document_title: Monsters vs. Aliens

question_text: who plays the general in monsters vs aliens

text: Monsters vs. Aliens

text: Plot[edit]

text: Susan Murphy (Reese Witherspoon) of Modesto, California is going to be married to news weatherman Derek Dietl (Paul Rudd). But before the ceremony, she gets hit by a meteorite and its energy causes her to grow uncontrollably during the ceremony. As a side-effect, her hair turns white. She is tranquilized by the military and awakens in a top secret government facility that houses monsters of which the public is ignorant. She meets General W.R. Monger (Kiefer Sutherland), the Army officer in charge of the facility, and her fellow monster inmates: Dr. Cockroach P.H.D. (Hugh Laurie), a mad scientist who became half-human, half-cockroach after an experiment; B.O.B. (Benzoate Ostylezene Bicarbonate) (Seth Rogen), a brainless, living mass of goo as a result of a food flavoring mutation; Insectosaurus, a massive mutated bug standing 350 feet in height, and the Missing Link (Will Arnett), a prehistoric fish-ape hybrid who was thawed from deep ice. Susan herself has been renamed to Ginormica.

text: In deep space, an alien overlord named Gallaxhar (Rainn Wilson) is alerted to the presence of quantonium, a powerful energy source on Earth, and he sends a robotic probe to retrieve it. The probe later lands on Earth where the President of the United States (Stephen Colbert) attempts to make first contact with it. However, the attempt fails and the probe goes on a destructive rampage, headed straight for San Francisco.

text: Monger convinces the President to grant the monsters their freedom if they can stop the probe. The robot detects the quantonium radiating through Susan's body and tries to take it from her, putting many lives at risk. At the Golden Gate Bridge, the monsters work together to save the people and manage to defeat the probe, at the cost of destroying the bridge.

text: Unbeknownst to the monsters, Gallaxhar sets course for Earth to obtain the quantonium in person while the now-free Susan returns home with her new friends and reunites with her family. However, the monsters alienate themselves from the humans due to their inexperience with social situations. Derek later breaks off his engagement with Susan, claiming that he cannot marry someone who would overshadow him and his career. Heartbroken, the monsters reunite, but Susan realizes that her life is better as a monster and promises not to sell herself short to anyone again.

text: Suddenly, Susan is pulled into Gallaxhar's ship. Insectosaurus tries to save her, but he is shot down by the ship's plasma cannons, seemingly killing him.

text: Gallaxhar extracts the quantonium from Susan, shrinking her back to her normal size. Gallaxhar then uses the extracted quantonium to create clones of himself in order to launch a full-scale invasion of Earth. Monger manages to secretly get the monsters on board the ship. They rescue Susan and make their way to the main power core where Dr. Cockroach sets the ship to self-destruct to prevent the invasion. All but Susan are trapped as the blast doors close and she goes to personally confront Gallaxhar on the bridge. With her time running out, she sends the ball of stored quantonium down on herself, restoring her monstrous size and strength. After rescuing her friends, they flee the ship and meet with Monger and Insectosaurus, who has morphed into a butterfly after having been in a cocoon following the attack. As they flee, the ship self-destructs with Gallaxhar and his army still on board, killing the aliens inside.

text: Returning to Modesto, Susan and the monsters receive a hero's welcome. Hoping to take advantage of Susan's fame for his own career, Derek tries to get back together with her, but she rejects him before a television audience by flicking him high into the air, only to be swallowed and spat out by B.O.B. Monger then arrives to tell the monsters about a new monstrous snail called Escargantua making its way to Paris. The monsters take off and fly away to Paris to confront the new menace.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Monsters[edit]

text:
Reese Witherspoon as Susan Murphy / Ginormica
Seth Rogen as B.O.B.
Hugh Laurie as Dr. Cockroach
Will Arnett as The Missing Link
Conrad Vernon as Insectosaurus

text: Aliens[edit]

text:
Rainn Wilson as Gallaxhar
Amy Poehler as Gallaxhar's Computer

text: Humans[edit]

text:
Kiefer Sutherland as General Warren R. Monger
Stephen Colbert as President Hathaway
Paul Rudd as Derek Dietl
Jeffrey Tambor as Carl Murphy
Julie White as Wendy Murphy
Renée Zellweger as Katie
John Krasinski as Cuthbert
Ed Helms as News Reporter. David Koch replaced Helms for the Australian edit.

text: Production[edit]

text: The film started as an adaptation of a horror comic book, Rex Havoc,[6] in which a monster hunter Rex and his team of experts called "Ass-Kickers of the Fantastic" fight against ghouls, ghosts and other creatures.[7] The earliest development goes back to 2002, when DreamWorks first filed for a Rex Havoc trademark.[8] In a plot synopsis revealed in 2005, Rex was to assemble a team of monsters, including Ick!, Dr. Cockroach, the 50,000 Pound Woman and Insectosaurus, to fight aliens for disrupting cable TV service.[6] In the following years, the film's story diverged away from the original Rex Havoc, with directors Conrad Vernon and Rob Letterman finally creating the storyline from scratch.[9]

text: Production designer David James stated that the film is "a return to what made us nerds in the first place," getting classic movie monsters and relaunching them in a contemporary setting. Director Conrad Vernon added that he found it would be a great idea to take hideous monsters and giving them personalities and satirizing the archetypes.[10] Each of the five monsters has traits traceable to sci-fi/horror B movies from the 1950s, '60s and '70s, although none is a mere copy of an older character.[11] Susan, who grows to be 49 feet 11 inches tall, was inspired by Attack of the 50 Foot Woman. Dr. Cockroach represents The Fly and The Curse of Frankenstein, while B.O.B. is an amalgam of slithering and slimy characters that were featured in the films, including The Blob and The Crawling Eye. Insectosaurus, a 350-foot-tall monster, is a nod to the 1961 Japanese film Mothra. According to Vernon, the Missing Link has no direct inspiration. He "just represents anything prehistoric that comes back to life and terrorizes people."[11] For the San Francisco sequence, the producers researched lots of films and photographs for an accurate depiction of the city, and filmed animator Line Andersen, who had a similar body type to Ginormica—tall, thin, and athletic-looking—walking alongside a scale model of San Francisco, to capture better how a person not comfortable with being too big with an environment would walk around it.[10]

text: Ed Leonard, CTO of DreamWorks Animation, says it took approximately 45.6 million computing hours to make Monsters vs. Aliens, more than eight times as many as the original Shrek. Several hundred Hewlett-Packard xw8600 workstations were used, along with a 'render farm' of HP ProLiant blade servers with over 9,000 server processor cores, to process the animation sequence. Animators used 120 terabytes of data to complete the film. They used 6 TB for an explosion scene.[12]

text: Ever since Monsters vs. Aliens was made, all feature films released by DreamWorks Animation were produced in a stereoscopic 3-D format, using Intel's InTru3D technology.[13] IMAX 3D, RealD and 2D versions were released.

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: To promote the 3-D technology that is used in Monsters vs. Aliens, DreamWorks ran a 3-D trailer before halftime in the U.S. broadcast of Super Bowl XLIII on February 1, 2009. Due to the limitations of current television technology, ColorCode 3D glasses were distributed at SoBe stands at major national grocers. The Monsters, except Susan and Insectosaurus, also appeared in a 3-D SoBe commercial airing after the trailer. Bank of America gave away vouchers which covered the cost of an upgrade to a 3-D theatrical viewing of the film for its customers.[14]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Monsters vs. Aliens was released to DVD and Blu-ray in the United States and Canada on September 29, 2009, and on October 26, 2009, in the United Kingdom. The home release for both the DVD and Blu-ray format only contain the 2D version of the movie. However, the release is packaged with a new short, B.O.B.'s Big Break, which is the more traditional 3D that required green and magenta glasses.[15] Also included are four pairs of 3D glasses.[15] On January 6, 2010, it was announced that a 3D version would be released on Blu-ray.[16] On February 24, a tentative March release date was set for the United Kingdom, where anyone who buys a Samsung 3D TV or 3D Blu-ray player will get a copy.[17] On March 8, it was reported that the 3D Blu-ray would be released in the United States, also with Samsung 3D products, on March 21.[18] In July 2014, the film's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures and transferred to 20th Century Fox.[19]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Based on 209 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, Monsters vs. Aliens has an overall approval rating from critics of 72% and an average score of 6.5/10. The consensus reads: "Though it doesn't approach the depth of the best animated films, Monsters Vs. Aliens has enough humor and special effects to entertain moviegoers of all ages".[4] Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating from mainstream critics, the film has received an average score of 56/100 based on 35 reviews.[20] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2.5/4 stars, saying, "I suppose kids will like this movie", though he "didn't find [it] rich with humor".[21]

text: Box office[edit]

text: On its opening weekend, the film opened at No. 1, grossing $59.3 million in 4,104 theaters.[22] Of that total, the film grossed an estimated $5.2 million in IMAX theaters, becoming the fifth highest-grossing IMAX debut, behind Star Trek, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, The Dark Knight and Watchmen.[23] The film grossed $198.4 million in the United States and Canada, making it the second-highest grossing animated movie behind Up. Worldwide, it is the third-highest grossing animated film of 2009 with a total of $381.5 million behind Up and Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs.

text: Awards[edit]

text: In 2009, the film was nominated for four Annie Awards, including Voice Acting in a Feature Production for Hugh Laurie.[24] Reese Witherspoon and Seth Rogen were both nominated for best voice actor and actress at the 2010 Kids' Choice Awards for voicing Susan and B.O.B,[25] but lost to Jim Carrey for Disney's A Christmas Carol.[26] Monsters vs. Aliens was also nominated for Best Animated film but lost to Up.[26] On June 24, 2009, the film won the Saturn Award for Best Animated Film.[27]

text:
Awards

Award
Category
Name
Outcome

Annie Awards[28]
Annie Award for Best Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Scott Cegielski
Nominated

Annie Award for Best Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production
Tom Owens
Won

Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
Hugh Laurie
Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards[25]
Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie
Seth Rogen
Nominated

Reese Witherspoon
Nominated

Favorite Animated Movie
Rob Letterman
Conrad Vernon
Nominated

Saturn Awards[27]
Saturn Award for Best Animated Film
Rob Letterman
Conrad Vernon
Won

Visual Effects Society[29]
Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Terran Boylan
David Burgess
Scott Cegielski
David Weatherly
Nominated

Outstanding Effects Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
David P. Allen
Amaury Aubel
Scott Cegielski
Alain De Hoe
Nominated

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Monsters vs. Aliens: Music from the Motion Picture

Film score by Henry Jackman

Released
March 24, 2009

Genre
Score

Length
65:52

Label
Lakeshore

text: Track listing:[30][31]

text: All music composed by Henry Jackman, except as noted.

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"A Giant Transformation"

3:05

2.
"When You See (Those Flying Saucers)"
The Buchanan Brothers
2:17

3.
"Tell Him"
The Exciters
2:35

4.
"A Wedding Interrupted"

2:09

5.
"Meet the Monsters"

2:29

6.
"Planet Claire"
The B-52's
4:37

7.
"Do Something Violent!"

2:07

8.
"The Grand Tour"

2:10

9.
"Oversized Tin Can"

3:38

10.
"The Battle at Golden Gate Bridge"

6:08

11.
"Didn't Mean to Crush You"

1:51

12.
"Reminiscing"
Little River Band
4:14

13.
"Imprisoned by a Strange Being"

5:28

14.
"Galaxar as a Squidling"

2:06

15.
"March of the Buffoons"

5:15

16.
"Wooly Bully"
Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs
2:21

17.
"Susan's Call to Arms"

3:02

18.
"The Ginormica Suite"

5:51

19.
"Monster Mojo"

2:08

20.
"The Purple People Eater"
Sheb Wooley
2:15

Total length:
65:52

text: Other media[edit]

text: Beside the main film, the Monsters vs. Aliens franchise also includes a video game, a short film B.O.B.'s Big Break, and two television specials, Monsters vs. Aliens: Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space and Night of the Living Carrots. A television series based on the film started airing on Nickelodeon on March 23, 2013, which was cancelled after one season due to low ratings and the network's plans to refocus on more "Nickish" shows.[32]


document_title: Age of Aquarius

question_text: when is the moon in the 7th house and jupiter aligns with mars

root

text: Age of Aquarius

text: Overview[edit]

text: The approximate 2,150 years for each age corresponds to the average time it takes for the vernal equinox to move from one constellation of the zodiac into the next. This can be computed by dividing the earth's 25,800-year gyroscopic precession period by twelve, the number of zodiac constellations used by astrologers. According to different astrologers' calculations, approximate dates for entering the Age of Aquarius range from AD 1447 (Terry MacKinnell) to AD 3597 (John Addey).[2]

tag: p

text: Astrologers do not agree on when the Aquarian age will start or even if it has already started.[3] Nicholas Campion in The Book of World Horoscopes lists various references from mainly astrological sources for the start of the Age of Aquarius. Based on Campion's research, most published materials on the subject state that the Age of Aquarius arrived in the 20th century (29 claims), with the 24th century in second place with twelve claimants.[4]

text: Astrological ages exist as a result of precession of the equinoxes. The slow wobble of the earth's spin axis on the celestial sphere is independent of the diurnal rotation of the Earth on its own axis and the annual revolution of the earth around the sun. Traditionally this 25,800-year-long cycle is calibrated, for the purposes of determining astrological ages, by the location of the sun in one of the twelve zodiac constellations at the vernal equinox, which corresponds to the moment the sun rises above the celestial equator, marking the start of spring in the Northern Hemisphere each year. Roughly every 2,150 years the sun's position at the time of the vernal equinox will have moved into a new zodiacal constellation. However zodiacal constellations are not uniform in size, leading some astrologers to believe that the corresponding ages should also vary in duration. This however is a contentious issue among astrologers.

text: In 1929 the International Astronomical Union defined the edges of the 88 official constellations. The edge established between Pisces and Aquarius officially locates the beginning of the Aquarian Age around AD 2600. Many astrologers dispute this approach because of the varying sizes and overlap between the zodiacal constellations.[5]

text: Astrological meaning[edit]

text: Astrologers believe that an astrological age affects humanity, possibly by influencing the rise and fall of civilizations or cultural tendencies.

text: Traditionally, Aquarius is associated with electricity, computers, flight, democracy, freedom, humanitarianism, idealism, modernization, astrology, nervous disorders, rebellion, nonconformity, philanthropy, veracity, perseverance, humanity, and irresolution.[6][7]

text: The variations of views among astrologers include:

text:
Among other dates, one view is that the Age of Aquarius arrived around 1844, with the harbinger of the Siyyid `Alí Muḥammad (1819–1850), who founded Bábism.[8]
Marcia Moore and Mark Douglas promoted the view that, although no one knows when the Aquarian Age begins, the American Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, and the discovery of electricity are all attributable to the Aquarian Age.[9] Moore and Douglas make a number of predictions about the trends that they believe will develop in the Aquarian Age.[10]
A common position expressed by many astrologers sees the Age of Aquarius as that time when humanity takes control of the Earth and its own destiny as its rightful heritage, with the destiny of humanity being the revelation of truth and the expansion of consciousness, and that some people will experience mental enlightenment in advance of others and therefore be recognized as the new leaders in the world.[11]
Proponents of medieval astrology suggest that the Pisces world where religion is the opiate of the masses will be replaced in the Aquarian Age by a world ruled by secretive, power-hungry elites seeking absolute power over others; that knowledge in the Aquarian Age will only be valued for its ability to win wars; that knowledge and science will be abused, not industry and trade; and that the Aquarian Age will be a Dark Age in which religion is considered offensive.[12]
Another view suggests that the rise of scientific rationalism, combined with the fall of religious influence, the increasing focus on human rights since the 1780s, the exponential growth of technology, plus the advent of flight and space travel, are evidence of the dawning of the Age of Aquarius.[13][14]
A "wave" theory of the shifting Great Ages suggests that the Age of Aquarius will not arrive on a given date but is instead emerging in influence over many years, similar to how the tide surges forward incrementally rather than all at once.[15]
Rudolf Steiner believed that the Age of Aquarius will arrive in 3573. In Steiner's approach, each age is exactly 2,160 years. Based on this structure, the world has been in the Age of Pisces since 1413. Rudolf Steiner had spoken about two great spiritual events: the return of Christ in the ethereal world (and not in a physical body), because people must develop their faculties until they can reach the ethereal world; and the incarnation of Ahriman, Zoroaster's "destructive spirit" that will try to block the evolution of humanity.[16]
A variation of Steiner's approach has the age of Aquarius arriving in 1433 (or up to two years earlier), with the influence of Pisces exceeding Aquarius at this time.[17][self-published source]
In an article about feminism in the French newspaper La Fronde from February 26, 1890, August Vandekerkhove stated: "About March, 21st this year the cycle of Aquarius will start. Aquarius is the house of the woman". He adds that is in this age the woman will be equal to the man.[citation needed]

tag: ul

text: Common cultural associations[edit]

text: The expression Age of Aquarius in popular culture usually refers to the heyday of the hippie and New Age movements in the 1960s and 1970s.

text: Although more rock than new-age in genre, the 1967 musical Hair, with its opening song "Aquarius" and the memorable line "This is the dawning of the Age of Aquarius", brought the Aquarian age concept to the attention of audiences worldwide. However, the song further defines this dawning of the age within the first lines: "When the Moon is in the seventh house and Jupiter aligns with Mars, then peace will guide the planets and love will steer the stars". Astrologer Neil Spencer denounced the lyrics as "astrological gibberish", noting that Jupiter aligns with Mars several times a year and the moon is in the 7th House for two hours every day.[18]

text: These lines are considered by many[who?] to be merely poetic license, though some people take them literally. An example is the identification of Valentine's Day 2009 as the "perfect alignment to support our collective manifestation of love and peace and dawning of the Age of Aquarius".[19] In popular culture, the NBC television show Aquarius, which premiered on May 28, 2015, is based on the Charles Manson case. The name relates to the "dawn of Aquarius," also commonly referred to as the New Age way of thinking.


document_title: Ophrys apifera

question_text: a flower that looks like a female bee

question_tokens: a flower that looks like a female bee

text: Ophrys apifera

text: Description[edit]

text: Morphology[edit]

text: Ophrys apifera grows to a height of 15–50 centimetres (6–20 in). This hardy orchid develops small rosettes of leaves in autumn. They continue to grow slowly during winter. Basal leaves are ovate or oblong-lanceolate, upper leaves and bracts are ovate-lanceolate and sheathing. The plant blooms from mid-April to July producing a spike composed from one to twelve flowers. The flowers have large sepals, with a central green rib and their colour varies from white to pink, while petals are short, pubescent, yellow to greenish. The labellum is trilobed, with two pronounced humps on the hairy lateral lobes, the median lobe is hairy and similar to the abdomen of a bee. It is quite variable in the pattern of coloration, but usually brownish-red with yellow markings. The gynostegium is at right angles, with an elongated apex.[2]

text: Phytochemistry[edit]

text: Floral parts display the presence of quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, which are supposed to be acylated, as well as cinnamic acid derivatives. The pink outer tepals show the presence of anthocyanins.[3][4]

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: The name "Ophrys" derives from the Greek word ophrys, meaning "eyebrow", while the Latin specific epithet apifera means "bee-bearing" or "bee-bringing"[5] and refers to the bee-shaped lip of the orchid.

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: Ophrys apifera is the only species of the genus Ophrys which preferentially practices self-pollination.[6][7] The flowers are almost exclusively self-pollinating in the northern ranges of the plant's distribution, but pollination by the solitary bee Eucera occurs in the Mediterranean area. In this case the plant attracts these insects by producing a scent that mimics the scent of the female bee. In addition, the lip acts as a decoy as the male bee confuses it with a female. Pollen transfer occurs during the ensuing pseudocopulation.[8]

text: The flowers emit allomones that attract the bee species Tetralonia cressa and Eucera pulveraceae. Eucera longicornis males have been observed attempting to copulate with the flowers.[9] It is also believed that male bees would preferentially select orchids with the most bee-like lips and attempt to mate with them, transferring pollen in the process.[10]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Ophrys apifera is a widespread across central and southern Europe, as well as North Africa and the Middle East. Its range stretches from Portugal, Ireland and Denmark east to Iran and the Caucasus. It is quite common in the Mediterranean region eastwards to the Black Sea,[11] (Codes) [12] but is less common in its northern range being uncommon or local in Germany and Ireland.

text: In the UK, it has a distinct southeastern preference, being more common in England. Recently it has been found in the southwest of England in Butleigh near Glastonbury in Somerset; whereas it is only to be found in coastal regions of Wales as well as the Hodbarrow Nature Reserve in Millom, Cumbria,[13] and some parts of Northern Ireland. It is relatively common in the northeast of England and in recent years large numbers have appeared in the grass verges surrounding the Metro Centre in Gateshead.[14] In Scotland, it was thought to be extinct, but was rediscovered in Ayrshire in 2003. In some countries the plants have protected status. They are unusual in that in some years they appear in great numbers, then sometimes only reappear after an absence of many years.

text: Habitat[edit]

text: Ophrys apifera generally grows on semi-dry turf, in grassland, on limestone, calcareous dunes or in open areas in woodland. It prefers calcareous soils, in bright light or dim light. It is a major colonizer of old quarries and roadside verges.[2][15]

text: Culture[edit]

text: Ophrys apifera is the County flower of Bedfordshire.[16]

text: Varieties[edit]

text:
Ophrys apifera var. apifera
Ophrys apifera var. bicolor
Ophrys apifera var. botteronii
Ophrys apifera var. friburgensis
Ophrys apifera var. immaculata
Ophrys apifera var. trollii


document_title: Why Don't We

question_text: when does 8 letters by why dont we come out

text: Why Don't We

text: Career[edit]

text: The band originally formed on September 27, 2016, and announced it the next day via their YouTube account.[2] Since then, the band has released five EPs and five singles and they released their 1st album on August 31 2018 " 8 Letters".

text: On October 7, 2016, the group released their debut single "Taking You", a track from their debut EP, Only the Beginning, which was released on November 25 of the same year. Their second EP, Something Different, was released on April 21, 2017. Its title track was released as the lead single the same day. They released their third EP, Why Don't We Just, on June 2, 2017.[citation needed] They finished their "Something Different" tour around the United States. Another single, "These Girls" was released on August 29, 2017.

text: They have appeared in vlogs from YouTuber and friend, Logan Paul.[citation needed]  Logan Paul has directed three music videos for the band, one involving their collaboration "Help Me Help You". The band has made various appearances on Logan Paul's daily vlogs. They have also helped Logan Paul on a diss track directed at Paul's brother, Jake Paul, titled "The Fall of Jake Paul". On November 23, 2017, they released a holiday EP, A Why Don't We Christmas.

text: Members[edit]

text:
Jack Avery (full name: Jack Robert Avery), from Susquehanna, Pennsylvania[3]
Corbyn Besson (full name: Corbyn Matthew Besson), from Fairfax, Virginia[3]
Zach Herron (full name: Zachary Dean Herron), from Dallas, Texas[3]
Jonah Marais (full name: Jonah Marais Roth Frantzich), from Stillwater, Minnesota[3]
Daniel Seavey (full name: Daniel James Seavey), from Portland, Oregon[3]

text: Discography[edit]

text: Albums[edit]

text:
List of albums, with selected details and chart positions

Title

Details

Peaks

Sales

US[4]

AUS[5]

BEL(FL)[6]

CAN[7]

NLD[8]

NOR[9]

UK[10]

8 Letters

Released: August 31, 2018[11]
Label: Signature
Format: Digital download, CD

9
10
21
15
17
38
25

US: 37,000[12]

tag: table

text: Extended plays[edit]

text:
List of extended plays, with selected details, chart positions

Title

Details

Peaks

US[4]

USHeat.[13]

NZHeat.[14]

Only the Beginning

Released: November 25, 2016
Label: Signature
Format: Digital download

—
5
—

Something Different

Released: April 21, 2017
Label: Signature
Format: Digital download

—
6
—

Why Don't We Just

Released: June 2, 2017
Label: Signature
Format: Digital download

—
2
—

Invitation[15]

Released: September 26, 2017
Label: Signature
Format: Digital download

113
2
7

A Why Don't We Christmas[16]

Released: November 23, 2017
Label: Signature
Format: Digital download

—
1
—

"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.

text: Singles[edit]

text: As lead artist[edit]

text:
List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album

Title

Year

Peak chart positions

Album

USBub.[17]

USPop[18]

CAN[19]

NZHeat.[20]

"Taking You"

2016

—
—
—
—

Only the Beginning

"Nobody Gotta Know"

—
—
—
—

"Just to See You Smile"

—
—
—
—

"Free"

—
—
—
—

"You and Me at Christmas"

—
—
—
—

Non-album single

"Something Different"

2017

22
33
—
—

Something Different

"Why Don't We Just"

—
—
—
—

Why Don't We Just

"These Girls"

4
—
82
—

Non-album single

"Trust Fund Baby"[21]

2018

20
30
—
—

Non-album single

"Hooked"

22
—
—
8

8 Letters

"Talk"[22]

18
—
—
—

"8 Letters"[23]

15
—
—
—

text: As a featured artist[edit]

text:
Title

Year

Peak chart positions

Album

USBub.[17]

AUS[24]

"Help Me Help You"(Logan Paul featuring Why Don't We)

2017

5
90

Non-album single

text: Promotional singles[edit]

text:
Title

Year

Album

"The Fall of Jake Paul" (Logan Paul featuringWhy Don't We)

2017

Non-album single

text: Music videos[edit]

text:
Song

Year

Other artist(s)

Director

Ref

"Taking You"

2016

None

Steven Taylor

[25]

"Nobody Gotta Know"

2017

Logan Paul

[26]

"Something Different"

[27]

"Help Me Help You"

Logan Paul

[28]

"The Fall of Jake Paul"

Sebastian A. Guerra

[29]

"These Girls"

None

Eli Sokhn & Logan Paul

[30]

"Trust Fund Baby"

2018

Jason Koenig

[31]

"Hooked"

Eli Sokhn

[32]

"Talk"

[33]

"8 Letters"

[34]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.

2018
MTV Europe Music Awards
Best Push
Why Don't We
Nominated
[35]


document_title: List of Everybody Loves Raymond characters

question_text: who played debra sister on everybody loves raymond

text: Main characters

text:
Actor
Role
Seasons
Episodes

Ray Romano
Raymond "Ray" Barone
All 9
210

Patricia Heaton
Debra Barone
209

Brad Garrett
Robert Charles Barone

Doris Roberts
Marie Barone
210

Peter Boyle
Frank Barone
206

Madylin Sweeten
Alexandra "Ally" Barone
146

Sullivan and Sawyer Sweeten
Michael and Geoffrey Barone
136

Monica Horan
Amy MacDougall-Barone
64

text: Ray Barone

text:
Raymond Albert Barone

First appearance
"Pilot"

Last appearance
"The Finale"
Final character appearance: King of Queens – "Raygin' Bulls"

Created by
Ray Romano & Philip Rosenthal

Portrayed by
Ray Romano

Number of episodes
210

Information

Occupation
Sportswriter

Family
Frank Barone (father)
Marie Barone (mother)
Robert Barone (brother)
Mel Barone (uncle)

Spouse(s)
Debra Barone (since 1988)

Children
Alexandra "Ally" Barone (daughter)
Geoffrey Barone (twin son)
Michael Barone (twin son)

Relatives
Warren Whelan (father-in-law)
Lois Whelan (mother-in-law)
Amy MacDougall-Barone (sister-in-law)
Jennifer Whelan (sister-in-law)
Gerard (maternal cousin)

text: Raymond Albert "Ray" Barone (Ray Romano) is the protagonist of the sitcom. Most of the series’ storylines revolve around him, hence the title of the show. He lives on Long Island, with his wife Debra and their three children Ally and twin boys, Michael and Geoffrey Barone. He attended St. Johns University (New York) in Queens, New York. Ray is well-known through the community due to his profession as a sportswriter for Newsday. In some episodes, he is seen reviewing a famous sportsperson. However, this is shown to have subsided in the later seasons. Due to the nature of his work, Ray is often seen on the couch, watching sports, rather than assisting Debra with household duties and the children.

text: At times Raymond appears rather introverted. He often rants in a nasal, whiny voice. His fears include not being liked by everyone and confronting his parents, particularly his mother. He often gets annoyed because he feels that he and Debra lack intimacy. He is also promoted as chief sports writer.

text: Parts of the backstory of his childhood have explained Raymond’s attitude and personality as an adult. Raymond and Robert were spoiled by their mother. However, their father, who worked long hours, had been neglectful in showing them affection and instead showed verbal abuse. Ray has sometimes shown this pattern of behavior in his reluctance to participate with his own children.

text: A running gag in the show is how much Ray was mothered and spoiled by his mother, while Robert was neglected. Raymond was pampered by Marie, which in turn, made him lazy and causing him to act like a child, and very often, to defend himself to Debra, he goes to Marie for advice and protection. He is also very scared of her and often sides with her instead of Debra.

text: In 2004, TV Guide ranked Ray Barone number 10 on its '50 Greatest TV Dads of All Time' list.[1]

text: The character has made several crossover appearances:

text:
1997: Cosby – "Lucas Raymondicus"
1998: The Nanny – "The Reunion Show"
1998–2005: The King of Queens (4 episodes)
1999: Becker – "Drive, They Said"

text: Debra Barone

text:
Debra Louise Whelan Barone

First appearance
"Pilot"

Last appearance
"The Finale"

Portrayed by
Patricia Heaton

Number of episodes
209

Information

Occupation
Homemaker

Family
Warren Whelan (father)
Lois Whelan (mother)
Jennifer Whelan (sister)

Spouse(s)
Raymond Barone (since 1988)

Children
Alexandra "Ally" Barone (daughter)
Geoffrey Barone (twin son)
Michael Barone (twin son)

Relatives
Frank Barone (father-in-law)
Marie Barone (mother-in-law)
Robert Barone (brother-in-law)
Amy MacDougall-Barone (sister-in-law)
Mel Barone (uncle-in-law)
Gerard (cousin-in-law)

text: Debra Louise Whelan-Barone (Patricia Heaton), is the wife of Ray. She was raised by wealthy parents, Lois (Katherine Helmond) and Warren Whelan (Robert Culp), and grew up in an upper-class background, unlike the other major characters in the sitcom. She has a sister, Jennifer Whelan (Ashley Crow), who is seen only once in the entire series. Following her graduation from high school, she traveled a lot and dated many famous sportspeople. Before marrying Ray, she worked in public relations for the New York Rangers hockey team.

text: Debra is vulnerable and emotionally sensitive. She is unhappy as a housewife, having to put up not only with Ray’s immature jokes and lazy behavior, but more with his intrusive family members, who often barge in uninvited, leaving havoc in their wake. Though Ray's parents frustrate her, she rarely shows her feelings to them, resulting in occasional bursts in private of yelling, stomping, and throwing objects.

text: Debra has a feud with Marie, who shows a large amount of distaste of her ability to be a mother and a wife. Throughout the series, Debra often finds Robert the most patient of the Barones, and at times she is shown to get along well with Frank, who thinks of her as a daughter and understands Debra's intolerance towards Marie.

text: She is also depressed about her parents when they were in an argument, and she was distraught when they were divorcing. Even though she grew up in a traditional conservative family, she was a free-spirited and a popular teen in her early years. Ray once noted that, during college, she went to Mardi Gras and flashed her breasts to many people who gave her beads and also ended up topless in the newspaper.

text: Her main catchphrase is, usually addressed to Ray in an ominous voice when he has done something bad, "What did you do?"

text: The character has also appeared in the King of Queens episode "Dire Strayts".

text: Barone children

text:
Alexandra "Ally" Barone (154 episodes; played by Madylin Sweeten) – Ray and Debra's only daughter. She is six years old at the beginning of the series, and is fourteen by the series finale. She was named for Romano's real-life daughter. In the beginning, she is somewhat mischievous and naughty much like her brothers, but becomes loyal and helpful by the end. However, she still occasionally fibs and answers back to her parents if she doesn't get what she wants, such as a $250 silk dress which would only be worn once.
Geoffrey and Michael Barone (130 episodes; played by Sullivan and Sawyer Sweeten) – Ray and Debra's identical twin sons. They are two years old at the beginning of the series and are ten years old by the series finale. A running joke is Frank's insistence that Geoffrey may have homosexual tendencies, such as when he walks in on the two boys rehearsing to play fairies in a school production. The two are stereotypically playful, energetic, and prone to causing chaos even without trying but in general are well-behaved. (In the pilot episode, they were played by a different set of twins plus a set of triplets and were called "Gregory" and "Matthew" after Romano's real-life twin sons.)

text: Marie Barone

text:
Marie Janella Barone

First appearance
"Pilot"

Last appearance
"Finale"

Portrayed by
Doris Roberts

Number of episodes
210

Information

Occupation
Homemaker

Spouse(s)
Frank Barone (since 1957)

Children
Raymond "Ray" Barone (son)
Robert Barone (son)

Relatives
Debra Barone (daughter-in-law)
Amy MacDougall-Barone (daughter-in-law)
Alexandra "Ally" Barone (granddaughter)
Geoffrey Barone (grandson)
Michael Barone (grandson)
Mel Barone (brother-in-law)
Gerard (nephew)

text: Marie Janella Barone (Doris Roberts) is the wife of Frank, and matriarch of the Barone family. As a housewife, she excels in household duties, including cooking, cleaning, and generally keeping and maintaining a good household. Marie appears to have narcissistic personality disorder, and her treatment of people due to this becomes a focal point of several episodes of the show. She is very nosy, snobbish, arrogant, insulting, and has a strong hold over her family due to her penchant for her likely narcissistic abuse, bullying those around her with guilt and a victim complex to get her way. She has very high self-esteem and regards herself as a positive example of what every wife, mother and woman should be, but in reality is responsible for a majority of the misery and conflict within the Barone family. She takes special pride in her Italian background and even arranges a tour of Italy for the whole family out of her own savings.

text: Throughout the series, she is shown to have favorites with certain people, with her son Raymond being the first and Debra being possibly the last. Other than Frank, everyone has a hard time standing up to Marie due to her ability of making people feel guilty, although Debra does occasionally take a stand. She is well aware of Raymond’s reluctance to stand up to her, and in many situations takes advantage of this to achieve her own interests.

text: It is established in the flashbacks of "How They Met" that she has never liked Debra ever since Debra asked Ray to fix her futon at dinner time, but Marie has never admitted her dislike of Debra outright and is careful about not saying it out loud, but she never ceases the chance to annoy her or indirectly insult her on many occasions just for her own pleasure.

text: She has saved a little money on the side every day and admitted to Debra that she collected over $46,000 since her wedding. She also sends money to South America to a fundraiser. She is also shown to actually control the family's finances in front of Frank, who always thought he was the one in charge and remained oblivious to much of her savings or expenses.

text: As her boys were growing up, she spoiled her younger son while completely cutting Robert out of the picture. However, in a later episode, she claims that this was because Robert was able to take care of himself and was independent, in contrast to Ray who was a sensitive, timid, needy little boy (this was likely said just to manipulate Robert into getting Amy pregnant, as both he and Raymond note and Marie herself winks to Ray, indicating this is another manipulation). In some cases, however, she is shown to care and be overprotective of Robert as well. This includes when he had nightmares growing up, when he was gored by a bull, when he was interviewing for an FBI position, and her frequent attempts to get Robert out of the police force in effort to keep him safe.

text: Marie is also seen constantly arguing with her husband Frank in nearly every episode, with them constantly fighting and annoying each other. However, in some situations, there have been times when they do evidence their love for one another, despite their reluctance to be open with it. Much to Debra's annoyance, even Debra's parents find them more interesting, since they are honest to each other.

text: Her catchphrase is "I don't like that, [insert name]." whenever anyone says anything inappropriate.

text: The final episode reveals that her birthday is December 9 (this was one of Frank's classic "one-liners" as he adds "1802").

text: The character has also appeared in the King of Queens episode "Rayny Day".

text: Frank Barone

text:
Frank Oscar Barone

First appearance
"Pilot"

Last appearance
"Finale"

Portrayed by
Peter Boyle

Number of episodes
207

Information

Occupation
Bookkeeper (retired)

Spouse(s)
Marie Barone (since 1957)

Children
Raymond "Ray" Barone (son)
Robert Barone (son)

Relatives
Debra Barone (daughter-in-law)
Amy MacDougall-Barone (daughter-in-law)
Alexandra "Ally" Barone (granddaughter)
Geoffrey Barone (grandson)
Michael Barone (grandson)
Mel Barone (older brother)
Gerard (nephew by marriage)

text: Francis Oscar "Frank" Barone (Peter Boyle) is the husband of Marie and a retired bookkeeper. In the episode "The Gift" (season 2), it is Frank's 65th birthday, making his year of birth 1932. He can be seen as aggressive, selfish, uncaring, and masculine. Although it is briefly mentioned that he has a sensitive side, Frank refuses to accept it. In episodes like "Pet the Bunny", "Christmas Present", "Fathers Knows Least" and "Frank Goes Downstairs", he indicates that, though capable of patience and kindness, he deliberately cultivates a tough guy persona. However, Frank is sometimes shown to be a good family man, such as taking the fall for Debra when Marie's prized canister goes missing or even trying to console Robert after he becomes morose from a breakup.

text: He is always seen at Ray and Debra’s house on the black armchair with his pants unbuttoned and zipper open watching sports or at home ordering Marie to prepare his meals while sitting and reading the paper. During his sons’ childhood, Frank was virtually absent and had refused to show any sign of affection and love to either boy. He was constantly at loggerheads with his wife Marie to how the boys were to be raised. He is very opinionated, outspoken, and has no problem insulting family members and strangers out in the open (this applies in particular to his wife, Marie). He calls men names like "Nancy", "Shirley", "Peaches", and "Mary" who do not live up to his standards to what it takes to be a man. His main catchphrase on the show is "Holy crap".

text: Throughout the sitcom, Frank is shown to have socially conservative values, particularly regarding minority groups such as gays and lesbians, and ethnic groups such as the Koreans and Japanese to which he occasionally mutters "Japanese crap". He doesn’t follow or accept anything outside the social norms, to which Marie proclaims "Frank lives in blissful ignorance". Despite Marie’s constant self-regard, she is accepting of these minority groups. Much to other characters' dismay, he's not above engaging in illegal or dubious activities such as gambling or stealing cable from Ray.

text: In his spare time, Frank is a skilled handyman and a history buff, with a particular interest in the American Civil War. He's frequently seen making repairs in Ray and Debra's house, and in "Frank Goes Downstairs" is injured while fixing their staircase. His regular get-away activity is having naked pool bath with his elderly friends at a community center referred to as "the lodge". On every other Saturday, he takes Raymond's children to The Happy Zone.

text: Frank is also a war veteran. He fought in the Korean War and he uses this as a reference for recounting stories of survival and how he came to be a "man". In one particular incident, where all three Barone men were pretending to go to counseling sessions it was revealed that Ray and Robert had a long line of physically disciplinarian grandparents. However, Frank vowed to never be physically abusive towards his sons, never enforcing corporal punishment on them and never engaging in anything more than yelling at them.

text: Though for the most part largely anti-social and honest in his relationships with others, he is often depicted as the only member of the family who is not only unafraid of Marie, but the only one who will put his foot down and stand up to her, much to the combined relief and horror of the other characters. Many of their arguments revolve around trivial and even irrational subjects, such as who invented the lawn and literally comparing apples and oranges.

text: They also come into conflict over Debra, whom Frank, unlike Marie, overwhelmingly loves, and even tends to be more affectionate with than he is with either of his sons. True to his blunt personality, in one episode in which the entire family (the adults) were at a counseling session with their church priest Father Hubley, he yelled out in front of everyone that the main reason why Marie looks down on Debra – "She [Debra] married him [Raymond], and [Marie] still can't deal with it."

text: Robert Barone

text:
Robert Charles Barone

First appearance
"Pilot"

Last appearance
"Finale"

Portrayed by
Brad Garrett

Number of episodes
209

Information

Gender
Male

Occupation
Police Officer (NYPD)

Family
Frank Barone (father)
Marie Barone (mother)
Raymond "Ray" Barone (brother)
Mel Barone (uncle)

Spouse(s)
Joanne Glotz (1994–1995; divorced)
Amy MacDougall-Barone (since 2003)

Relatives
Debra Barone (sister-in-law)
Hank MacDougall (father-in-law)
Pat MacDougall (mother-in-law)
Peter MacDougall (brother-in-law)
Alexandra "Ally" Barone (niece)
Geoffrey Barone (nephew)
Michael Barone (nephew)
Gerard (maternal cousin)

text: Robert Charles Barone (Brad Garrett) is Raymond's older brother (4 years older than Ray) and the first-born son of Frank and Marie. His birthday is April 6 and his birth weight was 12 pounds (5443 g). Standing at 6' 8½" (204 cm), he is the tallest Barone, and has several quirks, the biggest being a nervous habit of touching food to his chin before eating it, commonly known as the "Crazy Chin", which he developed to cope with anxiety which started when Raymond was born and all of Marie's attention turned to Raymond. Robert is a loving uncle and still deeply cares for his little brother Raymond. Robert has been a police officer with the N.Y.P.D for 27 years, eventually attaining the rank of Sergeant and then, by the end of the series, Lieutenant. His height, appearance and demeanor are the source of much humor, but despite his imposing size, Robert is a very skilled dancer.

text: After divorcing his first wife Joanne in 1995, Robert moved back in with his parents, became a workaholic, and was acknowledged by the NYPD for never being absent one day of his career for three years straight. Robert's advanced skills as a police officer even got him an interview with the FBI, but his mother intentionally interfered in the interview process. Robert was passed over but simply because the other candidates were more qualified. He was injured on the job when he was gored in the bottom by a bull. When he returned, he left the police force out of a lack of self-confidence, and became a telemarketer. Later, he took a side job as an alarm salesman for a brief time (one episode) but returned to the NYPD, mainly with Raymond's help.

text: Robert dated Debra's best friend Amy MacDougall for several years, despite a number of breakups. After a bad date with yet another woman, Robert ran into Amy in a bar and they soon got back together and married in 2003. In 2004, they purchased Frank and Marie's home for $26,000, but they had to welcome them back in when the elder Barones were kicked out of a retirement community in New Jersey in the episode "Not So Fast."

text: Robert is very jealous of his brother Raymond, who was favored by their mother, and though Robert is four years older than Ray and much taller, he constantly feels as if he's stuck in Ray's shadow. Despite the obvious favoring of Ray, Marie has claimed that there was never any favoritism. He has a very dark sense of humor and will make fun of Raymond to no end to get a little belated revenge. He is also known for being very passive-aggressive.

text: While he enjoys taunting Ray himself, Robert is very protective of his younger brother; in one episode, he overhears a radio sports show host insulting Ray at length and angrily humiliates the man in retaliation. He also respects Ray as a well-meaning, if generally absent, father, in the pattern of Frank. Robert serves as the moral conscience in the family, as the most virtuous of the characters, and often pleads with others when they are considering doing something questionable.

text: Robert's catchphrase in the show is when he finds the family gathered together silent and says: "Is this about me?"

text: Robert also appears in the King of Queens episode "Road Rayge".

text: Amy MacDougall-Barone

text:
Amy Louise MacDougall-Barone

First appearance
"Who's Handsome?"

Last appearance
"The Finale"

Portrayed by
Monica Horan

Number of episodes
66

Information

Gender
Female

Family
Hank MacDougall (father)
Pat MacDougall (mother)
Peter MacDougall (brother)

Spouse(s)
Robert Barone (since 2003)

Relatives
Frank Barone (father-in-law)
Marie Barone (mother-in-law)
Ray Barone (brother-in-law)
Debra Whelan-Barone (sister-in-law)
Alexandra "Ally" Barone (niece by marriage)
Geoffrey Barone (nephew by marriage)
Michael Barone (nephew by marriage)
Mel Barone (uncle-in-law)
Gerard (cousin in-law)

text: Amy Louise MacDougall (Monica Horan) is Robert's on-and-off girlfriend, and eventual wife. They met because Amy is Debra's best friend. She and Debra share the same middle name. Although Amy marries Robert in Season 7, Episode 24: "Robert's Wedding", she also appears in the previous seasons. Many issues have caused Amy and Robert to break up in the first six seasons, with one being caused by Raymond and another being that Robert had sex with another woman. Frequently, Amy apologizes to someone even if she didn't do anything wrong.

text: She is a confident woman who was raised in a family of devout Protestants, who live in Pennsylvania. She describes her parents as "people who wouldn't yell if they were on fire." Amy was a virgin when she met Robert, which Ray had a hard time understanding, as Amy was 33 at the time. She eventually lost her virginity to Robert before they were married, but they were spotted having sex by their neighbors, causing Robert's neighbors to sign a sheet mandating bedroom curtains in the apartment building.

text: Recurring

text: Hank and Pat MacDougall (13 episodes; played by Fred Willard and Georgia Engel) are Amy's parents. They first appear in "Just a Formality" (episode 7.14). Devout conservative Presbyterians, they oppose their daughter's marriage because of Robert's previous marital status and Catholic faith. These matters are not helped as they soon learn that the MacDougalls and the Barones are not the most compatible of families; the two sides still do not like each other after many tries at truce, although the Barones have always loved Amy, and the MacDougalls come to tolerate Robert.

text: Hank is a former professor and is now a high school principal. He is known to be opposed to smoking, and his line when he sees someone smoking is "Why don't you just drink poison?". Pat is a housewife, and has a high-pitched, gentle voice. She is shown to be a protective and loving mother.

text:
Peter MacDougall (10 episodes; played by Chris Elliott) is Amy's older brother. He has a strange, psychologically unstable personality (Robert once stated that "There are squirrels juggling knives in his head") and a duplicitous, quick-witted mind. Opposed to his sister's marriage, he insists that he will keep trying to break it up, which explains the reason why during Robert's wedding that Robert and Ray looked at him when the pastor asked if anyone objected to Robert and Amy's marriage. Peter is single but lives with his pet house cat, Miss Puss. At first, Peter and Robert hate each other, but in "Peter on the Couch," the two find common ground in the fact that they both suffered from being the overshadowed older sibling and living with their parents. He is fond of Ray, although the feeling isn't mutual. Peter was originally introduced as "Russell", the owner of a comic book shop (played by comedian Paul Reubens) in a one-time appearance. Russell abruptly became Peter because in "Just a Formality" (episode 7.14), Peter mentions meeting Ray at the comic book store (which was Russell).
Lois and Warren Whelan (14 and 11 episodes, played by Katherine Helmond and Robert Culp) are Debra's parents. Even though they are an authoritarian conservative family, they are shown to have a breakdown and actually hate their marriage and hobbies. They are from Connecticut. They are also upper class, and have different beliefs from the middle class Barones. However, the Whelans have a huge amount of respect towards them for their bluntness and start to imitate them, angering Debra.

text: Lois is a housewife, and traveled around on fundraisers. Her line of work was not mentioned. She is friendly and patient, but easily insulted. She also appears to be nervous around Robert, who feels the same way. She has a struggling relationship with Warren, and even though she suggested and went to counseling in New Jersey, he eventually files in for a divorce, which she accepts, since she cannot find love in her marriage anymore.

text: Warren is a businessman, achieving success at a young age, and a caring, happy-go-lucky father. He is very passionate about antiques, and, in a running joke on the show, is often referred to as having a problem with alcohol. He had problems with Lois about their marriage. They agreed to go on counseling in New Jersey, but they eventually divorced. Debra was distraught and furious with Lois because she thought that she filed it, but Warren tells her the truth.

text:
Andy (26 episodes; played by Andy Kindler) – A fellow sportswriter and friend of Raymond's, and a bachelor. He is known to have bad luck with women.
Gianni (25 episodes; played by Jon Manfrellotti) – A contractor, ex-futon repairman, and friend of Raymond's. He briefly dated Amy, much to Robert's consternation, and is disliked by Debra as immature. He worked with Ray when they were younger. He also appeared on The King of Queens. Jon Manfrellotti first appeared as a cable guy from Lynbrook cable in "The Game" (episode 1.17).
Bernie and Linda Gruenfelder (17 and 11 episodes; played by Tom McGowan and Maggie Wheeler) – Married couple, friends of Ray and Debra. They are very happy together and express their love in public.
Kevin Daniels (9 episodes; played by Kevin James) – Announcer for the Mets, and friend and golf buddy of Raymond. He also hosts "Sports Talk with Roy Firestone" in "Ray's on TV" (episode 2.1).
Stan (9 episodes; played by Victor Raider-Wexler) – Friend of Marie and Frank.
Garvin (9 episodes; played by Len Lesser) – A friend of Frank's. A running gag is that when he sees Raymond, he shouts, "Hey, Ray's here! Ha-ha-ha!" while shaking his arms in the air. Lesser used a similar gag on Seinfeld when he portrayed Uncle Leo, enthusiastically saying "Jerry! Hello!" while holding out his arms every time he greeted his nephew Jerry.
Sgt. Judy Potter (9 episodes; played by Sherri Shepherd) – Robert's NYPD patrol partner.

text: Minor

text:
Nemo (7 episodes; played by Joseph V. Perry, Robert Ruth) – Pizza restaurant owner. Disappears when Marco takes over his pizzeria and calls it Marco's.
Gerard (7 episodes; played by Fred Stoller) – Ray and Robert's annoying, unintelligent and hypochondriacal cousin who makes several appearances. He plays the accordion (mostly the first notes of Deep Purple's Smoke on the Water or The Carpenters' (They Long to Be) Close to You).
Father Hubley (6 episodes; played by Charles Durning) – The local parish priest. He loves Marie's lasagna. Very wary of the Barones, his long-time parishioners, but usually has helpful advice to offer.
Stefania Fogagnolo (6 episodes; played by Alex Meneses) – Robert's hot and jilted Italian ex-girlfriend he met while vacationing with the Barone clan in Italy. He had a fling with her in Italy while he was still with Amy, which later causes breakups with both girlfriends.
Marco Fogagnolo (6 episodes; played by David Proval) – The intimidating and threatening Italian father of Stefania, who takes over Nemo's Pizza after the family moves to America, jokingly implying that he "did away with" Nemo. Although he dislikes Robert, he befriends Frank and Marie but the two end up fighting for his friendship.
Molly Ardolino (6 episodes; played by Ray Romano's actual daughter, Alexandra Romano) – Daughter of Peggy Ardolino (Ray's archenemy and Debra's friend) and Ally's best friend. However, she was first seen as a flower girl in a flashback of Ray and Debra's wedding.
Max (5 episodes; played by executive producer and main writer Phil Rosenthal's real-life father, Max Rosenthal) – A lodge friend of Frank, seen in various lodge-related episodes.
Angelina (4 episodes; played by Tina Arning) – a very attractive waitress from Nemo's. Ray often goes to the restaurant just to fantasize about her beauty. She appears in four episodes.
Uncle Mel Barone (4 episodes; played by Phil Leeds) – Frank's older brother. Mel is mean and always seems agitated. A running gag is since he was never married, and sometimes shows up at family events with other men, he mentions at least once in every episode he is in fact, not gay.
Bill Parker (3 episodes; played by David Hunt) – Ray's nemesis neighbor. Parker is often seen showing-up Ray as a father, and Ray often makes jokes that Debra wishes she had married him instead, (the in-joke being that he is played by Patricia Heaton's real-life husband). Ray's character has said lines that has him thinking out loud that his kids are possibly Bill Parker's doing, because all the kids playing his children on the show are blond, like Bill Parker.
Albert (3 episodes; played by Ray Romano's real-life father, Albert Romano) – A lodge friend of Frank, seen in various lodge-related episodes.
Lee (3 episodes; played by Debra Mooney) – Friend of Marie and Frank's
Dave (2 episodes; played by Dave Attell) – A friend of Raymond and a member of the Nemo's sponsored basketball team in "Captain Nemo" (episode 1.11).
Joanne Glotz (2 episodes; played by Suzie Plakson) – Robert's first wife, who is depicted very negatively. She and Robert divorced before the beginning of the series. She formerly worked as a stripper in Atlantic City named Cinnamon. Marie knew about her former job since she appeared on the show, but kept quiet for Robert's sake until Joanne asked for a divorce.
Bryan Trenberth (2 episodes; played by Dan Castellaneta) – The T-ball "healthy snacks" overseer that Debra tangled with and Ray finally blew up on in "T-Ball" (episode 2.42). He was also Coach Bryan in "It's Supposed To Be Fun" (episode 6.8).
Harriet Lichtman – Marie's bridge partner, and Frank's fantasy woman. Often talked about but only appears in Season 7, Episode 20: "Who's Next".
Abe Warchiser aka "Bullethead" (John David Conti) – Frank's worst enemy at his lodge, seen in various lodge-related episodes. He proved he hated Frank in the episode "Franks Tribute" by telling Robert and Raymond "I don't like Frank Barone!"
Peggy Ardolino (Amy Aquino) – Single mother of Ally's best friend who has bullied Ray and later becomes Peter's girlfriend. Referred to as "The Cookie Lady" and "Peggy Hitler" by Ray. Whenever they see each other, Peggy says, "Hello, Ally's dad," while he just says "Hello... Peggy," in a very intimidating way. Debra ends up scaring Peggy off so she would leave Ray alone saying, "Nobody beats up my husband." Her characteristics are similar to Hitler, according to Ray.
Shamsky II – the bulldog Robert gets in Season 1, Episode 19: "The Dog" after having him neutered and later finding out he was a pure bred used for breeding stock. Shamsky II, named for Robert's favourite baseball player Art Shamsky, makes brief cameos in other episodes.
Jennifer Whelan (Ashley Crow) – Debra's wayward sister who finally becomes a nun in "The Sister" (episode 4.6).


document_title: Domínguez

question_text: where did the last name dominguez come from

text: Domínguez

text: Domínguez [doˈmiŋɡeθ] is a name of Spanish origin. It used to mean son of Domingo (i.e., son of Dominic). The surname is usually written Dominguez in the Philippines and United States. Written as Domínguez in Spanish speaking countries like Spain, Mexico, Argentina, etc...

text: People with the surname include:

text:
Jacob Dominguez (Born in October 8, 1963). Ambassador of the Republic of Panama in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana and The African Union.
Adolfo Domínguez (born 1950), Spanish fashion designer
Alejandro Domínguez Coello (died 2005), former chief of police in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico who was assassinated in 2005
Albino Núñez Domínguez (1901–74), Galician writer and poet
Alberto Domínguez (1913-1975), Mexican songwriter
Alfonso Martínez Domínguez (1922–2002), Mexican politician, mayor of Mexico City, 1970–71
Álvaro Domínguez Soto (b. 1989), Spanish football player
Carlos Dominguez III (born 1945), Filipino businessman and finance minister
Clemente Domínguez y Gómez (1946–2005), Spanish churchman, pope of the Palmarian Catholic Church
Cinthya Domínguez (born 1982), Mexican weightlifter
Delia Domínguez (born 1931), Chilean poet
Diego Domínguez (disambiguation)
Federico Hernán Domínguez (born 1976), Argentine football player
Francisco Atanasio Domínguez (18th century), Franciscan missionary and explorer in North America
Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, Duke de la Torre (1810–1885), Spanish marshal and statesman
Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez (1768–1829), Mexican conspirator
José Dominguez, Portuguese football player
Juanjo Domínguez (contemporary), Argentine classical guitarist
Leinier Dominguez (born 1983), Cuban chess grandmaster
Liliana Domínguez (contemporary), Mexican supermodel
Lourdes Domínguez Lino (born 1981), Spanish tennis player
Mario Domínguez (born 1975), Mexican Champ Car racing driver
Marta Domínguez (born 1975), Spanish track athlete in the 3000-meter and 5000-meter events
Matt Dominguez (born 1978), American football player in the Canadian Football League
Miguel Domínguez (1756–1830), Mexican official; corregidor of Querétaro
Michael L. Dominguez, U.S. Department of Defense official
Nuria Domínguez (born 1974), Spanish rower
Oralia Domínguez (born 1925), Mexican mezzo-soprano
Óscar Domínguez (1906–1957), Spanish surrealist painter
Ramón A. Domínguez (born 1976), Venezuelan jockey, National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame inductee (2016)
Raúl Domínguez (born 1972), Cuban track cyclist
Ricardo Dominguez, American professor and electronic activist
Ricardo Domínguez Urbano-Taylor, Venezuelan businessman, town planner and journalist
Richard Dominguez (born 1960), American comic book artist and illustrator
Ron Dominguez (contemporary), former vice-president of Walt Disney Attractions
Rubén Domínguez (1929-2010), Venezuelan tenor
Sally Dominguez (born 1969), Australian inventor
Sophia Dominguez-Heithoff (born 2000), American model and beauty pageant titleholder
Wade Dominguez (1966–1998) American actor, model and singer
Juan Dominguez y Valdez, Texan military
Alberto González Domínguez Argentine mathematician
Alejandro Damián Domínguez (born 1981), Argentine football player
Yulieth Domínguez, Colombian footballer

text: Fictional character[edit]

text: Kristen Forrester Dominguez, fictional character in the American soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful

text: This page lists people with the surname Domínguez. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

text: SurnamesSpanish-language surnamesSurnames of Spanish originPatronymic surnames

text: All set index articles


document_title: List of best-selling video games

question_text: what is the best selling game of all time

text: List of best-selling video games

text: This is a list of the best-selling video games of all time. The best-selling video game to date is Tetris, a tile-matching puzzle video game originally released for the Electronika 60 in 1984 and then popularised upon its Game Boy release in 1989.[1] The game has been ported to a wide range of platforms and sold in excess of 170 million units,[2] including 100 million paid downloads on mobile phones[3] and 35 million as sales for the Game Boy version.[4] Minecraft is the only other video game to have sold over 100 million units, with 144 million units sold as of January 2018.[5] The best-selling game on a single platform is Wii Sports, with nearly 83 million sales for the Wii console.[6]

text: Of the top 50 best-selling video games, 19 were developed or published by Nintendo, including over half of the top ten, and a further five titles were published by its subsidiary, The Pokémon Company. Other publishers with multiple entries in the top 50 include Activision (seven titles, all in the Call of Duty franchise), Rockstar Games (five titles, four of which are Grand Theft Auto releases) and Electronic Arts (three games in three different series). Aside from Nintendo's internal development divisions, Game Freak is the developer with the most games in the top 50, with seven titles from the Pokémon series included. The oldest game in the top 50 is Frogger, which was released in June 1981; while the most recent game in the top 50 is PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, which was released in December 2017.

text:
Key

Game was shipped with a console during its lifetime

Sales figure includes paid mobile downloads

text:
No.
Sales
Title
Developer(s)[a]
Publisher(s)[a]
Release date
Platform(s)
Ref.

1
170,000,000
Tetris
Elektronorgtechnica
Spectrum HoloByte[b]
000000001984-06-06-0000June 6, 1984
Multi-platform
[2]

2
144,000,000
Minecraft
Mojang
Mojang
000000002011-11-18-0000November 18, 2011[c]
Multi-platform
[5][10]

3
95,000,000
Grand Theft Auto V
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
000000002013-09-17-0000September 17, 2013
Multi-platform
[11]

4
82,850,000
Wii Sports
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002006-11-19-0000November 19, 2006
Wii
[6]

5
40,240,000
Super Mario Bros.
Nintendo
Nintendo
000000001985-09-13-0000September 13, 1985
NES
[12]

6
40,000,000
PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds
PUBG Corporation
PUBG Corporation
000000002017-12-20-0000December 20, 2017
Multi-platform
[13]

7
37,100,000
Mario Kart Wii
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002008-04-10-0000April 10, 2008
Wii
[6]

8
33,080,000
Wii Sports Resort
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002009-06-25-0000June 25, 2009
Wii
[6]

9
31,380,000
Pokémon Red and Blue
Game Freak
Nintendo
000000001996-02-27-0000February 27, 1996
Game Boy
[14]

10
30,800,000
New Super Mario Bros.
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002006-05-15-0000May 15, 2006
Nintendo DS
[15]

11
30,200,000
New Super Mario Bros. Wii
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002009-11-11-0000November 11, 2009
Wii
[6]

12
30,000,000
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
Bethesda Game Studios
Bethesda Softworks
000000002011-11-11-0000November 11, 2011
Multi-platform
[16]

13
28,300,000
Duck Hunt
Nintendo R&D1
Nintendo
000000001984-04-21-0000April 21, 1984
NES
[17]

14
28,020,000
Wii Play
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002006-12-02-0000December 2, 2006
Wii
[6]

15
27,500,000
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
000000002004-10-26-0000October 26, 2004
Multi-platform
[18]

16
26,500,000
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3
Infinity Ward
Sledgehammer Games
Activision
000000002011-11-08-0000November 8, 2011
Multi-platform
[19]

17
26,200,000
Call of Duty: Black Ops
Treyarch
Activision
000000002010-11-09-0000November 9, 2010
Multi-platform
[19]

18
25,000,000
Grand Theft Auto IV
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
000000002008-04-29-0000April 29, 2008
Multi-platform
[20]

19
24,200,000
Call of Duty: Black Ops II
Treyarch
Activision
000000002012-11-12-0000November 12, 2012
Multi-platform
[19]

20
24,000,000
Kinect Adventures!
Good Science Studio
Microsoft Studios
000000002010-11-04-0000November 4, 2010
Xbox 360
[21]

21
23,960,000
Nintendogs
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002005-04-21-0000April 21, 2005
Nintendo DS
[15]

22
23,600,000
Mario Kart DS
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005
Nintendo DS
[15]

23
23,100,000
Pokémon Gold and Silver
Game Freak
Nintendo
000000001999-11-21-0000November 21, 1999
Game Boy Color
[22]

24
22,700,000
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2
Infinity Ward
Activision
000000002009-11-10-0000November 10, 2009
Multi-platform
[19]

25
22,670,000
Wii Fit
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002007-12-01-0000December 1, 2007
Wii
[6]

26
21,130,000
Wii Fit Plus
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002009-10-01-0000October 1, 2009
Wii
[6]

27
20,610,000
Super Mario World
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000001990-11-21-0000November 21, 1990
Super NES
[23]

28
20,000,000
Frogger
Konami
Sega
000000001981-06-05-0000June 5, 1981
Multi-platform
[24][25]

29
20,000,000
Lemmings
DMA Design
Psygnosis
000000001991-02-14-0000February 14, 1991
Multi-platform
[26]

30
20,000,000
Terraria
Re-Logic
Re-Logic
000000002011-05-16-0000May 16, 2011
Multi-platform
[27]

31
19,010,000
Brain Age
Nintendo SPD
Nintendo
000000002005-05-19-0000May 19, 2005
Nintendo DS
[15]

32
19,000,000
Call of Duty: Ghosts
Infinity Ward
Activision
000000002013-11-05-0000November 5, 2013
Multi-platform
[28]

33
18,140,000
Super Mario Land
Nintendo R&D1
Nintendo
000000001989-04-21-0000April 21, 1989
Game Boy
[23]

34
17,670,000
Pokémon Diamond and Pearl
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002006-09-28-0000September 28, 2006
Nintendo DS
[15]

35
17,500,000
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
000000002002-10-27-0000October 27, 2002
Multi-platform
[29]

36
17,280,000
Super Mario Bros. 3
Nintendo R&D4
Nintendo
000000001988-10-23-0000October 23, 1988
NES
[23]

37
17,040,000
Mario Kart 7
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002011-12-01-0000December 1, 2011
Nintendo 3DS
[30]

38
16,290,000
Pokémon X and Y
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002013-10-12-0000October 12, 2013
Nintendo 3DS
[30]

39
16,220,000
Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002002-11-21-0000November 21, 2002
Game Boy Advance
[31]

40
16,100,000
Pokémon Sun and Moon
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002016-11-18-0000November 18, 2016
Nintendo 3DS
[30]

41
16,000,000
The Sims
Maxis
Electronic Arts
000000002000-01-31-0000January 31, 2000
Multi-platform
[32]

42
16,000,000
Need for Speed: Most Wanted
EA Black Box
Electronic Arts
000000002005-11-11-0000November 11, 2005
Multi-platform
[33]

43
15,700,000
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare
Infinity Ward
Activision
000000002007-11-05-0000November 5, 2007
Multi-platform
[19]

44
15,700,000
Call of Duty: World at War
Treyarch
Activision
000000002008-11-11-0000November 11, 2008
Multi-platform
[19]

45
15,640,000
Pokémon Black and White
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002010-09-18-0000September 18, 2010
Nintendo DS
[15]

46
15,000,000
Sonic the Hedgehog
Sonic Team
Sega
000000001991-06-23-0000June 23, 1991
Sega Genesis
[34]

47
15,000,000
Red Dead Redemption
Rockstar San Diego
Rockstar Games
000000002010-05-18-0000May 18, 2010
Multi-platform
[35]

48
15,000,000
Battlefield 3
EA DICE
Electronic Arts
000000002011-10-25-0000October 25, 2011
Multi-platform
[36]

49
15,000,000
Battlefield 1
EA DICE
Electronic Arts
000000002016-10-21-0000October 21, 2016
Multi-platform
[37]

50
14,890,000
Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec
Polyphony Digital
Sony Computer Entertainment
000000002001-04-28-0000April 28, 2001
PlayStation 2
[38]


document_title: Omri

question_text: where did omri build his new political capital

text: Omri

text: Struggle for the succession[edit]

text: According to the biblical narrative, Omri was "commander of the army" of King Elah when Zimri, "commander of half the king's chariots", murdered Elah and made himself king. Instead, the troops at Gibbethon chose Omri as king, and he led them to Tirzah where they trapped Zimri in the royal palace. "To avoid the certain tortures of capture," Zimri set fire to the palace and died after a reign of only seven days.[5] Although Zimri was eliminated, "half of the people" supported Tibni in opposition to Omri.[6] It took Omri four years to subdue Tibni and at last proclaim himself undisputed king of Israel.

text: Reign[edit]

text:
Kings of Ancient Israel

United Monarchy of Israel

Saul · Ish-bosheth
David · Solomon · Rehoboam

Northern Kingdom of Israel

Jeroboam I · Nadab
Baasha · Elah
Zimri
Omri · Ahab · Ahaziah · Joram/Jehoram
Jehu · Jehoahaz · Joash/Jehoash · Jeroboam II · Zechariah
Shallum
Menahem · Pekahiah
Pekah
Hoshea

v
t
e

text: Omri became king of Israel in the 31st year of Asa, king of Judah and reigned for 12 years, 6 years of which were in Tirzah.[7] The biblical reference to the period of rivalry with Tibni is from the 27th year of Asa[8] to the 31st year.[9] William F. Albright has dated his reign to 876– 869 BC, while E. R. Thiele offers the dates of 888 BC to 880 BC for his rivalry with Tibni and 880 – 874 BC for his sole reign.[10]

text: Initially, Omri's capital was in Tirzah, which had been besieged and the royal palace had been burned down.[11] The Jewish Encyclopedia suggests that "the associations of Tirzah were so repellent and sanguinary, and the location so poor for a capital, that Omri purchased a new site" for his residence. This was in Samaria, on a hill purchased from Shemer for two talents of silver (about 60 kg), where Omri built a new capital for the kingdom.[5]

text: Omri's rule over Israel was secure enough that he could bequeath his kingdom to his son Ahab, thus beginning a new dynasty (sometimes called the "Omrides'), and his descendants not only ruled over the kingdom of Israel for the next forty years, but also briefly over Judah.

text: Omri in archaeological sources[edit]

text: The fortress at Jezreel was situated on one of the main east-west routes through kingdom. Hugh Williamson believes it served not only a military function, but also a political one; a very visible example of grandiose public works used as a means of social control and to assert claims of legitimacy.[12]

text: The Moabite Mesha stele (on display in the Louvre) indicates that Omri expanded his holdings to include northern Moab east of the Jordan River. It makes reference to the oppression of Moab by "Omri King of Israel". Israel would later become identified in sources[which?] as the "House of Omri" (Bit-Humria), with the term "Israel" being used less and less as history progressed (the other defining term for "Israel" is "Samaria", beginning in the reign of Joash).[citation needed] Thomas L. Thompson (The Bible in History),[full citation needed] however, interprets the Mesha stele as suggesting that Omri is an eponym, or legendary founder of the kingdom rather than an historical person.

text: The Assyrian Black Obelisk in the British Museum has been interpreted as referring to Jehu "son of Omri", though that interpretation has been questioned.[13][14]

text: The Omride Dynasty[edit]

text: The short-lived dynasty founded by Omri constitutes a new chapter in the history of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. It ended almost fifty years of constant civil war over the throne. There was peace with the Kingdom of Judah to the south, and even cooperation between the two rival states, while relations with neighboring Sidon to the north were bolstered by marriages negotiated between the two royal courts. This state of peace with two powerful neighbors enabled the Kingdom of Israel to expand its influence and even political control in Transjordan, and these factors combined brought economic prosperity to the kingdom.

text: On the other hand, peace with Sidon also resulted in the penetration of Phoenician religious ideas into the kingdom and led to a kulturkampf between traditionalists (as personified by the prophet Elijah and his followers) and the aristocracy (as personified by Omri's son and heir Ahab and his consort Jezebel). In foreign affairs, this period paralleled the rise of the Kingdom of Aram based in Damascus, and Israel soon found itself at war in the northeast.

text: Most threatening, however, was the ascendancy of Assyria, which was beginning to expand westward from Mesopotamia: the Battle of Qarqar (853 BC), which pitted Shalmaneser III of Assyria against a coalition of local kings, including Ahab, was the first clash between Assyria and Israel. It was the first in a series of wars that would eventually lead to the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC and the reduction of the Kingdom of Judah to an Assyrian tributary state.

text: In 841 BC, the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III campaigned along the Mediterranean coast and forced Jehu to pay tribute. Assyrian kings frequently referred to Omri's successors as belonging to the "House of Omri" (Bit Hu-um-ri-a).[17]


document_title: Boaty McBoatface

question_text: where did the name boaty mcboatface come from

text: Boaty McBoatface

text: Naming[edit]

text: The name Boaty McBoatface was originally proposed in an online poll to name the ship that was eventually called RRS Sir David Attenborough,[6] in honour of David Attenborough.[7]

text: Although Boaty McBoatface was the most popular suggestion in the #NameOurShip poll,[6] the suggestion to use the name for the mother ship was not followed,[8] and the Minister for Universities and Science, Jo Johnson, announced that the Boaty McBoatface name would be used for the submersibles aboard Sir David Attenborough instead.[9]

text: The results of the poll inspired similar results in other naming polls.[10][11]

text: History[edit]

text: In 2016, the boat did some solo work, having undergone advanced sea trials.[12]

text: Boaty McBoatface was first used on 17 March 2017, to research ocean water flow and turbulence at the Orkney Passage, south of Chile.[13]

text: Popular Culture[edit]

text: Bjorn Baker's team at Sydney's Warwick Farm racecourse caught wind of the the crowd sourced name Boaty McBoatface and decided that they would pay homage to them by naming their new race horse Horsey McHorseface [14]. The news of Horsey McHorseface broke out on social media after his win at the Lathan Arthur Thompson Memorial Maiden in Cessnock, Australia. [15] Horsey McHorseface has since been put to auction, his owners hoping to get a high bidder from his publicity. [16]