fiancée

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In August 2014, reports circulated that Warner Bros. Television was considering a series reboot. John Stamos, who had an ownership stake in the show, headed up the attempt to get the series back into production. Creator Jeff Franklin returned as executive producer and showrunner with the collaboration of original executive producers Thomas L. Miller and Robert L. Boyett under their Miller-Boyett Productions label.[26]

text: In April 2015, it was reported that Netflix was close to closing a deal to produce a 13-episode sequel series tentatively titled Fuller House. A representative for Netflix said that the report was "just a rumor".[26][27] In response to the report, Bure tweeted, "While you all ponder over whether the Fuller House show is true or is an April Fools joke, check out [link to her upcoming TV movie]", and Stamos tweeted, "Believe none of what you hear, and only half of what you see."[28] On April 20, he appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, confirming the spin-off series had been green-lit by Netflix. On April 21, Netflix confirmed the series was in development.[29]

text: In a parallel to the original series, Fuller House focuses on D.J., who is a recently widowed mother of three boys, with her sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy moving in to help raise the boys. The series starts off with a special episode featuring a Tanner family reunion.[30][31] Filming of the series began in July 2015 and lasted until November 2015.[3][32] In December 2015, the series' release date was revealed as February 26, 2016.[11] Later in the month, Carly Rae Jepsen revealed she and Butch Walker recreated the Full House theme song, "Everywhere You Look" (which was originally performed by Jesse Frederick, who co-wrote the song with Bennett Salvay), for the series as its opening theme.[33]

text: On March 2, 2016, the series was renewed for a second season, and production for the second season began on May 5, 2016. Thirteen new episodes were ordered and were released on December 9, 2016.[34][35] On December 24, 2016, the series was renewed for a third season, to be released in 2017.[36] and On December 31, 2016, it was confirmed that the season was given an 18-episode order.[37] Production for the third season began on March 18, 2017,[38] and ended on September 2, 2017.[39] It was announced on June 26, 2017 that the third season would be split into two parts, with the release of the first part on September 22, 2017 to consist of nine episodes.[40] It was announced on November 13, 2017 that the second half, which will also feature nine episodes, will be released on December 22, 2017.[41]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In addition to Cameron Bure, Sweetin, and Barber reprising their roles, the other main roles went to Michael Campion, Elias Harger, and Soni Bringas, as their children: Jackson and Max Fuller, and Ramona Gibbler, respectively.[13] It was disclosed that John Stamos would have a recurring role as Jesse Katsopolis and would also be producing.[20] Other original main cast members who would be reprising their roles periodically are Lori Loughlin as Becky Katsopolis, Bob Saget as Danny Tanner, and Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone.[21][22][42][43] Dylan and Blake Tuomy-Wilhoit also make an appearance reprising their roles as Nicky and Alex Katsopolis, respectively.[23] On April 19, 2016, it was announced Ashley Liao, who plays Ramona's best friend, had been upgraded to a series regular.[18]

text: Additional cast members recurring regularly throughout the series include Juan Pablo Di Pace, playing Kimmy's ex-husband, Fernando, and Scott Weinger, reprising the role of Steve Hale, D.J.'s high school boyfriend.[16][44] Eva LaRue portrays Danny's wife Teri,[23] and Michael Sun Lee makes an appearance as the adult version of Nathan Nishiguchi's character, Harry Takayama, who was Stephanie's childhood friend.[14][25]

text: Shortly after announcing the spin-off series, it was uncertain whether Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, who shared the role of Michelle Tanner, would choose to participate.[45] The Olsen twins ultimately rejected the offer because Ashley has not acted in years with no intentions to restart, and Mary-Kate initially considered the part but later declined as it was not feasible with her fashion career at the time.[25][32][46][47][48] Subsequently, the producers decided to have Michelle reside in New York City, where she is highly focused on her fashion enterprise.[49] By January 2016, they asked the Olsen twins' younger sister, Elizabeth, if she had any ambitions to take the part of Michelle, but she ultimately declined as well.[50] Nonetheless, the producers are still prodding the Olsen twins to return and were confident that one of the twins would ultimately decide to reappear during the second season although this did not end up happening.[51][52] In September 2016, it was announced that the character Nelson will re-appear on Fuller House, with the character recast to be portrayed by Hal Sparks, who replaces Nelson's original portrayer, Jason Marsden.[53]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
February 26, 2016 (2016-02-26)

2
13
December 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)

3
18
9
September 22, 2017 (2017-09-22)

9
December 22, 2017 (2017-12-22)

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: The first season of Fuller House received generally negative reviews, with most noting the series was very derivative of its source material and was oriented toward fans of the original show. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has a rating of 32%, based on 41 reviews, with an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "After the initial dose of nostalgia, Fuller House has little to offer to anyone except the original series' most diehard fans."[54] On Metacritic the series has an average score of 35 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[55]

text: Dan Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter panned the show, calling it "a mawkish, grating, broadly played chip off the Full House block." He also added that "It's doubtful that there will be a more painful 2016 TV episode than the Fuller House pilot, which takes an inexcusable 35 minutes to establish a plot that is just an inversion of the original Full House premise."[56] David Weigand of the San Francisco Chronicle reacted similarly, writing: "The episodes are predictable because they’re unoriginal and the writing is painful. The canned laughter is perhaps the greatest reminder of the 'good old days'. If only all those recorded voices had something legitimate to laugh at."[57] Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote that the show "continually goes to the well of having cute kids mug for the camera as they practically yell their lines, and just a little of its self-congratulatory, blaring obviousness goes a long way."[58]

text: Some parents have complained that the reboot is not family friendly unlike its predecessor because it includes cursing and references to sex and drugs.[59]

text: In a more positive review, Verne Gay from Newsday wrote that the show is like "Full House 2.0" and that while it has the "same premise, same vibe, mostly same cast", it is "a winner, strictly for fans."[60]

text: The second season saw more positive reviews. Jenny Varner of "IGN" gave the season a mixed 6.5/10 score. She noted that "Fuller House Season 2 brings a fuller cast, a fuller plot, and a lot more cringe-worthy pop culture jokes. Love it or hate it, the staying power of this heartwarming Netflix staple is stronger than ever."[61]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2016
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Show: Comedy
Fuller House
Won
[62]

Choice TV Actress: Comedy
Candace Cameron Bure
Won
[62]

Choice TV: Chemistry
Candace Cameron Bure, Jodie Sweetin and Andrea Barber
Nominated
[63]

2017
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Premium Comedy Series
Fuller House
Won
[64]

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show – Family Show
Fuller House
Won
[65]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Warner Home Video released the first season of the series on DVD in Region 1 on February 28, 2017.[66] The second season was released on DVD on December 12, 2017.[67]


document_title: Spider angioma

question_text: why spider naevi are in the upper half of body

text: Spider angioma

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Spider angiomas are found only in the distribution of the superior vena cava, and are thus commonly found on the face, neck, upper part of the trunk, and arms. They may also be present on the backs of the hands and fingers in young children.[citation needed]

text: Cause[edit]

text: Spider angiomas form due to failure of the sphincteric muscle surrounding a cutaneous arteriole. The central red dot is the dilated arteriole and the red "spider legs" are small veins carrying away the freely flowing blood. If momentary pressure is applied, it is possible to see the emptied veins refilling from the centre. No other angiomas show this phenomenon.[5]

text: The dilation, in turn, is caused by increased estrogen levels in the blood. Many pregnant women, or women using hormonal contraception, have spider angiomas, due to high estrogen levels in their blood. Individuals with significant hepatic disease also show many spider angiomas, as their liver cannot metabolize circulating estrogens, specifically estrone, which derives from the androgen androstenedione.[3] About 33% of patients with cirrhosis have spider angiomas.[6] As such, microhemorrhages may be observed as spider angiomas.[citation needed]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: Spider angiomas are asymptomatic and usually resolve spontaneously. This is common in the case of children, although they may take several years to disappear. If the spider angiomas are associated with pregnancy, they may resolve after childbirth. In women taking oral contraceptives, they may resolve after stopping these contraceptives. The spider angiomas associated with liver disease may resolve when liver function increases or when a liver transplant is performed.[citation needed]

text: For spider angiomas on the face, techniques such as electrodesiccation and laser treatment can be used to remove the lesion.[7] There is a small risk of a scar, although the results are generally good. Spider angiomas can recur after treatment.


document_title: Beaufort scale

question_text: description given to zero on the beaufort scale

text: Beaufort scale

text: History[edit]

text: The scale was devised in 1805 by the Irish hydrographer Francis Beaufort (later Rear Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort), a Royal Navy officer, while serving on HMS Woolwich. The scale that carries Beaufort's name had a long and complex evolution from the previous work of others (including Daniel Defoe the century before) to when Beaufort was Hydrographer of the Navy in the 1830s when it was adopted officially and first used during the voyage of HMS Beagle under Captain Robert FitzRoy, later to set up the first Meteorological Office (Met Office) in Britain giving regular weather forecasts.[1] In the early 19th century, naval officers made regular weather observations, but there was no standard scale and so they could be very subjective – one man's "stiff breeze" might be another's "soft breeze". Beaufort succeeded in standardising the scale.

text: The initial scale of thirteen classes (zero to twelve) did not reference wind speed numbers but related qualitative wind conditions to effects on the sails of a frigate, then the main ship of the Royal Navy, from "just sufficient to give steerage" to "that which no canvas sails could withstand".[2]

text: The scale was made a standard for ship's log entries on Royal Navy vessels in the late 1830s and was adapted to non-naval use from the 1850s, with scale numbers corresponding to cup anemometer rotations. In 1916, to accommodate the growth of steam power, the descriptions were changed to how the sea, not the sails, behaved and extended to land observations. Rotations to scale numbers were standardized only in 1923. George Simpson, CBE (later Sir George Simpson), director of the UK Meteorological Office, was responsible for this and for the addition of the land-based descriptors.[1] The measure was slightly altered some decades later to improve its utility for meteorologists. Today, many countries have abandoned the scale and use the metric system based units, m/s or km/h, instead,[citation needed] but the severe weather warnings given to the public are still approximately the same as when using the Beaufort scale.

text: The Beaufort scale was extended in 1946, when forces 13 to 17 were added.[3] However, forces 13 to 17 were intended to apply only to special cases, such as tropical cyclones. Nowadays, the extended scale is only used in Taiwan and mainland China, which are often affected by typhoons. Internationally, WMO Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (2012 edition) defined the Beaufort Scale only up to force 12 and there was no recommendation on the use of the extended scale.[4]

text: Wind speed on the 1946 Beaufort scale is based on the empirical relationship:[5]

text: Where v is the equivalent wind speed at 10 metres above the sea surface and B is Beaufort scale number. For example, B = 9.5 is related to 24.5 m/s which is equal to the lower limit of "10 Beaufort". Using this formula the highest winds in hurricanes would be 23 in the scale.

text: Today, hurricane-force winds are sometimes described as Beaufort scale 12 through 16, very roughly related to the respective category speeds of the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, by which actual hurricanes are measured, where Category 1 is equivalent to Beaufort 12. However, the extended Beaufort numbers above 13 do not match the Saffir–Simpson scale. Category 1 tornadoes on the Fujita and TORRO scales also begin roughly at the end of level 12 of the Beaufort scale, but are independent scales – although the TORRO scale wind values are based on the 3/2 power law relating wind velocity to Beaufort force.[6]

text: Wave heights in the scale are for conditions in the open ocean, not along the shore.

text: Modern scale[edit]

text:
Beaufort number
Description
Wind speed
Wave height
Sea conditions
Land conditions
Sea state photo
Associated warning flag

0
Calm
< 1 km/h
0 m
Sea like a mirror
Smoke rises vertically.

< 1 mph

< 1 knot
0 ft

< 0.3 m/s

1
Light air
1–5 km/h
0–0.2 m
Ripples with appearance of scales are formed, without foam crests
Direction shown by smoke drift but not by wind vanes.

1–3 mph

1–3 knots
0–1 ft

0.3–1.5 m/s

2
Light breeze
6–11 km/h
0.2–0.5 m
Small wavelets still short but more pronounced; crests have a glassy appearance but do not break
Wind felt on face; leaves rustle; wind vane moved by wind.

4–7 mph

4–6 knots
1–2 ft

1.6–3.3 m/s

3
Gentle breeze
12–19 km/h
0.5–1 m
Large wavelets; crests begin to break; foam of glassy appearance; perhaps scattered white horses
Leaves and small twigs in constant motion; light flags extended.

8–12 mph

7–10 knots
2–3.5 ft

3.4–5.5 m/s

4
Moderate breeze
20–28 km/h
1–2 m
Small waves becoming longer; fairly frequent white horses
Raises dust and loose paper; small branches moved.

13–18 mph

11–16 knots
3.5–6 ft

5.5–7.9 m/s

5
Fresh breeze
29–38 km/h
2–3 m
Moderate waves taking a more pronounced long form; many white horses are formed; chance of some spray
Small trees in leaf begin to sway; crested wavelets form on inland waters.

19–24 mph

17–21 knots
6–9 ft

8–10.7 m/s

6
Strong breeze
39–49 km/h
3–4 m
Large waves begin to form; the white foam crests are more extensive everywhere; probably some spray
Large branches in motion; whistling heard in telegraph wires; umbrellas used with difficulty.

25–31 mph

22–27 knots
9–13 ft

10.8–13.8 m/s

7
High wind,
moderate gale,
near gale
50–61 km/h
4–5.5 m
Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks along the direction of the wind; spindrift begins to be seen
Whole trees in motion; inconvenience felt when walking against the wind.

32–38 mph

28–33 knots
13–19 ft

13.9–17.1 m/s

8
Gale,
fresh gale
62–74 km/h
5.5–7.5 m
Moderately high waves of greater length; edges of crests break into spindrift; foam is blown in well-marked streaks along the direction of the wind
Twigs break off trees; generally impedes progress.

39–46 mph

34–40 knots
18–25 ft

17.2–20.7 m/s

9
Strong/severe gale
75–88 km/h
7–10 m
High waves; dense streaks of foam along the direction of the wind; sea begins to roll; spray affects visibility
Slight structural damage (chimney pots and slates removed).

47–54 mph

41–47 knots
23–32 ft

20.8–24.4 m/s

10
Storm,[7]
whole gale
89–102 km/h
9–12.5 m
Very high waves with long overhanging crests; resulting foam in great patches is blown in dense white streaks along the direction of the wind; on the whole the surface of the sea takes on a white appearance; rolling of the sea becomes heavy; visibility affected
Seldom experienced inland; trees uprooted; considerable structural damage.

55–63 mph

48–55 knots
29–41 ft

24.5–28.4 m/s

11
Violent storm
103–117 km/h
11.5–16 m
Exceptionally high waves; small- and medium-sized ships might be for a long time lost to view behind the waves; sea is covered with long white patches of foam; everywhere the edges of the wave crests are blown into foam; visibility affected
Very rarely experienced; accompanied by widespread damage.

64–72 mph

56–63 knots
37–52 ft

28.5–32.6 m/s

12
Hurricane force [7]
≥ 118 km/h
≥ 14 m
The air is filled with foam and spray; sea is completely white with driving spray; visibility very seriously affected
Devastation.

≥ 73 mph

≥ 64 knots
≥ 46 ft

≥ 32.7 m/s

References: Met Office,[8] Royal Meteorological Society,[9] Encyclopædia Britannica[10]

text: The wind speeds in different units are not mathematically equivalent; e.g. 12–19 km/h is not equivalent to 8–12 mph, and both are not equivalent to 7–10 knots. The reason is that the Beaufort scale is not an exact nor an objective scale. It was based on visual and subjective observation of a ship and of the sea. The corresponding integral wind speeds were determined later, but the values in different units were never made equivalent.

text: The scale is used in the Shipping Forecasts broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom, and in the Sea Area Forecast from Met Éireann, the Irish Meteorological Service. Met Éireann issues a "Small Craft Warning" if winds of Beaufort force 6 (mean wind speed exceeding 22 knots) are expected up to 10 nautical miles offshore. Other warnings are issued by Met Éireann for Irish coastal waters, which are regarded as extending 30 miles out from the coastline, and the Irish Sea or part thereof: "Gale Warnings" are issued if winds of Beaufort force 8 are expected; "Strong Gale Warnings" are issued if winds of Beaufort force 9 or frequent gusts of at least 52 knots are expected.; "Storm Force Warnings" are issued if Beaufort force 10 or frequent gusts of at least 61 knots are expected; "Violent Storm Force Warnings" are issued if Beaufort force 11 or frequent gusts of at least 69 knots are expected; "Hurricane Force Warnings" are issued if winds of greater than 64 knots are expected.

text: This scale is also widely used in the Netherlands, Germany,[11] Greece, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malta and Macau, although with some differences between them. Taiwan uses the Beaufort scale with the extension to 17 noted above. China also switched to this extended version without prior notice on the morning of 15 May 2006,[12] and the extended scale was immediately put to use for Typhoon Chanchu. Hong Kong and Macau retain force 12 as the maximum.

text: In the United States, winds of force 6 or 7 result in the issuance of a small craft advisory, with force 8 or 9 winds bringing about a gale warning, force 10 or 11 a storm warning ("a tropical storm warning" being issued instead of the latter two if the winds relate to a tropical cyclone), and force 12 a hurricane-force wind warning (or hurricane warning if related to a tropical cyclone). A set of red warning flags (daylight) and red warning lights (night time) is displayed at shore establishments which coincide with the various levels of warning.

text: In Canada, maritime winds forecast to be in the range of 6 to 7 are designated as "strong"; 8 to 9 "gale force"; 10 to 11 "storm force"; 12 "hurricane force". Appropriate wind warnings are issued by Environment Canada's Meteorological Service of Canada: strong wind warning, gale (force wind) warning, storm (force wind) warning and hurricane-force wind warning. These designations were standardized nationally in 2008, whereas "light wind" can refer to 0 to 12 or 0 to 15 knots and "moderate wind" 12 to 19 or 16 to 19 knots, depending on regional custom, definition or practice. Prior to 2008, a "strong wind warning" would have been referred to as a "small craft warning" by Environment Canada, similar to US terminology. (Canada and the USA have the Great Lakes in common.)

text:
Beaufort Wind Scale

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Calm
Light Air
Light Breeze
Gentle Breeze
Moderate Breeze
Fresh Breeze
Strong Breeze
Near Gale
Gale
Strong Gale
Storm
Violent Storm
Hurricane Force

Light Winds
High Winds
Gale-force
Storm-force
Hurricane-force

<1 mph
<1 knot
<0.3 m/s
1–3 mph
1–3 knots
0.3–1.5 m/s
4–7 mph
4–6 knots
1.6–3.3 m/s
8–12 mph
7–10 knots
3.4–5.5 m/s
13–18 mph
11–16 knots
5.5–7.9 m/s
18–24 mph
17–21 knots
8.0–10.7 m/s
25–31 mph
22–27 knots
10.8–13.8 m/s
31–38 mph
28–33 knots
13.9–17.1 m/s
39–46 mph
34–40 knots
17.2–20.7 m/s
47-54 mph
41–47 knots
20.8–24.4 m/s
55–63 mph
48–55 knots
24.5–28.4 m/s
64–72 mph
56–63 knots
28.5–32.6 m/s
≥73 mph
≥63 knots
≥32.7 m/s