document_title: List of Leave It to Beaver cast members

question_text: who played peggy on leave it to beaver

question_tokens: who played peggy on leave it to beaver

text: List of Leave It to Beaver cast members

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Barbara Billingsley† as "June Cleaver"
Hugh Beaumont† as "Ward Cleaver"
Tony Dow as "Wally Cleaver"
Jerry Mathers as "Theodore 'Beaver' Cleaver"

text: Supporting cast[edit]

text:
Ken Osmond as "Eddie Haskell"
Frank Bank† as "Clarence 'Lumpy' Rutherford"
Sue Randall† as "Miss Landers"
Diane Brewster† as "Miss Canfield"
Richard Deacon† as "Fred Rutherford"
Stephen Talbot as "Gilbert Bates". In the episode "Beaver's English Test", Mr. Blair, Gilbert's English teacher, calls Gilbert "Mr. Harrison". He is referred to as "Gilbert Gates" (and his father "Mr. Gates") in the first episode he appears, "Beaver & Gilbert".
Rusty Stevens as "Larry Mondello"
Richard Correll as "Richard Rickover"
Stanley Fafara† as "Hubert 'Whitey' Whitney"

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Burt Mustin† as "Gus the fireman"
Buddy Hart - "Chester Anderson"
Tiger Fafara as "Tooey Brown"
Madge Kennedy† as "Aunt Martha Bronson"
Jeri Weil as "Judy Hensler"
Madge Blake† as "Margaret Mondello," Larry's mother
Dana Dillaway as "Peggy"
Karen Sue Trent as "Penny Woods"
Doris Packer† as "Mrs. (Cornelia) Rayburn," the principal of Grant Ave. Grammar School
Edgar Buchanan† as "Uncle Billy" and "Captain Jack"
Veronica Cartwright as "Violet Rutherford" and, in the episode, "Beaver Sees America", she plays "Peggy MacIntosh"
Cheryl Holdridge† - "Julie Foster" in most episodes and as "Gloria Cusick" in "Wally's Pug Nose"

text: Other cast members[edit]

text:
Mark Murray - "Alan"
Larry Adare - "Alan"
Tim Graham† - "Mr. Allen"
Howard McNear† - "Andy"
Stephen Wootton - "Clyde Appleby"
Ed Prentiss† - "Mr. Bailey"
Clark Howat† - "Mr. Barnes"
Beverly Washburn - "Jill Bartlett"
Joey Scott - "Bengie Bellamy"
William Schallert - "Mr. Bloomgarten"
Pat McCaffrie† - "Bill Boothby"
Mary Mitchel - "Evelyn Boothby"
Lurene Tuttle† - "Mrs. Brady"
Henry Hunter† - "Mr. Briggs"
Allan Ray - "Bert"
Vicky Albright - "Carolyn"
Alan Roberts - "Roberto 'Chuey' Varela"
Hardie Albright† - "Mr. Collins"
Bartlett Robinson† - "George Compton"
Aline Towne† - "Mrs. Cunningham" and "George Compton's Secretary"
Charles Davis† - "Willis 'Corny' Cornelius"
Karen Green - "Caroline Cunningham"
Martin Dean - "Rick Davis"
Lyle Talbot† - "Charles 'Chuck' Dennison"
Patty Turner - "Linda Dennison"
Charles H. Gray† - "Harry Donaldson"
Phyllis Coates - "Betty Donaldson"
Ray Kellogg† - "Mr. Donaldson"
Dorothy Abbott† - "Dorothy the Secretary"
Ahna Capri† - "Cinda Dunsworth"
Ralph Sanford† - "Fats Flannaghan"
Ross Elliott† - "Mr. Foster"
Bobby Mittelstaedt - "Charles Fredericks"
Carleton G. Young† - "John Gates"
Marjorie Reynolds† - "Mrs. Gregory"
Herbert Rudley† - "Mr. Gregory"
Carole Wells - "Kathy Gregory"
Kathleen O'Malley - "Mrs. Halloran"
Rodney Bell† - "Alfred Hanson"
Cindy Carol (also known as Carol Sydes) - "Alma Hanson"
Jean Vander Pyl† - "Mrs. Hanson" and "Mrs. Woods"
Anne Barton† - "Agnes Haskell"
Ann Doran† - "Agnes Haskell" and "Mrs. Bellamy"
John Alvin† - "Frank Haskell"
George O. Petrie† - "George Haskell"
Karl Swenson† - "George Haskell"
Tommy Ivo - "Duke Hathaway"
Ann Barnes† - "Frances Hobbs"
John Gallaudet† - "Arthur Howard"
Dick Simmons† - "Kenneth Langley"
Alice Backes† - "Miss Lawrence"
Tim Matheson - "Michael"
Rory Stevens - "Chuckie Murdock"
Barry Curtis - "Harry Myers" and "Johnny Franklin"
Jennie Lynn - "Patty"
Eddie Marr† - "Mr. Payton"
Will Wright † - "Pete at Firehouse #7"
Katherine Warren† - "Mrs. Prescott"
Jane Dulo† - "Mrs. Rickover"
Pamela Baird - "Mary Ellen Rogers"
Majel Barrett† - "Gwendolyn Rutherford"
David Kent - "Bill Scott"
Beverly Lunsford - "Shirley"
Kim Charney - "Terry"
Estelle Etterre - "Mrs. Thompson"
Mimi Gibson - "Mary Tyler"
Gil Frye† - "Mr. Tyne"
Lenore Kingston† - "Mrs. Whitney"
Lillian O'Malley - "Mrs. Whitney"
Maria Andre - "Carmella Varela"
Abel Franco† - "Enrico Varela"
Wendell Holmes† - "Mr. Blair" and "Mr. Willet"
Ray Montgomery† - "Herb Wilson"
Chrystine Jordan - "Donna Yeager"

text: Others in unnamed roles[edit]

text:
Hal Smith† - "Restaurant Manager"
Paul Engle - "Bicycle Thief"
Bill Baldwin† - "Board of Health Man"
Neil Seflinger - "Boy"
Kevin Jones - "1st Boy"
Eddie Pagett - "1st Boy"
Brad Morrow† - "2nd Boy"
Bobby Beakman - "Boy in Club"
Gary Allen - "Boy in Club"
Yvonne White - "Bus Passenger"
Frank Sully† - "Cab Driver"
Jess Kirkpatrick† - "Car Lot Owner"
Eric Snowden† - "Clothier"
John Hoyt† - "Clothier"
John Hart† - "Construction Worker"
Frank Wilcox† - "District Court Judge"
Stephen Courtleigh† - "Father"
Dee Carroll† - "Florist"
Carol Faylen - "1st Girl"
Patty Ann Gerrity - "1st Girl"
Claudia Bryar† - "Librarian", also one of the housewives in the episode "Community Chest"
Vince Williams† - "Man in Shoe Store"
Alan Reynolds† - "Man in Train Station"
Helen Jay† - "Perfume Customer"
Mark Allen - "Policeman"
George Cisar† - "Postman"
Betty Lynn Budzak - "Student"
Howard Caine†
Bill Erwin†
Lee Meriwether - housewife in the episode "Community Chest"
Dorothy Neumann† - housewife in the episode "Community Chest"
Gene Reynolds
Harry Shearer
Herb Vigran†

text: Note: † denotes actor who is known to be deceased.


document_title: Derek Jeter

question_text: who played shortstop before derek jeter for the yankees

question_tokens: who played shortstop before derek jeter for the yankees

root

text: Derek Jeter

text: Early life

text: Jeter was born in Pequannock Township, New Jersey, on June 26, 1974. His mother, Dorothy (née Connors), an accountant, is of Irish, as well as some German and English, ancestry. His father, Sanderson Charles Jeter, Ph.D., a substance abuse counselor, is African-American.[3][4][5] They met while serving in the United States Army in Germany.[6] His father played baseball at Fisk University in Tennessee as a shortstop.[7] When Jeter was a child, his parents made him sign a contract every year that defined acceptable and unacceptable forms of behavior.[8] Dorothy instilled a positive attitude in her son, insisting that he not use the word "can't".[9] It was a baseball family, and Jeter's younger sister Sharlee (born c. 1979) was a softball star in high school.[6]

tag: p

text: The Jeters lived in New Jersey until Derek was 4 years old, at which point they moved to Kalamazoo, Michigan.[10] Jeter and Sharlee lived in Kalamazoo with their parents during the school year and spent their summers with their grandparents in New Jersey. Attending New York Yankees games with his grandparents, Jeter became a passionate fan of the team.[7][10] Watching Yankees player Dave Winfield inspired him to pursue a career in baseball.[11]

text: High school

text: Jeter attended Kalamazoo Central High School, where he ran cross country in the fall, played basketball in the winter and baseball in the spring.[12] Jeter posted high batting averages for the school's baseball team; he batted .557 in his sophomore year and .508 as a junior.[10] In his senior year, he batted .508 and compiled 23 runs batted in (RBI), 21 walks, four home runs, a .637 on-base percentage (OBP), a .831 slugging percentage (SLG), 12 stolen bases (in 12 attempts), and only one strikeout.[10]

text: Jeter received several honors after his senior season. These included an All-State honorable mention, distinguishing him as one of the best high school baseball players in Michigan, the Kalamazoo Area B'nai B'rith Award for Scholar Athlete, the 1992 High School Player of the Year Award from the American Baseball Coaches Association, the 1992 Gatorade High School Player of the Year award, and USA Today's High School Player of the Year.[10][13] Kalamazoo Central High School inducted Jeter into its Athletic Hall of Fame in 2003[14] and renamed its baseball field in his honor in 2011.[15] Jeter's baseball talents drew the attention of the University of Michigan, which offered him a baseball scholarship to attend and play college baseball for the Michigan Wolverines baseball team.[16]

text: Professional career

text: Draft

text: As a scout for the Houston Astros, Hal Newhouser evaluated Jeter extensively before the 1992 MLB draft. The Astros held the first overall pick in the draft, and Newhouser, convinced that Jeter would anchor a winning team, lobbied team management to select him.[16] The Astros feared that Jeter would insist on a salary bonus of at least $1 million to forgo his college scholarship for a professional contract,[16] so they passed on him, instead choosing Cal State Fullerton outfielder Phil Nevin, who signed with Houston for $700,000.[16] Newhouser felt so strongly about Jeter's potential that he quit his job with the Astros in protest after they ignored his drafting advice.[17]

text: The Yankees, who selected sixth, also rated Jeter highly.[18] Yankees scout Dick Groch, assigned to scout in the Midwest, watched Jeter participate in an all-star camp held at Western Michigan University.[19] Though Yankees officials were concerned that Jeter would attend college instead of signing a professional contract, Groch convinced them to select him, saying, "the only place Derek Jeter's going is to Cooperstown".[20] The second through fifth picks were Paul Shuey, B. J. Wallace (who never played in the majors), Jeffrey Hammonds, and Chad Mottola (125 career MLB at-bats and over 5,000 at-bats at AAA); those five would combine for two All-Star Game appearances (Nevin and Hammonds).[21] The Yankees drafted Jeter, who chose to turn pro, signing for $800,000.[22]

text: Minor leagues (1992–95)

text: Jeter played four seasons in minor league baseball, then known as the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (NAPBL). Jeter began the 1992 season with the Gulf Coast Yankees of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League, based in Tampa, Florida. In his first professional game, Jeter failed to get a hit in seven at-bats, going 0-for-7, while striking out five times.[23] Jeter continued to struggle during the rest of the season, batting .202 in 47 games.[16][23] Manager Gary Denbo benched Jeter in the season's final game to ensure his average would not drop below .200, known in baseball as the Mendoza Line.[24] Frustrated by his lack of success and homesick, Jeter accrued $400-per-month phone bills from daily calls to his parents.[22][23]

text: The Yankees promoted Jeter to the Greensboro Hornets of the Class A South Atlantic League (SAL) to give him more at-bats.[23] He batted .247 in his first 11 games with Greensboro, and struggled defensively, making nine errors in 48 chances.[23] Weighing 156 pounds (71 kg), Jeter had a scrawny appearance that did not match his reputation as the Yankees' future leader.[22] Jorge Posada and Andy Pettitte, who played for the Hornets that season, at first questioned the hype surrounding Jeter, but recognized his talent and poise.[23]

text: Jeter focused the next offseason on his fielding.[16][24] Baseball America rated Jeter among the top 100 prospects in baseball before the 1993 season, ranking him 44th.[25] Returning to the Hornets in 1993, his first full season of professional baseball, Jeter hit .295 with five home runs, 71 RBI, and 18 stolen bases; SAL managers voted him the "Most Outstanding Major League Prospect" in the league.[26] He finished second in the SAL in triples (11), third in hits (152), and eleventh in batting average, and was named to the postseason All-Star team.[13] Jeter committed 56 errors, a SAL record.[24] Despite this, he was named the SAL's Best Defensive Shortstop, Most Exciting Player, and Best Infield Arm by Baseball America.[13][27]

text: Coming off his strong 1993 season, Baseball America rated Jeter as the 16th-best prospect in baseball.[25] Jeter played for the Tampa Yankees of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League (FSL), the Albany-Colonie Yankees of the Class AA Eastern League, and the Columbus Clippers of the Class AAA International League during the 1994 season,[28] combining to hit .344 with five home runs, 68 RBI, and steal 50 bases across the three levels. He was honored with the Minor League Player of the Year Award by Baseball America, The Sporting News, USA Today, and Topps/NAPBL.[13][16] He was also named the most valuable player of the FSL.[13]

text: Considered the fourth-best prospect in baseball by Baseball America heading into the 1995 season,[25] the Yankees projected Jeter as their starting shortstop. He suffered mild inflammation in his right shoulder in the Arizona Fall League after the conclusion of the 1994 regular season. As a precaution, the Yankees signed Tony Fernández to a two-year contract. With Fernández the starting shortstop, the Yankees assigned Jeter to Class AAA.[29] During the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike, Gene Michael, the Yankees' general manager, offered Jeter the opportunity to work out for the MLB team with replacement players in spring training before the 1995 season. Jeter denied receiving the offer, and did not cross the picket line.[29]

text: Major leagues (1995–2014)

text: Early in the 1995 season, Fernández and infielder Pat Kelly were injured. Consequently, Jeter made his MLB debut on May 29, 1995.[30] Jeter was assigned uniform number 2, which had been worn by Mike Gallego from 1992 to 1994, one of only two single-digit numbers available at the time.[31] Batting ninth, he went hitless in five at bats, striking out once.[32] The following day, he recorded his first two major league hits and scored his first two career runs.[33] Jeter batted .250[34] and committed two errors in 13 games before being demoted to Class AAA Columbus; Fernández replaced Jeter at shortstop.[35] The Yankees advanced to the postseason in 1995. Jeter traveled with the team during the 1995 American League Division Series (ALDS), though he was not on the active roster. The Yankees lost to the Seattle Mariners.[36]

text: After Fernández batted a disappointing .245 and appeared in only 108 games due to injuries in 1995, newly hired Yankees manager Joe Torre asserted that Jeter would be the starting shortstop for the 1996 season,[37][38] indicating that he hoped Jeter could bat .250 and be dependable defensively.[39] Yankees owner George Steinbrenner, often skeptical of younger players, was not convinced. Clyde King, a close Steinbrenner advisor, observed Jeter for two days in spring training in 1996, and came away with the impression that Jeter was not yet ready.[40] To provide depth to the team at the shortstop position after an injury to Fernández, Steinbrenner approved a trade that would have sent pitcher Mariano Rivera to the Mariners for shortstop Félix Fermín, but Michael, by then the vice president of scouting, and assistant general manager Brian Cashman convinced Steinbrenner to give Jeter an opportunity.[41]

text: Rated the sixth-best prospect in baseball by Baseball America heading into the 1996 season,[25] Jeter started on Opening Day, the first Yankee rookie to start as shortstop for the team since Tom Tresh in 1962.[10][a] He hit his first MLB home run that day.[39] With his speed and ability to execute the hit and run, Jeter served as a complement to leadoff hitter Tim Raines while batting in the ninth spot in the batting order.[43] Jeter had a successful rookie season, exceeding Torre's expectations, as he hit for a .314 batting average, with 10 home runs, 104 runs scored, and 78 RBI.[39] Receiving all 28 first-place votes in the AL Rookie of the Year balloting, Jeter was the fifth unanimous choice for the award in its 50-year history.[39][b]

text: The Yankees reached the 1996 postseason, and Torre batted Jeter in the leadoff spot in the lineup due to his strong performance.[44] During Game 1 of the 1996 American League Championship Series (ALCS), the Yankees trailed the Baltimore Orioles 4–3 in the 8th inning when Jeter hit a fly ball to right field that was ruled a home run by the umpires after twelve-year-old fan Jeffrey Maier reached over the wall to catch the ball. Though the ball would have remained in play if not for Maier, and could have been caught by Tony Tarasco, the home run stood as called, tying the game. It marked the first home run of Jeter's postseason career. The Yankees won the game and defeated the Orioles in five games.[45] Overall, Jeter batted .361 in the 1996 postseason, helping to lead the Yankees offensively with Bernie Williams, as Wade Boggs, Paul O'Neill, and Tino Martinez struggled.[39] The Yankees defeated the Atlanta Braves in the 1996 World Series to win their first championship since the 1978 World Series.[46]

text: Following his Rookie of the Year campaign, Jeter headlined a group considered the "new crop" of shortstops, along with Alex Rodriguez and Nomar Garciaparra, as the careers of older shortstops such as Cal Ripken, Jr., Barry Larkin, Ozzie Smith and Alan Trammell were concluding.[47] Rodriguez, the first overall selection in the 1993 MLB draft, first contacted Jeter about his experiences as a high-first round pick. The two became friends to the extent that The New York Times journalist Jack Curry commented "[r]arely have two higher-profile opponents been as close". Rodriguez described Jeter as being "like my brother", even though they were on-field adversaries.[48]

text: Before the 1997 season, Jeter and the Yankees agreed on a $540,000 contract with performance bonuses.[49] Becoming the Yankees' leadoff batter,[50] Jeter batted .291, with 10 home runs, 70 RBI, 116 runs, and 190 hits.[51] Though he hit two home runs during the 1997 American League Division Series, the Yankees lost to the Cleveland Indians, three games to two.[52]

text: Jeter earned $750,000 for the 1998 season.[53] That year, Jeter was selected for his first All-Star Game. In the regular season, he batted .324 with a league-leading 127 runs, 19 home runs, and 84 RBI,[51] for a team that won 114 games during the regular season and is widely considered to be one of the greatest of all time.[54][55] In the playoffs, Jeter hit only .176 in the 1998 ALDS and ALCS, but batted .353 in the World Series, as the Yankees defeated the San Diego Padres in four games.[56] At season's end, Jeter finished third in voting for the AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award.[57]

text: Eligible for salary arbitration for the first time before the 1999 season, the arbitrator awarded Jeter a $5 million salary.[58] Jeter led the AL in hits that season with 219, while finishing second in the league in batting average (.349) and runs scored (134), appearing in his second All-Star game that year.[51] His season totals in batting average, runs, hits, runs batted in, doubles (37), triples (9), home runs (24), SLG (.552), and OBP (.438) are all personal bests.[51] Jeter, who for part of the year hit third in the batting order, also drove in 102 runs, becoming only the second Yankee shortstop to do so, following Lyn Lary's 107 RBI in 1931.[51] In the postseason, Jeter batted .455 in the ALDS, .350 in the ALCS, and .353 in the World Series,[51] as the Yankees defeated the Braves to win another championship, Jeter's third.[59]

text: During the 1999–2000 offseason, the Yankees negotiated with Jeter, tentatively agreeing to a seven-year, $118.5 million contract.[60] Steinbrenner did not want to set a record for the largest contract, and delayed a response while Juan González and the Detroit Tigers negotiated on a reported eight-year, $143 million contract extension. When that agreement fell through, so did Jeter's tentative deal. To avoid arbitration, Jeter and the Yankees agreed to a one-year deal worth $10 million.[60][61]

text: Jeter batted a team-best .339 in the 2000 regular season and added 15 home runs, 73 RBI, 119 runs scored, and 22 stolen bases.[51][60] In the 2000 MLB All-Star Game, he recorded three hits, including a two-run single that gave his team the lead and victory. The performance earned him the All-Star Game MVP Award, the first time a Yankee won the award.[62] During the postseason, he batted only .211 in the Division Series but rebounded to hit .318 in the Championship Series against the Seattle Mariners, and .409 in the World Series against the New York Mets.[51] Jeter added two home runs, a triple, and two doubles in the World Series, including a leadoff home run on the first pitch of Game 4 and a triple later in the third inning.[63] His home run in Game 5 tied the game and extended his World Series hitting streak to 14 games.[64] The Yankees defeated the Mets in five games for their third consecutive title and fourth in Jeter's first five full seasons.[60][65] Jeter won the World Series MVP Award, becoming the only player to win the All-Star Game MVP and World Series MVP Awards in the same season.[66]

text: With one year remaining until he would become eligible for free agency, Jeter signed a ten-year, $189 million contract before the 2001 season to remain with the Yankees.[60] Alex Rodriguez had signed a ten-year, $252 million contract with the Texas Rangers earlier in the offseason, setting the market for Jeter's negotiations. Jeter became the second-highest-paid athlete across all team sports and auto racing, trailing only Rodriguez. The $18.9 million average annual value of Jeter's contract was the third-highest in baseball, behind only Rodriguez ($25.2 million) and Manny Ramirez ($20 million).[60]

text: In 2001, Jeter posted another strong season, batting .311 with 21 home runs, 74 RBI, 110 runs scored, and 27 stolen bases, making his fourth All-Star appearance.[51] Jeter made a notable defensive assist in Game 3 of the 2001 American League Division Series against the Oakland Athletics. With Jeremy Giambi on first base, Oakland right fielder Terrence Long hit a double off Yankees pitcher Mike Mussina into the right-field corner. As Giambi rounded third base and headed for home plate, Yankees right fielder Shane Spencer retrieved the ball and made a wild throw that missed cut-off man Tino Martinez and dribbled down the first-base line. Jeter ran from shortstop to grab the ball and flipped it backhanded to catcher Jorge Posada, rather than throwing it overhand.[67] Posada tagged Giambi out on the leg just before he crossed home plate, preserving the Yankees' one-run lead. Facing elimination, the Yankees eventually won the game, as well as the series. The play, known as "The Flip",[10] was later voted seventh in Baseball Weekly's 10 Most Amazing Plays of all time,[67] and won the 2002 Best Play ESPY Award.[68]

text: As a result of the September 11 attacks, the start of the playoffs was delayed and the season's end was extended past the usual October timeframe. The Yankees advanced to the 2001 World Series to face the Arizona Diamondbacks. Game 4 marked the first time that any non-exhibition MLB game had been played in the month of November.[10] In extra innings, Jeter hit a game-winning home run off of Byung-hyun Kim. The words "Mr. November" flashed on the scoreboard, alluding to former Yankee Reggie Jackson's nickname, "Mr. October".[10] Despite the home run, Jeter slumped at the plate; he denied injuries were a factor, though a fall into a photographer's box trying to catch a foul ball may have aggravated an earlier hamstring injury.[69] Jeter batted .148 in the World Series, as the Yankees lost in seven games.[70]

text: Jeter batted .297, with 18 home runs, 75 RBI, 124 runs scored, 191 hits, and a career-best 32 stolen bases during the 2002 regular season. He led the majors in stolen base percentage (91.4%), getting caught only three times. He made his fifth All-Star appearance.[51] In the 2002 postseason, the Anaheim Angels defeated the Yankees in the ALDS on their way to winning the World Series.[71]

text: On Opening Day of the 2003 season, Jeter dislocated his left shoulder when he collided with Toronto Blue Jays catcher Ken Huckaby at third base.[72] He was placed on the disabled list for six weeks and missed 36 games; he had never played fewer than 148 games in the prior seven full seasons.[73] Jeter returned to bat .324, finishing third in batting average to Bill Mueller, who batted .326. Ramirez finished second.[74][75]

text: Steinbrenner named Jeter the captain of the Yankees on June 3, 2003, following eight seasons without a captain after Don Mattingly retired in 1995.[76] That postseason, Jeter batted .314 with two home runs, five RBI and 10 runs scored across 17 playoff games,[75] including three hits in Game 3 of the 2003 World Series against the Florida Marlins – the only three hits Josh Beckett allowed during the game.[77] Jeter committed a crucial error in a Game 6 loss, and the Marlins won the series in six games.[75]

text: The Yankees acquired Rodriguez from the Texas Rangers during the 2003–04 offseason. Rodriguez had won two Gold Glove Awards at shortstop[78] and was considered the best shortstop in baseball.[48] Jeter—who had no Gold Gloves at the time—remained the team's starting shortstop while Rodriguez moved to third base.[78] Rodriguez's fielding range allowed Jeter to cede ground to his right to Rodriguez and cheat to his left: fielding balls hit to his left is a weakness identified by scouts.[79] The 2004 season began with Jeter mired in a slump, at one point getting only one hit in a span of 36 at-bats; through April, he batted .168. His batting average improved to .277 by the All-Star break in July.[80]

text: Jeter made the All-Star team and finished the season with a .292 average; 23 home runs, the second-most of his career; 78 RBI; 111 runs scored; and a career-best 44 doubles, which broke the Yankee single-season record for doubles by a shortstop, besting Tony Kubek's 38 in 1961.[51][81] He batted .316 with a team-leading four RBI as the Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins in the 2004 ALDS.[82] Jeter struggled in the 2004 ALCS, batting .200 with one extra base hit, as the Yankees lost the series to the Red Sox in seven games, despite winning the first three games.[83]

text: In the 12th inning of a tied game on July 1, 2004, against their rivals, the Boston Red Sox, Trot Nixon hit a pop fly down the left field line. Jeter ran from his position at shortstop and made an over-the-shoulder catch. He launched himself over the third-base side railing and two rows of seats, receiving a lacerated chin and bruised face. The Yankees went on to win the game in the bottom of the 13th inning.[84] This was voted the Play of the Year in the This Year in Baseball Awards competition, as voted on by fans at MLB.com.[85] Following the 2004 season, Jeter was presented with his first Gold Glove Award; his diving catch on July 1 was cited as a reason for the award.[86] Though Jeter was fourth among shortstops in fielding percentage and errors, two traditional fielding statistics, critics pointed to his lower ratings in the more advanced sabermetric statistics, such as range factor and ultimate zone rating (UZR).[87]

text: Jeter was second in the AL in runs scored (122) in the 2005 season,[88] and was third in the league in both at bats (654) and hits (202). Though his critics continued to see Jeter as a liability defensively, he won his second consecutive Gold Glove in 2005. Orlando Cabrera of the Angels had a higher fielding percentage and committed fewer errors, but voters noted that Jeter had more assists.[89] Though Jeter batted .333 during the 2005 ALDS, the Yankees lost to the Angels.[90]

text: For the 2006 season, the Yankees signed Johnny Damon to play center field and lead off, moving Jeter to the second position in the batting lineup.[91] During the 2006 season, Jeter recorded his 2,000th career hit, becoming the eighth Yankee to reach the milestone.[92] Jeter finished the season second in the AL in both batting average (.343) and runs scored (118), third in hits (214), and fourth in OBP (.417), earning his seventh All-Star selection.[51][93][94] Jeter batted .500 with one home run in the 2006 ALDS, including a perfect 5-for-5 performance in Game 1, making him the sixth player to record five hits in one postseason game.[95] The Yankees lost to the Detroit Tigers, three games to one.[90]

text: Many expected Jeter would win the AL MVP Award for 2006.[96] In a close vote, Jeter finished second in the voting to Justin Morneau of the Twins.[97][c] It was his sixth top-10 finish in the MVP balloting in 11 full seasons through 2006.[51] Though he lost the MVP Award, he won the Hank Aaron Award, given for superior offensive performance.[93] He also won his third consecutive Gold Glove Award.[98]

text: Though the Yankees continued to struggle with postseason failures, Jeter remained a consistent contributor.[99] During the 2007 season, Jeter was third in the AL with 203 hits, his third consecutive season and sixth overall, with at least 200 hits. He also finished ninth in batting average (.322).[100] He was selected for his eighth All-Star appearance.[51] In the field, he was involved in turning a career-high 104 double plays.[51] He struggled during the 2007 ALDS, batting 3-for-17 (.176) with one RBI, as the Indians defeated the Yankees.[90]

text: Jeter hit his 400th career double on June 27, 2008,[101] and his 200th home run on July 12.[102] Jeter's slugging percentage (SLG) dropped to .410 in the 2008 season, his lowest mark since 1997.[51] His offense took an upward turn after May as he hit .322 with a .824 OPS after June 1.[51] Jeter was elected to his ninth All-Star game as the starting shortstop.[103] He finished the season with a .300 batting average.[51]

text: Jeter tied Lou Gehrig's record for hits at Yankee Stadium (1,269) with a home run off Tampa Bay Rays pitcher David Price on September 14, 2008.[104] On September 16, he broke the record against Chicago White Sox pitcher Gavin Floyd.[105] The Yankees were eliminated from postseason contention,[106] the only full season in Jeter's career where he did not compete in the playoffs. Following the final game in Yankee Stadium history, Jeter made a speech at the request of the Yankees, thanking the Yankees fans for their support—a moment later voted by fans as the Moment of the Year in MLB.com's This Year in Baseball Awards:[107]

text: From all of us up here, it's a huge honor to put this uniform on every day and come out here and play. Every member of this organization, past and present, has been calling this place home for 85 years. There's a lot of tradition, a lot of history and a lot of memories. The great thing about memories is you're able to pass them along from generation to generation. Although things are going to change next year and we're going to move across the street, there are a few things with the New York Yankees that never change. That's pride, tradition and most of all, we have the greatest fans in the world. We're relying on you to take the memories from this stadium and add them to the new memories we make at the new Yankee Stadium and continue to pass them on from generation to generation. We just want to take this moment to salute you, the greatest fans in the world.[108]

text: For the 2009 season, Yankees manager Joe Girardi switched Jeter and Damon in the batting order, with Damon moving to second and Jeter to the leadoff role.[109] Jeter batted .334, third-best in the AL, with a .406 OBP, 18 home runs, 30 stolen bases in 35 attempts, 107 runs scored, and 212 hits (second in MLB).[51] Defensively, Jeter committed a career-low eight errors, and his .986 fielding percentage was his career best.[110] The addition of Gold Glove-winning first baseman Mark Teixeira allowed second baseman Robinson Canó to shift his focus to his right, helping Jeter.[111] During the season, the Sporting News named Jeter eighth on their list of the 50 greatest current players in baseball.[112]

text: Jeter achieved two career hit milestones in the second half of the 2009 season. On August 16, 2009, against the Seattle Mariners, Jeter doubled down the right-field line for his 2,675th hit as a shortstop, breaking Luis Aparicio's previous major league record.[113] Then, Jeter became the all-time hits leader as a member of the Yankees (2,722), passing Lou Gehrig on September 11, 2009. The hit was a single off Baltimore Orioles pitcher Chris Tillman in the third inning.[114]

text: In the 2009 postseason, Jeter batted .355, including .407 in the 2009 World Series,[51] as he won his fifth World Series championship. He was named Sportsman of the Year for 2009 by Sports Illustrated,[115] and won the Roberto Clemente Award, Hank Aaron Award,[116] and his fourth Gold Glove Award.[110] Jeter also finished third in the AL MVP voting, behind Minnesota's Joe Mauer and Yankee teammate Mark Teixeira.[117] It was also the fifth championship for Pettitte, Posada, and Rivera, who along with Jeter were referred to as the "Core Four".[118]

text: In 2010, Jeter, along with Posada and Rivera, became the first trio of teammates in any of the four major league sports in North America (MLB, NFL, NBA, or NHL) to play in at least 16 consecutive seasons on the same team as teammates.[119] The 2010 season was statistically Jeter's worst in many respects.[120][121] The Yankee captain batted .270 with a .340 OBP and .370 SLG, all career lows,[121] as he hit more ground balls than usual.[122] Despite this, Jeter was elected to start at shortstop in the All-Star Game.[123] He rebounded to bat .342 in his last 79 at-bats after making adjustments to his swing with the help of Kevin Long, the Yankees hitting coach, who had successfully helped Nick Swisher and Curtis Granderson make adjustments that improved their production. With Long, Jeter changed the way he strode with his left leg.[120][124] Following the season, Jeter won his fifth Gold Glove award.[125] Jeter committed six errors during the season, his lowest total in 15 full seasons.[126]

text:
"He might go down, when it's all over, as the all-time Yankee."

—Don Zimmer, September 13, 2009[40]

tag: div

text: After the 2010 season, Jeter became a free agent for the first time in his career. At age 36, Jeter appeared to be in decline; Joe Sheehan of Baseball Prospectus suggested that Jeter, once a "good, not great" shortstop, had declined to become "below average" defensively,[121] to the extent that he would likely need to change positions; Cashman later acknowledged that Jeter might need to shift to the outfield.[127] Though Jeter stated that he wanted to remain with the Yankees, negotiations became tense. Jeter's agent, Casey Close, stated that he was "baffled" by the Yankees' approach to the negotiations, and Cashman, now the team's general manager, responded publicly that Jeter should test the open market to ascertain his value, which angered Jeter.[128] According to reports, Jeter initially sought a four-year contract worth between $23 million and $25 million per season.[129] He reached an agreement with the Yankees on a three-year contract for $51 million with an option for a fourth year.[128] He spent the offseason working with Long on adjustments to his swing.[130][131]

text: The adjustments left Jeter frustrated, as he batted .242 in the first month of the 2011 season.[132] As he struggled, it appeared that the 2011 season was the continuation of Jeter's decline.[133][134] Jeter broke Rickey Henderson's franchise record for stolen bases when he stole his 327th base against the Mariners on May 28, 2011.[135] He suffered a calf injury on June 13 that required his fifth stint on the 15-day disabled list, and his first since 2003.[136][137] At that point, he was batting .260 for the 2011 season with a .649 OPS.[138] Rehabilitating from his injury in Tampa, Jeter worked on his swing with Denbo, his former minor league manager.[139][140] With Denbo, Jeter returned to the mechanics he used in his minor league days.[131] Following his activation from the disabled list, he hit .326 with an .806 OPS in his last 64 games of the season.[138] Jeter finished the year with a .297 batting average, 6 home runs, 61 runs batted in, 84 runs, and 16 stolen bases.[51] He credited the turnaround to his work with Denbo;[139] Long acknowledged that his attempt to adjust Jeter's swing did not work.[131]

text: On July 9, 2011, Jeter recorded his 3,000th career hit, a home run off of David Price of the Tampa Bay Rays. Jeter finished the day with five hits in five at-bats, the second player to have five hits on the day he achieved his 3,000th hit (the first was Craig Biggio).[141] He also became the second player to hit a home run for his 3,000th hit, Wade Boggs having done so in 1999. The last of Jeter's five hits proved to be the game-winning hit. He is the only member of the 3,000 hit club to record all of his hits with the New York Yankees, and the only player to join the club as a Yankee.[142] Jeter became the second player to reach 3,000 career hits while still a regular shortstop (the first was Honus Wagner).[143][144][d] Only Ty Cobb, Hank Aaron, and Robin Yount were younger than Jeter on the day of their 3,000th hit.[143] MLB and HBO produced Derek Jeter 3K, a documentary that profiled his path to 3,000 hits and originally aired on July 28, 2011.[147]

text: Fatigued from the stress of chasing 3,000 career hits and wanting to rest his calf, Jeter opted not to attend the 2011 MLB All-Star Game.[148][149] Jeter and Posada played their 1,660th game together on July 14, 2011, breaking the previous franchise record of 1,659 by Gehrig and Tony Lazzeri.[150] Jeter played his 2,402nd game with the Yankees on August 29, 2011, breaking Mickey Mantle's record for most games played as a Yankee.[151] He finished the 2011 season with 162 hits, his 16th consecutive season with 150 hits, which tied him with Pete Rose for the second-most consecutive 150-hit seasons, one behind Hank Aaron for the MLB record.[152] Jeter was honored with the Lou Gehrig Memorial Award, given in recognition of charitable endeavors.[153]

text: Despite continuing concerns about his age, the beginning of the 2012 season saw Jeter on a hot streak: he batted .411 through April 23.[122] Rodriguez commented that Jeter is playing as he did in 1999, while Girardi said Jeter looks like he is 25 years old.[154] In the 2012 MLB All-Star Game, Jeter recorded his eleventh All-Star hit, passing Mantle for the most All-Star Game hits in Yankees history.[155] Jeter went 1-for-2 in the game, moving into fourth all-time with a .458 average among players with a minimum of 12 plate appearances in the All-Star Game.[156]

text: Jeter finished the 2012 season with the most hits in MLB (216).[157] Against the Tampa Bay Rays on September 14 of that year, he moved into the Top 10 on the all-time hit list, surpassing Willie Mays by beating out an infield single for his 3,284th career hit.[158] After hitting .364 in the 2012 ALDS, Jeter fractured his left ankle during Game 1 of the 2012 ALCS against the Detroit Tigers reaching for a ground ball, an injury which ended his season.[159] Jeter had received a cortisone shot to treat a bone bruise in his left foot in September, which could have contributed to the break. Jeter had surgery on his broken left ankle on October 20, with an expected recovery time of four to five months.[160]

text: While rehabilitating, Jeter suffered a small crack in the area of his previous ankle fracture. As a result, Jeter began the 2013 season on the disabled list.[161][162] The Yankees activated Jeter on July 11,[163] but after playing in one game, Jeter returned to the disabled list with a quadriceps strain.[164] He returned to the Yankees lineup on July 28, hitting a home run on the first pitch off of Matt Moore of Tampa Bay.[165] Jeter was again placed on the 15-day disabled list on August 5 due to a Grade 1 calf strain, and after a brief return to the lineup, he was placed on the 15-day disabled list for a third time on September 11 due to problems with his ankle, ending his season.[166] On September 14, 2013 Jeter was transferred to the 60-day disabled list.[167] Jeter batted .190 in only 17 games played during the 2013 season.[168]

text: Final season (2014)

text: Derek Jeter's number 2 was retired by the New York Yankees in 2017.

tag: table

text: Jeter re-signed with the Yankees on a one-year, $12 million contract for the 2014 season.[169] Jeter announced on his Facebook page on February 12, 2014, that the 2014 season would be his last.[170] During his final season, each opposing team honored Jeter with a gift during his final visit to their city, which has included donations to Jeter's charity, the Turn 2 Foundation.[171]

text: On July 10, Jeter recorded his 1,000th career multi-hit game, becoming the fourth player to do so.[172] He was elected to start at shortstop in the 2014 All-Star Game, and batted leadoff for the AL.[173] Jeter went 2 for 2, scored one run and received two standing ovations in the four innings he played at the 2014 All-Star Game.[174] As a result, Jeter's .481 career All-Star batting average (13 for 27) ranked him fifth all-time (among players with at least 10 at-bats). At 40, Jeter also became the oldest player to have two or more hits in an All-Star Game.[175] In July, Jeter broke Omar Vizquel's MLB career record of 2,609 games started at shortstop, and Gehrig's franchise career record of 534 doubles.[176] On July 17, Derek scored the 1,900th run of his career becoming the 10th player in MLB history to do so.[177] Jeter passed Carl Yastrzemski for seventh place on MLB's all-time career hit list on July 28[178] and on August 11 he passed Honus Wagner climbing to sixth on the all-time hits list.[179]

text: The Yankees honored Jeter with a pregame tribute on September 7.[180][181] Beginning with that day's game, the Yankees wore a patch on their hats and uniforms honoring Jeter for the remainder of the season.[182][183] In the final week of Jeter's career, MLB Commissioner Bud Selig honored him as the 15th recipient of the Commissioner's Historic Achievement Award for being "one of the most accomplished shortstops of all-time".[184]

text: During Jeter's final series at Yankee Stadium, Louisville Slugger announced they would retire their "P72" model baseball bat, the bat Jeter uses, though it will be sold under the name "DJ2", in Jeter's honor.[185] The average ticket price for Jeter's final home game, on September 25, reached $830 on the secondary market.[186] In his final game at Yankee Stadium, Jeter hit a walk-off single against Orioles pitcher Evan Meek to win the game, 6–5.[187]

text: Jeter decided to play exclusively as the designated hitter in the final series of his career, at Fenway Park in Boston, so that his final memories of playing shortstop would be at Yankee Stadium.[188] The Red Sox honored Jeter with a pregame ceremony including Red Sox retired stars Carl Yastrzemski, Jim Rice, Fred Lynn, Luis Tiant and Rico Petrocelli, the Boston Bruins' Bobby Orr, New England Patriots receiver Troy Brown and the Boston Celtics' Paul Pierce, while many Boston fans at Fenway Park loudly cheered for Jeter and gave him a standing ovation.[189] In his final at-bat, he hit an RBI infield single against Clay Buchholz, before being substituted for pinch runner Brian McCann;[190] he received an ovation from the Red Sox fans as he exited the field.[191]

text: World Baseball Classic

text: Jeter started at shortstop for the United States national baseball team in the 2006 World Baseball Classic. He hit 9-for-20 (.450) and scored five runs in six games. Only teammate Ken Griffey, Jr. (.524) and Cuba's Yoandy Garlobo (.480) had a higher batting average with a minimum of 20 at-bats.[192] Jeter's play earned him recognition as the shortstop selection on the All-Tournament Team.[193]

text: In the 2009 World Baseball Classic, Jeter again started at shortstop. He was named captain of the United States team by manager Davey Johnson,[194] and he batted 8-for-29 (.276) in eight games.[195] Jeter and the United States team faced the Yankees at Steinbrenner Field in an exhibition game, the only time Jeter played against the Yankees.[196]

text: Player profile

text: Jeter is considered to be one of the most consistent baseball players of all time.[197] He played fewer than 145 games a season only three times in his career: when he dislocated his left shoulder on Opening Day 2003 (119 games), when he injured his calf in 2011 (131 games), and in 2013 when he struggled with a myriad of injuries (17 games).[51] For his career, he averaged 204 hits, 113 runs scored and 21 stolen bases per 162 games.[51] He is currently 6th on the all-time hits list in Major League Baseball history.[198] Highly competitive, Jeter once said, "If you're going to play at all, you're out to win. Baseball, board games, playing Jeopardy!, I hate to lose."[199] Seen as one of the best players of his generation,[200] sportswriters believe that Jeter will be inducted on the 1st ballot into the Baseball Hall of Fame following his retirement, and could be a unanimous selection.[201][202]

text:
"Derek Jeter has always been above the fray. As someone who's wallowed in it, 'foot-in-mouthed' it hundreds of times, said dumb things and backed up dumber ones, it's refreshing. He's shown up, played, and turned in a first-ballot Hall of Fame career in the hardest environment in sports to do any/all of the above."

—Curt Schilling, September 14, 2009[203]

text: An aggressive hitter, Jeter swings at most pitches in the strike zone, and many near it.[16] Though right-handed hitters often pull the ball into left field, Jeter's signature inside-out swing, dubbed the "Jeterian Swing",[204] results in most of his hits going to center and right field. Similarly, most of his home runs have been hit to right field than to center or to left, as his swing takes advantage of Yankee Stadium's close right-field fences.[205]

text: Jeter is also known for his professionalism. In an age where professional athletes often find themselves in personal scandals, Jeter has mostly avoided major controversy in a high-profile career in New York City while maintaining a strong work ethic.[8][202][206][207] Due to his style of play, opponents and teammates hold Jeter in high esteem.[203][206] A clubhouse leader, Jeter defuses confrontations between teammates.[206]

text: Postseason performance

text: Jeter is noted for his postseason performances, and has earned the titles of "Captain Clutch", and "Mr. November" due to his outstanding postseason play.[208][209][210][211] He has a career .309 postseason batting average, and a .321 batting average in the World Series. Except for 2008, 2013 and 2014, the Yankees have been to the postseason every year since Jeter joined the team. Jeter holds MLB postseason records for games played (158), plate appearances (734), at-bats (650), hits (200), singles (143), doubles (32), triples (5), runs scored (111), total bases (302) and strikeouts (135). Jeter is also third in home runs (20), fourth in runs batted in (61), fifth in base on balls (66) and sixth in stolen bases (18).[212]

text: Defense

text: Jeter has won five Gold Glove Awards, trailing only Vizquel, Ozzie Smith, Luis Aparicio, Dave Concepción, and Mark Belanger for most by a shortstop.[213] He is credited with positioning himself well and for a quick release when he throws the ball.[214] One of his signature defensive plays is the "jump-throw", by which he leaps and throws to first base while moving towards third base.[215]

text: Despite this, Jeter's defense has been the subject of criticism from a number of sabermetricians, including Rob Neyer and the publication Baseball Prospectus.[216][217][218] The 2006 book The Fielding Bible by John Dewan contains an essay by Bill James in which he concludes that Jeter "was probably the most ineffective defensive player in the major leagues, at any position" over his entire career.[219] A 2008 study by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania found that, from 2002 through 2005, Jeter was the worst defensive shortstop in MLB.[220] Two sites that rely on advanced defensive statistics, FanGraphs.com and FieldingBible.com, rated Jeter below middle-of-the-pack status in 2010, despite his receiving his fifth Gold Glove Award that season.[221][222]

text: Jeter committed 18 errors in 2007, his highest total since finishing with 24 in 2000.[223] After the season, Cashman and his staff saw Jeter's defense as an area that needed to be addressed.[224] At the Yankees' request, Jeter embarked on a rigorous training program to combat the effects of age, by focusing on lateral movement and first-step quickness.[225] Jeter's ultimate zone rating (UZR) improved from worst in the AL for shortstops in 2007 to close to league average in 2008.[224]

text: When asked to respond to criticism of his defense, Jeter replied: "I play in New York, man. Criticism is part of the game, you take criticism as a challenge."[223] Jeter further asserted that many defensive factors cannot be quantified.[126] The controversy over Jeter's fielding has become a flash point for the debate over whether the analyses of statistics or subjective observation is the better method to assess a player's defensive ability, and for criticism of the Gold Glove Award.[226]

text: Personal life

text: Jeter maintains homes in Marlboro Township, New Jersey; Greenwood Lake, New York;[227] and the Davis Islands neighborhood of Tampa, Florida.[228] He previously owned a penthouse apartment in Manhattan's Trump World Tower.[229] Regarding his official residence, Jeter settled a tax dispute with the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance in 2008.[230] New York State alleged that Jeter should have paid state income tax from 2001 to 2003, as Jeter resided in the Manhattan apartment he bought in 2001; Jeter claimed to have established his residence in Tampa, Florida, in 1994 and that he was still a resident of Florida at the time. Florida has no state income tax.[231][232]

text: Jeter's personal life has been a frequent topic in gossip columns and celebrity magazines since his rookie year in 1996. He had a well-publicized relationship with singer Mariah Carey from 1997 to 1998.[10][233] Jeter also had a relationship with model Vida Guerra. Jeter has also dated former Miss Universe Lara Dutta,[10][234] singer Joy Enriquez,[235] television personality Vanessa Minnillo,[233] and the actresses Jordana Brewster,[10][236] Jessica Biel,[237][238] Minka Kelly,[239][240][241] and model Hannah Davis.[242]

text: In December 2002, Yankees owner George Steinbrenner criticized Jeter for staying out until 3 a.m. at a birthday party during the 2002 season, saying that his star shortstop "wasn't totally focused" and that "it didn't sit well" with him.[243] The two mocked the incident in a May 2003 VISA commercial,[71] similar to the manner in which Steinbrenner and former Yankees manager Billy Martin made light of their feud in a Miller Lite commercial during the 1970s.[244]

text: Jeter and Davis became engaged in 2015. She bought Jeter an Italian Mastiff named Kane for Christmas in 2014. Jeter never had pets as a child, and attributed his fear of dogs to the movie Cujo.[245][246] In July 2016, Jeter and Davis were married.[247] On February 13, 2017, Hannah announced that she was pregnant with a daughter.[248] Jeter's daughter, named Bella Raine Jeter, was born on August 17, 2017.[249]

text: Business interests

text: During his injury-shortened 2013 season, Jeter arranged a partnership with Simon & Schuster to form an imprint called Jeter Publishing. He called it "the blueprint for postcareer". It will begin publishing nonfiction books for adults, children's picture books, elementary grade fiction, and books for children who are learning to read, and could lead to film and television productions.[250]

text: On October 1, 2014, Jeter's new website, ThePlayersTribune.com, appeared online;[251] it was billed as "a new media platform that will present the unfiltered voice of professional athletes, bringing fans closer to the games they love than ever before".[252] It was reported by the Tampa Bay Business Journal in March 2015 that Jeter had partnered with Concessions Tampa to bid for a space within the Tampa International Airport, and plans to open a restaurant named after his website.[253][254]

text: Jeter also serves as a brand development officer for Luvo Inc.,[255] and has investment interests in multi-channel video network company, Whistle Sports Network.[256][257] He explored purchasing the Buffalo Bills football team in 2014.[258]

text: Miami Marlins

text: In July 2017, Jeter engaged in the bidding for ownership of the Miami Marlins.[259] In August 2017, Jeter and Bruce Sherman finalized a deal to purchase the Miami Marlins. Jeter owns a 20% stake in the franchise and is also the Chief Executive Officer of the team, handling baseball operations. [260]

text: Appearances outside of baseball

text: Philanthropy

text: Jeter created the Turn 2 Foundation, a charitable organization, in 1996. It was established to help children and teenagers avoid drug and alcohol addiction, and to reward those who show high academic achievement.[261] In 2012, Jeter received an honorary doctorate from Siena College honoring him for his foundation's work.[262]

text: Jeter also serves as an ambassador for Weplay, a website designed to encourage children to get involved in sports.[263]

text: Endorsements

text: Jeter has appeared in national ad campaigns for Nike, Gatorade,[264] Fleet Bank, Ford, VISA,[265] Discover Card,[266] Florsheim,[267] Gillette, Skippy,[268] and XM Satellite Radio.[269][270][271][272] He endorses a cologne named Driven, designed in collaboration with and distributed by Avon.[273] Jeter has his own Jumpman shoe.[274] To commemorate Jeter's final year, the Jordan brand made a tribute commercial titled "#RE2PECT", which had many baseball players (such as Jon Lester) and celebrities, even rival Boston Red Sox fans tip their caps.[275]

text: In 2006, Jeter was the second-highest paid endorser in baseball, behind Ichiro Suzuki, who received endorsement deals in Japan.[276] He was ranked as the most marketable player in baseball according to the 2003, 2005, and 2010 Sports Business Surveys.[277][278] A 2011 list by the marketing firm Nielsen ranked Jeter as the most marketable player in baseball, accounting for personal attributes such as sincerity, approachability, experience, and influence.[279]

text: Other appearances

text: Jeter has appeared on television as a guest actor in the sitcom Seinfeld in the episode titled, "The Abstinence" and Saturday Night Live, a late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show, in episode 7 during season 27.[280] He had cameo appearances in the comedy films Anger Management and The Other Guys.[281] Jeter was the subject of a 2005 segment on the TV news magazine 60 Minutes[8] and a 2014 episode of Finding Your Roots, a Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) public television series.[282] Jeter also appears as a character in the Broadway play Bronx Bombers.[283] Jeter made an appearance alongside Peyton Manning to celebrate Saturday Night Live's 40th Anniversary in February 2015.[284]

text: Video games have featured Jeter on their cover, including 2K Sports' MLB 2K5, MLB 2K6, and MLB 2K7,[285][286] Acclaim Entertainment's All-Star Baseball series of video games,[287] and Gameloft's wireless phone baseball game, Derek Jeter Pro Baseball 2008.[288] A wax figure immortalizes Jeter at the Madame Tussauds Wax Museum in New York,[289] and a sculpture at the Louisville Slugger Museum & Factory in Louisville, Kentucky.[290]

text: Career highlights

text: Awards

text:
Award / Honor
Time(s)
Date(s)

AL All-Star[13]
14
1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014

New York Yankees Player of the Year[291]
5
1998, 1999, 2000, 2006, 2009

AL Gold Glove Award (SS)[13]
5
2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010

AL Silver Slugger Award (SS)[13][291]
5
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012

GIBBY Awards Moment of the Year[292]
2
2008, 2009

Hank Aaron Award[292]
2
2006, 2009

GIBBY Awards Performance of the Year[292]
1
2011

GIBBY Awards Moment of the Year[293]
1
2014

GIBBY Awards Walk-Off of the Year[293]
1
2014

Lou Gehrig Memorial Award[292]
1
2010

Sporting News All-Decade Team (shortstop)[294][295]
1
2009

Sports Illustrated MLB All-Decade Team (shortstop)[296]
1
2009

Roberto Clemente Award[292]
1
2009

Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year[297]
1
2009

ESPY Awards Best MLB Player[298]
1
2007

Inductee in Kalamazoo Central High School Athletic Hall of Fame[14]
1
2007

Baseball Digest Player of the Year[13]
1
2006

GIBBY Awards Hitter of the Year Award[13]
1
2006

Baseball America 1st-Team Major League All-Star (SS)[13]
1
2006

GIBBY Awards Play of the Year[292]
1
2004

Players Choice Award Rookie of the Year[292]
1
2004

The Sporting News "Good Guy in Sports" Award[292]
1
2002

ESPY Awards Best Play ESPY Award[292]
1
2002

Babe Ruth Award[292]
1
2000

All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award[13]
1
2000

World Series Most Valuable Player Award[13]
1
2000

Joan Payson Award for Community Service[299]
1
1997

AL Rookie of the Year[13][291]
1
1996

International League All-Star[292]
1
1995

Florida State League All-Star[292]
1
1994

Florida State League Most Valuable Player[292]
1
1994

Baseball America Minor League Player of the Year[292]
1
1994

The Sporting News Minor League Player of the Year[292]
1
1994

Topps/NAPBL Minor League Player of the Year[292]
1
1994

New York Yankees Minor League Player of the Year[292]
1
1994

South Atlantic League All-Star[292]
1
1993

South Atlantic League's Best Defensive Shortstop, Most Exciting Player, Best Infield Arm[292]
1
1993

American Baseball Coaches Association High School Player of the Year[292]
1
1992

USA Today High School Player of the Year[292]
1
1992

Gatorade High School Athlete of the Year[292]
1
1992

text: In 2015, Jeter was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame.[300]

text: Statistical highlights

text:
Led League

Singles (1997, 1998)[292]
Runs scored (1998)[292]
Hits (1999, 2012)[292]

League Top–Ten

Hits (1997–2002, 2004–2007, 2009, 2012)
Runs scored (1997–2006, 2009, 2012)
Batting average (1998–2001, 2003–2007, 2009, 2012)
Total bases (1999)
AL MVP voting (1997–2001, 2003–2009)
AL hitters (1997, 1999–2000, 2003, 2009)


document_title: Digestion

question_text: where does chemical digestion first occur to fats

text: Digestion

text: Digestive system

text: Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it.[2] In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an organic material, and some of the products diffuse back to the organism. Animals have a tube (gastrointestinal tract) in which internal digestion occurs, which is more efficient because more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled.[3]

text: Some organisms, including nearly all spiders, simply secrete biotoxins and digestive chemicals (e.g., enzymes) into the extracellular environment prior to ingestion of the consequent "soup". In others, once potential nutrients or food is inside the organism, digestion can be conducted to a vesicle or a sac-like structure, through a tube, or through several specialized organs aimed at making the absorption of nutrients more efficient.

text: Secretion systems

text: Bacteria use several systems to obtain nutrients from other organisms in the environments.

text: Channel transport system

text: In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system transports various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes (20 – 900 kDa). The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 900 kDa.[4]

text: Molecular syringe

text: A type III secretion system means that a molecular syringe is used through which a bacterium (e.g. certain types of Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia) can inject nutrients into protist cells. One such mechanism was first discovered in Y. pestis and showed that toxins could be injected directly from the bacterial cytoplasm into the cytoplasm of its host's cells rather than simply be secreted into the extracellular medium.[5]

text: Conjugation machinery

text: The conjugation machinery of some bacteria (and archaeal flagella) is capable of transporting both DNA and proteins. It was discovered in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which uses this system to introduce the Ti plasmid and proteins into the host, which develops the crown gall (tumor).[6] The VirB complex of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the prototypic system.[7]

text: The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cells into factories for the production of opines, which the bacteria use as carbon and energy sources. Infected plant cells form crown gall or root tumors. The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant.

text: The Ti and Ri plasmids are themselves conjugative. Ti and Ri transfer between bacteria uses an independent system (the tra, or transfer, operon) from that for inter-kingdom transfer (the vir, or virulence, operon). Such transfer creates virulent strains from previously avirulent Agrobacteria.

text: Release of outer membrane vesicles

text: In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles.[8][9] Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors, some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells. While release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions, the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective.[10]

text: Gastrovascular cavity

text: The gastrovascular cavity functions as a stomach in both digestion and the distribution of nutrients to all parts of the body. Extracellular digestion takes place within this central cavity, which is lined with the gastrodermis, the internal layer of epithelium. This cavity has only one opening to the outside that functions as both a mouth and an anus: waste and undigested matter is excreted through the mouth/anus, which can be described as an incomplete gut.

text: In a plant such as the Venus Flytrap that can make its own food through photosynthesis, it does not eat and digest its prey for the traditional objectives of harvesting energy and carbon, but mines prey primarily for essential nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus in particular) that are in short supply in its boggy, acidic habitat.[11]

text: Phagosome

text: A phagosome is a vacuole formed around a particle absorbed by phagocytosis. The vacuole is formed by the fusion of the cell membrane around the particle. A phagosome is a cellular compartment in which pathogenic microorganisms can be killed and digested. Phagosomes fuse with lysosomes in their maturation process, forming phagolysosomes. In humans, Entamoeba histolytica can phagocytose red blood cells.[12]

text: Specialised organs and behaviours

text: To aid in the digestion of their food animals evolved organs such as beaks, tongues, teeth, a crop, gizzard, and others.

text: Beaks

text: Birds have bony beaks that are specialised according to the bird's ecological niche. For example, macaws primarily eat seeds, nuts, and fruit, using their impressive beaks to open even the toughest seed. First they scratch a thin line with the sharp point of the beak, then they shear the seed open with the sides of the beak.

text: The mouth of the squid is equipped with a sharp horny beak mainly made of cross-linked proteins. It is used to kill and tear prey into manageable pieces. The beak is very robust, but does not contain any minerals, unlike the teeth and jaws of many other organisms, including marine species.[13] The beak is the only indigestible part of the squid.

text: Tongue

text: The tongue is skeletal muscle on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing (mastication) and swallowing (deglutition). It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva. The underside of the tongue is covered with a smooth mucous membrane. The tongue also has a touch sense for locating and positioning food particles that require further chewing. The tongue is utilized to roll food particles into a bolus before being transported down the esophagus through peristalsis.

text: The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is a location where the oral mucosa is very thin, and underlain by a plexus of veins. This is an ideal location for introducing certain medications to the body. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.

text: Teeth

text: Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply which enables proprioception. This is the ability of sensation when chewing, for example if we were to bite into something too hard for our teeth, such as a chipped plate mixed in food, our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying.

text: The shapes, sizes and numbers of types of animals' teeth are related to their diets. For example, herbivores have a number of molars which are used to grind plant matter, which is difficult to digest. Carnivores have canine teeth which are used to kill and tear meat.

text: Crop

text: A crop, or croup, is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion. In some birds it is an expanded, muscular pouch near the gullet or throat. In adult doves and pigeons, the crop can produce crop milk to feed newly hatched birds.[14]

text: Certain insects may have a crop or enlarged esophagus.

text: Abomasum

text: Herbivores have evolved cecums (or an abomasum in the case of ruminants). Ruminants have a fore-stomach with four chambers. These are the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. In the first two chambers, the rumen and the reticulum, the food is mixed with saliva and separates into layers of solid and liquid material. Solids clump together to form the cud (or bolus). The cud is then regurgitated, chewed slowly to completely mix it with saliva and to break down the particle size.

text: Fibre, especially cellulose and hemi-cellulose, is primarily broken down into the volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in these chambers (the reticulo-rumen) by microbes: (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi). In the omasum, water and many of the inorganic mineral elements are absorbed into the blood stream.

text: The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine, where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine.

text: Specialised behaviours

text: Regurgitation has been mentioned above under abomasum and crop, referring to crop milk, a secretion from the lining of the crop of pigeons and doves with which the parents feed their young by regurgitation.[15]

text: Many sharks have the ability to turn their stomachs inside out and evert it out of their mouths in order to get rid of unwanted contents (perhaps developed as a way to reduce exposure to toxins).

text: Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours – eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten.

text: Young elephants, pandas, koalas, and hippos eat the faeces of their mother, probably to obtain the bacteria required to properly digest vegetation. When they are born, their intestines do not contain these bacteria (they are completely sterile). Without them, they would be unable to get any nutritional value from many plant components.

text: In earthworms

text: An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food is lubricated by mucus secretions for easier passage. The esophagus adds calcium carbonate to neutralize the acids formed by food matter decay. Temporary storage occurs in the crop where food and calcium carbonate are mixed. The powerful muscles of the gizzard churn and mix the mass of food and dirt. When the churning is complete, the glands in the walls of the gizzard add enzymes to the thick paste, which helps chemically breakdown the organic matter. By peristalsis, the mixture is sent to the intestine where friendly bacteria continue chemical breakdown. This releases carbohydrates, protein, fat, and various vitamins and minerals for absorption into the body.

text: Overview of vertebrate digestion

text: In most vertebrates, digestion is a multistage process in the digestive system, starting from ingestion of raw materials, most often other organisms. Ingestion usually involves some type of mechanical and chemical processing. Digestion is separated into four steps:

text:
Ingestion: placing food into the mouth (entry of food in the digestive system),
Mechanical and chemical breakdown: mastication and the mixing of the resulting bolus with water, acids, bile and enzymes in the stomach and intestine to break down complex molecules into simple structures,
Absorption: of nutrients from the digestive system to the circulatory and lymphatic capillaries through osmosis, active transport, and diffusion, and
Egestion (Excretion): Removal of undigested materials from the digestive tract through defecation.

tag: ol

text: Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.).

text: The major part of digestion takes place in the small intestine. The large intestine primarily serves as a site for fermentation of indigestible matter by gut bacteria and for resorption of water from digests before excretion.

text: In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes. Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, and the process finishes with defecation.[1]

text: Human digestion process

text: The human gastrointestinal tract is around 9 meters long. Food digestion physiology varies between individuals and upon other factors such as the characteristics of the food and size of the meal, and the process of digestion normally takes between 24 and 72 hours.[16]

text: Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the walls of the stomach and mucus is secreted for protection. In the stomach further release of enzymes break down the food further and this is combined with the churning action of the stomach. The partially digested food enters the duodenum as a thick semi-liquid chyme. In the small intestine, the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. The intestinal walls are lined with villi, and their epithelial cells is covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine.

text: In the large intestine the passage of food is slower to enable fermentation by the gut flora to take place. Here water is absorbed and waste material stored as feces to be removed by defecation via the anal canal and anus.

text: Neural and biochemical control mechanisms

text: Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase.

text: The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed through the vagus nerve and release of acetylcholine. Gastric secretion at this phase rises to 40% of maximum rate. Acidity in the stomach is not buffered by food at this point and thus acts to inhibit parietal (secretes acid) and G cell (secretes gastrin) activity via D cell secretion of somatostatin.

text: The gastric phase takes 3 to 4 hours. It is stimulated by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH. Distention activates long and myenteric reflexes. This activates the release of acetylcholine, which stimulates the release of more gastric juices. As protein enters the stomach, it binds to hydrogen ions, which raises the pH of the stomach. Inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion is lifted. This triggers G cells to release gastrin, which in turn stimulates parietal cells to secrete gastric acid. Gastric acid is about 0.5% hydrochloric acid (HCl), which lowers the pH to the desired pH of 1-3. Acid release is also triggered by acetylcholine and histamine.

text: The intestinal phase has two parts, the excitatory and the inhibitory. Partially digested food fills the duodenum. This triggers intestinal gastrin to be released. Enterogastric reflex inhibits vagal nuclei, activating sympathetic fibers causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten to prevent more food from entering, and inhibits local reflexes.

text: Breakdown into nutrients

text: This section needs expansion with: digestion of other substances. You can help by adding to it. (August 2011)

text: Protein digestion

text: Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen, which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides.

text: Fat digestion

text: Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine.[17] The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids.[17] Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules.[17]

text: Carbohydrate digestion

text: In humans, dietary starches are composed of glucose units arranged in long chains called amylose, a polysaccharide. During digestion, bonds between glucose molecules are broken by salivary and pancreatic amylase, resulting in progressively smaller chains of glucose. This results in simple sugars glucose and maltose (2 glucose molecules) that can be absorbed by the small intestine.

text: Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent.[18]

text: Sucrase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide sucrose, commonly known as table sugar, cane sugar, or beet sugar. Sucrose digestion yields the sugars fructose and glucose which are readily absorbed by the small intestine.

text: DNA and RNA digestion

text: DNA and RNA are broken down into mononucleotides by the nucleases deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease (DNase and RNase) from the pancreas.

text: Non-destructive digestion

text: Some nutrients are complex molecules (for example vitamin B12) which would be destroyed if they were broken down into their functional groups. To digest vitamin B12 non-destructively, haptocorrin in saliva strongly binds and protects the B12 molecules from stomach acid as they enter the stomach and are cleaved from their protein complexes.[19]

text: After the B12-haptocorrin complexes pass from the stomach via the pylorus to the duodenum, pancreatic proteases cleave haptocorrin from the B12 molecules which rebind to intrinsic factor (IF). These B12-IF complexes travel to the ileum portion of the small intestine where cubilin receptors enable assimilation and circulation of B12-IF complexes in the blood.[20]

text: Digestive hormones

text: There are at least five hormones that aid and regulate the digestive system in mammals. There are variations across the vertebrates, as for instance in birds. Arrangements are complex and additional details are regularly discovered. For instance, more connections to metabolic control (largely the glucose-insulin system) have been uncovered in recent years.

text:
Gastrin – is in the stomach and stimulates the gastric glands to secrete pepsinogen (an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin) and hydrochloric acid. Secretion of gastrin is stimulated by food arriving in stomach. The secretion is inhibited by low pH.
Secretin – is in the duodenum and signals the secretion of sodium bicarbonate in the pancreas and it stimulates the bile secretion in the liver. This hormone responds to the acidity of the chyme.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) – is in the duodenum and stimulates the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and stimulates the emptying of bile in the gall bladder. This hormone is secreted in response to fat in chyme.
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) – is in the duodenum and decreases the stomach churning in turn slowing the emptying in the stomach. Another function is to induce insulin secretion.
Motilin – is in the duodenum and increases the migrating myoelectric complex component of gastrointestinal motility and stimulates the production of pepsin.

tag: ul

text: Significance of pH

text: Digestion is a complex process controlled by several factors. pH plays a crucial role in a normally functioning digestive tract. In the mouth, pharynx and esophagus, pH is typically about 6.8, very weakly acidic. Saliva controls pH in this region of the digestive tract. Salivary amylase is contained in saliva and starts the breakdown of carbohydrates into monosaccharides. Most digestive enzymes are sensitive to pH and will denature in a high or low pH environment.

text: The stomach's high acidity inhibits the breakdown of carbohydrates within it. This acidity confers two benefits: it denatures proteins for further digestion in the small intestines, and provides non-specific immunity, damaging or eliminating various pathogens.[citation needed]

text: In the small intestines, the duodenum provides critical pH balancing to activate digestive enzymes. The liver secretes bile into the duodenum to neutralize the acidic conditions from the stomach, and the pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum, adding bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme, thus creating a neutral environment. The mucosal tissue of the small intestines is alkaline with a pH of about 8.5.[citation needed]