document_title: Property Brothers

question_text: where was season 8 of property brothers filmed

text: Property Brothers

text: Development[edit]

text: In 1996,[4] Jonathan and Drew Scott first began working in the real estate and design fields to financially support themselves as actors.[5] However, after ten years went by with little to no acting jobs, Drew decided to return to acting full-time.[6] He was offered a gig as a host of a real estate competition show that ultimately didn't materialize.[7] But, when it was discovered that he had a twin brother who was also in the real estate business, Cineflix pitched the idea of a reality show with each of them in different roles.[5][7] They filmed a pilot for the show in 2009.[8] Originally, the network wanted Drew to work as the contractor because of his physique; when they realized that Jonathan was licensed, they switched the roles.[9]

text: About six months went by with no offers, when (off the strength of the pilot) the W Network in Canada ordered a full season;[8] meanwhile HGTV passed.[8] Aware of the show's success in Canada, HGTV condensed the existing episodes to 30 minutes and aired them on a trial basis.[8] After the show scored number-one ratings for its timeslot, the network picked the show up for distribution in the US.[8]

text: Premise[edit]

text: Using the expertise of twin brothers Drew and Jonathan Scott, prospective homebuyers find a "fixer-upper" and remodel it into their dream home while staying within their budget. The featured families and individuals are often working towards a deadline, like the birth of a child or a special occasion. Historically, each episode started with Drew showing potential homebuyers a house with everything on their wish list, only to later reveal that the house was outside of their reach financially. However, beginning with season 10, Drew began to explain from the start that the home would exceed their budget. In either scenario, he and Jonathan then highlight the advantages of purchasing an older home. After Drew then takes the buyers on a tour of homes that are significantly less ideal, but have renovation potential, they are asked to narrow their choices down to two. The brothers then use computer-generated imagery to reveal their re-imagined vision of the home after significant renovations. The graphics are made by an outside company using Neezo Renders software at a cost about $10,000 per episode.[10][11] After the family makes a final decision, Drew leads them through the process of bidding on and purchasing a home. Once a purchase is made, Jonathan and his team begin renovations. The family is kept away after initial demolition, and are brought back at the conclusion for the final reveal.

text: Production[edit]

text: The show's producers choose cities for filming based a variety of factors including fan interest, proximity to a major airport, and local building ordinances.[citation needed] Typical of home improvement shows with an accelerated renovation format, three experienced crews work on the house in tandem to finish in the four to seven week timeline.[citation needed] The brothers hire local design, real estate, and construction companies in the cities where they film,[12] Additionally building permits are typically ready prior to construction,[citation needed] and their projects take priority with the suppliers.[13][11] The buyers own the property and pay for the remodeling, but the show is able to provide about $20,000 to $25,000 worth of cash and furnishings.[14][11] The brothers do not charge for their services.[11] The total budget presented is for the three or four rooms featured on the show; the rest of the renovations are done off-camera on a separate budget and timeline.[11]

text: Persons interested in appearing on the show must come with a shortlist of homes or a home they plan to buy, though Drew provides additional options, and reserves the right to reject their selection if the home is unsafe.[15] Applicants must apply as a couple (whether they be spouses, partners, friends, or family), and have financing ready with a budget of at least $65,000 USD with a 25-percent contingency for unexpected expenses.[11][16] Producers screen applicants for their ability to make quick decisions and the ability to film for at least eight weekdays during the project.[16]

text: The brothers have maintained that their shows are not contrived or scripted.[17] Homeowners are not provided with storylines or dialog and unforeseen construction challenges are real.[18] Additionally, the homebuyers work with real project budgets,[2] However, the brothers concede that conversations may be re-shot and incidents may be reconstructed due to disruptions on set (eg. a plane flying overhead), to highlight how protracted problems were resolved, or because the cameras did not capture the real-time shot.[19][20]

text: The first season was recorded in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[21] For the third season, the show was recorded in Austin, Texas, for half of the year and Toronto for the rest.[14] Part of the reason for the move was the fact that American audiences couldn't relate to the higher market prices in Canada.[11] The brothers returned to their hometown of Vancouver, British Columbia to film in 2013.[13] In 2014, the show recorded several episodes in Atlanta, Georgia and Toronto. Between 2015 and 2016 they filmed in Westchester County, New York.[22][23] In 2017, they will be filming in Nashville, Tennessee.

text: Presenters[edit]

text: Before going into real estate as a profession, the brothers tried acting, including minor roles in Breaker High, Smallville, and X-Files.[24] Drew aspired to be an actor, while Jonathan sought a career as an illusionist.[citation needed] In the meantime, they bought their first house when they were 18 years old university students and, after renovations, sold it a year later for a $50,000 profit.[25] In 2004, they founded Scott Real Estate, Inc., a company that oversees the sales and construction of residential and commercial projects, with offices in Vancouver, Calgary, and Las Vegas.[3] Their business soon grew and they were approached to do the television show.[24] At the show's start, the twins had managed real estate holdings for nearly 15 years.[5][26][24]

text: Both brothers are licensed real estate agents.[citation needed] Drew was licensed in early 2004 and continues to be a licensed agent with Keller Williams Elite in British Columbia.[citation needed] Jonathan became a licensed agent in Las Vegas after opening an office there in 2008.[citation needed] Jonathan is also a licensed contractor.[citation needed]

text: The show is broadcast in over 150 countries, and is dubbed in many languages.[citation needed] The voices of both brothers is provided by the same voice actor in Spanish.[24]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The show has consistently been the highest rated on HGTV during its run, and as of 2017 Property Brothers remains HGTV's highest rated show.[27]. It is broadcast in 150 countries and territories.[20] The fifth season attracted more than 10 million viewers between 24 – 54 age demographic, and consistently ranked as a top five cable program among upscale women in the 25 – 54 age group.[28] In 2016, the show averaged 1.3 million viewers weekly.[29]

text: Consumer Reports put it on its list of best home improvement shows, saying, "We all wish Drew and Jonathan were our big brothers—and that they’d help us find our dream home."[30]

text: Property Brothers has won multiple awards. After being nominated in 2011, Drew and Jonathan won the 2012 Leo Award (the awards program for the British Columbia film and television industry) for "Best Host(s) in an Information or Lifestyle Series" for Property Brothers.[31] In 2012, they were nominated for a Rose d'Or award in the lifestyle show category.[11][32] The show's been nominated for a Cablefax Award and for Outstanding Structured Reality Program at the 2015 Emmy Awards.[33][34]

text: The program has had an impact on popular culture, and has been the subject of multiple jokes on Brooklyn 99,[35][36] as well as Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt.[37][38]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
HGTV Season
Episodes
Filming Location
First aired
Last aired

1

1
13
Toronto
January 4, 2011 (2011-01-04)
March 29, 2011 (2011-03-29)

2

2
13
Toronto
October 20, 2011 (2011-10-20)
January 31, 2012 (2012-01-31)

4
13
Austin
February 7, 2012 (2012-02-07)
May 1, 2012 (2012-05-01)

3

3
13
Austin/Toronto
January 9, 2013 (2013-01-09)
April 3, 2013 (2013-04-03)

5
13
Vancouver
August 28, 2013 (2013-08-28)
November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20)

4

6
13
Atlanta
March 12, 2014 (2014-03-12)
August 27, 2014 (2014-08-27)

7
13
Toronto
January 7, 2015 (2015-01-07)
May 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)

5

8
14
Westchester County
October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)
February 10, 2016 (2016-02-10)

9
13
Westchester County
February 17, 2016 (2016-02-17)
November 2, 2016 (2016-11-02)

6

10
N/A
Westchester County
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)
2017 (2017)


document_title: Open outcry

question_text: who works on the floor of the stock exchange

root

text: Open outcry

text: History[edit]

text: Since the 1980s, the open outcry systems have been being replaced by electronic trading systems (such as CATS and Globex).

tag: p

text: Floor trading is the meeting of traders or stockbrokers at a specific venue referred to as a trading floor or pit to buy and sell financial instruments using open outcry method to communicate with each other. These venues are typically stock exchanges or futures exchanges and transactions are executed by members of such an exchange using specific language or hand signals. During the 1980s and 1990s, phone and electronic trading replaced physical floor trading in most exchanges around the world.,

text: As of 2007, few exchanges still have floor trading. One example is the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) which still executes a small percentage of its trades on the floor. That means that the traders actually form a group around the post on the floor of the market for the specialist, someone that works for one of the NYSE member firms and handles the stock. As in an auction, there are shouts from those that want to sell and those that want to buy. The specialist facilitates in the match and centralizing the trades.

text: On 24 January 2007, the NYSE went from being strictly an auction market to a hybrid market that encompassed both the auction method and an electronic trading method that immediately makes the trade electronically. A small group of extremely high-priced stocks isn't on this trading system and is still auctioned on the trading floor.

text: Even though over 82 percent of the trades take place electronically, the action on the floor of the stock exchange still has its place. While electronic trading is faster and provides for anonymity, there is more opportunity to improve the price of a share if it goes to the floor. Investors maintain the right to select the method they want to use.[when?]

text: Conversion to electronic trading[edit]

text:
The London Stock Exchange moved to electronic trading in 1986.
The Borsa Italiana, Italy's stock market, located in Milan, moved to electronic trading in 1994.
The Bombay Stock Exchange, Mumbai, embraced electronic trading in 1995 by introducing the BSE Online Trading (BOLT) System on 14 March 1995.
The Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) adopted electronic trading(The Automated Trading System (ATS) in 1997 and upgraded from ATS 4.00 to ATS 7.10.
The Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) adopted electronic trading in 1997.
International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) moved to electronic trading in 2005.[3]
Minneapolis Grain Exchange (MGEX) moved to electronic trading in 2008.[4]
Johannesburg Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange, 2006-2007, under John Thain [5][6]
New York Mercantile Exchange (Nymex), 2006.

tag: ul

text: Since the 1980s, Nymex had a virtual monopoly on 'open market' oil futures trading, but the electronically based IntercontinentalExchange (ICE) began trading oil contracts that were extremely similar to Nymex's in the early 2000s and Nymex began to lose market share almost immediately. The pit-traders at Nymex had been resisting the electronic move for decades, but the executives believed the exchange had to move to the electronic format, or it would cease to exist as a viable business. The executives introduced CME's Globex system into Nymex in 2006.[7]

text: Hand signals[edit]

text: Floor hand signals are used to communicate buy and sell information in an open outcry trading environment. The system is used at futures exchanges such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.

text: Traders usually flash the signals quickly across a room to make a sale or a purchase. Signals that occur with palms facing out and hands away from the body are an indication the gesturer wishes to sell. When traders face their palms in and hold their hands up, they are gesturing to buy.

text: Numbers one through five are gestured on one hand, and six through ten are gestured in the same way only held sideways at a 90 degree angle (index finger out sideways is six, two fingers is seven, and so on). Numbers gestured from the forehead are blocks of ten, and blocks of hundreds and thousands can also be displayed. The signals can otherwise be used to indicate months, specific trade or option combinations, or additional market information.

text: These rules may vary among exchanges or even among floors within the same exchange; however, the purpose of the gestures remains the same.


document_title: List of tallest buildings

question_text: what is the talkest building in the world

text: List of tallest buildings

text: Ranking criteria and alternatives

text: The international non-profit organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) was formed in 1969 and announces the title of "The World's Tallest Building" and sets the standards by which buildings are measured. It maintains a list of the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world.[3] The organization currently ranks Burj Khalifa in Dubai as the tallest at 828 m (2,717 ft).[3] The CTBUH only recognizes buildings that are complete, however, and some buildings listed within these list articles are not considered complete by the CTBUH.

text: In 1996, as a response to the dispute as to whether the Petronas Towers or the Sears Tower was taller,[4] the council listed and ranked buildings in four categories:

text:
height to structural or architectural top;
height to floor of highest occupied floor;
height to top of roof (removed as category in November 2009);[5] and
height to top of any part of the building.

text: Spires are considered integral parts of the architectural design of buildings, to which changes would substantially change the appearance and design of the building, whereas antennas may be added or removed without such consequences. The Petronas Towers, with their spires, are thus ranked higher than the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) with its antennas, despite the Petronas Towers' lower roofs and lower highest point.

text: Until 1996, the world's tallest building was defined by the height to the top of the tallest architectural element, including spires but not antennae. This led to a rivalry between the Bank of Manhattan Building and the Chrysler Building. The Bank of Manhattan Building employed only a short spire and was 282.5 m (927 ft) tall and had a much higher top occupied floor (the second category in the 1996 criteria for tallest building). In contrast, the Chrysler Building employed a very large 38.1 m (125 ft) spire secretly assembled inside the building to claim the title of world's tallest building with a total height of 318.9 m (1,046 ft), although it had a lower top occupied floor and a shorter height when both buildings' spires were excluded.

text: Upset by Chrysler's victory, Shreve & Lamb, the consulting architects of the Bank of Manhattan Building, wrote a newspaper article claiming that their building was actually the tallest, since it contained the world's highest usable floor. They pointed out that the observation deck in the Bank of Manhattan Building was nearly 30 m (100 ft) above the top floor in the Chrysler Building, whose surpassing spire was strictly ornamental and inaccessible.[6]

text: At present, the Burj Khalifa tops the list by some margin, regardless of which criterion is applied.[7][8]

text: Tallest buildings in the world (350 m+)

text: As of 2017, this list includes all 51 buildings (completed and architecturally topped out) which reach a height of 350 metres (1,148 ft) or more, as assessed by their highest architectural feature. Six of the last seven buildings to have held the record as 'tallest building' are still found in the list, with the exception being the North Tower of the original World Trade Center after its destruction in the September 11 attacks of 2001. If the twin towers were still standing today they would occupy numbers 24 and 25 on the list (or 23 and 24 since it can be assumed One World Trade Center would have never been built).

text:
bold
Denotes building that is or was once the tallest in the world

tag: table

text:
Rank
Building[A][9]
City
Country
Height (m)[3]
Height (ft)
Floors
Built

1
Burj Khalifa
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
828 m
2,717 ft
163
2010

2
Shanghai Tower
Shanghai
 China
632 m[10]
2,073 ft
128
2015

3
Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower
Mecca
 Saudi Arabia
601 m[11]
1,971 ft
120
2012

4
Ping An Finance Centre
Shenzhen
 China
599 m
1,965 ft
115
2017

5
Lotte World Tower
Seoul
 South Korea
554.5 m
1,819 ft
123
2016

6
One World Trade Center
New York City
 United States
541.3 m
1,776 ft
104
2014

7
Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre
Guangzhou
 China
530 m[12]
1,739 ft
111
2016

8
Taipei 101
Taipei
 Taiwan
508 m[13]
1,667 ft
101
2004

9
Shanghai World Financial Center
Shanghai
 China
492 m
1,614 ft
101
2008

10
International Commerce Centre
Hong Kong
 China
484 m
1,588 ft
118
2010

11
Changsha IFS Tower T1
Changsha
 China
452.1 m
1,483 ft
88
2017

12
Petronas Tower 1
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
451.9 m
1,483 ft
88
1998

Petronas Tower 2
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
451.9 m
1,483 ft
88
1998

14
Zifeng Tower
Nanjing
 China
450 m
1,476 ft
89
2010

Suzhou IFS
Suzhou
 China
450 m
1,476 ft
92
2017

16
Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower)
Chicago
 United States
442.1 m
1,450 ft
108
1974

17
KK100
Shenzhen
 China
442 m
1,449 ft
100
2011

18
Guangzhou International Finance Center
Guangzhou
 China
440 m
1,440 ft
103
2010

19
Wuhan Center
Wuhan
 China
438 m
1,437 ft
88
2016[B]

20
432 Park Avenue
New York City
 United States
425.5 m
1,396 ft
88
2015

21
Marina 101
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
425 m
1,394 ft
101
2015[B]

22
Trump International Hotel and Tower[14]
Chicago
 United States
423.2 m
1,388 ft
98
2009

23
Jin Mao Tower
Shanghai
 China
421 m
1,380 ft
88
1999

24
Princess Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
414 m
1,358 ft[15]
101
2012

25
Al Hamra Tower
Kuwait City
 Kuwait
413 m
1,354 ft
80
2011

26
Two International Finance Centre
Hong Kong
 China
412 m
1,352 ft
88
2003

27
23 Marina
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
395 m
1,296 ft
89
2012

28
China Resources Headquarters
Shenzhen
 China
393 m
1,288 ft
67
2017

29
CITIC Plaza
Guangzhou
 China
391 m
1,283 ft
80
1996

30
Capital Market Authority Headquarters
Riyadh
 Saudi Arabia
385 m
1,263 ft
77
2016

31
Shun Hing Square
Shenzhen
 China
384 m
1,260 ft
69
1996

32
Eton Place Dalian Tower 1
Dalian
 China
383 m
1,257 ft
81
2015

33
Logan Century Center 1
Nanning
 China
381.3 m
1,251 ft
82
2017

34
Burj Mohammed bin Rashid
Abu Dhabi
 United Arab Emirates
381 m
1,251 ft
88
2014

35
Empire State Building
New York City
 United States
381 m
1,250 ft
102
1931

36
Elite Residence
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
381 m
1,248 ft
87
2012

37
Central Plaza
Hong Kong
 China
374 m
1,227 ft
78
1992

Federation Tower (East Tower)[16]
Moscow
 Russia
374 m
1,227 ft
95
2016

39
Dalian International Trade Center
Dalian
 China
370 m
1,214 ft
86
2016[B]

40
The Address the BLVD
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
368 m
1,207 ft
72
2017

41
Bank of China Tower
Hong Kong
 China
367 m
1,205 ft
70
1990

42
Bank of America Tower
New York City
 United States
365.8 m
1,200 ft
54
2009

43
Almas Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
363 m
1,191 ft
68
2009

44
JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Tower 1
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
355 m
1,166 ft
82
2012

JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Tower 2
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
355 m
1,166 ft
82
2012

46
Emirates Office Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
355 m
1,163 ft
54
2000

47
OKO Tower - South Tower
Moscow
 Russia
354 m
1,160 ft
85
2015

48
The Marina Torch
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
352 m
1,155 ft
86
2011

49
Forum 66 Tower 2
Shenyang
 China
351 m
1,152 ft
68
2015

50
The Pinnacle
Guangzhou
 China
350 m
1,150 ft
60
2012

51
Hanking Center
Shenzhen
 China
350 m
1,148 ft
73
2017

text: Photo gallery

text:
Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is the world's tallest building.

Shanghai Tower in Shanghai, China, is the 2nd tallest building.

The Abraj Al-Bait Towers in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is the 3rd tallest building.

Ping An Finance Centre, in Guangdong, China, is the 4th tallest building.

Lotte World Tower in Seoul, South Korea, is the 5th tallest building.

One World Trade Center in New York City, is the 6th tallest building and the tallest in the Western Hemisphere.

CTF Finance Centre in Guangzhou, China, is the 7th tallest building.

Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan, was the world's tallest building from 2004 to 2010; it is now 8th.

The Shanghai World Financial Center is the 9th tallest building and the 3rd tallest in China.

The International Commerce Centre in Hong Kong, is currently the 10th tallest building.

The Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were the tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004, and are still the tallest twin buildings.

Willis Tower, formerly Sears Tower, in Chicago, United States, was the tallest building from 1974 to 1998.

New York City's Empire State Building was the tallest building from 1931 to 1972, and is the 5th tallest building in the United States.

Jin Mao Tower in Shanghai, China is the 10th tallest building in China.

text: Alternative measurements

text: Height to pinnacle (highest point)

text: This measurement disregards distinctions between architectural and non-architectural extensions, and simply measures to the highest point. This measurement is useful for air traffic obstacle determinations, and is also a wholly objective measure. However, this measurement includes extensions that are easily added, removed, and modified from a building and are independent of the overall structure.

text: This measurement only recently came into use, when the Petronas Towers passed the Sears Tower (now called Willis Tower) in height. The former was considered taller because its spires were considered architectural, while the latter's antennae were not. This led to the split of definitions, with the Sears Tower claiming the lead in this and the height-to-roof (now highest occupied floor) categories, and with the Petronas claiming the lead in the architectural height category.

text:
bold
†Denotes building with pinnacle height higher than architectural

text:
Rank
Building
City
Country
Height
Floors
Built

1
Burj Khalifa†
Dubai
 UAE
829.8 m
2,722 ft
163
2010

2
Shanghai Tower
Shanghai
 China
632 m
2,073 ft
128
2015

3
Abraj Al-Bait Towers
Mecca
 Saudi Arabia
601 m[11]
1,971 ft
120
2012

4
Ping An Finance Center
Shenzhen
 China
599 m
1,965 ft
115
2016

5
Lotte World Tower†
Seoul
 South Korea
555.7 m
1,823 ft
123
2016

6
One World Trade Center†
New York City
 United States
546.2 m
1,792 ft
104
2014

7
CTF Finance Centre
Guangzhou
 China
530 m[17]
1,739 ft
111
2016

8
Willis Tower†
Chicago
 United States
527 m
1,729 ft
108
1974

9
Taipei 101
Taipei
 Taiwan
508 m
1,667 ft
101
2004

10
Shanghai World Financial Center†
Shanghai
 China
494.3 m
1,622 ft
101
2008

11
International Commerce Centre
Hong Kong
 China
484 m
1,588 ft
118
2010

12
John Hancock Center†
Chicago
 United States
456.9 m
1,499 ft
100
1969

13
Changsha IFS Tower T1
Changsha
 China
452 m
1,483 ft
94
2017

14
Petronas Tower 1
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
451.9 m
1,483 ft
88
1998

14
Petronas Tower 2
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
451.9 m
1,483 ft
88
1998

16
Zifeng Tower
Nanjing
 China
450 m
1,476 ft
89
2009

16
Suzhou IFS
Suzhou
 China
450 m
1,476 ft
98
2017

18
Empire State Building†
New York City
 United States
443.2 m
1,454 ft
102
1931

19
Kingkey 100
Shenzhen
 China
442 m
1,449 ft
100
2011

20
Guangzhou International Finance Center
Guangzhou
 China
438.6 m
1,445 ft
103
2009

21
Wuhan Center
Wuhan
 China
438 m
1,437 ft
88
2017

22
432 Park Avenue
New York City
 United States
425.5 m
1,396 ft
85
2015

23
Marina 101
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
425 m
1,394 ft
101
2017

24
Trump International Hotel and Tower
Chicago
 United States
423.2 m
1,388 ft
96
2009

25
Jin Mao Tower
Shanghai
 China
421 m
1,381 ft
88
1998

26
Princess Tower†
Dubai
 UAE
414 m
1,358 ft[15]
101
2012

27
Al Hamra Tower
Kuwait City
 Kuwait
412.6 m
1,354 ft
80
2010

28
Two International Finance Centre
Hong Kong
 China
412 m
1,352 ft
88
2003

29
China Resources Headquarters
Shenzhen
 China
392.5 m
1,288 ft
67
2017

30
23 Marina
Dubai
 UAE
392.4 m
1,287 ft
89
2012

31
CITIC Plaza
Guangzhou
 China
391 m
1,283 ft
80
1997

32
Logan Century Center 1†
Nanning
 China
390 m
1,279 ft
82
2017

33
Capital Market Authority Headquarters
Riyadh
 Saudi Arabia
385 m
1,263 ft
77
2017

34
Shun Hing Square
Shenzhen
 China
384 m
1,260 ft
69
1996

35
Eton Place Dalian Tower 1
Dalian
 China
383.1 m
1,257 ft
81
2015

36
Burj Mohammed bin Rashid
Abu Dhabi
 UAE
381.2 m
1,251 ft
88
2014

37
Elite Residence†
Dubai
 UAE
381 m
1,250 ft
87
2012

38
Tuntex Sky Tower†
Kaohsiung
 Taiwan
378 m
1,240 ft
85
1997

39
Central Plaza
Hong Kong
 China
373.9 m
1,227 ft
78
1992

40
Federation Tower (East Tower)
Moscow
 Russia
373.8 m
1,226 ft
95
2016

32
Bank of China Tower
Hong Kong
 China
367.4 m
1,205 ft
72
1990

33
Bank of America Tower
New York City
 United States
365.8 m
1,200 ft
54
2008

34
Almas Tower
Dubai
 UAE
363 m
1,191 ft
68
2008

35
Aon Center†
Chicago
 United States
362.5 m
1,189 ft
83
1973

36
SEG Plaza†
Shenzhen
 China
355.8 m
1,167 ft
70
2000

37
Emirates Park Tower 1
Dubai
 UAE
355.4 m
1,166 ft
77
2010

38
Emirates Park Tower 2
Dubai
 UAE
355.4 m
1,166 ft
77
2010

39
First Canadian Place†
Toronto
 Canada
355 m
1,165 ft
72
1975

40
Emirates Office Tower
Dubai
 UAE
354.6 m
1,163 ft
56
2000

41
OKO Tower - South Tower
Moscow
 Russia
354.1 m
1,160 ft
85
2015

42
The Marina Torch
Dubai
 UAE
352 m
1,155 ft
86
2011

43
Forum 66 Tower 2
Shenyang
 China
350.6 m
1,150 ft
68
2015

44
The Pinnacle
Guangzhou
 China
350.3 m
1,149 ft
60
2012

45
Hanking Center
Shenzhen
 China
350 m
1,148 ft
73
2017

text: Buildings under construction

text: This is a list of buildings taller than 350 metres that are currently under construction. More than half of the buildings are located in China.

text:
Building
Planned architectual height
Floors
Planned completion
Country
City
Remarks

Jeddah Tower
1,008 m (3,307 ft)
167+
2020
 Saudi Arabia
Jeddah
Will become the tallest in the world upon completion.[18]

Wuhan Greenland Center
636 m (2,087 ft)
125
2018
 China
Wuhan

KL118
630 m (2,070 ft)
118
2019
 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
Will become the tallest building in Southeast Asia.

Rama IX Super Tower
615 m (2,018 ft)
118
2021
 Thailand
Bangkok
[19]

Goldin Finance 117
597 m (1,959 ft)
128
2018
 China
Tianjin

Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center
568 m (1,864 ft)
114
2018
 China
Shenyang

Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center
530 m (1,740 ft)
98
2018
 China
Tianjin

China Zun
528 m (1,732 ft)
118
2018
 China
Beijing

Skyfame Center Landmark Tower
528 m (1,732 ft)
108
2021
 China
Nanning
[20]

Dalian Greenland Center
518 m (1,699 ft)
88
2018[21]
 China
Dalian
Building currently on hold

Evergrande IFC 1
518 m (1,699 ft)
112
2021
 China
Hefei
[22]

Central Park Tower
478 m (1,568 ft)
131
2019
 United States
New York City
Will become the second tallest building in New York. Also known as the Nordstrom Tower.

Chengdu Greenland Tower
468 m (1,535 ft)
116
2018
 China
Chengdu

International Commerce Center 1
468 m (1,535 ft)
99
2019[23]
 China
Chongqing

Lakhta Center
462 m (1,516 ft)
86
2018
 Russia
St. Petersburg
Will become tallest building in Europe upon completion.[24]

Landmark 81
461.2 m (1,513 ft)
81
2018
 Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh City

TRX Signature Tower
452 m (1,483 ft)
106
2021
 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
[25]

China Resources Centre Block A
445 m (1,460 ft)
90
2018
 China
Nanning
[26]

World One
442 m (1,450 ft)
117
2018
 India
Mumbai
Will become tallest residential skyscraper in the world if completed before Pentominium.[27][28][29][30][31][32]

Riverview Plaza
436 m (1,430 ft)
73
2018
 China
Wuhan

111 West 57th Street
435.3 m (1,428 ft)
82
2018
 United States
New York City
Scheduled to be world's skinniest skyscraper "with a slenderness ratio of about 1:24."[33]

Akhmat Tower
435 m (1,427 ft)
100
2020
 Russia
Grozny
It will be the second tallest building in Europe upon completion.

Diamond Tower
432 m (1,417 ft)
93
2019
 Saudi Arabia
Jeddah
[34]

Haikou Tower
428 m (1,404 ft)
94
2020
 China
Haikou

One Vanderbilt
427 m (1,401 ft)
58
2021
 United States
New York City
[35]

Dongguan International Trade Center 1
427 m (1,401 ft)
88
2019
 China
Dongguan

Haeundae LCT The Sharp Landmark Tower
411.6 m (1,350 ft)
101
2018
 South Korea
Busan

Hongshu Bay Metro Station Tower 1
400 m (1,300 ft)
87
2021
 China
Shenzhen
[36]

Guiyang Financial Center Tower 1
400 m (1,300 ft)
76
2021
 China
Guiyang
[37]

Ningbo Center Tower 1
398 m (1,306 ft)
80
2021
 China
Ningbo
[38]

Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1
388 m (1,273 ft)
80
2019
 China
Shenzhen

30 Hudson Yards
387 m (1,270 ft)
73
2019
 United States
New York City

Altitude
383 m (1,257 ft)
96
2019
 Sri Lanka
Colombo
[39]

Abu Dhabi Plaza
382 m (1,253 ft)
75
2019
 Kazakhstan
Astana

Gemdale Gangxia Tower 1
375.5 m (1,232 ft)
80
2018
 China
Shenzhen

Fairmont Kuala Lumpur Tower 1
370 m (1,210 ft)
78
2019
 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
[40]

Coronation Square Tower 1
370 m (1,210 ft)
78
 ?
 Malaysia
Johor Bahru
[41]

Hai Tian Center Tower 2
369 m (1,211 ft)
72
2021
 China
Qingdao
[42]

Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A
368 m (1,207 ft)
76
2018
 China
Nanjing

Guiyang Financial Center Tower 2
367 m (1,204 ft)
72
2021
 China
Guiyang
[43]

La Maison by HDS
364.5 m (1,196 ft)
105
2021
 UAE
Dubai
[44]

VietinBank Business Center Office Tower
363.2 m (1,192 ft)
70
2018
 Vietnam
Hanoi

Three Sixty West Tower B
361.2 m (1,185 ft)[45]
90
2017
 India
Mumbai

Wanda Vista
361 m (1,184 ft)
93
2020
 United States
Chicago

Greenland Group Suzhou Center
358 m (1,175 ft)
75
2018
 China
Suzhou
[46]

Icon Tower 1
350 m (1,150 ft)
75
2018
 Indonesia
Jakarta

text: List by continent

text: The following list shows the tallest completed buildings located in each continent listed by greatest to least height:

text:
Continent
Building
Height
Floor count
Completed
Country
City

Asia
Burj Khalifa
828 m (2,717 ft)
160
2010
 United Arab Emirates
Dubai

Europe
Federation Tower
374 m (1,227 ft)
95
2015
 Russia
Moscow

North America
One World Trade Center
541.3 m (1,776 ft)
104
2014
 United States
New York City

Oceania
Q1
323 m (1,060 ft)
78
2005
 Australia
Gold Coast

South America
Gran Torre Santiago[47]
300 m (980 ft)
64
2012
 Chile
Santiago

Africa
Carlton Centre
225.5 m (740 ft)
50
1973
 South Africa
Johannesburg

Antarctica
Long Duration Balloon (LDB) Payload Preparation Buildings[48]
15 m (49 ft)
-
2005[49]
 Antarctica
McMurdo Station


document_title: List of Peanuts characters

question_text: what is the teacher's name in charlie brown

question_tokens: what is the teacher 's name in charlie brown

text: List of Peanuts characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Character
Date Introduced
Last appearance
Character traits

Charlie Brown
1950-10-02October 2, 1950
2000-02-13February 13, 2000
The main character, an everyman with ever-changing mood and grace; both befriended by all and ostracised by everyone; a loser-yet-leader who rises out of every downfall with shining hope and determination.

Patty
1950-10-02October 2, 1950
1985-11-22November 27, 1997
An early character who never developed a significant personality of her own. After her first few years as the strip's token female, she faded into the background as a yes-girl.

Shermy
1950-10-02October 2, 1950
1969-06-15June 15, 1969
An early character, Charlie Brown's best friend and straight man before Linus and Franklin came into the picture.

Snoopy
1950-10-04October 4, 1950
2000-02-13February 13, 2000
Charlie Brown's pet dog. Intelligent beyond his species, he is independent-minded and prone to fantasies.

Violet Gray
1951-02-07February 7, 1951
1985-11-22November 27, 1997
Lucy's and Patty's best friend; a mean and snobby girl; served as an early love interest of Charlie Brown

Schroeder
1951-05-30May 30, 1951
1999-09-12September 12, 1999
A piano-playing character; Lucy's love interest; admirer of Beethoven; Charlie Brown's second best friend after Linus.

Lucy van Pelt
1952-03-03March 3, 1952
2000-02-13February 13, 2000
Linus' older sister; a bossy, crabby girl who sometimes torments Charlie Brown; and has a crush on Schroeder.

Linus van Pelt
1952-09-19September 19, 1952
2000-02-13February 13, 2000
Charlie Brown's blanket-toting best friend; Sally's love interest; the most insecure but the smartest out of all the characters, with the most intellectualism; a philosopher and theologian.

Pig-Pen
1954-07-13July 13, 1954
1999-09-08September 8, 1999
The character who attracts dust, making him very filthy. In one comic strip, Pig Pen is walking with Violet walking behind him. At the end of that strip, Violet says, "Pig Pen, you're the only person I know who can get dirty just by walking down the street."

Sally Brown
1959-08-23August 23, 1959
2000-02-13February 13, 2000
Charlie Brown's younger sister who has a crush on Linus; often complains or overreacts to situations.

Frieda
1961-03-06March 6, 1961
1985-11-22November 22, 1985
The girl who brags about her "naturally curly hair" and is quite obsessed about her beauty.

Woodstock
1966-03-17March 4, 1966
2000-02-13February 13, 2000
Snoopy's best friend; a tiny yellow bird. Schulz did not give him a name until June 22, 1970.[1]

Peppermint Patty
1966-08-22August 22, 1966
2000-02-13February 13, 2000
A freckle-faced tomboy who loves Charlie Brown; calls him 'Chuck'; leader of a baseball team and one of Charlie Brown's rival managers.

Franklin
1968-07-31July 31, 1968
1999-09-12November 5, 1999
The African-American child; was initially bemused by the strange things in Charlie Brown's neighborhood; has smarts comparable to Linus; manages a baseball team that has rivaled Charlie Brown's.

Marcie
1968-06-18July 20, 1971
2000-02-13February 13, 2000
A mild-mannered and bookish girl; Peppermint Patty's best friend despite their very different personalities; calls her "Sir"; secretly likes Charlie Brown

Rerun van Pelt
1973-03-26March 26, 1973
2000-02-13February 13, 2000
Younger brother of Linus and Lucy; frequently rides on the back of his mother's bicycle; often takes his siblings' places and roles.

Eudora
1978-06-13June 13, 1978
1987-06-13June 13, 1987
A girl Sally met at a camp who then moved down the street.

Peggy Jean
1990-07-23July 23, 1990
1999-07-11July 11, 1999
Charlie Brown's girlfriend in the 1990s after the Little Red-Haired Girl.

text: Minor characters[edit]

text: A list of the minor characters.

text:
Roy: Friend of Peppermint Patty and Franklin; seen at camp with Charlie Brown.
555 95472: A boy close in age to Charlie Brown and Linus; given a numerical name by his father.
Charlotte Braun: An early, short-lived female version of Charlie Brown.
Kite-Eating Tree: A large tree that eats kites; often depicted with large teeth and grins.
Spike: A brother of Snoopy.
Miss Othmar: The kids' teacher.

text: Unseen characters[edit]

text:
Adults implied in the strip (but not seen) include: all of the characters' parents; Linus van Pelt's teacher Miss Othmar; Miss Halverson (Miss Othmar's replacement); Charlie Brown's baseball hero Joe Shlabotnik; and Linus's blanket-hating grandmother. Adults in most of the Peanuts animated cartoons are only heard by the unintelligible (to the audience) sounds of a trombone (wah-wah-wah).
The Little Red-Haired Girl (Charlie Brown's crush), seen in many animated television specials where she was known as "Heather", but was never seen in the strip itself (except once in silhouette).
The Great Pumpkin, a holiday figure whom Linus believes to appear in the most sincere pumpkin patch to deliver presents to good children, but never confirmed to be real and is likely a legendary creation of Linus's imagination.
The Cat Next Door who often destroys Snoopy's house.
The Red Baron, is the nemesis Snoopy fights while in the guise of a World War I Flying Ace complete with goggles, helmet and scarf. The battles occur while Snoopy is perched on his doghouse that becomes his Sopwith Camel plane through the power of his imagination. The battles between Snoopy and the Red Baron began in an October 10, 1965 Peanuts strip.


document_title: List of Scottish football champions

question_text: last team to win scottish league not rangers or celtic

text: List of Scottish football champions

text: Champions[edit]

text: Key:

text:
Club won the Scottish Cup

Club won the Scottish League Cup

Club won both domestic cups

text: Scottish Football League (1890–93)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner[11]
Runner-up[11]
Third[11]
Top scorer[12]

Player
Goals

1890–91
Dumbarton (1) and
Rangers (1) [note 1]
Celtic
Bell, JackJack Bell (Dumbarton)
20

1891–92
Dumbarton (2)
Celtic
Heart of Midlothian
Bell, JackJack Bell (Dumbarton)
23

1892–93
Celtic (1)
Rangers
St Mirren
McMahon, SandySandy McMahon (Celtic)
Campbell, JohnJohn Campbell (Celtic)
11

text: Scottish Football League Division One (1893–1946)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner[11]
Runner-up[11]
Third[11]
Top scorer[12]

Player
Goals

1893–94
Celtic (2)
Heart of Midlothian
St Bernard's
McMahon, SandySandy McMahon (Celtic)
16

1894–95
Heart of Midlothian (1)
Celtic
Rangers
Miller, JamesJames Miller (Clyde)
12

1895–96
Celtic (3)
Rangers
Hibernian
Martin, AllanAllan Martin (Celtic)
19

1896–97
Heart of Midlothian (2)
Hibernian
Rangers
Taylor, WillieWillie Taylor (Heart of Midlothian)
12

1897–98
Celtic (4)
Rangers
Hibernian
Hamilton, RobertRobert Hamilton (Rangers)
18

1898–99
Rangers (2)
Heart of Midlothian
Celtic
Hamilton, RobertRobert Hamilton (Rangers)
25

1899–1900
Rangers (3)
Celtic
Hibernian
Hamilton, RobertRobert Hamilton (Rangers)
Michael, WilliamWilliam Michael (Heart of Midlothian)
15

1900–01
Rangers (4)
Celtic
Hibernian
Hamilton, RobertRobert Hamilton (Rangers)
20

1901–02
Rangers (5)
Celtic
Heart of Midlothian
Maxwell, WilliamWilliam Maxwell (Third Lanark)
10

1902–03
Hibernian (1)
Dundee
Rangers
Reid, DavidDavid Reid (Hibernian)
14

1903–04
Third Lanark (1)
Heart of Midlothian
Celtic and
Rangers
Hamilton, RobertRobert Hamilton (Rangers)
28

1904–05
Celtic (5)[note 2]
Rangers
Third Lanark
Hamilton, RobertRobert Hamilton (Rangers)
Quinn, JimmyJimmy Quinn (Celtic)
19

1905–06
Celtic (6)
Heart of Midlothian
Airdrieonians
Quinn, JimmyJimmy Quinn (Celtic)
20

1906–07
Celtic (7)
Dundee
Rangers
Quinn, JimmyJimmy Quinn (Celtic)
29

1907–08
Celtic (8)
Falkirk
Rangers
Simpson, JockJock Simpson (Falkirk)
32

1908–09
Celtic (9)
Dundee
Clyde
Hunter, JohnJohn Hunter (Dundee)
29

1909–10
Celtic (10)
Falkirk
Rangers
Quinn, JimmyJimmy Quinn (Celtic)
Simpson, JockJock Simpson (Falkirk)
24

1910–11
Rangers (6)
Aberdeen
Falkirk
Reid, WillieWillie Reid (Rangers)
38

1911–12
Rangers (7)
Celtic
Clyde
Reid, WillieWillie Reid (Rangers)
33

1912–13
Rangers (8)
Celtic
Airdrieonians and
Heart of Midlothian
Reid, JamesJames Reid (Airdrieonians)
30

1913–14
Celtic (11)
Rangers
Heart of Midlothian and
Morton
Reid, JamesJames Reid (Airdrieonians)
27

1914–15
Celtic (12)
Heart of Midlothian
Rangers
Gracie, TomTom Gracie (Heart of Midlothian)
Richardson, JamesJames Richardson (Ayr United)
29

1915–16
Celtic (13)
Rangers
Morton
McColl, JimmyJimmy McColl (Celtic)
34

1916–17
Celtic (14)
Morton
Rangers
Yarnall, BertBert Yarnall (Airdrieonians)
39

1917–18
Rangers (9)
Celtic
Kilmarnock and
Morton
Ferguson, HughieHughie Ferguson (Motherwell)
35

1918–19
Celtic (15)
Rangers
Morton
McLean, DavidDavid McLean (Rangers)
29

1919–20
Rangers (10)
Celtic
Motherwell
Ferguson, HughieHughie Ferguson (Motherwell)
33

1920–21
Rangers (11)
Celtic
Heart of Midlothian
Ferguson, HughieHughie Ferguson (Motherwell)
43

1921–22
Celtic (16)
Rangers
Raith Rovers
Walker, DuncanDuncan Walker (St Mirren)
45

1922–23
Rangers (12)
Airdrieonians
Celtic
White, JockJock White (Heart of Midlothian)
30

1923–24
Rangers (13)
Airdrieonians
Celtic
Halliday, DaveDave Halliday (Dundee)
38

1924–25
Rangers (14)
Airdrieonians
Hibernian
Devlin, WilliamWilliam Devlin (Cowdenbeath)
33

1925–26
Celtic (17)
Airdrieonians
Heart of Midlothian
Devlin, WilliamWilliam Devlin (Cowdenbeath)
40

1926–27
Rangers (15)
Motherwell
Celtic
McGrory, JimmyJimmy McGrory (Celtic)
49

1927–28
Rangers (16)
Celtic
Motherwell
McGrory, JimmyJimmy McGrory (Celtic)
47

1928–29
Rangers (17)
Celtic
Motherwell
Morrison, EvelynEvelyn Morrison (Falkirk)
43

1929–30
Rangers (18)
Motherwell
Aberdeen
Yorston, BennyBenny Yorston (Aberdeen)
38

1930–31
Rangers (19)
Celtic
Motherwell
Battles, Jr., BarneyBarney Battles, Jr. (Heart of Midlothian)
44

1931–32
Motherwell (1)
Rangers
Celtic
MacFadyen, WillieWillie MacFadyen (Motherwell)
52

1932–33
Rangers (20)
Motherwell
Heart of Midlothian
MacFadyen, WillieWillie MacFadyen (Motherwell)
45

1933–34
Rangers (21)
Motherwell
Celtic
Smith, JimmyJimmy Smith (Rangers)
41

1934–35
Rangers (22)
Celtic
Heart of Midlothian
Smith, JimmyJimmy Smith (Rangers)
36

1935–36
Celtic (18)
Rangers
Aberdeen
McGrory, JimmyJimmy McGrory (Celtic)
50

1936–37
Rangers (23)
Aberdeen
Celtic
Wilson, DavidDavid Wilson (Hamilton Academical)
34

1937–38
Celtic (19)
Heart of Midlothian
Rangers
Black, AndyAndy Black (Heart of Midlothian)
40

1938–39
Rangers (24)
Celtic
Aberdeen
Venters, AlexAlex Venters (Rangers)
35

1939–46
Suspended due to World War II.
Unofficial leagues (Emergency League and regional North Eastern League and Southern League) held.

text: Scottish Football League Division 'A' (1946–1955)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner[11]
Runner-up[11]
Third[11]
Top scorer[12]

Player
Goals

1946–47
Rangers (25)
Hibernian
Aberdeen
Mitchell, BobbyBobby Mitchell (Third Lanark)
22

1947–48
Hibernian (2)
Rangers
Partick Thistle
Aikman, ArchieArchie Aikman (Falkirk)
20

1948–49
Rangers (26)
Dundee
Hibernian
Stott, AlexAlex Stott (Dundee)
30

1949–50
Rangers (27)
Hibernian
Heart of Midlothian
Bauld, WillieWillie Bauld (Heart of Midlothian)
30

1950–51
Hibernian (3)
Rangers
Dundee
Reilly, LawrieLawrie Reilly (Hibernian)
22

1951–52
Hibernian (4)
Rangers
East Fife
Reilly, LawrieLawrie Reilly (Hibernian)
27

1952–53
Rangers (28)
Hibernian
East Fife
Reilly, LawrieLawrie Reilly (Hibernian)
Fleming, CharlieCharlie Fleming (East Fife)
30

1953–54
Celtic (20)
Heart of Midlothian
Partick Thistle
Wardhaugh, JimmyJimmy Wardhaugh (Heart of Midlothian)
27

1954–55
Aberdeen (1)
Celtic
Rangers
Bauld, WillieWillie Bauld (Heart of Midlothian)
21

text: Scottish Football League Division One (1955–1975)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner[11]
Runner-up[11]
Third[11]
Top scorer[12]

Player
Goals

1955–56
Rangers (29)
Aberdeen
Heart of Midlothian
Wardhaugh, JimmyJimmy Wardhaugh (Heart of Midlothian)
28

1956–57
Rangers (30)
Heart of Midlothian
Kilmarnock
Baird, HughHugh Baird (Airdrieonians)
33

1957–58
Heart of Midlothian (3)
Rangers
Celtic
Wardhaugh, JimmyJimmy Wardhaugh (Heart of Midlothian)
Murray, JimmyJimmy Murray (Heart of Midlothian)
28

1958–59
Rangers (31)
Heart of Midlothian
Motherwell
Baker, JoeJoe Baker (Hibernian)
25

1959–60
Heart of Midlothian (4)
Kilmarnock
Rangers
Baker, JoeJoe Baker (Hibernian)
42

1960–61
Rangers (32)
Kilmarnock
Third Lanark
Harley, AlexAlex Harley (Third Lanark)
42

1961–62
Dundee (1)
Rangers
Celtic
Gilzean, AlanAlan Gilzean (Dundee)
24

1962–63
Rangers (33)
Kilmarnock
Partick Thistle
Millar, JimmyJimmy Millar (Rangers)
27

1963–64
Rangers (34)
Kilmarnock
Celtic
Gilzean, AlanAlan Gilzean (Dundee)
32

1964–65
Kilmarnock (1)
Heart of Midlothian
Dunfermline Athletic
Forrest, JimJim Forrest (Rangers)
30

1965–66
Celtic (21)
Rangers
Kilmarnock
McBride, JoeJoe McBride (Celtic)
Ferguson, AlexAlex Ferguson (Dunfermline Athletic)
31

1966–67
Celtic (22)
Rangers
Clyde
Chalmers, StevieStevie Chalmers (Celtic)
21

1967–68
Celtic (23)
Rangers
Hibernian
Lennox, BobbyBobby Lennox (Celtic)
32

1968–69
Celtic (24)
Rangers
Dunfermline Athletic
Cameron, KennyKenny Cameron (Dundee United)
26

1969–70
Celtic (25)
Rangers
Hibernian
Stein, ColinColin Stein (Rangers)
24

1970–71
Celtic (26)
Aberdeen
St Johnstone
Hood, HarryHarry Hood (Celtic)
22

1971–72
Celtic (27)
Aberdeen
Rangers
Harper, JoeJoe Harper (Aberdeen)
33

1972–73
Celtic (28)
Rangers
Hibernian
Gordon, AlanAlan Gordon (Hibernian)
27

1973–74
Celtic (29)
Hibernian
Rangers
Deans, DixieDixie Deans (Celtic)
26

1974–75
Rangers (35)
Hibernian
Celtic
Gray, AndyAndy Gray (Dundee United)
Pettigrew, WillieWillie Pettigrew (Motherwell)
20

text: Scottish Football League Premier Division (1975–98)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner[11]
Runner-up[11]
Third[11]
Top scorer[12]

Player
Goals

1975–76
Rangers (36)
Celtic
Hibernian
Dalglish, KennyKenny Dalglish (Celtic)
24

1976–77
Celtic (30)
Rangers
Aberdeen
Pettigrew, WillieWillie Pettigrew (Motherwell)
21

1977–78
Rangers (37)
Aberdeen
Dundee United
Johnstone, DerekDerek Johnstone (Rangers)
25

1978–79
Celtic (31)
Rangers
Dundee United
Ritchie, AndyAndy Ritchie (Morton)
22

1979–80
Aberdeen (2)
Celtic
St Mirren
Somner, DougDoug Somner (St Mirren)
25

1980–81
Celtic (32)
Aberdeen
Rangers
McGarvey, FrankFrank McGarvey (Celtic)
23

1981–82
Celtic (33)
Aberdeen
Rangers
McCluskey, GeorgeGeorge McCluskey (Celtic)
21

1982–83
Dundee United (1)
Celtic
Aberdeen
Nicholas, CharlieCharlie Nicholas (Celtic)
29

1983–84
Aberdeen (3)
Celtic
Dundee United
McClair, BrianBrian McClair (Celtic)
23

1984–85
Aberdeen (4)
Celtic
Dundee United
McDougall, FrankFrank McDougall (Aberdeen)
22

1985–86
Celtic (34)
Heart of Midlothian
Dundee United
McCoist, AllyAlly McCoist (Rangers)
24

1986–87
Rangers (38)
Celtic
Dundee United
McClair, BrianBrian McClair (Celtic)
35

1987–88
Celtic (35)
Heart of Midlothian
Rangers
Coyne, TommyTommy Coyne (Dundee)
33

1988–89
Rangers (39)
Aberdeen
Celtic
McGhee, MarkMark McGhee (Celtic)
Nicholas, CharlieCharlie Nicholas (Aberdeen)
16

1989–90
Rangers (40)
Aberdeen
Heart of Midlothian
Robertson, JohnJohn Robertson (Heart of Midlothian)
17

1990–91
Rangers (41)
Aberdeen
Celtic
Coyne, TommyTommy Coyne (Celtic)
18

1991–92
Rangers (42)
Heart of Midlothian
Celtic
McCoist, AllyAlly McCoist (Rangers)
34

1992–93
Rangers (43)
Aberdeen
Celtic
McCoist, AllyAlly McCoist (Rangers)
34

1993–94
Rangers (44)
Aberdeen
Motherwell
Hateley, MarkMark Hateley (Rangers)
22

1994–95
Rangers (45)
Motherwell
Hibernian
Coyne, TommyTommy Coyne (Motherwell)
16

1995–96
Rangers (46)
Celtic
Aberdeen
van Hooijdonk, PierrePierre van Hooijdonk (Celtic)
26

1996–97
Rangers (47)
Celtic
Dundee United
Cadete, JorgeJorge Cadete (Celtic)
25

1997–98
Celtic (36)
Rangers
Heart of Midlothian
Negri, MarcoMarco Negri (Rangers)
32

text: Scottish Premier League (1998–2013)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner[11]
Runner-up[11]
Third[11]
Top scorer[12]

Player
Goals

1998–99
Rangers (48)
Celtic
St Johnstone
Larsson, HenrikHenrik Larsson (Celtic)
29

1999–2000
Rangers (49)
Celtic
Heart of Midlothian
Viduka, MarkMark Viduka (Celtic)
25

2000–01
Celtic (37)
Rangers
Hibernian
Larsson, HenrikHenrik Larsson (Celtic)
35

2001–02
Celtic (38)
Rangers
Livingston
Larsson, HenrikHenrik Larsson (Celtic)
29

2002–03
Rangers (50)
Celtic
Heart of Midlothian
Larsson, HenrikHenrik Larsson (Celtic)
28

2003–04
Celtic (39)
Rangers
Heart of Midlothian
Larsson, HenrikHenrik Larsson (Celtic)
30

2004–05
Rangers (51)
Celtic
Hibernian
Hartson, JohnJohn Hartson (Celtic)
25

2005–06
Celtic (40)
Heart of Midlothian
Rangers
Boyd, KrisKris Boyd (Kilmarnock, Rangers)
32

2006–07
Celtic (41)
Rangers
Aberdeen
Boyd, KrisKris Boyd (Rangers)
20

2007–08
Celtic (42)
Rangers
Motherwell
McDonald, ScottScott McDonald (Celtic)
25

2008–09
Rangers (52)
Celtic
Heart of Midlothian
Boyd, KrisKris Boyd (Rangers)
27

2009–10
Rangers (53)
Celtic
Dundee United
Boyd, KrisKris Boyd (Rangers)
23

2010–11
Rangers (54)
Celtic
Heart of Midlothian
Miller, KennyKenny Miller (Rangers)
21

2011–12
Celtic (43)
Rangers
Motherwell
Gary Hooper (Celtic)
24

2012–13
Celtic (44)
Motherwell
St Johnstone
Michael Higdon (Motherwell)
26

text: Scottish Premiership (2013–present)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner[11]
Runner-up[11]
Third[11]
Top scorer[12]

Player
Goals

2013–14
Celtic (45)
Motherwell
Aberdeen
Commons, KrisKris Commons (Celtic)
27

2014–15
Celtic (46)
Aberdeen
Inverness Caledonian Thistle
Rooney, AdamAdam Rooney (Aberdeen)
18

2015–16
Celtic (47)
Aberdeen
Heart of Midlothian
Griffiths, LeighLeigh Griffiths (Celtic)
31

2016–17
Celtic (48)
Aberdeen
Rangers
Boyce, LiamLiam Boyce (Ross County)
23

2017–18
Celtic (49)
Aberdeen
Rangers
Boyd, KrisKris Boyd (Kilmarnock)
18

text: Total titles won[edit]

text:
Clubs participating in the 2017–18 Scottish Premiership are denoted in bold type.
Clubs no longer active are denoted in italics.

text:
Club
Champions
Runners-up
Third place
Last Championship

Rangers[note 3]
54
30
20
2010–11

Celtic
49
31
17
2017–18

Aberdeen
4
17
9
1984–85

Heart of Midlothian
4
14
18
1959–60

Hibernian
4
6
13
1951–52

Dumbarton[note 3]
2
0
0
1891–92

Motherwell
1
7
8
1931–32

Kilmarnock
1
4
3
1964–65

Dundee
1
4
1
1961–62

Dundee United
1
0
8
1982–83

Third Lanark
1
0
2
1903–04

Airdrieonians (1878)
0
4
2
—

Falkirk
0
2
1
—

Morton[note 4]
0
1
4
—

Clyde
0
0
3
—

Partick Thistle
0
0
3
—

St Johnstone
0
0
3
—

Dunfermline Athletic
0
0
2
—

East Fife
0
0
2
—

St Mirren
0
0
2
—

Inverness Caledonian Thistle
0
0
1
—

Livingston
0
0
1
—

Raith Rovers
0
0
1
—

St Bernard's
0
0
1
—

text: By City / Town[edit]

text:
City / Town
Championships
Clubs

Glasgow[note 5]
104
Rangers (54), Celtic (49), Third Lanark (1)

Edinburgh
8
Heart of Midlothian (4), Hibernian (4)

Aberdeen
4
Aberdeen (4)

Dumbarton[note 5]
2
Dumbarton (2)

Dundee
2
Dundee (1), Dundee United (1)

Kilmarnock
1
Kilmarnock (1)

Motherwell
1
Motherwell (1)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Rangers and Dumbarton were declared joint champions after the teams finished level on points and a play-off for the title finished in a 2–2 draw.
Jump up ^ Celtic defeated Rangers 2–1 in a play-off for the title after the teams finished level on points.
^ Jump up to: a b The totals for Rangers and Dumbarton each include one shared championship, in 1890–91.
Jump up ^ Now known as Greenock Morton
^ Jump up to: a b The totals for Glasgow and Dumbarton each include one shared championship, in 1890–91.

tag: ol


document_title: Ten Commandments

question_text: where is the ten comandments in the bible

question_tokens: where is the ten comandments in the bible

text: Ten Commandments

text: Terminology[edit]

text: In biblical Hebrew, the Ten Commandments are called עשרת הדברים (transliterated aseret ha-d'varîm) and in Rabbinical Hebrew עשרת הדברות (transliterated aseret ha-dibrot), both translatable as "the ten words", "the ten sayings", or "the ten matters".[2] The Tyndale and Coverdale English translations used "ten verses". The Geneva Bible used "tenne commandements", which was followed by the Bishops' Bible and the Authorized Version (the "King James" version) as "ten commandments". Most major English versions use "commandments."[3]

text: The English name "Decalogue" is derived from Greek δεκάλογος, dekalogos, the latter meaning and referring[4] to the Greek translation (in accusative) δέκα λόγους, deka logous, "ten words", found in the Septuagint (or LXX) at Exodus 34:28[3] and Deuteronomy 10:4.[5]

text: The stone tablets, as opposed to the commandments inscribed on them, are called לוחות הברית, Lukhot HaBrit, meaning "the tablets of the covenant".

text: The Ten Commandments[edit]

text: Different religious traditions divide the seventeen verses of Exodus 20:1–17 and their parallels at Deuteronomy 5:4–21 into ten "commandments" or "sayings" in different ways, shown in the table below. Some suggest that the number ten is a choice to aid memorization rather than a matter of theology.[6][7]

text:
The Ten Commandments

LXX

P

S

T

A

C

L

R

Main article

Exodus 20:1-17

Deuteronomy 5:4-21

—

—

—

1

—

1

—

(1)

I am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.

2[8]

6[8]

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

Thou shalt have no other gods before me

3[9]

7[9]

2

2

1

2

1

1

1

2

Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image

4–6[10]

8–10[10]

3

3

2

3

2

2

2

3

Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain

7[11]

11[11]

4

4

3

4

3

3

3

4

Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy

8–11[12]

12–15[13]

5

5

4

5

4

4

4

5

Honour thy father and thy mother

12[14]

16[15]

6

7

5

6

5

5

5

6

Thou shalt not kill

13[16]

17[16]

7

6

6

7

6

6

6

7

Thou shalt not commit adultery

14[17]

18[18]

8

8

7

8

7

7

7

8

Thou shalt not steal

15[19]

19[20]

9

9

8

9

8

8

8

9

Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour

16[21]

20[22]

10

10

9

10

10

10

9

10

Thou shalt not covet (neighbour's house)

17a[23]

21b[24]

10

10

9

10

9

9

10

10

Thou shalt not covet (neighbour's wife)

17b[25]

21a[26]

10

10

9

10

10

10

10

10

Thou shalt not covet (neighbour's slaves, animals, or anything else)

17c[27]

21c[28]

—

—

10

—

—

—

—

—

Ye shall erect these stones which I command thee upon Mount Gerizim

[citation needed]

[citation needed]

text: All scripture quotes above are from the King James Version. Click on verses at top of columns for other versions.

text: Traditions:

text:
LXX: Septuagint, generally followed by Orthodox Christians.
P: Philo, same as the Septuagint, but with the prohibitions on killing and adultery reversed.
S: Samaritan Pentateuch, with an additional commandment about Mount Gerizim as 10th.
T: Jewish Talmud, makes the "prologue" the first "saying" or "matter" and combines the prohibition on worshiping deities other than Yahweh with the prohibition on idolatry.
A: Augustine follows the Talmud in combining verses 3–6, but omits the prologue as a commandment and divides the prohibition on coveting in two and following the word order of Deuteronomy 5:21 rather than Exodus 20:17.
C: Catechism of the Catholic Church, largely follows Augustine.
L: Lutherans follow Luther's Large Catechism, which follows Augustine but omits the prohibition of images[29] and uses the word order of Exodus 20:17 rather than Deuteronomy 5:21 for the ninth and tenth commandments.
R: Reformed Christians follow John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion, which follows the Septuagint; this system is also used in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer.[30]

text: The biblical narrative of the revelation at Sinai begins in Exodus 19 after the arrival of the children of Israel at Mount Sinai (also called Horeb). On the morning of the third day of their encampment, "there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud", and the people assembled at the base of the mount. After "the LORD[31] came down upon mount Sinai", Moses went up briefly and returned and prepared the people, and then in Exodus 20 "God spoke" to all the people the words of the covenant, that is, the "ten commandments"[32] as it is written.  Modern biblical scholarship differs as to whether Exodus 19-20 describes the people of Israel as having directly heard all or some of the decalogue, or whether the laws are only passed to them through Moses.[33]

text: The people were afraid to hear more and moved "afar off", and Moses responded with "Fear not." Nevertheless, he drew near the "thick darkness" where "the presence of the Lord" was[34] to hear the additional statutes and "judgments",[35] all which he "wrote"[36] in the "book of the covenant"[37] which he read to the people the next morning, and they agreed to be obedient and do all that the LORD had said. Moses escorted a select group consisting of Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and "seventy of the elders of Israel" to a location on the mount where they worshipped "afar off"[38] and they "saw the God of Israel" above a "paved work" like clear sapphire stone.[39]

text: And the LORD said unto Moses, Come up to me into the mount, and be there: and I will give thee tablets of stone, and a law, and commandments which I have written; that thou mayest teach them. 13 And Moses rose up, and his minister Joshua: and Moses went up into the mount of God.

text: The mount was covered by the cloud for six days, and on the seventh day Moses went into the midst of the cloud and was "in the mount forty days and forty nights."[40] And Moses said, "the LORD delivered unto me two tablets of stone written with the finger of God; and on them was written according to all the words, which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly."[41] Before the full forty days expired, the children of Israel collectively decided that something had happened to Moses, and compelled Aaron to fashion a golden calf, and he "built an altar before it"[42] and the people "worshipped" the calf.[43]

text: After the full forty days, Moses and Joshua came down from the mountain with the tablets of stone: "And it came to pass, as soon as he came nigh unto the camp, that he saw the calf, and the dancing: and Moses' anger waxed hot, and he cast the tablets out of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount."[44] After the events in chapters 32 and 33, the LORD told Moses, "Hew thee two tablets of stone like unto the first: and I will write upon these tablets the words that were in the first tablets, which thou brakest."[45] "And he wrote on the tablets, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the LORD spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the LORD gave them unto me."[46]

text: According to Jewish tradition, Exodus 20:1–17 constitutes God's first recitation and inscription of the ten commandments on the two tablets,[47] which Moses broke in anger with his rebellious nation, and were later rewritten on replacement stones and placed in the ark of the covenant;[48] and Deuteronomy 5:4–25 consists of God's re-telling of the Ten Commandments to the younger generation who were to enter the Promised Land. The passages in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 contain more than ten imperative statements, totalling 14 or 15 in all.

text: Religious interpretations[edit]

text: The Ten Commandments concern matters of fundamental importance in Judaism and Christianity: the greatest obligation (to worship only God), the greatest injury to a person (murder), the greatest injury to family bonds (adultery), the greatest injury to commerce and law (bearing false witness), the greatest inter-generational obligation (honour to parents), the greatest obligation to community (truthfulness), the greatest injury to moveable property (theft).[49]

text: The Ten Commandments are written with room for varying interpretation, reflecting their role as a summary of fundamental principles.[7][49][50][51] They are not as explicit[49] or detailed as rules[52] or many other biblical laws and commandments, because they provide guiding principles that apply universally, across changing circumstances. They do not specify punishments for their violation. Their precise import must be worked out in each separate situation.[52]

text: The Bible indicates the special status of the Ten Commandments among all other Torah laws in several ways:

text:
They have a uniquely terse style.[53]
Of all the biblical laws and commandments, the Ten Commandments alone[53] are said to have been "written with the finger of God" (Exodus 31:18).
The stone tablets were placed in the Ark of the Covenant (Exodus 25:21, Deuteronomy 10:2,5).[53]

text: Judaism[edit]

text: The Ten Commandments form the basis of Jewish law,[54] stating God's universal and timeless standard of right and wrong – unlike the rest of the 613 commandments in the Torah, which include, for example, various duties and ceremonies such as the kashrut dietary laws, and now unobservable rituals to be performed by priests in the Holy Temple.[55] Jewish tradition considers the Ten Commandments the theological basis for the rest of the commandments; a number of works, starting with Rabbi Saadia Gaon, have made groupings of the commandments according to their links with the Ten Commandments.[citation needed]

text: A conservative rabbi, Louis Ginzberg, stated in his book Legends of the Jews, that Ten Commandments are virtually entwined, that the breaking of one leads to the breaking of another. Echoing an earlier rabbinic comment found in the commentary of Rashi to the Songs of Songs (4:5) Ginzberg explained - there is also a great bond of union between the first five commandments and the last five. The first commandment: "I am the Lord, thy God," corresponds to the sixth: "Thou shalt not kill," for the murderer slays the image of God. The second: "Thou shalt have no strange gods before me," corresponds to the seventh: "Thou shalt not commit adultery," for conjugal faithlessness is as grave a sin as idolatry, which is faithlessness to God. The third commandment: "Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain," corresponds to the eighth: "Thou shalt not steal," for stealing result in false oath in God's name. The fourth: "Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy," corresponds to the ninth: "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor," for he who bears false witness against his neighbor commits as grave a sin as if he had borne false witness against God, saying that He had not created the world in six days and rested on the seventh day (the holy Sabbath). The fifth commandment: "Honor thy father and thy mother," corresponds to the tenth: "Covet not thy neighbor's wife," for one who indulges this lust produces children who will not honor their true father, but will consider a stranger their father.[56]

text: The traditional Rabbinical Jewish belief is that the observance of these commandments and the other mitzvot are required solely of the Jewish people and that the laws incumbent on humanity in general are outlined in the seven Noahide laws, several of which overlap with the Ten Commandments. In the era of the Sanhedrin transgressing any one of six of the Ten Commandments theoretically carried the death penalty, the exceptions being the First Commandment, honouring your father and mother, saying God's name in vain, and coveting, though this was rarely enforced due to a large number of stringent evidentiary requirements imposed by the oral law.[57]

text: Two tablets[edit]

text: The arrangement of the commandments on the two tablets is interpreted in different ways in the classical Jewish tradition. Rabbi Hanina ben Gamaliel says that each tablet contained five commandments, "but the Sages say ten on one tablet and ten on the other", that is, that the tablets were duplicates.[58] This can be compared to diplomatic treaties of the ancient Near East, in which a copy was made for each party.[59]

text: According to the Talmud, the compendium of traditional Rabbinic Jewish law, tradition, and interpretation, one interpretation of the biblical verse "the tablets were written on both their sides",[60] is that the carving went through the full thickness of the tablets, yet was miraculously legible from both sides.[61]

text: Use in Jewish ritual[edit]

text: The Mishna records that during the period of the Second Temple, the Ten Commandments were recited daily,[62] before the reading of the Shema Yisrael (as preserved, for example, in the Nash Papyrus, a Hebrew manuscript fragment from 150–100 BCE found in Egypt, containing a version of the ten commandments and the beginning of the Shema); but that this practice was abolished in the synagogues so as not to give ammunition to heretics who claimed that they were the only important part of Jewish law,[63][64] or to dispute a claim by early Christians that only the Ten Commandments were handed down at Mount Sinai rather than the whole Torah.[62]

text: In later centuries rabbis continued to omit the Ten Commandments from daily liturgy in order to prevent a confusion among Jews that they are only bound by the Ten Commandments, and not also by many other biblical and Talmudic laws, such as the requirement to observe holy days other than the sabbath.[62]

text: Today, the Ten Commandments are heard in the synagogue three times a year: as they come up during the readings of Exodus and Deuteronomy, and during the festival of Shavuot.[62] The Exodus version is read in parashat Yitro around late January–February, and on the festival of Shavuot, and the Deuteronomy version in parashat Va'etchanan in August–September. In some traditions, worshipers rise for the reading of the Ten Commandments to highlight their special significance[62] though many rabbis, including Maimonides, have opposed this custom since one may come to think that the Ten Commandments are more important than the rest of the Mitzvot.[65]

text: In printed Chumashim, as well as in those in manuscript form, the Ten Commandments carry two sets of cantillation marks. The ta'am 'elyon (upper accentuation), which makes each Commandment into a separate verse, is used for public Torah reading, while the ta'am tachton (lower accentuation), which divides the text into verses of more even length, is used for private reading or study. The verse numbering in Jewish Bibles follows the ta'am tachton. In Jewish Bibles the references to the Ten Commandments are therefore Exodus 20:2–14 and Deuteronomy 5:6–18.

text: Samaritan[edit]

text: The Samaritan Pentateuch varies in the Ten Commandments passages, both in that the Samaritan Deuteronomical version of the passage is much closer to that in Exodus, and in that Samaritans count as nine commandments what others count as ten. The Samaritan tenth commandment is on the sanctity of Mount Gerizim.

text: The text of the Samaritan tenth commandment follows:[66]

text: And it shall come to pass when the Lord thy God will bring thee into the land of the Canaanites whither thou goest to take possession of it, thou shalt erect unto thee large stones, and thou shalt cover them with lime, and thou shalt write upon the stones all the words of this Law, and it shall come to pass when ye cross the Jordan, ye shall erect these stones which I command thee upon Mount Gerizim, and thou shalt build there an altar unto the Lord thy God, an altar of stones, and thou shalt not lift upon them iron, of perfect stones shalt thou build thine altar, and thou shalt bring upon it burnt offerings to the Lord thy God, and thou shalt sacrifice peace offerings, and thou shalt eat there and rejoice before the Lord thy God. That mountain is on the other side of the Jordan at the end of the road towards the going down of the sun in the land of the Canaanites who dwell in the Arabah facing Gilgal close by Elon Moreh facing Shechem.

text: Christianity[edit]

text: Most traditions of Christianity hold that the Ten Commandments have divine authority and continue to be valid, though they have different interpretations and uses of them.[67] The Apostolic Constitutions, which implore believers to "always remember the ten commands of God," reveal the importance of the Decalogue in the early Church.[68] Through most of Christian history the decalogue was considered a summary of God's law and standard of behaviour, central to Christian life, piety, and worship.[69]

text: References in the New Testament[edit]

text: During his Sermon on the Mount, Jesus explicitly referenced the prohibitions against murder and adultery. In Matthew 19:16-19 Jesus repeated five of the Ten Commandments, followed by that commandment called "the second" (Matthew 22:34-40) after the first and great commandment.

text:
And, behold, one came and said unto him, Good Master, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life? And he said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God: but if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments.
He saith unto him, Which? Jesus said, Thou shalt do no murder, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Honour thy father and thy mother: and, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.

text: In his Epistle to the Romans, Paul the Apostle also mentioned five of the Ten Commandments and associated them with the neighbourly love commandment.

text:
Romans 13:8 Owe no man any thing, but to love one another: for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law.
9 For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet; and if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.
10 Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love is the fulfilling of the law.

text: Roman Catholicism[edit]

text: In Roman Catholicism, Jesus freed Christians from the rest of Jewish religious law, but not from their obligation to keep the Ten Commandments.[70] It has been said that they are to the moral order what the creation story is to the natural order.[70]

text: According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church—the official exposition of the Catholic Church's Christian beliefs—the Commandments are considered essential for spiritual good health and growth,[71] and serve as the basis for social justice.[72] Church teaching of the Commandments is largely based on the Old and New Testaments and the writings of the early Church Fathers.[73] In the New Testament, Jesus acknowledged their validity and instructed his disciples to go further, demanding a righteousness exceeding that of the scribes and Pharisees.[74] Summarized by Jesus into two "great commandments" that teach the love of God and love of neighbour,[75] they instruct individuals on their relationships with both.

text: Orthodox[edit]

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church holds its moral truths to be chiefly contained in the Ten Commandments.[76] A confession begins with the Confessor reciting the Ten Commandments and asking the penitent which of them he has broken.[77]

text: Protestantism[edit]

text: After rejecting the Roman Catholic moral theology, giving more importance to biblical law and the gospel, early Protestant theologians continued to take the Ten Commandments as the starting point of Christian moral life.[78] Different versions of Christianity have varied in how they have translated the bare principles into the specifics that make up a full Christian ethic.[78]

text: Lutheranism[edit]

text: The Lutheran division of the commandments follows the one established by St. Augustine, following the then current synagogue scribal division. The first three commandments govern the relationship between God and humans, the fourth through eighth govern public relationships between people, and the last two govern private thoughts. See Luther's Small Catechism[79] and Large Catechism.[29]

text: Reformed[edit]

text: The Articles of the Church of England, Revised and altered by the Assembly of Divines, at Westminster, in the year 1643 state that "no Christian man whatsoever is free from the obedience of the commandments which are called moral. By the moral law, we understand all the Ten Commandments taken in their full extent."[80] The Westminster Confession, held by Presbyterian Churches, holds that the moral law contained in the Ten Commandments "does forever bind all, as well justified persons as others, to the obedience thereof".[81]

text: Methodist[edit]

text:
The moral law contained in the Ten Commandments, according to the founder of the Methodist movement John Wesley, was instituted from the beginning of the world and is written on the hearts of all people.[82]
As with the Reformed view,[83] Wesley held that the moral law, which is contained in the Ten Commandments, stands today:[84]

text: Every part of this law must remain in force upon all mankind in all ages, as not depending either on time or place, nor on any other circumstances liable to change; but on the nature of God and the nature of man, and their unchangeable relation to each other" (Wesley's Sermons, Vol. I, Sermon 25).[84]

text: In keeping with Wesleyan covenant theology, "while the ceremonial law was abolished in Christ and the whole Mosaic dispensation itself was concluded upon the appearance of Christ, the moral law remains a vital component of the covenant of grace, having Christ as its perfecting end."[82] As such, in Methodism, an "important aspect of the pursuit of sanctification is the careful following" of the Ten Commandments.[83]

text: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[edit]

text: According to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) doctrine, Jesus completed rather than rejected the Mosaic Law.[85] The Ten Commandments are considered eternal gospel principles necessary for exaltation.[86] They appear in the Book of Mosiah 12:34–36,[87] 13:15–16,[88] 13:21–24[89] and Doctrine and Covenants.[86] According to the Book of Mosiah, a prophet named Abinadi taught the Ten Commandments in the court of King Noah and was martyred for his righteousness.[90] Abinadi knew the Ten Commandments from the brass plates.[91]

text: In an October 2010 address, LDS president and prophet Thomas S. Monson taught "The Ten Commandments are just that—commandments. They are not suggestions."[92]

text: The Strangite denomination has different views of the Decalogue.[citation needed]

text: Main points of interpretative difference[edit]

text: Sabbath day[edit]

text: All Abrahamic religions observe a weekly day of rest, often called the Sabbath, although the actual day of the week ranges from Friday in Islam, Saturday in Judaism (both reckoned from dusk to dusk), and Sunday, from midnight to midnight, in Christianity. Sabbath in Christianity is a day of rest from work, often dedicated to religious observance, derived from the Biblical Sabbath.[93] Non-Sabbatarianism is the principle of Christian liberty from being bound to physical sabbath observance. Most dictionaries provide both first-day and seventh-day definitions for "sabbath" and "Sabbatarian", among other related uses.

text: Observing the Sabbath on Sunday, the day of resurrection, gradually became the dominant Christian practice from the Jewish-Roman wars onward.[citation needed] The Church's general repudiation of Jewish practices during this period is apparent in the Council of Laodicea (4th century AD) where Canons 37–38 state: "It is not lawful to receive portions sent from the feasts of Jews or heretics, nor to feast together with them" and "It is not lawful to receive unleavened bread from the Jews, nor to be partakers of their impiety".[94] Canon 29 of the Laodicean council specifically refers to the sabbath: "Christians must not judaize by resting on the [Jewish] Sabbath, but must work on that day, rather honouring the Lord's Day; and, if they can, resting then as Christians. But if any shall be found to be judaizers, let them be anathema from Christ."[94]

text: Killing or murder[edit]

text: Multiple translations exist of the fifth/sixth commandment; the Hebrew words לא תרצח (lo tirtzach) are variously translated as "thou shalt not kill" or "thou shalt not murder".[95]

text: The imperative is against unlawful killing resulting in bloodguilt.[96] The Hebrew Bible contains numerous prohibitions against unlawful killing, but does not prohibit killing in the context of warfare (1Kings 2:5–6), capital punishment (Leviticus 20:9–16) and self-defence (Exodus 22:2–3), which are considered justified. The New Testament is in agreement that murder is a grave moral evil,[97] and references the Old Testament view of bloodguilt.[98]

text: Theft[edit]

text: Some academic theologians, including German Old Testament scholar Albrecht Alt: Das Verbot des Diebstahls im Dekalog (1953), suggest that the commandment translated as "thou shalt not steal" was originally intended against stealing people—against abductions and slavery, in agreement with the Talmudic interpretation of the statement as "thou shalt not kidnap" (Sanhedrin 86a).

text: Idolatry[edit]

text: Idolatry is forbidden in all Abrahamic religions. In Judaism there is a prohibition against worshipping an idol or a representation of God, but there is no restriction on art or simple depictions. Islam has a stronger prohibition, banning representations of God, and in some cases of Muhammad, humans and, in some interpretations, any living creature.

text: In Gospel of Barnabas, Jesus stated that idolatry is the greatest sin as it divests a man fully of faith, and hence of God.[99] In his time, Idolatry is not only worshipping statues of wood or stone; but also statues of flesh. All which a man loves, for which he leaves everything else but that, is his god, thus the glutton and drunkard has for his idol his own flesh, the fornicator has for his idol the harlot and the greedy has for his idol silver and gold, and so the same for every other sinner.[100]

text: In Christianity's earliest centuries, some Christians had informally adorned their homes and places of worship with images of Christ and the saints, which others thought inappropriate. No church council had ruled on whether such practices constituted idolatry. The controversy reached crisis level in the 8th century, during the period of iconoclasm: the smashing of icons.[101]

text: In 726 Emperor Leo III ordered all images removed from all churches; in 730 a council forbade veneration of images, citing the Second Commandment; in 787 the Seventh Ecumenical Council reversed the preceding rulings, condemning iconoclasm and sanctioning the veneration of images; in 815 Leo V called yet another council, which reinstated iconoclasm; in 843 Empress Theodora again reinstated veneration of icons.[101] This mostly settled the matter until the Protestant Reformation, when John Calvin declared that the ruling of the Seventh Ecumenical Council "emanated from Satan".[101] Protestant iconoclasts at this time destroyed statues, pictures, stained glass, and artistic masterpieces.[101]

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates Theodora's restoration of the icons every year on the First Sunday of Great Lent.[101] Eastern Orthodox tradition teaches that while images of God, the Father, remain prohibited, depictions of Jesus as the incarnation of God as a visible human are permissible. To emphasize the theological importance of the incarnation, the Orthodox Church encourages the use of icons in church and private devotions, but prefers a two-dimensional depiction[102] as a reminder of this theological aspect. Icons depict the spiritual dimension of their subject rather than attempting a naturalistic portrayal.[101] In modern use (usually as a result of Roman Catholic influence), more naturalistic images and images of the Father, however, also appear occasionally in Orthodox churches, but statues, i.e. three-dimensional depictions, continue to be banned.[102]

text: The Roman Catholic Church holds that one may build and use "likenesses", as long as the object is not worshipped. Many Roman Catholic Churches and services feature images; some feature statues. For Roman Catholics, this practice is understood as fulfilling the Second Commandment, as they understand that these images are not being worshipped.[citation needed]

text: Some Protestants will picture Jesus in his human form, while refusing to make any image of God or Jesus in Heaven.[citation needed]

text: Strict Amish people forbid any sort of image, such as photographs.[citation needed]

text: Adultery[edit]

text: Originally this commandment forbade male Israelites from having sexual intercourse with the wife of another Israelite; the prohibition did not extend to their own slaves. Sexual intercourse between an Israelite man, married or not, and a woman who was neither married nor betrothed was not considered adultery.[103] This concept of adultery stems from the economic aspect of Israelite marriage whereby the husband has an exclusive right to his wife, whereas the wife, as the husband's possession, did not have an exclusive right to her husband.[104]

text: Louis Ginzberg argued that the tenth commandment (Covet not thy neighbor's wife) is directed against a sin which may lead to a trespassing of all Ten Commandments.[105]

text: Critical historical analysis[edit]

text: Early theories[edit]

text: Critical scholarship is divided over its interpretation of the ten commandment texts.

text: Julius Wellhausen's influential hypothesis regarding the formation of the Pentateuch suggests that Exodus 20-23 and 34 "might be regarded as the document which formed the starting point of the religious history of Israel."[106] Deuteronomy 5 then reflects King Josiah's attempt to link the document produced by his court to the older Mosaic tradition.

text: In a 2002 analysis of the history of this position, Bernard M. Levinson argued that this reconstruction assumes a Christian perspective, and dates back to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's polemic against Judaism, which asserted that religions evolve from the more ritualistic to the more ethical. Goethe thus argued that the Ten Commandments revealed to Moses at Mt. Sinai would have emphasized rituals, and that the "ethical" Decalogue Christians recite in their own churches was composed at a later date, when Israelite prophets had begun to prophesy the coming of the messiah, Jesus Christ. Levinson points out that there is no evidence, internal to the Hebrew Bible or in external sources, to support this conjecture. He concludes that its vogue among later critical historians represents the persistence of the idea that the supersession of Judaism by Christianity is part of a longer history of progress from the ritualistic to the ethical.[107]

text: By the 1930s, historians who accepted the basic premises of multiple authorship had come to reject the idea of an orderly evolution of Israelite religion. Critics instead began to suppose that law and ritual could be of equal importance, while taking different form, at different times. This means that there is no longer any a priori reason to believe that Exodus 20:2–17 and Exodus 34:10–28 were composed during different stages of Israelite history. For example, critical historian John Bright also dates the Jahwist texts to the tenth century BCE, but believes that they express a theology that "had already been normalized in the period of the Judges" (i.e., of the tribal alliance).[108] He concurs about the importance of the decalogue as "a central feature in the covenant that brought together Israel into being as a people"[109] but views the parallels between Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5, along with other evidence, as reason to believe that it is relatively close to its original form and Mosaic in origin.[110]

text: Hittite treaties[edit]

text: According to John Bright, however, there is an important distinction between the Decalogue and the "book of the covenant" (Exodus 21-23 and 34:10–24). The Decalogue, he argues, was modelled on the suzerainty treaties of the Hittites (and other Mesopotamian Empires), that is, represents the relationship between God and Israel as a relationship between king and vassal, and enacts that bond.[111]

text: "The prologue of the Hittite treaty reminds his vassals of his benevolent acts.. (compare with Exodus 20:2 "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery"). The Hittite treaty also stipulated the obligations imposed by the ruler on his vassals, which included a prohibition of relations with peoples outside the empire, or enmity between those within."[112] (Exodus 20:3: "You shall have no other gods before Me"). Viewed as a treaty rather than a law code, its purpose is not so much to regulate human affairs as to define the scope of the king's power.[113]

text: Julius Morgenstern argued that Exodus 34 is distinct from the Jahwist document, identifying it with king Asa's reforms in 899 BCE.[114] Bright, however, believes that like the Decalogue this text has its origins in the time of the tribal alliance. The book of the covenant, he notes, bears a greater similarity to Mesopotamian law codes (e.g. the Code of Hammurabi which was inscribed on a stone stele). He argues that the function of this "book" is to move from the realm of treaty to the realm of law: "The Book of the Covenant (Ex., chs. 21 to 23; cf. ch. 34), which is no official state law, but a description of normative Israelite judicial procedure in the days of the Judges, is the best example of this process."[115] According to Bright, then, this body of law too predates the monarchy.[116]

text: Hilton J. Blik writes that the phrasing in the Decalogue's instructions suggests that it was conceived in a mainly polytheistic milieu, evident especially in the formulation of the henotheistic "no-other-gods-before-me" commandment.[117][self-published source]

text: Dating[edit]

text: If the Ten Commandments are based on Hittite forms, it would date them to somewhere between the 14th-12th century BCE.[118] Archaeologists Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman argue that "the astonishing composition came together … in the seventh century BCE".[119] Critical scholar Yehezkel Kaufmann (1960) dates the oral form of the covenant to the time of Josiah.[120] An even later date (after 586 BCE) is suggested by David H. Aaron.[121]

text: The Ritual Decalogue[edit]

text: Some proponents of the Documentary hypothesis have argued that the biblical text in Exodus 34:28[122] identifies a different list as the ten commandments, that of Exodus 34:11–27.[123] Since this passage does not prohibit murder, adultery, theft, etc., but instead deals with the proper worship of Yahweh, some scholars call it the "Ritual Decalogue", and disambiguate the ten commandments of traditional understanding as the "Ethical Decalogue".[124][125][126][127]

text: According to these scholars the Bible includes multiple versions of events. On the basis of many points of analysis including linguistic it is shown as a patchwork of sources sometimes with bridging comments by the editor (Redactor) but otherwise left intact from the original, frequently side by side.[128]

text: Richard Elliott Friedman argues that the Ten Commandments at Exodus 20:1–17 "does not appear to belong to any of the major sources. It is likely to be an independent document, which was inserted here by the Redactor."[129] In his view, the Covenant Code follows that version of the Ten Commandments in the northern Israel E narrative. In the J narrative in Exodus 34 the editor of the combined story known as the Redactor (or RJE), adds in an explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets which were shattered. "In the combined JE text, it would be awkward to picture God just commanding Moses to make some tablets, as if there were no history to this matter, so RJE adds the explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets that were shattered."[130]

text: He writes that Exodus 34:14–26 is the J text of the Ten Commandments: "The first two commandments and the sabbath commandment have parallels in the other versions of the Ten Commandments. (Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5). … The other seven commandments here are completely different."[131] He suggests that differences in the J and E versions of the Ten Commandments story are a result of power struggles in the priesthood. The writer has Moses smash the tablets "because this raised doubts about the Judah's central religious shrine".[132]

text: According to Kaufmann, the Decalogue and the book of the covenant represent two ways of manifesting God's presence in Israel: the Ten Commandments taking the archaic and material form of stone tablets kept in the ark of the covenant, while the book of the covenant took oral form to be recited to the people.[120]

text: United States debate over display on public property[edit]

text: European Protestants replaced some visual art in their churches with plaques of the Ten Commandments after the Reformation. In England, such "Decalogue boards" also represented the English monarch's emphasis on rule of royal law within the churches. The United States Constitution forbids establishment of religion by law; however images of Moses holding the tablets of the Decalogue, along other religious figures including Solomon, Confucius, and Mohamed holding the Qur'an, are sculpted on the north and south friezes of the pediment of the Supreme Court building in Washington.[133] Images of the Ten Commandments have long been contested symbols for the relationship of religion to national law.[134]

text: In the 1950s and 1960s the Fraternal Order of Eagles placed possibly thousands of Ten Commandments displays in courthouses and school rooms, including many stone monuments on courthouse property.[135] Because displaying the commandments can reflect a sectarian position if they are numbered (see above), the Eagles developed an ecumenical version that omitted the numbers, as on the monument at the Texas capitol (shown here). Hundreds of monuments were also  placed by director Cecil B. DeMille as a publicity stunt to promote his 1956 film The Ten Commandments.[136] Placing the plaques and monuments to the Ten Commandments in and around government buildings was another expression of mid-twentieth century U.S. civil religion, along with adding the phrase "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance.[134]

text: By the beginning of the twenty-first century in the U.S., however, Decalogue monuments and plaques in government spaces had become a legal battleground between religious as well as political liberals and conservatives. Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Americans United for Separation of Church and State launched lawsuits challenging the posting of the ten commandments in public buildings. The ACLU has been supported by a number of religious groups (such as the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.),[137] and the American Jewish Congress[138]), both because they do not want government to be issuing religious doctrine and because they feel strongly that the commandments are inherently religious. Many commentators see this issue as part of a wider culture war between liberal and conservative elements in American society. In response to the perceived attacks on traditional society, other legal organizations, such as the Liberty Counsel, have risen to advocate the conservative interpretation. Many Christian conservatives have taken the banning of officially sanctioned prayer from public schools by the U.S. Supreme Court as a threat to the expression of religion in public life. In response, they have successfully lobbied many state and local governments to display the ten commandments in public buildings.

text: Those who oppose the posting of the ten commandments on public property argue that it violates the establishment clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. In contrast, groups like the Fraternal Order of Eagles who support the public display of the ten commandments claim that the commandments are not necessarily religious but represent the moral and legal foundation of society, and are appropriate to be displayed as a historical source of present-day legal codes. Also, some argue like Judge Roy Moore that prohibiting the public practice of religion is a violation of the first amendment's guarantee of freedom of religion.[134]

text: U.S. courts have often ruled against displays of the Ten Commandments on government property. They conclude that the ten commandments are derived from Judeo-Christian religions, to the exclusion of others: the statement "Thou shalt have no other gods before me" excludes non-monotheistic religions like Hinduism, for example. Whether the Constitution prohibits the posting of the commandments or not, there are additional political and civil rights issues regarding the posting of what is construed as religious doctrine. Excluding religions that have not accepted the ten commandments creates the appearance of impropriety. The courts have been more accepting, however, of displays that place the Ten Commandments in a broader historical context of the development of law.

text: One result of these legal cases has been that proponents of displaying the Ten Commandments have sometimes surrounded them with other historical texts to portray them as historical, rather than religious. Another result has been that other religious organizations have tried to put monuments to their laws on public lands. For example, an organization called Summum has won court cases against municipalities in Utah for refusing to allow the group to erect a monument of Summum aphorisms next to the ten commandments. The cases were won on the grounds that Summum's right to freedom of speech was denied and the governments had engaged in discrimination. Instead of allowing Summum to erect its monument, the local governments chose to remove their ten commandments.

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: Two famous films of this name were directed by Cecil B. DeMille: a silent movie released in 1923 starring Theodore Roberts as Moses and a colour VistaVision version of 1956, starring Charlton Heston as Moses.

text: Both Dekalog, a 1989 Polish film series directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski, and The Ten, a 2007 American film, use the ten commandments as a structure for 10 smaller stories.[139]

text: The receipt of the Ten Commandments by Moses was satirized in Mel Brooks's movie History of the World Part I (1981), which shows Moses (played by Brooks, in a similar costume to Charlton Heston's Moses in the 1956 film), receiving three tablets containing fifteen commandments, but before he can present them to his people, he stumbles and drops one of the tablets, shattering it. He then presents the remaining tablets, proclaiming Ten Commandments.[140]

text: In The Prince of Egypt, a 1998 animated film that depicted the early life of Moses (voiced by Val Kilmer), the ending depicts him with the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai, accompanied by a reprise of Deliver Us.

text: The story of Moses and the Ten Commandments is discussed in the Danish stageplay Biblen (2008).