document_title: Identity theft

question_text: when did identity theft become a federal crime

question_tokens: when did identity theft become a federal crime

text: Identity theft

text: Types[edit]

text: Sources such as the non-profit Identity Theft Resource Center[10] sub-divide identity theft into five categories:

text:
Criminal identity theft (posing as another person when apprehended for a crime)
Financial identity theft (using another's identity to obtain credit, goods and services)
Identity cloning (using another's information to assume his or her identity in daily life)
Medical identity theft (using another's identity to obtain medical care or drugs)
Child identity theft.

text: Identity theft may be used to facilitate or fund other crimes including illegal immigration, terrorism, phishing and espionage. There are cases of identity cloning to attack payment systems, including online credit card processing and medical insurance.[11]

text: Identity cloning and concealment[edit]

text: In this situation, the identity thief impersonates someone else in order to conceal their own true identity. Examples might be illegal immigrants, people hiding from creditors or other individuals, or those who simply want to become "anonymous" for personal reasons. Another example is posers, a label given to people who use somebody else's photos and information through social networking sites. Mostly, posers create believable stories involving friends of the real person they are imitating. Unlike identity theft used to obtain credit which usually comes to light when the debts mount, concealment may continue indefinitely without being detected, particularly if the identity thief is able to obtain false credentials in order to pass various authentication tests in everyday life has.

text: Criminal identity theft[edit]

text: When a criminal fraudulently identifies himself to police as another individual at the point of arrest, it is sometimes referred to as "Criminal Identity Theft." In some cases criminals have previously obtained state-issued identity documents using credentials stolen from others, or have simply presented a fake ID. Provided the subterfuge works, charges may be placed under the victim's name, letting the criminal off the hook. Victims might only learn of such incidents by chance, for example by receiving court summons, discovering their drivers licenses are suspended when stopped for minor traffic violations, or through background checks performed for employment purposes.

text: It can be difficult for the victim of a criminal identity theft to clear their record. The steps required to clear the victim's incorrect criminal record depend in which jurisdiction the crime occurred and whether the true identity of the criminal can be determined. The victim might need to locate the original arresting officers and prove their own identity by some reliable means such as fingerprinting or DNA testing, and may need to go to a court hearing to be cleared of the charges. Obtaining an expungement of court records may also be required. Authorities might permanently maintain the victim's name as an alias for the criminal's true identity in their criminal records databases. One problem that victims of criminal identity theft may encounter is that various data aggregators might still have the incorrect criminal records in their databases even after court and police records are corrected. Thus it is possible that a future background check will return the incorrect criminal records.[12] This is just one example of the kinds of impact that may continue to affect the victims of identity theft for some months or even years after the crime, aside from the psychological trauma that being 'cloned' typically engenders.

text: Synthetic identity theft[edit]

text: A variation of identity theft which has recently become more common is synthetic identity theft, in which identities are completely or partially fabricated.[13] The most common technique involves combining a real social security number with a name and birthdate other than the ones associated with the number. Synthetic identity theft is more difficult to track as it doesn't show on either person's credit report directly, but may appear as an entirely new file in the credit bureau or as a subfile on one of the victim's credit reports. Synthetic identity theft primarily harms the creditors who unwittingly grant the fraudsters credit. Individual victims can be affected if their names become confused with the synthetic identities, or if negative information in their subfiles impacts their credit ratings.[14]

text: Medical identity theft[edit]

text: Privacy researcher Pam Dixon, founder of the World Privacy Forum, coined the term medical identity theft and released the first major report about this issue in 2006. In the report, she defined the crime for the first time and made the plight of victims public. The report's definition of the crime is that medical identity theft occurs when someone seeks medical care under the identity of another person. Insurance theft is also very common, if a thief has your insurance information and or your insurance card, they can seek medical attention posing as yourself.[15] In addition to risks of financial harm common to all forms of identity theft, the thief's medical history may be added to the victim's medical records. Inaccurate information in the victim's records is difficult to correct and may affect future insurability or cause doctors relying on the misinformation to deliver inappropriate medical care. After the publication of the report, which contained a recommendation that consumers receive notifications of medical data breach incidents, California passed a law requiring this, and then finally HIPAA was expanded to also require medical breach notification when breaches affect 500 or more people.[16][17] Data collected and stored by hospitals and other organisations such as medical aid schemes is up to 10 times more valuable to cybercriminals than credit card information.

text: Child identity theft[edit]

text: Child identity theft occurs when a minor's identity is used by another person for the impostor's personal gain. The impostor can be a family member, a friend, or even a stranger who targets children. The Social Security numbers of children are valued because they do not have any information associated with them. Thieves can establish lines of credit, obtain driver's licenses, or even buy a house using a child's identity. This fraud can go undetected for years, as most children do not discover the problem until years later. Child identity theft is fairly common, and studies have shown that the problem is growing. The largest study on child identity theft, as reported by Richard Power of the Carnegie Mellon Cylab with data supplied by AllClear ID, found that of 40,000 children, 10.2% were victims of identity theft.[citation needed]

text: Financial identity theft[edit]

text: The most common type is financial identity theft, where someone wants to gain economical benefits in someone else's name. This includes getting credits, loans, goods and services, claiming to be someone else.[18]

text: Techniques for obtaining and exploiting personal information for identity theft[edit]

text: Identity thieves typically obtain and exploit personally identifiable information about individuals, or various credentials they use to authenticate themselves, in order to impersonate them. Examples include:

text:
Rummaging through rubbish for personal information (dumpster diving)
Retrieving personal data from redundant IT equipment and storage media including PCs, servers, PDAs, mobile phones, USB memory sticks and hard drives that have been disposed of carelessly at public dump sites, given away or sold on without having been properly sanitized
Using public records about individual citizens, published in official registers such as electoral rolls[19]
Stealing bank or credit cards, identification cards, passports, authentication tokens ... typically by pickpocketing, housebreaking or mail theft
Common-knowledge questioning schemes that offer account verification and compromise: "What's your mother's maiden name?", "what was your first car model?", or "What was your first pet's name?", etc.
Skimming information from bank or credit cards using compromised or hand-held card readers, and creating clone cards
Using 'contactless' credit card readers to acquire data wirelessly from RFID-enabled passports
Shoulder-Surfing, involves an individual who discreetly watches or hears others providing valuable personal information. This is particularly done in crowded places because it is relatively easy to observe someone as they fill out forms, enter PIN numbers on ATM's or even type passwords on smartphones.
Stealing personal information from computers using breaches in browser security or malware such as Trojan horse keystroke logging programs or other forms of spyware
Hacking computer networks, systems and databases to obtain personal data, often in large quantities
Exploiting breaches that result in the publication or more limited disclosure of personal information such as names, addresses, Social Security number or credit card numbers
Advertising bogus job offers in order to accumulate resumes and applications typically disclosing applicants' names, home and email addresses, telephone numbers and sometimes their banking details
Exploiting insider access and abusing the rights of privileged IT users to access personal data on their employers' systems
Infiltrating organizations that store and process large amounts or particularly valuable personal information
Impersonating trusted organizations in emails, SMS text messages, phone calls or other forms of communication in order to dupe victims into disclosing their personal information or login credentials, typically on a fake corporate website or data collection form (phishing)
Brute-force attacking weak passwords and using inspired guesswork to compromise weak password reset questions
Obtaining castings of fingers for falsifying fingerprint identification.
Browsing social networking websites for personal details published by users, often using this information to appear more credible in subsequent social engineering activities
Diverting victims' email or post in order to obtain personal information and credentials such as credit cards, billing and bank/credit card statements, or to delay the discovery of new accounts and credit agreements opened by the identity thieves in the victims' names
Using false pretenses to trick individuals, customer service representatives and help desk workers into disclosing personal information and login details or changing user passwords/access rights (pretexting)
Stealing cheques (checks) to acquire banking information, including account numbers and bank codes[20]
Guessing Social Security numbers by using information found on Internet social networks such as Facebook and MySpace[21]
Low security/privacy protection on photos that are easily clickable and downloaded on social networking sites.
Befriending strangers on social networks and taking advantage of their trust until private information is given.

text: Indicators that you may be a victim of identity theft[edit]

text: The majority of identity theft victims do not realize that they are a victim until it has negatively impacted their lives. Many people do not find out that their identities have been stolen until they are contacted by financial institutions or discover suspicious activities on their bank accounts.[22] According to an article by Herb Weisbaum, everyone in the US should assume that their personal information has been compromised at one point.[22] It is therefore of great importance to watch out for warning signs that your identity has been compromised. The following are ten indicators that someone else might be using your identity.

text:
Credit or debit card charges for goods or services you are not aware of, including unauthorized withdrawals from your account[22]
Receiving calls from credit or debit card fraud control department warning of possible suspicious activity on your credit card account[23]
Receiving credit cards that you did not apply for[23]
Receiving information that a credit scoring investigation was done. They are often done when a loan or phone subscription was applied for.
Checks bouncing for lack of enough money in your account to cover the amount. This might be as a result of unauthorized withdrawals from your account[23]
Identity theft criminals may commit crimes with your personal information. You may not realize this until you see the police on your door arresting you for crimes that you did not commit[23]
Sudden changes to your credit score may indicate that someone else is using your credit cards[24]
Bills for services like gas, water, electricity not arriving in time. This can be an indication that your mail was stolen or redirected[24]
Being not approved for loans because your credit report indicates that you are not credit worthy[24]
Receiving notification from your post office informing you that your mails are being forwarded to another unknown address[25]
Your yearly tax returns indicating that you have earned more than you have actually earned. This might indicate that someone is using your national identification number e.g. SSN to report their earnings to the tax authorities[25]

tag: ol

text: Individual identity protection[edit]

text: The acquisition of personal identifiers is made possible through serious breaches of privacy. For consumers, this is usually a result of them naively providing their personal information or login credentials to the identity thieves as a result of being duped but identity-related documents such as credit cards, bank statements, utility bills, checkbooks etc. may also be physically stolen from vehicles, homes, offices, and not the least letter boxes, or directly from victims by pickpockets and bag snatchers. Guardianship of personal identifiers by consumers is the most common intervention strategy recommended by the US Federal Trade Commission, Canadian Phone Busters and most sites that address identity theft. Such organizations offer recommendations on how individuals can prevent their information falling into the wrong hands.

text: Identity theft can be partially mitigated by not identifying oneself unnecessarily (a form of information security control known as risk avoidance). This implies that organizations, IT systems and procedures should not demand excessive amounts of personal information or credentials for identification and authentication. Requiring, storing and processing personal identifiers (such as Social Security number, national identification number, driver's license number, credit card number, etc.) increases the risks of identity theft unless this valuable personal information is adequately secured at all times. Committing personal identifiers to memory is a sound practice that can reduce the risks of a would-be identity thief from obtaining these records. To help in remembering numbers such as social security numbers and credit card numbers, it is helpful to consider using mnemonic techniques or memory aids such as the mnemonic Major System.

text: Identity thieves sometimes impersonate dead people, using personal information obtained from death notices, gravestones and other sources to exploit delays between the death and the closure of the person's accounts, the inattentiveness of grieving families and weaknesses in the processes for credit-checking. Such crimes may continue for some time until the deceased's families or the authorities notice and react to anomalies.[26]

text: In recent years, commercial identity theft protection/insurance services have become available in many countries. These services purport to help protect the individual from identity theft or help detect that identity theft has occurred in exchange for a monthly or annual membership fee or premium.[27] The services typically work either by setting fraud alerts on the individual's credit files with the three major credit bureaus or by setting up credit report monitoring with the credit bureaux. While identity theft protection/insurance services have been heavily marketed, their value has been called into question.[28]

text: Identity protection by organizations[edit]

text: In their May 1998 testimony before the United States Senate, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) discussed the sale of Social Security numbers and other personal identifiers by credit-raters and data miners. The FTC agreed to the industry's self-regulating principles restricting access to information on credit reports.[29] According to the industry, the restrictions vary according to the category of customer. Credit reporting agencies gather and disclose personal and credit information to a wide business client base.

text: Poor stewardship of personal data by organizations, resulting in unauthorized access to sensitive data, can expose individuals to the risk of identity theft. The Privacy Rights Clearinghouse has documented over 900 individual data breaches by US companies and government agencies since January 2005, which together have involved over 200 million total records containing sensitive personal information, many containing social security numbers.[30] Poor corporate diligence standards which can result in data breaches include:

text:
failure to shred confidential information before throwing it into dumpsters
failure to ensure adequate network security
credit card numbers stolen by call center agents and people with access to call recordings
the theft of laptop computers or portable media being carried off-site containing vast amounts of personal information. The use of strong encryption on these devices can reduce the chance of data being misused should a criminal obtain them.
the brokerage of personal information to other businesses without ensuring that the purchaser maintains adequate security controls
Failure of governments, when registering sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations, to determine if the officers listed in the Articles of Incorporation are who they say they are. This potentially allows criminals access to personal information through credit rating and data mining services.

text: The failure of corporate or government organizations to protect consumer privacy, client confidentiality and political privacy has been criticized for facilitating the acquisition of personal identifiers by criminals.[31]

text: Using various types of biometric information, such as fingerprints, for identification and authentication has been cited as a way to thwart identity thieves, however there are technological limitations and privacy concerns associated with these methods as well.

text: Legal responses[edit]

text: International[edit]

text: In March 2014, after it was learned two passengers with stolen passports were on board Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 which went missing on March 8, 2014, it came to light that Interpol maintains a database of 40 million lost and stolen travel documents from 157 countries which it makes available to governments and the public, including airlines and hotels. The Stolen and Lost Travel Documents (SLTD) database however is little used. Big News Network which is based in the UAE, observed that Interpol Secretary General Ronald K. Noble told a forum in Abu Dhabi the previous month this was the case. "The bad news is that, despite being incredibly cost effective and deployable to virtually anywhere in the world, only a handful of countries are systematically using SLTD to screen travelers. The result is a major gap in our global security apparatus that is left vulnerable to exploitation by criminals and terrorists," Noble is quoted as saying.[32]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, each state has enacted laws that deal with different aspects of identity or fraud issues. Some states have now amended relevant criminal laws to reflect crimes of identity theft, such as the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA), Crimes Amendment (Fraud, Identity and Forgery Offences) Act 2009 and also in Queensland under the Criminal Code 1899 (QLD). Other states and territories are in states of development in respect of regulatory frameworks relating to identity theft such as Western Australia in respect of Criminal Code Amendment (Identity Crime) Bill 2009.

text: At the Commonwealth level, under the Criminal Code Amendment (Theft, Fraud, Bribery & Related Offences) Act 2000 which amended certain provisions within the Criminal Code Act 1995,

text: Between 2014 and 2015, in Australia there were 133,921 fraud and deception offences, an increase of 6% from previous year. The total cost reported by the Attorney General Department was:[33]

text:
Total costs[33]

Fraud category
Cost per incident
Total direct cost

Commonwealth fraud
$2,111
$353,866,740

Personal fraud
$400
$656,550,506

Police recorded fraud
$4,412 per unrecorded incident
$27,981 per recorded incident

$3,260,141,049

text: There are also high indirect costs associated as a direct result of an incident. For example, the total indirect costs for police recorded fraud is $5,774,081.[33]

text: 135.1 General dishonesty

text: (3) A person is guilty of an offence if a) the person does anything with the intention of dishonestly causing a loss to another person; and b) the other person is a Commonwealth entity. Penalty: Imprisonment for 5 years.

text: Likewise, each state has enacted their own privacy laws to prevent misuse of personal information and data. The Commonwealth Privacy Act is applicable only to Commonwealth and territory agencies, and to certain private sector bodies (where for example they deal with sensitive records, such as medical records, or they have more than $3 million turnover PA).

text: Canada[edit]

text: Under section 402.2 of the Criminal Code,

text: Everyone commits an offence who knowingly obtains or possesses another person's identity information in circumstances giving rise to a reasonable inference that the information is intended to be used to commit an indictable offence that includes fraud, deceit or falsehood as an element of the offence.

text: is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years; or is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.

text: Under section 403 of the Criminal Code,

text: (1) Everyone commits an offence who fraudulently personates another person, living or dead,

text: (a) with intent to gain advantage for themselves or another person; (b) with intent to obtain any property or an interest in any property; (c) with intent to cause disadvantage to the person being personated or another person; or (d) with intent to avoid arrest or prosecution or to obstruct, pervert or defeat the course of justice. is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years; or guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.

text: In Canada, Privacy Act (federal legislation) covers only federal government, agencies and crown corporations. Each province and territory has its own privacy law and privacy commissioners to limit the storage and use of personal data. For the private sector, the purpose of the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act ( 2000, c. 5 ) (known as PIPEDA) is to establish rules to govern the collection, use and disclosure of personal information; except for the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia where provincial laws have been deemed substantially similar.

text: France[edit]

text: In France, a person convicted of identity theft can be sentenced up to five years in prison and fined up to €75,000.[34]

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: Under HK Laws. Chap 210 Theft Ordinance, sec. 16A Fraud

text: (1) If any person by any deceit (whether or not the deceit is the sole or main inducement) and with intent to defraud induces another person to commit an act or make an omission, which results either-

text: (a) in benefit to any person other than the second-mentioned person; or (b) in prejudice or a substantial risk of prejudice to any person other than the first-mentioned person, the first-mentioned person commits the offense of fraud and is liable on conviction upon indictment to imprisonment for 14 years.

text: Under the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance, it established the post of Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data and mandate how much personal information one can collect, retain and destruction. This legislation also provides citizens the right to request information held by businesses and government to the extent provided by this law.

text: India[edit]

text: Under the Information Technology Act 2000 Chapter IX Sec 66C

text: SECTION 66C

text: PUNISHMENT FOR IDENTITY THEFT Whoever, fraudulently or dishonestly makes use of the electronic signature, password or any other unique identification feature of any other person, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine which may extend to rupees one lakh.[35]

text: Philippines[edit]

text: Social networking sites are one of the most famous spreader of posers in the online community, giving the users freedom to place any information they want without any verification that the account is being used by the real person.

text: Philippines, which ranks eighth in the numbers of users of Facebook and other social networking sites such as Twitter, Multiply and Tumblr, has been known as source of various identity theft problems.[36] Identities of those people who carelessly put personal information on their profiles can easily be stolen just by simple browsing. There are people who meet online, get to know each other through the free Facebook chat and exchange of messages that then leads to sharing of private information. Others get romantically involved with their online friends that they tend to give too much information such as their social security number, bank account and even personal basic information such as home address and company address.

text: This phenomenon lead to the creation of Senate Bill 52: Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2010.[37] Section 2 of this bill states that it recognizes the importance of communication and multimedia for the development, exploitation and dissemination of information but violators will be punished by the law through imprisonment or a fine upwards of Php200,000, but not exceeding 1 million, or depending on the damage caused, or both (Section 7).

text: Sweden[edit]

text: Sweden has had relatively few problems with identity theft. This is because only Swedish identity documents have been accepted for identity verification. Stolen documents are traceable by banks and some other institutions. The banks have the duty to check the identity of people withdrawing money or getting loans. If a bank gives money to someone using an identity document reported as stolen, the bank must take the loss. Since 2008, any EU passport is valid in Sweden for identity check, and Swedish passports are valid all over the EU. This makes it harder to detect stolen documents, but still banks in Sweden must ensure that stolen documents are not accepted.

text: Other types of identity theft have become more common in Sweden. One common example is ordering a credit card to someone who has an unlocked letterbox and is not home in the daytime. The thief steals the letter with the credit card and then the letter with the code which typically arrives a few days later. Usage of a stolen credit card is hard in Sweden, since an identity document or a PIN code it is normally demanded. If the shop does not demand that, it must take the loss from stolen credit cards. The method of observing someone using the credit card PIN code, stealing the card or skimming it, and then using the card, has become more common.

text: Legally, Sweden is an open society. The Principle of Public Access says that all information kept by public authorities must be available for anyone except in certain cases. Specifically, anyone's address, income, taxes etc. are available to anyone. This makes fraud easier (the address is restricted only for people who needs to hide).

text: There was until 2016 no legal ban specifically against using someone's identity, only on the indirect damage caused. To impersonate someone else for financial gain is a kind of fraud, which is described in the Criminal Code (Swedish: brottsbalken). To impersonate someone else to discredit someone by breaking into social media accounts and provoke, is libel, but that is hard to sentence someone for. A new law was introduced late 2016 which partially banned unpermitted identity usage.[38]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom personal data is protected by the Data Protection Act 1998. The Act covers all personal data which an organization may hold, including names, birthday and anniversary dates, addresses, telephone numbers, etc.

text: Under English law (which extends to Wales but not to Northern Ireland or Scotland), the deception offences under the Theft Act 1968 increasingly contend with identity theft situations. In R v Seward (2005) EWCA Crim 1941[39] the defendant was acting as the "front man" in the use of stolen credit cards and other documents to obtain goods. He obtained goods to the value of £10,000 for others who are unlikely ever to be identified. The Court of Appeal considered sentencing policy for deception offenses involving "identity theft" and concluded that a prison sentence was required. Henriques J. said at para 14:"Identity fraud is a particularly pernicious and prevalent form of dishonesty calling for, in our judgment, deterrent sentences."

text: Statistics released by CIFAS - The UK's Fraud Prevention Service show that there were 89,000 victims of identity theft in the UK 2010.[40] This compared with 2009 where there were 85,000 victims.[41] Men in their 30s and 40s are the most common UK victims[42] and identity fraud now accounts for nearly half of all frauds recorded.[43]

text: United States[edit]

text: The increase in crimes of identity theft led to the drafting of the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act.[44] In 1998, The Federal Trade Commission appeared before the United States Senate.[45] The FTC discussed crimes which exploit consumer credit to commit loan fraud, mortgage fraud, lines-of-credit fraud, credit card fraud, commodities and services frauds. The Identity Theft Deterrence Act (2003)[ITADA] amended U.S. Code Title 18, § 1028 ("Fraud related to activity in connection with identification documents, authentication features, and information"). The statute now makes the possession of any "means of identification" to "knowingly transfer, possess, or use without lawful authority" a federal crime, alongside unlawful possession of identification documents. However, for federal jurisdiction to prosecute, the crime must include an "identification document" that either: (a) is purportedly issued by the United States, (b) is used or intended to defraud the United States, (c) is sent through the mail, or (d) is used in a manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce. See 18 U.S.C. § 1028(c). Punishment can be up to 5, 15, 20, or 30 years in federal prison, plus fines, depending on the underlying crime per 18 U.S.C. § 1028(b). In addition, punishments for the unlawful use of a "means of identification" were strengthened in § 1028A ("Aggravated Identity Theft"), allowing for a consecutive sentence under specific enumerated felony violations as defined in § 1028A(c)(1) through (11).[46]

text: The Act also provides the Federal Trade Commission with authority to track the number of incidents and the dollar value of losses. Their figures relate mainly to consumer financial crimes and not the broader range of all identification-based crimes.[47]

text: If charges are brought by state or local law enforcement agencies, different penalties apply depending on the state.

text: Six Federal agencies conducted a joint task force to increase the ability to detect identity theft. Their joint recommendation on "red flag" guidelines is a set of requirements on financial institutions and other entities which furnish credit data to credit reporting services to develop written plans for detecting identity theft. The FTC has determined that most medical practices are considered creditors and are subject to requirements to develop a plan to prevent and respond to patient identity theft.[48] These plans must be adopted by each organization's Board of Directors and monitored by senior executives.[49]

text: Identity theft complaints as a percentage of all fraud complaints decreased from 2004-2006.[50] The Federal Trade Commission reported that fraud complaints in general were growing faster than ID theft complaints.[50] The findings were similar in two other FTC studies done in 2003 and 2005. In 2003, 4.6 percent of the US population said they were a victim of ID theft. In 2005, that number had dropped to 3.7 percent of the population.[51][52] The Commission's 2003 estimate was that identity theft accounted for some $52.6 billion of losses in the preceding year alone and affected more than 9.91 million Americans;[53] the figure comprises $47.6 billion lost by businesses and $5 billion lost by consumers.

text: According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2010, 7% of US households experienced identity theft - up from 5.5% in 2005 when the figures were first assembled, but broadly flat since 2007.[54] In 2012, approximately 16.6 million persons, or 7% of all U.S. residents age 16 or older, reported being victims of one or more incidents of identity theft.[55]

text: At least two states, California[56] and Wisconsin[57] have created an Office of Privacy Protection to assist their citizens in avoiding and recovering from identity theft.

text: In 2009, Indiana created an Identity Theft Unit within their Office of Attorney General to educate and assist consumers in avoiding and recovering from identity theft as well as assist law enforcement in investigating and prosecuting identity theft crimes.[58][59]

text: In Massachusetts in 2009-2010, Governor Deval Patrick made a commitment to balance consumer protection with the needs of small business owners. His Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation announced certain adjustments to Massachusetts' identity theft regulations that maintain protections and also allows flexibility in compliance. These updated regulations went into effect on March 1, 2010. The regulations are clear that their approach to data security is a risk-based approach important to small businesses and might not handle a lot of personal information about customers.[60][61]

text: The IRS has created[when?] the IRS Identity Protection Specialized Unit to help taxpayers' who are victims of federal tax-related identity theft.[62] Generally, the identity thief will use a stolen SSN to file a forged tax return and attempt to get a fraudulent refund early in the filing season. A taxpayer will need to fill out Form 14039, Identity Theft Affidavit.[63][64]

text: Notification[edit]

text: Many states followed California's lead and enacted mandatory data breach notification laws. As a result, companies that report a data breach typically report it to all their customers.[65]

text: Spread and impact[edit]

text: Surveys in the USA from 2003 to 2006 showed a decrease in the total number of victims and a decrease in the total value of identity fraud from US$47.6 billion in 2003 to $15.6 billion in 2006. The average fraud per person decreased from $4,789 in 2003 to $1,882 in 2006. A Microsoft report shows that this drop is due to statistical problems with the methodology, that such survey-based estimates are "hopelessly flawed" and exaggerate the true losses by orders of magnitude.[66]

text: The 2003 survey from the Identity Theft Resource Center[67] found that:

text:
Only 15% of victims find out about the theft through proactive action taken by a business
The average time spent by victims resolving the problem is about 330 hours
73% of respondents indicated the crime involved the thief acquiring a credit card

text: In a widely publicized account,[68] Michelle Brown, a victim of identity fraud, testified before a U.S. Senate Committee Hearing on Identity Theft. Ms. Brown testified that: "over a year and a half from January 1998 through July 1999, one individual impersonated me to procure over $50,000 in goods and services. Not only did she damage my credit, but she escalated her crimes to a level that I never truly expected: she engaged in drug trafficking. The crime resulted in my erroneous arrest record, a warrant out for my arrest, and eventually, a prison record when she was booked under my name as an inmate in the Chicago Federal Prison."

text: In Australia, identity theft was estimated to be worth between A$1billion and A$4 billion per annum in 2001.[69]

text: In the United Kingdom, the Home Office reported that identity fraud costs the UK economy £1.2 billion annually[70] (experts believe that the real figure could be much higher)[71] although privacy groups object to the validity of these numbers, arguing that they are being used by the government to push for introduction of national ID cards. Confusion over exactly what constitutes identity theft has led to claims that statistics may be exaggerated.[72] An extensively reported[73][74] study from Microsoft Research[75] in 2011 finds that estimates of identity theft losses contain enormous exaggerations, writing that surveys "are so compromised and biased that no faith whatever can be placed in their findings."


document_title: List of Prime Ministers of India

question_text: who was the pm of india in 1996

question_tokens: who was the pm of india in 1996

root

text: List of Prime Ministers of India

text: Key

text:
Colour key for party of the prime ministers
  Bharatiya Janata Party
  Indian National Congressdesignated Indian National Congress (I) 1977–1996[5]
  Janata Dal
  Janata Party
  Janata Party (Secular)
  Samajwadi Janata Party

Other key
№: Incumbent number
†  Assassinated or died in office
§  Returned to office after a previous term
RES  Resigned
NC  Resigned following a no-confidence motion

tag: table

text: Prime Ministers of India

text:
№

Name(birth–death)

Portrait

Prior Office

Party(Alliance)

Elected constituency

Term of office[6]

Appointed by

Lok Sabha[a]

1

Jawaharlal Nehru(1889–1964)

Vice President of Executive Council

Indian National Congress

Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh

15 August 1947

15 April
1952

16 years, 286 days

Lord Mountbatten

Constituent Assembly[b]

15 April 1952

17 April 1957

Rajendra Prasad

1st

17 April 1957

2 April 1962

2nd

2 April 1962

27 May1964[†]

3rd

–

Gulzarilal Nanda (acting) (1898–1998)

Minister of Labour and Employment

Indian National Congress

Sabarkantha, Gujarat

27 May1964

9 June1964

13 days

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

2

Lal Bahadur Shastri(1904–1966)

Minister of Home Affairs

Indian National Congress

Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh

9 June1964

11 January1966[†]

1 year, 216 days

–

Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)(1898–1998)

Minister of Home Affairs

Indian National Congress

Sabarkantha, Gujarat

11 January1966

24 January1966

13 days

3

Indira Gandhi(1917–1984)

Minister of Information and Broadcasting

Prime Minister
(Re-elected)

Indian National Congress

Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh

Amethi, Uttar Pradesh

24 January1966

4 March 1967

11 years, 59 days

4 March 1967

15 March 1971

V. V. Giri

4th

15 March 1971

24 March1977

5th

4

Morarji Desai(1896–1995)

Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of India before he resigned in 1969

Janata Party

Surat, Gujarat

24 March1977

28 July1979[RES]

2 years, 126 days

B. D. Jatti
(acting President)

6th

5

Charan Singh(1902–1987)

Minister of Finance

Janata Party (Secular)with INC

Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh

28 July1979

14 January1980[RES]

170 days

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

(3)

Indira Gandhi(1917–1984)

Former Prime Minister

Indian National Congress (I)

Medak, Andhra Pradesh

14 January1980[§]

31 October1984[†]

4 years, 291 days

7th

6

Rajiv Gandhi(1944–1991)

MP for Amethi

Indian National Congress (I)

Amethi, Uttar Pradesh

31 October1984

31 December 1984

5 years, 32 days

Zail Singh

31 December 1984

2 December1989

8th

7

Vishwanath Pratap Singh(1931–2008)

Minister of Defence

Janata Dal(National Front)

Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh

2 December1989

10 November1990[NC]

343 days

R. Venkataraman

9th

8

Chandra Shekhar(1927–2007)

MP for Ballia

Samajwadi Janata Partywith INC

Ballia, Uttar Pradesh

10 November1990

21 June1991[c]

223 days

9

Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao(1921–2004)

Minister of External Affairs

Indian National Congress (I)

Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh

21 June1991

16 May1996

4 years, 330 days

10th

10

Atal Bihari Vajpayee(1924–2018)

Minister of External Affairs

Bharatiya Janata Party

Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

16 May1996

1 June1996[RES]

16 days

Shankar Dayal Sharma

11th

11

Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda(born 1933)

Chief Minister of Karnataka

Janata Dal(United Front)

Rajya Sabha MP for Karnataka

1 June1996

21 April1997[RES]

324 days

12

Inder Kumar Gujral(1919–2012)

Minister of External Affairs

Janata Dal(United Front)

Rajya Sabha MP for Bihar

21 April1997

19 March1998

332 days

(10)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee(1924–2018)

Former Prime Minister

Bharatiya Janata Party(NDA)

Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

19 March1998[§]

10 October 1999

6 years, 64 days

K. R. Narayanan

12th

10 October 1999

22 May2004

13th

13

Manmohan Singh(born 1932)

Minister of Finance

Indian National Congress(UPA)

Rajya Sabha MP for Assam

22 May2004

22 May 2009

10 years, 4 days

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

14th

22 May 2009

26 May2014

Pratibha Patil

15th

14

Narendra Modi(born 1950)

Chief Minister of Gujarat

Bharatiya Janata Party(NDA)

Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

26 May2014[7]

Incumbent

4 years, 156 days

Pranab Mukherjee

16th

text:
Jump up ^ Although the Prime Minister can be a member of either house of the Parliament, they have to command the confidence of the Lok Sabha. Upon dissolution of the Lok Sabha, the outgoing PM remains in office until their successor is sworn-in.

Jump up ^  The Constituent Assembly of India consisted of 389 members elected in 1946 by the provincial assemblies by a single, transferable-vote system of proportional representation. The Assembly was replaced by the Provisional Parliament of India after adoption of the Constitution on 26 January 1950 until the first general elections.

Jump up ^ Chandra Shekhar officially resigned as Prime Minister on 13 March 1991, but he and his ministers continued in office until Rao succeeded him.


document_title: Government of the Philippines

question_text: where is judicial power vested in the philippines

text: Government of the Philippines

text: Legislative branch[edit]

text: The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines which consists of the Senate of the Philippines Senate and House of Representatives. The upper house is located in Pasay City, while the lower house is located in Quezon City. Both are in Metro Manila. The district and sectoral representatives are elected for a term of three years. They can be re-elected but they may not run for a fourth consecutive term.

tag: p

text: Senators are elected to a term of six years. They can be re-elected but may not run for a third consecutive term. The House of Representatives may opt to pass for a vacancy of a legislative seat, which leads to a special election. The winner of the special election will serve the unfinished term of the previous district representative, and will be considered as one elective term. The same rule also applies in the Senate, however it only applies if the seat was vacated before a regular legislative election.

text: The current President of the Senate is Aquilino Pimentel III, while the current Speaker of the House of Representatives is Pantaleon Alvarez.

text: Legislative branch:

text: National Government

text:
Senate
House of Representatives

tag: ul

text: Local Government

text:
Sangguniang Panlalawigan
Regional Legislative Assembly
Sangguniang Panlungsod
Sangguniang Bayan
Sangguniang Barangay

text: Executive branch[edit]

text: The executive power is vested in the President of the Philippines. The President is elected by popular vote. The principal workplace of the President is the Malacañang Palace in San Miguel, Manila. The executive branch is currently headed by President Rodrigo Duterte. The President is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, The second highest official is elected separately from the President by popular vote. The Vice President is first in line to succession if the President resigns, is impeached or dies. The Vice President is usually, though not always, a member of the president's cabinet. If there is a vacancy in the position of vice-president, the President will appoint any member of Congress (usually a party member) as the new Vice President. The appointment must then be validated by a three-fourths vote of the Congress.[2]

text: Executive leadership:

text: National government

text:
President
Vice-President
Cabinet Secretaries

text: Local government

text:
Provincial/Regional Governor
Provincial/Regional Vice-Governor
City/Municipal Mayor
City/Municipal Vice-Mayor
Barangay Captain/Barangay Chairman

text: Judicial branch[edit]

text: The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court of the Philippines and lower courts established by law. The Supreme Court, which has a Chief Justice as its head and 14 Associate Justices, occupies the highest tier of the judiciary. The justices serve until the age of 70. The justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council of the Philippines.[3] The sitting Chief Justice is Maria Lourdes Sereno, the 24th to serve in that position...

text:
Other court types of courts, of varying jurisdiction around the archipelago, are the:
Lower Collegiate Courts:

text:
Court of Appeals
Court of Tax Appeals
Sandiganbayan

text: Regular Courts:

text:
Regional Trial Courts
Municipal Circuit Trial Courts

text: Muslim Courts

text:
Sharia District Courts
Sharia Circuit Courts yessy

text: Constitutional Commissions[edit]

text: Article 9 of the Constitution of the Philippines establishes three constitutional commissions: the Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit.

text: Office of the Ombudsman[edit]

text: The government and all three of its branches are independently monitored by the office of the Ombudsman (Filipino: Tanodbayan). The Ombudsman is given the mandate to investigate and prosecute any government official allegedly guilty of crimes, especially Graft and Corruption. The Ombudsman is assisted by six deputies: the Overall Deputy, the Deputy for Luzon, the Deputy for Visayas, the Deputy for Mindanao, the Deputy for the Armed Forces, and the Special Prosecutor.

text: Local government[edit]

text: The Philippines has four main classes of elected administrative divisions, often lumped together as local government units (LGUs). They are, from the highest to the lowest division:

text:
Autonomous regions
Provinces (lalawigan, probinsiya, kapuoran) and independent cities (lungsod, siyudad/ciudad, dakbayan, dakbanwa, lakanbalen)
Municipalities (bayan, balen, bungto, banwa) and component cities (lungsod, siyudad/ciudad, dakbayan, dakbanwa, lakanbalen)
Barangays (also known as barrio)

text: Beyond these, the national government groups provinces and independent cities into regions, e.g. Metro Manila or Region VI. The President has the prerogative to create, abolish and determine the composition of regions, which is done so most often in consultation with the local government units affected, with the exception of autonomous regions, where the residents of the local government units have to ratify in a plebiscite their inclusion in such a setup.


document_title: Great blue heron

question_text: what is a group of blue herons called

question_tokens: what is a group of blue herons called

text: Great blue heron

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: The great blue heron was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his 18th-century work, Systema Naturae.[2] The scientific name comes from Latin ardea, and Ancient Greek erodios, both meaning "heron".[3]

text: The great blue heron is replaced in the Old World by the very similar grey heron (Ardea cinerea), which differs in being somewhat smaller (90–98 cm (35–39 in)), with a pale gray neck and legs, lacking the browner colors that great blue heron has there. It forms a superspecies with this and also with the cocoi heron from South America, which differs in having more extensive black on the head, and a white breast and neck.

text: The five subspecies are:[4]

text:
A. h. herodias Linnaeus, 1758, most of North America, except as below
A. h. fannini Chapman, 1901, the Pacific Northwest from southern Alaska south to Washington; coastal
A. h. wardi Ridgway, 1882, Kansas and Oklahoma to northern Florida, sightings in southeastern Georgia
A. h. occidentalis Audubon, 1835, southern Florida, Caribbean islands, formerly known as a separate species, the great white heron
A. h. cognata Bangs, 1903, Galápagos Islands

text: Description[edit]

text: It is the largest North American heron and, among all extant herons, it is surpassed only by the goliath heron (Ardea goliath) and the white-bellied heron (Ardea insignis). It has head-to-tail length of 91–137 cm (36–54 in), a wingspan of 167–201 cm (66–79 in), a height of 115–138 cm (45–54 in), and a weight of 1.82–3.6 kg (4.0–7.9 lb).[5][6][7][8] In British Columbia, adult males averaged 2.48 kg (5.5 lb) and adult females 2.11 kg (4.7 lb).[9] In Nova Scotia and New England, adult herons of both sexes averaged 2.23 kg (4.9 lb),[10] while in Oregon, both sexes averaged 2.09 kg (4.6 lb)[11] Thus, great blue herons are roughly twice as heavy as great egrets (Ardea alba), although only slightly taller than them, but they can weigh about half as much as a large goliath heron.[12]

text: Notable features of great blue herons include slaty (gray with a slight azure blue) flight feathers, red-brown thighs, and a paired red-brown and black stripe up the flanks; the neck is rusty-gray, with black and white streaking down the front; the head is paler, with a nearly white face, and a pair of black or slate plumes runs from just above the eye to the back of the head. The feathers on the lower neck are long and plume-like; it also has plumes on the lower back at the start of the breeding season. The bill is dull yellowish, becoming orange briefly at the start of the breeding season, and the lower legs are gray, also becoming orangey at the start of the breeding season. Immature birds are duller in color, with a dull blackish-gray crown, and the flank pattern is only weakly defined; they have no plumes, and the bill is dull gray-yellow.[4][13][14] Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 43–49.2 cm (16.9–19.4 in), the tail is 15.2–19.5 cm (6.0–7.7 in), the culmen is 12.3–15.2 cm (4.8–6.0 in), and the tarsus is 15.7–21 cm (6.2–8.3 in).[15][16] The heron's stride is around 22 cm (8.7 in), almost in a straight line. Two of the three front toes are generally closer together. In a track, the front toes, as well as the back, often show the small talons.[17]

text: The subspecies differ only slightly in size and plumage tone, with the exception of subspecies A. h. occidentalis, which also has a distinct white morph, known as the great white heron (not to be confused with the great egret, for which "great white heron" was once a common name). It is found only in south Florida and some parts of the Caribbean. The great white heron differs from other great blues in bill morphology, head plume length, and in having a total lack of pigment in its plumage. It averages somewhat larger than the sympatric race A. h. wardi and may be the largest race in the species. In a survey of A. h. occidentalis in Florida, males were found to average 3.02 kg (6.7 lb) and females average 2.57 kg (5.7 lb), with a range for both sexes of 2 to 3.39 kg (4.4 to 7.5 lb).[5] This is mainly found near salt water, and was long thought to be a separate species. Birds intermediate between the normal morph and the white morph are known as Würdemann's heron; these birds resemble a "normal" great blue with a white head.

text: The theory that great white herons may be a separate species (A. occidentalis) from the great blue heron has again been given some support by David Sibley.[18]

text: With nesting material in Illinois

text: Similar species[edit]

text: The "great white heron" could be confused with great egret, but is larger, with yellow legs as opposed to the great egret's black legs. The reddish egret (Egretta rufescens) and little blue heron (Egretta caerulea) could be mistaken for the great blue heron, but are much smaller, and lack white on the head and yellow in the bill. In the southern reaches of its range, the great blue sometimes overlaps in range with the closely related and similarly sized cocoi heron (A. cocoi). The cocoi is distinguished by a striking white neck and solid black crown, but the duller juveniles are more easily confused. More superficially similar is the slightly smaller grey heron, which may sometimes vagrate to the northern coasts of North America. The grey heron (which occupies the same ecological niche in Eurasia as the great blue heron) has very similar plumage, but has a solidly soft-gray neck. Erroneously, the great blue heron is sometimes referred to as a "crane".

text: Distribution and habitat[edit]

text: The great blue heron is found throughout most of North America, as far north as Alaska and the southern Canadian provinces in the summer months. In winter, the range extends south through Florida, Mexico, and the Caribbean to South America. Birds east of the Rocky Mountains in the northern part of their range are migratory and winter in the coastal areas of the southern United States, Central America or northern South America. From the southern United States southwards, and on the lower Pacific coast, they are year-round residents.[4] However, their hardiness is such that individuals often remain through cold northern winters, as well, so long as fish-bearing waters remain unfrozen (which may be the case only in flowing water such as streams, creeks, and rivers).

text: The great blue heron can adapt to almost any wetland habitat in its range. It may be found in numbers in fresh and saltwater marshes, mangrove swamps, flooded meadows, lake edges, or shorelines. It is quite adaptable and may be seen in heavily developed areas as long as they hold bodies of fish-bearing water.

text: Great blue herons rarely venture far from bodies of water, but are occasionally seen flying over upland areas. They usually nest in trees or bushes near water's edge, often on islands (which minimizes the potential for predation) or partially isolated spots.[19]

text: It has been recorded as a vagrant in England,[20] Greenland, Hawaii, and the Azores.[4]

text: Behavior[edit]

text: Diet[edit]

text: The primary food for great blue heron is small fish, though it is also known to opportunistically feed on a wide range of shrimp, crabs, aquatic insects, rodents, and other small mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Primary prey is variable based on availability and abundance. In Nova Scotia, 98% of the diet was flounders.[10] In British Columbia, the primary prey species are sticklebacks, gunnels, sculpins, and perch.[21] California herons were found to live mostly on sculpin, bass, perch, flounder, and top smelt.[22] Nonpiscine prey is rarely quantitatively important, though one study in Idaho showed that from 24 to 40% of the diet was made up of voles.[23]

text: Herons locate their food by sight and usually swallow it whole. They have been known to choke on prey that is too large.[24][25] It is generally a solitary feeder. Individuals usually forage while standing in water, but also feed in fields or drop from the air, or a perch, into water. Mice are occasionally preyed on in upland areas far from the species' typical aquatic environment.[19] Occasionally, loose feeding flocks form and may be beneficial since they are able to locate schools of fish more easily.[19]

text: As large wading birds, great blue herons are capable of feeding in deeper waters, thus are able to harvest from niche areas not open to most other heron species. Typically, the great blue heron feeds in shallow waters, usually less than 50 cm (20 in) deep,[19] or at the water's edge during both the night and the day, but especially around dawn and dusk. The most commonly employed hunting technique of the species is wading slowly with its long legs through shallow water and quickly spearing fish or frogs with its long, sharp bill. Although usually ponderous in movements, the great blue heron is adaptable in its fishing methods. Feeding behaviors variably have consisted of standing in one place, probing, pecking, walking at slow speeds, moving quickly, flying short distances and alighting, hovering over water and picking up prey, diving headfirst into the water, alighting on water feet-first, jumping from perches feet-first, and swimming or floating on the surface of the water.[19]

text: Flying heron

text: Breeding[edit]

text: This species usually breeds in colonies, in trees close to lakes or other wetlands. Adults generally return to the colony site after winter from December (in warmer climes such as California and Florida) to March (in cooler areas such as Canada). Usually, colonies include only great blue herons, though sometimes they nest alongside other species of herons. These groups are called a heronry (a more specific term than "rookery"). The size of these colonies may be large, ranging between five and 500 nests per colony, with an average around 160 nests per colony. A heronry is usually relatively close, usually within 4 to 5 km (2.5 to 3.1 mi), to ideal feeding spots.[19] Heronry sites are usually difficult to reach on foot (e.g., islands, trees in swamps, high branches, etc.) to protect from potential mammalian predators. Trees of any type are used when available. When not, herons may nest on the ground, sagebrush, cacti, channel markers, artificial platforms, beaver mounds, and duck blinds. Other waterbirds (especially smaller herons) and, occasionally, even fish and mammal-eating raptors may nest amongst colonies.[26][27]

text: Although nests are often reused for many years and herons are socially monogamous within a single breeding season, individuals usually choose new mates each year.[28] Males arrive at colonies first and settle on nests, where they court females; most males choose a different nest each year.[28] Great blue herons build a bulky stick nest. Nests are usually around 50 cm (20 in) across when first constructed, but can grow to more than 120 cm (47 in) in width and 90 cm (35 in) deep with repeated use and additional construction.[29] If the nest is abandoned or destroyed, the female may lay a replacement clutch. Reproduction is negatively affected by human disturbance, particularly during the beginning of nesting. Repeated human intrusion into nesting areas often results in nest failure, with abandonment of eggs or chicks. However, Vancouver B.C. Canada's Stanley Park has had a healthy colony for some years right near its main entrance and tennis courts adjacent to English Bay and not far from Lost Lagoon.[30] The park's colony has had as many as 183 nests.[31]

text: The female lays three to six pale blue eggs. Eggs can measure from 50.7 to 76.5 mm (2.00 to 3.01 in) in length and 29 to 50.5 mm (1.14 to 1.99 in) in width, though the smallest eggs in the above sample may have been consider "runt eggs" too small to produce viable young. Egg weight ranges from 61 to 80 g (2.2 to 2.8 oz).[32] One brood is raised each year. First broods are laid generally from March to April.[33][34] Eggs are usually laid at two-day intervals, incubated around 27 days, and hatch asynchronously over a period of several days.[28] Males incubate for about 10.5 hours of each day, while females usually incubate for the remainder of each day and the night, with eggs left without incubation for about 6 minutes of each hour.[28]

text: The first chick to hatch usually becomes more experienced in food handling and aggressive interactions with siblings, so often grows more quickly than the other chicks.[35] Both parents feed the young at the nest by regurgitating food. Parent birds have been shown to consume up to four times as much food when they are feeding young chicks (about 4300 kJ/day) than when laying or incubating eggs (about 1200 kJ/day).[28] By the time they are 45 days old, the young weigh 86% of the adult's mass.[36] After about 55 days at the northern edge of the range (Alberta) and 80 days at the southern edge of the range (California), young herons take their first flight.[28] They return to the nest to be fed for about another 3 weeks, following adults back from foraging grounds, and are likely to gradually disperse away from their original nest over the course of the ensuing winter.[28] Young herons are not as successful at fish capture as adults, as strike rates are similar, but capture rates are about half that of adults during the first 2 months after fledging.[28]

text: Predation[edit]

text: Predators of eggs and nestlings include turkey vultures (Cathartes aura), common ravens (Corvus corax), and American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos). Red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), American black bears (Ursus americanus), and raccoons (Procyon lotor) are known to take larger nestlings or fledglings and, in the latter predator, many eggs.[9][37][38][39] Adult herons, due to their size, have few natural predators, but a few of the larger avian predators have been known to kill both young and adults, including bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) (the only predator known to attack great blue herons at every stage of their lifecycle from in the egg to adulthood), golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) and, less frequently, great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and Harris's hawks (Parabuteo unicinctus).[40][41][42][43][44]

text: An occasional adult heron or, more likely, an unsteady fledgling may be snatched by an American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) or an American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus). Using its considerable size and dagger-like bill, a full-grown heron can be a formidable foe to a predator. In one instance, during an act of attempted predation by a golden eagle, a heron was able to mortally wound the eagle although it succumbed to injures sustained in the fight.[45] When predation on an adult or chick occurs at a breeding colony, the colony can sometimes be abandoned by the other birds. The primary source of disturbance and breeding failures at heronries is human activities, mostly through human recreation or habitat destruction, as well as by egg-collectors and hunters.[21][46]

text: In art[edit]

text: John James Audubon illustrates the great blue heron in Birds of America, Second Edition (published, London 1827–38) as Plate 161. The image was engraved and colored by Robert Havell's, London workshops. The original watercolor by Audubon was purchased by the New-York Historical Society.[citation needed]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Flying heron

Great Blue Heron, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec, Canada

Wading at Grande Lakes Audubon Cooperative Wildlife Sanctuary, Orlando, FL

Eating a common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) hatchling

Profile of the head of a great blue heron: The sharp bill is useful for spearing fish and frogs.

Two great blue herons in synchronous flight

Great Blue Heron landing the Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge in Delaware


document_title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 11)

question_text: when does the new spongebob halloween special come out

text: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 11)

text: Production[edit]

text: On March 3, 2016, it was announced that the series had been renewed for an eleventh season.[1] On February 16, 2016, Showrunner Vincent Waller said season 11 would have 26 half-hour episodes, which will bring the amount of episodes to 241.[2]

text: Waller also revealed a season 11 episode titled "Cave Dwelling Sponge" is written by Mr. Lawrence, and another episode titled "Man Ray Returns" is written by Kaz. He also stated that Spot, Plankton's pet amoeba, would return in this season. Another stop-motion special like "It's a SpongeBob Christmas!", titled "The Legend of Boo-Kini Bottom", premiered on October 13, 2017.[3] DoodleBob will also return in the episode "Doodle Dimension".[4]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The eleventh season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes, which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Animation directors
Written by
Storyboarded by [a]
Supervising director
Original air date [5]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

216a
1a
"Cave Dwelling Sponge"
Alan Smart
Mr. Lawrence
Brian Morante
Dave Cunningham
September 23, 2017 (2017-09-23)
1.92[6]

When a prehistoric sponge is unfrozen, he causes chaos all over town – and SpongeBob is framed for his actions!

216b
1b
"The Clam Whisperer"
Bob Jaques
Ben Gruber
John Trabbic
Adam Paloian
September 23, 2017 (2017-09-23)
1.92[6]

SpongeBob cares for a flock of clams that wreak havoc in Bikini Bottom.

217a
2a
"Spot Returns"
Tom Yasumi
Andrew Goodman
John Trabbic
Sherm Cohen
June 24, 2017 (2017-06-24)
1.96[7]

After his pet amoeba Spot has puppies, Plankton decides to use them in another of his nefarious plots.

217b
2b
"The Check-Up"
Tom Yasumi
Andrew Goodman
John Trabbic
Sherm Cohen
June 24, 2017 (2017-06-24)
1.96[7]

After Mr. Krabs fearfully sneaks away from the Krusty Krab's annual check-up, SpongeBob and Squidward attempt to find ways to give him his physical, because if he does not pass, the Krusty Krab will be shut down.

218a
3a
"Spin the Bottle"
Bob Jaques
Kaz
Fred Osmond
Adam Paloian
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
1.99[8]

Plankton poses as a wish-granting genie in his latest scheme to get the secret formula.

218b
3b
"There's a Sponge in My Soup"
Tom Yasumi
Kaz
Kelly Armstrong
Dave Cunningham
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)[nb 1]
1.46[9]

The new Krabby Soup at the Krusty Krab attracts three heat-loving hippies, who move into the soup vat. Mr. Krabs and SpongeBob try to get rid of them.

219a
4a
"Man Ray Returns"
"Mermaid Pants and Barnacle Star II"
Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi
Kaz
John Trabbic
Adam Paloian
September 30, 2017 (2017-09-30)[nb 2]
2.07[10]

When Man Ray rents Squidward's house for the weekend, it's up to SpongeBob and Patrick to stop his evil vacation.

219b
4b
"Larry the Floor Manager"
Bob Jaques
Ben Gruber
Fred Osmond
Sherm Cohen
September 30, 2017 (2017-09-30)[nb 2]
2.07[10]

Mr. Krabs takes a vacation and makes Larry the Lobster the temporary manager of the Krusty Krab.

220
5
"The Legend of Boo-Kini Bottom"
Mark Caballero and Seamus Walsh
Tom Yasumi (timing)
Mr. Lawrence
Brian Morante and Sally Cruikshank
Adam Paloian
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
2.21[11]

In this special stop-motion episode, it's Halloween in Bikini Bottom, and the Flying Dutchman is going to make sure everyone's scared – including SpongeBob.
Guest appearance: Brian Doyle-Murray as The Flying Dutchman

221a
6a
"No Pictures Please"
Tom Yasumi
Mr. Lawrence
Fred Osmond
Dave Cunningham
November 6, 2017 (2017-11-06)
1.84[12]

Patrick leads an enthusiastic stranger on a tour of his favorite places in Bikini Bottom.

221b
6b
"Stuck on the Roof"
Bob Jaques
Andrew Goodman
Kelly Armstrong
Sherm Cohen
November 6, 2017 (2017-11-06)
1.84[12]

SpongeBob is afraid to get off the roof of the Krusty Krab, but he won't let that stop him from living his life!

222a
7a
"Krabby Patty Creature Feature"
Alan Smart
Chris Allison, Ryan Kramer and Kaz
Chris Allison and Ryan Kramer
Adam Paloian
October 21, 2017 (2017-10-21)
1.99[13]

A new secret Krabby Patty formula has disastrous results for Bikini Bottom, and only SpongeBob can save the day.

222b
7b
"Teacher's Pests"
Tom Yasumi
Ben Gruber
John Trabbic
Dave Cunningham
October 21, 2017 (2017-10-21)
1.99[13]

Mr. Krabs and Plankton have to take boating school classes. Unfortunately, their rivalry gets in the way of them actually learning anything.

223a
8a
"Sanitation Insanity"[14]
Alan Smart[15]
Ben Gruber[15]
Brian Morante[15]
Sherm Cohen[15]
TBA
TBD

When Mr. Krabs gets in trouble for littering, he makes SpongeBob and Squidward clean up Bikini Bottom.

223b
8b
"Bunny Hunt"
Bob Jaques[16]
Mr. Lawrence[17]
John Trabbic[18]
Adam Paloian[19]
TBA
TBD

A sea bunny ravages Squidward's garden, but SpongeBob thinks it's cute!

224a
9a
"Squid Noir"
Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi
Andrew Goodman
John Trabbic
Dave Cunningham
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
1.86[20]

When Squidward's clarinet disappears, he has to become a hard-boiled detective to track it down.
Note: A large portion of this episode was presented in black and white.

224b
9b
"Scavenger Pants"
Bob Jaques
Luke Brookshier
Brian Morante
Sherm Cohen
November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
1.65[21]

Squidward sends SpongeBob and Patrick on an increasingly difficult scavenger hunt to get them out of his hair.

225a
10a
"Cuddle E. Hugs"
Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi
Ben Gruber
Kelly Armstrong
Adam Paloian
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
1.65[22]

SpongeBob befriends a giant, fluffy hamster, whom no one else can see.
Guest appearance: Jeff Garlin as Cuddle E. Hugs.

225b
10b
"Pat the Horse"
Bob Jaques
Kaz
Fred Osmond
Dave Cunningham
December 2, 2017 (2017-12-02)
1.83[23]

After SpongeBob tells him he can be anything he wants to be, Patrick decides to act like a horse. This leads to complications, however, as Patrick becomes hard to tame.

226a[24]
11a
"Chatterbox Gary"
TBA
Luke Brookshier[25]
John Trabbic[25]
Sherm Cohen[25]
TBA
TBD

226b[24]
11b
"Don't Feed the Clowns"
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD

When a small clown gets left behind by the circus, SpongeBob takes the hapless harlequin under his wing.[26]

227b
12b
"Grandmum's the Word"[27]
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ This episode first aired on September 27, 2017 in Spain and Portugal.
^ Jump up to: a b This episode first aired on September 28, 2017 in Spain and Portugal.

text: Jump up ^ Information is taken from the opening credits of each episode.


document_title: List of longest-running Indian television series

question_text: which is the longest running tv show in india

text: Over 2,000 episodes[edit]

text:
Title
Network
Language
Episode Count

Abhhishekam[1]

ETV
Telugu
2,920

Aadade Aadharam[2]
ETV
Telugu
2,765

Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai
Star Plus
Hindi
2,661

Savdhaan India
Life Ok
Star Bharat
Hindi
2,547

Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah[3]
SAB TV
Hindi
2,475

Manasu Mamatha
ETV
Telugu
2,269

Balika Vadhu
Colors TV
Hindi
2,245

Saath Nibhaana Saathiya
Star Plus
Hindi
2,184

Sasural Simar Ka
Colors TV
Hindi
2,063

text: 1,000–1,999 episodes[edit]

text:
Title
Network
Language
Episode Count

Crime Patrol
Sony Entertainment Television
Hindi
1,958

Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi
Star Plus
Hindi
1,833

Putta Gowri Maduve [4]
Colors Kannada
Kannada
1,697

Saravanan Meenatchi
Star Vijay
Tamil
1,690

Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii
Star Plus
Hindi
1,661

Lakshmi Baramma
Colors Kannada
Kannada
1,618

Vaani Rani
Sun TV
Tamil
1,555

Uttaran
Colors TV
Hindi
1,549

Valli
Sun TV
Tamil
1,543

Kolangal
Sun TV
Tamil
1533

Kasthuri
Sun TV
Tamil
1,532

C.I.D.
Sony Entertainment Television
Hindi
1,525

Chidiya Ghar
SAB TV
Hindi
1,522

Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena
Star Jalsha
Bengali
1,508

Diya Aur Baati Hum
Star Plus
Hindi
1,487

Ye Hai Mohabbatein
Star Plus
Hindi
1,486

Rangoli
DD National
Hindi
1,473

Deivamagal
Sun TV
Tamil
1,466

Swathi Chinukulu
ETV
Telugu
1,451

Parasparam
Asianet
Malayalam
1,450

Kumkum
Star Plus
Hindi
1,449

Pavitra Rishta
Zee TV
Hindi
1,424

Kasautii Zindagii Kay
Star Plus
Hindi
1,423

Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki
Sahara One
Hindi
1,387

Mogali Rekulu
Gemini TV
Telugu
1,368

Thirumathi Selvam
Sun TV
Tamil
1,360

Nadhaswaram
Sun TV
Tamil
1,356

Sancharam
Asianet
Safari TV
Malayalam
1,350

Thendral
Sun TV
Tamil
1,340

Bhabhi
Star Plus
Hindi
1,328

Agnipoolu
Gemini TV
Telugu
1,326

Mundhanai Mudichu
Sun TV
Tamil
1,325

F.I.R.
SAB TV
Hindi
1,323

Anandham
Sun TV
Tamil
1,297

Kalyana Parisu
Sun TV
Tamil
1,272

Ilavarasi
Sun TV
Tamil
1,263

Chandanamazha
Asianet
Malayalam
1,173

Durva
STAR Pravah
Marathi
1,164

Bodhuboron
STAR Jalsha
Bengali
1,163

Agnisakshi
Colors Kannada
Kannada
1,147

Sthreedhanam
Asianet
Malayalam
1,143

Minnukettu
Surya TV
Malayalam
1,134

Chakravakam
Gemini TV
Telugu
1,111

Baal Veer
SAB TV
Hindi
1,111

Kumkum Bhagya
Zee TV
Hindi
1,107

Karyam Nissaram
Kairali TV
Malayalam
1,104

Karuthamuthu
Asianet
Malayalam
1,095

Pasupu Kumkuma
Zee Telugu
Telugu
1094

Chandralekha
Sun TV
Tamil
1,072

Udaan Sapnon Ki
Colors TV
Hindi
1,052

Thamarai
Sun TV
Tamil
1,044

Suhani Si Ek Ladki
Star Plus
Hindi
1,013

Amma
Asianet
Malayalam
1,008

Nilavilakku
Surya TV
Malayalam
1,006

Kkusum
Sony Entertainment Television
Hindi
1,001

Cinemala
Asianet
Malayalam
1,000

Devimahathmyam
Asianet
Malayalam
1,000

Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka
Sony Entertainment Television
Hindi
1,000

text: 500–999 episodes[edit]

text:
Title
Network
Language
Episode Count

Tomay Amay Mile
Star Jalsha
Bengali
992

Deivam Thandha Veedu
Star Vijay
Tamil
992

Pasamalar
Sun TV
Tamil
983

Hamari Devrani
Star Plus
Hindi
951

Ponnunjal
Sun TV
Tamil
940

Devathai
Sun TV
Tamil
924

Bigg Boss
Sony Entertainment Television
Colors TV
Hindi
902

Jol Nupur
Star Jalsha
Bengali
901

Na Aana Is Des Laado
Colors TV
Hindi
870

Qubool Hai
Zee TV
Hindi
856

Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar
Zee TV
Hindi
854

Bhabhi Ji Ghar Par Hai!
&tv
Hindi
846

Chellame
Sun TV
Tamil
845

Bojhena Se Bojhena
STAR Jalsha
Bengali
822

Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev
Life OK
Hindi
821

Dil Dosti Dance
Channel V India
Hindi
808

Honar Soon Mi Hya Gharchi
Zee Marathi
Marathi
808

Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera
Star Plus
Hindi
805

Apoorva Raagangal
Sun TV
Tamil
802

Kahiin to Hoga
Star Plus
Hindi
799

Chokher Tara Tui
Star Jalsha
Bengali
793

Kumkumapoovu
Asianet
Malayalam
785

Pavitra Bandhan
DD National
Hindi
780

Mere Angne Mein
STAR Plus
Hindi
770

Keladi Kanmani
Sun TV
Tamil
767

Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya
Star Plus
Hindi
767

Asambhav
Zee Marathi
Marathi
760

Aanchol
Star Jalsha
Bengali
752

Kailasanathan
Asianet
Malayalam
742

Kasamh Se
Zee TV
Hindi
742

Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai
Star Plus
Hindi
739

Kiranmala
STAR Jalsha
Bengali
721

Dill Mill Gayye
STAR One
Hindi
721

Kaahin Kissii Roz
Star Plus
Hindi
715

Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke
Zee TV
Hindi
707

Kaun Banega Crorepati
Star Plus
Sony Entertainment Television
Hindi
706

Khokababu
Star Jalsha
Bengali
712

Jamai Raja
Zee TV
Hindi
701

Banoo Main Teri Dulhann
Zee TV
Hindi
700

Thapki Pyar Ki
Colors TV
Hindi
698

Yahaaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli
Zee TV
Hindi
697

Shagun
Star Plus
Hindi
688

Sadda Haq
Channel V India
Hindi
686

Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani
Zee TV
Hindi
668

Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara
Star Plus
Hindi
663

Tumi Asbe Bole
STAR Jalsha
Bengali
662

Khana Khazana
Zee TV
Hindi
649

Autograph
Asianet
Malayalam
646

Bade Achhe Lagte Hain
Sony Ebtertainment Television
Hindi
644

Badi Door Se Aaye Hai
SAB TV
Hindi
636

Yes Boss
SAB TV
Hindi
631

Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanumaan
Sony Entertainment Television
Hindi
631

Karam Apnaa Apnaa
Star Plus
Hindi
603

Kusum Dola
Star Jalsha
Bengali
601

Yug
DD National
Hindi
600

Gangaa
&TV
Hindi
595

Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyaan
Zee TV
Hindi
594

Uppum Mulakum
Flowers
Malayalam
604

Maayka
Zee TV
Hindi
585

Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai
Star Vijay
Tamil
583

Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki
Colors TV
Hindi
576

Naagini
Zee Kannada
Kannada
574

Sasural Genda Phool
Star Plus
Hindi
573

Jodha Akbar
Zee TV
Hindi
566

Ishqbaaz
Star Plus
Hindi
557

Aragini
Asianet Suvarna
Kannada
552

Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu
Zee Tamil
Tamil
551

Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin
Sony Entertainment Television
Hindi
547

Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?...Ek Baar Phir
Star Plus
Hindi
542

Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap
Sony Entertainment Television
Hindi
539

Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki
Colors TV
Hindi
528

Miley Jab Hum Tum
STAR One
Hindi
527

Sindoor Tere Naam Ka
Zee TV
Hindi
526

Pranayam
Asianet
Malayalam
524

Bandini
Imagine TV
Hindi
520

Shaktimaan
DD National
Hindi
520

Jhansi Ki Rani
Zee TV
Hindi
520

Kalash
Life OK
Hindi
518

Bigg Boss Kannada
Colors Kannada
Kannada
513

Thalayanai Pookal
Zee Tamil
Tamil
513

Baa Bahoo Aur Baby
Star Plus
Hindi
510

Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani
Zee TV
Hindi
507

Paarijatham
Asianet
Malayalam
505

Shanti
DD National
Hindi
500

Swabhimaan
DD National
Hindi
500


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders

question_text: who has the most total points in nba history

text: Scoring leaders[edit]

text: The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration [1]

text:
Rank
Player
Position(s)
Team(s) played for (years)[2]
Total points
Games
played
Points
per game
average[3]
Field goals
made
Three-point
field goals
made[4]
Free
throws
made

1

Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[5]

C
Milwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)
Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)
38,387
1,560
24.6
15,836
1
6,712

2

Malone, KarlKarl Malone*

PF
Utah Jazz (1985–2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)
36,928
1,476
25.0
13,528
85
9,787

3

Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†

SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)
33,643
1,346
25.0
11,719
1,827
8,378

4
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
SG
Chicago Bulls (1984–1993; 1995–1998)
Washington Wizards (2001–2003)
32,292
1,072
30.1
12,192
581
7,327

5
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
C
Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors (1959–1965)
Philadelphia 76ers (1965–1968)
Los Angeles Lakers (1968–1973)
31,419
1,045
30.1
12,681
0
6,057

6
Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
PF
Dallas Mavericks (1998–present)
30,260
1,394
21.7
10,688
1,780
7,104

7
James, LeBronLeBron James^
SF
Cleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010; 2014–present)
Miami Heat (2010–2014)
28,787
1,061
27.1
10,423
1,467
6,474

8
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
C
Orlando Magic (1992–1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)
Miami Heat (2004–2008)
Phoenix Suns (2008–2009)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)
Boston Celtics (2010–2011)
28,596
1,207
23.7
11,330
1
5,935

9
Malone, MosesMoses Malone*
C
Buffalo Braves (1976)
Houston Rockets (1976–1982)
Philadelphia 76ers (1982–1986; 1993–1994)
Washington Bullets (1986–1988)
Atlanta Hawks (1988–1991)
Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)
San Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)
27,409
1,329
20.6
9,435
8
8,531

10
Hayes, ElvinElvin Hayes*
PF/C
San Diego/Houston Rockets (1968–1972; 1981–1984)
Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets (1972–1981)
27,313
1,303
21.0
10,976
5
5,356

11
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[6]
C
Houston Rockets (1984–2001)
Toronto Raptors (2001–2002)
26,946
1,238
21.8
10,749
25
5,423

12
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
PG
Cincinnati Royals (1960–1970)
Milwaukee Bucks (1970–1974)
26,710
1,040
25.7
9,508
0
7,694

13
Wilkins, DominiqueDominique Wilkins*
SF
Atlanta Hawks (1982–1994)
Los Angeles Clippers (1994)
Boston Celtics (1994–1995)
San Antonio Spurs (1996–1997)
Orlando Magic (1999)
26,668
1,074
24.8
9,963
711
6,031

14
Duncan, TimTim Duncan†
PF/C
San Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)
26,496
1,392
19.0
10,285
30
5,896

15
Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce†
SF/SG
Boston Celtics (1998–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Washington Wizards (2014–2015)
Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)
26,397
1,343
19.7
8,668
2,143
6,918

16
Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek*
SF/SG
Boston Celtics (1962–1978)
26,395
1,270
20.8
10,513
0
5,369

17
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett†
PF/C
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)
Boston Celtics (2007–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)
26,071
1,462
17.8
10,505
174
4,887

18
English, AlexAlex English*
SF
Milwaukee Bucks (1976–1978)
Indiana Pacers (1978–1980)
Denver Nuggets (1980–1990)
Dallas Mavericks (1990–1991)
25,613
1,193
21.5
10,659
18
4,277

19
Miller, ReggieReggie Miller*
SG
Indiana Pacers (1987–2005)
25,279
1,389
18.2
8,241
2,560
6,237

20
West, JerryJerry West*
PG/SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1960–1974)
25,192
932
27.0
9,016
0
7,160

21
Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing*
C
New York Knicks (1985–2000)
Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2001)
Orlando Magic (2001–2002)
24,815
1,183
21.0
9,702
19
5,392

22
Carter, VinceVince Carter^
SG/SF
Toronto Raptors (1998–2004)
New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)
Orlando Magic (2009–2010)
Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)
Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)
Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)
Sacramento Kings (2017–present)
24,555
1,347
18.2
8,876
2,049
4,754

23
Allen, RayRay Allen†
SG
Milwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)
Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)
Boston Celtics (2007–2012)
Miami Heat (2012–2014)
24,505
1,300
18.9
8,567
2,973
4,398

24
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
SG/PG
Philadelphia 76ers (1996–2006, 2009–2010)
Denver Nuggets (2006–2008)
Detroit Pistons (2008–2009)
Memphis Grizzlies (2009)
24,368
914
26.7
8,467
1,061
6,385

25
Anthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony^
SF
Denver Nuggets (2003–2011)
New York Knicks (2011–2017)
Oklahoma City Thunder (2017–present)
24,156
976
24.8
8,616
1,172
5,752

26
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
PF
Philadelphia 76ers (1984–1992)
Phoenix Suns (1992–1996)
Houston Rockets (1996–2000)
23,757
1,073
22.1
8,435
538
6,349

27
Parish, RobertRobert Parish*
C
Golden State Warriors (1976–1980)
Boston Celtics (1980–1994)
Charlotte Hornets (1994–1996)
Chicago Bulls (1996–1997)
23,334
1,611
14.5
9,614
0
4,106

28
Dantley, AdrianAdrian Dantley*
SF
Buffalo Braves (1976–1977)
Indiana Pacers (1977)
Los Angeles Lakers (1977–1979)
Utah Jazz (1979–1986)
Detroit Pistons (1986–1989)
Dallas Mavericks (1989–1990)
Milwaukee Bucks (1990–1991)
23,177
955
24.3
8,169
7
6,832

29
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
SF
Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers (1958–1971)
23,149
846
27.4
8,693
0
5,763

30
Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
SG
Portland Trail Blazers (1983–1995)
Houston Rockets (1995–1998)
22,195
1,086
20.4
8,335
827
4,698

31
Payton, GaryGary Payton*
PG
Seattle SuperSonics (1990–2003)
Milwaukee Bucks (2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)
Boston Celtics (2004–2005)
Miami Heat (2005–2007)
21,813
1,335
16.3
8,708
1,132
3,265

32
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
SF/PF
Boston Celtics (1979–1992)
21,791
897
24.3
8,591
649
3,960

33
Greer, HalHal Greer*
SG/PG
Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers (1958–1973)
21,586
1,122
19.2
8,504
0
4,578

34
Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^
SG
Miami Heat (2003–2016)
Chicago Bulls (2016–2017)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–present)
21,317
915
23.3
7,739
431
5,408

35
Bellamy, WaltWalt Bellamy*
C
Chicago Packers/Zephyrs/Baltimore Bullets (1961–1965)
New York Knicks (1965–1968)
Detroit Pistons (1968–1970)
Atlanta Hawks (1970–1974)
New Orleans Jazz (1974)
20,941
1,043
20.1
7,914
0
5,113

36
Pettit, BobBob Pettit*
PF/C
Milwaukee/St. Louis Hawks (1954–1965)
20,880
792
26.4
7,349
0
6,182

37
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
C
San Antonio Spurs (1989–2003)
20,790
987
21.1
7,365
25
6,035

38
Gervin, GeorgeGeorge Gervin*
SG/SF
San Antonio Spurs (1976–1985)
Chicago Bulls (1985–1986)
20,708
791
26.2
8,045
77
4,541

39
Richmond, MitchMitch Richmond*
SG
Golden State Warriors (1988–1991)
Sacramento Kings (1991–1998)
Washington Wizards (1998–2001)
Los Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)
20,497
976
21.0
7,305
1,326
4,561

40
Chambers, TomTom Chambers
PF
San Diego Clippers (1981–1983)
Seattle SuperSonics (1983–1988)
Phoenix Suns (1988–1993)
Utah Jazz (1993–1995)
Charlotte Hornets (1997)
Philadelphia 76ers (1997)
20,049
1,107
18.1
7,378
227
5,066

41
Jamison, AntawnAntawn Jamison†
PF/SF
Golden State Warriors (1998–2003)
Dallas Mavericks (2003–2004)
Washington Wizards (2004–2010)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2010–2012)
Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2013)
Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)
20,042
1,083
18.5
7,679
1,163
3,521

42
Johnson, JoeJoe Johnson^
SG/SF
Boston Celtics (2001–2002)
Phoenix Suns (2002–2005)
Atlanta Hawks (2005–2012)
Brooklyn Nets (2012–2016)
Miami Heat (2016)
Utah Jazz (2016–present)
20,033
1,220
16.4
7,676
1,938
2,743

43
Gasol, PauPau Gasol^
C/PF
Memphis Grizzlies (2001–2008)
Los Angeles Lakers (2008–2014)
Chicago Bulls (2014–2016)
San Antonio Spurs (2016–present)
20,001
1,119
17.9
7,651
130
4,569

44
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
PG
Utah Jazz (1984–2003)
19,711
1,504
13.1
7,039
845
4,788

45
King, BernardBernard King*
SF
New Jersey Nets (1977–1979; 1993)
Utah Jazz (1979–1980)
Golden State Warriors (1980–1982)
New York Knicks (1982–1987)
Washington Bullets (1987–1991)
19,655
874
22.5
7,830
23
3,972

46
Robinson, CliffCliff Robinson
PF/SF
Portland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)
Phoenix Suns (1997–2001)
Detroit Pistons (2001–2003)
Golden State Warriors (2003–2005)
New Jersey Nets (2005–2007)
19,591
1,380
14.2
7,389
1,253
3,560

47
Davis, WalterWalter Davis
SG/SF
Phoenix Suns (1977–1988)
Denver Nuggets (1988–1991; 1991–1992)
Portland Trail Blazers (1991)
19,521
1,033
18.9
8,118
157
3,128

48
Cummings, TerryTerry Cummings
PF
San Diego Clippers (1982–1984)
Milwaukee Bucks (1984–1989; 1995–1996)
San Antonio Spurs (1989–1995)
Seattle SuperSonics (1996–1997)
Philadelphia 76ers (1997–1998)
New York Knicks (1998)
Golden State Warriors (1999–2000)
19,460
1,183
16.4
8,045
44
3,326

49
Lanier, BobBob Lanier*
C
Detroit Pistons (1970–1980)
Milwaukee Bucks (1980–1984)
19,248
959
20.1
7,761
2
3,724

50
Johnson, EddieEddie Johnson
SF
Kansas City/Sacramento Kings (1981–1987)
Phoenix Suns (1987–1990)
Seattle SuperSonics (1990–1993)
Charlotte Hornets (1993–1994)
Indiana Pacers (1995–1997)
Houston Rockets (1997–1999)
19,202
1,199
16.0
7,727
562
3,186

text: Active Players with at least 15,000 points[edit]

text: This is a list of active players in the National Basketball Association that have scored at least 15,000 points but have yet to crack the top 50 all-time scoring list shown above.

text:
Kevin Durant 19,121 points
Jason Terry 18,715 points
Tony Parker 18,522 points
Jamal Crawford 18,084 points
Zach Randolph 17,721 points
Chris Bosh 17,189 points
Dwight Howard 16,652 points
Chris Paul 15,610 points
Russell Westbrook 15,156 points
LaMarcus Aldridge 15,136 points

text: Progressive list of scoring leaders[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years.[7]

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[1]

§
1st time eligible for Hall of Fame in 2018 [8]

text:
Team abbreviations
Team(s) listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

ATL
Atlanta Hawks
DET
Detroit Pistons
MIL
Milwaukee Bucks
PHX
Phoenix Suns

BOS
Boston Celtics
FTW
Fort Wayne Pistons
MIN
Minnesota Timberwolves
PHW
Philadelphia Warriors

BUF
Buffalo Braves
GSW
Golden State Warriors
MNL
Minneapolis Lakers
SAS
San Antonio Spurs

CHI
Chicago Bulls
HOU
Houston Rockets
NOJ
New Orleans Jazz
SDR
San Diego Rockets

CHS
Chicago Stags
IND
Indiana Pacers
NOP
New Orleans Pelicans
SFW
San Francisco Warriors

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
KCO
Kansas City-Omaha Kings
OKC
Oklahoma City Thunder
STL
St. Louis Hawks

DAL
Dallas Mavericks
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
ORL
Orlando Magic
SYR
Syracuse Nationals

DEN
Denver Nuggets
MIA
Miami Heat
PHI
Philadelphia 76ers
UTA
Utah Jazz

text:
Scoring Leader at the end of every season

Season
Year-by-year leader
Points
Active player points leader
Total points
Career points record
Total points
Single-season points record
Points
Season

1946–47
Joe Fulks*000PHW
1,389
Joe Fulks*000PHW
1,389
Joe Fulks*000PHW
1,389
Joe Fulks*000PHW
1,389
1946–47

1947–48
Max Zaslofsky000CHS
1,007
2,338
2,338
1947–48

1948–49
George Mikan*000MNL
1,698
3,898
3,898
George Mikan*000MNL
1,698
1948–49

1949–50
1,865
4,863
4,863
1,865
1949–50

1950–51
1,932
6,099
6,099
1,932
1950–51

1951–52
Paul Arizin*000PHW
1,674
7,021
7,021
1951–52

1952–53
Neil Johnston*000PHW
1,564
George Mikan*000MNL
8,460
George Mikan*000MNL
8,460
1952–53

1953–54
1,759
9,766
9,766
1953–54

1954–55
1,631
Max Zaslofsky000FTW
7,902
1954–55

1955–56
Bob Pettit*000STL
1,849
George Mikan*000MNL
10,156
10,156
1955–56

1956–57
Paul Arizin*000PHW
1,817
Ed Macauley*000STL
10,150
1956–57

1957–58
George Yardley*000DET
2,001
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
11,764
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
11,764
George Yardley*000DET
2,001
1957–58

1958–59
Bob Pettit*000STL
2,105
13,298
13,298
Bob Pettit*000STL
2,105
1958–59

1959–60
Wilt Chamberlain*
000PHW 1959–62
000SFW 1962–65
000PHI 1965–66
2,707
14,987
14,987
Wilt Chamberlain*000PHW
2,707
1959–60

1960–61
3,033
16,855
16,855
3,033
1960–61

1961–62
4,029
17,677
17,677
4,029
1961–62

1962–63
3,586
18,304
18,304
1962–63

1963–64
2,948
Bob Pettit*000STL
19,756
Bob Pettit*000STL
19,756
1963–64

1964–65
2,534
20,880
20,880
1964–65

1965–66
2,649
Wilt Chamberlain*
000PHI 1965–68
000LAL 1968–73
21,486
Wilt Chamberlain*
000PHI 1965–68
000LAL 1968–73
21,486
1965–66

1966–67
Rick Barry*000SFW
2,775
23,442
23,442
1966–67

1967–68
Dave Bing*000DET
2,142
25,434
25,434
1967–68

1968–69
Elvin Hayes*000SDR
2,327
27,098
27,098
1968–69

1969–70
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*000MIL
2,361
27,426
27,426
1969–70

1970–71
2,596
29,122
29,122
1970–71

1971–72
2,822
30,335
30,335
1971–72

1972–73
Tiny Archibald*000KCO
2,719
31,419
31,419
1972–73

1973–74
Bob McAdoo*000BUF
2,261
Oscar Robertson*000MIL
26,710
1973–74

1974–75
2,831
John Havlicek*000BOS
22,389
1974–75

1975–76
2,427
23,678
1975–76

1976–77
Pete Maravich*000NOJ
2,273
25,073
1976–77

1977–78
George Gervin*000SAS
2,232
26,395
1977–78

1978–79
2,365
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*
000LAL
22,141
1978–79

1979–80
2,585
24,175
1979–80

1980–81
Adrian Dantley*000UTA
2,452
26,270
1980–81

1981–82
George Gervin*000SAS
2,551
28,088
1981–82

1982–83
Alex English*000DEN
2,326
29,810
1982–83

1983–84
Adrian Dantley*000UTA
2,418
31,527
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*000LAL
31,527
1983–84

1984–85
Michael Jordan*000CHI
2,313
33,262
33,262
1984–85

1985–86
Alex English*000DEN
2,414
35,108
35,108
1985–86

1986–87
Michael Jordan*000CHI
3,041
36,474
36,474
1986–87

1987–88
2,868
37,639
37,639
1987–88

1988–89
2,633
38,387
38,387
1988–89

1989–90
2,753
Moses Malone*
000ATL 1989–91
000MIL 1991–93
000PHI 1993–94
000SAS 1994–95
24,868
1989–90

1990–91
2,580
25,737
1990–91

1991–92
2,404
27,016
1991–92

1992–93
2,541
27,066
1992–93

1993–94
David Robinson*000SAS
2,383
27,360
1993–94

1994–95
Shaquille O'Neal*000ORL
2,315
27,409
1994–95

1995–96
Michael Jordan*000CHI
2,491
Michael Jordan*000CHI
24,489
1995–96

1996–97
2,431
26,920
1996–97

1997–98
2,357
29,277
1997–98

1998–99
Shaquille O'Neal*000LAL
1,289
Karl Malone*
000UTA 1998–2003
000LAL 2003–04
28,946
1998–99

1999–00
2,344
31,041
1999–00

2000–01
Jerry Stackhouse§00DET
2,380
32,919
2000–01

2001–02
Paul Pierce†000BOS
2,144
34,707
2001–02

2002–03
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
2,461
36,374
2002–03

2003–04
Kevin Garnett†000MIN
1,987
36,928
2003–04

2004–05
Allen Iverson*000PHI
2,302
Reggie Miller*000IND
25,279
2004–05

2005–06
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
2,832
Shaquille O'Neal*
000MIA 2005–08
000PHO 2008–09
000CLE 2009–10
000BOS 2010–11
24,764
2005–06

2006–07
2,430
25,454
2006–07

2007–08
2,323
26,286
2007–08

2008–09
Dwyane Wade^000MIA
2,386
27,619
2008–09

2009–10
Kevin Durant^000OKC
2,472
28,255
2009–10

2010–11
2,161
28,596
2010–11

2011–12
1,850
Kobe Bryant†
000LAL
29,484
2011–12

2012–13
2,280
31,617
2012–13

2013–14
2,593
31,700
2013–14

2014–15
James Harden^000HOU
2,217
32,482
2014–15

2015–16
2,376
33,643
2015–16

2016–17
Russell Westbrook^000OKC
2,558
Dirk Nowitzki^000DAL
30,260
Abdul-Jabbar*0 34 yrs
38,387
Chamberlain*058 yrs
4,029
2016–17

Season
Year-by-Year Leader
Points
Active Player Points Leader
Total points
Career Points Record
Total points
Single Season Points Record
Points
Season


document_title: Penalty (golf)

question_text: when do you get a two stroke penalty in golf

text: Penalty (golf)

text: In the sport of golf, a penalty or penalty stroke is an additional stroke or strokes added to a player's score for an infraction of the rules. In match play, rather than adding strokes, the usual penalty is loss of the hole except for penalties assessed for relief from a hazard or a lost ball.

text: Situations in which a penalty may be assessed include, but are not limited to:

text:
Declaring your ball unplayable in its current lie. This technically violates one of the primary rules - "Play the ball as it lies", but the rules provide for relief when a ball is in a position where the player does not wish to attempt to play it. Examples include when the ball lies among tree roots or rocks ("between a rock and a hard place"), underneath shrubbery, etc. and attempting to play it would result in damage to the club or the course. A substitute ball is dropped or placed at a penalty of one stroke.[1]
Hitting the ball into a situation where it cannot be played as it lies even if the player wishes it, such as into a water hazard (players are allowed to play the ball out of a water hazard without penalty, but it is rarely practical unless the hazard is only a few inches deep), out-of-bounds, or into an area where it becomes lost. A substitute ball is then played at a one-stroke penalty.[2][3]
Hitting the wrong ball, which is any ball other than the ball hit from the tee by that player, or dropped or placed as a substitute or provisional ball. Examples of a wrong ball are another player's ball or an abandoned ball. This is a two-stroke penalty.[4]
Picking up your ball, except under certain circumstances such as for identification, to determine if it is cut, split or otherwise unfit for play, to clear the path of another player's ball on the putting green, or to clear loose debris such as leaves or twigs from under or around it. [5]
Picking up anyone else's ball, except for identification when the location of the ball in question or another in play is uncertain.[6]
Interfering with a moving ball; the ball must come to rest completely before it can be addressed again by the player, and players may not deflect or stop a ball in motion by any means. Players who deliberately interfere with any moving ball receive a two-stroke penalty. Incidental, unavoidable contact is generally not penalized, and additional rules determine how the ball must be played (generally as it lies).[7][8]
Playing a ball out-of-turn or while someone else's ball is in motion. After teeing off, players must play their balls in the order of their distance from the hole. Playing out-of-turn is a one-stroke penalty. The only exception is while on the putting green, when a fellow player's ball obstructs the current player's and the current player wishes the other player to play it rather than lift and mark it. [5][9]
Cleaning a ball while it is in play, except when the ball is on the green, for identification, or to determine if the ball is unfit for play (a ball is not unfit simply because it is dirty; however a cut or split may be hidden by dirt).[10]
Equipment violations such as too many clubs (more than 14) in a player's bag or using a ball or club of illegal design. Illegal balls include balls of improper size or weight (less than 1.68" or more than 1.62oz), floating balls, balls with dimples of the wrong size or depth, and "novelty" balls such as exploding or disintegrating balls. In the case of an illegal ball, the player adds two strokes for every hole on which that ball was put in play. Illegal clubs include clubs with a clubhead greater than 460cc, clubs with a concave face, shaft lengths over 48", grips with waisting, bulges or dis-symmetry, etc. In the case of a violation regarding clubs, the player adds two strokes for every hole of the current round played before the violation was discovered. [11][12]

text: When a penalty is incurred because the ball has been lost or hit into an unplayable area, the player plays a new ball or moves the current one according to the rules governing the situation in which the substitution or placement occurs. This may be from the spot at which they hit the ball into that position (a stroke and distance penalty), a playable point directly in line with the hole and behind its current position, or in some circumstances at a point two clublengths or less and no closer to the hole from which the ball crossed the boundary of the unplayable condition. If the player elects to move an unplayable ball in a sand trap, the ball must remain in the hazard.

text: The penalty stroke assessed is not the stroke made on the new ball; it is counted in addition to any and all swings made at the ball. For instance, hitting a ball into a water hazard, dropping a new ball at the position from which you hit the last one, then hitting the new ball counts as three strokes, not two.

text: However, under certain circumstances during informal games, especially involving novice players, the penalty stroke is not counted; the player simply drops a ball at the spot of the last hit and plays again. This is an unmitigated violation of several rules of the game which would normally call for disqualification from sanctioned play, but can help make the game more enjoyable in a friendly setting as well as increasing the pace, as it reduces searching for a ball and playing from extremely disadvantageous lies. When an errant shot is re-played from the same spot, it is called a mulligan and neither the first shot nor the penalty stroke is counted.