document_title: America's Next Top Model

question_text: when did the first season of americas next top model air

text: America's Next Top Model

text: Background

text: It was announced on January 24, 2006, that Top Model would be part of the new The CW network, a merge between UPN and The WB, when the seventh cycle started in September airing on Wednesdays. The series became the first series among regular programming to air on the network. Prior to the announcement of merging with The WB, UPN had committed to renewing the series through its ninth cycle on January 20, 2006,[9] for which casting was conducted throughout mid-2006. America's Next Top Model was the only show left on the network that was originally from UPN.

text: On July 21, 2006, the writers of America's Next Top Model went on strike while working on cycle 7, set to premiere on the new CW Network in September 2006. The writers sought representation through the Writers Guild of America, West, which would allow them regulated wages, access to portable health insurance, and pension benefits. These benefits would be similar to those given to writers on scripted shows. The strike was the focus of a large rally of Hollywood writers coinciding with the premiere of the new network on September 20, 2006.[10] The dispute was chronicled in a July 24 interview on the website Television Without Pity with Daniel J. Blau, a former recapper on the site who covered the series, and at the time was an America's Next Top Model show producer.[11] In November 2006, the writers on strike were taken off payroll.[12]

text: To celebrate its tenth cycle, America's Next Top Model aired a special installment called America's Next Top Model: Exposed in two parts on the CW on Wednesday, February 6 & 13, 2008. It reviewed the best cat fights, mishaps and most memorable photoshoots, personalities, defining moments and contained other segments about the show since cycles 1 to 9, and featured a special opening fusing all three openings together. Camille McDonald (cycles 2 and 17), Toccara Jones (cycle 3), Eva Pigford (cycle 3 winner), Bre Scullark (cycles 5 and 17), Cassandra Whitehead (cycle 5), Joanie Dodds (cycle 6), Jael Strauss (cycle 8), Dionne Walters (cycle 8), Heather Kuzmich (cycle 9), and Bianca Golden (cycles 9 and 17) all returned to comment on events that happened in their or other cycles.

text: After announcing that the seventeenth season would be an All-Stars version, Banks said on The CW upfronts in May 2011, that there wouldn't be a "normal" season of the show anymore.[13] With the start of the eighteenth British Invasion cycle, the program converted to high definition, becoming the second-to-last primetime show on the five major English-language broadcast networks in the United States to make the switch, and the last to air in the regular season to do so.

text: The show is syndicated to NBCUniversal's cable division, with Oxygen as well as Style Network carrying the series, usually in marathon form throughout the daytime period on either network, and running through most of or an entire cycle. Bravo, MTV, and VH1 have also aired the series in the past. E! also currently airs reruns of ANTM.

text: Format

text: Each season of America's Next Top Model has from 9–16 episodes and starts with 10–16 contestants. Contestants are judged weekly on their overall appearance, participation in challenges, and best shot from that week's photo shoot; each episode, one contestant is eliminated, though in rare cases a double elimination or non-elimination was given by consensus of the judging panel. Makeovers are administered to contestants early in the season (usually after the first or second elimination in the finals) and a trip to an international destination is scheduled about two-thirds of the way through the season.

text: Judges

text: The series employs a panel of judges who critique contestants' progress throughout the competition. Throughout its broadcast, the program has employed thirteen judges. The original panel consisted of Banks (who also serves as its presenter), Janice Dickinson, Kimora Lee Simmons, and Beau Quillian. In the first eighteen cycles, an additional guest judge was welcomed to the panel each week. The recent lineup features Banks, Kelly Cutrone, and runway coach J. Alexander. For the nineteenth and twentieth cycles, public voting was represented on the panel by Bryanboy. Though not a judge, Jay Manuel served as the creative director during contestants' photo shoots for the first to eighteenth cycles. During the nineteenth and twentieth cycles, Johnny Wujek replaced Manuel as the creative director of all the shoots, and Yu Tsai replaced Wujek in the twenty-first and twenty-second cycles. On the twenty-third cycle, British singer-model Rita Ora hosted for that cycle and left the show immediately.[14]

text: Upon the return of the series, the judging panel were revamped. For the 24th cycle, Banks was returned as the main judge and presenter. Ashley Graham, Drew Elliott and runway coach/fashion expert Law Roach remain as judging panelists.

text: List of judges

text:
Judge
Cycle

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Hosts

Tyra Banks

Main
Guest
Main

Rita Ora

Main

Judging panelists

Janice Dickinson

Main
Guest

Kimora Lee Simmons

Main

Beau Quillian

Main

J. Alexander

Recurring
Main
Recurring

Main

Nigel Barker

Main

Guest

Eric Nicholson

Main

Nolé Marin

Recurring
Main

Guest

Twiggy

Main

Paulina Porizkova

Main

André Leon Talley

Main

Kelly Cutrone

Main

Bryanboy

Main

Rob Evans

Main

Rita Ora

Main

Ashley Graham

Main

Drew Elliott

Main

Law Roach

Main

Creative director

Jay Manuel

Main

Johnny Wujek

Main

Yu Tsai

Main

Drew Elliott

Main

text: Series overview

text: The first three cycles of America's Next Top Model were filmed in New York City, and was relocated back and forth in cycles 10, 12, 14 and 23. Los Angeles has been the primary filming location of most of the cycles since the fourth cycle.

text:
Cycle
Premiere date
Winner
Runner-up
Other contestants in order of elimination
Number of contestants
Destination(s)

1
May 20, 2003 (2003-05-20)
Adrianne Curry
Shannon Stewart
Tessa Carlson, Katie Cleary, Nicole Panattoni, Ebony Haith, Giselle Samson, Kesse Wallace, Robin Manning, Elyse Sewell
10

Paris

2
January 13, 2004 (2004-01-13)
Yoanna House
Mercedes Scelba-Shorte
Anna Bradfield, Bethany Harrison, Heather Blumberg, Jenascia Chakos, Xiomara Frans, Catie Anderson, Sara Racey-Tabrizi, Camille McDonald, April Wilkner, Shandi Sullivan
12

Milan, Como & Verona

3
September 22, 2004 (2004-09-22)
Eva Pigford
Yaya DaCosta
Magdalena Rivas, Leah Darrow, Julie Titus, Kristi Gromment, Jennipher Frost, Kelle Jacob, Cassie Grisham, Toccara Jones, Nicole Borud, Norelle Van Herk, Ann Markley, Amanda Swafford
14

Montego Bay

Tokyo

4
March 2, 2005 (2005-03-02)
Naima Mora
Kahlen Rondot
Brita Petersons, Sarah Dankelman, Brandy Rusher, Noelle Staggers, Lluvy Gomez, Rebecca Epley & Tiffany Richardson, Tatiana Dante, Michelle Deighton, Christina Murphy, Brittany Brower, Keenyah Hill
14

Cape Town

5
September 21, 2005 (2005-09-21)
Nicole Linkletter
Nik Pace
Ashley Black, Ebony Taylor, Cassandra Whitehead (quit), Sarah Rhoades, Diane Hernandez, Coryn Woitel, Kyle Kavanagh, Lisa D'Amato, Kim Stolz, Jayla Rubinelli, Bre Scullark
13

London

6
March 8, 2006 (2006-03-08)
Danielle Evans
Joanie Dodds
Kathy Hoxit, Wendy Wiltz, Kari Schmidt, Gina Choe, Mollie Sue Steenis, Leslie Mancia, Brooke Staricha, Nnenna Agba, Furonda Brasfield, Sara Albert, Jade Cole
13

Bangkok & Phuket

7
September 20, 2006 (2006-09-20)
CariDee English
Melrose Bickerstaff
Christian Evans, Megan Morris, Monique Calhoun, Megg Morales, A.J. Stewart, Brooke Miller, Anchal Joseph, Jaeda Young, Michelle Babin, Amanda Babin, Eugena Washington
13

Barcelona

8
February 28, 2007 (2007-02-28)
Jaslene Gonzalez
Natasha Galkina
Kathleen DuJour, Samantha Francis, Cassandra Watson, Felicia Provost, Diana Zalewski, Sarah VonderHaar, Whitney Cunningham, Jael Strauss, Brittany Hatch, Dionne Walters, Renee DeWitt
13

Sydney

9
September 19, 2007 (2007-09-19)
Saleisha Stowers
Chantal Jones
Mila Bouzinova, Kimberly Leemans, Victoria Marshman, Janet Mills, Ebony Morgan (quit), Sarah Hartshorne, Ambreal Williams, Lisa Jackson, Heather Kuzmich, Bianca Golden, Jenah Doucette
13

St. John's[a]

Shanghai & Beijing

10
February 20, 2008 (2008-02-20)
Whitney Thompson
Anya Kop
Kim Rydzewski (quit), Atalya Slater, Allison Kuehn, Amis Jenkins, Marvita Washington, Aimee Wright, Claire Unabia, Stacy-Ann Fequiere, Lauren Utter, Katarzyna Dolinska, Dominique Reighard, Fatima Siad
14

Rome

11
September 3, 2008 (2008-09-03)
McKey Sullivan
Samantha Potter
Sharaun Brown, Nikeysha Clarke, Brittany Rubalcaba, Hannah White, Isis King, Clark Gilmer, Lauren Brie Harding, Joslyn Pennywell, Sheena Sakai, Elina Ivanova, Marjorie Conrad, Analeigh Tipton
14

Amsterdam

12
March 4, 2009 (2009-03-04)
Teyona Anderson
Allison Harvard
Isabella Falk, Jessica Santiago, Nijah Harris, Kortnie Coles, Sandra Nyanchoka, Tahlia Brookins, London Levi, Natalie Pack, Fo Porter, Celia Ammerman, Aminat Ayinde
13

São Paulo

13
September 9, 2009 (2009-09-09)
Nicole Fox
Laura Kirkpatrick
Lisa Ramos, Rachel Echelberger, Courtney Davies, Lulu Braithwaite, Bianca Richardson, Ashley Howard, Kara Vincent, Rae Weisz, Brittany Markert, Sundai Love, Jennifer An & Erin Wagner
14

Maui

14
March 10, 2010 (2010-03-10)
Krista White
Raina Hein
Gabrielle Kniery, Naduah Rugely, Ren Vokes, Simone Lewis, Tatianna Kern, Brenda Arens, Anslee Payne-Franklin, Alasia Ballard, Jessica Serfaty, Angelea Preston & Alexandra Underwood
13

Auckland & Queenstown

15
September 8, 2010 (2010-09-08)
Ann Ward
Chelsey Hersley
Anamaria Mirdita, Terra White, Sara Blackamore, Rhianna Atwood, Lexie Tomchek, Kacey Leggett, Kendal Brown, Esther Petrack, Liz Williams, Chris White, Kayla Ferrel & Jane Randall
14

Venice, Milan, Como & Verona

16
February 23, 2011 (2011-02-23)
Brittani Kline
Molly O'Connell
Angelia Alvarez, Ondrei Edwards (quit), Nicole Lucas, Dominique Waldrup, Sara Longoria, Dalya Morrow, Monique Weingart, Mikaela Schipani, Jaclyn Poole, Kasia Pilewicz, Alexandria Everett, Hannah Jones
14

Marrakesh

17
September 14, 2011 (2011-09-14)
Lisa D'Amato
Allison Harvard
Brittany Brower, Sheena Sakai, Isis King, Camille McDonald, Bre Scullark, Kayla Ferrel & Bianca Golden, Alexandria Everett, Shannon Stewart, Dominique Reighard, Laura Kirkpatrick, Angelea Preston (disqualified)
14

Crete & Santorini

18
February 29, 2012 (2012-02-29)

Sophie Sumner

Laura LaFrate
Jasmia Robinson, Mariah Watchman, Louise Watts (quit), Candace Smith, Ashley Brown, AzMarie Livingston, Kyle Gober, Seymone Cohen-Fobish, Catherine Thomas, Eboni Davis, Alisha White (quit), Annaliese Dayes
14

Toronto

Macau

Hong Kong

19
August 24, 2012 (2012-08-24)
Laura James
Kiara Belen
Jessie Rabideau, Maria Tucker (quit), Darian Ellis, Destiny Strudwick, Yvonne Powless, Allyssa Vuelma, Brittany Brown, Victoria Henley, Kristin Kagay, Nastasia Scott, Leila Goldkuhl
13

Ocho Rios & Montego Bay

20
August 2, 2013 (2013-08-02)
Jourdan Miller
Marvin Cortes
Bianca Alexa, Chris Schellenger, Chlea Ramirez, Mike Scocozza, Kanani Andaluz, Jiana Davis, Phil Sullivan, Alex Agro, Don Benjamin, Nina Burns, Jeremy Rohmer, Renee Bhagwandeen, Chris Hernandez, Cory Hindorff
16

Bali

21
August 18, 2014 (2014-08-18)
Keith Carlos
Will Jardell
Ivy Timlin, Romeo Tostado (disqualified), Ben Schreen, Kari Calhoun, Matthew Smith, Denzel Wells, Mirjana Puhar, Raelia Lewis, Chantelle Young, Shei Phan, Lenox Tillman, Adam Smith
14

Seoul

22
August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05)
Nyle DiMarco
Mamé Adjei
Delanie Dischert, Stefano Churchill, Ava Capra, Ashley Molina, Courtney DuPerow, Bello Sanchez, Justin Kim, Dustin McNeer, Hadassah Richardson, Devin Clark, Mikey Heverly & Lacey Rogers
14
None

23
December 12, 2016 (2016-12-12)
India Gants
Tatiana Price
Justine Biticon, Cherish Waters, Giah Hardeman, Krislian Rodriguez, Kyle McCoy, Binta Dibba, Marissa Hopkins, Paige Mobley, Tash Wells, Cody Wells, Courtney Nelson, Cory Anne Roberts
14
None

24
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
Kyla Coleman
Jeana Turner
Maggie Keating, Ivana Thomas, Liz Woodbury (quit), Rhiyan Carreker, Coura Fall, Liberty Netuschil, Christina McDonald, Sandra Shehab, Brendi K Seiner (quit), Erin Green, Rio Summers, Shanice Carroll, Khrystyana Kazakova
15
None

text: Jump up ^ For cycle 9, all of the semi-finalists traveled by boat from San Juan to St. John's for casting week, before returning to the United States to start the competition.

tag: ol

text: Partnerships

text: America's Next Top Model was also connected with Banks' talk show, on which several contestants have appeared, most notably Natasha Galkina (cycle 8), who worked as a correspondent for the show.[15] The show's stage was also used for the cycle 5 reunion show.

text: In 2008, Banks launched a new reality show inside the Tyra Show, called Modelville which featured past contestants Renee DeWitt (cycle 8), Bianca Golden (cycle 9), Dominique Reighard, Fatima Siad and Lauren Utter (all cycle 10) vying for a $50,000 contract with Carol's Daughter. The competition was ultimately won by Reighard.[16]

text: The ANTM franchise released a clothing and accessories line based on the television show, which is sold at most Walmart stores. It ranges from cosmetic products to handbags.[17] Dolls were also released based on the show that were made by MGA Entertainment.

text: Reception

text: Impact in pop culture

text: The show has been referred to in many series, such as ABC Family's GREEK, CBS's The Big Bang Theory, and Fox's Family Guy. It also had its own E! True Hollywood Story episode, featuring past contestants Ebony Haith, Giselle Samson, Elyse Sewell (all cycle 1), Adrianne Curry (cycle 1 winner), Camille McDonald (cycles 2 & 17), April Wilkner, Mercedes Scelba-Shorte (both cycle 2), Toccara Jones, Ann Markley, Amanda Swafford (all cycle 3), Eva Pigford (cycle 3 winner), Michelle Deighton (cycle 4), Brittany Brower (cycles 4 & 17), Naima Mora (cycle 4 winner), Ebony Taylor (cycle 5), Lisa D'Amato (cycle 5 & cycle 17 winner), Kim Stolz (cycle 5) and Bre Scullark (cycles 5 & 17) as well as judges & personals Janice Dickinson, Tyra Banks, Nigel Barker, J. Alexander, Jay Manuel, Ken Mok and Michelle Mock-Falcon. It covered the first five cycles and recently re-aired with a few added minutes of footage which cover cycles 6 to 10 and Stylista.

text: In 2009, Oxygen Network aired a series based on the show called Top Model Obsessed, featuring past contestants Lisa D'Amato (cycle 5 & cycle 17 winner), CariDee English (cycle 7 winner) and Bianca Golden (cycles 9 & 17).[18]

text: U.S. television ratings

text: For the 2006–2009 and 2010–2011 television seasons, America's Next Top Model was the No.1 show in average viewers on The CW.[19]

text:
Cycle
Timeslot (ET/PT)
Season premiere
Season Finale
Network
Season
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

1
Tuesday 9:00 pm
May 20, 2003 (2003-05-20)
July 15, 2003 (2003-07-15)
UPN
2003
N/A[a]

2
January 13, 2004 (2004-01-13)
March 23, 2004 (2004-03-23)
2003–04
122[20]
6.13[20]

3
Wednesday 8:00 pm
September 22, 2004 (2004-09-22)
December 15, 2004 (2004-12-15)
2004–05
108[21]
5.0[21]

4
March 2, 2005 (2005-03-02)
May 18, 2005 (2005-05-18)
106[21]
5.1[21]

5
September 21, 2005 (2005-09-21)
December 7, 2005 (2005-12-07)
2005–06
113[22]
5.0[22]

6
March 8, 2006 (2006-03-08)
May 17, 2006 (2006-05-17)
113[22]
5.0[22]

7
September 20, 2006 (2006-09-20)
December 6, 2006 (2006-12-06)
The CW
2006–07
112[23]
5.4[23]

8
February 28, 2007 (2007-02-28)
May 16, 2007 (2007-05-16)
112[23]
5.4[23]

9
September 19, 2007 (2007-09-19)
December 12, 2007 (2007-12-12)
2007–08
148[24]
5.12[24]

10
February 20, 2008 (2008-02-20)
May 14, 2008 (2008-05-14)
168[24]
4.23[24]

11
September 3, 2008 (2008-09-03)
November 19, 2008 (2008-11-19)
2008–09
140[25]
4.43[25]

12
March 4, 2009 (2009-03-04)
May 13, 2009 (2009-05-13)
142[25]
4.35[25]

13
September 9, 2009 (2009-09-09)
November 18, 2009 (2009-11-18)
2009–10
122[26]
3.28[26]

14
March 10, 2010 (2010-03-10)
May 19, 2010 (2010-05-19)[b]
121[26]
3.29[26]

15
September 8, 2010 (2010-09-08)
December 1, 2010 (2010-12-01)
2010–11
126
3.46[19]

16
Wednesday 8:00 pm,[c]
February 23, 2011 (2011-02-23)
May 18, 2011 (2011-05-18)
133
2.52[19]

17
Wednesday 9:00 pm
September 14, 2011 (2011-09-14)
December 7, 2011 (2011-12-07)
2011–12
142
2.42[28]

18
February 29, 2012 (2012-02-29)
May 30, 2012 (2012-05-30)
151
1.52[28]

19
Friday 8:00 pm
August 24, 2012 (2012-08-24)[29]
November 16, 2012 (2012-11-16)
2012[d]
141
1.72[30]

20
August 2, 2013 (2013-08-02)
November 15, 2013 (2013-11-15)
2013[d]
163
1.66[31]

21
Monday 9:00 pm
Friday 9:00 pm
August 18, 2014 (2014-08-18)
December 5, 2014 (2014-12-05)
2014[d]
176
1.56[32]

22
Wednesday 8:00 pm
Friday 9:00 pm
August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05)
December 4, 2015 (2015-12-04)
2015[d]
176
1.59[33]

23
Monday 10:00 pm
Wednesday 10:00 pm
December 12, 2016 (2016-12-12)
March 8, 2017 (2017-03-08)
VH1
2016-17
N/A
N/A

24
Tuesday 8:00 pm
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)
2018
N/A
N/A

text:
Jump up ^ Cycle 1 does not have a ranking for the 2003 season because it aired in the summer of 2003 and not within the official 2002–2003 U.S. television season.
Jump up ^ The finale for cycle 14 was actually on May 12, 2010. The recap was shown a week after the actual finale.
Jump up ^ Episodes aired Wednesdays at 8:00 pm from February 23 to April 13, 2011, when the show moved to 9:00 pm at the following week. Re-airing of previous week's episode took the old time slot to avoid clashing with Survivor, Minute to Win It, and American Idol.[27]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Because this cycle of America's Next Top Model started in the late summer (outside of the typical television season, which runs September to May) and ended partway in the next television season.

text: Criticism

text: Yahoo!'s Shine lifestyle website said the show contained cruelty and elements of humiliation, and that some critiques from the judges are "really cruel and cringe-inducing", claiming that the show "humiliates and degrades young women."[34] The site created the list "10 reasons why 'America's Next Top Model' is bad for women, humans", citing such things as giving the contestants and women viewers unrealistic visions of life as a model, and "always espousing empowerment and female strength and then forcing the contestants into embarrassing scenarios far outside the realm of real-life modeling". One such scenario highlighted was when cycle 12's final two contestants "were made to wear bikinis so skimpy that the producers had to blur out Allison Harvard's butt cheeks", and performed a "creepily sexual mud fight," after which contestant and winner Teyona Anderson was "commended for taking her weave in her hand and whipping it around on the runway like a sexy feather boa."[34]

text: Allure magazine criticized the show in its October 2006 issue, saying that ANTM "hasn't exactly produced any actual supermodels."[35]

text: Ken Mok and Banks noticed that most of cycle 8's girls were unusually heavy smokers. "Tyra and I understand the influence 'Top Model' has on a generation of young people, and we want to make sure we get the right message to our audience," Mok said, which then prompted the "green" theme of cycle 9.[36]

text: The winner of cycle 9, Saleisha Stowers, was discovered to have been in a Wendy's commercial, on a catwalk in the cycle 6 show and an episode of Tyra Banks Show prior to her participation. The rules of the competition stated that a contestant must not have appeared as a model in a national campaign during the five years prior to the production of the cycle in which they participate. The CW network said she had revealed her role in the Wendy's commercial, and "after reviewing the commercial, it was determined that her appearance did not amount to 'modeling' experience, and therefore did not exclude her from participating in the show."[37]

text: After filming cycle 10, the producers of America's Next Top Model were served with a lawsuit from Michael Marvisi, the owner of the loft used as the Top Model house. The lawsuit claimed that the contestants as well as the production crew caused an estimated $500,000 in damages to the loft. Marvisi claims the contestants engaged in food fights, made holes in the walls, caused water damage to the bathroom, damaged a $15,000 chandelier beyond repair, and caused $90,000 worth of damage to an electrical store. Also, the production crew was accused of damaging the flooring and making holes in the ceiling for lighting equipment.[38]

text: Broadcast history

text: International broadcasts

text: America's Next Top Model is currently shown on TV internationally in 170 countries and regions, namely: Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and the whole of Southeast Asia (except Timor-Leste). The following table shows countries and regions that have aired this show:[39]

text: The channel in bold also broadcast their own version of Top Model.

text:
Country
Channel
First aired
Last aired
Cycle(s)
Episodes

 Australia
Fox8
2004
present
1–21 (cycle 21 currently airing)
137

 Austria
Puls 4
2009
2009
10
13

 Brazil
Canal Sony
2004
TBA
1–17
TBA

 Bulgaria
GTV
2005
2009
1-7
237

BTV Cinema
2011
2011
8

BTV Lady
2012
present
9–17

Fox Life
2018
present
21-22

 Canada
MuchMusic
CTV Two
2003 (Citytv)
2008 (CTV)
2012 (MuchMusic & CTV Two)
2011 (CTV)
All
All

MusiquePlus
2008
present
4–17
182

 Chile
Canal 13
2010
TBA
TBA
TBA

 China
CCTV-2
TBA
present
All
All

 Estonia
Kanal 2
Kanal 11

TBA
2012
2011

1–13
1–12

TBA

 Finland
Nelonen
January 6, 2004
present
1–13
TBA

 France
Téva
Direct Star
June
2005 (Téva)
2011 (Direct Star & June)
2007 (Téva)
2012 (Direct Star)
present (June)
3-4 (Téva)
5–11 (Direct Star)
1-20 (June)
TBA

 Germany
VIVA
2007
2011
1–8
TBA

 Greece
Skai TV
2006
2013
1–20
TBA

 Hong Kong
TVB Pearl
2003
TBA
All
TBA

Channel V

Star World

 India
AXN
2015
Present
20-22
48

Colors Infinity
2017
Present
23-24
30

 Italy
Sky Uno
2007
present
1–15
169

 Japan
Fuji TV,
TV Tokyo,
YTV,
Nihon Television,
TV Asahi
2004(C1-5 Fuji TV),
2007(C6-9 TV Tokyo),
2009(C10-11 YTV),
2011(C12-13 NTV),
2011–present(C14 – present TV Asahi)
—
All
TBA

 Latin America
Sony Entertainment Television
2004
TBA
1–17
TBA

 Lithuania
TV6
TBA
TBA
1–13
150

 Netherlands
Yorin
RTL 5
May 31, 2004
August 18, 2005
August 11, 2005
—
1–4 (Yorin)
4–21 (RTL 5)
202

 New Zealand
TV3
2004
2010
1–13
215

Four
2011
Present
14– (cycle 21 currently airing)

 Philippines
Studio 23 (now ABS-CBN Sports+Action),
ETC,
Star World,
Velvet
2004 (Studio 23 now ABS-CBN Sports+Action),
2006 (ETC),
2006 (STAR World),
2008 (Velvet)
2005 (Studio 23 now ABS-CBN Sports+Action),
2013 (Velvet)
All
TBA

 Poland
TVN
September 8, 2010

1–13

 Portugal
SIC Mulher
2009
Present
7–22
TBA

 Puerto Rico
WAPA-TV
August 17, 2009[40]
May 20, 2011
September 8, 2010
 —
1–14
15–16
182
 —

 Russia
Muz-TV
U
February 1, 2010
September 17, 2012
present
1–20
All

 Serbia
B92
August 1, 2012
present
2–7
TBA

 Singapore
Channel 5
TBA
TBA
1–2, 4–13, 15–16
TBA

 Slovenia
TV3 Slovenia
2010
2010
TBA
TBA

 Taiwan
Channel V
2005
2009
3–11
141+

Star World
October 12, 2008
present
11, 13–21

 Ukraine
Novyi Kanal
2013
present
1 (cycle 1 is now airing)
26+

 United Kingdom
Sky Living
2004
present
1–20
204

 Vietnam
Star World
2009
present
16– (cycle 23 is now airing)
100+

text: Spin-off

text: In October 2008, The CW announced that it had ordered a spin-off pilot of America's Next Top Model, titled Operation Fabulous. The proposed show would have starred ANTM creative director Jay Manuel and runway coach Mrs. J. Alexander as they travel the country to provide makeovers to everyday women. Tyra Banks and Ken Mok would have served as executive producers for the new show. However, The CW ultimately declined to pick up the show.[41]

text: Distribution

text: Until 2012, only cycle 1 had been released domestically on DVD. This is because the home video license was formerly held by UPN, and was distributed for them by Paramount Home Entertainment. Since the series is now independently produced, the video rights to the remaining seasons have, until recently, been open for acquisition (and therefore, the remaining seasons had yet to be issued on DVD or Blu-ray). However, on May 30, it was announced on the CW that cycles 2 and 3 were available to pre-order on DVD via new licensee CBS Home Entertainment. They are now available for purchase on Amazon.com. Additionally, cycles 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were also made into DVDs and sold on the website.[42]

text: Sponsors

text: For cycle 1, Revlon sponsored this show with the products and prizes. For cycle 2, Sephora replaced Revlon as the commercial sponsor. Through cycles 3-18, CoverGirl replaced Sephora as the continuation on products and prizes. For cycle 19, shoe retailer Nine West and Smashbox sponsored with campaigns, but the cosmetics sponsorship has ended. For cycle 20, Guess sponsored with a US$100,000 ad campaign for the winner.

text: Contestants' crossover appearances

text:
In cycle 3, Taye Diggs from Kevin Hill appeared in the acting challenge. While Yaya DaCosta won the challenge, it was cycle 3 winner Eva Pigford who guest-starred on the show. She later starred on other UPN/CW shows such as Smallville.
Naima Mora (winner of cycle 4), Kim Stolz (cycle 5), and Furonda Brasfield (cycle 6) were given guest-starring roles on episodes of Veronica Mars. Kim and Furonda's roles were cameos in the same series.
CariDee English (cycle 7 winner), who won the acting challenge in Episode 9, guest-starred in an episode of One Tree Hill, and later had a cameo appearance in an episode of Gossip Girl. English hosted Oxygen reality TV series Pretty Wicked.
For cycle 8, the acting-themed episode had Tia Mowry of CW's The Game give the girls a crash course in acting, although the "crossover" was limited to Mowry's appearance, as the challenge winner was not given a guest role as a prize. Instead, Renee DeWitt, who won the challenge, got a surprise visit from her husband and son which she shared with Dionne Walters, whose family also showed up for a surprise visit.
Several other contestants have landed roles on other UPN/CW shows, such as Mercedes Scelba-Shorte (cycle 2), Ann Markley (cycle 3), Toccara Jones (cycle 3) and Cassandra Whitehead (cycle 5).
Analeigh Tipton and Samantha Potter (both cycle 11) were featured in an episode of The Big Bang Theory which featured the main characters locating the top model house.
At the E! News preshow for the 81st Academy Awards five contestants were featured modeling Oscar gowns: Ambreal Williams (cycle 9) and Saleisha Stowers (cycle 9 winner), Samantha Potter (cycle 11), Nijah Harris and Natalie Pack (both cycle 12)
On May 12, 2010, Angelea Preston, Jessica Serfaty, and Simone Lewis (all cycle 14) appeared on a Jay Walking All-Stars segment on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. On February 24, 2012, Brittany Brower (cycle 4), Bre Scullark (cycle 5) (both cycle 17), and Lisa D'Amato (cycle 5 and cycle 17 winner) appeared on a Jay Walking All-Stars segment on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.
On November 21, 2012, Allyssa Vuelma, Jessie Rabideau, and Kiara Belen (all cycle 19) appeared on a Jay Walking All-Stars segment on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.
Jenascia Chakos (cycle 2) appeared in 2010 in an episode of Wheel of Fortune.
Analeigh Tipton (cycle 11) played Jessica Riley in the romantic comedy Crazy, Stupid, Love.
Courtney Davies (cycle 13) appeared in the ABC family TV series Pretty Little Liars as Quinn in a recurring role for 2 episodes in 2011.
Leslie Mancia (cycle 6), Lisa Jackson (cycle 9), Aminat Ayinde (cycle 12), Nastasia Scott (cycle 19) and Shei Phan (cycle 21) all competed on Project Runway or Project Runway All Stars as models paired with a designer. Lisa (paired with designer Michelle Lesniak Franklin) was the winner of the 11th season of Project Runway.
Nyle DiMarco (cycle 22) was a contestant on, and the winner of season 22 of Dancing with the Stars, dancing with Peta Murgatroyd.
Will Jardell (cycle 21) is currently a contestant on an online game called Sequester which is produced by Audrey Middleton of Big Brother fame.


document_title: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 film)

question_text: who was the bad one jekyll or hyde

question_tokens: who was the bad one jekyll or hyde

root

text: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Henry Jekyll (John Barrymore) is a doctor of medicine, but he is also an "idealist, philanthropist." When he is not treating the poor in his free clinic, he is in his laboratory experimenting. Sir George Carew (Brandon Hurst), the father of his fiancée, Millicent (Martha Mansfield), is "piqued" by Dr. Jekyll. "No man could be as good as he looks," Carew says. Following dinner one night, Carew taunts Dr. Jekyll in front of their friends, Edward Enfield (Cecil Clovelly), Dr. Lanyon (Charles Lane) and Utterson (J. Malcolm Dunn) proclaiming "In devoting yourself to others, Jekyll, aren't you neglecting the development of your own life?" "Isn't it by serving others that one develops oneself?" Jekyll replies. "Which self?" Carew retorts. "Man has two - as he has two hands. Because I use my right hand, should I never use my left? Your really strong man fears nothing. It is the weak one who is afraid of experience. A man cannot destroy the savage in him by denying its impulses. The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it. With your youth, you should live - as I have lived. I have memories. What will you have at my age?"

tag: p

text: And thus the seed is sown, and Jekyll begins his experiments. As he observes, "Wouldn't it be marvellous if the two natures in man could be separated - housed in different bodies? Think what it would mean to yield to every evil impulse, yet leave the soul untouched!" Finally, Jekyll develops a potion that turns him into a hideously evil creature that he calls Edward Hyde. As this creature, he is not recognizable as Dr. Jekyll, and, so, to facilitate the comings and goings of Hyde, he tells his servant, Poole (George Stevens), that Hyde is to have "full authority and liberty about the house."

text: Jekyll thus begins to live his double life. Hyde sets up a room in one of the seediest parts of London. He brings in a girl from the dance hall, Gina (Nita Naldi), to live with him there and frequents opium dens, dance halls, and bars - any place that satisfies his evil desires. Although Jekyll has developed a potion that will also return him to his original appearance and character as Dr. Jekyll, each time he takes the potion to become Edward Hyde, he worsens. He not only looks more evil, he becomes more evil, as well.

text: Millicent Carew is worried about the absence of her fiancé, so Sir George goes to call on Jekyll to see what is the matter. Although Jekyll is not home when he calls, Sir George encounters Hyde in the street just as he knocks a small boy to the ground injuring him. To make recompense for his actions, he goes and gets a check which he returns to the boy's father. Carew notices that the check has been signed by Dr. Jekyll. He confronts Poole who tells him the story of Edward Hyde.

text: In the meantime, Hyde/Jekyll has returned to the lab and, after drinking the potion, returns to his original self. Sir George finds him in the lab and demands to know his relationship with "a vile thing like Hyde?"

text: "What right have you to question me - you who first tempted me?" says Jekyll. Sir George angrily retorts that unless Jekyll is forthcoming with an explanation, he must object to his marriage to Millicent. This angers Jekyll to the point that he suddenly becomes Hyde, right in front of Sir George's eyes, without benefit of the potion. Sir George runs into the courtyard where Hyde catches him and clubs him to death with his walking stick. Hyde runs to his apartment and destroys any evidence that may link him to Jekyll. He eludes the police by only minutes and returns to his lab where he is able to drink the potion that restores him as Jekyll.

text: In the ensuing days, as Millicent grieves, Jekyll is tortured by his misdeeds. Soon, the drug needed to make the potion that will return him as Dr. Jekyll is depleted and cannot be found in all of London. Jekyll stays locked up in his lab fearing he may become Hyde at any moment. Millicent finally goes to see him, but just as she is about to enter the lab, he begins to transform into Hyde. Jekyll consumes the poison in the ring he took from the Italian dancer before he opens the door, fully transformed into Hyde. He lets her in, locks the door and grabs her in his arms. Suddenly, he starts convulsing. Millicent runs from the lab and when Lanyon comes in, he finds Hyde sitting in a chair, having just died, and his appearance returned to that of Dr. Jekyll. He discerns that Jekyll committed suicide, and calls the others (Poole, Utterson and Millicent) in, but declares to them that Hyde has killed Dr. Jekyll. In the final shot, Millicent is grieving next to the body of Dr. Jekyll.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Barrymore as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Mr. Edward Hyde
Brandon Hurst as Sir George Carew
Martha Mansfield as Millicent Carew, Sir George's daughter
Charles Willis Lane as Dr. Richard Lanyon
George Stevens as Poole, Jekyll's butler
Nita Naldi as Miss Gina, Italian artist
Cecil Clovelly as Edward Enfield
J. Malcolm Dunn as John Utterson

tag: ul

text: Uncredited[edit]

text:
Alma Aiken as Extra;emotional woman in Jekyll's office (*uncredited)
Julia Hurley[3] as Hyde's Old Landlady (*uncredited)
Edgard Varèse as Policeman (*uncredited)
Louis Wolheim as Dance Hall proprietor (*uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: The early part of Jekyll's initial transformation into Hyde was achieved with no makeup, instead relying solely on Barrymore's ability to contort his face.[4] In one scene, as Hyde reverts to Jekyll, one of Hyde's prosthetic fingers can be seen to fly across the screen, having been shaken loose by Barrymore's convulsions. The character of Millicent Carew does not appear in Stevenson's original story, but in the 1887 stage version by Thomas Russell Sullivan starring Richard Mansfield.[citation needed] This 1920 film version used the play's concept of Jekyll being engaged to Carew's daughter, and Hyde beginning a dalliance with a dance-hall girl.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2016)

text: Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 92%, based on 13 reviews, with a rating average of 7.8/10.[5] Film critic Leonard Maltin gave the film 3 out of a possible 4 stars, complimenting Barrymore's performance as both Jekyll and Hyde, and the film's production, calling it "well made".[6]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2001: AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated[7]
2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:

Dr. Jekyll – Nominated Hero[8]


document_title: 15th IIFA Awards

question_text: which film got the highest number of awards in different categories in the iifa awards 2014

text: 15th IIFA Awards

text: Winners and nominees[edit]

text: Popular awards[edit]

text:
Best Picture

Best Director

Bhaag Milkha Bhaag - Reliance Entertainment
Dhoom 3 - Yash Raj Films
Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani - UTV Motion Pictures
Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela - Eros International
Krrish 3 - Filmkraft Productions Pvt. Ltd
Kai Po Che! - UTV Motion Pictures
Chennai Express - UTV Motion Pictures

Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra– Bhaag Milkha Bhaag
Abhishek Kapoor – Kai Po Che!
Rakesh Roshan – Krrish 3
Rohit Shetty – Chennai Express
Sanjay Leela Bhansali – Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela

Best Actor In A Leading Role

Best Actress In A Leading Role

Farhan Akhtar – Bhaag Milkha Bhaag as Milkha Singh
Hrithik Roshan – Krrish 3 as Rohit Mehra / Krishna Mehra (Krrish)
Ranbir Kapoor – Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani as Kabir "Bunny" Thapar
Ranveer Singh – Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela as Ram Rajari
Shahrukh Khan – Chennai Express as Rahul Mithaiwala
Sushant Singh Rajput – Kai Po Che! as Ishaan Bhatt

Deepika Padukone – Chennai Express as Meenalochni Azhagusundaram
Deepika Padukone – Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela as Leela Sanera
Deepika Padukone – Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani as Naina Talwar
Nimrat Kaur – The Lunchbox as Ila
Shraddha Kapoor – Aashiqui 2 as Aarohi Keshav Shirke
Sonakshi Sinha – Lootera as Pakhi Roy Chaudhary

Best Actor In A Supporting Role

Best Actress In A Supporting Role

Aditya Roy Kapur – Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani as Avinash "Avi" Arora
Anupam Kher – Special 26 as P.K. Sharma
Nawazuddin Siddiqui – The Lunchbox as Shaikh
Pawan Malhotra – Bhaag Milkha Bhaag as Hawaldar (Constable) Gurudev Singh
Saurabh Shukla – Jolly LLB as Justice Tripathi

Divya Dutta – Bhaag Milkha Bhaag as Ishri Kaur
Kalki Koechlin – Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani as Aditi Mehra
Kangana Ranaut – Krrish 3 as Kaya
Richa Chadda – Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela as Rasila
Shruti Haasan – D-Day as Suraiya
Swara Bhaskar – Raanjhanaa as Bindiya

Male Debutant Star

Female Debutant Star

Dhanush - Raanjhanaa as Kundan Shankar

Vaani Kapoor - Shuddh Desi Romance as Tara

Best Performance In A Comic Role

Best Performance In A Negative Role

Arshad Warsi – Jolly LLB as Jagdish Tyagi (Jolly)
Ritesh Deshmukh– Grand Masti as Amar Saxena
Varun Sharma – Fukrey as Choocha (Dilip Singh)

Rishi Kapoor– Aurangzeb as DCP Ravikant, HPS
Rishi Kapoor – D-Day as Iqbal Seth alias Goldman
Supriya Pathak – Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela as Dhankor Baa Sanera
Vivek Oberoi – Krrish 3 as Kaal

Best Story

Debutant Director

Prasoon Joshi – Bhaag Milkha Bhaag
Pubali Chaudhari, Supratik Sen, Abhishek Kapoor, Chetan Bhagat – Kai Po Che!
Ritesh Batra– The Lunchbox

text: Special awards[edit]

text:
Category
Recipient(s)

IIFA Award for Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema
Shatrughan Sinha

IIFA Award for Outstanding Achievement in International Cinema
John Travolta[3]

IIFA Award for Entertainer of the Year
Deepika Padukone[4]

text: Musical awards[edit]

text:
Best Music Direction

Best Lyrics

Aashiqui 2 – Mithoon, Ankit Tiwari, Jeet Ganguly
Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani – Pritam Chakraborty
Bhaag Milkha Bhaag – Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy

Tum Hi Ho from Aashiqui 2 – Mithoon
"O Rangrez" from Bhaag Milkha Bhaag – Prasoon Joshi
"Sunn Raha Hai" from Aashiqui 2 – Sandeep Nath

Best Male Playback Singer

Best Female Playback Singer

Arijit Singh for Tum Hi Ho;– Aashiqui 2
Ankit Tiwari for "Sunn Raha Hai" – Aashiqui 2
Siddharth Mahadevan for "Zinda" – Bhaag Milkha Bhaag

Shreya Ghoshal for Sunn Raha Hai – Aashiqui 2
Bhoomi Trivedi for "Ram Chahe Leela" – Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela
Monali Thakur for "Sawar Loon" – Lootera
Shreya Ghoshal for "O Rangrez" – Bhaag Milkha Bhaag

Best Sound Design

Best Background Score

Nakul Kamte – Bhaag Milkha Bhaag

Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy – Bhaag Milkha Bhaag

text: Technical awards[edit]

text:
Best Action

Best Special Effects

Ishwor Bhusal - Superstar Ki Kahani
Sham Kaushal & Tony Ching Siu Tung – Krrish 3

Keitan Yadav & Haresh Hingorani (Red Chillies VFX) – Krrish 3

Best Choreography

Best Cinematography

Remo D'Souza – Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani

Binod Pradhan – Bhaag Milkha Bhaag

Best Costume Design

Best Dialogue

Dolly Ahluwalia – Bhaag Milkha Bhaag

Prasoon Joshi – Bhaag Milkha Bhaag

Best Editing

Best Makeup

P. S. Bharti – Bhaag Milkha Bhaag

Vikram Gaikwad – Bhaag Milkha Bhaag

Best Production Design

Best Screenplay

Wasiq Khan – Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela

Prasoon Joshi – Bhaag Milkha Bhaag

Best Sound Mixing

Best Sound Recording

Anup Dev – Chennai Express, Debajit Changmai – Bhaag Milkha Bhaag

Vinod Verma for Lungi Dance – Chennai Express

text: Hindi Films with multiple nominations[edit]

text:
19: Bhaag Milkha Bhaag
8: Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela
7: Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani, Krrish 3 and Aashiqui 2
6: Chennai Express
4: Kai Po Che!
3: The Lunchbox
2: D-Day, Lootera and Jolly LLB

text: Hindi Films with multiple awards[edit]

text:
14: Bhaag Milkha Bhaag
4: Aashiqui 2
3: Chennai Express
2: Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani, Krrish 3


document_title: Abby Lockhart

question_text: when do abby and luka get back together

question_tokens: when do abby and luka get back together

text: Abby Lockhart

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: The character of Abby Lockhart first appears in season 6 of ER in the episode "Great Expectations", guest starring as Carol Hathaway's labor and delivery nurse. Three months later, she became a regular character in February 2000 as a third-year medical student beginning her ER rotation. On her first day, she meets Dr. Luka Kovač, her first teacher, with whom she will experience a number of professional and personal relationships and who will become the most important character in her long-running story. Lockhart's first months in the ER prove challenging for her transitioning from OB nursing to the ER. In that time, she sees Carter stabbed and medical student, Lucy Knight, killed by a schizophrenic patient, and also has to speak to superiors Kerry Weaver and Mark Greene about Carter's growing drug addiction. Although Carter is hostile at first, he and Abby become friends over the course of the next season.

text: Abby's medical training had gone into hiatus and she had become a full-time obstetrics nurse to provide for her then-husband Richard Lockhart's medical school education, but once they divorced she resumed her medical training. At the start of season 7, Kerry Weaver breaks the news to her that her registration for her final year of medical school has been denied due to lack of payment. Abby confronts her ex-husband who has stopped paying her tuition because he is bankrupt. She resumes her part-time OB nursing job, and soon Weaver offers her a full-time ER nursing position. Abby accepts the offer. After several generally rewarding years as a nurse, Abby gets her ex-husband to sign off on a loan so she can finish medical school. The loan defaults, but John Carter pays the deficit. While she fails her first board certification exam, she passes on her second try, and she earns her MD in the Season 10 finale.

text: In the 2000–2001 season, Abby is visited by her mother, Maggie (Sally Field), who suffers from bipolar disorder. Abby's childhood is revealed to have been very difficult: she was forced to cope with her mother's erratic behavior and long absences and had to take care of her younger brother Eric (Tom Everett Scott). Eric is introduced in later episodes. He is in the US Air Force but goes AWOL and is showing signs of bipolar disorder. He refuses to accept it and clashes with both Abby and Maggie as a result.  Abby eventually reconciles with her mother during the beginning of Season 13 as Maggie is taking medications for her disorder regularly, and Abby is grateful for her support when her son Joe is born prematurely.

text: Abby's father, Eddie, left the family when Abby was a child, due at least in part to Maggie's uncontrollable behavior. Abby reunites with her father (Fred Ward) in season 13, when he initially approaches her under the guise of being a patient named Eddie Jackson before finally revealing his true identity to her. Abby tells him to stay away from her, although she later considers inviting him to her wedding.

text: Abby dates Dr. Kovač, Dr. Carter and Jake, a medical student, but eventually returns to Kovač, with whom she has a son. They later marry. She befriends many colleagues in the ER throughout the series, particularly female co-workers such as Carol Hathaway and Susan Lewis, and later Elizabeth Corday and Kerry Weaver. Her closest friend is Dr. Neela Rasgotra, who graduates medical school with her and lives with her during some of Neela's hard times. As Carter is phased out of the show and Weaver departs midway through Season 13, Abby and Luka Kovač are the senior figures on the show until their departure in 2009.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Prior to beginning medical school at County, Abby was married to Richard Lockhart; she and Richard were expecting a child at one point, but Abby chose to have an abortion, since she was afraid the child would be bipolar like her mother. Abby never told her family about the pregnancy and Richard was unaware of it until after the abortion. The marriage began to break down after a short time, with Richard frustrated at Abby's abortion and depression, and Abby angry over his insensitivity, since she was working overtime at home and at work to help pay for his medical schooling.  They finally split for good when Richard cheated on her and part of the divorce agreement was that he would pay for her medical schooling. Abby chose to keep her married name of Lockhart, claiming "it's the only good thing I got out of the whole mess."

text: Soon after taking the position in the ER, Abby begins a relationship with Dr. Luka Kovač, who is initially a mentor figure to her until she has to quit medical school. The beginning of their relationship is strained when they are attacked by a mugger on their first date, whom Luka kills in defense. She and Luka stay together for about a year, but their relationship becomes more strained after the arrival of Abby's mother and the increasing closeness between Abby and Dr. John Carter, and a heated argument leads to their break up at the beginning of the eighth season.

text: Despite an initial period of awkwardness and jealousy after their romance ends, Luka and Abby become good friends again. She criticizes him when he behaves badly towards other staff and during his subsequent depression but nonetheless from Seasons 9-11 the two are very close friends, although their mutual attraction is still sometimes visible. In season 8  Abby's neighbor, Brian, attacks her for protecting his abused wife, leaving Abby with a horribly bruised face.  After allowing her to recover at his apartment, Luka traces Brian to a bar and beats him to a pulp, threatening to kill him if he comes near Abby again.

text: Abby's next relationship is with Dr. John Carter. Abby discovers Carter shooting up on painkillers during season 6. She tells the senior doctors about it, and at their urging and with their help, Carter enters a rehab program. Once he returns, he sees Abby at an AA meeting. She tells him that she is a recovering alcoholic and had been sober for five years. She agrees to become his AA sponsor. Abby and Carter develop a very strong friendship, which strains her relationship with Luka. Several months later, Abby has a particularly horrible birthday and starts drinking again. When Carter catches her having a beer a few weeks after she was attacked, he confronts her, and she tells him not to worry about her. When Dr. Mark Greene passes away at the end of season 8, Carter seeks solace in Abby. She returns to her AA meetings, telling Carter she is doing it for him, and they are a couple throughout season 9. Abby continues drinking on occasion, however, and Carter compulsively tries to "fix" her. At one point, Carter is ready to propose to Abby at a special dinner he's arranged for her, but at the last minute, he puts the ring back in his pocket; although they discuss it briefly in a later episode, he never proposes again.  Their relationship is badly strained when Carter's grandmother (Frances Sternhagen) dies, and Abby's brother, Eric, conclusively diagnosed with bipolar disorder, acts out at the funeral and falls into the grave. Soon after, Carter flies to the Congo and joins Luka, who is volunteering with Doctors Without Borders.  On his return, Abby is extremely hostile towards him for leaving without explanation. When Carter goes to Africa for a second time to recover the body of Luka, who, in a plot twist, has not actually died, he sends Abby a break-up letter, and their relationship finally ends. Just as with the end of Luka and Abby's relationship, Abby and Carter remain close friends after a period of distance between them, especially when Carter returns to Chicago with his pregnant girlfriend Kem.

text: Abby briefly dates a medical student named Jake in season 11, but their relationship fizzles when Abby does not respond positively to Jake's desires to stay in Chicago to be with her. She also begins to grow closer in her friendships with Dr. Susan Lewis and Dr. Kerry Weaver.  While she is not especially close to Sam Taggart, they are usually on good terms.  Dr. Lucien Dubenko, Chief of Surgery, is attracted to her for some time, but Abby does not return his affections, seeing him as just a friend.  Nonetheless, Lucien remains rather protective of her for several seasons.

text: In season 12, Abby rekindles her relationship with Luka in the episode "The Human Shield" when her attempt to vent her frustration at him turns into a kiss and subsequently sleeping together. Initially, they decide to remain friends, but soon become lovers, noting that they always seem to find their way back to each other. Three weeks into their relationship, it is revealed that Abby is pregnant. Despite clearly wanting another child, his own having perished in Croatia, Luka states that he will support whatever choice she makes, as long as they can still remain together. After a week or so of uncertainty, Abby decides to keep the baby.  Luka proposes to Abby while she is pregnant, but Abby is not comfortable with the idea because of her past problems, and later claims she 'doesn't need a white dress' to prove she loves him. Their baby, a son named Joseph (after Luka's father), or Joe for short (after Joe Frazier, the boxer whom Abby's long-disappeared father was a fan of) is born prematurely by emergency C-section at the beginning of season 13. Abby has to have an emergency hysterectomy. Joe spends several weeks in the hospital's NICU, requiring surgery during his stay. Abby and Luka's relationship becomes strained during this period, but they appear much happier in later episodes, caring for their now healthy baby boy.

text: Throughout season 13, Abby is shown growing into her role as Joe's mother, first by taking time off to be with her seriously ill baby, then by participating in activities like Mommy and Baby classes and walks in the park, and then later by gradually reintroducing herself into the ER world. Mid-season, tension develops between Abby and Luka, partly as the result of Luka's apparently paranoid behavior regarding Curtis Ames (Forest Whitaker), a disgruntled former patient who has sued Luka due to a stroke he suffered that cost him the use of his arm.  Not realizing that Ames approached her and Joe in the park posing as a friendly stranger, and has been stalking both her and Luka for some time after he lost the case, Abby brushes off Luka's concerns.  However, Ames breaks into Abby and Luka's apartment with a gun, and demands to see Luka. Abby tries to bargain with him, telling him that she is a recovering alcoholic, and recounting an occasion where she felt she had hit 'rock bottom'. Luka is taken hostage, threatened and has his hand crushed by Ames, but survives when Ames commits suicide. In the next episode, an emotional Abby asks Luka to propose to her again. She says if they got through the shooting incident and the Curtis Ames nightmare, they can get through anything - he proposes and the couple get engaged. Later Luka realises that Abby is hesitant about planning the wedding, so he decides to prepare a surprise wedding for her. At first, she has her doubts but eventually she agrees and asks Neela Rasgotra to be her maid of honor.

text: At the end of the thirteenth season, Abby and Luka plan to honeymoon in Hawaii. However, the night before they are due to depart, Luka receives a phone call from Croatia informing him that his father is ill, so the honeymoon is put on hold until Luka can return from his urgent trip abroad. After Luka's departure, Abby has a tough time with the stern new ER Chief Kevin Moretti (Stanley Tucci), who plans to mold the department into a more efficient and professional work environment, but Moretti quickly tells Abby he is very impressed with her work.  Despite this, she seems to dislike him more than many of the other residents. In season 14, Abby is struggling to deal with Luka's absence, raise Joe and work at the ER; in "Gravity", Joe is injured after falling off a jungle gym at the playground and Abby ends up falling back into drinking at the episode's end. She approaches Dr. Janet Coburn (the O.B. Chief) who appears to have been her AA sponsor in the past. Abby's drinking problem continues to escalate, and she realizes how bad it is in "Blackout" when she shows up drunk to a party in honor of Pratt and Morris passing their boards. Abby finds herself waking up at 3am in Moretti's apartment realizing, after sobering up at the airport when trying to find a flight to Croatia to see Luka, that she slept with him.

text: Soon after Luka arrives back in Chicago, he gets news that his father has died. Abby tells Luka to take Joe to Croatia for the funeral while she seeks help for her alcoholism- though she does not initially reveal the infidelity that her blackout caused. Upon her return to the ER, Abby faces the reality of her situation; she must tell her co-workers the truth about her disease. The only negative reaction at work is from Sam (Linda Cardellini), who displays disgust at Abby's weakness, but the two women mend fences when Sam tells Abby she was being harsh because of her own long history of being around alcoholics who refused to clean up their lives.  Abby goes to Croatia and confesses her affair to Luka. Luka is angry that she cheated on him and put their son's life in danger.  When they return to the States, he decides to move out of the apartment, though he does not seek separation or divorce papers. He decides to work at a long-term care facility and soon has a change of heart about Abby's mistake, especially after a tense conversation with Dr. Moretti.  Moretti also attempts to apologize to Abby, but she coldly rebuffs him.  Abby and Luka embrace at the end of the 14th season. Abby tells Luka how much she loves him and they kiss, with Luka forgiving her. At the conclusion of the 14th season, it would appear that Abby and Luka are willing to continue to work on their marriage.  Abby's happiness at this is tempered when the ambulance she walks past explodes, jarring her and mortally wounding her friend and colleague Dr. Gregory Pratt.

text: At the beginning of the 15th season, we learn that Abby has sought a position at a hospital in Boston where she and Luka plan to move with their son for a new start. In the third episode, Abby's secret that she has accepted the job and resigned from County is slowly revealed to the others in the ER, although Abby asks them to keep it secret because she does not want it to be a big deal. Long-serving nurse Haleh Adams shows the departing Abby a closet wall where all the past doctors and employees have put their locker name tags. Abby then adds both hers and Luka's tags to the wall. Abby finally leaves, saying goodbye to most of the staff who are gathered in the ambulance bay. She is picked up by Luka who has arrived in his car with their son.

text: Career as a doctor[edit]

text: In 2003, Abby starts her final year of medical school and newcomer Samantha Taggart replaces her as the central nurse character on the show.  As both a nurse and later a doctor, Abby has a tendency for sarcasm towards troublesome patients (and her co-workers), but she exudes gentleness and security as well. Although she is not as intellectually gifted as Neela Rasgotra, John Carter or Gregg Pratt, she has many years of experience and one of the highest patient-satisfaction scores.  It is a mark of Kerry Weaver's confidence in Abby that, when she has her hip-replacement surgery in Season 12, she asks Abby to be her son Henry's legal guardian if something happens to her. Towards the end of her final quarter of medical school, she is told that someone has anonymously paid off the balance on her tuition. She later discovers it was Carter. Abby goes on to graduate from medical school and finally becomes Dr. Abby Lockhart. By season 14, Abby is a fourth year resident. She applies for an Attending position at County when she becomes frustrated by the endless delays and interviews for a position at an upscale medical facility, although this is partly because she wants to keep her options open if Luka decides to reconcile with her. She gets the other position, but Dr. Pratt uses his pull to get County to offer her the Attending position, which she accepts, one episode before Luka decides to forgive her.

text: After leaving with Luka to work in Boston, Abby appears once more in season 15 episode 20, "Shifting Equilibrium", during a phone call with Neela, who needs Abby's encouragement to leave County. Abby is seen in her new home looking after a group of young children for her after-shift daycare, including a three-year-old Joe.


document_title: Nancy Wilson/Cannonball Adderley

question_text: who wrote the song save your love for me

text: Nancy Wilson/Cannonball Adderley

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

The Penguin Guide to Jazz
[3]

Allmusic
[4]

The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide
[5]

text: The Penguin Guide to Jazz states "The odd session out is the date with Nancy Wilson for Capitol, primarily designed as a showcase for the young singer but with five band-only tracks as well. Wilson had a self-conscious phrasing and melodramatic lighting-up of key lines - but there is a version of "A Sleeping Bee" here which is one of the most charming of all her recordings, and Cannon and the others play personably throughout".[3] The AllMusic review by David Nathan concluded: "Given the play list and the outstanding artists performing it, why any serious jazz collection would be without this classic album is difficult to comprehend."[4]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"Save Your Love for Me" (Buddy Johnson) – 2:38
"Teaneck" (Nat Adderley) – 4:30
"Never Will I Marry" (Frank Loesser) – 2:16
"I Can't Get Started" (Vernon Duke, Ira Gershwin) – 4:55
"The Old Country" (Curtis Lewis, Adderley) – 2:57
"One Man's Dream" (Joe Zawinul, C. Wright) – 5:09
"Happy Talk" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II) – 2:21
"Never Say Yes" (Adderley) – 3:57
"The Masquerade Is Over" (Herb Magidson, Allie Wrubel) – 4:15
"Unit 7" (Sam Jones) – 6:04
"A Sleepin' Bee" (Harold Arlen, Truman Capote) – 2:32
"Little Unhappy Boy" (Curtis Lewis) – 2:14 (1993 CD reissue bonus track)

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Nancy Wilson - vocals (tracks 1,3,5,7,9,11)
Cannonball Adderley - alto saxophone
Nat Adderley - cornet
Louis Hayes - drums
Sam Jones - double bass
Joe Zawinul - piano
Tom Morgan - producer


document_title: Bird anatomy

question_text: what is the top part of a birds stomach called

question_tokens: what is the top part of a birds stomach called

text: Bird anatomy

text: Skeletal system[edit]

text: Axial Skeleton[edit]

text: The bird skeleton is highly adapted for flight. It is extremely lightweight but strong enough to withstand the stresses of taking off, flying, and landing. One key adaptation is the fusing of bones into single ossifications, such as the pygostyle. Because of this, birds usually have a smaller number of bones than other terrestrial vertebrates. Birds also lack teeth or even a true jaw, instead having a beak, which is far more lightweight. The beaks of many baby birds have a projection called an egg tooth, which facilitates their exit from the amniotic egg, and that falls off once it has done its job.

text: Vertebral Column[edit]

text: The vertebral column is divided into five sections of vertebrae:

text:
Cervical (11-25) (neck)
Trunk (dorsal or thoracic) vertebrae usually fused in the notarium.
Synsacrum (fused vertebrae of the back also fused to the hips (pelvis)). This region is similar to the sacrum in mammals and is unique in the pigeon because it is a fusion of the sacral, lumbar and caudal vertebra. It is attached to the pelvis and supports terrestrial locomotion of the pigeon's legs.
Caudal (5-10): This region is similar to the coccyx in mammals and helps control the movement of feathers during flight.
Pygostyle (tail): This region is made up of 4 - 7 fused vertebrae and is the point of feather attachment.

text: The neck of a bird is composed of 13-25 cervical vertebrae enabling birds to have increased flexibility. [1] A flexible neck allows many birds with immobile eyes to move their head more productively and center their sight on objects that are close or far in distance.[2] Most birds have about three times as many neck vertebrae than humans which allows for increased stability during fast movements such as flying, landing, and taking-off.[3] The neck plays a role in head-bobbing which is present in at least 8 out of 27 orders of birds, including Columbiformes, Galliformes, and Gruiformes.[4] Head-bobbing is an optokinetic response which stabilizes a birds surroundings as they alternate between a thrust phase and a hold phase.[5] Head-bobbing is synchronous with the feet as the head moves in accordance with the rest of the body.[6] Data from various studies suggest that the main reason for head-bobbing in some birds is for the stabilization of their surroundings, although it is uncertain why some but not all bird orders show beahviors of head-bobbing.[7]

text: Birds are the only vertebrates to have fused collarbones and a keeled breastbone.[8] The keeled sternum serves as a site for muscle attachment used for flight or swimming.[9] Flightless birds, such as ostriches, lack a keeled sternum and have more dense and heavier bones compared to birds that fly.[10] Swimming birds have a wide sternum, walking birds have a long sternum, and flying birds have a sternum that is nearly equal in width and height.[11]

text: The bones of diving birds are often less hollow than those of non-diving species. Penguins, loons[12] and puffins are without pneumatized bones entirely.[13][14] Flightless birds, such as ostriches and emus, demonstrate osseous pneumaticity, possessing pneumatized femurs[15] and, in the case of the emu, pneumatized cervical vertebrae.[16]

text: The chest consists of the furcula (wishbone) and coracoid (collar bone), which, together with the scapula (see below), form the pectoral girdle. The side of the chest is formed by the ribs, which meet at the sternum (mid-line of the chest).

text: Ribs[edit]

text: Birds have uncinate processes on the ribs. These are hooked extensions of bone which help to strengthen the rib cage by overlapping with the rib behind them. This feature is also found in the tuatara (Sphenodon).

text: Birds have many bones that are hollow (pneumatized) with criss-crossing struts or trusses for structural strength. The number of hollow bones varies among species, though large gliding and soaring birds tend to have the most. Respiratory air sacs often form air pockets within the semi-hollow bones of the bird's skeleton.[17]

text: Skull[edit]

text: The skull consists of five major bones: the frontal (top of head), parietal (back of head), premaxillary and nasal (top beak), and the mandible (bottom beak). The skull of a normal bird usually weighs about 1% of the bird's total body weight. The eye occupies a considerable amount of the skull and is surrounded by a sclerotic eye-ring, a ring of tiny bones. This characteristic is also seen in reptiles.

text: Broadly speaking, avian skulls consist of many small, non-overlapping bones. Paedomorphosis, maintenance of the ancestral state in adults, is thought to have facilitated the evolution of the avian skull. In essence, adult bird skulls will resemble the juvenile form of their theropod dinosaur ancestors.[18] As the avian lineage has progressed and has paedomorphosis has occurred, they have lost the postorbital bone behind the eye, the ectopterygoid at the back of the palate, and teeth.[19][20] The palate structures have also become greatly altered with changes, mostly reductions, seen in the ptyergoid, palatine, and jugal bones. A reduction in the adductor chambers has also occurred [20] These are all conditions seen in the juvenile form of their ancestors. The premaxillary bone has also hypertrophied to form the beak while the maxilla has become diminished, as suggested by both developmental [18] and paleontological [21] studies. This expansion into the beak has occurred in tandem with the loss of a functional hand and the developmental of a point at the front of the beak that resembles a "finger".[20] Interestingly, the premaxilla is also known to play a large role in feeding behaviours in fish.[22][23]

text: The structure of the avian skull has important implications for their feeding behaviours. Birds show independent movement of the skull bones known as cranial kinesis. Cranial kinesis in birds occurs in several forms, but all of the different varieties are all made possible by the anatomy of the skull. Animals with large, overlapping bones (including the ancestors of modern birds [24]) have akinetic (non-kinetic) skulls (I.e.[25][26]). For this reason it has been argued that the paedomorphic bird beak can be seen as an evolutionary innovation.[20]

text: They have a diapsid skull, as in reptiles, with a pre-lachrymal fossa (present in some reptiles). The skull has a single occipital condyle.[27]

text: Appendicular Skeleton

text: The shoulder consists of the scapula (shoulder blade), coracoid, and humerus (upper arm). The humerus joins the radius and ulna (forearm) to form the elbow. The carpus and metacarpus form the "wrist" and "hand" of the bird, and the digits are fused together. The bones in the wing are extremely light so that the bird can fly more easily.

text: The hips consist of the pelvis, which includes three major bones: the ilium (top of the hip), ischium (sides of hip), and pubis (front of the hip). These are fused into one (the innominate bone). Innominate bones are evolutionary significant in that they allow birds to lay eggs. They meet at the acetabulum (hip socket) and articulate with the femur, which is the first bone of the hind limb.

text: The upper leg consists of the femur. At the knee joint, the femur connects to the tibiotarsus (shin) and fibula (side of lower leg). The tarsometatarsus forms the upper part of the foot, digits make up the toes. The leg bones of birds are the heaviest, contributing to a low center of gravity, which aids in flight. A bird's skeleton accounts for only about 5% of its total body weight

text: They have a greatly elongate tetradiate pelvis, similar to some reptiles. The hind limb has an intra-tarsal joint found also in some reptiles. There is extensive fusion of the trunk vertebrae as well as fusion with the pectoral girdle.

text: Feet[edit]

text: Birds' feet are classified as anisodactyl, zygodactyl, heterodactyl, syndactyl or pamprodactyl.[28] Anisodactyl is the most common arrangement of digits in birds, with three toes forward and one back. This is common in songbirds and other perching birds, as well as hunting birds like eagles, hawks, and falcons.

text: Syndactyly, as it occurs in birds, is like anisodactyly, except that the third and fourth toes (the outer and middle forward-pointing toes), or three toes, are fused together, as in the belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon. This is characteristic of Coraciiformes (kingfishers, bee-eaters, rollers, etc.).

text: The zygodactyly (from Greek ζυγον, a yoke) is an arrangement of digits in birds, with two toes facing forward (digits two and three) and two back (digits one and four). This arrangement is most common in arboreal species, particularly those that climb tree trunks or clamber through foliage. Zygodactyly occurs in the parrots, woodpeckers (including flickers), cuckoos (including roadrunners), and some owls. Zygodactyl tracks have been found dating to 120–110 Ma (early Cretaceous), 50 million years before the first identified zygodactyl fossils.[29]

text: Heterodactyly is like zygodactyly, except that digits three and four point forward and digits one and two point back. This is found only in trogons, while pamprodactyl is an arrangement in which all four toes may point forward, or birds may rotate the outer two toes backward. It is a characteristic of swifts (Apodidae).

text: Muscular system[edit]

text: Most birds have approximately 175 different muscles, mainly controlling the wings, skin, and legs. The largest muscles in the bird are the pectorals, or the breast muscles, which control the wings and make up about 15 - 25% of a flighted bird's body weight. They provide the powerful wing stroke essential for flight. The muscle medial to (underneath) the pectorals is the supracoracoideus. It raises the wing between wingbeats. Both muscle groups attach to the keel of the sternum. This is remarkable, because other vertebrates have the muscles to raise the upper limbs generally attached to areas on the back of the spine. The supracoracoideus and the pectorals together make up about 25 – 35% of the bird's full body weight.[citation needed]

text: The skin muscles help a bird in its flight by adjusting the feathers, which are attached to the skin muscle and help the bird in its flight maneuvers.

text: There are only a few muscles in the trunk and the tail, but they are very strong and are essential for the bird. The pygostyle controls all the movement in the tail and controls the feathers in the tail. This gives the tail a larger surface area which helps keep the bird in the air.

text: Integumentary system[edit]

text: Scales[edit]

text: The scales of birds are composed of keratin, like beaks, claws, and spurs. They are found mainly on the toes and tarsi (lower leg of birds), usually up to the tibio-tarsal joint, but may be found further up the legs in some birds. In many of the eagles and owls the legs are feathered down to (but not including) their toes.[30][31][32] Most bird scales do not overlap significantly, except in the cases of kingfishers and woodpeckers. The scales and scutes of birds were originally thought to be homologous to those of reptiles and mammals (such as the pangolin);[33] however, more recent research suggests that scales in birds re-evolved after the evolution of feathers.[34][35][36]

text: Bird embryos begin development with smooth skin. On the feet, the corneum, or outermost layer, of this skin may keratinize, thicken and form scales. These scales can be organized into;

text:
Cancella – minute scales which are really just a thickening and hardening of the skin, crisscrossed with shallow grooves.
Scutella – scales that are not quite as large as scutes, such as those found on the caudal, or hind part, of the chicken metatarsus.
Scutes – the largest scales, usually on the anterior surface of the metatarsus and dorsal surface of the toes.

text: The rows of scutes on the anterior of the metatarsus can be called an "acrometatarsium" or "acrotarsium".

text: Reticula are located on the lateral and medial surfaces (sides) of the foot and were originally thought to be separate scales. However, histological and evolutionary developmental work in this area revealed that these structures lack beta-keratin (a hallmark of reptilian scales) and are entirely composed of alpha-keratin.[35] [37] This, along with their unique structure, has led to the suggestion that these are actually feather buds that were arrested early in development.[35]

text: Rhamphotheca and podotheca[edit]

text: The bills of many waders have Herbst corpuscles which help them find prey hidden under wet sand, by detecting minute pressure differences in the water.[38] All extant birds can move the parts of the upper jaw relative to the brain case. However this is more prominent in some birds and can be readily detected in parrots.[39]

text: The region between the eye and bill on the side of a bird's head is called the lore. This region is sometimes featherless, and the skin may be tinted, as in many species of the cormorant family.

text: The scaly covering present on the foot of the birds is called podotheca.

text: Beak[edit]

text: The beak, bill, or rostrum is an external anatomical structure of birds which is used for eating and for grooming, manipulating objects, killing prey, fighting, probing for food, courtship and feeding young. Although beaks vary significantly in size, shape and color, they share a similar underlying structure. Two bony projections—the upper and lower mandibles—covered with a thin keratinized layer of epidermis known as the rhamphotheca. In most species, two holes known as nares lead to the respiratory system.

text: Respiratory system[edit]

text: Due to the high metabolic rate required for flight, birds have a high oxygen demand. Their highly effective respiratory system helps them meet that demand.

text: Although birds have lungs, these are fairly rigid structures, which do not expand and contract as they do in mammals, reptiles and many amphibians. The structures that act as the bellows which ventilate the lungs, are the air sacs distributed throughout much of the birds' bodies. Although the bird lungs are smaller than those in mammals of comparable size, the air sacs account for 15% of the total body volume, compared to the 7% devoted to the alveoli which act as the bellows in mammals.[40]

text: The walls of these air sacs do not have a good blood supply and so do not play a direct role in gas exchange. They act like a set of bellows[41] which move air unidirectionally through the parabronchi of the rigid lungs.[42][43]

text: Birds lack a diaphragm, and therefore use their intercostal and abdominal muscles to expand and contract their entire thoraco-abdominal cavities, thus rhythmically changing the volumes of all their air sacs in unison (illustration on the right). The active phase of respiration in birds is exhalation, requiring contraction of their muscles of respiration.[43] Relaxation of these muscles causes inhalation.

text: Three distinct sets of organs perform respiration — the anterior air sacs (interclavicular, cervicals, and anterior thoracics), the lungs, and the posterior air sacs (posterior thoracics and abdominals). Typically there are nine air sacs within the system;[43] however, that number can range between seven and twelve, depending on the species of bird. Passerines possess seven air sacs, as the clavicular air sacs may interconnect or be fused with the anterior thoracic sacs.

text: During inhalation, environmental air initially enters the bird through the nostrils from where it is heated, humidified, and filtered in the nasal passages and upper parts of the trachea.[40] From there, the air enters the lower trachea and continues to just beyond the syrinx at which point the trachea branches into two primary bronchi, going to the two lungs. The primary bronchi enter the lungs to become the intrapulmonary bronchi, which give off a set of parallel branches called ventrobronchi and, a little further on, an equivalent set of dorsobronchi.[44] The ends of the intrapulmonary bronchi discharge air into the posterior air sacs at the caudal end of the bird. Each pair of dorso-ventrobronchi is connected by a large number of parallel microscopic air capillaries (or parabronchi) where gas exchange occurs.[44] As the bird inhales, tracheal air flows through the intrapulmonary bronchi into the posterior air sacs, as well as into the dorsobronchi (but not into the ventrobronchi whose openings into the intrapulmonary bronchi were previously believed to be tightly closed during inhalation.[44] However, more recent studies have shown that the aerodynamics of the bronchial architecture directs the inhaled air away from the openings of the ventrobronchi, into the continuation of the intrapulmonary bronchus towards the dorsobronchi and posterior air sacs[42][45]). From the dorsobronchi the air flows through the parabronchi (and therefore the gas exchanger) to the ventrobronchi from where the air can only escape into the expanding anterior air sacs. So, during inhalation, both the posterior and anterior air sacs expand,[44] the posterior air sacs filling with fresh inhaled air, while the anterior air sacs fill with "spent" (oxygen-poor) air that has just passed through the lungs.

text: During exhalation the intrapulmonary bronchi were believed to be tightly constricted between the region where the ventrobronchi branch off and the region where the dorsobronchi branch off.[44] But it is now believed that more intricate aerodynamic features have the same effect.[42][45] The contracting posterior air sacs can therefore only empty into the dorsobronchi. From there the fresh air from the posterior air sacs flows through the parabronchi (in the same direction as occurred during inhalation) into ventrobronchi. The air passages connecting the ventrobronchi and anterior air sacs to the intrapulmonary bronchi open up during exhalation, thus allowing oxygen-poor air from these two organs to escape via the trachea to the exterior.[44] Oxygenated air therefore flows constantly (during the entire breathing cycle) in a single direction through the parabronchi.[46]

text: The blood flow through the bird lung is at right angles to the flow of air through the parabronchi, forming a cross-current flow exchange system (see illustration on the left).[44][47] The partial pressure of oxygen in the parabronchi declines along their lengths as O2 diffuses into the blood. The blood capillaries leaving the exchanger near the entrance of airflow take up more O2 than do the capillaries leaving near the exit end of the parabronchi. When the contents of all capillaries mix, the final partial pressure of oxygen of the mixed pulmonary venous blood is higher than that of the exhaled air,[44][47] but is nevertheless less than half that of the inhaled air,[44] thus achieving roughly the same systemic arterial blood partial pressure of oxygen as mammals do with their bellows-type lungs.[44]

text: The trachea is an area of dead space: the oxygen-poor air it contains at the end of exhalation is the first air to re-enter the posterior air sacs and lungs. In comparison to the mammalian respiratory tract, the dead space volume in a bird is, on average, 4.5 times greater than it is in mammals of the same size.[44][40] Birds with long necks will inevitably have long tracheae, and must therefore take deeper breaths than mammals do to make allowances for their greater dead space volumes. In some birds (e.g. the whooper swan, Cygnus cygnus, the white spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia, the whooping crane, Grus americana, and the helmeted curassow, Pauxi pauxi) the trachea, which some cranes can be 1.5 m long,[44] is coiled back and forth within the body, drastically increasing the dead space ventilation.[44] The purpose of this extraordinary feature is unknown.

text: Air passes unidirectionally through the lungs during both exhalation and inspiration, causing, except for the oxygen-poor dead space air left in the trachea after exhalation and breathed in at the beginning of inhalation, little to no mixing of new oxygen-rich air with spent oxygen-poor air (as occurs in mammalian lungs), changing only (from oxygen-rich to oxygen-poor) as it moves (unidirectionally) through the parabronchi.

text: Avian lungs do not have alveoli as mammalian lungs do. Instead they contain millions of narrow passages known as parabronchi, connecting the dorsobronchi to the ventrobronchi at either ends of the lungs. Air flows anteriorly (caudal to cranial) through the parallel parabronchi. These parabronchi have honeycombed walls. The cells of the honeycomb are dead-end air vesicles, called atria, which project radially from the parabronchi. The atria are the site of gas exchange by simple diffusion.[48] The blood flow around the parabronchi (and their atria), forms a cross-current gas exchanger (see diagram on the left).[44][47]

text: All species of birds with the exception of the penguin, have a small region of their lungs devoted to "neopulmonic parabronchi". This unorganized network of microscopic tubes branches off from the posterior air sacs, and open haphazardly into both the dorso- and ventrobronchi, as well as directly into the intrapulmonary bronchi. Unlike the parabronchi, in which the air moves unidirectionally, the air flow in the neopulmonic parabronchi is bidirectional. The neopulmonic parabronchi never make up more than 25% of the total gas exchange surface of birds.[40]

text: The syrinx is the sound-producing vocal organ of birds, located at the base of a bird's trachea. As with the mammalian larynx, sound is produced by the vibration of air flowing across the organ. The syrinx enables some species of birds to produce extremely complex vocalizations, even mimicking human speech. In some songbirds, the syrinx can produce more than one sound at a time.

text: Circulatory system[edit]

text: Birds have a four-chambered heart,[49] in common with mammals, and some reptiles (mainly the crocodilia). This adaptation allows for an efficient nutrient and oxygen transport throughout the body, providing birds with energy to fly and maintain high levels of activity. A ruby-throated hummingbird's heart beats up to 1200 times per minute (about 20 beats per second).[50]

text: Digestive system[edit]

text: Crop[edit]

text: Many birds possess a muscular pouch along the esophagus called a crop. The crop functions to both soften food and regulate its flow through the system by storing it temporarily. The size and shape of the crop is quite variable among the birds.[51] Members of the family Columbidae, such as pigeons, produce a nutritious crop milk which is fed to their young by regurgitation.[52]

text: Proventriculus[edit]

text: The avian stomach is composed of two organs, the proventriculus and the gizzard that work together during digestion. The proventriculus is a rod shaped tube, which is found between the esophagus and the gizzard, that secretes hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen into the digestive tract.[52] The acid converts the inactive pepsinogen into the active proteolytic enzyme, pepsin, which breaks down specific peptide bonds found in proteins, to produce a set of peptides, which are amino acid chains that are shorter than the original dietary protein.[53][54] The gastric juices (hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen) are mixed with the stomach contents through the muscular contractions of the gizzard.[55]

text: Gizzard[edit]

text: The gizzard is composed of four muscular bands that rotate and crush food by shifting the food from one area to the next within the gizzard. The gizzard of some species of herbivorous birds, like turkey and quails,[51] contains small pieces of grit or stone called gastroliths that are swallowed by the bird to aid in the grinding process, serving the function of teeth. The use of gizzard stones is a similarity found between birds and dinosaurs, which left gastroliths as trace fossils.[52]

text: Intestines[edit]

text: The partially digested and pulverized gizzard contents, now called a bolus, are passed into the intestine, where pancreatic and intestinal enzymes complete the digestion of the digestible food. The digestion products are then absorbed through the intestinal mucosa into the blood. The intestine ends via the large intestine in the vent or cloaca which serves as the common exit for renal and intestinal excrements as well as for the laying of eggs.[56] However, unlike mammals, many birds do not excrete the bulky portions (roughage) of their undigested food (e.g. feathers, fur, bone fragments, and seed husks) via the cloaca, but regurgitate them as food pellets.[57][58]

text: Drinking behavior[edit]

text: There are three general ways in which birds drink: using gravity itself, sucking, and by using the tongue. Fluid is also obtained from food.

text: Most birds are unable to swallow by the "sucking" or "pumping" action of peristalsis in their esophagus (as humans do), and drink by repeatedly raising their heads after filling their mouths to allow the liquid to flow by gravity, a method usually described as "sipping" or "tipping up".[59] The notable exception is the Columbidae; in fact, according to Konrad Lorenz in 1939:

text: one recognizes the order by the single behavioral characteristic, namely that in drinking the water is pumped up by peristalsis of the esophagus which occurs without exception within the order. The only other group, however, which shows the same behavior, the Pteroclidae, is placed near the doves just by this doubtlessly very old characteristic.[60]

text: Although this general rule still stands, since that time, observations have been made of a few exceptions in both directions.[59][61]

text: In addition, specialized nectar feeders like sunbirds (Nectariniidae) and hummingbirds (Trochilidae) drink by using protrusible grooved or trough-like tongues, and parrots (Psittacidae) lap up water.[59]

text: Many seabirds have glands near the eyes that allow them to drink seawater. Excess salt is eliminated from the nostrils. Many desert birds get the water that they need entirely from their food. The elimination of nitrogenous wastes as uric acid reduces the physiological demand for water,[62] as uric acid is not very toxic and thus does not need to be diluted in as much water.[63]

text: Reproductive and urogenital systems[edit]

text: Male birds have two testes which become hundreds of times larger during the breeding season to produce sperm.[64] The testes in birds are generally asymmetric with most birds having a larger left testis.[65] Female birds in most families have only one functional ovary (the left one), connected to an oviduct — although two ovaries are present in the embryonic stage of each female bird. Some species of birds have two functional ovaries, and the order Apterygiformes always retain both ovaries.[66][67]

text: Most male birds have no phallus. In the males of species without a phallus, sperm is stored in the seminal glomera within the cloacal protuberance prior to copulation. During copulation, the female moves her tail to the side and the male either mounts the female from behind or in front (as in the stitchbird), or moves very close to her. The cloacae then touch, so that the sperm can enter the female's reproductive tract. This can happen very fast, sometimes in less than half a second.[68]

text: The sperm is stored in the female's sperm storage tubules for a period varying from a week to more than 100 days,[69] depending on the species. Then, eggs will be fertilized individually as they leave the ovaries, before the shell is calcified in the oviduct. After the egg is laid by the female, the embryo continues to develop in the egg outside the female body.

text: Many waterfowl and some other birds, such as the ostrich and turkey, possess a phallus. This appears to be the primitive condition among birds, most birds have lost the phallus.[70] The length is thought to be related to sperm competition in species that usually mate many times in a breeding season; sperm deposited closer to the ovaries is more likely to achieve fertilization.[71][72] The longer and more complicated phalli tend to occur in waterfowl whose females have unusual anatomical features of the vagina (such as dead end sacs and clockwise coils). These vaginal structures may be used to prevent penetration by the male phallus (which coils counter-clockwise). In these species, copulation is often violent and female co-operation is not required; the female ability to prevent fertilization may allow the female to choose the father for her offspring.[72][73][73][74][74][75] When not copulating, the phallus is hidden within the proctodeum compartment within the cloaca, just inside the vent.

text: After the eggs hatch, parents provide varying degrees of care in terms of food and protection. Precocial birds can care for themselves independently within minutes of hatching; altricial hatchlings are helpless, blind, and naked, and require extended parental care. The chicks of many ground-nesting birds such as partridges and waders are often able to run virtually immediately after hatching; such birds are referred to as nidifugous. The young of hole-nesters though, are often totally incapable of unassisted survival. The process whereby a chick acquires feathers until it can fly is called "fledging".

text: Some birds, such as pigeons, geese, and red-crowned cranes, remain with their mates for life and may produce offspring on a regular basis.

text: Kidney[edit]

text: Avian kidneys function in almost the same way as the more extensively studied mammalian kidney, but with a few important adaptations; while much of the anatomy remains unchanged in design, some important modifications have occurred during their evolution. A bird has paired kidneys which are connected to the lower gastrointestinal tract through the ureters. Depending on the bird species, the cortex makes up around 71-80% of the kidney's mass, while the medulla is much smaller at about 5-15% of the mass. Blood vessels and other tubes make up the remaining mass. Unique to birds is the presence of two different types of nephrons (the functional unit of the kidney) both reptilian-like nephrons located in the cortex and mammalian-like nephrons located in the medulla. Reptilian nephrons are more abundant but lack the distinctive loops of Henle seen in mammals. The urine collected by the kidney is emptied into the cloaca through the ureters and then to the colon by reverse peristalsis.

text: Nervous system[edit]

text: Birds have acute eyesight—raptors (birds of prey) have vision eight times sharper than humans—thanks to higher densities of photoreceptors in the retina (up to 1,000,000 per square mm in Buteos, compared to 200,000 for humans), a high number of neurons in the optic nerves, a second set of eye muscles not found in other animals, and, in some cases, an indented fovea which magnifies the central part of the visual field. Many species, including hummingbirds and albatrosses, have two foveas in each eye. Many birds can detect polarised light.

text: The avian ear is adapted to pick up on slight and rapid changes of pitch found in bird song. General avian tympanic membrane form is ovular and slightly conical. Morphological differences in the middle ear are observed between species. Ossicles within green finches, blackbirds, song thrushes, and house sparrows are proportionately shorter to those found in pheasants, Mallard ducks, and sea birds. In song birds, a syrinx allows the respective possessors to create intricate melodies and tones. The middle avian ear is made up of three semicircular canals, each ending in an ampulla and joining to connect with the macula sacculus and lagena, of which the cochlea, a straight short tube to the external ear, branches from.[76]

text: Birds have a large brain to body mass ratio. This is reflected in the advanced and complex bird intelligence.

text: Immune system[edit]

text: The immune system of birds resembles that of other animals. Birds have both innate and adaptive immune systems. Birds are susceptible to tumours, immune deficiency and autoimmune diseases.

text: Bursa of Fabricius[edit]

text: Function[edit]

text: The bursa of fabricius, also known as the cloacal bursa, is a lymphoid organ which aids in the production of B lymphocytes during humoral immunity. The bursa of fabricius is present during juvenile stages but curls up, and in the sparrow is not visible after the sparrow reaches sexual maturity.[77]

text: Anatomy[edit]

text: The bursa of fabricius is a circular pouch connected to the superior dorsal side of the cloaca . The bursa is composed of many folds, known as plica, which are lined by more than 10,000 follicles encompassed by connective tissue and surrounded by mesenchyme. Each follicle consists of a cortex that surrounds a medulla. The cortex houses the highly compacted B lymphocytes, whereas the medulla houses lymphocytes loosely.[78] The medulla is separated from the lumen by the epithelium and this aids in the transport of epithelial cells into the lumen of the bursa. There are 150,000 B lymphocytes located around each follicle.[79]


document_title: German chocolate cake

question_text: ￼ german chocolate cake originates from which country

text: German chocolate cake

text:
German chocolate cake

A German chocolate cake

Alternative names
German's chocolate cake

Type
Layer cake

Course
Dessert

Place of origin
United States

Region or state
Texas

Created by
Mrs. George Clay

Invented
1957

Main ingredients
Chocolate cake, icing (egg yolks, evaporated milk, coconut and pecan)

text: German chocolate cake, originally German's chocolate cake, is a layered chocolate cake from the United States filled and topped with a coconut-pecan frosting. It owes its name to an English-American chocolate maker named Samuel German, who developed a formulation of dark baking chocolate that came to be used in the cake recipe. Sweet baking chocolate is traditionally used for the chocolate flavor in the actual cake, but few recipes call for it today. The filling and/or topping is a custard made with egg yolks and evaporated milk; once the custard is cooked, coconut and pecans are stirred in.[1] Occasionally, a chocolate frosting is spread on the sides of the cake and piped around the circumference of the layers to hold in the filling. Maraschino cherries are occasionally added as a garnish.

text: History[edit]

text: Its roots can be traced back to 1852 when American baker Samuel German developed a type of dark baking chocolate for the Baker's Chocolate Company. The brand name of the product, Baker's German's Sweet Chocolate, was named in honor of him.[2]

text: On June 3, 1957, a recipe for "German's Chocolate Cake" appeared as the "Recipe of the Day" in The Dallas Morning News.[3] It was created by Mrs. George Clay, a homemaker from 3831 Academy Drive, Dallas, Texas.[3] This recipe used the baking chocolate introduced 105 years prior and became quite popular. General Foods, which owned the Baker's brand at the time, took notice and distributed the cake recipe to other newspapers in the country. Sales of Baker's Chocolate are said to have increased by as much as 73% and the cake would become a national staple. The possessive form (German's) was dropped in subsequent publications, forming the "German Chocolate Cake" identity and giving the false impression of a German origin.[4][5][2]

text: The recipe still remains popular to this day and has been adopted by baking companies.

text: June 11 is National German Chocolate Cake Day in America.[6]