document_title: DRA

question_text: what does dra. stand for in spanish

question_tokens: what does dra . stand for in spanish

text: DRA

text: Geography[edit]

text: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, the communist regime that ruled Afghanistan from 1978 to 1987

text: Organizations[edit]

text:
Defence Research Agency, a former executive agency of the United Kingdom
Delta Regional Authority, a federal-state partnership whose mission it is to improve the quality of life for the residents of the Mississippi River Delta Region
Deutscher Reichsausschuss für Leibesübungen, a predecessor of the Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen, a former central German sports organization
Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv, the German Broadcasting Archive

text: Science and technology[edit]

text:
The standard IAU abbreviation for Draco (constellation)
Dielectric Resonator Antenna, a type of a radio antenna
Dopamine releasing agent, a class of drugs including amphetamine in contrast to DRIs, or dopamine reuptake inhibitors such as, cocaine
Downregulated-in-adenoma, an anion exchanger
Drag reducing agent, a pipeline flow improver
Driver reminder appliance (British Rail)
Dynamic Resolution Adaptation, a Chinese-developed digital audio coding standard

text: Other uses[edit]

text:
Don't Run Away (program), a program by StandUp for Kids educating elementary and middle school students about the consequences of and alternatives to running away from home
Doutora (Dra.), a feminine-form abbreviation for Doctor (title) used in some languages, such as Spanish and Portuguese
Desert Rock Airport, a private-use airport located southwest of the central business district of Mercury, in Nye County, Nevada, United States by IATA Code
David Russell Apartments, a group of fifteen buildings, each containing numerous flats, used as accommodation for students at the University of St Andrews.

text:
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title DRA.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pages

text: All article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: The Bold and the Beautiful

question_text: where is the bold and the beautiful recorded

root

text: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: Premise

text: Set in Los Angeles, California, The Bold and the Beautiful centers around the Forrester family and their fashion house business, Forrester Creations. Stephanie Douglas, a strong-willed woman, daughter of wealthy Chicago businessman John Douglas, met her husband-to-be Eric Forrester, who aspired to become a fashion designer, while they both studied at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois. The young lovers hurried to get married after Stephanie became pregnant. They moved to Los Angeles, California, where they established Forrester Creations, designing and producing upscale men and women's fashion, based on Eric's designing talent and Stephanie's financial funding. While winning international recognition, fame, and wealth with their work, the couple managed to raise four children in a happy and caring environment. The children are: elder and favorite son Ridge, brother Thorne and younger sisters Kristen and Felicia. It was discovered years later, when the children were all adults, that Stephanie's elder son, Ridge, was actually fathered by Massimo Marone. Like many soap operas, The Bold and the Beautiful looks into the lives of wealthy families and how love affairs, scandals, and betrayals affect each of the family members and their relationships with each other.

tag: p

text: Start and development of the series

text: The pilot episode of the show focuses on the preparations of the wedding of the Forrester's eldest son, Ridge, to Caroline Spencer Forrester, the daughter of the media mogul Bill Spencer, Sr. At this time Ridge has already become a fashion designer and vice president of Forrester Creations. Many media outlets throughout the world, from the big television networks to the most honorable newspapers, to the last gossip newspapers publicize their wedding, declaring it "the wedding of the year in the fashion world". Thousands of women see the pictures of Ridge and speculate on the identity of the woman who has won the heart of the man who has, until recently, been a playboy, and who has refused to settle for one woman.

text: One of the curious is a chemistry student named Brooke Logan, who comes from a working-class family and who lives with her single mother Beth, and her siblings Storm, Donna and Katie in a typical American home in the San Fernando Valley in the city of Los Angeles. In an ironic twist of fate, Beth was Eric's college girlfriend before he married Stephanie. Brooke's life soon becomes a key element in the series. Originally from a middle-class background, her love affair with Ridge sets up much of the story-line, beginning in the first year. Every so often, Ridge and Brooke reunite only to break up due to various circumstances, and Ridge invariably finds comfort (in most cases, this would lead to marriage) with another love of his life Dr. Taylor Hayes. In addition, the rivalry between Ridge's mother Stephanie and Brooke plays a key role in the drama. Following one of her breakups with Ridge, Brooke marries his father Eric, who divorces Stephanie to do so. Brooke gives birth to two of Eric's children. The couple eventually divorce and Eric reconciles with Stephanie. Likewise, Brooke and Ridge resume their pattern of an on-again-off-again relationship, between Brooke's relationships with other men and Forrester family members, and Ridge's multiple reunions with Taylor. Eric eventually marries Brooke's sister, Donna Logan and legally adopts her son Marcus. They later divorce due to their family's bitter history. Felicia and Kristen Forrester choose to follow their own paths, leaving the family company to be run by Ridge, Thorne, Rick, Marcus, and their families.

text: Subplotting

text: For many years, Spectra Fashions was Forrester's main rival, headed by Sally Spectra. Sally, a larger-than-life character with outrageous clothes and a sizable red coiffure, is a key element in both comedic and dramatic story-lines, with the help of ditzy receptionist Darla Einstein, and fashion designer Clarke Garrison, who fathered CJ Garrison, Sally's son. Though, at first, Sally and Stephanie Forrester are bitter enemies, in later years, they develop a friendship; Sally even ends up working at Forrester Creations after she finally makes the decision to shut down her own company.

text: Sally's daughter Macy Alexander, a singer, undergoes many traumas, most notably alcoholism. She and Thorne Forrester are involved in an on-again-off-again marriage. After she eventually loses Thorne to Brooke, Macy goes abroad and into hiding with her father, Adam. After being discovered in Italy, Macy returns to Los Angeles where she reunites with Thorne Forrester before developing an interest in fellow recovering alcoholic, Deacon Sharpe, whom she marries. Weeks later, Macy is gravely injured at a nightclub where she is headlining as a singer. She enters a coma and it is implied that her family pulls the plug off-camera.

text: The Spectra family and friends are supplanted by the introduction of Massimo Marone and his entourage. Marone, a billionaire shipping magnate, was a childhood friend of Stephanie and dated her in college. They slept together once just before Stephanie began dating Eric Forrester, and after forty-something years, a medical crisis reveals that Massimo is Ridge's biological father. Shortly thereafter, Jacqueline Payne, a former lover of Massimo, arrives on the scene and announces that her son, Dominick "Nick" Payne, a captain at Marone Industries, was also fathered by Massimo. Unlike Ridge, Nick wasn't a businessman and took the surname Marone.

text: In recent years, the Spencer family and their media conglomerate Spencer Publications have been part of the show's focus. Original character Bill Spencer's children Karen Spencer and Bill Spencer, Jr., along with Karen's daughter Caroline Spencer and Bill's sons Wyatt Spencer, Liam Spencer, and Will Spencer make up the Spencer family.

text: Production

text: Development

text: In 1986, CBS was on the hunt to replace Capitol, and contacted several writers and producers for proposals. Paul Rauch created Grosse Pointe as a replacement. During her absence from Ryan's Hope, Michael Brockman, former President of CBS Daytime, asked Claire Labine to develop a new serial in 1986. Her proposal was entitled Celebration but never made it to the air. Had it been greenlit, Jane Greenstein would have been Assistant to the Head Writer like she was on General Hospital. William J. Bell created The Bold and the Beautiful, which was originally titled Rags.[citation needed] On June 20, 2017, CBS announced its decision to renew the serial through the 2017–18 television season.[5][6]

text: Taping

text: B&B has been shot at Stage 31 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles for its entire run so far.[7] The show typically uses the traditional soap opera look, featuring constructed sets such as the Forrester Mansion, the Shady Marlin, and the Forrester Creations offices. Like other soap operas, B&B is usually taped three to four weeks in advance. In recent times, the show has increased shooting on location, in the way fellow CBS soap Guiding Light did in its final two network years. Many of the characters have taken trips to the fictional "Bikini Beach" which is actually a nearby California beach, and there have been scenes around the Forrester Creations building which appear to be shot somewhere on the lot or inside of CBS Television City.

text: Theme song and title sequence

text: "High Upon This Love," the theme song of The Bold and the Beautiful, was written by David Kurtz and Jack Allocco and features a prominent saxophone sample played by Eric Marienthal. From November 1998 to July 1999 in the United States, a vocal version of the theme song performed by Dionne Warwick was played during the end credits.

text: Cast and crew

text: Executive producers and head writers

text: Executive producers

text:
Name
Years

William J. Bell
March 23, 1987 – 1988

William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell
1988–96

Bradley Bell
1996 – present

tag: table

text: Head writers

text:
Name
Duration

William J. Bell
March 27, 1987 – 1993

Bradley Bell
1993 – January 21, 2008

Bradley Bell
April 2008 – Present

No Head Writer Listed
January 22, 2008 – February 4, 2008

Kay Alden (WGA strike)
February 5, 2008 – April 15, 2008

Co-Head Writer Kay Alden
April 16, 2008 – October 2, 2013

Co-Head Writer Michael Minnis
2008 – present

text: Awards and nominations

text: Nominated for over two hundred prizes and accolades since its debut, the series has won several awards over the years, including the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, in 2009, 2010 and 2011.[8] The Writing team also won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team in 2010 and 2013.[8] Susan Flannery has personally won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series on three separate occasions.[8]

text: Ratings

text: Upon its debut as the replacement of former soap opera Capitol in the CBS Daytime lineup, The Bold and the Beautiful ended eighth in the final year ratings. Initially CBS' lowest-rated soap, its numbers were still respectable and began to climb. By 1992, after a successful crossover involving villain Sheila Carter from The Young and the Restless, it had climbed to third. By the mid-to-late 1990s, following yet another crossover, it moved up to second and has consistently remained there since.[9] Throughout the 2000s (decade), The Bold and the Beautiful and all the other remaining network daytime dramas have witnessed a steady erosion of viewers, mainly due to vastly altered viewing habits induced by cable networks and alternative genres such as reality, court shows, and talk shows on minor network affiliates.[10]

text: Distribution

text: Broadcast

text: Since the cancellation of Port Charles, it is currently the only American soap opera with a running time of 30 minutes (including commercials) and was the last remaining American soap broadcasting in the 4:3 standard definition picture format, until the show upgraded to 16:9 high-definition in September 2011. Episodes airing in the United States air for approximately 19 minutes, while international broadcasts air to a runtime of approximately 21 minutes.[11]

text:
Country / Region
Network(s)
Date
Aired as

 Albania
TV Klan

Beautiful

 Australia
Network Ten
23 November 1987
The Bold and the Beautiful

 Austria
2007: ATV
1996-2007: ORF 2

Reich und Schön

 Belgium
RTL-TVI, VT4 & VIJF
1990
Top Models (fr), Mooi & Meedogenloos (nl)

 Botswana
BTV

—

 Bulgaria
BNT 1, BNT 2
1993 -
30 June 2017
Дързост и красота

 Canada
CTV, TVA

The Bold and the Beautiful, Top Modèles

 Czech Republic
TV Prima

Báječní a bohatí

 Denmark
Canal 9From 03/2012-03/2012 cancelled[12]

Glamour

 Egypt
Dream 1, NT2

—

 Estonia
TV3

Vaprad ja ilusad

 Fiji
FBC TV

Bold and the Beautiful

 Finland
MTV3
January 1992
Kauniit ja rohkeat (fi), De vackra och de djärva (sv)

 France
France 2
June 1989
"Amour, gloire et beauté"

 Germany
1988-90; 2002; 2012–2016: Tele 5
2002-2011: ZDF
1989-2000: RTL
1988
Reich und Schön
(previously titled as Fashion Affairs)

 Greece
ET3
Makedonia TV
October 1988-June 2013
2014-present
Τόλμη και Γοητεία (Boldness and Charm)

 Hungary
TV2

Gazdagok és szépek

 Iceland
Stöð 2

Glæstar vonir

 India
Star World, Zee Trendz
Jan 1991
The Bold and the Beautiful

 Indonesia
TVRI
1990
The Bold and the Beautiful

 Israel
Yes Stars Base, HOT family
May 1994
היפים והאמיצים

 Italy
1990-94: Rai 2
1994: Rete 4
2000-2002: Comedy Life
2004-2009: Mya
1994–present: Canale 5
4 June 1990
Beautiful

 Jamaica
TVJ

The Bold and the Beautiful

 Kenya
KBC

The Bold and the Beautiful

 Luxembourg
RTL9

Top Models

Country / Region
Network(s)
Date
Aired as

 Malaysia
8TV, Star World, TV2

—

 Middle East and North Africa
Dubai One

The Bold and the Beautiful

 Morocco
2M TV

Top Models

 Netherlands
RTL4, RTL 8

The Bold and the Beautiful

 New Zealand
Prime, Sky1, TVNZ 1, TV2

—

 Norway
2013- TV 2 Sumo
2012–2013: Canal9
1993-2011: TVNorge

Glamour

 Pakistan
Filmax

—

 Philippines
STAR World

—

 Poland
2015–present: Player.pl
1994–2014: TVP1
5 September 1994
Moda na sukces

 Portugal
RTP1

Malha de Intrigas

 Romania
Prima TV

Dragoste si Putere

 Serbia
Prva Srpska Televizija/Prva

Одважни и лепи

 Slovenia
Kanal A

Drzni in lepi

 Sri Lanka
ETV

—

 South Africa
SABC3

The Bold and the Beautiful

 Sweden
Sjuan

Glamour

  Switzerland
RTS Un

Top Models

 Thailand
Star World

—

 Turkey
1992-98: Star TV
1998-2002: Show TV
2004-05: Flash TV
2007-08: Kanal D
2009-2010: Kanaltürk

Cesur ve Güzel

 Trinidad and Tobago
CCN TV6

The Bold and the Beautiful

 Tuvalu
Television Tuvalu

—

 Vietnam
Vietnam 24H, VTV1

—

 Latvia
LTV1

Hameleonu Rotaļas

 Lithuania
TV8

Žavūs ir drasūs

 Iran
Farsi1

The Bold and the Beautiful

text: DVD release

text: The earliest DVD releases of The Bold and the Beautiful came in 2008 and 2009, when "Fan Favourites Collection" and "Best of Weddings" were released in Europe and Australia.[13][14][15][16] These DVD sets contained a random selection of 21 and 25 episodes, respectively, from 1987 up until that point in time. These sets sold well and from 2010-2011, Beyond Home Entertainment in Australia released another 3 sets containing a random selection of 25 episodes each.[17][18][19] These sets, however, only contained episodes from 2003 onwards, frustrating some long-term fans, as a large proportion of the show was left out.[20] One of these sets, entitled "Most Shocking Moments", was also released in the US on July 23, 2012 on the Amazon Video service, but only contained 15 episodes.[20]

text: The series was released from the very beginning in Germany (April 29, 2011),[21] Sweden (November 23, 2011), the United States (November 6, 2012)[22] and Australia (December 3, 2012).[23] All DVD sets contain 25 episodes, with the exception of the US release only containing 16. The German releases have sold well, with distributor Fernsehjuwelen having released box 2 later in 2011 and boxes 3-7 throughout 2012. Boxes 8, 9 and 10 are set for release in late 2014 through 2015.[24]

text:
DVD title
Number of episodes
Release date

Region 2 (EU)
Region 4 (AU)
Region 1 (US)

Fan Favorites Collection
21
September 3, 2008[25]
November 19, 2008[15]
N/A

Best of Weddings
25
March 11, 2009[26]
April 1, 2009[16]
N/A

Most Shocking Moments
25 (AU) / 15 (US)
N/A
October 6, 2010[27]
July 23, 2012[20]

Catfights and Brawls
25
N/A
December 1, 2010[28]
N/A

Best of Brooke, Ridge & Taylor
25
N/A
March 2, 2011[29]
N/A

How It All Began [Box 1]
25 / 16 (US)
April 29, 2011[30]
December 3, 2012[31]
November 6, 2012[22]

How It All Began [Box 2]
25
October 14, 2011[32]
May 1, 2013[33]
TBA

How It All Began [Box 3]
25
February 17, 2012[32]
May 1, 2015[34]
TBA

How It All Began [Box 4]
25
April 27, 2012[32]
September 1, 2015[35]
TBA

How It All Began [Box 5]
25
August 3, 2012[32]
TBA
TBA

How It All Began [Box 6]
25
November 23, 2012[32]
TBA
TBA

How It All Began [Box 7]
25
November 23, 2012[32]
TBA
TBA

How It All Began [Box 8]
25
November 28, 2014[32]
TBA
TBA

How It All Began [Box 9]
25
November 28, 2014[32]
TBA
TBA

How It All Began [Box 10]
25
April 2, 2015[32]
TBA
TBA

text: Crossovers

text: There have been several crossovers among other CBS Daytime shows.

text: The Young and the Restless

text:
1992

The Bold and the Beautiful: Sheila Carter (Kimberlin Brown) was the first major character to cross over to The Bold and the Beautiful. Sheila appeared on The Young and the Restless from 1990 to 1992 (returning as a guest in 1993, 1994, and 1995), and again from 2005 to 2006 (Michelle Stafford took over the role of Sheila from 2006 to 2007). She was on The Bold and the Beautiful from 1992 to 1998, with shorter-lived stints in 2002 and 2003.
The Bold and the Beautiful: Molly Carter (Marilyn Alex) appeared several times after her daughter, Sheila, was revealed to be living in Los Angeles.

1993

The Young and the Restless: Eric Forrester (John McCook) called Lauren from his office to invite her to Los Angeles.
The Bold and the Beautiful: Brad Carlton (Don Diamont) crossed over to confront Sheila Carter about the photos of his tryst with Lauren Fenmore (Tracey E. Bregman), fearing that he would lose custody of his daughter, Colleen, if they became public. Although Brad's threats were enough to make Sheila give up the photos, Lauren later discovered that there was still more evidence proving their affair.
The Young and the Restless: Stephanie Forrester (Susan Flannery) appeared on Y&R to inform Lauren of Sheila's marriage to Eric.
The Bold and the Beautiful: Dr. Scott Grainger (Peter Barton) and Lauren Fenmore were vacationing on Catalina Island in November, where they were shocked to find Eric Forrester and Sheila Carter also on a romantic retreat. The character Scott Grainger died during this crossover, but not before he forgave Sheila for her past and begged Lauren not to reveal their history to Eric.

1995

The Young and the Restless: Eric Forrester (John McCook) appears at his office in Los Angeles to inform Sheila that Lauren will be coming to town.
The Young and the Restless: James Warwick (Ian Buchanan) made a brief crossover when he called Lauren from Sheila's dungeon. Brad Carlton also makes an appearance.
The Bold and the Beautiful: Lauren Fenmore (Tracey E. Bregman) crossed over to The Bold and the Beautiful, where she stayed until 1999, and briefly returned in 2002, 2004, and 2007. She had already appeared on the show several times prior to her becoming an actual cast member, mostly due to Sheila's crossover in 1992.

1998

The Young and the Restless: Brooke Logan (Katherine Kelly Lang) crossed over to meet with Victor Newman (Eric Braeden) at his Newman Enterprises office in Genoa City, Wisconsin. In her effort to spice up the deal she's trying to work out, Brooke drops her jacket and reveals that she is wearing very little. Much to Victor's chagrin (and possible enjoyment), Brad Carlton (Don Diamont) and Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman) walk in on the scene.
The Bold and the Beautiful: Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman) crossed over to meet with Eric Forrester (John McCook), Brooke Logan (Katherine Kelly Lang), Ridge Forrester (Ronn Moss), and Thorne Forrester (Winsor Harmon). The Forresters were looking for a new scent to go along with Brooke's Bedroom Line, and thought that Jabot Cosmetics could help.

1999

The Bold and the Beautiful: Victor Newman (Eric Braeden) appeared to meet with Brooke Logan (Katherine Kelly Lang), and to make Ridge Forrester (Ronn Moss) jealous. With prodding from Brooke, Victor agreed to kiss her, thus enraging Ridge and ruining his night out with Dr. Taylor Hayes Forrester (Hunter Tylo). (January 25 – 28, 1999)

2000–2001

The Bold and the Beautiful: Dr. Tim Reid (Aaron Lustig), who was Phyllis Summers' therapist, moved to Los Angeles and helped Morgan DeWitt (Sarah Buxton).

2003

The Bold and the Beautiful: Lauren Fenmore's (Tracey E. Bregman) mother, Joanna Manning (Susan Seaforth Hayes), appeared in her capacity as a ranking employee of Fenmore's Department Stores. (May 15, 2003)

2004

The Bold and the Beautiful: Lauren Fenmore (Tracey E. Bregman) received an angered phone call from the husband of her employee Jacqueline Payne Marone, who demanded to know if the two had really gone out drinking the night before like he was being told. Although she was caught off-guard, Lauren said they had, assuming Jacquie had a good reason for lying to her husband. In truth, Jacquie had told her husband this to help cover up her one night stand with Deacon Sharpe (Sean Kanan). (May 17–20, 2004)

2005

The Young and the Restless: Eric Forrester (John McCook) crossed over to warn Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc) about Sheila Carter. (August 11, 2005)
The Bold and the Beautiful: While eating lunch at the Café Russe in Los Angeles, Katherine Chancellor (Jeanne Cooper) was approached by Massimo Marone (Joseph Mascolo). Massimo introduced her to friend Stephanie Douglas Forrester (Susan Flannery), the daughter of an old business acquaintance (John Douglas) belonging to Katherine. It was learned that Katherine was the actual owner of Forrester Creations, via the Stephanie Douglas Trust, which her associate’s daughter sought to reclaim from her estranged husband (Eric Forrester). With Katherine's blessing, Stephanie achieved her goal, leaving the grand dame of Genoa City free to focus on her numerous other assets. (October 31 – November 1, 2005)
The Young and the Restless: Eric Forrester (John McCook) crossed over to Genoa City, Wisconsin, a second time to attend the wedding of Michael Baldwin and Lauren Fenmore. (December 9, 2005)
Lauren's mother, Joanna Manning (Susan Seaforth Hayes), appeared on both The Bold and the Beautiful and The Young and the Restless (the latter in December to attend her daughter's wedding to Michael Baldwin).

2006

The Young and the Restless: In November Amber Moore (Adrienne Frantz) arrived in Genoa City to stay. (November 13, 2006)

2007

The Bold and the Beautiful: Lauren Fenmore appeared in January. (January 19–22, 2007)
The Bold and the Beautiful: Ashley Abbott (Eileen Davidson) crossed over in early March when Eric Forrester put plans in motion to launch a fragrance line for his new fashion house, Forrester Originals. (March 9, 2007)
The Bold and the Beautiful: Traci (Beth Maitland), Ashley Abbott's sister, also appeared in March, while talking to her sister on the telephone. (March 20, 2007)
The Bold and the Beautiful: Abby Carlton (Darcy Rose Byrnes) joined Ashley in Los Angeles. (May 11, 2007)
The Bold and the Beautiful: Christine Blair (Lauralee Bell) arrived in Los Angeles in June to defend Ridge Forrester (Ronn Moss) after he was arrested for the murder of Shane McGrath (Dax Griffin). Christine got the charges dropped after Rick Forrester's (Kyle Lowder) testimony. The Forresters thanked Christine and she returned to Genoa City. (June 12–21, 2007)
The Young and the Restless: Brooke Logan (Katherine Kelly Lang), while at her office in Los Angeles, received a phone call from Cane Ashby (Daniel Goddard) regarding his wife, Amber Moore. Brooke filled Cane in on her history with Amber, leaving Cane with even more questions about his marriage. (July 5, 2007)
The Young and the Restless: Ashley Abbott (Eileen Davidson) returned to visit her brother Jack Abbott and Victor Newman for the new year. (December 28, 2007 – January 3, 2008)

2008

The Young and the Restless: Eric Forrester (John McCook) met with Jack Abbott in February about the magazine Restless Style at Forrester Creations. During that same trip to Los Angeles, Jack and his wife, Sharon Abbott (Sharon Case), paid a visit to Ashley Abbott (Eileen Davidson) and Abby Carlton (Darcy Rose Byrnes). (February 26–28, 2008)
The Young and the Restless: In March, Ashley Abbott (Eileen Davidson) and Felicia Forrester (Lesli Kay) flew to Genoa City for the launch of the magazine Restless Style. (March 25–26, 2008)
The Young and the Restless: Felicia Forrester (Lesli Kay) crossed over in April on recurring status. (April 8, 2008-August 2008)
The Young and the Restless: Ashley Abbott (Eileen Davidson) crossed over at the end of June to attend the wedding of Victor Newman and Sabrina Costelana. Her daughter with Victor, Abigail "Abby" Carlton, was also in attendance as a flower girl. While back in Genoa City, Ashley was shocked to learn that Nikki Newman had beaten Victor to the punch; her brother, Jack Abbott, had allowed their former stepmother, Gloria Bardwell, to move into the pool-house; and that Jack and his wife, Sharon Abbott, were about to redecorate her childhood home. (June 19–23, 2008)

2009

The Young and the Restless: In July Deacon Sharpe (Sean Kanan) arrived in Genoa City to stay.

2010

The Bold and the Beautiful: Amber Moore (Adrienne Frantz) returns from Genoa City to Los Angeles when Whip Jones asks her to work as a fashion designer at Jackie M, on July 1, 2010.

2011

The Bold and the Beautiful: Olivia Barber Winters (Tonya Lee Williams) attends wedding of her cousin, Justin Barber (Aaron D. Spears) and Donna Logan (Jennifer Gareis).

2013

The Young and the Restless: In May Oliver Jones (Zack Conroy) crossed over for two episodes. (May 21, 2013)

2014

The Young and the Restless: In April Rick Forrester (Jacob Young) and Caroline Spencer (Linsey Godfrey) crossed over for two episodes. (April 14, 2014)
The Bold and the Beautiful: Gloria Abbott Bardwell appeared in November for a fashion show at Forrester Creations. (November 20, 2014)

2015

The Young and the Restless: The Forresters were mentioned by Devon Hamilton while planning for his wedding to Hilary Curtis.

Possible Connection

The actor Robert Clary played Pierre Roulland on Y&R from 1973 to 1974 before playing Pierre Jourdan on The Bold and the Beautiful from 1990 to 1992. Whether or not the two characters are related is unknown.

tag: ul

text: CBS Daytime Game Shows -- The Price Is Right and Let's Make a Deal

text:
2002

The Bold and the Beautiful: Host Bob Barker and the Models of The Price Is Right appeared to discuss the new fashion line by Amber Moore.

2008

The Price Is Right: Bridget Forrester (Ashley Jones) makes an appearance during the Showcase to offer a contestant a spot as an extra for a segment. The contestant won the Showcase.

Immediately after the contestant won, she was whisked away to Studio 31 for hair, makeup, and wardrobe before taping her segment. The segment was later posted on the Web site for the two shows.

2009

The Price Is Right: Dominick Marone (Jack Wagner) interrupts taping of Price (which is taped in the Studio 33; The Bold and the Beautiful is taped next door in Studio 31) on March 6. Wagner talks to Carey about soap appearances and "crashes" the taping. At the end of the show, a Marone-themed Showcase is presented.
The Bold and the Beautiful: Donna Logan (Jennifer Gareis) and Pam Douglas (Alley Mills) take a trip to The Price is Right in June, and to their surprise Donna becomes a contestant, ultimately winning both showcases.
The Price Is Right: Dominick Marone (Jack Wagner) and Bridget Forrester (Ashley Jones) appear together on June 19 to model wedding attire during a special "Ultimate Wedding Shower" edition of The Price is Right.

2010

The Price Is Right and The Young and the Restless: Stephen Logan (Patrick Duffy) and Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman) appear in a war of words in a One Bid, then each present their own themed Showcase at the end of the show.

2011

The Price Is Right: A contestant on the March 2011 Ultimate Spring Break episode wins a walk-on role as an extra; that episode airs April 19 and is linked to the Web site of the show.
The Price Is Right: Thomas Forrester (Adam Gregory) models wedding attire for the Ultimate Wedding Shower episode along with show model Rachel Reynolds. The wedding attire is a prize on this episode.

2012

The Bold and the Beautiful: Tiffany Coyne meets the Forresters and Pam Douglas (Alley Mills), asking Pam and Nick to appear on Let's Make a Deal. Dominick Marone (as a lobster) and Pam Douglas (as a fisherman) appear in a deal.
Let's Make a Deal: Wagner appears to offer a contestant a walk-on role on the show, a common practice now with both CBS Daytime game shows with this show.

2013

The Price Is Right: Starting with Season 42, guest models often appear on the show. B&B stars Karla Mosley and Lawrence Saint-Victor appear as models after this practice begins, which continues into Season 43 (2014–15).
The Bold and the Beautiful: Executive Producer for both CBS Daytime game shows Michael G. Richards, and models Rachel Reynolds (Price) and Danielle Demski (Deal; substitute model for most of 2013-14) are employees of Forrester Creations, meeting with Thorne (Winsor Harmon) and Ally (Ashlyn Pearce).

text: CBS Primetime Shows -- Big Brother

text: During numerous times of the show, former Big Brother houseguests have guest starred, occasionally mentioning their history in the house.


document_title: Raj Koothrappali

question_text: when does raj learn to talk to penny

question_tokens: when does raj learn to talk to penny

text: Raj Koothrappali

text: Character biography[edit]

text: Rajesh, who is normally called Raj or just by his surname Koothrappali, is from New Delhi, India. However, he despises Indian food, and his knowledge about Indian culture and Hinduism is often rebuked by Sheldon, who is seen to speak better Hindi than him. He was born into a wealthy family and has five siblings, one of whom is Priya, a former on-off girlfriend of Leonard. Raj is normally seen wearing a layered combination of a printed shirt and sweater vest under a track top-style windbreaker with khakis or cargo pants and skate shoes. Raj wore a red cap in the pilot episode, but has not worn any headgear on a regular basis for the rest of the series' run. Between seasons one and eleven, Raj styled his naturally curly hair with hair gel "while trying to blend in".

text: Raj joins in playing Halo online and trading-card games with his friends,[2][3] and has even claimed to have experienced gaming addiction in the past. It was revealed in "The Monster Isolation" that Raj did at least part of his higher education at the University of Cambridge, where he discovered his interest in astrophysics.

text: Personality[edit]

text: While in general Raj is more patient with Sheldon than Leonard, Howard or Penny, Sheldon is completely oblivious to this, and even casually cuts him off as a friend on one occasion.[4]

text: Another recurring joke is his metrosexuality, which manifests itself in his appreciation for media generally associated with female patrons, such as the novel Eat, Pray, Love, the TV series Sex and the City and films featuring Sandra Bullock. This has led those close to him to opine that he is somewhat feminine (as in "The Closure Alternative"), and others to mistakenly conclude that he is homosexual (a theory his sister mentioned in "The Herb Garden Germination" that had been held by members of their family), which he typically denies (even asserting his metrosexuality in "The Transporter Malfunction"), but which Howard often teases him over.

text: One of Raj's biggest personality quirks is his tendency to speak or act inappropriately, often landing him in trouble or leading to an angry reaction from whomever he has upset. This was particularly pronounced when he was under the influence of alcohol, which could cause a catch-22, since for years he needed alcohol to even speak to a woman, but the alcohol led to him say the wrong things. On one occasion, just as Leonard and Penny are about to have sex in their hotel room, Raj enters and obliviously proceeds to climb into Sheldon's recently vacated bed, completely unaware of what he has interrupted. On another occasion, he openly discussed having had crushes on Penny and Bernadette directly in front of them, which caused both discomfort, and unwittingly hurting Amy's feelings when he admits that he never had a crush on her as well (despite Penny and Bernadette's best efforts to alert him to this fact).

text: When socializing with his friends, despite his Indian accent, Raj is noted for using slang and using the word "dude", although on some occasions he appears to not understand American slang. He speaks fluent Hindi,[5][6][7] but according to Sheldon, his mother tongue is English.

text: Selective mutism[edit]

text: Until the season six finale, Raj's principal characteristic was his inability to speak to or around non-related women, a medical condition known as selective mutism. In the show this was alluded to by Dr. Beverly Hofstadter, Leonard's mother.[8] Raj also stated he has selective mutism in the episode "The Cornhusker Vortex".[9][10] Raj was able to speak in the presence of women only when they were part of a crowd, if he had been drinking alcoholic beverages (or thinks he has been), if he was under influence of other drugs, if he was unaware of their presence, or if the woman is deaf.[11] He observed that this was an improvement over his previous affliction, in which the presence of women caused him to lose bladder control.[12] He had no problem speaking to his mother, sisters, or other female relatives.

text: Until the end of the sixth season, Raj remained silent when Penny was present. Penny occasionally taunted him about this, saying such things as "Yo, Raj, talk to me". Raj sometimes whispered what he wanted to say to Howard or Leonard, who then repeated his words or responded to his question out loud. However, Howard sometimes used the situation to amuse himself—for example, when he "confessed" on Raj's behalf that Raj had stalked Penny with binoculars, or when Sheldon called Penny over to their table to silence Raj; Howard then refused to act as a mouthpiece and told Raj, "No no no, he won; Suck it up." In "The Dumpling Paradox", Leonard jokingly suggests cutting Raj in half so the group can play video games without Howard while Penny is in the room: Raj turns to Leonard (facing away from Penny) and responds, "Oh, sure, cut the foreigner in half. There's a billion more where he came from." Later, in "The Bat Jar Conjecture", Raj accidentally utters a few words ("good story"), much to the surprise of his friends, but he immediately realizes Penny is there and covers his mouth with both hands.[13] A recurring gag was for Raj to find himself left alone when his friends, in the company of Penny or another woman, make plans to go somewhere and Raj's mutism prevents him from speaking up to join in.

text: In "The Grasshopper Experiment", Penny (who was practicing mixing cocktails in order to obtain a bartending shift) inadvertently discovered that Raj's mutism could be suppressed by consuming alcohol: even a tiny amount (such as a bite of rum cake in "The Apology Insufficiency") enabled him to have prolonged conversations with women; however, this also tends to make him loud and obnoxious.[11] When the main characters take a train to an academic conference in San Francisco, Raj can talk to series guest Summer Glau (playing herself) while drinking beer: when Leonard inadvertently discovers the beer is non-alcoholic and that Raj is under a placebo effect, Howard uses this to his advantage and Raj is returned to his usual mute self.[14] In some episodes, Raj took to carrying a hip flask with him to counter his problem, while in other episodes that required him to speak with Penny or other women present, he was usually shown doing so with a beer or wine glass near him to indicate he had consumed alcohol (such as "The Santa Simulation").

text: Raj experimented with medications that suppressed social anxiety, but they tended to have side effects. When Sheldon's sister Missy visited, Raj took medicine that enabled him to speak to her, but it resulted in involuntary repetitive hand motions. In the episode "The Wildebeest Implementation",[15] Raj was worried that an experimental drug he was considering might affect his rationality, but Sheldon encouraged him to take it anyway: however, Raj's worries were realized while speaking to a woman in a coffee shop when he completely lost all inhibitions and removed all of his clothing.

text: At the end of the Season 6 finale "The Bon Voyage Reaction", Raj's girlfriend Lucy breaks up with him. The subsequent trauma apparently cures his mutism, and he finds he can talk to Penny, Amy, and Bernadette while completely sober. However, he talks so much that the women become bored and irritated and start drinking in order to put up with him.

text: Family[edit]

text: Raj regularly communicates with his parents, Dr. and Mrs. V.M. Koothrappali back in India via webcam. Raj is the only one of the guys whose father has been revealed on the show until the ninth season, as Sheldon's father is deceased, Howard's father abandoned him when he was eleven, and Leonard's father didn't make an appearance until season 9, where he appeared when Leonard was again getting married to Penny. When they become meddling or judgmental, he "brings his parents" into Leonard and Sheldon's apartment via his laptop. In the season 2 finale, Mrs. Koothrappali and Mrs. Wolowitz have an argument because the latter does not believe that there is not a single Outback Steakhouse restaurant in India.

text: A running gag in the series is Raj portraying himself as having come from humble origins and growing up in poverty in India, only for his friends to remind him that his father is a gynaecologist, drives a Bentley (which he protests was a "lease"), and had servants (although he protests on one occasion that there were only four servants, and that two of them were children).[11] In the episode "The Wiggly Finger Catalyst", Sheldon reveals that Raj's family is wealthier than he lets on. He observes that they are "Richie Rich rich", which he explains is "halfway between Bruce Wayne and Scrooge McDuck".

text: Raj's cousin Sanjay (or, as he says his friends know him, "Dave from AT&T Customer Service") works in a call centre and is mentioned in a number of episodes. In one episode, Raj tries to avoid returning to India for his cousin's wedding, as Raj's parents have arranged a date for him.[16]

text: Raj has three brothers and two sisters. Raj's sister Priya has a one-night stand with Leonard in Season 4. This leads to a brief argument between Leonard, Raj and Howard for breaking the "pinky swear" that Leonard and Howard made about never trying to make a move on her. Later in the series, Priya and Leonard start a relationship against Raj's wishes, which is awkward as she is living with Raj at the time. In the Season 4 finale, Raj had to move temporarily into Sheldon's apartment after overhearing Leonard using Star Trek references as sexual metaphors to his sister.

text: Also, in the season 3 episode "The Precious Fragmentation", Raj tries to negotiate the possession of the One Ring with the help of his cousin Venkatesh Koothrappali, who is an attorney (but agrees with Raj that he is useless in that role).

text: In the season 7 episode "The Table Polarization", Raj talks about naming his first child Dileep after his grandfather.

text: Work[edit]

text: Raj is an astrophysicist in the Physics Department at Caltech, best known for a publication on Kuiper belt object size distribution.[17]

text: For his discovery of a planetary object beyond the Kuiper belt, 2008 NQ17, which he named "Planet Bollywood", Raj was included in People magazine's "30 (Visionaries) Under 30 (Years of Age) to Watch", received a larger office, and became a celebrity of sorts, drawing the envy of his friends.[18]

text: After six months of failed research on the composition of trans-Neptunian objects, Raj feared being deported back to India (at which point, he describes spending his time at work as "mostly checking e-mail, updating his Facebook status, and messing up Wikipedia entries"). To stay in the country, he sought out a research position in stellar evolution with Professor Laughlin; the job proposition failed as the research team included an attractive woman, and Raj, who became drunk so he could talk to her, made an inappropriate comment. Raj ended up working alongside Sheldon (or "for" him, as Sheldon insists), "exploring the string theory implications of gamma rays from dark matter annihilations".[7] Ironically, he noted that he once wanted to be the "Indira Gandhi of particle astrophysics (but with a penis, of course)".[11] During season 6, Raj has developed a talent to be a party planner that was demonstrated at the time of Howard and Bernadette's wedding,[19] and the Halloween,[20] and Valentine's Day parties,[21] at the comic book store.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: For most of the series' run, Raj had not been involved in any lasting romantic relationship, mostly due to his inability to speak to women. However, he was much more successful in casual sex than the more sexually aggressive Howard. He once dated Lalita Gupta, a childhood friend, in an arrangement made by his parents. With Raj able to speak to her only under the influence of alcohol, the date goes badly, and Lalita left the intoxicated and bothersome Raj to have dinner with Sheldon.[11]

text: After Raj behaves boorishly with Penny while at a People magazine reception, and presents Penny to his parents (via webcam) as his girlfriend, he later apologizes, first with a written note. When Penny forces him to do so verbally, he utters a barely audible "sorry".[18]

text: Raj also seeks to date Sheldon's attractive twin sister, Missy. To do so, he takes an experimental drug to correct his anxiety disorder. He is the only one, out of himself, Howard and Leonard, in whom Missy showed any interest, but the medication wears off when he tries to ask her out.[22]

text: When Sheldon, Leonard, Howard, and Raj are on a train to San Francisco, the latter three tried talking to actress Summer Glau, who they see is in their train car. After drinking what he thinks is a beer, Raj is able to charm Glau. When a jealous Howard points out to Raj that his beer is non-alcoholic, Raj stops speaking in the middle of his conversation, and flees from Glau.[14]

text: Raj reveals that he once had a girlfriend, after Leonard claims that the two of them were the only ones without them. She has never appeared in the show, but he states that she was deaf, so his inability to speak with women was not an issue.[23] Raj has an infatuation with Howard's girlfriend, Bernadette, and is visibly unhappy when she accepts Howard's marriage proposal.[24] This antagonizes Howard when Howard learns of it.

text: Despite both being heterosexual, Raj and Howard tend to appear as if they are in a homosexual relationship. This is described by Leonard's mother, Dr. Beverly Hofstadter, as an "ersatz homosexual marriage".[8] Even Raj's parents are aware of this, as Raj's mother once notes "the closest thing we have to a daughter-in-law is that Jewish boy Howard!".[9] Raj often takes up the stereotypically "female" role in arguments with Howard, once expressing his displeasure at Howard constantly ditching him to chase women. Raj recounts a dream where he and Howard both had mansions with a secret tunnel that connected Howard's "front yard" to his "back yard". He uses a female avatar in World of Warcraft. In season four he claims to be a metrosexual,[25] and in season 8 it is revealed that he and Howard were once in couples therapy.

text: In the season 4 finale, Penny and Raj become intoxicated and, despite agreeing to remain good friends, end up in bed together. The next morning, both agree to pretend it never happened, but they are caught by Leonard, Sheldon, and Howard as they try to leave,[26] causing Penny to think about moving back to Nebraska. In the opening episode of season 5, Raj reveals to Penny that they did not have intercourse; instead he ejaculated prematurely and they fell asleep. Penny promised not to tell the guys, although subsequently she sometimes calls him "Quick Draw".[27]

text: In season 5, Raj buys a new iPhone and quickly develops feelings for the computerized personal assistant, Siri.[28] Later in season 5, Penny believes she has found the perfect match for Raj by having him meet a woman who is deaf: however, it turns out she only dated Raj for his money and leaves him when he tells her that his parents will cut off financial ties with him if they continue to see each other.[29] Finally, in despair, Raj asks his parents to find him a potential bride for an arranged marriage. Raj gets along well with his parents' first selection, but discovers that the woman is a lesbian trying to conceal her sexual orientation from her family: she assumes Raj is also homosexual and that they would have a lavender marriage, an idea Raj considers as a viable alternative to lifelong bachelorhood until Howard and Bernadette convince him otherwise.[25]

text: Out of their concern for his loneliness, Howard and Bernadette give him a pet dog. Happy with his new companion, a female Yorkshire Terrier he names Cinnamon, Raj proceeds to see if the pup fits in his man-purse. This leads Bernadette to dispute Raj's heterosexuality.[25] In the episode "The Thespian Catalyst", Raj fantasizes various scenarios in which Howard dies or is rendered an invalid, and Raj must satisfy Bernadette's sexual needs. This culminates in a dream sequence where he and Bernadette dance together in a Bollywood musical number. He reflects upon these fantasies by observing that he is "definitely not gay".[30]

text: At Howard's bachelor party, Raj mentions that he and Howard had a threesome at Comic-Con with an overweight woman in a Sailor Moon costume.[31]

text: In the season six episode, "The Tangible Affection Proof", Raj and Stuart, put together a party at the store for lonely single people on Valentine's Day. After giving a speech about how one cannot define themself by being in a relationship, he is approached by a woman named Lucy (Kate Micucci). They both leave to get a cup of coffee, with Raj hypocritically declaring "Later, losers!" In "The Monster Isolation", Lucy flees during their coffee date, sending Raj into depression and self-isolation in his apartment wearing nothing but briefs and Uggs. Lucy gives Howard her phone number to give to Raj. Later, Lucy goes to his apartment to apologize and tells him that she has problems around new people. Raj describes his own psychological problems, and they agree to have a formal date.

text: In the following episode, "The Contractual Obligation Implementation", he takes Lucy out for a first date to a library where they text message each other instead of speaking, in light of her social anxiety and his selective mutism. They continue to date and by "The Love Spell Potential" they kiss. However, in the season 6 finale "The Bon Voyage Reaction", Lucy feels too pressured by Raj to meet his friends, and a dinner between Lucy, Raj, and Amy does not go well. Raj apologizes for his behavior and asks Lucy to come to Leonard's goodbye party before his departure for the North Sea on Professor Stephen Hawking's expedition. However, Lucy text messages him at the party saying she will not be there and does not want to see him again. The next day, Penny goes to comfort a heartbroken Raj, who thinks he is completely unlovable. Penny suggests that this lament is attributed to alcohol, but Raj says he that he has not had a drink since the night before: he is finally cured of his selective mutism.

text: In season 7, Raj's newfound ability to speak to women allows him to put aside his previous difficulties with them, and though he does not date, he manages to charm several women throughout the series, including the divorced HR representative Mrs. Davis, and a veterinarian named Yvette. Eventually, he begins dating Emily Sweeney (Laura Spencer), an attractive but rather sinister young dermatologist he met on the Internet. Their initial interaction does not go well, when she finds Raj's shyness and passivity off-putting, but she eventually agrees to go on a date with him: it goes well and the two begin dating properly for the rest of the season, becoming exclusive in the final two episodes. In "The Valentino Submergence", episode 15 of season 9, Raj breaks up with Emily right before Valentine's Day, because he has developed an interest in Claire, a bartender working on a sci-fi screenplay for a children's film who he met in the previous episode. Upon learning that Claire has reunited with her former boyfriend, he begs Emily to take him back, but she refuses.

text: Creation and casting[edit]

text: Raj did not appear in the original, unaired series pilot, which only featured Leonard, Sheldon, and a different version of the Penny character, called Katie. The test audiences reacted negatively to Katie, but they liked Sheldon and Leonard. In the new pilot, Raj and Howard were added.[32] Series co-creator Bill Prady stated: "The idea was, if they like these first two guys, let’s give them two more".[32]

text: Raj's social anxiety around women was inspired by a former co-worker of Prady.[33][34] Originally the character was called "Dave", and was an American born to Indian parents. This was changed when Nayyar won the role, because he was "so Indian".[35] When doing scenes in which Raj must consume alcohol in order to speak, Nayyar would drink non-alcoholic substitutes. When scenes called for Raj to drink grasshoppers, the substitute was a concoction of water, cream and a heavy amount of green food coloring.[36]


document_title: Sweetbread

question_text: where is the thymus gland located on a cow

text: Sweetbread

text: Sweetbread is a culinary name for the thymus (also called throat, gullet, or neck sweetbread) or the pancreas (also called heart, stomach, or belly sweetbread), especially of calf (ris de veau) and lamb (ris d'agneau), and, less commonly, of beef and pork.[1] The "heart" sweetbreads are more spherical in shape, while the "throat" sweetbreads are more cylindrical in shape.

text: Various other glands used as food may also sometimes be called "sweetbreads," including the parotid gland ("cheek" or "ear" sweetbread), the sublingual glands ("tongue" sweetbreads or "throat bread") as well as ovary and testicles (cf. Rocky Mountain oyster, prairie oyster, or lamb fries).[2][3]

text: One common preparation of sweetbreads involves soaking in salt water, then poaching in milk, after which the outer membrane is removed. Once dried and chilled, they are often breaded and fried.[4][5] They are also used for stuffing or in pâtés. They are grilled in many Latin American cuisines, such as in the Argentine asado, and served in bread in Turkish cuisine.

text: The word "sweetbread" is first attested in the 16th century, but the etymology of the name is unclear.[6] "Sweet" is perhaps used since the thymus is sweet and rich-tasting, as opposed to savory-tasting muscle flesh.[7] "Bread" may come from brede, "roasted meat"[8] or from the Old English brǣd ("flesh" or "meat").


document_title: List of Game of Thrones episodes

question_text: when does episode 4 air game of thrones

question_tokens: when does episode 4 air game of thrones

text: List of Game of Thrones episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

First aired
Last aired

1
10
April 17, 2011 (2011-04-17)
June 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)
2.52[14]

2
10
April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01)
June 3, 2012 (2012-06-03)
3.80[14]

3
10
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)
4.97[15]

4
10
April 6, 2014 (2014-04-06)
June 15, 2014 (2014-06-15)
6.84[16]

5
10
April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)
June 14, 2015 (2015-06-14)
6.88[17]

6
10
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
7.69[18]

7
7
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
10.26[19]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2011)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Winter Is Coming"
Tim Van Patten
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 17, 2011 (2011-04-17)
2.22[20]

2
2
"The Kingsroad"
Tim Van Patten
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 24, 2011 (2011-04-24)
2.20[21]

3
3
"Lord Snow"
Brian Kirk
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 1, 2011 (2011-05-01)
2.44[22]

4
4
"Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things"
Brian Kirk
Bryan Cogman
May 8, 2011 (2011-05-08)
2.45[23]

5
5
"The Wolf and the Lion"
Brian Kirk
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 15, 2011 (2011-05-15)
2.58[24]

6
6
"A Golden Crown"
Daniel Minahan
Story by : David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 22, 2011 (2011-05-22)
2.44[25]

7
7
"You Win or You Die"
Daniel Minahan
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 29, 2011 (2011-05-29)
2.40[26]

8
8
"The Pointy End"
Daniel Minahan
George R. R. Martin
June 5, 2011 (2011-06-05)
2.72[27]

9
9
"Baelor"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 12, 2011 (2011-06-12)
2.66[28]

10
10
"Fire and Blood"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)
3.04[29]

text: Season 2 (2012)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

11
1
"The North Remembers"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01)
3.86[30]

12
2
"The Night Lands"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 8, 2012 (2012-04-08)
3.76[31]

13
3
"What Is Dead May Never Die"
Alik Sakharov
Bryan Cogman
April 15, 2012 (2012-04-15)
3.77[32]

14
4
"Garden of Bones"
David Petrarca
Vanessa Taylor
April 22, 2012 (2012-04-22)
3.65[33]

15
5
"The Ghost of Harrenhal"
David Petrarca
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 29, 2012 (2012-04-29)
3.90[34]

16
6
"The Old Gods and the New"
David Nutter
Vanessa Taylor
May 6, 2012 (2012-05-06)
3.88[35]

17
7
"A Man Without Honor"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 13, 2012 (2012-05-13)
3.69[36]

18
8
"The Prince of Winterfell"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 20, 2012 (2012-05-20)
3.86[37]

19
9
"Blackwater"
Neil Marshall
George R. R. Martin
May 27, 2012 (2012-05-27)
3.38[38]

20
10
"Valar Morghulis"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 3, 2012 (2012-06-03)
4.20[39]

text: Season 3 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

21
1
"Valar Dohaeris"
Daniel Minahan
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
4.37[40]

22
2
"Dark Wings, Dark Words"
Daniel Minahan
Vanessa Taylor
April 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)
4.27[41]

23
3
"Walk of Punishment"
David Benioff
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 14, 2013 (2013-04-14)
4.72[42]

24
4
"And Now His Watch Is Ended"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 21, 2013 (2013-04-21)
4.87[43]

25
5
"Kissed by Fire"
Alex Graves
Bryan Cogman
April 28, 2013 (2013-04-28)
5.35[44]

26
6
"The Climb"
Alik Sakharov
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 5, 2013 (2013-05-05)
5.50[45]

27
7
"The Bear and the Maiden Fair"
Michelle MacLaren
George R. R. Martin
May 12, 2013 (2013-05-12)
4.84[46]

28
8
"Second Sons"
Michelle MacLaren
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 19, 2013 (2013-05-19)
5.13[47]

29
9
"The Rains of Castamere"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 2, 2013 (2013-06-02)
5.22[48]

30
10
"Mhysa"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)
5.39[49]

text: Season 4 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

31
1
"Two Swords"
D. B. Weiss
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 6, 2014 (2014-04-06)
6.64[50]

32
2
"The Lion and the Rose"
Alex Graves
George R. R. Martin
April 13, 2014 (2014-04-13)
6.31[51]

33
3
"Breaker of Chains"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 20, 2014 (2014-04-20)
6.59[52]

34
4
"Oathkeeper"
Michelle MacLaren
Bryan Cogman
April 27, 2014 (2014-04-27)
6.95[53]

35
5
"First of His Name"
Michelle MacLaren
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 4, 2014 (2014-05-04)
7.16[54]

36
6
"The Laws of Gods and Men"
Alik Sakharov
Bryan Cogman
May 11, 2014 (2014-05-11)
6.40[55]

37
7
"Mockingbird"
Alik Sakharov
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 18, 2014 (2014-05-18)
7.20[56]

38
8
"The Mountain and the Viper"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 1, 2014 (2014-06-01)
7.17[57]

39
9
"The Watchers on the Wall"
Neil Marshall
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 8, 2014 (2014-06-08)
6.95[58]

40
10
"The Children"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 15, 2014 (2014-06-15)
7.09[59]

text: Season 5 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

41
1
"The Wars to Come"
Michael Slovis
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)
8.00[60]

42
2
"The House of Black and White"
Michael Slovis
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 19, 2015 (2015-04-19)
6.81[61]

43
3
"High Sparrow"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)
6.71[62]

44
4
"Sons of the Harpy"
Mark Mylod
Dave Hill
May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)
6.82[63]

45
5
"Kill the Boy"
Jeremy Podeswa
Bryan Cogman
May 10, 2015 (2015-05-10)
6.56[64]

46
6
"Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken"
Jeremy Podeswa
Bryan Cogman
May 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)
6.24[65]

47
7
"The Gift"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 24, 2015 (2015-05-24)
5.40[66]

48
8
"Hardhome"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 31, 2015 (2015-05-31)
7.01[67]

49
9
"The Dance of Dragons"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 7, 2015 (2015-06-07)
7.14[68]

50
10
"Mother's Mercy"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 14, 2015 (2015-06-14)
8.11[69]

text: Season 6 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

51
1
"The Red Woman"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)
7.94[70]

52
2
"Home"
Jeremy Podeswa
Dave Hill
May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)
7.29[71]

53
3
"Oathbreaker"
Daniel Sackheim
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 8, 2016 (2016-05-08)
7.28[72]

54
4
"Book of the Stranger"
Daniel Sackheim
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 15, 2016 (2016-05-15)
7.82[73]

55
5
"The Door"
Jack Bender
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 22, 2016 (2016-05-22)
7.89[74]

56
6
"Blood of My Blood"
Jack Bender
Bryan Cogman
May 29, 2016 (2016-05-29)
6.71[75]

57
7
"The Broken Man"
Mark Mylod
Bryan Cogman
June 5, 2016 (2016-06-05)
7.80[76]

58
8
"No One"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 12, 2016 (2016-06-12)
7.60[77]

59
9
"Battle of the Bastards"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)
7.66[78]

60
10
"The Winds of Winter"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
8.89[79]

text: Season 7 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

61
1
"Dragonstone"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
10.11[80]

62
2
"Stormborn"
Mark Mylod
Bryan Cogman
July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
9.27[81]

63
3
"The Queen's Justice"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
9.25[82]

64
4
"The Spoils of War"
Matt Shakman
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
10.17[83]

65
5
"Eastwatch"
Matt Shakman
Dave Hill
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
10.72[84]

66
6
"Beyond the Wall"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
10.24[85]

67
7
"The Dragon and the Wolf"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
12.07[86]

text: Home media releases[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
DVD and Blu-ray release date

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

1
10
March 6, 2012[87]
March 5, 2012[88]
August 10, 2012[89]

2
10
February 19, 2013[90]
March 4, 2013[91]
March 6, 2013[92]

3
10
February 18, 2014[93]
February 17, 2014[94]
February 19, 2014[95]

4
10
February 17, 2015[96]
February 16, 2015[97]
February 18, 2015[98]

5
10
March 15, 2016[99]
March 14, 2016[100]
March 16, 2016[101]

6
10
November 15, 2016[102]
November 14, 2016[103]
November 16, 2016[104]

7
7
December 12, 2017[105]
December 11, 2017[106]
December 11, 2017[107]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Average

1
2.22
2.20
2.44
2.45
2.58
2.44
2.40
2.72
2.66
3.04
2.52[108]

2
3.86
3.76
3.77
3.65
3.90
3.88
3.69
3.86
3.38
4.20
3.80[108]

3
4.37
4.27
4.72
4.87
5.35
5.50
4.84
5.13
5.22
5.39
4.97[109]

4
6.64
6.31
6.59
6.95
7.16
6.40
7.20
7.17
6.95
7.09
6.84[110]

5
8.00
6.81
6.71
6.82
6.56
6.24
5.40
7.01
7.14
8.11
6.88[111]

6
7.94
7.29
7.28
7.82
7.89
6.71
7.80
7.60
7.66
8.89
7.69[112]

7
10.11
9.27
9.25
10.17
10.72
10.24
12.07
N/A
10.26[113]