document_title: Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries

question_text: when did the first color tv come out in the uk

text: This is a list of when the first color television broadcasts were transmitted to the general public. Non-public field tests and closed-circuit demonstrations are not included.

text: Countries and territories which never had black and white television (i.e. the first broadcasts were in color), such as Zanzibar, Brunei, Botswana, Laos, South Africa, Namibia, Macau, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Palau, Bhutan, Vanuatu, Faroe Islands, Malawi, The Gambia, Tonga, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Somalia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Tanzania and Nepal are not included in this list.

text:
Country
Year
Network or channel
Color system
Notes

 Afghanistan
1977/1983
RTA
PAL
First experimental color broadcasts in late 1977 and stalled in 1979 due to the Soviet War in Afghanistan. Returned by at least 1983 in full service.

 Albania
1981
RTSH
PAL
Color broadcasts had been available from Yugoslavia since 1971, and Italy since 1977, Frequencies have been occasionally jammed due to censorship of some programs in Albania in that time.

 Algeria
1973
RTA
PAL
RTA was transmitted in the older French 819-line standard System E, until 1973 when it started broadcasting in 625-line standard System B.[1]

 American Samoa
1969
KVZK-2
NTSC
KVZK-2 was a National Educational Television affiliate.

 Angola
1983
TPA
PAL

 Argentina
1978/1980
LS 82 Canal 7
PAL-N
Introduced for the 1978 FIFA World Cup (regular full color transmission began at midnight on Thursday 1 May 1980). In 1969, Canal 13 made experimental transmissions in NTSC, but did not receive government approval. Subsequently, the project was cancelled.

 Armenian SSR
1973/1978
Armenia 1
PAL
First transmission was the May Day Parade in Yerevan. Full-time color transmissions since Christmas Eve 1978.

 Australia
1975
ATV-0 (now ATV-10).
PAL
Full-time color transmissions since Saturday, March 1, 1975. First closed-circuit color test broadcast on Thursday, June 15, 1967 with live coverage of the Pakenham races.[2] Many television shows were produced and broadcast in color between 1972-1974, with limited color transmissions from mid-1974 on.

 Austria
1969/1975
ORF
PAL
First transmission was the Eurovision broadcast of New Year Concert from Vienna on Wednesday, January 1, 1969. Full-time color transmissions since January 15, 1975.

 Azerbaijan SSR
1983
AzTV
PAL

 Bahamas
1983
ZNS-TV
NTSC
Color transmissions had been available from Miami since 1954 (WTVJ) and West Palm Beach since the late-1950s[3]

 Bahrain
1972
Bahrain TV
PAL

 Bangladesh
1980
BTV
PAL

 Barbados
1971
CBC
NTSC

 Belize
1984
Channel 7
NTSC

 Benin
1982
OTRB
PAL

 Byelorussian SSR
1961/1979
Belteleradio
SECAM
The first Soviet Bloc country and first country in Eastern Europe to introduce color television in 1961. Full color service came around 1979.

 Belgium
1967/1971
RTB/BRT
PAL
Color broadcasts from France (SECAM), Germany and Netherlands (PAL) were available since 1967. Early receivers were very costly owing to multiple standards: PAL/SECAM/625 lines and monochrome/819 lines

 Bermuda
1968
ZBM-TV
NTSC
ZBM was an affiliate of the U.S. network CBS. Color broadcasts have been available from the United States since 1958.

 Bolivia
1977/1980
TV Boliviana
NTSC
Experimental color broadcasts began in 1977. Full-time color arrived in 1980. Color broadcasts have been available from Brazil since 1970, but were PAL.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
1971/1972/1973-1978
Televizija Sarajevo
PAL
First color transmission came from Belgrade in 1971, local service began in 1972 to 1973 1978.

 Brazil
1970/1972/1973-1978
Bandeirantes/Globo
PAL-M
First transmissions (unofficial and just for specific programs) were made between 1962 and 1963 using NTSC. Tests for the regular transmissions begins in 1970 with the Mexico's FIFA World Cup, and the first official transmission being the coverage of the 12th Caxias do Sul Grape Festival in February 1972. Full-time color transmissions since 1973 to 1978.

 Bulgaria
1970/1977
BNT
SECAM
Full color transmissions achieved by 1977.

 Burma
1984
MRTV
NTSC
The last country in Southeast Asia to introduce color television.

 Burundi
1983
RTNB
SECAM

 Kampuchea
1981/1985
National Television of Kampuchea
PAL
Full-time color transmissions started in 1985.

 Canada
1966/1974/1976-1977
(CBC, SRC), CTV
NTSC
First test transmissions on CBC in September 1966, CTV began color broadcasts a year later. Color broadcasts from the United States had been available since the mid-1950s. A mandatory transition to color for all transmitters took place between 1969 and 1976 on all English and French channels. CBC began Full-time color broadcasts in 1974. Full-time color officially achieved between 1976-1977.

 Central African Republic
1982
RTC
SECAM

 Chad
1982
Télé Tchad
SECAM

 Chile
1978
TVN, Canal 13
NTSC
First transmission in color was in the 13th Viña del Mar Festival, but only for export until the 18th edition. First nationwide color show transmitted was Esta noche fiesta of Canal 13 on Monday, April 10, 1978.[4] First news report in color was shown at Teletrece on April 12, 1978.[5] Full-time color transmissions since mid 1979.

 China
1973/1984
CCTV
PAL
Urban areas began color broadcasts in 1973. Full-time color transmissions since 1984 nationwide.

 Colombia
1979[6]
Inravisión
NTSC
Test broadcasts in SECAM were held in 1966.[7] Test for the regular transmissions began in 1971 with the coverage of that year's Pan American Games held in Cali. In 1974, the inauguration of West Germany's FIFA World Cup was aired in color in closed circuit at two colosseums in Bogota and Cali.[8] Full-time color transmissions since Saturday, December 1, 1979.[6]

 Congo (Brazzaville)
1975
TeleCongo
SECAM

 Costa Rica
1973
TICA-TV
NTSC

 Croatia
1972
Televizija Zagreb
PAL

 Cuba
1958/1975
Tele-Color, S.A.
Tele Rebelde (1975)
NTSC
Ended in 1959 as a result of the Cuban Revolution; returned in 1975.

 Cyprus
1976
CyBC
SECAM

 Czechoslovakia/ Czech Republic
1973
ČST
SECAM PAL
Regular colour broadcasts started in May 9, 1973 on second channel and in May 9, 1975 on first channel. Full color transition in late 1970's, switched to PAL broadcasting in 1993. ČST started color experiments in late 60's in PAL. After Russian invasion in 1968 SECAM was chosen for broadcasting, but not for production. TV studios worked in PAL and than it was transcoded for SECAM broadcasting till 1993.

 Denmark
1968/1970[9]
Danmarks Radio
PAL
First introduced for the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France.[9] The national broadcaster's programming transitioned to color throughout 1969 and "color tests" were officially ended on Wednesday, April 1, 1970.[9] Color broadcasts had been available from Germany since 1967.

 Djibouti
1974
RTD
SECAM

 Dominican Republic
1969
Color Visión
NTSC

 Ecuador
1974
Ecuavisa
Teleamazonas
NTSC

 Egypt
1973
ETV
PAL

 Equatorial Guinea
1976
RNGE
SECAM

 El Salvador
1973
YSU-TV
NTSC

 Estonian SSR
1967/1972
ETV
SECAM/
PAL
First color broadcasts came from Moscow; first local color program was transmitted on Saturday, December 30, 1972. Transitioned from SECAM to PAL 1992-1999.

 Ethiopia
1979
ETV
PAL

 Finland
1970
YLE/MTV
PAL

 France
1967/1976/1983
ORTF
SECAM
Introduced on La Deuxième Chaîne at 2:15pm (14:15) on Sunday, October 1, 1967. The first channel TF1 remained B&W for years due to being transmitted in the older 819-line standard: its transition to color 625-line began on Thursday, January 1, 1976 and the full nationwide color coverage was only achieved in 1983.[10]

 French Polynesia
1971
RFO (1erè Radio Tahiti)
SECAM

 French Guiana
1974
RFO (Guyane RFO TV)
SECAM

 Gabon
1973
RTG
SECAM

 Georgian SSR
1975-1976/1984
Georgian Public Broadcaster
SECAM
The last country with black and white transmission to introduce color television. Early color broadcasts came from Moscow since at least 1975 and 1976 during certain events.

 East Germany
1969
DFF
SECAM
Introduced on Friday, October 3, 1969 on the new second television channel launched for that purpose with a symbolic launch button pressed by Walter Ulbricht on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the GDR on Tuesday, October 7. The television tower in East Berlin was also opened that day.

 West Germany
1967
ARD/ZDF
PAL
Introduced on both channels simultaneously at 9:30am on Friday, August 25, 1967 with a symbolic launch button pressed by Willy Brandt on the International Radio and Television Fair in West Berlin.

 Ghana
1980
GTV
PAL

 Gibraltar
1969
GBC
PAL

 Greece
1976/1977-1979
ERT
SECAM
Test color broadcasts began in 1976. Full color broadcasts started on 1977 to 1979. ERT switched to PAL in 1992.

 Greenland
1984/1987/1990
KNR
PAL
Color broadcasts from Canada had been available since 1972, but were NTSC and Iceland since 1976. Private transmitters were built to receive TV signals from those countries long before Greenland had their native TV service which came into broadcast in 1982. Full-time color service came in 1984, remote areas continued to broadcast in black and white until c.1987-1990.

 Guadeloupe
1972
RFO (Guadeloupe 1erè)
SECAM

 Guinea
1971
RTG
PAL
Color broadcasts from the Ivory Coast had been available since 1970, but were SECAM.

 Guinea-Bissau
1981
RTGB
PAL

 Guatemala
1970
RTG
NTSC
First Central American country to introduce color television; color broadcasts available from Mexico since 1967.

 Guam
1970
KUAM-TV
NTSC
KUAM was a primary NBC affiliate that also carried some programming from ABC and CBS.

 Haiti
1971
Télé Haïti[11]
NTSC

 Honduras
1973
Canal 3 Honduras
NTSC

 Hong Kong
1969/1975
TVB
PAL
Introduced for the Festival of Hong Kong in December 1969. Color broadcasts have been available from PR China since 1973. Full-time color broadcasts since 1975.

 Hungary
1971/1975
Magyar Televízió
SECAM
Full color broadcasts introduced in 1975.

 Iceland
1974-1976
RÚV (Sjónvarpið)
PAL
Full-time color broadcasts since 1974 to 1976.

 India
1978/1979-1981/1982
Doordarshan
PAL
Experimental color broadcasts began in 1978. Color broadcasts from Pakistan had been available since 1977. Full color broadcasts were introduced in 1979 and 1981 to 1982.

 Indonesia
1982
TVRI
PAL
Full-time color broadcasts began on Tuesday 24 August 1982.

 Iran
1973
NIRT
SECAM

 Iraq
1968
RTI
SECAM
First Muslim country to introduce color television.

 Ireland
1971
RTÉ
PAL
Introduced for the Eurovision Song Contest 1971 in Dublin on Saturday, April 3, 1971; color broadcasts from United Kingdom available since 1967–69.
Full-time color broadcasts began in 1976.

 Israel
1977/1978/1979-1983
IBA/IETV
PAL
Introduced for the coverage of the Egyptian president's visit to Israel in November 1977, then reintroduced for the Eurovision Song Contest 1979 in Jerusalem on Saturday, March 31, 1979. Gradual transition to full-time color transmissions from 1980 to 1983. Full-time color transmissions since February 1983. Color broadcasts from Jordan and Egypt had been available since 1974 and Lebanon since 1975. Since color TVs were considered more expensive, the government ordered removing the color signals, in the name of public equality. Engineers have managed to produce a device that extrapolates the colors from programs that were originally shot in color, and such devices were sold to the thousands.

 Italy
1972/1977
RAI
PAL
Introduction temporarily stalled by political turmoil. Color broadcasts from France (SECAM) had been available since 1967, and from Austria (PAL) since 1969. Privately operated transmitter chains made these signals available as far as Rome. First color test was in 1972 Summer Olympic Games. The Sanremo Music Festival began to be broadcast in color in 1973, as well as, in the same year, the Jeux Sans Frontières. Full-time color transmissions started on Tuesday, February 1, 1977.

 Ivory Coast
1970
RTI
SECAM

 Jamaica
1975
JBC
NTSC

 Japan
1960/1968/1971
NHK/NTV
TBS
YTV
ABC
NTSC-J
The first Asian country to introduce color television, on Saturday, September 10, 1960. Full-time color since 1968 to 1971.[12]

 Jordan
1974
JTV
PAL

 Kazakh SSR
1977
Kazakhstan
PAL
Full color transmissions introduced in the 1980s.

 Kenya
1978
KBC
PAL

 North Korea
1977-1980
KCTV
PAL
Full color broadcasts were introduced by 1977 to 1980.

 South Korea
1975/1981
KBS/MBC
NTSC
Test color broadcasts began in 1975. Full-time color broadcasts since 1981. Color broadcasts have been available from North Korea since 1974.

 Kuwait
1974
KTV
PAL

 Kirghiz SSR
1981
Kyrgyz Television
SECAM
Experimental color broadcast for the 1980 Summer Olympics.

 Latvian SSR
1968/1974
LTV
SECAM/
PAL
First color broadcasts came from Moscow. First local color program was transmitted on Monday, January 28, 1974. Switched from SECAM to PAL on February 2, 1998.

 Lebanon
1967/1975
CLT/Télé Liban
SECAM
In 1967, CLT became the third television station in the world after the Soviet Union and France to broadcast in color, utilizing the French SECAM technology. [13]

 Liberia
1975
LBS
PAL

 Libya
1976
Al-Libyah TV
PAL

 Lithuanian SSR
1968
LRT
SECAM/
PAL
Used SECAM as part of the USSR 1968-1990, and 1990-1997. PAL has been in use since 1997.

 Luxembourg
1972
Compangnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion
PAL
SECAM
The then only channel for audiences in Luxembourg, France and Belgium originally used the French/Belgian 819-line B&W standard. After Belgium and France opted for different color systems, Luxembourg broadcast two versions of the same channel. All later RTL channels aimed at French-, German- and Dutch-speaking audiences in Europe adopted the standards of their target markets.

 Macedonia
1974
Televizija Skopje
PAL

 Madagascar
1977
MBS
SECAM

 Malaysia
1978/1979-1981/1982
RTM
PAL
Introduced in Peninsular Malaysia on Thursday 28 December 1978 and in Sabah and Sarawak on Sunday 31 August 1980. Color had been available from Southern Thailand since 1972 and Singapore since 1974. Full-time color broadcasts began on 1979 to 1981 to Friday 1 January 1982.

 Maldives
1984
TVM
PAL
Color had been available from India since 1982.

 Mali
1984
ORTM
SECAM

 Malta
1981
TVM
PAL
Color broadcasts from Italy had been available since 1977, full color service began in 1981

 Martinique
1969
RFO (Martinique 1erè)
SECAM

 Mauritania
1984
TV de Mauritanie
PAL

 Mauritius
1978
MBC
SECAM
Color television arrived on a full-time schedule in 1978.

 Mexico
1963/1964/1965-1968
Canal 5 Telesistema Mexicano (now Televisa)
NTSC
Launched Friday, February 8, 1963 with the program Paraiso Infantil. Color had been available previously in a few border cities from the United States, on a limited basis. Full-time color transmissions started with the 1968 Summer Olympic Games. Curiously, Mexico had its own system of color television, invented by Guillermo González, prior to NTSC adoption, which would be used in the 1964 Olympic Games.

 Moldavian SSR
1978
TeleRadio-Moldova
SECAM/
PAL

 Monaco
1973
TMC
PAL /
SECAM
Color broadcasts from France had been available since 1967.

 Mongolia
1975
MNB
SECAM

 Montenegro
1974
JRT/Televizija Titograd (now TV CG 1)
PAL

 Morocco
1973
RTM
SECAM
First test transmission was in 1972.

 Mozambique
1984
TVM
PAL

 Netherlands
1967
NPO
PAL
Introduced on both national channels on Thursday, September 21, 1967.

 Netherlands Antilles
1973
TeleCuraçao
NTSC

 New Caledonia
1972-1973-1978
RFO (France Ô - New Caledonia)
SECAM
New Caledonia first broadcast in color for the 1972 Munich Olympic Games and a Chinese program in 1973, full color broadcasts became official in 1978.[citation needed]

 New Zealand
1973/1975
NZBC
PAL
Introduced in November 1973, as part of preparations for the 1974 British Commonwealth Games, held in Christchurch in February 1974.[14] Full-time color was achieved by December 1975.[15] Color broadcasts have been available from Australia in parts of New Zealand since the early 1970s.

 Nicaragua
1973
Televicentro Canal 2
NTSC

 Niger
1979
Télé Sahel
SECAM
Color broadcasts had been available from Nigeria from 1974, but were PAL.

 Nigeria
1974
WNTV (now called the NTA)
PAL

 Norway
1972/1975
NRK
PAL
Experimental color broadcasts introduced for the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France. Regular test transmissions from Saturday, January 1, 1972. Full-time color broadcasts since Wednesday, January 1, 1975. Color broadcasts had been available from Sweden since 1970, in parts of Norway and Finland since 1969.

 Oman
1984
Oman TV
PAL

 Pakistan
1977-1982
PTV
PAL
Full-time color transmissions arrived in 1977 to 1982.

 Panama
1972
NTP
NTSC

 Paraguay
1979
TV Cerro Corá
PAL-N

 Peru
1978
TV Perú
América Televisión
Panamericana Televisión
NTSC
First color test transmission was done in 1967 by Panamericana Televisión for a soap opera but for economic and political reasons the project was canceled. Channel 7 made test broadcasts with their own content since 1977 that became official on January 17, 1978 when color standard adopted and official broadcasts were authorised. The first color broadcast was the coverage of the 1978 election. América Televisión and Panamericana Televisión began their regular color broadcasting with the broadcast of the 1978 Argentina's FIFA World Cup. Transition completed on October 1, 1980.

 Philippines
1963/1966/1971
ABS-CBN
NTSC
First Southeast Asian Country color test transmission was in 1963. Commercial launch in June 1966 using RCA color; and full-time color transmissions began in 1971 when color sets became more widespread in the Manila area and suburbs.

 Poland
1971
TVP
SECAM
First time color program was broadcast on March 16, 1971 & regular broadcasting began on December 6, 1971 for 6th PUWP congress. The 1972 Munich Olympic Games Use Color in SECAM. Transitioned to PAL on January 1, 1994 for all TVP channels except for TVP1 which transitioned on January 1, 1995.

 Portugal
1976/1980
RTP
PAL
First experimental broadcasts for the coverage of the 1976 election and The 1976 Montreal Olympic Games. Introduced for the Portuguese version of Jeux Sans Frontières on Wednesday, September 5, 1979; color broadcasts from Spain available since 1972. Full-color transmissions started on 1977 to Monday, March 10, 1980.

 Puerto Rico
1966
WAPA
NTSC

 Qatar
1974
QBS
PAL
Color broadcasts from Bahrain had been available since 1973.

 Réunion
1972
RFO (1erè Rèunion)
SECAM
The 1972 Munich Olympic Games Use SECAM System

 Romania
1985-1990
TVR
PAL
Despite being in the Eastern Bloc, Romania used PAL for the first testing of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games and chose not to adopt SECAM, unlike the other Warsaw Pact countries. Full-time color broadcasts since 1984 and 1985 to 1990. Romania became the last country in Europe to introduce color television.

 Rwanda
1982
ORINFOR
SECAM

 Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
1982
ZIZ-TV
NTSC
Full-time color transmissions introduced in 1982. Color broadcasts have been available from Guadeloupe since 1972, but were SECAM and the Netherlands Antilles since 1973.

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1971
RFO (1eré SPM TV; Previously known as ORTF)
SECAM
Color transmissions had been available from Newfoundland and Labrador since 1967, but were NTSC. There are transmitters in SPM that can carry a signal from Newfoundland and Labrador which converts it to SECAM from NTSC and in some cases, In Fortune, Newfoundland, 1eré is converted to NTSC by a transmitter that is placed there.

 Saudi Arabia
1973
SAGTS
SECAM

 Senegal
1975
RTS
SECAM

 Sierra Leone
1978[16]
SLBS
PAL

 Singapore
1974-1975
Radio Television Singapore (RTS)
PAL
First Testing The 1974 Tehran Asian Games, Full-time color broadcasts began on 1 November 1975 and 1976 to 1977.

 Slovakia
1970/1973
ČST
SECAM PAL
First color transmission in 1970 during World Ski Championship which was broadcast in PAL. Adopted SECAM in 1973 with full color transition in late 1970s. Switched to PAL in 1993.

 Slovenia
1976/1976
Televizija Ljubljana
PAL
First Testing The 1976 Montreal Olympic Games, Full Tine Color Transition in 1977

 Spain
1972/1978
RTVE
PAL
Color broadcasts had been available from France since 1967, but were SECAM and Gibraltar since 1969. First color test was in 1972. Full-time color broadcasts since 1973 to 1977, although monochrome commercials continued to be made until 1978. The Eurovision Song Contest 1969 in Madrid was a color production, but it was televised in black-and-white to the local audience.

 Sudan
1976
Sudan TV
PAL

 Suriname
1977
STVS
NTSC

 Sweden
1970
Sveriges Radio TV
PAL
Test transmissions started on Wednesday, December 14, 1966. Regular color service and color license fee introduced Wednesday, April 1, 1970.

  Switzerland
1968
SBC
PAL
Switzerland uses PAL to broadcast the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games, color transmissions had been available from France and Germany since 1967.

 Syria
1980
STV
PAL

 Taiwan
1975
CTV
NTSC
Full-time color transmissions since 1975.

 Tajik SSR
1982
TVT
SECAM
Experimental color broadcast for the 1980 Summer Olympics.

 Thailand
1975
Channel 7
PAL
Although television in Thailand originally employed a 525-line screen (System M, US standard at the time), the country opted for PAL color, which necessitated a conversion to system B (625 lines), starting with Channel 7 in November 1967. Regional stations converted between 1972 and 1975.

 Togo
1979
TVT
SECAM

 Trinidad and Tobago
1969
TTT
NTSC

 Tunisia
1976
RTT
PAL

 Turkey
1984[17]
TRT
PAL
Test transmissions started with the New Year's Eve celebrations on Thursday, December 31, 1981 and 1 January 1982; full color television did not start until Sunday, July 1, 1984. Color broadcasts from Greece had been available since 1976 and Bulgaria since at least 1971.

 Turkmen SSR
1970
Turkmen Television
SECAM
First Central Asian country to introduce color television. Introduced on Saturday, October 31, 1970 in preparation for the start of Ramadan.

 Uganda
1975
UTV
PAL

 Ukrainian SSR
1967/1975
UT-1
SECAM/
PAL
First transmission came from Moscow in 1967, Ukraine uses SECAM in for the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games. Local color broadcasts began in 1968 and 1969 to 1975.

 United Arab Emirates
1974
UAE-TV
PAL

 United Kingdom
1967/1969/1976
BBC 2
PAL
Introduced on BBC 2 for Wimbledon coverage on Saturday, July 1, 1967. The launch of the BBC 2 "full" color service took place on December 2, 1967. Some British TV programs, however, had been produced in color even before the introduction of color television in 1967, for the purpose of sales to American, Canadian, and Filipino networks. Full-time color broadcasts since 1969.[18] Full nationwide color broadcasting achieved in 1976.

 United States
1950
CBS
CBS
Field sequential color system; experimental; ended 1951.[19] The first country with black and white transmission to introduce color television.

 United States
1953
NBC
CBS
NTSC
Dot sequential system.[20] The US began a gradual transition to color in late 1953. The first color TV sets were very expensive and the audience for color was accordingly very small, so only specials and a handful of regularly scheduled shows aired in color during the 1950s. Market penetration slowly increased as more affordable sets and more color programming became available. A tipping point came in 1965, when the commercial networks first aired the majority of their prime-time shows in color. By the end of 1966, prime-time was all-color, but an ever-dwindling number of daytime, local and educational programs continued in black-and-white for a few more years.

 United States - Alaska
1966
KENI-TV (now KTUU)
NTSC
First program in color, on Monday, September 19, 1966, was the premiere episode of That Girl, an ABC show. KENI was a primary affiliate of both NBC and ABC. Transitioned to full color service by 1972. Color broadcasts have been available from the USSR since 1967 but were SECAM.

 United States - Hawaii
1965
KONA-TV, now KHON-TV; KHVH-TV, now KITV; KGMB
NTSC
KHVH was an ABC affiliate, KGMB was CBS, and KONA was NBC. Transitioned to full color service around 1969.

 USSR
 Russia
1967/1975
Soviet Central Television (Now Channel One (Russia))
SECAM
Introduced specifically for the 50th Golden Jubilee Anniversary of the October Revolution. Full-time colorcasts began with the Revolution's 58th anniversary, in 1975. Some parts of the USSR received color from Alaska since 1966 in some circumstances when signals were not jammed in some parts and was received by contraband receivers to pick up signals.

 Upper Volta
1976
Volta Vision
SECAM
This country is now known as Burkina Faso.

 Uruguay
1981
CXB-10
PAL-N
Introduced for the 1980 Mundialito but locally broadcast in B&W. Local color broadcasting started in 1981.

 Uzbek SSR
1984
MTRK
SECAM
Experimental color broadcast for the 1980 Summer Olympics. The last Central Asian country to introduce color television.

 Venezuela
1974-1980
RCTV
Venevision
NTSC
Color tests were made during the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, West Germany. Color television arrived on a full-time schedule on Monday 1 January 1973 and 1974 to Saturday 1 December 1979 by TVN5. Transition completed on Sunday 1 June 1980. Color broadcasts have been available from Trinidad and Tobago since 1969.

 Vietnam
1977
VTV
PAL
The first color television program aired on Tết.[21] Color televisions were available only in big cities until the late 1980s.

 U.S. Virgin Islands
1968
WBNB-TV
NTSC
WBNB was a CBS affiliate whose first color broadcasts took place during the 1968 Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City, Mexico. This station was destroyed by Hurricane Hugo in 1989.

 North Yemen
1979
NYRTC
PAL

 South Yemen
1981
SYRTC
PAL
Color broadcasts had been available from North Yemen since 1979.

 Yugoslavia
 Serbia
1971
JRT/Televizija Beograd (now RTS1)
PAL
Introduced on the launch of the second TVB channel (TVB 2), as it was the first Yugoslav channel to start in color. From the late 1970s, TVB 1 switches to color, thus making all channels broadcast in color. (both TVB 1 and TVB 2, as they were only the channels available in that time) Full time color broadcasts in SR Serbia began on May 25, 1979.

 Zaire
1980
OZRT
SECAM

 Zambia
1977
ZNBC
PAL

 Zimbabwe
1984[22]
ZBC
PAL
The last country in Africa to introduce color television. Color broadcasts have been available from Zambia since 1977 and South Africa since 1976.


document_title: Book of Leviticus

question_text: what is the meaning of the book of leviticus

root

text: Book of Leviticus

text: Name[edit]

text: The English name Leviticus comes from the Latin Leviticus, which is in turn from the Greek Greek Λευιτικόν, Leuitikon, referring the priestly tribe of the Israelites, “Levi.” The Greek expression is in turn a variant of the rabbinic Hebrew torat kohanim,[2] "law of priests."

tag: p

text: In Hebrew the book is called Vayikra (Hebrew: וַיִּקְרָא), from the first word of the book, Vayikra, "He [God] called."[2]

text: Authorship[edit]

text: The traditional view is that Leviticus was compiled by Moses, or that the material in it goes back to his time, but internal clues suggest that the book developed much later in Israel's history and was completed either near the end of the Kingdom of Judah in the late seventh century BC or in the exilic and post-exilic period of the sixth and fifth centuries BC. Scholars debate whether it was written primarily for Jewish worship in exile that centered on reading or preaching,[3][4] or was aimed instead at worshipers at temples in Jerusalem and Samaria,[5] but they are practically unanimous that the book had a long period of growth, and that although it includes some material of considerable antiquity, it reached its present form in the Persian period (538–332 BC).[6]

text: Structure[edit]

text: (The outlines provided by commentaries are similar, though not identical; compare those of Wenham, Hartley, Milgrom, and Watts)[7][8][9][10]

text: I. Laws on sacrifice (1:1–7:38)

text: II. Institution of the priesthood (8:1–10:20)

text: III. Uncleanliness and its treatment (11:1–15:33)

text: IV. Day of Atonement: purification of the tabernacle from the effects of uncleanliness and sin (ch. 16)

text: V. Prescriptions for practical holiness (the Holiness Code, chs. 17–26)

text: VI. Redemption of votive gifts (ch. 27)

text: Summary[edit]

text: Chapters 1–5 describe the various sacrifices from the sacrificers' point of view, although the priests are essential for handling the blood. Chapters 6–7 go over much the same ground, but from the point of view of the priest, who, as the one actually carrying out the sacrifice and dividing the "portions", needs to know how this is to be done. Sacrifices are to be divided between God, the priest, and the offerers, although in some cases the entire sacrifice is a single portion consigned to God—i.e., burnt to ashes.[11]

text: Chapters 8–10 describe the consecration by Moses of Aaron and his sons as the first priests, the first sacrifices, and God's destruction of two of Aaron's sons for ritual offenses. The purpose is to underline the character of altar priesthood (i.e., those priests empowered to offer sacrifices to God) as an Aaronite privilege, and the responsibilities and dangers of their position.[12]

text: With sacrifice and priesthood established, chapters 11–15 instruct the lay people on purity (or cleanliness). Eating certain animals produces uncleanliness, as does giving birth; certain skin diseases (but not all) are unclean, as are certain conditions affecting walls and clothing (mildew and similar conditions); and genital discharges, including female menses and male gonorrhea, are unclean. The reasoning behind the food rules are obscure; for the rest the guiding principle seems to be that all these conditions involve a loss of "life force", usually but not always blood.[13]

text: Leviticus 16 concerns the Day of Atonement. This is the only day on which the High Priest is to enter the holiest part of the sanctuary, the holy of holies. He is to sacrifice a bull for the sins of the priests, and a goat for the sins of the laypeople. A second goat is to be sent into the desert to "Azazel", bearing the sins of the whole people. Azazel may be a wilderness-demon, but its identity is mysterious.[14]

text: Chapters 17–26 are the Holiness code. It begins with a prohibition on all slaughter of animals outside the Temple, even for food, and then prohibits a long list of sexual contacts and also child sacrifice. The "holiness" injunctions which give the code its name begin with the next section: penalties are imposed for the worship of Molech, consulting mediums and wizards, cursing one's parents and engaging in unlawful sex. Priests are instructed on mourning rituals and acceptable bodily defects. Blasphemy is to be punished with death, and rules for the eating of sacrifices are set out; the calendar is explained, and rules for sabbatical and Jubilee years set out; and rules are made for oil lamps and bread in the sanctuary; and rules are made for slavery.[15] The code ends by telling the Israelites they must choose between the law and prosperity on the one hand, or, on the other, horrible punishments, the worst of which will be expulsion from the land.[16]

text: Chapter 27 is a disparate and probably late addition telling about persons and things dedicated to the Lord and how vows can be redeemed instead of fulfilled.[17]

text: Composition[edit]

text: The majority of scholars have concluded that the Pentateuch received its final form during the Persian period (538–332 BC).[18] Nevertheless, Leviticus had a long period of growth before reaching that form.[6]

text: The entire book of Leviticus is composed of Priestly literature.[19] Most scholars see chapters 1–16 (the Priestly code) and chapters 17–26 (the Holiness code) as the work of two related schools, but while the Holiness material employs the same technical terms as the Priestly code, it broadens their meaning from pure ritual to the theological and moral, turning the ritual of the Priestly code into a model for the relationship of Israel to God: as the tabernacle is made holy by the presence of the Lord and kept apart from uncleanliness, so He will dwell among Israel when Israel is purified (made holy) and separated from other peoples.[20] The ritual instructions in the Priestly code apparently grew from priests giving instruction and answering questions about ritual matters; the Holiness code (or H) used to be regarded as a separate document later incorporated into Leviticus, but it seems better to think of the Holiness authors as editors who worked with the Priestly code and actually produced Leviticus as we now have it.[21]

text: The En-Gedi Scroll, a burnt text that was excavated from an ancient Synagogue in Ein Gedi in 1970, and has been carbon dated to the 3rd century AD, was recently discovered to contain verses from the second chapter of Leviticus, making it the oldest piece of the Torah ever discovered after the Dead Sea Scrolls. The text was unreadable until analyzed with a micro CT scanner that was then used to recreate a 3D image of the scroll. It is the first Torah scroll to be found in an ancient Synagogue.[22]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Sacrifice and ritual[edit]

text: Many scholars argue that the rituals of Leviticus have a theological meaning concerning Israel's relationship with its God. Jacob Milgrom was especially influential in spreading this view. He maintained that the priestly regulations in Leviticus expressed a rational system of theological thought. The writers expected them to be put into practice in Israel’s temple, so the rituals would express this theology as well, as well as ethical concern for the poor.[23] Milgrom also argued that the book’s purity regulations (chaps. 11–15) are based in ethical thinking.[24] Many other interpreters have followed Milgrom in exploring the theological and ethical implications of Leviticus’s regulations (e.g. Marx, Balentine), though some have questioned how systematic they really are.[25] Ritual, therefore, is not a series of actions undertaken for their own sake, but a means of maintaining the relationship between God, the world, and humankind.[26]

text: Kehuna (Jewish Priesthood)[edit]

text: The main function of the priests is service at the altar, and only the sons of Aaron are priests in the full sense.[27] (Ezekiel also distinguishes between altar-priests and lower Levites, but in Ezekiel the altar-priests are called sons of Zadok instead of sons of Aaron; many scholars see this as a remnant of struggles between different priestly factions in First Temple times, resolved by the Second Temple into a hierarchy of Aaronite altar-priests and lower-level Levites, including singers, gatekeepers and the like).[28]

text: In chapter 10, God kills Nadab and Abihu, the oldest sons of Aaron, for offering "strange incense". Fortunately, Aaron has two sons left. Commentators have read various messages in the incident: a reflection of struggles between priestly factions in the post–Exilic period (Gerstenberger); or a warning against offering incense outside the Temple, where there might be the risk of invoking strange gods (Milgrom). In any case, the sanctuary has been polluted by the bodies of the two dead priests, leading into the next theme, holiness.[29]

text: Uncleanliness and purity[edit]

text: Ritual purity is essential for an Israelite to be able to approach Yahweh and remain part of the community.[12] Uncleanliness threatens holiness;[30] Chapters 11–15 review the various causes of uncleanliness and describe the rituals which will restore cleanliness;[31] cleanliness is to be maintained through observation of the rules on sexual behaviour, family relations, land ownership, worship, sacrifice, and observance of holy days.[32]

text: Yahweh dwells with Israel in the holy of holies. All of the priestly ritual is focused on Yahweh and the construction and maintenance of a holy space, but sin generates impurity, as do everyday events such as childbirth and menstruation; impurity pollutes the holy dwelling place. Failure to ritually purify the sacred space could result in God leaving, which would be disastrous.[33]

text: Atonement[edit]

text: Through sacrifice the priest "makes atonement" for sin and the offerer is forgiven (but only if God accepts the sacrifice—forgiveness comes only from God).[34] Atonement rituals involve blood, poured or sprinkled, as the symbol of the life of the victim: the blood has the power to wipe out or absorb the sin.[35] The role of atonement is reflected structurally in two-part division of the book: chapters 1–16 call for the establishment of the institution for atonement, and chapters 17–27 call for the life of the atoned community in holiness.[36]

text: Holiness[edit]

text: The consistent theme of chapters 17–26 is the repeated phrase, "Be holy, for I the Lord your God am holy."[32] Holiness in ancient Israel had a different meaning than in contemporary usage: it might have been regarded as the "god-ness" of God, an invisible but physical and potentially dangerous force.[37] Specific objects, or even days, can be holy, but they derive holiness from being connected with God—the seventh day, the tabernacle, and the priests all derive their holiness from God.[38] As a result, Israel had to maintain its own holiness in order to live safely alongside God.[39]

text: The need for holiness is directed to the possession of the Promised Land (Canaan), where the Jews will become a holy people: "You shall not do as they do in the land of Egypt where you dwelt, and you shall not do as they do in the land of Canaan to which I am bringing you...You shall do my ordinances and keep my statutes...I am the Lord, your God" (ch. 18:3).[40]

text: Subsequent tradition[edit]

text: Leviticus, as part of the Torah, became the law book of Jerusalem's Second Temple as well as of the Samaritan temple. Evidence of its influence was found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, which included fragments of seventeen manuscripts of Leviticus dating from the third to the first centuries BC.[41] Many other Qumran scrolls cite the book, especially the Temple Scroll and 4QMMT.

text: Leviticus's instructions for animal offerings have not been observed by Jews or Christians since the first century AD. Because of the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in 70 AD, Jewish worship has focused on prayer and the study of Torah. Nevertheless, Leviticus constitutes a major source of Jewish law and is traditionally the first book taught to children in the Rabbinic system of education. There are two main Midrashim on Leviticus—the halakhic one (Sifra) and a more aggadic one (Vayikra Rabbah).

text: The New Testament, particularly the Epistle to the Hebrews, uses ideas and images from Leviticus to describe Christ as the high priest who offers his own blood as a sin offering.[35] Therefore, Christians do not make animal offerings either, as Gordon Wenham summarized: "With the death of Christ the only sufficient "burnt offering" was offered once and for all, and therefore the animal sacrifices which foreshadowed Christ's sacrifice were made obsolete."[42]

text: Christians generally have the view that the New Covenant supersedes (i.e., replaces) the Old Testament's ritual laws, which includes many of the rules in Leviticus. Christians therefore have usually not observed Leviticus' rules regarding diet, purity, and agriculture. Christian teachings have differed, however, as to where to draw the line between ritual and moral regulations.[43]

text: Contents according to Judaism's weekly Torah portions[edit]

text:
Vayikra, on Leviticus 1–5: Laws of the sacrifices
Tzav, on Leviticus 6–8: Sacrifices, ordination of the priests
Shemini, on Leviticus 9–11: Tabernacle consecrated, alien fire, dietary laws
Tazria, on Leviticus 12–13: Childbirth, skin disease, clothing
Metzora, on Leviticus 14–15: Skin disease, infected houses, genital discharges
Acharei Mot, on Leviticus 16–18: Yom Kippur, centralized offerings, sexual practices
Kedoshim, on Leviticus 19–20: Holiness, penalties for transgressions
Emor, on Leviticus 21–24: Rules for priests, holy days, lights and bread, a blasphemer
Behar, on Leviticus 25–25: Sabbatical year, debt servitude limited
Bechukotai, on Leviticus 26–27: Blessings and curses, payment of vows

tag: ul


document_title: Belmont Stakes Top three finishers

question_text: who came in second in the belmont stakes

text: Belmont Stakes Top three finishers

text: This is a listing of the horses that finished in either first, second, or third place and the number of starters in the Belmont Stakes, the third leg of the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing run at 1 1/2 miles on dirt for three-year-olds at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York.

text:
Year
Winner
Second
Third
Starters

2018 BS

Justify†

Gronkowski

Hofburg

10

2017 BS

Tapwrit

Irish War Cry

Patch

11

2016 BS

Creator

Destin

Lani

13

2015 BS

American Pharoah†

Frosted

Keen Ice

8

2014 BS

Tonalist

Commissioner

Medal Count

11

2013 BS

Palace Malice

Oxbow

Orb

14

2012 BS

Union Rags

Paynter

Atigun

11

2011 BS

Ruler on Ice

Stay Thirsty

Brilliant Speed

12

2010 BS

Drosselmeyer

Fly Down

First Dude

12

2009 BS

Summer Bird

Dunkirk

Mine That Bird

13

2008 BS

Da'Tara

Denis of Cork

Anak Nakal

9

2007 BS

Rags To Riches ‡

Curlin

Tiago

7

2006 BS

Jazil

Bluegrass Cat

Sunriver

12

2005 BS[1]

Afleet Alex

Andromeda's Hero

Nolan's Cat

11

2004 BS[1]

Birdstone

Smarty Jones

Royal Assault

9

2003 BS[1]

Empire Maker

Ten Most Wanted

Funny Cide

6

2002 BS[1]

Sarava

Medaglia d'Oro

Sunday Break

11

2001 BS[1]

Point Given

A P Valentine

Monarchos

9

2000 BS[1]

Commendable

Aptitude

Unshaded

11

1999 BS[1]

Lemon Drop Kid

Vision and Verse

Charismatic

12

1998[1]

Victory Gallop

Real Quiet

Thomas Jo

11

1997[1]

Touch Gold

Silver Charm

Free House

7

1996[1]

Editor's Note

Skip Away

My Flag ‡

14

1995[1]

Thunder Gulch

Star Standard

Citadeed

11

1994[1]

Tabasco Cat

Go for Gin

Strodes Creek

6

1993[1]

Colonial Affair

Kissin Kris

Wild Gale

13

1992[1]

A. P. Indy

My Memoirs

Pine Bluff

11

1991[1]

Hansel

Strike the Gold

Mane Minister

11

1990[1]

Go And Go

Thirty Six Red

Baron de Vaux

9

1989[1]

Easy Goer

Sunday Silence

Le Voyageur

10

1988[1]

Risen Star

Kingpost

Brian's Time

6

1987[1]

Bet Twice

Cryptoclearance

Gulch

9

1986[1]

Danzig Connection

Johns Treasure

Ferdinand

10

1985[1]

Creme Fraiche

Stephan's Odyssey

Chief's Crown

11

1984[1]

Swale

Pine Circle

Morning Bob

11

1983[1]

Caveat

Slew o' Gold

Barberstown

15

1982[1]

Conquistador Cielo

Gato Del Sol

Illuminate

11

1981[1]

Summing

Highland Blade

Pleasant Colony

11

1980[1]

Temperence Hill

Genuine Risk ‡

Rockhill Native

10

1979[1]

Coastal

Golden Act

Spectacular Bid

8

1978[1]

Affirmed †

Alydar

Darby Creek Road

5

1977[1]

Seattle Slew †

Run Dusty Run

Sanhedrin

8

1976[1]

Bold Forbes

McKenzie Bridge

Great Contractor

10

1975[1]

Avatar

Foolish Pleasure

Master Derby

9

1974[1]

Little Current

Jolly Johu

Cannonade

9

1973 BS[1]

Secretariat †

Twice a Prince

My Gallant

5

1972[1]

Riva Ridge

Ruritania

Cloudy Dawn

10

1971[1]

Pass Catcher

Jim French

Bold Reason

13

1970[1]

High Echelon

Needles n Pines

Naskra

10

1969[1]

Arts and Letters

Majestic Prince

Dike

6

1968[1]

Stage Door Johnny

Forward Pass

Call Me Prince

9

1967[1]

Damascus

Cool Reception

Gentleman James

9

1966[1]

Amberoid

Buffle

Advocator

11

1965[1]

Hail To All

Tom Rolfe

First Family

8

1964[1]

Quadrangle

Roman Brother

Northern Dancer

8

1963[1]

Chateaugay

Candy Spots

Choker

7

1962[1]

Jaipur

Admiral's Voyage

Crimson Satan

8

1961[1]

Sherluck

Globemaster

Guadalcanal

9

1960[1]

Celtic Ash

Venetian Way

Disperse

7

1959[1]

Sword Dancer

Bagdad

Royal Orbit

9

1958[1]

Cavan

Tim Tam

Flamingo

8

1957[1]

Gallant Man

Inside Tract

Bold Ruler

6

1956[1]

Needles

Career Boy

Fabius

8

1955[1]

Nashua

Blazing Count

Portersville

8

1954[1]

High Gun

Fisherman

Limelight

13

1953[1]

Native Dancer

Jamie K.

Royal Bay Gem

6

1952[1]

One Count

Blue Man

Armageddon

6

1951[1]

Counterpoint

Battlefield

Battle Morn

9

1950[1]

Middleground

Lights Up

Mr. Trouble

9

1949[1]

Capot

Ponder

Palestinian

9

1948[1]

Citation †

Better Self

Escadru

8

1947[1]

Phalanx

Tide Rips

Tailspin

9

1946[1]

Assault †

Natchez

Cable

7

1945[1]

Pavot

Wildlife

Jeep

8

1944[1]

Bounding Home

Pensive

Bull Dandy

7

1943[1]

Count Fleet †

Fairy Manhurst

Deseronto

3

1942[1]

Shut Out

Alsab

Lochinvar

7

1941[1]

Whirlaway †

Robert Morris

Yankee Chance

4

1940[1]

Bimelech

Your Chance

Andy K.

6

1939[1]

Johnstown

Belay

Gilded Knight

6

1938[1]

Pasteurized

Dauber

Cravat

6

1937[1]

War Admiral †

Sceneshifter

Vamoose

8

1936[2]

Granville

Mr. Bones

Hollyrood

10

1935[2]

Omaha †

Firethorn

Rosemont

5

1934[2]

Peace Chance

High Quest

Good Goods

8

1933[2]

Hurryoff

Nimbus

Union

9

1932[2]

Faireno

Osculator

Flag Pole

11

1931[2]

Twenty Grand

Sun Meadow

Jamestown

3

1930[2]

Gallant Fox †

Whichone

Questionnaire

4

1929[2]

Blue Larkspur

African

Jack High

8

1928[2]

Vito

Genie

Diavolo

6

1927[2]

Chance Shot

Bois de Rose

Flambino ‡

6

1926[2]

Crusader

Espino

Haste

9

1925[2]

American Flag

Dangerous

Swope

7

1924[2]

Mad Play

Mr. Mutt

Modest

11

1923[2]

Zev

Chickvale

Rialto

8

1922[2]

Pillory

Snob II

Hea

4

1921[2]

Grey Lag

Sporting Blood

Leonardo II

4

1920[2]

Man o' War

Donnacona

none

2

1919[2]

Sir Barton †

Sweep On

Natural Bridge

3

1918[2]

Johren

War Cloud

Cum Sah

4

1917[2]

Hourless

Skeptic

Wonderful

3

1916[2]

Friar Rock

Spur

Churchill

4

1915[2]

The Finn

Half Rock

Pebbles

6

1914[2]

Luke McLuke

Gainer

Charlestonian

3

1913[2]

Prince Eugene

Rock View

Flying Fairy ‡

4

1912

no race

no race

no race

0

1911

no race

no race

no race

0

1910[2]

Sweep

Duke of Ormonde

none

2

1909[2]

Joe Madden

Wise Mason

Donald MacDonald

5

1908[2]

Colin

Fair Play

King James

4

1907[2]

Peter Pan

Superman

Frank Gill

5

1906[2]

Burgomaster

The Quail

Accountant

6

1905[2]

Tanya ‡

Blandy

Hot Shot

7

1904[2]

Delhi

Graziallo

Rapid Water

8

1903[2]

Africander

Whorler

Red Knight

4

1902[2]

Masterman

Ranald

King Hanover

6

1901[2]

Commando

The Parader

All Green

3

1900[2]

Ildrim

Petruchio

Missionary

7

1899[2]

Jean Bereaud

Half Time

Glengar

4

1898[2]

Bowling Brook

Previous

Hamburg

4

1897[2]

Scottish Chieftain

On Deck

Octagon

6

1896[2]

Hastings

Handspring

Hamilton II

4

1895[2]

Belmar

Counter Tenor

Nanki Pooh

5

1894[2]

Henry of Navarre

Prig

Assignee

3

1893[2]

Commanche

Dr Rice

Rainbow

5

1892[2]

Patron

Shellbark

none

2

1891[2]

Foxford

Montana

Laurestan

6

1890[2]

Burlington

Devotee

Padishah

9

1889[2]

Eric

Diablo

Zephyrus

3

1888[2]

Sir Dixon

Prince Royal

none

2

1887[2]

Hanover

Oneko

none

2

1886[2]

Inspector B

The Bard

Linden

5

1885[2]

Tyrant

St. Augustine

Tecumseh

6

1884[2]

Panique

Knight of Ellerslie

Himalaya

4

1883[2]

George Kinney

Trombone

Renegade

4

1882[2]

Forester

Babcock

Wyoming

3

1881[2]

Saunterer

Eole

Baltic

6

1880[2]

Grenada

Ferncliffe

Turenne

4

1879[2]

Spendthrift

Monitor

Jericho

6

1878[2]

Duke of Magenta

Bramble

Sparta

6

1877[2]

Cloverbrook

Loiterer

Baden-Baden

13

1876

Algerine[3]

Fiddlesticks[4]

Barricade[4]

5[4]

1875

Calvin[3]

Aristides[5]

Millner[5]

14[5]

1874

Saxon[3]

Grinstead[6]

Aaron Pennington[6]

9[6]

1873

Springbok[3]

Count d'Orsay[7]

Strachino[7]

10[5]

1872

Joe Daniels[3]

Meteor[8]

Shylock[8]

9[8]

1871

Harry Bassett[3]

Stockwood[9]

By The Sea[9]

11[9]

1870

Kingfisher[3]

Foster[10]

Midday ‡[10]

7[10]

1869

Fenian[3]

Glenelg[11]

Invercauld ‡[11]

8[11]

1868

General Duke[3]

Northumberland[12]

Fanny Ludlow ‡ [12]

6[12]

1867 BS

Ruthless ‡[3]

DeCourcy[13]

Rivoli[13]

4[13]

tag: table

text:
A  † designates a Triple Crown Winner.
A  ‡ designates a Filly.
Note:  D. Wayne Lukas swept the 1995 Triple Crown with two different horses.


document_title: Bean bag round

question_text: how fast does a bean bag gun shot

question_tokens: how fast does a bean bag gun shot

text: Bean bag round

text: Description[edit]

text: The bean bag round consists of a small fabric “pillow” filled with #9 lead shot weighing about 40 grams (1.4 oz). It is fired from a normal 12-gauge shotgun. When fired, the bag is expelled at around 70 to 90 metres per second (230 to 300 ft/s); it spreads out in flight and distributes its impact over about 6 square centimetres (1 sq in) of the target. It is designed to deliver a blow that will cause minimum long-term trauma and no penetration but will result in a muscle spasm or other reaction to briefly render a violent suspect immobile. The shotgun round is inaccurate over about 6 metres (20 ft) and has a maximum range of around 20 metres (70 ft). Changes to the bean bag round since its inception in the early 1970s have included a velocity reduction from 120 to 90 meters per second (400 to 300 ft/s)[1] as well as a shift from a square shape to a more rounded sock-shaped projectile.[1]

text: Shotguns dedicated to being used for bean bag rounds are often visibly modified with either yellow or green markings, or bright orange stocks and stops, to reduce the possibility that a user might inadvertently load lethal munitions into the weapon.

text: Use[edit]

text: Bean bag rounds are used when a person is a danger to themself or others but is not a direct threat in such a manner that deadly force would be appropriate - typically a suicidal individual with a bladed weapon. The round is intended to disable the person without killing them.

text: Dangers[edit]

text: A bean bag round can severely injure or kill in a wide variety of ways. They have caused around one death a year since their introduction in the U.S.[2] A round can hit the chest, break the ribs and send the broken ribs into the heart. A shot to the head can break the nose, crush the larynx or even break the neck or skull of the subject. This is why many officers are taught to aim for the extremities when using a bean bag round. A strike in the abdominal area can cause internal bleeding or strike the solar plexus which can disrupt breathing or heartbeat, but such a hit is generally safer than most other areas as well as presenting a larger target than an extremity. Fatalities are occasionally the result of mistaking other shotgun rounds for bean bags.[2]

text: In 2013, in Park Forest, Illinois, an autopsy showed that a 95-year-old man had died from hemoperitoneum as a result of being shot by police with a bean bag gun.[3]


document_title: List of German football champions

question_text: who won the bundesliga in the last 10 years

text: List of German football champions

text: History[edit]

text: The history of the German football championship is complex and reflects the turbulent history of the country through the course of the 20th century.

text: Brought to the country by English expatriates, the sport had taken root in the cities of Berlin, Hamburg, Stuttgart, and Leipzig in the 1890s,[1] leading to the growth of city, regional, and academic leagues, each with their own championships. Following the establishment of the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball Bund) in 1900,[2] the first recognized national championship match was hosted by Hamburg club Altona 93 in 1903 in which VfB Leipzig defeated DFC Prag 7–2,[3] and was awarded the Viktoria, the championship trophy from 1903 to 1944.[5] Before the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963, the championship format was based on a knockout competition, contested between the winners of each of the country's top regional leagues. Since 1963, the first-place finisher in the Bundesliga has been recognized as the national champion.[4]

text: Championship play was suspended twice; from 1915 to 1919 due to World War I and again from 1945 to 1947 due to World War II.[4] Following World War II, Germany was occupied by the victorious Allies and two German football competitions emerged when the country was divided as a result. The historical tradition of the DFB was continued in what was known as West Germany, while a second national championship was contested in Soviet-controlled East Germany under the auspices of the DFV (Deutscher Fußball-Verband or German Football Federation).[3] Following the reunification of the country in 1990, the two separate football competitions were merged and a single national championship was restored.[3]

text: Bayern Munich hold the record for the most championships with 27, all but one of these (1932) coming in Bundesliga competition. Dynamo Berlin claimed 10 titles in the former East Germany, winning these championships in consecutive seasons (1979–88).[4]

text: Champions[edit]

text: Early German football championships (1903–32)[edit]

text: The new English game of football quickly caught on in late 19th-century Germany, which had previously been a nation of gymnasts. The earliest attempt at organizing some form of national championship came in 1894 when city champions Viktoria 89 Berlin invited FC Hanau 93 to play a challenge match. The Hanauers were unable to afford the cost of the trip and so were unable to take up the invitation.[1] In 2007, the 1894 final was replayed and Viktoria were crowned the official 1894 champions.[6]

text: After its formation in 1900, the DFB began to establish its authority over the myriad city and regional leagues springing up throughout the country and organized the first officially recognized national championship in 1903.

text: The prize of German football was the Viktoria, a trophy statue of a seated Roman goddess of victory, donated by the committee that organized German participation in the 1900 Olympic Games in Paris – and originally intended to be shared with teams playing the rugby version of football.[2] The formation of the DFB helped establish for the first time a clear divide between association football and its close cousin.

text: To qualify for the German championship finals, a club had to win one of the regional championships, which, in some cases, predate the national one. Those were:

text:
Southern German football championship – formed in 1898
Brandenburg football championship – formed in 1898
Central German football championship – formed in 1902
Western German football championship – formed in 1903
Northern German football championship – formed in 1906
South Eastern German football championship – formed in 1906
Baltic football championship – formed in 1908

text: One other regional championships briefly existed:

text: March football championship – existed from 1903 to 1911

text: From 1925 onwards, the runners-up of those competitions were also qualified for the German championship finals, which had been expanded to sixteen clubs. The two strongest regions, South and West were also allowed to send their third-placed team. This system of regional championships was abolished in 1933 by the Nazis and superseded by the Gauliga system.

text:
*
Match went to extra time

text:
Season[7]
Champions[7]
Score[7]
Runners-up[7]
Venue

1903
VfB Leipzig
7–2
Deutscher FC Prag
Hamburg

1904

Unresolved protest – Not played per DFB – No Champion declared

1905
Union 92 Berlin
2–0
Karlsruher FV
Köln

1906
VfB Leipzig
2–1
1. FC Pforzheim
Nuremberg

1907
Freiburger FC
3–1
Viktoria Berlin
Mannheim

1908
Viktoria Berlin
3–0
Stuttgarter Kickers
Berlin

1909
Phönix Karlsruhe
4–2
Viktoria Berlin
Breslau

1910
Karlsruher FV
(0–0) 1–0 *
Holstein Kiel
Köln

1911
Viktoria Berlin
3–1
VfB Leipzig
Dresden

1912
Holstein Kiel
1–0
Karlsruher FV
Hamburg

1913
VfB Leipzig
3–1
Duisburger SpV
München

1914
SpVgg Fürth
(2–2) 3–2 *
VfB Leipzig
Magdeburg

1915–1919

Suspended – World War I

1920
1. FC Nuremberg
2–0
SpVgg Fürth
Frankfurt

1921
1. FC Nuremberg
5–0
Berliner FC Vorwärts 1890
Düsseldorf

1922
Hamburger SV – Title declined per DFB

(2–2) and (1–1)

1. FC Nuremberg
Berlin and Leipzig

1923
Hamburger SV
3–0
Union Oberschöneweide
Berlin

1924
1. FC Nuremberg
2–0
Hamburger SV
Berlin

1925
1. FC Nuremberg
(0–0) 1–0 *
FSV Frankfurt
Frankfurt

1926
SpVgg Fürth
4–1
Hertha BSC
Frankfurt

1927
1. FC Nuremberg
2–0
Hertha BSC
Berlin

1928
Hamburger SV
5–2
Hertha BSC
Hamburg

1929
SpVgg Fürth
3–2
Hertha BSC
Nuremberg

1930
Hertha BSC
5–4
Holstein Kiel
Düsseldorf

1931
Hertha BSC
3–2
TSV 1860 München
Köln

1932
Bayern Munich
2–0
Eintracht Frankfurt
Nuremberg

text: German football championships under the Third Reich (1933–45)[edit]

text: Under the Nazis, German sports competitions were consolidated for political reasons. Clubs whose leanings were unpalatable to the regime as leftist or faith-based were either banned or their memberships dispersed through forced mergers with other ideologically acceptable clubs.[1]

text: With the beginning of the 1933–34 season, top-flight German football was reorganized into 16 regional Gauligen with each of these leagues sending their champion to the national playoffs.[4] New Gauligen were created as the Reich expanded its borders, first through the Anschluss with Austria, then through annexation and conquest before and during World War II. This expanded the national championship competition with the addition of regional champions from the new circuits.[4] It also introduced previously foreign clubs into German domestic competition where Viennese Austrian sides made a notable impression. Competition during the war was also characterized by the formation of military-based clubs including the Luftwaffe side LSV Hamburg which appeared in the era's last national championship match at the end of the 1943–44 season.[4] Unlike the United Kingdom, where play was suspended early on, national football competition continued on in Germany in some form through the course of the war. Play finally collapsed as the war drew to its conclusion and no champion was declared in 1944–45.

text: It was also during this period that a national cup competition was introduced; the Tschammerpokal was named for Reichssportführer (Sports Chief of the Reich) Hans von Tschammer und Osten and is predecessor to the modern-day DFB-Pokal (German Cup). The first cup competition was staged in 1935 and won by 1. FC Nuremberg.[4]

text:
*
Match went to extra time

†
Champion also won Tschammerpokal

text:
Season[7]
Champions[7]
Score[7]
Runners-up[7]
Venue

1933
Fortuna Düsseldorf
3–0
Schalke 04
Köln

1934
Schalke 04
2–1
1. FC Nuremberg
Berlin

1935
Schalke 04
6–4
VfB Stuttgart
Köln

1936
1. FC Nuremberg
(1–1) 2–1 *
Fortuna Düsseldorf
Berlin

1937
Schalke 04 †
2–0
1. FC Nuremberg
Berlin

1938
Hannover 96
(3–3) 4–3 *
Schalke 04
Berlin

1939
Schalke 04
9–0
Admira Wien
Berlin

1940
Schalke 04
1–0
Dresdner SC
Berlin

1941
Rapid Wien
4–3
Schalke 04
Berlin

1942
Schalke 04
2–0
First Vienna
Berlin

1943
Dresdner SC
3–0
FV Saarbrücken
Berlin

1944
Dresdner SC
4–0
LSV Hamburg
Berlin

1945

Suspended – World War II

text: German football championships Postwar to the Bundesliga (1946–63)[edit]

text: In the immediate aftermath of World War II, German football was in complete disarray. Occupying Allied authorities ordered the dissolution of most organizations in the country, including sports and football clubs, as having been compromised under the Nazi regime.[1]

text: However, many football clubs were soon re-established and new sides formed; play was tentatively resumed. By 1948, a new first division league structure, the Oberligen, was in place in most of the Western zone of occupation. The restored competition maintained the German game's historical practice of play in regional leagues. An exception was in French-occupied Saarland where attempts by France to annex the state were manifested in the formation of a separate, but short-lived, football competition that staged its own championship. Saarland briefly had its own representation under FIFA, forming Olympic and World Cup sides, before re-joining German competition in 1956.[1]

text: In the Soviet-occupied East zone, a more enduring separation took place that was not mended until the reunification of Germany in 1990. As a result, Eastern-based clubs did not take part in the German national championship under the DFB, vying instead for a different prize. The country's capital city of Berlin was similarly divided and clubs based in West Berlin took part in western-based competition.[1]

text: The Viktoria disappeared at war's end, although it would eventually reappear and be held in East Germany. A new trophy – the Meisterschale – was introduced in the west in 1949. The first postwar champions were 1. FC Nuremberg (2–1 over 1. FC Kaiserslautern in Köln) who were also, coincidentally, the first champions following World War I.[4]

text: Over time, the notion of professionalism – long anathema to German sports – made inroads in the country. A consequence of this was that by 1956, a distinct national amateur championship was established, open to teams playing below the Oberliga level in second- and third tier leagues.

text:
*
Match went to extra time

†
Champion also won DFB-Pokal

text:
Season[7]
Champions[7]
Score[7]
Runners-up[7]
Venue

1946–1947

Suspended – Postwar regional play only

1948
1. FC Nuremberg
2–1
1. FC Kaiserslautern
Köln

1949
VfR Mannheim
(2–2) 3–2 *
Borussia Dortmund
Stuttgart

1950
VfB Stuttgart
2–1
Kickers Offenbach
Berlin

1951
1. FC Kaiserslautern
2–1
Preußen Münster
Berlin

1952
VfB Stuttgart
3–2
1. FC Saarbrücken
Ludwigshafen

1953
1. FC Kaiserslautern
4–1
VfB Stuttgart
Berlin

1954
Hannover 96
5–1
1. FC Kaiserslautern
Hamburg

1955
Rot-Weiss Essen
4–3
1. FC Kaiserslautern
Hannover

1956
Borussia Dortmund
4–2
Karlsruher SC
Berlin

1957
Borussia Dortmund
4–1
Hamburger SV
Hannover

1958
Schalke 04
3–0
Hamburger SV
Hannover

1959
Eintracht Frankfurt
(2–2) 5–3 *
Kickers Offenbach
Berlin

1960
Hamburger SV
3–2
1. FC Köln
Frankfurt

1961
1. FC Nuremberg
3–0
Borussia Dortmund
Hannover

1962
1. FC Köln
4–0
1. FC Nuremberg
Berlin

1963
Borussia Dortmund
3–1
1. FC Köln
Stuttgart

text: East German football championships (1950–90)[edit]

text: The postwar occupation of Germany by the victorious Allies eventually led to the de facto partition of the country and the emergence of two separate German states, each with its own government and institutions.

text: Early plans to maintain a national championship to be contested by representatives from the eastern and western halves of the country quickly fell by the wayside in the context of the Cold War. An Ostzone champion was declared in each of the 1946–48 seasons and in 1949 the first division DDR-Oberliga was established under the DFV (Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR) as a distinct national sport governing body. From 1950 through to 1990 an East German football champion was declared, until the eastern competition was reintegrated into the German national competition under the DFB.[1]

text: In the first recognized East German national championship staged in 1949, ZSG Union Halle defeated SG Fortuna Erfurt 4–1. In 1990, the last East German champion was SG Dynamo Dresden. The following season the DDR-Oberliga (I) was redesignated the Nord-Ostdeutscher Fußball Verband Oberliga and became a third tier regional division within the existing German league structure under the DFB. FC Hansa Rostock captured the title in the transitional 1990–91 season, and alongside runners-up Dynamo Dresden, advanced to play in the Bundesliga, thereby fully integrating former Eastern clubs into a unified German championship.[3]

text: Bundesliga (1963–)[edit]

text: The formation of the Bundesliga in 1963 marked a significant change to the German football championship. The historical regional league and national playoff format was abandoned in favour of a single unified national league. Sixteen teams from the five Oberligen in place at the time were invited to be part of the new circuit – which also for the first time formally acknowledged the sport as professional rather than amateur.[1]

text: The new league adopted a round-robin format in which each team plays every other club once at home and once away. There is no playoff, with the club having the best record at the end of the season claiming the German championship. 1. FC Köln captured the first-ever Bundesliga title in the league's inaugural 1963–64 season. Since then the competition has been dominated by Bayern Munich which has taken the championship in 26 of the 54 Bundesliga seasons played to 2017.

text:
†
Double

*
Treble

text:
Season
Champions[7]
Runners-up[8]
Third Place[9]
Top Scorer(s)[10]
Goals[10]

1963–64
1. FC Köln
Meidericher SV
Eintracht Frankfurt
Seeler, UweUwe Seeler
30

1964–65
Werder Bremen
1. FC Köln
Borussia Dortmund
Brunnenmeier, RudiRudi Brunnenmeier
24

1965–66
TSV 1860 München
Borussia Dortmund
Bayern Munich
Konietzka, FriedhelmFriedhelm Konietzka
26

1966–67
Eintracht Braunschweig
TSV 1860 München
Borussia Dortmund
Emmerich, LotharLothar Emmerich, Gerd Müller
28

1967–68
1. FC Nuremberg
Werder Bremen
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Löhr, HannesHannes Löhr
27

1968–69
Bayern Munich †
Alemannia Aachen
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Müller, GerdGerd Müller
30

1969–70
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Bayern Munich
Hertha BSC
Müller, GerdGerd Müller
38

1970–71
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Bayern Munich
Hertha BSC
Kobluhn, LotharLothar Kobluhn
24

1971–72
Bayern Munich
Schalke 04
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Müller, GerdGerd Müller
40

1972–73
Bayern Munich
1. FC Köln
Fortuna Düsseldorf
Müller, GerdGerd Müller
36

1973–74
Bayern Munich
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Fortuna Düsseldorf
Heynckes, JosefJosef Heynckes, Müller, GerdGerd Müller
30

1974–75
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Hertha BSC
Hamburger SV
Heynckes, JosefJosef Heynckes
27

1975–76
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Hamburger SV
Bayern Munich
Fischer, KlausKlaus Fischer
29

1976–77
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Schalke 04
Eintracht Braunschweig
Müller, DieterDieter Müller
34

1977–78
1. FC Köln †
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Hertha BSC
Müller, DieterDieter Müller, Gerd Müller
24

1978–79
Hamburger SV
VfB Stuttgart
1. FC Kaiserslautern
Allofs, KlausKlaus Allofs
22

1979–80
Bayern Munich
Hamburger SV
VfB Stuttgart
Rummenigge, Karl-HeinzKarl-Heinz Rummenigge
26

1980–81
Bayern Munich
Hamburger SV
VfB Stuttgart
Rummenigge, Karl-HeinzKarl-Heinz Rummenigge
29

1981–82
Hamburger SV
1. FC Köln
Bayern Munich
Hrubesch, HorstHorst Hrubesch
27

1982–83
Hamburger SV
Werder Bremen
VfB Stuttgart
Völler, RudiRudi Völler
23

1983–84
VfB Stuttgart
Hamburger SV
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Rummenigge, Karl-HeinzKarl-Heinz Rummenigge
26

1984–85
Bayern Munich
Werder Bremen
1. FC Köln
Allofs, KlausKlaus Allofs
26

1985–86
Bayern Munich †
Werder Bremen
Bayer Uerdingen
Kuntz, StefanStefan Kuntz
22

1986–87
Bayern Munich
Hamburger SV
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Rahn, UweUwe Rahn
24

1987–88
Werder Bremen
Bayern Munich
1. FC Köln
Klinsmann, JürgenJürgen Klinsmann
19

1988–89
Bayern Munich
1. FC Köln
Werder Bremen
Allofs, ThomasThomas Allofs, Roland Wohlfarth
17

1989–90
Bayern Munich
1. FC Köln
Eintracht Frankfurt
Andersen, JørnJørn Andersen
18

1990–91
1. FC Kaiserslautern
Bayern Munich
Werder Bremen
Wohlfarth, RolandRoland Wohlfarth
21

1991–92
VfB Stuttgart
Borussia Dortmund
Eintracht Frankfurt
Walter, FritzFritz Walter
22

1992–93
Werder Bremen
Bayern Munich
Eintracht Frankfurt
Kirsten, UlfUlf Kirsten, Anthony Yeboah
20

1993–94
Bayern Munich
1. FC Kaiserslautern
Bayer Leverkusen
Kuntz, StefanStefan Kuntz, Anthony Yeboah
18

1994–95
Borussia Dortmund
Werder Bremen
Freiburg
Herrlich, HeikoHeiko Herrlich, Mario Basler
20

1995–96
Borussia Dortmund
Bayern Munich
Schalke 04
Bobic, FrediFredi Bobic
17

1996–97
Bayern Munich
Bayer Leverkusen
Borussia Dortmund
Kirsten, UlfUlf Kirsten
22

1997–98
1. FC Kaiserslautern
Bayern Munich
Bayer Leverkusen
Kirsten, UlfUlf Kirsten
22

1998–99
Bayern Munich
Bayer Leverkusen
Hertha BSC
Preetz, MichaelMichael Preetz
23

1999–2000
Bayern Munich †
Bayer Leverkusen
Hamburger SV
Max, MartinMartin Max
19

2000–01
Bayern Munich
Schalke 04
Borussia Dortmund
Barbarez, SergejSergej Barbarez, Ebbe Sand
22

2001–02
Borussia Dortmund
Bayer Leverkusen
Bayern Munich
Amoroso, MárcioMárcio Amoroso, Martin Max
18

2002–03
Bayern Munich †
VfB Stuttgart
Borussia Dortmund
Elber, GiovaneGiovane Élber, Thomas Christiansen
21

2003–04
Werder Bremen †
Bayern Munich
Bayer Leverkusen
AiltonAílton
28

2004–05
Bayern Munich †
Schalke 04
Werder Bremen
Mintál, MarekMarek Mintál
24

2005–06
Bayern Munich †
Werder Bremen
Hamburger SV
Klose, MiroslavMiroslav Klose
25

2006–07
VfB Stuttgart
Schalke 04
Werder Bremen
Gekas, TheofanisTheofanis Gekas
20

2007–08
Bayern Munich †
Werder Bremen
Schalke 04
Toni, LucaLuca Toni
24

2008–09
VfL Wolfsburg
Bayern Munich
VfB Stuttgart
, GrafiteGrafite
28

2009–10
Bayern Munich †
Schalke 04
Werder Bremen
Džeko, EdinEdin Džeko
22

2010–11
Borussia Dortmund
Bayer Leverkusen
Bayern Munich
Gómez, MarioMario Gómez
28

2011–12
Borussia Dortmund †
Bayern Munich
Schalke 04
Klaas-Jan Huntelaar
29

2012–13
Bayern Munich *
Borussia Dortmund
Bayer Leverkusen
Stefan Kießling
25

2013–14
Bayern Munich †
Borussia Dortmund
Schalke 04
Robert Lewandowski
20

2014–15
Bayern Munich
VfL Wolfsburg
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Alexander Meier
19

2015–16
Bayern Munich †
Borussia Dortmund
Bayer Leverkusen
Robert Lewandowski
30

2016–17
Bayern Munich
RB Leipzig
Borussia Dortmund
Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang
31

text: Performances[edit]

text: Over the history of the German football championship 29 different clubs have won the title. The most successful club is FC Bayern Munich with 27 titles to its credit, most of those coming in Bundesliga competition. The most successful pre-Bundesliga club is 1. FC Nuremberg who took 8 titles in the era of knockout play amongst regional champions.

text: Former German champions are recognized through the Verdiente Meistervereine system which permits the display of a star or stars on a club's jersey. This system allows for the recognition of both German and East German titles, although only German titles are listed in the table below.

text: Clubs in Bold currently play in the top division.

text: Performance by club[edit]

text:
Club
Winners
Runners-up
Winning Seasons
Runners-up seasons

Bayern Munich
27
10
1931–32, 1968–69, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1993–94, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17
1969-70, 1970–71, 1987–88, 1990–91, 1992–93, 1995-95, 1997–98, 2003–04, 2008–09, 2011–12

1. FC Nürnberg
9
3
1919–20, 1920–21, 1923–24, 1924–25, 1926–27, 1935–36, 1947–48, 1960–61, 1967–68
1933–34, 1936-37, 1961–62

Borussia Dortmund
8
7
1955–56, 1956–57, 1962–63, 1994–95, 1995–96, 2001–02, 2010–11, 2011–12
1948-49, 1960–61, 1965–66, 1991–92, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16

Schalke 04
7
9
1933–34, 1934–35, 1936–37, 1938–39, 1939–40, 1941–42, 1957–58
1932-33, 1937–38, 1940–41, 1971–72, 1976–77, 2000–01, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2009–10

Hamburger SV
6
8
1922–23, 1927–28, 1959–60, 1978–79, 1981–82, 1982–83
1923-24, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1975–76, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1983–84, 1986-87

VfB Stuttgart
5
4
1949–50, 1951–52, 1983–84, 1991–92, 2006–07
1934-35, 1952–53, 1978–79, 2002-03

Borussia Mönchengladbach
5
2
1969–70, 1970–71, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1976–77
1973-74, 1977–78

Werder Bremen
4
7
1964–65, 1987–88, 1992–93, 2003–04
1967-68, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1994–95, 2005–06, 2007–08

1. FC Kaiserslautern
4
4
1950–51, 1952–53, 1990–91, 1997–98
1947-48, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1993-94

1. FC Köln
3
7
1961–62, 1963–64, 1977–78
1959-60, 1962–63, 1964–65, 1972–73, 1981–82, 1988–89, 1989–90

Lokomotive Leipzig
3
2
1902–03, 1905–06, 1912–13
1910-11, 1913–14

Greuther Fürth
3
1
1913–14, 1925–26, 1928–29
1919-20

Hertha BSC
2
5
1929–30, 1930–31
1925-26, 1926–27, 1927–28, 1928–29, 1974–75

Viktoria 89 Berlin
2
2
1907–08, 1910–11
1906-07, 1908–09

Dresdner SC
2
1
1942–43, 1943–44
1939-40

Hannover 96
2
—
1937–38, 1953–54

Karlsruher FV
1
2
1909–10
1904-05, 1911–12

Holstein Kiel
1
2
1911–12
1909-10, 1929–30

1860 München
1
2
1965–66
1930-31, 1966–67

SpVgg Blau-Weiß 1890 Berlin
1
1
1904–05
1920-21

Karlsruher SC
1
1
1908–09
1955-56

Fortuna Düsseldorf
1
1
1932–33
1935-36

Eintracht Frankfurt
1
1
1958–59
1931-32

VfL Wolfsburg
1
1
2008–09
2014-15

Freiburger FC
1
—
1906–07

Rapid Wien
1
—
1940–41

VfR Mannheim
1
—
1948–49

Rot-Weiss Essen
1
—
1954–55

Eintracht Braunschweig
1
—
1966–67

Bayer Leverkusen
—
5

1996-97, 1998–99, 1999-2000, 2001–02, 2010–11

1. FC Saarbrücken
—
2

1942-43, 1951–52

Kickers Offenbach
—
2

1949-50, 1958–59

Deutscher FC Prag
—
1

1902-03

1. FC Pforzheim
—
1

1905-06

Stuttgarter Kickers
—
1

1907-08

Duisburger SpV
—
1

1912-13

Union Oberschöneweide
—
1

1922-23

FSV Frankfurt
—
1

1924-25

Admira Wien
—
1

1938-39

First Vienna
—
1

1941-42

LSV Hamburg
—
1

1943-44

Preußen Münster
—
1

1950-51

Meidericher SV
—
1

1963-64

Alemannia Aachen
—
1

1968-69

RB Leipzig
—
1

2016-17

text: Notes:

text:
A. ^ VfB Leipzig would have faced Berliner TuFC, but no final was held.
B. a b c d e The German football championship was not held from 1915 to 1919 due to the First World War.
C. ^ The 1922 final between Hamburger SV and 1. FC Nuremberg ended 2–2. The match was called due to darkness after 189 minutes of play. The replay ended 1–1 when the referee called off the game while in extra time due to Nuremberg having just seven players remaining in the game. Hamburg was awarded the championship but later declined.
D. a b c The German football championship was not held from 1945 to 1947 due to the Second World War and its aftermath.
E. E VfB Leipzig are now known as Lokomotive Leipzig.
F. F Vienna was part of Germany when Rapid Wien won the championship in 1941.

text: Performance by state and regional association[edit]

text: As of 2017 German football champions have come from 11 of the 16 German states. The most successful state is Bavaria with 40 championships. Bavaria is also home to the two individually most successful clubs, Bayern Munich and 1. FC Nuremberg. North-Rhine Westphalia follows with 25 championships. The state is home to the 3rd and 4th most successful clubs, Borussia Dortmund and Schalke 04. No club from the Saarland, Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt, Brandenburg, and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern has yet won the championship.

text: In most cases the regional associations of the DFB align with state borders in Germany. However, the DFB has two regional associations in Rhineland-Palatinate, and three each in North-Rhine Westphalia and Baden-Württemberg. For the champions of these states the regional associations are mentioned as well. From 1938–45 Austria was part of Germany, and Austrian clubs were thus allowed to compete in the German football championship. Rapid Wien won one championship in that period.

text:
State
Winners
Club(s)

Bavaria
40
Bayern Munich (27), 1. FC Nürnberg (9), Greuther Fürth (3), 1860 München (1)

North Rhine-Westphalia
25
Westphalia (15): Borussia Dortmund (8), Schalke 04 (7)
Lower Rhine (7): Borussia Mönchengladbach (5), Fortuna Düsseldorf (1), Rot-Weiß Essen (1)
Middle Rhine (3): 1. FC Köln (3)

Baden-Württemberg
9
Württemberg (5): VfB Stuttgart (5)
Baden (3): Karlsruher FV (1), Karlsruher SC (1), VfR Mannheim (1)
South Baden (1): Freiburger FC (1)

Hamburg
6
Hamburger SV (6)

Saxony
5
Lokomotive Leipzig (3), Dresdner SC (2)

Berlin
5
Hertha BSC (2), Viktoria 89 Berlin (2), SpVgg Blau-Weiß 1890 Berlin (1)

Bremen
4
Werder Bremen (4)

Rhineland-Palatinate
4
South-Western Germany (4): 1. FC Kaiserslautern (4)

Lower Saxony
4
Hannover 96 (2), VfL Wolfsburg (1), Eintracht Braunschweig (1)

Schleswig-Holstein
1
Holstein Kiel (1)

Hesse
1
Eintracht Frankfurt (1)

Other
1
Austria (1): Rapid Wien (1)

text: Undeclared championships[edit]

text: In over a century of German football competition, champions were not declared in several seasons for various reasons. No champion was declared in 1904 due to the DFB's inability to resolve a protest filed by Karlsruher FV over their 1–6 semi-final loss to Britannia Berlin to determine which of these sides would face defending champion Leipzig in that year's final. Karlsruhe's protest was over the failure to play the match at neutral venue.

text: The national championship was suspended in October 1915 due to World War I. Limited play continued on a regional basis in many parts of the country, while competition was abandoned in other areas. Several regional leagues continued to declare champions or cup winners. The national championship was reinstated with the 1919–20 season that was concluded with a 2–0 victory by 1. FC Nuremberg over SpVgg Fürth in Frankfurt.[3]

text: The 1922 final was contested by 1. FC Nuremberg and Hamburger SV, but never reached a conclusion on the pitch. The match was called on account of darkness after three hours and ten minutes of play, drawn at 2–2. The re-match also went into extra time, and in an era that did not allow for substitutions, the game was called at 1–1 when Nuremberg was reduced to just seven players and the referee ruled they could not continue. Considerable wrangling ensued over the decision. The DFB awarded the win to Hamburg under the condition that they renounce the title in the name of "good sportsmanship" – which they grudgingly did. Ultimately, the championship trophy was not officially presented that year.[11]

text: Competition for the national title was maintained through most of World War II and was supported by the regime for morale. Play became increasingly difficult as the war drew to its conclusion due to manpower shortages, bombed-out stadiums, and the hardship and expense of travel. In the era's final championship match Dresdner SC beat the military club LSV Hamburg 4–0 on 18 June 1944 in Berlin's Olympiastadion. The 1944–45 season kicked off ahead of schedule in November; however, by March 1945 play had collapsed throughout Germany as Allied armies overran the country.[1] Play was tentatively resumed in various parts of the now-occupied country in early 1946 and the postwar Oberliga structure began to take shape in the 1946–47 season; no national champion was declared from 1945 to 1947. In 1947–48, qualification play took place to determine Westzonen (Western occupation zones) and Ostzone (Eastern occupation zone) representatives to meet in a national final that never took place. 1. FC Nuremberg is recognized as the first postwar German national champion for its 2–1 victory over 1. FC Köln in the Westzonen final staged on 8 August 1948 in Mannheim.[4] In the Ostzone, SG Planitz beat SG Freiimfelde Halle 1–0 on 4 July 1948 in Leipzig to qualify for the scheduled national final, but were denied a permit to travel to play the match by Soviet authorities.[1]

text: Other national championships[edit]

text: Workers' and Faith-based Leagues[edit]

text: In the aftermath of World War I, several lesser national football competitions emerged as outgrowths of the tumultuous German political situation. These included the left-leaning workers' ATSB (Arbeiter-Turn- und Sport-Bund), the Catholic-sponsored DJK (Deutschen Jugendkraft), the Protestant-backed DT (Deutsche Turnerschaft), and the Communist KG (Kampfgemeinschaft für Rote Sporteinheit). Through the 1920s and 1930s, each of these leagues staged their own national championships or fielded national sides. Because of the ideologies they represented, they were considered politically unpalatable by the regime and disappeared in the 1933 reorganization of German football under the Third Reich that consolidated competition in state-sanctioned leagues.[3] These clubs were forced into mergers with other mainstream sides or saw their assets seized by the state.

text: Arbeiter-Turn- und Sportbund (1920–1933)[edit]

text:
*
Match was replayed after a protest

text:
Year
Champions
Score
Runners-up
Venue

1920
Tuspo Fürth
3–2
TuS Süden Forst
Leipzig

1921
VfL Leipzig-Stötteritz
3–0
Nordiska Berlin
Dresden

1922
VfL Leipzig-Stötteritz
4–1
BV 06 Cassel
Berlin

1923
VfL Leipzig-Stötteritz
(1–0) 3–2 *
Alemannia 22 Berlin
Dresden

1924
Dresdner SV 10
6–1
SV Stern Breslau
Dresden

1925
Dresdner SV 10
7–0
SV Stralau 10
Dresden

1926
Dresdner SV 10
5–1
TuS Süden Forst
Dresden

1927
Dresdner SV 10
4–1
TuS Nürnberg-West
Dresden

1928
Pankower 08 Adler
5–4
ASV Westend Frankfurt
Berlin

1929
Lorbeer 06 Hamburg
5–4
FT Döbern
Hamburg

1930
TuS 1930 Nürnberg-Ost
6–1
Bahrenfelder SV 19
Nuremberg

1931
Lorbeer 06 Hamburg
4–2
SpVgg 12 Pegau
Hamburg

1932
TuS Nürnberg-Ost
4–1
93 FT Cottbus
Nuremberg

1933

ATSB dissolved by Nazis in May 1933.

text: Deutsche Jugendkraft (1921–1932)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Score
Runners-up
Venue

1921
DJK Katernberg
3–2 (a.e.t.)
DJK Ludwigshafen
Düsseldorf

1924
DJK Katernberg
4–2
DJK Bürgel Sparta
Frankfurt am Main

1927
Sparta DJK Nürnberg
6–1
DJK TuS 08 Homberg-Hochheide
Köln

1932
Sparta DJK Nürnberg
5–2
DJK Adler Frintrop
Dortmund

text: Deutsche Turnerschaft (1925–1930)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Score
Runners-up
Venue

1925
MTV Fürth
5–0
MTV Kiel
Hamburg

1926
MTV Fürth
3–2
Rotherburgsorter TV
Ulm

1927
TV 1861 Forst
6–0
TV 1846 Mannheim
Dresden

1928
Harburger TB
1–0
ATV Leipzig-Paunsdorf
Köln

1929
TV Mannheim 46
2–0
ATG Gera
Gera

1930
Kruppsche TG Essen
5–4
MTV Wilhelmsburg
Leipzig

text: Following the 1930 season, most DT teams became part of the mainstream DFB.

text: Kampfgemeinschaft für Rote Sporteinheit (1931–1933)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Score
Runners-up
Venue

1931
Dresdner SV 10
3–2
Sparta 11 Berlin
—

1932
Dresdner SV 10
3–2
Sparta 11 Berlin
—

1933

KG dissolved by Nazis in February 1933.

text: Participation of non-German clubs[edit]

text: German championships have included clubs from countries other than Germany.[4] DFC Prag, vice-champions in the first national final and a founding member of the DFB, was an ethnically-German club from Bohemia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (today part of the Czech Republic) which did not at the time have its own national football federation.

text: Following the Anschluss, which united Germany and Austria within the Third Reich in 1938, Austrian clubs became part of German competition; Admira Wien made a losing appearance in the German national final in 1939, Rapid Wien captured the championship in 1941, and First Vienna also lost in 1942. In each case their opposition was Schalke 04. Throughout the course of World War II, clubs in German-occupied territories were made part of German competition in the Gauligen and took part in the regional qualifying rounds of the national championship, but without the same success as Austrian sides.

text: Trophies[edit]

text: Two trophies have been used for the official German and, during the era of the divided Germany, West German champions. The pre-Second World War trophy, the Viktoria, was awarded from 1903 to 1944, making Saxonian clubs VfB Leipzig the first and Dresdner SC the last club to receive it. The trophy disappeared during the final stages of the war and would not resurface until after the German reunification. A new trophy, the Meisterschale, was commissioned after the war but was not ready for the first post-war champions in 1948. Instead it was first awarded to VfR Mannheim in 1949. While the original trophy has only the champions from 1903 to 1944 engraved the new one list all the German champions since 1903 and had to be enlarged on occasion.[5][12]


document_title: On Top of Spaghetti

question_text: who wrote the poem on top of spaghetti

question_tokens: who wrote the poem on top of spaghetti

text: On Top of Spaghetti

text:
"On Top of Spaghetti"

Song by Sharon and the Lollipops

Published
1962

Composer(s)
music from "On Top of Old Smoky"

Lyricist(s)
Sharon Ruth, Philip Anders

text: "On Top of Spaghetti" is a ballad and children's song with the best-known performance by folk singer Tom Glazer with the Do-Re-Mi Children's Chorus in 1963. The song is sung to the tune of "On Top of Old Smoky". It is the tale of a meatball that was lost when "somebody sneezed". The song discusses what happened to the meatball after it fell off of a pile of spaghetti and rolled away.

text: In 1961, to the same tune, Dick Biondi, The 9-Midnight DJ on WLS Chicago (1960–63), had recorded on IRC[1] "The Pizza Song". In 1962[2] Sharon and the Lollipops recorded "On Top of Spaghetti" with a lyric credit to Sharon Ruth.[3] It was released in June 1962 and reviewed by Billboard in its Limited Sales Potential column in June 23 of that year.[4] A version in Swedish was released in 1962 by Snopporna.[5]

text: Tom Glazer with the Do-Re-Mi Children's Chorus, extended version was released on Kapp in 1963 with a contradictory lyric credit to Tom Glazer, but no publishing references were noted on the release labels.[6]


document_title: Boyz n the Hood

question_text: where did boyz n the hood take place

question_tokens: where did boyz n the hood take place

text: Boyz n the Hood

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ten-year old Tre Styles lives with his single mother, Reva in Inglewood, California. After Tre gets into a fight at school, his teacher informs Reva that Tre is highly intelligent but has a volatile temper and lacks respect. Worried about Tre's future, Reva sends him to live in the Crenshaw neighborhood of South Central Los Angeles with his father, Jason "Furious" Styles, from whom she hopes Tre will learn valuable life lessons and to be able to mature, but assures him he will be permitted to return to her one day.

text: In Crenshaw, Tre reunites with his friends, Darrin "Doughboy" Baker, Doughboy's maternal half-brother Ricky, and Chris, their mutual friend. After chatting for a bit, Furious immediately has Tre rake the leaves off the front lawn. That night, Furious tells Tre that he has him work to teach him how to be responsible. That night, Tre hears his father shooting at a burglar who tries to rob the house. Two policemen arrive an hour later, and while the white officer is civil and courteous, the black one is disrespectful towards Furious. The next day, Tre and his friends go out with Chris who shows them a dead body. While there, a group of older boys in a Watts Crip gang steal Ricky's football and Doughboy tries to retrieve it, but is defeated. While the older boys walk away, one of them gives Ricky his ball back. Later in the day, Furious spends father/son bonding time with Tre, taking him fishing by the seaside and tells the boy more about his life prior to having him, including his military experience in the Vietnam War, in hopes of making his son proud of him. He concludes his story by advising Tre to never join the army, stating that a black man has no place in the army. When returning home, they see Doughboy and Chris being arrested for shoplifting (Doughboy had said earlier on that they were going to the store, but had no money), while Ricky and Tre look on.

text: At a barbecue, Doughboy is now a Crip gang member and is celebrating his recent release from jail, along with most of his friends, including Chris, who is now paralysed and uses a wheelchair as a result of a gun wound, and new friends Dooky and Monster, also Crip members. Ricky, now a star running back for Crenshaw High School, lives with his single mother Brenda, girlfriend Shanice, and their infant son. Tre has grown into a mature and responsible teenager, works at a clothes shop at the Fox Hills Mall, and aspires to attend college with his girlfriend, Brandi, but their relationship is somehow deteriorating over Tre's desire to have sex, while Brandi, a devout Catholic, wishes to wait until after marriage.

text: Ricky hopes to win a scholarship from USC. After a visit from a recruiter, a mildly embarrassing experience for Ricky due to his unkempt home and his brother's rudeness, he is informed that he must score a 700 or higher on the SATs test in order to qualify. Ricky and Tre take the test on the same day. Afterwards, they go to see Furious at his office to unwind. Furious takes Tre and Ricky to Compton, California to talk about the dangers of decreasing property values in the black community. That night, during a local street racing gathering, Ricky is provoked by Ferris, a member of the Crenshaw Mafia Gangsters. In response, Doughboy brandishes his handgun, leading to a brief argument between the two gangs. When the two gangs are finished arguing, Ferris fires his own gun in the air causing everyone to leave. While Tre talks about leaving Los Angeles, he and Ricky are pulled over by the police. The cop is the exact same one who was disrespectful towards his father seven years earlier; he intimidates and threatens Tre with his gun, knowing he can't do anything. Distraught, Tre goes to Brandi's house, where he finally breaks down. After she consoles him, they have sex for the first time.

text: The following day, Ricky has a fight with Doughboy. While Ricky and Tre walk to a nearby store, they see Ferris and his gang driving around the neighborhood and in an attempt to avoid them, the pair cut through back alleyways and split up. As Tre turns back to Ricky, Ferris' car pulls up. Ricky turns to run but one of Ferris' men shoots Ricky in the leg with a shotgun. A second shot hits Ricky in the back through the chest, killing him. Doughboy and his gang, who had sensed that Tre and Ricky were in trouble, catch up with them, but are too late. Devastated and helpless, the boys carry Ricky's lifeless body back home. When Brenda and Shanice see Ricky's corpse, they break down in tears and blame Doughboy, who unsuccessfully tries to comfort them and explain the truth. That night, a distraught Brenda reads Ricky's SAT results, discovering he scored a 710, enough to qualify for the scholarship he wanted.

text: The remaining boys vow vengeance on Ferris and his crew. Furious finds Tre preparing to take his .357 Magnum, but convinces Tre to abandon his plans for revenge. However, Brandi and Furious catch Tre sneaking out of his bedroom window to join Doughboy. That night, as the gang drives across the city, Tre asks to be let out of the car and returns home, realizing that his father was right to keep him from falling into an endless cycle of violence. When Tre gets home, Furious is waiting for him. They both look at each other without saying a word, and Furious retreats into his bedroom. Meanwhile, Doughboy finds Ferris' gang at a local fast-food outlet, and Monster opens fire on them, killing one and wounding the other two. Doughboy gets out and kills the other wounded gang member and executes Ferris.

text: The next day, Doughboy visits Tre, now understanding Tre's reasons for leaving the gang. Doughboy knows that he will soon face retaliation for Ferris' death, and accepts the consequences of his crime-ridden lifestyle. He plaintively questions why America doesn't care about the life in the ghetto. He sorrowfully says that he has no family left now after Ricky's death and Brenda's disownment of him, but is embraced by Tre, who says to Doughboy that he has a brother in him.

text: The epilogue reveals that Doughboy saw Ricky buried the next day and was murdered himself two weeks later. Tre and Brandi resume their relationship, and go on to attend Morehouse and Spelman Colleges in Atlanta, respectively.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Cuba Gooding Jr. as Tre Styles
Desi Arnez Hines II as Tre age 10
Ice Cube as Darrin "Doughboy" Baker
Baha Jackson as Doughboy age 10
Morris Chestnut as Ricky Baker
Donovan McCrary as Ricky age 10
Laurence Fishburne (credited as Larry Fishburne) as Jason "Furious" Styles Jr.
Nia Long as Brandi
Nicole Brown as Brandi age 10
Angela Bassett as Reva Styles
Tyra Ferrell as Brenda Baker
Redge Green as Chris
Kenneth A. Brown as Chris age 10
Dedrick D. Gobert as Dooky
Baldwin C. Sykes as Monster
Tracey Lewis-Sinclair as Shaniqua
Alysia Rogers as Shanice
Regina King as Shalika
Lexie Bigham as Mad Dog
Raymond Turner as Ferris
Lloyd Avery II as Ferris' Triggerman (Knucklehead #2)

text: Production[edit]

text: Singleton wrote the film based around his life growing up and events that either happened to him, or people he knew.[4] When applying for film school, one of the questions on the application form was to describe "three ideas for films". One of the ideas Singleton wrote was a movie to be titled Summer of 84, which would later evolve into Boyz n the Hood.[4]  Singleton was protective of his script, insisting that he be the one to direct the project, later explaining at a retrospective screening of the film, "I wasn’t going to have somebody from Idaho or Encino direct this movie."[5]

text: The role of Doughboy was specifically written for Ice Cube whom Singleton met while working as an intern at The Arsenio Hall Show.[4] Singleton claims that the other two leads, Cuba Gooding Jr. and Morris Chestnut, were cast simply because they were the first ones who showed up to the casting auditions.[4] Despite having a member of one of the best-selling rap groups, N.W.A, this, at least according to Singleton, was not a selling point to the studio who were not aware of them.[4] Rather, Singleton opined, the studio greenlit the film in the interest of making a film similar to the Spike Lee film Do the Right Thing. The film was shot in sequence, with Singleton later noting that, as the film goes on, the camera work gets better as Singleton was finding his foothold as a director.[5]

text: Reception and legacy[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 96% based on 69 reviews and an average score of 8.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Well-acted and thematically rich, Boyz N the Hood observes urban America with far more depth and compassion than many of the like-minded films its success inspired."[6] At Metacritic, the film received an average score of 73 out of 100 based on 18 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".[7]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: The film has been referenced many times in other works, including works by Lupe Fiasco, Game, and Ice Cube himself. In 1994, British jungle DJ duo Remarc and Lewi produced a song titled "Ricky". The song itself is built up of various sound bites from the movie, particularly the scene where Ricky is murdered. Ice Cube's song, "Check Yo Self", also references the film.

text: On the July 12, 2011 episode of her self-titled talk show, Mo'Nique celebrated the 20th anniversary of the release of Boyz n the Hood with director John Singleton, Cuba Gooding Jr., Yo-Yo, and Regina King.

text: In Vince Staple's hit song 'Norf Norf' (2016), Staples references the scene where Ricky gets shot in the back, letting the listener know how much of an impact the movie had on his upbringing.

text: In the 2015 American comedy film Get Hard, Kevin Hart's character is asked to talk about the reason for his fabricated incarceration years earlier. Fumbling for a story, he describes the final scene of Boyz n the Hood, passing it off as his own experience to Will Ferrell's character.

text: Awards and accolades[edit]

text: Academy Awards: 1992

text:
Nominee, Best Director, John Singleton
Nominee, Best Original Screenplay, John Singleton

text: BMI Film Music Award: 1992

text: Winner, Stanley Clarke

text: Image Award: 1993

text: Winner, Outstanding Motion Picture, Boyz n the Hood

text: MTV Movie Award: 1992

text:
Nominee, Best Movie, Boyz n the Hood
Winner, Best New Filmmaker, John Singleton

text: National Film Preservation Board, USA: 2002

text: National Film Registry, Boyz n the Hood

text: New York Film Critics Circle Award: 1991

text: Winner, Best New Director, John Singleton

text: Political Film Society, USA: 1992

text:
Winner, PFS Award, Peace
Nominee, PFS Award, Exposé
Nominee, PFS Award, Human Rights

text: Writers Guild of America, USA: 1992

text: Nominee, WGA Award (Screen), Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen, John Singleton

text: Young Artist Awards: 1992[8]

text: Winner, Young Artist Award, Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture

text: In 2007, Boyz n the Hood was selected as one of the 50 Films To See in your lifetime by Channel 4.

text: American Film Institute Lists

text: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Year

Album

Peak chart positions

Certifications

U.S.

U.S. R&B

1991

Boyz n the Hood
Released: July 9, 1991
Label: Qwest/Warner Bros. Records

12

1

US: Gold