document_title: America's Funniest Home Videos

question_text: when does americas funniest home videos come on

text: America's Funniest Home Videos

text: Premise[edit]

text: Executive produced by Vin Di Bona, Todd Thicke and Michele Nasraway,[1] and created by Vin Di Bona, it is the longest-running primetime entertainment (non-news) program on ABC (both on the network's current schedule and dating back to ABC's incorporation as a television network in 1948). It is based on the Tokyo Broadcasting System program Fun TV with Kato-chan and Ken-chan, which featured a segment in which viewers were invited to send in video clips from their home movies; ABC, which owns half of the program, pays a royalty fee to the Tokyo Broadcasting System for the use of the format (although the original parent show left the air in 1992).[2] A more similar concept in that a whole 30-to-45-minute show consisted of nothing but short clips from amateur home videos with slapstick-like accidents presented by a host began broadcasting only two months after the start of Fun TV with Kato-chan and Ken-chan in Japan, under the title Pleiten, Pech und Pannen (lit., "Crashes, bad luck, and slip ups") in Germany in March 1986, that program lasted until 2003.

text: Contestants can send their videos in by uploading them as a digital file onto the show's official website, AFV.com, which launched in 2012. From 2008 to 2012, viewers were able to upload their videos digitally to ABC's website, ABC.com; after the separate website for the program went online, users trying to access the America's Funniest Home Videos page on ABC's website – via the show page link on the site's program menu – are now automatically redirected to AFV.com and forwarded to the clip uploading process on that site. Videos can also be sent via conventional mail on VHS and other such home video formats (VHS-C, 8 mm video cassettes, to name a few), and later as the format started to become common for home recording use in the early 2000s decade, DVD to a Hollywood, California post-office box address, with clips placed on USB flash drives and other forms of consumer flash memory formats also acceptable for physical submission as time has gone on.

text: Due to its very low cost and universal appeal, the format has since been reproduced around the world and AFV-inspired television specials and series continue to emerge periodically in the United States. American television series inspired by AFV's format that are not related to the series itself include The Planet's Funniest Animals, The World's Funniest!, The World's Funniest Moments, Funniest Pets & People and It Only Hurts When I Laugh; however, most of the series inspired by AFV (with the minor exception of The Planet's Funniest Animals) have not matched the success of America's Funniest Home Videos and have not lasted as long. Several local television stations, even those not affiliated with ABC, also developed special funny home video segments in their newscasts during the early 1990s, inspired by the series.[3]

text: The majority of the video clips are short (5–30 seconds) and are mostly related to the host's monologues. Videos typically feature people and animals getting into humorous accidents caught on camera; while others include clever marriage proposals, people and animals displaying interesting talents (such as pets that sound like they speak certain words or phrases, or genius toddlers with the ability to name all past U.S. Presidents), and practical jokes. A group of screeners view the submitted tapes, giving them a grade (on a scale of 1–10) based on that particular tape's humor. The videos deemed the funniest by the screeners then go on to the show's producers and then is turned over to Di Bona and another producer for final approval.[4] Home video material that involves staged accidents, or/and adults, children, or babies getting seriously injured or the abuse of animals or overall does not meet ABC network standards and practices are generally not accepted and will not appear on the show.[5]

text: Every week, three of the videos seen (which are among those included in the episode) are chosen by the producers and voted on by the studio audience. The winner wins $10,000 and is in the running for the $100,000 prize at the end of a seven- or ten-show run, while the runner-up receives $3,000 and the third place video receives $2,000. In the show's first season, the second and third prizes respectively were a new TV and VCR and a new camcorder. On the initial hour-long special, the grand prize was $5,000 with second and third places both winning a new camcorder; the producer picked the winner, with no audience voting. Periodically, beginning with the Tom Bergeron run of the series and continuing on into the Alfonso Ribiero run, the grand prize winner at each season's final $100,000 contest will also win a free vacation package, supplied by either Adventures by Disney or Disney Vacation Club, in addition to the monetary prize. The program's studio segments are taped in front of a studio audience (although the specials that aired in 1999 and 2000 only featured pre-recorded audience responses); audience members are asked to dress in "business casual or nicer".[6]

text: Show creator Vin Di Bona has produced two similar programs: America's Funniest People (1990–94) and World's Funniest Videos (1996).[7] Di Bona also created two series featuring home videos that were largely culled from those seen on AFHV and America's Funniest People: the syndicated series That's Funny (2004–06)[8] and the Fox Family Channel series Show Me The Funny (1998–2000). Many of the clips have been used internationally in various comedy compilation programs, with changes such as dubbing and subtitling. The title of the show is usually changed and the studio segments are omitted.

text: As noted in the closing credits of each episode, most of the videos have been edited for length due to time constraints. In addition, according to the contest plugs, family members (both immediate or relatives) of employees of Vin Di Bona Productions, ABC, Inc., its corporate parent The Walt Disney Company (and for a good portion of Saget's hosting tenure, its legal predecessor, Capital Cities/ABC) and their related subsidiaries are ineligible for the show's contests and prizes.

text: On October 3, 2010, beginning with the season 21 premiere,[9] America's Funniest Home Videos began broadcasting in high definition. Many of the videos, which are largely shot using standard definition camcorders, began to be stretched horizontally to fit 16:9 screens. However, since the 2012–13 season, videos shot in 4:3 standard definition began to be pillarboxed (particularly videos that are recorded on mobile devices that are shot at a vertical angle that would not even fit the 4:3 safe area of many television sets entirely; since the conversion to HD, the series has featured advisories to viewers to tilt their mobile devices horizontally to when recording in order for their videos to fit 16:9 screens). In 2014, all episodes of the show that were originally produced and aired in standard definition before both the season 21 premiere and the show's initial conversion to HD capability simultaneously in 2010 and/or already airing in rerun syndication for almost over a decade or more (and still are) got stretched vertically downward with slightly re-edited graphics due to widescreen and HD broadcast capability and signals on more broadcast television stations (and cable) networks, AFV's 25th anniversary, Tom Bergeron's 15th and final year as host of the show, and Alfonso Ribiero's entrance as the current host in season 26 that also included an almost-brand-new set, new version of the theme song, new graphics, and new logo among other things; while the funny video clips recorded with the use of camcorders before 2009 or the years preceding the invention of today's mobile devices such as the iPhone or iPad (and especially the videos that were aired on episodes in the Bob Saget, John Fugelsang, Daisy Fuentes, and the early Tom Bergeron eras of AFV) continued (and still continue in the Alfonso Ribiero run of AFV) to be stretched horizontally to this day.

text: History[edit]

text: 1989–97: Bob Saget[edit]

text: The show debuted on November 26, 1989 as an hour-long special,[10] produced by Vin Di Bona and Steve Paskay, with actor/comedian Bob Saget (then starring in the ABC sitcom Full House) as its host. Saget was assisted in hosting the special by actress Kellie Martin, then the star of fellow ABC series Life Goes On, a family drama which would serve as the lead-in program to AFHV for the latter show's first four seasons. Prior to the airing of the initial special, during the fall of 1989, Vin Di Bona Productions took out ads in national magazines (such as TV Guide) asking people to send in their home videos featuring funny or amazing moments.[11]

text: John Ritter was Vin di Bona's first choice as host of the program, but he proved to be unavailable.[12]

text: Originally intended as a one-off special, it became an unexpected hit, causing ABC to place an episode order for the show turning it into a regular weekly half-hour primetime series;[13] it made its debut as a regular series on January 14, 1990, with Bob Saget hosting solo.[14] Ernie Anderson, the announcer for several ABC advertisements and shows of the era, was the program's original announcer. He was replaced by radio and television actor Gary Owens in 1995, but returned shortly before his death in February 1997.

text: Besides hosting the series, Saget also served as a member of its writing staff, alongside Todd Thicke and Bob Arnott. The success of AFHV led to a spinoff called America's Funniest People, hosted by Saget's Full House co-star Dave Coulier (and co-hosted by actress/producer Arleen Sorkin for the first two seasons, then model Tawny Kitaen for the final two), focusing on videos featuring people intentionally trying to be funny by doing celebrity impressions, committing pranks, and performing short amateur comedy routines, among other things.[15]

text: During the show's first four seasons, America's Funniest Home Videos aired on Sunday nights at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time;[16] beginning with the fifth season, the show started the Sunday primetime lineup on ABC, airing at 7:00 p.m. Eastern, followed by America's Funniest People at 7:30 p.m. Eastern as part of an hour-long block of funny home videos.[17] Saget always ended each episode with the phrase "Keep those cameras safely rolling", and saying something to his wife who was (implied to be) watching the show.

text: Beginning about the middle of the first season, the show began featuring the "Assignment America" segment, which called for a series of videos to be sent in (collected or made) pertaining to a specific theme. Another segment introduced during Saget's tenure as host called "Backwards Classics," shows videos being played in reverse set to classical music. Since the show's debut as a regular series, the show routinely includes two to three times per episode, a montage of themed videos set to a particular song, called the "Music Montage"; classic songs (mostly from the 1950s through the 1970s, with only a few songs from the 1980s scattered in) were used during these montages in the original run of the series, though more recent pop, R&B and rock songs have been incorporated since Tom Bergeron became the show's host. In season five, an animated sidekick was introduced named "Stretchy McGillicuddy" (voiced by Danny Mann), who was known for trying to tease Saget and doing other crazy things. In one episode (in season five), he was shown on the two large TV monitors on both sides of the set and Bob had to turn him off with a remote. Stretchy's catchphrase was: "Don't get a little touchy Bob, I'm just a little stretchy!" The character was dropped from the show at the end of the seventh season.

text: In 1994, ABC canceled America's Funniest People after four seasons due to declining ratings and had to decide what to do with the Sunday night 7:30 p.m. Eastern slot that was now left vacant. After trying out the short-lived sitcom On Our Own in the 7:30 p.m. slot after AFHV during the 1994–95 season,[18] ABC then later chose to expand America's Funniest Home Videos to one hour with back-to-back airings, with that week's new episode being shown in the first half-hour, followed by a repeat from a previous season to fill the remaining time. On February 1, 1996, another spinoff of AFHV debuted called World's Funniest Videos;[19] which was taped at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida; this series was also hosted by Coulier, along with actress Eva LaRue. Paired with a weekly version of the popular Before They Were Stars specials on Thursday nights, World's Funniest Videos focused on funny and amazing home videos from around the world.[20] However, due to low ratings, ABC put it on hiatus a few weeks after its debut,[21] before cancelling the series outright after only one season and burning off the remaining episodes that summer. For Saget's final season on AFHV, two new episodes would be shown.

text: Numerous comedy skits were performed on the set during Saget's tenure as host. The set consisted of a living room design (the main set, originally a three-wall design with a bay window, was remodeled for the 1992–93 season as a flatter frame outline with translucent walls – though the furniture featured on the original set remained). The beginning of each episode was tied in with a skit just before the transition was made from the introduction to Saget. This usually consisted of several actors in a fake room (usually in the upper part of the audience section or in another soundstage) pretending to get excited watching America's Funniest Home Videos. This technique was scrapped at the end of the fifth season.

text: Saget soon grew tired of the repetitive format and was eager to pursue other projects as a comedian, actor, and director. Producer Di Bona held him to his contract, resulting in a frustrated Saget listlessly going through the motions, constantly getting out of character, and making pointed remarks on the air during his last two seasons. Saget's contract expired in May 1997, and he decided to leave the show afterward. However, according to Vin Di Bona, the producers felt a change (and change of hosts) was needed for AFV as a result of ABC going through a change of leadership (hence ABC's ownership transition from Capital Cities to Disney).[22][23] His former Full House castmates (except for Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen) were present in the episode prior to the $100,000 season finale (which additionally featured 3-D skits as part of an ABC promotional gimmick week), which was his final episode. Saget returned to America's Funniest Home Videos on two different occasions, first, to co-host a 20th anniversary special edition episode alongside Tom Bergeron, which aired on November 29, 2009 (which was four days shy of AFV's actual 20th anniversary date of its premiere on the air on November 26, 1989); and on May 17, 2015, he made a cameo appearance at the end of Tom Bergeron's final episode as host of AFV in Disneyland. He has yet to make his first guest appearance on Alfonso Ribiero's AFV, which would be his third guest appearance on the show and his second guest appearance on the road or in the studio.[24]

text: 1998–99: John Fugelsang & Daisy Fuentes[edit]

text: After Saget's departure from the series, ABC sidelined America's Funniest Home Videos from the network's 1997–98 fall schedule, choosing to bring it back as a mid-season replacement.[25] The show began to be alternately called AFV at this point (though the show officially continued to be titled America's Funniest Home Videos). The series returned for season nine on January 5, 1998, with new hosts, an overhauled look and a new rendition of the theme song. Comedian John Fugelsang and model-turned-television personality Daisy Fuentes took over as co-hosts of the show.[26] Jess Harnell also succeeded Owens as the show's announcer and still holds this position to this day.

text: During this period, the show introduced a segment called "Bad News, Good News," which shows a video of an accident; then one of the hosts makes a humorous statement about the upside of what happened. This segment continued to appear occasionally until the fourth year of Tom Bergeron's stint as host. Another notable segment was the "AFV Hall of Fame", in which a clip is shown, and Fugelsang reveals the moment of impact (a screen that shows a still picture of that clip) that occurred in it. This segment was scrapped at the end of season ten. Another featured segment was "Who Would You Like to See...", in which a random person is asked which celebrity they would like to see involved in a random humorous mishap, with a photo of a celebrity's face posterized over the face of the actual person in the video.

text: With the Sunday night 7:00 p.m. Eastern time slot now occupied by Disney films aired as part of The Wonderful World of Disney,[27] the show constantly changed timeslots, moving from Monday nights[28] to Thursday nights[29] to Saturday nights.[30] The ratings for the show suffered during this period, and both Fuentes and Fugelsang left the show after two seasons in 1999. Their last episode – which aired on May 6 of that year – was taped at the House of Blues in West Hollywood, California. The only honorable mention of John Fugelsang, Daisy Fuentes, and segments showcasing their run to date was the 2-part 300th episode AFV special in 2003 during the early years of the Bergeron run, which also showcased Saget's run of episodes in select segments, as well. They have yet to make their first guest appearances on the road or in the studio on AFV, as they have never been invited back as guests since their final episodes as co-hosts back in 1999.

text: 1999–2000: Specials[edit]

text: In May 1999, ABC announced that it would discontinue America's Funniest Home Videos as a regular weekly series,[31] but the show returned occasionally as a series of specials hosted by various ABC sitcom stars including The Hughleys star D.L. Hughley and Spin City co-star Richard Kind. The show moved to a much smaller soundstage and the set featured various video screens and monitors (resembling iMac computers) placed on shelves. A special sports version of the show called AFV: The Sports Edition, that was hosted by ESPN anchor Stuart Scott, was rebroadcast every New Year's Day and aired occasionally before NBA playoff games with a post 8:30 p.m. Eastern Time tip-off until 2008. A special entitled America's Funniest Home Videos: Deluxe Uncensored (which was released only on home video, and featured somewhat more risque content than that allowed on the television broadcasts) was hosted by Steve Carell and taped on the set used from the 1998–99 season. These specials (except for the special sports edition) were not taped in front of a live studio audience, with pre-recorded applause and laugh tracks were used during commercial bumpers and just before, during, and after video packages being used instead.

text: 2001–15: Tom Bergeron[edit]

text: In October 2000, ABC announced its decision to return America's Funniest Home Videos as a regular weekly series, ordering 13 new episodes.[32] On July 20, 2001, the show returned in its third format, this time with host Tom Bergeron (who was also hosting Hollywood Squares at the time). By this point, the show was expanded to full hour-long episodes, instead of two consecutive half-hour episodes. The show was now being seen on Friday nights at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time; however, it went on hiatus for two months due in part to the September 11 attacks and also because of ABC airing specials and trying a new Friday night lineup. That lineup was short-lived, and the show returned to the schedule in December 2001. In his earlier episodes, Bergeron used the set (with the bulky see-through iMac computers) from the AFV specials that aired in 2000, until the latter part of his first season, when a new set (with a studio audience) was introduced featuring a round video screen with several monitors.

text: In September 2003, the show returned to its former Sunday 7:00 p.m. Eastern timeslot, still an hour long (though special episodes occasionally aired on Friday nights until 2007). Unlike Saget, who provided voice-overs to the clips, Bergeron humorously narrated them, though he did lend his voice to some clips from time to time.

text: The Bergeron version added new segments, such as "Tom's Home Movies", where his face is digitally superimposed over the face of a person in each of the videos with varying expressions shown to match the person's reaction to their mishaps in the videos (a recurring gag referenced by Bergeron in this segment is on his superimposed head being larger than normal size), various audience participation games using funny home videos including "Head, Gut, or Groin," where Tom picked one or two members of the studio audience to guess whether the person in the video would be hit in the aforementioned three areas of the body in order to win an America's Funniest Home Videos compilation DVD (since the 2012–13 season, a bobblehead of Bergeron was given as the prize) and the "slo-mo gizmo", where a video is played first at normal speed and then again at a slower speed and telestrated. Bergeron nearly always ended each episode with the phrase "If you get it on (video) tape, you could get it in cash", which was later changed to "Upload to us. Get rich, get famous" by the 2008–09 season.

text: While only four of the segments ("Vs.", "The Dog/Cat Park", "Name That Sound", and "A Moment With...") continue to be shown on Alfonso Ribiero's AFV at present, the segments introduced (and still seen in reruns) during this period when Tom Bergeron hosted the show include:

text:
"Vs." (featuring compilations of two sets of related videos, in which the "winner" of the two is revealed at the end, followed by a fictional "preview" of the videos in which the winner is claimed to face in the next segment)
"A Moment of Ewww" (featuring a video that focuses on something gross such as mucus hanging from a person's nose after sneezing)
"The Dog/Cat Park" (a compilation of animal videos featuring dogs or cats that is named accordingly to the animals featured)
"AFV Family of the Week" (featuring funny videos of adults and children, the "family" featured are actually people of no familial relation)
"Nincompoop Corner" (a compilation of videos of people getting into situations that humorously showcase a lack of good judgement)
"AFV Dictionary" (featuring a humorous dictionary definition made to apply to the video being shown)
"Name that Sound" (which features audio of an unusual sound, followed by a clip of the video which the sound came from that usually reveals a person or animal making the noise)
"Pick the Real Video" (a multiple-choice game in which audience members are asked to choose which video is the one that will be shown)
"What's Behind the Blue Blob", "Kid, Cat, or Canine" (both it and "What's Behind the Blue Blob" are games which audience members are asked to guess the person, animal or object featured in the video that is then revealed)
"The Naughty File" (featuring a video incorporating inappropriate behavior such as a child urinating at a family gathering)
"A Moment With..." (An out of the ordinary video is shown for a few seconds)
"What's Up with the French?"
"AFV Pop Quiz" (a multiple-choice game leading into and out of a commercial break in which viewers are asked to guess what occurs next in the video)
"The AFV $10,000 Club" (an early segment in which a home video that already won $10,000 in a previous show was showcased)
Mysterious Mysteries of Mystery (an early segment in which Tom narrates a video with mysterious things happening like balloons replacing faces, in news headline form)
On This Day in AFV History (an early segment in which Tom narrates a very old video, with a date, which Tom says that date, for example, a video from October 10, 1987 features a kid petting a dog, which bites him in the crotch)

text: Starting with the 2007–08 season, the series began allowing viewers to upload their funny home videos online at ABC.com, but has since the 2012–13 season; launched their own website that same year in 2013 and has viewers upload their videos instead to AFV.com, in addition to sending their videos via standard mail. Except for reruns of episodes from seasons 21 and 22 that referenced uploading to ABC.com, the re-edited season 11–20 episodes that used to originally reference ABC.com on the unaltered versions of the episodes now reference uploading to AFV.com.[33] During the 2011–12 season, the AFV iOS app was released on the App Store, allowing users of Apple mobile devices to record and upload videos for submission to the show; a version of the app was released for Android devices the following season.

text: In the final six seasons of Tom Bergeron's run as host, the show started its "Funny Since 1989" campaign in 2009 and had two anniversary seasons. Season 20, in 2009, had a special 20th anniversary episode that aired on November 29, 2009. The special brought back Bob Saget to AFV for the first time in 12 years as a guest. Both Saget and Bergeron ended that episode with a pinata party skit and a nod to the Star Wars lightsaber fight scenes when the credits started rolling. The pinatas resembled the looks of the two hosts. Five years later, on March 7, 2014, Bergeron announced on his Twitter account that season 25 would be his last.[34] AFV aired a 25th Anniversary Celebrity Celebration special in February 2015. Bergeron's final new episode from his in-studio stage home of 15 years (which was really his second to final episode) aired on May 10, 2015 (and for the final time in rerun form on ABC on September 13, 2015), and was the final (and season 25's second) $100,000 show of his tenure and featured at different times of the episode a look back at classic and modern funny home videos that defined the show's then-25-year run. Bergeron's "real" final new episode aired on May 17, 2015, the season finale, ending his run as host after fifteen seasons (the longest hosting tenure for the series to date). The episode – taped on-location at Disneyland for that season's edition of the annual "Grand Prize Spectacular", AFV's 25th anniversary, and the Disneyland Resort's 60th Anniversary Diamond Celebration that began on May 22, 2015 (which has appeared in various formats since 2005, in which one of the two (formerly three) $100,000 winners from the current season wins a Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, or in earlier seasons, an Adventures by Disney vacation package) – featured an auto-tuned montage of clips and outtakes from Bergeron's run as host and closed with him being escorted after walking off the outdoor stage near Sleeping Beauty Castle following the grand prize presentation on a cart driven by original host Bob Saget in a special cameo appearance. ABC aired encores of this episode on two different occasions. First, on July 19, 2015 to coincide with Disneyland's official 60th birthday on the weekend of July 17, 2015 (the actual 60th anniversary of Disneyland's grand-opening on July 17, 1955) and again on September 20, 2015 as the network's final episode airing, new or rerun, of AFV with Tom Bergeron and him as host signing off for the final time. Tom Bergeron made his first guest appearance in the studio on the season 26 "Grand Prize Spectacular" finale of Alfonso Ribiero's AFV on May 22, 2016 and played the show's final (or is it?) on-air audience participation game "Who Breaks It?" and won an Alfonso Ribiero AFV pillow and socks.[35][36]

text: 2015–present: Alfonso Ribeiro[edit]

text: On May 19, 2015, two days after Bergeron's final episode aired, ABC announced that Alfonso Ribeiro (known for playing Carlton Banks on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) would take over as host of AFV beginning with the season 26 premiere on October 11, 2015. Bergeron formally introduced Ribeiro's new role as host during the latter's guest performance on the season 20 finale of Dancing with the Stars (Ribeiro appeared as a DWTS competitor and won the prior season). Before becoming the current host of the show, Alfonso Ribeiro made his first (and final) guest appearance in the studio on a season 25 episode of AFV playing one of the show's audience participation games with then-host Tom Bergeron called "Who's Makin' That Racket?". While some of the Tom Bergeron-era clip segments, the in-studio audience, and background parts of the Tom Bergeron-era set props remained intact and/or continued to air for Alfonso Ribeiro's first three seasons, the stage featured a floor layout and stairway connected to a rubics-like cube with flat-screen TVs and new segments (especially for Alfonso Ribiero's run) continued to be added and aired on the show. The Assignment America and musical montage segments that started in the Bob Saget-era and the honorable mentions segments and Disney Grand Prize Vacation Sweepstakes Contests that started in the Tom Bergeron-era also continued.[37][35][38]

text: In May 2017, ABC renewed AFV for a 28th season. For the start of the season on October 8, 2017 instead of leading off Sunday nights, it aired Sunday nights at 8 p.m. ET/7 p.m. CT and was lead into at the start of the season by The Toy Box. During some parts of the holiday season starting on November 26, 2017 and remaining that way for almost the first two months of 2018 through January 21, 2018 (and final 'repeat/repeat' on February 4, 2018), AFV aired in a 'repeat/new episode' scheduling format. AFV returned with new episodes in the 7/6 central timeslot (still an hour-long on Sunday nights) due to holiday movie presentations and specials airing on ABC on Sunday nights at 8/7 central during the holiday season on December 10, 2017 and then permanently starting on February 11, 2018. ABC renewed AFV for a 29th season on March 13, 2018.[39]

text: $100,000 contest[edit]

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text: After every half of the season, the $10,000 winners from the preceding episodes are brought back to participate in a contest to win an additional $100,000. (Previously, there would be three $100,000 shows per season, after runs of shows consisting of either 5, 6, or 7 episodes. Beginning with the 24th season, the format changed to two $100,000 shows, each one after a 9-or-10-episode run. This format was also used during seasons 9, 12, 13, and 14.) Two $100,000 contests air each season (the final $100,000 episode originally aired as the season finale until the 15th season, at which point it begin airing as the episode before each season's final episode), though only one aired in the first season.[40]

text: Voting[edit]

text:
1990–97 (Saget version): ABC stations (5 in season one, 3 from 1990 to 1993, and 2 from 1993 onward) around the country are joined via satellite to cast their votes along with the Los Angeles studio audience (the final $100,000 show of season two was decided by a telephone vote)
1998–99 (Fuentes/Fugelsang version): Only the Los Angeles studio audience voted (with an audience from Minneapolis, Minnesota joining via satellite in one episode during season 10).
2001–present: Three formats have been used at various times:

text:
The Los Angeles studio audience votes to determine the winner.
Viewers log onto the show's website to cast their votes.
The show declares the winner by going to the Disney Parks and asking park-goers, as well inviting characters like Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck and Goofy, to determine the $100,000 winning clip.[40]

tag: ol

text: Other contests[edit]

text:
2002: "Battle of the Best": The Quad Squad ($25,000 and trip to Maui)[41]
2005: Disney Dream Vacation ($100,000 and free vacations to all 11 Disney theme parks around the world)
2006: Dancing Machine ($100,000 and free vacations to 500+ places for 48 years)
2006: "Funniest Video of All-Time": The Quad Squad ($250,000)
2009: Birthday Blowout ($100,000 and free vacations to 500+ places for 50 years)
2015: H20 NO-NO: Trip To Disneyland for 60 People (to celebrate the Disneyland Resort 60th Anniversary Diamond Celebration)

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season averages[edit]

text: America's Funniest Home Videos became an instant hit with audiences, with the original special in November 1989 averaging a 17.7 rating and 25 share, finishing at ninth place in the Nielsen ratings that week. When it debuted as a weekly Sunday night series in January 1990, the show averaged an 18.0 rating/27 share, finishing at 16th place.[42] It placed within Nielsen's Top 5 highest-rated weekly series within weeks of its debut;[13] by March 1990, AFHV became the #1 primetime series for a short time, causing CBS' 60 Minutes to be unseated for the top spot in the Nielsen ratings for the first time in 12 years. Indeed there was at least one week in 1990 when America's Funniest Home Videos, when put in the same time slot as 60 Minutes, actually beat 60 Minutes for a win in the time slot. AFHV finished the 1989–90 season in the Top 10 most watched shows, with an approximate average of 38 million viewers[43] for each episode.

text: AFHV finished the 2009–10 season in 55th place, with an approximate average of 7.52 million viewers, and finished in 69th in viewers 18–49, with 2.0/6.[44] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that "if you could pick a safe show that appeals to almost everyone, this might be it".[45]

text: Theme songs[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: AFV's original theme song was "The Funny Things You Do", composed by Dan Slider and performed by Jill Colucci, who also wrote the lyrics with Stewart Harris. This version of the song accompanied the opening and closing credits for the first seven-and-a-half seasons. This theme was reused once again for when Tom Bergeron introduced Bob Saget as well as a montage of classic videos and Saget's first, original intro moment to the stage from the pilot episode and a latter segment (using the theme's original lyrics) showcasing Saget's run (during AFV's first eight seasons) on the show in the AFV 20th anniversary special, which aired in 2009. The show's online series of videos entitled AFV XD is noted for its use of this version of the theme song, as well as portions of the original graphics from the 1989–97 seasons.[46][better source needed] During the final part of the $100,000 shows, bands as well as other artists would play the theme. Midway through Saget's final season in 1997, the theme was revamped (as well as the graphics and animation of the show's intro) featuring a duet of new vocals, Peter Hix (who had previously performed the theme song for America's Funniest People) and Terry Wood. The new version was also set in a different key than the original.

text: When AFHV returned for its ninth season with new hosts Daisy Fuentes and John Fugelsang in 1998, a completely new arrangement of "The Funny Things You Do" made its debut. Since that time, the theme has been an instrumental (also composed by Slider) with a faster, ska/reggae beat, with the original key restored, making it sound similar to "The Impression That I Get" by The Mighty Mighty Bosstones. An alternate version of this theme exists that is stripped of the trumpets (this version is only heard as the closing theme during the 2002–03 season in ABC and broadcast syndication runs, as well as in re-edited bumpers with added video clips from that particular episode in some 2002–03 season episodes in broadcast syndication). In reruns of the Fugelsang-Fuentes episodes on WGN America and later the Bergeron episodes on WGN America and ABC Family, the theme is noticeably slowed down during the show's opening titles and commercial bumpers.

text: For season 26, with new host Alfonso Ribeiro, a new arrangement of "The Funny Things You Do" was introduced with that season's premiere episode in 2015, replacing the 1998 theme after seventeen seasons. The current theme, which Slider also composed, is stylized more alike the original version with its key of that theme, as well as the additional hook of the 1998 version retained.

text: The 1998 and 2015 themes can be heard in their entirety at the Television Production Music Museum. The two later themes used during the post-Saget era have not been released to this day, as they are reportedly being held by Vin Di Bona.

text: "The Funny Things You Do" was the theme song to the Australian version between 1991 and 2004. It was replaced by an instrumental version as part of a major revamp in 2005.

text: Reruns/syndication[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Virtually all episodes of AFHV are, or have been, in syndication. Each period has aired separately. Until 2001, the Saget version was syndicated by 20th Television, which assumed syndication rights through its purchase of MTM Enterprises, which had syndicated the show from 1995 to 1998.[47] Disney-ABC Domestic Television (formerly Buena Vista Television), the sister company of one of the show's production companies ABC Productions, distributes all versions of the series.

text: Bob Saget episodes[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Bob Saget episodes were split into two separate packages: Seasons 1-5 (1989-94) and Seasons 6-8 (1994-97). The episodes from Seasons 1-5 Bob Saget aired in off-network syndication. It aired on Pax from 2003-2005, Nick at Nite from April 30, 2007 to October 2007, and Hallmark Channel in 2010-11.

text: In the Pax airings of the Bob Saget run, when back-to-back episodes aired, the end credits from the first episode (with the slight exception of Vin Di Bona's executive producer credit on some episodes and the marching bands doing the AFV theme on stage at the conclusion of the $100,000 shows that may require showing the original end credits) and the opening titles of the second episode were cut and replaced with an announcer saying "Now don't go away, here's more of America's Funniest Home Videos!" before cutting to Ernie Anderson introducing Saget. Some airings of the Saget version on Pax, Hallmark, and Nick at Nite cut the interviews with the winners due to time constraints. The longer ad breaks that were not seen on U.S. broadcast television during the period that the episodes originally aired on ABC. The contest plugs were retained when Pax aired the episodes. In the Nick at Nite and Hallmark airings, some episodes had the contest plugs replaced with a modern-day contest plug announced by Jess Harnell.

text: The episodes from Seasons 6-8, aired on ABC Family from September 2004 to April 2007. These episodes had the contest plugs and other outdated information removed. In addition, the end credits of the show have been replaced by ABC Family's generic credits. The ABC Productions and Vin Di Bona logos from 2004 replaced the older logos.

text: John Fugelsang-Daisy Fuentes episodes[edit]

text: The 1998-99 Fugelsang-Fuentes episodes aired on ABC Family from the fall of 1999 (known as Fox Family and owned by News Corporation at the time), until the fall of 2003. From 2004 until the fall of 2014, WGN America aired the Fugelsang-Fuentes episodes along with the 2001-09 Tom Bergeron episodes.

text: Tom Bergeron episodes[edit]

text: The Tom Bergeron episodes began airing in off-network syndication on September 14, 2009; WGN America also aired the off-network syndicated episodes in late night until September 2011, while alternate versions of the Bergeron (and sometimes the Fugelsang-Fuentes) episodes with the Buena Vista Television tag before the end credits aired in the evening. UpTV began airing (and currently still airs) reruns of the Tom Bergeron-era episodes of AFV in (and since) 2016. Months ahead of and in preparation for AFV's 25th anniversary and Tom Bergeron's 15th and final season as host of AFV in season 25, since August 2014, the 2001–2010 Tom Bergeron episodes from past seasons for its syndication rerun airings were re-edited to make them more HD friendly and removed almost all outdated information and contest plugs on some episodes. Evidence of the re-editing can be seen when the picture zooms back to its original standard-definition format during the end credits (on WGN America and UpTV only) with the colored bars utilizing the show's different background color schemes from past seasons on the left and right sides of screens. The 2009–2015 Tom Bergeron episodes with a re-edited season 20 package began airing for the first time ever in syndication on TBS on September 15, 2014. On October 3, 2016, some episodes from the 2001–2009 Tom Bergeron-era syndication package that were already airing in reruns on other cable networks for over a decade had finally became part of TBS' early-morning line-up of AFV reruns. Like the initial ABC airings, while the syndicated episodes continue to use all of the different color and logo variations of the ABC Entertainment and Vin Di Bona Productions tags before or after the end credits, depending on the station or cable networks, they have not shown the Buena Vista Television or even the ABC Studios or Disney/ABC Domestic Television distribution tags since Fall 2014.

text: Broadcast syndication airings of the Bergeron-era episodes have censored instances of nudity involving young children, which were uncensored in the original ABC broadcasts.[citation needed]

text: Outside of the United States[edit]

text: Outside the United States, family-oriented Canadian cable channel YTV has aired AFV on Saturday nights since September 2009.[48] Canadian broadcaster yesTV, with CHEK-DT in British Columbia, also began airing a simulcast of AFV episodes on Sundays at 7 p.m. local time, as it airs on ABC in the U.S. (but factoring simultaneous substitution), starting from season 25, City and its sister network Omni Television was the previous broadcaster in Canada since the Spring of 2010.[citation needed] It also airs on Fox8 in Australia.

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Seasons In The Series:
Episodes In The Series:
Episodes In The Season:
Host(s) & The Number Of Seasons & Episodes Hosted:
Premiere:
Finale:

Special/1
1-17
17
Bob Saget (8 seasons, 187 episodes)
November 26, 1989/January 14, 1990
May 20, 1990

2
18-42
25
September 16, 1990
May 12, 1991

3
43-64
22
September 22, 1991
May 17, 1992

4
65-89
25
September 20, 1992
May 16, 1993

5
90-111
22
September 19, 1993
May 22, 1994

6
112-135
24
September 18, 1994
May 21, 1995

7
136-157
22
September 17, 1995
May 19, 1996

8
158-187
30
September 22, 1996
May 18, 1997

9
188-208
21
Daisy Fuentes &
John Fugelsang (2 seasons, 44 episodes)
January 5, 1998
May 11, 1998

10
209-231
23
October 3, 1998
May 15, 1999

Specials
232-235
4
Guest Hosts
1999
2000

11
236-252
17
Tom Bergeron (15 seasons, 340 episodes)
February 3, 2001
February 8, 2002

12
253-267
15
February 15, 2002
May 17, 2002

13
268-292
25
September 27, 2002
May 9, 2003

14
293-314
22
September 28, 2003
May 23, 2004

15
315-338
24
September 26, 2004
May 13, 2005

16
339-364
26
October 2, 2005
May 19, 2006

17
365-389
25
October 1, 2006
May 18, 2007

18
390-412
23
October 7, 2007
May 16, 2008

19
413-437
25
October 5, 2008
May 15, 2009

20
438-461
24
October 4, 2009
May 16, 2010

21
462-485
24
October 3, 2010
May 22, 2011

22
486-508
23
October 2, 2011
May 20, 2012

23
509-530
22
October 7, 2012
May 19, 2013

24
531-552
22
October 13, 2013
May 18, 2014

25
553-575
23
October 12, 2014
May 17, 2015

26
576-597
22
Alfonso Ribeiro (3 seasons, 66 episodes)
October 11, 2015
May 22, 2016

27
598-619
22
October 2, 2016
May 21, 2017

28
620-641
22
October 8, 2017
May 20, 2018

29
TBD
TBD
October 2018
May 2019

Series
Episode Total:
641
With All Host(s)
November 26, 1989
Present

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: VHS/DVD[edit]

text: ABC, Shout! Factory, and Slingshot Entertainment have released numerous compilation releases of America's Funniest Home Videos on VHS and DVD in Region 1 (North America).

text:
Title
Release date
Studio

The Best of America's Funniest Home Videos[49]
June 27, 1991
ABC Home Video
CBS-Fox Video

America's Funniest Pets[50]
1992
ABC Home Video
CBS-Fox Video

America's Funniest Families[51]
1992
ABC Home Video
CBS-Fox Video

America's Funniest Home Videos: Animal Antics
October 12, 1999
Slingshot Entertainment

America's Funniest Home Videos: Deluxe Uncensored
June 6, 2000
Slingshot Entertainment

America's Funniest Home Videos: Family Follies
June 6, 2000
Slingshot Entertainment

America's Funniest Home Videos: Volume 1 with Tom Begeron
July 26, 2005
Shout! Factory

America's Funniest Home Videos: Home for the Holidays
October 4, 2005
Shout! Factory

America's Funniest Home Videos: The Best of Kids and Animals
December 27, 2005
Shout! Factory

America's Funniest Home Videos: Nincompoops & Boneheads
June 13, 2006
Shout! Factory

America's Funniest Home Videos: Athletic Supporters
August 1, 2006
Shout! Factory

America's Funniest Home Videos: Battle of the Best
September 12, 2006
Shout! Factory

America's Funniest Home Videos: Sports Spectacular
September 12, 2006
Shout! Factory

America's Funniest Home Videos: Love and Marriage
September 12, 2006
Shout! Factory

America's Funniest Home Videos: Salute to Romance
January 9, 2007
Shout! Factory

America's Funniest Home Videos: Motherhood Madness
April 17, 2007
Shout! Factory

America's Funniest Home Videos: Guide to Parenting
July 17, 2007
Shout! Factory

text: Games[edit]

text: Parker Brothers released a board game in 1990. Graphix Zone released a hybrid CD-ROM titled America's Funniest Home Videos: Lights! Camera! InterAction! in 1995.[52] Imagination Games released a DVD game in 2007.

text: Toys[edit]

text: An America's Funniest Home Videos micro movie viewer was released in 1990.[53]


document_title: List of Black Mirror episodes

question_text: what's the first episode of black mirror

question_tokens: what 's the first episode of black mirror

root

text: List of Black Mirror episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired
Network

1
3
4 December 2011 (2011-12-04)
18 December 2011 (2011-12-18)
Channel 4

2
3
11 February 2013 (2013-02-11)
25 February 2013 (2013-02-25)

Special
16 December 2014 (2014-12-16)

3
6
21 October 2016 (2016-10-21)
Netflix

4
6
29 December 2017 (2017-12-29)

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series 1 (2011)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [4]

1
1
"The National Anthem"
Otto Bathurst
Charlie Brooker
4 December 2011 (2011-12-04)
2.07

Princess Susannah, a member of the British royal family, has been kidnapped. To return the Princess, the kidnapper demands that the country's Prime Minister, Michael Callow, has sexual intercourse with a pig on live television, otherwise he will kill her. Callow refuses to be blackmailed, but public opinion is gradually turning against him. Security forces are trying to locate the kidnapper, but every effort fails. Under pressure, Callow finally agrees to fulfill the demand. The British people gather in public places and watch the shocking broadcast, with no one realising that the kidnapper has already released the Princess, thirty minutes before Callow's sex act began. The kidnapper commits suicide by hanging and he is later revealed to be an artist, who planned the debacle in order to make a statement on people's obsession with the media. One year later, Callow's approval ratings have fully recovered, but his relationship with his wife has suffered a heavy blow.

Starring: Rory Kinnear and Lindsay Duncan.

2
2
"Fifteen Million Merits"
Euros Lyn
Charlie Brooker & Kanak Huq
11 December 2011 (2011-12-11)
1.52

Bing feels trapped living in an enclosed, automated space, as a member of a society that rides power-generating stationary bikes in exchange for "merits", a form of currency they can use to buy things they need. One day, he hears a girl named Abi singing in the bathroom and falls in love with her. He decides to gift her fifteen million merits, that she can use to buy a ticket for a talent show. Abi accepts and enters the contest, where she is given a psychotropic beverage to drink before she goes on stage. The judges are impressed with her singing, but they suggest she is better suited for pornography. Abi accepts their offer, unable to think clearly. Bing returns to the stationary bikes, determined to earn back the merits he needs to enter the contest himself, and finally manages to buy a new ticket. When he enters the stage, he takes the opportunity to express his indignation and threatens to commit suicide, while other members are watching in the audience. When he finishes talking, the judges offer him a weekly show, where he will have the opportunity to rant about the system. Bing accepts their offer.

Starring: Daniel Kaluuya, Jessica Brown Findlay, and Rupert Everett.

3
3
"The Entire History of You"
Brian Welsh
Jesse Armstrong
18 December 2011 (2011-12-18)
0.87

People have implanted a "grain" behind their ear, which allows them to record everything they see and hear. Using a remote, a user can perform a "re-do", playing back their memories directly to their eye or to a video monitor. At a dinner party, Liam is suspicious of his wife Ffion's behaviour towards a man named Jonas. Returning home, Ffion admits that she used to be in a relationship with him. The next morning, Liam drunkenly heads to Jonas' house and forces him to delete every memory of sexual intercourse he had with Ffion. In the memories appearing on the monitor, Liam notices one from the time when he and Ffion were already in a relationship. Liam, afraid that he might not be the real father to his child, returns home and demands that Ffion shows him the re-do of that specific sexual encounter, in order to prove that they had used a condom. The re-do verifies that the two of them had unprotected sex. Sometime later, having been left alone in his house, Liam goes to the bathroom and uses a razor blade to cut out the grain from behind his ear.

Starring: Toby Kebbell and Jodie Whittaker.

text: Series 2 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [4]

4
1
"Be Right Back"
Owen Harris
Charlie Brooker
11 February 2013 (2013-02-11)
2.01

Ash lives with his girlfriend Martha, spending a lot of time on social media, until one day he dies in a traffic accident. A few days later, Martha finds out that she is pregnant and decides to use a new technology that is able to simulate Ash's voice and personality on the phone, based on his social media profile and other audiovisual material. This service helps her overcome her despair, until one day she accidentally drops her phone and panics. The artificial Ash tells her of the service's experimental stage, in which she agrees to have the replica transferred into a synthetic body, almost identical to Ash. However, Martha realises that the android is not able to replicate the small details in her loved one's behaviour and starts distancing herself from it. Finally, Martha takes the artificial Ash to a cliff and orders it to jump off. As it begins to follow the order, Martha expresses her frustration that Ash would not have simply obeyed. As a response, the android starts begging for its life. Unable to get rid of it, she ends up keeping the android in the attic, where a few years later her little daughter visits it every weekend.

Starring: Hayley Atwell and Domhnall Gleeson.

5
2
"White Bear"
Carl Tibbetts
Charlie Brooker
18 February 2013 (2013-02-18)
1.69

A woman wakes up in a house with amnesia. She notices people on the street recording her on their phones, but when she speaks to them they ignore her. When a masked man opens fire at her with a shotgun, she flees and meets Jem, another woman running away from the "hunters". Jem explains that the people recording her have been affected by a signal that appeared on their screens, while the hunters are unaffected people acting sadistically. Τhe woman follows Jem in her plan to reach the transmitter and destroy it. When they reach the facilities, they are attacked by two more hunters. The woman manages to wrestle a shotgun away, but when she pulls the trigger it only sprays confetti, revealing that everything was staged. The woman is told that her name is Victoria Skillane and she has been found guilty for her part in the brutal killing of a young girl. She has been sentenced to undergo this psychological torture daily in the "White Bear Justice Park", where visitors are allowed to record her daily suffering. Victoria is returned to the house where she awoke and has her memory of the day's events wiped clean, in an extremely painful procedure.

Starring: Lenora Crichlow and Michael Smiley.

6
3
"The Waldo Moment"
Bryn Higgins
Charlie Brooker
25 February 2013 (2013-02-25)
1.28

Jamie Salter is a comedian controlling a vulgar computer-animated bear named Waldo on a late-night show. The character becomes popular with the British public and a pilot for a series is commissioned. Jamie reluctantly agrees to have Waldo enter an upcoming by-election to promote the pilot, having no interest in politics himself. Waldo is projected onto a screen on the side of a van and targets the Conservative candidate Liam Monroe by following him around during his campaign. Jamie sleeps with the Labour candidate Gwendolyn Harris, with whom he starts falling in love. When Gwendolyn follows her campaign manager's advice and distances herself from Jamie, he exposes her publicly as a career politician. Waldo gains more public support, attracting American interest for global branding, but Jamie rejects the idea. On the final day of the campaign trail, Jamie begs the public not to vote for Waldo. Monroe wins the election, with Waldo coming second and Gwendolyn third. In the future, Jamie wakes up homeless in a dystopian police state, with Waldo's face appearing on every screen on the streets.

Starring: Daniel Rigby, Chloe Pirrie, and Jason Flemyng.

text: Special (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [4]

7
"White Christmas"
Carl Tibbetts
Charlie Brooker
16 December 2014 (2014-12-16)
1.66

On Christmas Day, Matt and Joe start talking about their past for the first time, after five years that they have been stationed together in a remote cabin. Matt used to help single men seduce women. His clients had optical implants, that allowed him to see through their eyes and give them advice in real-time using the "Eye-Link" technology. His main profession, however, was subjugating artificial copies of clients' consciousness, stored into bean-sized chips called "cookies", into docile personal assistants in charge of running smart houses. Joe reveals that after a domestic squabble, his pregnant girlfriend Beth "blocked" him, using a technology that turned them into incomprehensible pixelated blurs to each other. The block lasted for years, preventing him from talking to Beth or the child, until Beth died in an accident. Joe found the child in Beth's father's cabin, but the man told him that the little girl was not his daughter. Angered, Joe bashed his head with an object and left. After Joe tells Matt that the girl also died in the blizzard, trying to get help for her grandfather, it is revealed that everything is taking place inside Joe's cookie, where Matt was trying to extract Joe's confession, in exchange for his own release from prison. Due to his Eye-Link-related voyeurism, Matt is registered as a sex offender, resulting in him being universally blocked following his release. Joe's artificial consciousness remains trapped in the cabin, having its time perception changed to 1,000 years a minute.

Starring: Jon Hamm, Rafe Spall, Oona Chaplin, and Natalia Tena.

text: Series 3 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

8
1
"Nosedive"
Joe Wright
Story by : Charlie Brooker
Teleplay by : Rashida Jones & Mike Schur
21 October 2016 (2016-10-21)

Using eye implants and mobile devices, people rate their online and in-person interactions on a five-star scale. This system cultivates insincere relationships, as a person's rating significantly affects their socioeconomic status. Lacie is a young woman currently rated at 4.2 and keen to achieve self-improvement, hoping to reach a 4.5 rating to qualify for a discount to a luxury apartment. Lacie tries to gain favour from highly-rated people, as they have larger impacts on scores, and sees a great chance to achieve her goal, when school friend Naomi asks her to be maid-of-honour at her upcoming wedding, with many highly-rated guests. After a series of mishaps on her way to the wedding that send her ratings plummeting, Naomi calls Lacie and tells her not to come. Enraged, Lacie manages to get to the celebratory dinner; she grabs the microphone and starts giving the speech she had written. The guests rate her negatively, causing her rating to drop to zero. She becomes dangerously upset and security removes her from the area. She is placed in a cell and has the technology supporting the rating system removed from her eyes. Feeling liberated, she gets into an argument with a man, without worrying about being rated.

Starring: Bryce Dallas Howard, Alice Eve, Cherry Jones, and James Norton.

9
2
"Playtest"
Dan Trachtenberg
Charlie Brooker
21 October 2016 (2016-10-21)

Cooper leaves his home in America to travel the world, but ends up stranded in England after a banking error. He avoids calling his mother for help, as he has been unable to connect with her following his father's death due to early-onset Alzheimer's. While staying at the house of a girl he had slept with the previous night, Cooper offers to participate in a playtest of an augmented reality video game. A gadget with the ability to layer lifelike images and sounds into his perception is implanted at the back of his neck, but a phone call from his mother causes an interference during the initialisation process. Subsequently, the gadget probes his brain for information on things that scare him, and then he is left alone in a spooky mansion. There, he endures some jumpscares at first, but when he later experiences severe mental and physical pain the test is terminated. Cooper returns home to his mother, who does not recognise him, and he realises that she has been afflicted with Alzheimer's, as was his father. At this point, it is revealed that all events subsequent to the signal interference were taking place in Cooper's head. The interference had caused his brain synapses to light up all at once, resulting in his death shortly afterwards.

Starring: Wyatt Russell, Hannah John-Kamen, Wunmi Mosaku, and Ken Yamamura.

10
3
"Shut Up and Dance"
James Watkins
Charlie Brooker & William Bridges
21 October 2016 (2016-10-21)

Kind nineteen-year-old Kenny downloads an anti-malware program to fix his infected laptop. Unbeknownst to him, the program activates his laptop camera, which records him masturbating to internet porn. Hackers threaten to e-mail a video of his act to his entire contacts list, unless he follows their instructions. Another victim of the hackers gives Kenny a box with a cake inside, which he then has to deliver to Hector, a man being blackmailed over infidelity. Kenny and Hector get into an assigned car and drive to a bank, which they must rob using a gun hidden inside the cake. Kenny robs the bank and they drive to the drop-off point in a nearby wood. Kenny alone carries the money, as Hector leaves to destroy the car. In the wood, Kenny meets another man, who is being blackmailed for watching child pornography. The man explains to Kenny that they are to fight to the death and attacks him. Kenny manages to kill the man, but the hackers leak all the blackmail material of their victims anyway. Kenny receives a call from his crying mother, where it is revealed that he too was masturbating to child pornography. The police arrive at his location and apprehend him.

Starring: Alex Lawther and Jerome Flynn.

11
4
"San Junipero"
Owen Harris
Charlie Brooker
21 October 2016 (2016-10-21)

In 1987, shy Yorkie visits a bar in a beach resort town named San Junipero, where she meets the outgoing Kelly. The two young women are attracted to each other and they sleep together. After that, Yorkie is not able to find Kelly again, until a man suggests looking for her in a different time. Yorkie visits 1980, 1996, and finally manages to find Kelly in 2002. Kelly explains that she is dying and that she was not looking for a relationship. San Junipero is revealed to be a virtual world, set across different time periods, where dead people can upload their artificial consciousness, while visitors, like Yorkie and Kelly, can test the trial period of the system once a week. In real life, old Kelly visits bedridden Yorkie in a hospital, and discovers that she was paralyzed 40 years earlier, after running her car off the road in despair, when her parents rejected her for coming out. Kelly marries Yorkie and authorises her wish to be euthanised and uploaded to San Junipero. As her health worsens, Kelly elects to do the same, overcoming her thoughts of her dead husband and daughter who were not uploaded to the system. Kelly and Yorkie reunite in San Junipero forever.

Starring: Gugu Mbatha-Raw and Mackenzie Davis.

12
5
"Men Against Fire"
Jakob Verbruggen
Charlie Brooker
21 October 2016 (2016-10-21)

Soldiers are exterminating mutated humans called "roaches" in a foreign country, using a neural implant called MASS, which enhances their senses and provides instant data via augmented reality. When soldier Stripe encounters several aggressive roaches, one of them uses a mysterious device that disrupts his MASS interface. The next day, Stripe starts seeing roaches as humans, and tries to save a frightened woman from his fellow female soldier, Hunter. The woman tells him that MASS disguises the fact that roaches are regular humans, hated by everyday civilians due to propaganda and prejudice. Hunter knocks Stripe unconscious and brings him back to the military base, where he is incarcerated. An officer named Arquette reveals to him that the true purpose of the MASS implants is to dehumanise the enemy, allowing soldiers to kill them more efficiently, as part of an eugenics program. Arquette threatens to imprison Stripe, endlessly looping raw footage of him killing ordinary humans during his service, unless he consents to have his MASS system reset. Sometime later, Stripe returns home and sees a beautiful woman waiting for him. However, this is revealed to be a figment created by the MASS implant, as in reality he is standing alone outside a dilapidated shack.

Starring: Malachi Kirby, Madeline Brewer, Ariane Labed, Sarah Snook, and Michael Kelly.

13
6
"Hated in the Nation"
James Hawes
Charlie Brooker
21 October 2016 (2016-10-21)

To counteract a drop in United Kingdom's bee population, Granular has developed robotic bees, known as "ADIs". Detectives Karin Parke and Blue Coulson, together with the help of NCA agent Shaun Li, discover that hacked ADIs have caused the deaths of two people by getting inside their heads, causing unbearable pain. Coulson finds that the two victims had been targeted with the "#DeathTo" hashtag on social media, as part of the "Game of Consequences", where the person that leads the hashtag tables is killed every day. After a third person is killed, the hashtag starts rapidly growing in use. The analysis of the compromised ADIs proves the hacker to be former Granular employee Garrett Scholes. Police raid his location, yielding a disk drive that contains a list of every person who has used the hashtag. Parke concludes that these people are Scholes' real targets. Agent Li deactivates the system to bounce the hacker out, but when it comes back online, swarms of ADIs target a total of 387,036 people, resulting in a tremendous massacre. Sometime later, Parke is summoned to a hearing, where she talks about her involvement in the case. Coulson, who is presumed to have committed suicide, finds Scholes abroad and texts Parke "Got him".

Starring: Kelly Macdonald, Faye Marsay, and Benedict Wong.

text: Series 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

14
1
"USS Callister"
Toby Haynes
Charlie Brooker & William Bridges
29 December 2017 (2017-12-29)

A woman wakes up on a Star Trek-esque space ship where the crew praise their all knowing and fearless captain, who has used DNA scans to simulate real people within his game.

Starring: Jesse Plemons, Cristin Milioti, Jimmi Simpson, Michaela Coel, and Billy Magnussen.

15
2
"Arkangel"
Jodie Foster
Charlie Brooker
29 December 2017 (2017-12-29)

After nearly losing her daughter, a mother invests in a new technology that allows her to keep track of her child.

Starring: Rosemarie DeWitt, Brenna Harding, and Owen Teague.

16
3
"Crocodile"
John Hillcoat
Charlie Brooker
29 December 2017 (2017-12-29)

A woman's past comes back to haunt her while an insurance adjuster questions people about an accident with a memory machine.

Starring: Andrea Riseborough, Kiran Sonia Sawar, Andrew Gower, Anthony Welch, and Claire Rushbrook.

17
4
"Hang the DJ"
Tim Van Patten
Charlie Brooker
29 December 2017 (2017-12-29)

A new dating app allows the matched couples to be told how long their relationships will last.

Starring: Georgina Campbell and Joe Cole.

18
5
"Metalhead"
David Slade
Charlie Brooker
29 December 2017 (2017-12-29)

A woman attempts to survive in a dangerous land full of robotic guard-dogs.

Starring: Maxine Peake.

19
6
"Black Museum"
Colm McCarthy
Charlie Brooker
29 December 2017 (2017-12-29)

A woman enters a museum and listens to the proprietor's stories relating to the artifacts.

Starring: Douglas Hodge and Letitia Wright.


document_title: List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field

question_text: who is called the ' father of modern biology '

text: Natural sciences[edit]

text: Biology[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Bacteriology
Robert Koch / Ferdinand Cohn[4] / Louis Pasteur
First to produce precise, correct descriptions of bacteria.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[5]

Biogeography
Alfred Russel Wallace
"...Often described as the Father of Biogeography, Wallace shows the impact of human activity on the natural world."[6]

Biology[n 1]
Aristotle
[7]

Ecology
Carl Linnaeus / Ernst Haeckel / Eugenius Warming[8]
Linnaeus founded an early branch of ecology that he called The Economy of Nature (1772), Haeckel coined the term "ecology" (German: Oekologie, Ökologie) (1866), Warming authored the first book on plant ecology. Plantesamfund (1895).

Entomology
Jan Swammerdam
[9]

Johan Christian Fabricius[10]
Fabricius described and published information on over 10,000 insects and refined Linnaeus's system of classification.

William Kirby
[11]

Ethology
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Karl von Frisch
Konrad Lorenz
The modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of Nikolaas Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, joint awardees of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[12]

Evolution
Natural selection

Charles Darwin[13][14][15]
On the Origin of Species (1859).

Genetics
Gregor Mendel
For his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants, which forms the basis for Mendelian inheritance.[16]

William Bateson
Proponent of Mendelism.[17]

Ichthyology
Peter Artedi
"Far greater than either of these… was he who has been justly called the Father of Ichthyology, Petrus (Peter) Artedi (1705–35)."[18]

Lichenology
Erik Acharius
"Erik Acharius, the father of lichenology..."[19]

Microbiology
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[20]
The first to microscopically observe micro-organisms in water and the first to see bacteria.

Molecular biology
Linus Pauling
[21]

Molecular biophysics
Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran[22]
Founded the [world's first?] molecular biophysics unit (1970).

Paleontology
Leonardo da Vinci
George Cuvier
[23]

Parasitology
Francesco Redi
The founder of experimental biology and the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies.[24]

Protozoology
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[5]
First to produce precise, correct descriptions of protozoa.

Taxonomy
Carl Linnaeus[25]
Devised the system of naming living organisms that became universally accepted in the scientific world.

Virology
Dmitry Ivanovsky
Martinus Beijerinck
The first men to discover viruses (1892).

text: Chemistry[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Atomic theory (early)
Democritus[26]
Founder of atomism in cosmology.

Atomic theory (modern)
Father Roger Boscovich[27]
First coherent description of atomic theory.

John Dalton[28]
First scientific description of the atom as a building block for more complex structures.

Chemical thermodynamics (modern)
Gilbert Lewis / Willard Gibbs / Merle Randall / Edward Guggenheim[29]
Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances (1923) and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs (1933), which made a major contribution to the use of thermodynamics in chemistry.

Chemistry (early)
Jabir ("Geber") ibn Hayyan (died 815)[30][31][32][33]
Introduced the experimental method to Islamic alchemy.

Chemistry (modern)
Antoine Lavoisier[34]
Elements of Chemistry (1787)

Robert Boyle[34]
The Sceptical Chymist (1661)

Jöns Berzelius[35][36]
Development of chemical nomenclature (1800s)

John Dalton[34]
Revival of atomic theory (1803)

Green chemistry
Paul Anastas[37]
Design and manufacture of chemicals that are non-hazardous and environmentally benign.

Nuclear chemistry
Otto Hahn[38]

Applied Radiochemistry (1936)
First person to split an atomic nucleus (nuclear fission, 1938)
Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery (1944)

Periodic table
Dmitri Mendeleev[39]
Arranged the sixty-six elements known at the time in order of atomic weight by periodic intervals (1869).

Physical chemistry
Mikhail Lomonosov
The first to read lectures in physical chemistry and coin the term (1752).

Jacobus van 't Hoff
Jacobus van 't Hoff is considered to be one of the founders of the discipline of physical chemistry. His work helped found the discipline as it is today.[40][41][42]

Svante Arrhenius[43]
Devised much of the theoretical foundation for physical chemistry. On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876), Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgange (1882).

Wilhelm Ostwald
"Wilhelm Ostwald is considered one of the founders of the discipline of physical chemistry..."[44]

Hermann von Helmholtz
[citation needed]

text: Earth sciences[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Geochemistry (modern)
Victor Goldschmidt
For developing the Goldschmidt classification of elements.

Early Geodesy (mathematical geography)
Eratosthenes[45][46]

Modern Geodesy
Al-Biruni[47][48]

Geology (modern)

Father Nicholas Steno[49]
James Hutton[50]

For setting down most of the principles of modern geology.
For formulating uniformitarianism and the Plutonic theory.

Limnology (modern)
G. Evelyn Hutchinson
[51]

Mineralogy
Georgius Agricola
[52]

Meteorology
Naval oceanography (modern)

Matthew Fontaine Maury
[53]

Plate tectonics
Alfred Wegener
[citation needed]

Acoustical oceanography
Leonid Brekhovskikh
[54]

Stratigraphy
Father Nicholas Steno
[49]

Speleology
Édouard-Alfred Martel
Began the first systematic exploration of cave systems and promoted speleology as a field separate from geology.

text: Medicine and physiology[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Anatomy (modern)
Marcello Malpighi

Audiology
Raymond Carhart

"…the Father of Audiology himself, Raymond Carhart at Northwestern University…"[55]
"Carhart notch: A decrease in the bone-conduction hearing at the 2000 Hz region of patients with otosclerosis first reported by and therefore named after the father of audiology, Raymond Carhart."[56]

Biophysics
Hermann von Helmholtz

Biomechanics
Christian Wilhelm Braune
First to describe the methodology of human gait walking.

Bioelectromagnetics
Luigi Galvani
First to discover animal electricity through a series of experiments.

Cognitive therapy
Aaron T. Beck

"In developing ways to do this, Beck became the father of cognitive therapy, one of the most important developments in psychotherapy in the last 50 years."[57]
The Prospect of Immortality (1962)

Cryonics
Robert Ettinger
[58]

Dentistry (modern)
Pierre Fauchard
[59]

Electrophysiology
Emil du Bois-Reymond
The discoverer of nerve action potential.

Emergency medicine

Peter Safar[60][61]
Frank Pantridge

Safar pioneered CPR, intensive-care units and developed standards for EMT, ambulance design and equipment.
Pantridge: [62]

Epidemiology (modern)
John Snow

Fitness
Jack LaLanne
[63]

Gynaecology
J. Marion Sims
[64][65]

Histology
Marcello Malpighi

Human anatomy (modern)
Vesalius[66]
De humani corporis fabrica (1543)

Medical genetics
Victor McKusick[67]
Mendelian Inheritance in Man

Medicine (early)

Imhotep[68]
Charaka[69]
Hippocrates[70][71]

None.
Wrote the Charaka Samhitā and founded the Ayurveda system of medicine.
Prescribed professional practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath.

Medicine (modern)

Sir William Osler

Neurosurgery
Harvey Cushing[72]
Developed techniques that considerably reduced the risks involved with brain surgery in the early 20th Century.[72]

Neuroscience
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Comprehensive work on structure of the brain.

Nursing (modern)
Florence Nightingale
See Nursing#History.

Nutrition (modern)

Justus von Liebig
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier

"Justus Von Liebig, the 'father of modern nutrition', developed the perfect infant food. It consisted of [...]"[73]
"In addition to being known as the Father of Modern Chemistry, Lavoisier is also considered the Father of Modern Nutrition, as the first to discover the metabolism that occurs inside the human body..."[74]

Organ transplantation
Thomas Starzl[75]
Performed the first human liver transplant and established the clinical utility of anti-rejection drugs including ciclosporin. Developed major advances in organ preservation, procurement and transplantation.

Orthopedic surgery (modern)
Hugh Owen Thomas[76]
He stressed the importance of rest in treatment and was responsible for many landmark contributions to orthopaedic surgery. He was especially celebrated for his design and use of splints; the famous Thomas knee splint was still in wide use at the end of World War II.

Orthomolecular medicine
Linus Pauling

Pathology (modern)
Rudolf Virchow
Founded modern Pathology and Social Medicine and published Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre which is regarded as the basis of modern medical science.

Psychology (experimental)
Wilhelm Wundt[77]
Founded the first laboratory for psychological research.

Pediatrics
Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi ("Rhazes")[78]
Wrote The Diseases of Children, the first book to deal with pediatrics as an independent field.

Physiology
Claude Bernard[79]
An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (1865)

Physical culture
Bernarr Macfadden
"It delighted the heart of our old friend Bernarr Macfadden, 'the Father of Physical Culture,' when we told him how much athletic activity and good sportsmanship had to do with the rehabilitation of boys."[80]

Plastic surgery

Sushruta[81][82]
Harold Gillies

Wrote the Sushruta Samhita.

Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
[83]

Psychophysics
Gustav Fechner[84]
Elements of Psychophysics (1860)

Space medicine
Hubertus Strughold
"After Wernher von Braun, he was the top Nazi scientist employed by the American government, and he was subsequently hailed by NASA as the 'father of space medicine'"[85]

Surgery (early)
Sushruta[81][82]
Wrote the Sushruta Samhita.

Surgery (modern)

Abu al-Qasim ("Abulcasis") al-Zahrawi[86]
Guy de Chauliac[87]
Ambroise Paré
John Hunter
Joseph Lister
William Stewart Halsted
See also Father of modern surgery

Kitab al-Tasrif (1000 AD).
Chirurgia magna
Leader in surgical techniques, especially the treatment of wounds.[88]
Experimental, scientific approach to surgery.[89][90]
Use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic.[91][92]
Introduction of residency system in the United States.[93]

Toxicology
Paracelsus
[94]

text: Physics and astronomy[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Acoustics
Ernst Chladni[95]
For important research in vibrating plates

Atomic bomb
Enrico Fermi
J. Robert Oppenheimer
Leslie Groves
Edward Teller
For their role in the Manhattan Project

Aerodynamics
Nikolai Zhukovsky
George Cayley[96]
Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow, was the first engineer scientist to explain mathematically the origin of aerodynamic lift. Cayley Investigated theoretical aspects of flight and experimented with flight a century before the first airplane was built

Physical cosmology
Albert Einstein (founder)
Henrietta Leavitt (mother)[97]
Edwin Hubble (father)[97]

Leavitt discovered Cepheid variables, the "Standard Candle" by which Hubble later determined galactic distances. Einstein's general theory of relativity is usually recognized as the theoretic foundation of modern cosmology.

Classical mechanics
Isaac Newton (founder)[98]
Described laws of motion and law of gravity in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)

Electricity
William Gilbert[99]
Michael Faraday[100]
Book: De Magnete (1600)
Discovered electromagnetic induction (1831)

Electrodynamics
André-Marie Ampère[101]
Book: Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely Deduced from Experience (1827)

Energetics
Willard Gibbs[102]
Publication: On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876)

Experimental physics (founder)
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[103][104]
For introducing experimental method into physics with his Book of Optics (1021)

Modern astronomy
Nicolaus Copernicus[105]
Developed the first explicit heliocentric model in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543)

Modern physics
Galileo Galilei[106]
His development and extensive use of experimental physics, e.g. the telescope

Nuclear physics
Ernest Rutherford[107]
Developed the Rutherford atom model (1909)

Nuclear science
Marie Curie
Pierre Curie[108]

Optics
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[109]
Correctly explained vision and carried out the first experiments on light and optics in the Book of Optics (1021).

Plasma physics
Irving Langmuir
Hannes Alfvén[110]
Langmuir first described ionised gas as plasma and observed fundamental plasma vibrations, Langmuir waves.
Alfvén pioneered the theoretical description of plasma by developing magnetohydrodynamics.

Quantum mechanics
Max Planck (founder)[111]Werner Heisenberg
Stated that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form

Relativity
Albert Einstein (founder)[112]
Pioneered special relativity (1905) and general relativity (1915)

Spaceflight (rocketry)
Robert Hutchings Goddard
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Hermann Oberth
Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket.
Tsiolkovsky created the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation.

Thermodynamics
Sadi Carnot (founder)[113]
Publication: On the Motive Power of Fire and Machines Fitted to Develop that Power (1824)

text: Formal sciences[edit]

text: Mathematics[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Algebra
(see also The father of algebra)
Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi)[114] Brahmagupta[115]
Diophantus[116][117]
Full exposition of solving quadratic equations in his Al-Jabr and recognized algebra as an independent discipline.
First use of symbolism (syncopation) in his Arithmetica.

Algebraic topology
Henri Poincaré[118]
Published Analysis Situs in 1895,[119] introducing the concepts of homotopy and homology, which are now considered part of algebraic topology.

Analysis
Augustin-Louis Cauchy[120]
Karl Weierstrass[121]

Analytic geometry
René Descartes
Pierre de Fermat[122](founders)
For their independent invention of the Cartesian Coordinate System

Calculus
Isaac Newton[123]
Gottfried Leibniz
See Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy.

Classical analysis
Madhava of Sangamagrama[124]
Developed Taylor series expansions of trigonometric functions

Computer science
George Boole
Alan Turing
Rózsa Péter[125][126]
Invented Boolean logic, which is the basis of modern digital computer logic
Provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine.
Considered the "founding mother of recursion theory", which provided the mathematical groundwork for computational theory.

Descriptive geometry
Gaspard Monge[127]
(founder)
Developed a graphical protocol that creates three-dimensional virtual space on a two-dimensional plane

Fractal geometry
Benoît B. Mandelbrot

Geometry
Euclid[128]
Euclid's Elements deduced the principles of Euclidean geometry from a set of axioms.

Graph theory
Leonhard Euler[129]
See Seven Bridges of Königsberg

Italian school of algebraic geometry
Corrado Segre[130]
Publications and students developing algebraic geometry

Modern algebra
Emmy Noether[131]
Provided the first general definitions of a commutative ring, and suggested that topology be studied algebraically.[132] Combined the structure theory of associative algebras and the representation theory of groups into a single arithmetic theory of modules and ideals in rings satisfying ascending chain conditions.[133]

Non-Euclidean geometry
János Bolyai,
Nikolai Lobachevsky[134](founders)
Independent development of hyperbolic geometry in which Euclid's fifth postulate is not true

Number theory
Pythagoras[135]

Probability
Gerolamo Cardano, Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal, Christiaan Huygens[136] (founders)
Fermat and Pascal co-founded probability theory, about which Huygens wrote the first book

Projective geometry
Girard Desargues[137](founder)
By generalizing the use of vanishing points to include the case when these are infinitely far away

Tensor calculus
Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro[138]
(founder)
Book: The Absolute Differential Calculus

Trigonometry
Hipparchus[139][140]
Constructed the first trigonometric table.

Vector algebra,
vector calculus
Willard Gibbs[141]
Oliver Heaviside[142]
(founders)
For their development and use of vectors in algebra and calculus

text: Systems theory[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Chaos theory
Henri Poincaré[143]
Mary Cartwright[144][145]
Edward Lorenz[146]
Poincaré's work on the three-body problem was the first discovered example of a chaotic dynamical system. Cartwright made the first mathematical analysis of dynamical systems with chaos. Lorenz introduced strange attractor notation.

Cybernetics
Norbert Wiener[147]
Book Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. 1948.

Dynamic programming
Richard E. Bellman

Fuzzy logic
Lotfi Asker Zadeh

Information theory
Claude Shannon[148]
Article: A Mathematical Theory of Communication (1948)

Optimal control
Arthur E. Bryson[149]
Book: Applied Optimal Control[150]

Robust control
George Zames[citation needed]
Small gain theorem and H infinity control.

Stability theory
Alexander Lyapunov[citation needed]
Lyapunov function

System dynamics
Jay Wright Forrester[151]
Book: Industrial dynamics (1961)

text: Social sciences[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Anthropology
Herodotus[152]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[153][154]

Demography
Ibn Khaldun[155]
Muqaddimah (Prolegomena) (1377)

Egyptology
Father Athanasius Kircher[156]
Jean-François Champollion[citation needed]

First to identify the phoenetic importance of the hieroglyph, and he demonstrated Coptic as a vestige of early Egyptian, before the Rosetta stone's discovery.
Translated parts of the Rosetta Stone.

Historiography
Ibn Khaldun
Wrote several essential books

History
Herodotus (who also coined the term)

Indology
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[154]
Wrote the Indica

International law
Alberico Gentili
Francisco de Vitoria
Hugo Grotius
Influential contributions to the theory of international law, war and human rights

Linguistics (early)
Panini
Wrote the first descriptive grammar (of Sanskrit)

Linguistics (modern)
Ferdinand de Saussure
Noam Chomsky

Sociology
Ibn Khaldun[155][157]
Adam Ferguson[158]
Auguste Comte (who also coined the term)[159]
Marquis de Condorcet (founder)[160]
Wrote the first sociological book, the Muqaddimah (Prolegomena).
"Father of modern sociology"
Introduced the scientific method into sociology.

text: Economics[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Accounting and Bookkeeping
Luca Pacioli[161]
Establisher of accounting and the first person to publish a work on bookkeeping.[161]

Economics (early)
Ibn Khaldun[162]
Chanakya / Kautilya[163]
Publication: Muqaddimah (1370)
Publication: Arthashastra (400 BCE - 200 CE)

Economics (modern)

Richard Cantillon[164]
Anders Chydenius[165]
Adam Smith[166]

First specific treatise on economics.
The National Gain (1765), a pamphlet that included key ideas about free trade.[167]
The Wealth of Nations (1776).

Evolutionary economics
Ecological economics
Thermoeconomics
bioeconomics

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen[168][169][170][171][172]
The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (1971)

Macroeconomics
John Maynard Keynes[173]
Author of The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money and groundbreaking economist, Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking. Prior to Keynes, the general consensus among economists was that the economy was self-fixing. During the Great Depression, when people began to realize that the economy would not fix itself, Keynes proposed that the government needed to intervene to combat excessive boom and bust. This idea was the largest influence in U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal.[174][175]

Mathematical economics
Daniel Bernoulli
Forerunner of the Tableau économique.[176]

Monetary economics

Nicole Oresme (c.1322-1382)[177]
Irving Fisher (1867-1947)
Milton Friedman (1912-2006)

Oresme's De Moneta.
"Irving Fisher [...] spent his career studying questions about money and the economy - how money affects interest rates, how money affects inflation, and the impact of money on overall economic activity. For this work, he is regarded as the father of monetary economics."[178]
"[...] no less an authority than the University of Chicago's Milton Friedman, the father of monetary economics, [...]"[179]

Microcredit
Muhammad Yunus[180]
Founded Grameen Bank

Personnel economics
Edward Lazear
Published the first paper in the field.

text: Schools of thought[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Austrian School
Carl Menger[181]

Communism
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
David Ricardo[182]

School of Salamanca
Francisco de Vitoria[183]
Highly influential teacher and lecturer on commercial morality

text: Theories[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Expectations theory
Thomas Cardinal Cajetan[184]
Recognised the effect of market expectations on the value of money

Modern portfolio theory
Harry Markowitz[185]

Social choice theory
Kenneth Arrow
Created the field with his 1951 book, Social Choice and Individual Values

text: Other fields[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Science (modern)
Galileo Galilei[186]
[187][188]
For systemic use of experimentation in science and contributions to scientific method, physics and observational astronomy

Physics (early)
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[189][190]
Alhazen developed rigorous experimental methods of controlled scientific testing to verify theoretical hypotheses and substantiate inductive conjectures.
Developed Baconian method in his Novum Organum (1620).

Family and consumer science
Ellen Swallow Richards
Founded the American Association of Home Economics, currently the American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences. "Bringing science into the home, Richards hoped to "...attain the best physical, mental, and moral development" for the family, which she believed was the basic unit of civilization."[191]