document_title: List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

question_text: what movie is next in the marvel series

question_tokens: what movie is next in the marvel series

text: List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

text: Phase One: Avengers Assembled[edit]

text:
Film[4][5]
U.S. release date
Director
Screenwriter(s)
Producer(s)

Iron Man
May 2, 2008 (2008-05-02)
Jon Favreau[6]
Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway[6][7]
Avi Arad and Kevin Feige

The Incredible Hulk
June 13, 2008 (2008-06-13)
Louis Leterrier[8]
Zak Penn[9]
Avi Arad, Gale Anne Hurd and Kevin Feige

Iron Man 2
May 7, 2010 (2010-05-07)
Jon Favreau[10]
Justin Theroux[11]
Kevin Feige

Thor
May 6, 2011 (2011-05-06)
Kenneth Branagh[12]
Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz and Don Payne[13]

Captain America: The First Avenger
July 22, 2011 (2011-07-22)
Joe Johnston[14]
Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[15]

Marvel's The Avengers
May 4, 2012 (2012-05-04)
Joss Whedon[16]

text: Iron Man (2008)[edit]

text: Billionaire industrialist Tony Stark builds himself a suit of armor after he is taken captive by a terrorist organization. Free from his captors, he decides to upgrade and don his armor as Iron Man in order to hunt down weapons that were sold under the table.[18]

text: In April 2006, Marvel hired Jon Favreau to direct Iron Man,[6] with Arthur Marcum & Matt Holloway, and Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby writing competing scripts.[6][19] Favreau consolidated both into one script, which was then polished by John August.[7] Robert Downey, Jr. was cast in the title role in September 2006, after growing out a goatee and working out to convince the filmmakers he was right for the part.[20] Principal photography began on March 12, 2007,[21] with the first few weeks spent on Stark's captivity in Afghanistan,[22] which was filmed in Inyo County, California.[23] Production also occurred on the former Hughes Company soundstages in Playa Vista, Los Angeles, California,[24] with additional filming at Edwards Air Force Base[25] and Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada.[26] Iron Man premiered at the Greater Union theater in George Street, Sydney, on April 14, 2008,[27] and was released internationally on April 30, and in North America on May 2.[28][29]

text: The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury, who approaches Stark regarding the "Avenger Initiative". Favreau said that he included the scene as "a little tip of the hat for the fans...a way to sort of tee up The Avengers." Jackson was only on set for a day, with a skeletal crew to avoid the news of his cameo leaking.[30] Captain America's shield is also visible in the background of a scene; it was added by an ILM artist as a joke, and Favreau decided to leave it in the film.[31]

text: The Incredible Hulk (2008)[edit]

text: After being exposed to gamma radiation that causes him to transform into the monstrous Hulk, scientist Bruce Banner goes on the run and isolates himself from his love, Betty Ross. Hunted by the military, Banner seeks to cure himself and prevent his condition from being weaponized.[32]

text: In January 2006,[33] Marvel reclaimed the film rights for the Hulk character from Universal Pictures after Universal failed to meet a deadline to develop a sequel to director Ang Lee's 2003 film Hulk.[34] Universal retained distribution rights for future Hulk films.[34] Instead of moving forward with a sequel, Marvel hired Louis Leterrier to direct The Incredible Hulk, a reboot.[8] Leterrier initially turned down the job out of respect for Lee, but later reconsidered and signed on.[8] The script was written by Zak Penn, who drafted a treatment for the 2003 film.[35] In April 2006, Edward Norton entered negotiations to portray Bruce Banner and rewrite Penn's script,[36] although Penn received sole credit for the screenplay.[9] Production began on July 9, 2007 and filming primarily took place in Toronto,[37] with additional filming in New York City and Rio de Janeiro.[38] The film premiered at the Gibson Amphitheatre on June 8, 2008, and was released on June 13.[39][40]

text: The film takes place simultaneously with the events of Iron Man 2 and Thor,[41] the former of which is set six months after the events Iron Man.[42] Downey briefly reprised his role from Iron Man as Tony Stark in a cameo appearance at the end of the film. Downey said that the filmmakers "were just cross-pollinating our superheroes. It happens to be a scene where I basically approach [actor William Hurt's character General Ross], and we may be considering going into some sort of limited partnership together. The great thing is he—and I don't want to give too much away—but he's in disrepair at the time I find him. It was really fun seeing him play this really powerful character who's half in the bag."[43] In addition, Captain America is briefly seen frozen in ice in an alternate opening of the film, included in the DVD release.[44]

text: Iron Man 2 (2010)[edit]

text: After Tony Stark reveals himself to be Iron Man, the U.S. government demands he hand over his technology. Meanwhile, a rival industrialist and a Russian scientist conspire to use his own technology against him.[45]

text: Immediately following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008, Marvel Studios announced it was developing a sequel, Iron Man 2.[46] Favreau returned as director[10] and Justin Theroux was hired to write the screenplay, which would be based on an original story by Favreau and Downey.[11] In October 2008, Downey signed a new four-picture deal, that retroactively included the first film, to reprise his role and Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard as James Rhodes.[47][48] Jackson signed on to reprise his role as Nick Fury from the Iron Man post-credits sequence in up to nine films,[49] and Scarlett Johansson was cast as the Black Widow, as part of a multi-film commitment.[50] Principal photography began April 6, 2009,[51] at the Pasadena Masonic Temple in Pasadena, California.[52] The majority of filming took place at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach, California.[53] Other locations included Edwards Air Force Base,[54] Monaco,[55] and the Sepulveda Dam.[53] Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California on April 26, 2010,[56] and was released internationally between April 28 and May 7 before releasing in North America on May 7.[57]

text: The film is set six months after the events of Iron Man,[42] and takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Thor.[41] The filmmakers continued to reference other Marvel films by again including Captain America's shield. Favreau explained, "We introduced Captain America's shield briefly in one shot in the last film. So now it really was in his room, so we had to figure out how to deal with the reality that the shield was in his workshop."[31] A scene toward the end of Iron Man 2 in a S.H.I.E.L.D. safe house contains several Easter eggs, ranging from footage from The Incredible Hulk displayed on a monitor to pointers on a map indicating several locales related to other Marvel films, including one pointing toward a region of Africa in reference to the Black Panther.[58] A young Peter Parker appears as the child wearing an Iron Man mask who Stark saves from a drone; the appearance was confirmed in June 2017 by eventual Spider-Man actor Tom Holland, Kevin Feige and Spider-Man: Homecoming director Jon Watts.[59][60] The film's post-credits scene showed the discovery of Thor's hammer in a crater.[61]

text: Thor (2011)[edit]

text: Thor, crown prince of Asgard, is banished to Earth and stripped of his powers after he reignites a dormant war. As his brother, Loki, plots to take the throne for himself, Thor must prove himself worthy and reclaim his hammer Mjolnir.[62]

text: Mark Protosevich was hired to develop a script for Thor in April 2006, after the rights were acquired from Sony Pictures.[6] In August 2007 Marvel hired Matthew Vaughn to direct the film,[63] however he exited the project in May 2008.[64] In September 2008, Kenneth Branagh entered into negotiations to replace Vaughn.[12] In May 2009, Chris Hemsworth was in negotiations to portray the titular character,[65] and Tom Hiddleston was set to play his brother, Loki.[66] Both actors were contracted to star in several films.[67] Marvel hired Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz to write a new script for the film, which was then rewritten by Don Payne.[13] Production began on January 11, 2010 in Los Angeles, California,[68] before moving to Galisteo, New Mexico in March.[69] Thor had its world premiere on April 17, 2011 at the Event Cinemas theatre in George Street, Sydney[70] and a U.S. premiere on May 2 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California.[71] The film was released internationally from April 21 to 30, and on May 6 in North America.[72]

text: The film takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Iron Man 2,[41] the latter of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man,[42] Clark Gregg, who appeared in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson, reprised the role in Thor. About his role in Thor he stated, "Agent Coulson was one of the guys who wasn't really in the comic books, and he [had] a very kind of small role in Iron Man. And I was just very lucky that they chose to expand that character and [chose] to put him more into the universe of it."[73] After signing on to appear as Clint Barton / Hawkeye in The Avengers, Jeremy Renner made a cameo appearance as the character during a scene in Thor.[74] Branagh said that they "were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp", and that he was thrilled when the producers told him they wanted to use Renner's Hawkeye for that role.[75] The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Loki, watching as Erik Selvig and Nick Fury discuss the Tesseract.[76] The scene was directed by Joss Whedon, who directed The Avengers.[77] Stellan Skarsgård, who played Selvig, said the scene was not included when he first read the screenplay for Thor, and that he was sent pages for the scene after agreeing to appear in The Avengers.[78]

text: Captain America: The First Avenger (2011)[edit]

text: In 1942, Steve Rogers is deemed physically unfit to enlist in the U.S. Army and fight the Nazis in World War II. Recruited for a secret military operation, he is physically transformed into a super-soldier dubbed Captain America and must battle the Red Skull, head of a Nazi weaponry division known as Hydra.[79]

text: In April 2006, Marvel hired David Self to write the script for a Captain America film.[6] Joe Johnston signed on to direct in November 2008,[14] and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely were hired to rewrite the script.[15] In March 2010, Chris Evans was cast as Captain America and Hugo Weaving was cast as the Red Skull.[80] Production began on June 28, 2010 in the United Kingdom,[81] with locations in London,[82] Caerwent,[83] Manchester and Liverpool.[84] The film premiered on July 19, 2011, at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California,[85] and was released in North America on July 22, and in international markets starting July 27.[86]

text: The Tesseract from the Thor post-credits scene appears as a MacGuffin in Captain America: The First Avenger.[87] In the film, Dominic Cooper portrays a young Howard Stark, the father of Tony Stark,[88] who hosts an early version of the Stark Expo, the fair Tony hosts in Iron Man 2.[89] The final scene of the film includes a brief appearance by Jackson's Nick Fury followed by a teaser trailer for Marvel's The Avengers after the credits.[90]

text: Marvel's The Avengers (2012)[edit]

text: Nick Fury, the director of S.H.I.E.L.D., gathers the superheroes Iron Man, Thor, Captain America, the Hulk, Black Widow and Hawkeye to fight Thor's brother Loki, who plots to subjugate the Earth.[91]

text: Zak Penn, who wrote The Incredible Hulk, was hired to write a script for The Avengers in June 2007.[92] In April 2010, Joss Whedon closed a deal to direct the film, and to rework Penn's script.[16] Marvel announced that Edward Norton would not be reprising the role of Bruce Banner / Hulk,[93] and in July 2010, Mark Ruffalo was cast in his place.[94] Downey, Evans, Hemsworth, Johansson, Renner, Hiddleston and Jackson reprised their respective roles from previous films.[95] Principal photography began in April 2011 in Albuquerque, New Mexico,[91] before moving to Cleveland, Ohio in August,[96] and New York City in September.[97] The premiere was held on April 11, 2012 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California,[98] and the film was released in North America on May 4.[99]

text: Gwyneth Paltrow, who portrayed Pepper Potts in Iron Man and Iron Man 2, was included in the film at Downey's insistence. Prior to this, Whedon had not intended the film to include supporting characters from the heroes' individual films, commenting, "You need to separate the characters from their support systems in order to create the isolation you need for a team."[100] Avi Arad said that Sony Pictures and Disney discussed incorporating the OsCorp Tower from The Amazing Spider-Man into the climax of The Avengers,[101] but Feige said that "the deal was never close to happening."[102] The supervillain Thanos appears in a mid-credits scene, portrayed by Damion Poitier.[103]

text: Phase Two[edit]

text:
Film[4][5][104]
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Producer

Iron Man 3
May 3, 2013 (2013-05-03)
Shane Black[105]
Drew Pearce and Shane Black[105][106]
Kevin Feige

Thor: The Dark World
November 8, 2013 (2013-11-08)
Alan Taylor[107]
Christopher Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[108]

Captain America: The Winter Soldier
April 4, 2014 (2014-04-04)
Anthony and Joe Russo[109]
Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[110]

Guardians of the Galaxy
August 1, 2014 (2014-08-01)
James Gunn[111]
James Gunn and Nicole Perlman[112]

Avengers: Age of Ultron
May 1, 2015 (2015-05-01)
Joss Whedon[113]

Ant-Man
July 17, 2015
Peyton Reed[114]
Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd[115]

text: Iron Man 3 (2013)[edit]

text: Tony Stark faces a powerful enemy, the Mandarin, who attacks and destroys his mansion. Left to his own devices and battling posttraumatic stress disorder, Stark struggles to get to the bottom of a series of mysterious explosions.[116]

text: In late 2010, Marvel and Disney announced that they were developing a third Iron Man film.[117] In February 2011, Marvel hired Shane Black to direct Iron Man 3.[118] Black co-wrote the film's script with Drew Pearce.[105][106] Downey, Paltrow, and Cheadle reprised their roles from Iron Man 2, while Guy Pearce and Ben Kingsley joined the cast as Aldrich Killian and Trevor Slattery, respectively.[119] Filming began in May 2012, in North Carolina.[120] Additional filming took place in southern Florida,[121] China,[122] and Los Angeles.[123] Iron Man 3 premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris, France on April 14, 2013 and at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California on April 24.[124][125] The film released internationally on April 25,[126] and in the United States. on May 3.[117]

text: The film is set six months after the events of The Avengers.[127] In the film Tony Stark experiences PTSD-like symptoms following the Battle of New York in The Avengers. Black explained, "that's an anxiety response to feeling inferior to The Avengers, but also to being humbled by sights he cannot possibly begin to understand or reconcile with the realities he's used to... There's a line in the movie about 'ever since that big guy with the hammer fell out of the sky, the rules have changed'. That's what we're dealing with here."[128] Dr. Bruce Banner appears in a post-credits scene, with Ruffalo reprising the role. About the scene, Ruffalo said "They were about to wrap the movie and I saw Robert [Downey, Jr.] at the Academy Awards... and he said, 'What do you think about coming and doing a day?' I said, 'Are you kidding me? Bang, lets do it!' We sort of spitballed that scene, then I came in and we shot for a couple of hours and laughed."[129]

text: Thor: The Dark World (2013)[edit]

text: Thor reunites with astrophysicist Jane Foster as a series of portals, linking worlds at random, begin to appear. He discovers that Malekith and his army of Dark Elves have returned after thousands of years, and they seek a powerful weapon known as the Aether. Thor must join forces with his now-imprisoned brother Loki to stop them.[108]

text: A sequel to Thor was first announced in June 2011, with Hemsworth reprising his role as Thor.[130] Hiddleston confirmed he would return as Loki in September,[131] and Alan Taylor signed on to direct the film in December.[107] The film's title was announced as Thor: The Dark World in July 2012 at the San Diego Comic-Con International,[132] and Christopher Eccleston was cast as Malekith a month later.[133] Production started in September 2012 in Bourne Wood, Surrey,[134] with additional filming taking place in Iceland and London.[135][136] The film premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22, 2013.[137] It was internationally released on October 30, 2013 and on November 8, 2013 in North America.[138]

text: The film is set one year after the events of The Avengers.[139] Evans briefly makes a cameo appearance in the film as Captain America when Loki shapeshifts into him while mocking Thor.[140] Hiddleston wore the Captain America costume while standing in for Evans, before Evans came to shoot the scene. Hiddleston said, "I did an impression of Loki in the Captain America costume, and then they showed Chris [Evans] my performance on tape. It's him doing an impression of me doing an impression of him. And it's brilliant."[140] James Gunn, the director of Guardians of the Galaxy, directed the mid-credits scene which featured the Collector, played by Benicio del Toro. Asked about shooting the scene, Gunn said, "I got the script that morning, and I did it in two hours at the end of a day of second unit shooting [for Guardians of the Galaxy]."[141]

text: Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014)[edit]

text: Steve Rogers, now working with S.H.I.E.L.D., teams up with Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow and Sam Wilson / Falcon to expose a deep conspiracy which involves a mysterious assassin known only as the Winter Soldier.[142]

text: A sequel to 2011's Captain America: The First Avenger was announced in April 2012.[143] Anthony and Joe Russo were hired to direct in June,[109] and in July it was officially titled Captain America: The Winter Soldier.[132] Evans and Jackson were set to reprise their respective roles as Captain America and Nick Fury,[109] and Johansson would again play the Black Widow.[144] Sebastian Stan, who portrayed Bucky in Captain America: The First Avenger, returned as the Winter Soldier.[145] Production started in April 2013 in Manhattan Beach, California, and filming also took place in Washington, D.C. and Cleveland, Ohio.[146][147] The film premiered in Los Angeles on March 13, 2014.[148] Captain America: The Winter Soldier was released internationally on March 26[149] and in North America on April 4.[143]

text: The film is set two years after the events of The Avengers.[127] Stephen Strange, the alter-ego of the Marvel superhero Doctor Strange, is mentioned by name in the film by the character Jasper Sitwell.[150] A remodeled Stark Tower from The Avengers, now known as Avengers Tower, also makes an appearance in the film.[151] Whedon directed a post-credits scene featuring Baron Wolfgang von Strucker (Thomas Kretschmann), Dr. List (Henry Goodman), Quicksilver (Aaron Taylor-Johnson), and the Scarlet Witch (Elizabeth Olsen), who appear in Avengers: Age of Ultron.[152][153] The revelation in the film that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra informed the final six episodes of the first season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., a television series set in the MCU.[154][155]

text: Guardians of the Galaxy (2014)[edit]

text: Peter Quill / Star-Lord and a group of misfits, including Gamora, Rocket, Drax the Destroyer and Groot, fight to keep a powerful orb from the clutches of the villainous Ronan.[156][157][158]

text: Nicole Perlman began writing a screenplay in 2009.[159] Marvel Studios announced it was developing a Guardians of the Galaxy film in July 2012.[132] The film is directed by James Gunn, based on his and Perlman's screenplay.[111] In February 2013, Chris Pratt was cast in the lead role, as Peter Quill / Star-Lord.[160] The film was shot at Shepperton Studios and in London from July to October 2013,[161] and post-production work was completed on July 7, 2014.[162] The film premiered on July 21, 2014 in Hollywood.[163] Guardians of the Galaxy was released in the United Kingdom on July 31, 2014,[164] and in North America on August 1.[132]

text: The film is set in 2014.[165] Josh Brolin provides the voice and performance capture for Thanos,[166] the supervillain who appeared in The Avengers mid-credits scene. Gunn noted that the film would be connected to Avengers: Infinity War.[167] Several other objects of significance appear in the Collector's museum, including a Chitauri from The Avengers and a Dark Elf from Thor: The Dark World, among other characters. About their appearances Gunn said, "There's a lot of stuff in the Collector's Museum. And for me, it was mostly just really fun. As a Marvel fan, giving the actual fans something that they can freeze frame on their Blu-Ray at home and just kind of pick out everything that's in there. So there are, I mean, seriously all those boxes have something interesting in them, so it's pretty fun."[168] Ronan's race, the Kree, were first introduced in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode "T.A.H.I.T.I.".[169][170]

text: Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015)[edit]

text: Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, the Hulk, Black Widow, and Hawkeye must work together as the Avengers to defeat Ultron, a technological enemy bent on human extinction, while encountering the powerful twins Pietro and Wanda Maximoff, as well as the new entity Vision.[171][172]

text: A sequel to The Avengers was announced by Disney in May 2012, shortly after the first film's release.[173] In August 2012, Joss Whedon was signed to return as writer and director.[113] In June 2013, Downey signed a deal to reprise the role of Iron Man for the second and third Avengers films.[174] On July 20, 2013, at San Diego Comic-Con International, Whedon announced that the subtitle of the film would be Age of Ultron.[175] In August 2013, James Spader was announced to portray Ultron.[176] Second unit filming began on February 11, 2014 in Johannesburg, South Africa.[177][178] Principal photography began in March 2014 at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England,[174][179] with additional footage filmed at Fort Bard and various other locations in the Aosta Valley region of Italy,[180] and Seoul, South Korea.[181] Filming was completed on August 6, 2014.[182] Avengers: Age of Ultron had its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 13, 2015,[183] and was released internationally beginning April 22,[184] and on May 1 in North America.[185]

text: The film confirms that the gem in Loki's scepter is an Infinity Stone, specifically the Mind Stone, and Brolin reappears as Thanos in the mid-credit scene wielding an Infinity Gauntlet.[186] It also features references to Vibranium and Wakanda, both connections to Black Panther, introducing both to the universe ahead of Black Panther's solo film. Additionally, Andy Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue in the film, traditionally a Black Panther antagonist.[187]

text: Ant-Man (2015)[edit]

text: Thief Scott Lang must aid his mentor Dr. Hank Pym in safeguarding the mystery of the Ant-Man technology, which allows its user to decrease in size but increase in strength, from various menaces and plot a heist to defend the Earth.[114]

text: Ant-Man is directed by Peyton Reed with a screenplay written by Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd, from a story by Wright & Cornish, that includes both Scott Lang and Hank Pym.[114][115] Edgar Wright was initially slated to direct and write the film, but left the project in May 2014 due to creative differences.[188][189] In January 2013, Feige stated that Ant-Man would be the first film in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.[190] However, in October 2014, it was revealed that the film would be the last film of Phase Two.[104] Pre-production started in October 2013,[191] and principal photography took place from August to December 2014[192] in San Francisco,[193] Fayette County, Georgia at Pinewood Atlanta,[194] and Downtown Atlanta.[195] In December 2013, Rudd was cast as Ant-Man,[196] followed in January 2014 with the casting of Michael Douglas as Pym and the confirmation of Rudd as Lang.[197] Ant-Man had its world premiere in Los Angeles on June 29, 2015,[198] and was released in France on July 14,[199] and in North America on July 17.[200]

text: The film is set several months after the events of Avengers: Age of Ultron.[201] Scott Lang attempts to infiltrate the new Avengers headquarters in Upstate New York featured in Age of Ultron, and confronts Sam Wilson / Falcon, played by Anthony Mackie. McKay and Rudd decided to add Falcon to Ant-Man after watching Captain America: The Winter Soldier.[202] The Russo brothers filmed the post-credit scene, which was footage from Captain America: Civil War,[203][204] and features Falcon (Mackie), Captain America (Chris Evans) and Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier (Sebastian Stan).[205]

text: Phase Three[edit]

text:
Film[104][206][207]
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Producer(s)

Captain America: Civil War
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)
Anthony and Joe Russo[208]
Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[208]
Kevin Feige

Doctor Strange
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
Scott Derrickson[209]
Jon Spaihts and Scott Derrickson & C. Robert Cargill[210]

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
James Gunn[112]

Spider-Man: Homecoming
July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07)
Jon Watts[211]
Jonathan Goldstein & John Francis Daley and
Jon Watts & Christopher Ford and
Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers[212]
Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal

text: Captain America: Civil War (2016)[edit]

text: The Avengers become fractured into two opposing teams, one led by Captain America and another by Iron Man, after extensive collateral damage prompts politicians to pass an act regulating superhuman activity with government oversight and accountability for the Avengers while also facing against a new enemy, Helmut Zemo, who seeks revenge upon the Avengers.[213][214]

text: By January 2014, Anthony and Joe Russo had signed on to return to direct a third Captain America installment, which they confirmed in March 2014, with Chris Evans returning as Captain America, Feige returning to produce, and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely writing the screenplay.[215][208] In October 2014, the title was officially announced as Captain America: Civil War along with the reveal that Downey would appear in the film as Tony Stark / Iron Man.[216][217] The film is an adaptation from the "Civil War" storyline in the comics.[218] It is also the first film of Phase Three.[104][206][219] Filming began in April 2015 at Pinewood Atlanta,[220][221] and concluded in August 2015.[222] Captain America: Civil War had its premiere in Hollywood on April 12, 2016,[223] was released internationally beginning April 27,[224] and was released on May 6 in North America.[225]

text: The film is set one year after the events of Avengers: Age of Ultron.[226] Captain America: Civil War introduces Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther to the MCU, who appear in solo films in 2017 and 2018, respectively.[227][228] William Hurt reprises his role as Thunderbolt Ross from The Incredible Hulk, and is now the US Secretary of State.[229] For the mid-credits scene, in which Black Panther offers Captain America and Bucky Barnes asylum in Wakanda, Joe and Anthony Russo received input from Black Panther director Ryan Coogler on the look and design of Wakanda.[230]

text: Doctor Strange (2016)[edit]

text: After Stephen Strange, the world's top neurosurgeon, is involved in a car accident that ruins his career, he sets out on a journey of healing, where he encounters the Ancient One, who teaches Strange the use of Mystic Arts and to defend the Earth from mystical threats.[231][232]

text: In June 2010, Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer were hired to write the screenplay for a film starring the character Doctor Strange.[233] In January 2013, Kevin Feige confirmed that Doctor Strange would be a part of their Phase Three slate of films.[234] In June 2014, Scott Derrickson was hired to direct.[209] In December 2014, Benedict Cumberbatch was cast in the eponymous role, and Jon Spaihts was confirmed to rewrite the script.[235][236] In December 2015, C. Robert Cargill revealed he was a co-writer on the film,[237] and the following April, revealed that Derrickson also wrote the script.[238] Pre-production began in June 2014,[239] with filming beginning in November 2015 in Nepal, before moving to Longcross Studios in the UK later in the month.[240][241] Filming concluded in New York City in April 2016.[242][243] Doctor Strange had its premiere in Hong Kong on October 13, 2016,[244] and was released in the United Kingdom on October 25, 2016,[245] and on November 4 in the United States.[217]

text: Derrickson stated that the events of the film take "roughly" a year, ending "up to date with the rest of the MCU". Doctor Strange introduces the Eye of Agamotto, a mystical relic that can manipulate time and is revealed to be an Infinity Stone at the end of the film,[246] specifically the Time Stone.[247] The film's mid-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Hemsworth as Thor, meeting with Strange to set up the events of Thor: Ragnarok. The scene was directed by Ragnarok director Taika Waititi.[247]

text: Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017)[edit]

text: The Guardians of the Galaxy travel throughout the cosmos and struggle to keep their newfound family together while helping Peter Quill learn more about his true parentage and facing against new enemies.[248]

text: In July 2014, Guardians of the Galaxy co-writer Nicole Perlman confirmed that Gunn would return to write and direct the sequel.[112][249] Chris Pratt returns for the sequel as Peter Quill / Star-Lord,[250][251] along with the other Guardians from the first film as well as additional cast members.[251] They are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis,[252][251] and Kurt Russell as Ego.[251][253] In June 2015, the film's title was revealed as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[254] Filming began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta,[255][256] and concluded in June 2016.[257] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10, 2017,[258] and was released on May 5, 2017.[217]

text: The film is set two-to-three months after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy,[259][260] in 2014.[165] One of the film's post-credit sequences hints at the introduction of Adam Warlock,[261] after Gunn originally intended for Warlock to make a full appearance in Vol. 2. He noted that Warlock could appear in future Guardians films, and is considered "a pretty important part" of the cosmic side of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.[262] The Grandmaster, played by Jeff Goldblum, is seen dancing in the end credits, before his appearance in Thor: Ragnarok.[263]

text: Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017)[edit]

text: Peter Parker tries to balance being the hero Spider-Man with his high school life under guidance of Tony Stark as he deals with the threat of the Vulture.[264][265]

text: On February 9, 2015, Sony Pictures and Marvel announced that Sony would be releasing a Spider-Man film co-produced by Marvel Studios president Feige and Amy Pascal, with Sony Pictures continuing to own, finance, distribute, and have final creative control of the Spider-Man films.[3] In April 2015, Feige confirmed the character would be Peter Parker and added that Marvel had been working to add Spider-Man to the MCU since at least October 2014, when they announced their full slate of Phase Three films, saying, "Marvel doesn't announce anything officially until it's set in stone. So we went forward with that Plan A in October, with the Plan B being, if [the deal] were to happen with Sony, how it would all shift. We've been thinking about [the Spider-Man film] as long as we've been thinking about Phase Three.”[266] In June 2015, Tom Holland was cast in the role of Spider-Man and Jon Watts was hired to direct the film,[211] and the next month, John Francis Daley & Jonathan Goldstein were hired to write the screenplay.[267] Additional screenwriters include Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers.[212] In April 2016, the title was revealed to be Spider-Man: Homecoming.[268] Production began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta,[269][270] and concluded in October 2016.[271] Spider-Man: Homecoming premiered on June 28, 2017 in Hollywood,[272] and was released in the United Kingdom on July 5,[273] and the United States on July 7, 2017.[274]

text: The film is set several months after the events of Captain America: Civil War,[275] which is eight years after the events of The Avengers.[276] In April 2016, Feige confirmed that characters from previous MCU films would appear in the film,[277] with Robert Downey Jr. confirmed to reprise his role as Tony Stark / Iron Man shortly thereafter.[278] Favreau, Paltrow, and Evans also reprise their roles as Happy Hogan,[279] Pepper Potts,[280] and Steve Rogers / Captain America, respectively.[281] The clean-up crew Damage Control appear in the film (after previously being referenced in Iron Man and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) ahead of an intended television series about them.[282][283][284] Various weaponry and artifacts from previous films are referenced throughout the film that Toomes and his crew repurpose for their weapons. In Parker's high school, one of his classes has a lesson about the Sokovia Accords,[285] and portraits of Bruce Banner, Howard Stark and Abraham Erskine are seen within the school. Thor's belt Megingjörð is also referenced. The character Aaron Davis makes reference to his nephew Miles Morales in the film.[286]

text: Recurring cast and characters[edit]

text: List indicator(s)

text:
This table only includes characters which have appeared in multiple film franchises within the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and have appeared in the billing block for at least two films. (see FAQ)
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the franchise, or that the character's presence in a film of the franchise has not yet been announced.
A V indicates a voice-only role

text:
Character
Ant-Man films
Avengers films
Black Panther
Captain America films
Captain Marvel
Doctor Strange
Guardians of the Galaxy films
The Incredible Hulk
Iron Man films
Spider-Man films
Thor films

Bruce Banner
Hulk

Mark Ruffalo[94]

Edward Norton[36]
Lou FerrignoV [287]
Mark Ruffalo[129]

Mark Ruffalo[288]

James "Bucky" Barnes
Winter Soldier
Sebastian Stan[205][289]

Sebastian Stan[290]

Clint Barton
Hawkeye

Jeremy Renner[95]

Jeremy Renner[291]

Jeremy Renner[74]

Peggy Carter
Hayley Atwell[292][293]

Hayley Atwell[290]

Drax the Destroyer

Dave Bautista[294]

Dave Bautista[251]

Nick Fury

Samuel L. Jackson[295]

Samuel L. Jackson[295][296]

Samuel L. Jackson[30]

Samuel L. Jackson[295]

Gamora

Zoe Saldana[297]

Zoe Saldana[251]

Groot

Vin DieselV [298]

Vin DieselV [251]

Heimdall

Idris Elba[299]

Idris Elba[300]

Maria Hill

Cobie Smulders[301]

Cobie Smulders[302]

Harold "Happy" Hogan

Jon Favreau[303]

Jon Favreau[304][279]

Scott Lang
Ant-Man
Paul Rudd[305][306]

Paul Rudd[213]

Loki

Tom Hiddleston[307]

Tom Hiddleston[66]

Wanda Maximoff
Scarlet Witch

Elizabeth Olsen[308]

Elizabeth Olsen[153]

Nebula

Karen Gillan[309]

Karen Gillan[251]

Peter Parker
Spider-Man

Tom Holland[310]

Tom Holland[227]

Max Favreau[a]
Tom Holland[211]

Virginia "Pepper" Potts

Gwyneth Paltrow[100]

Gwyneth Paltrow[311][280]

Peter Quill
Star-Lord

Chris Pratt[312]

Chris Pratt[160]

James "Rhodey" Rhodes
War Machine / Iron Patriot

Don Cheadle[313]

Don Cheadle[213]

Terrence Howard[311]
Don Cheadle[314]

Rocket

Bradley CooperV [315]

Bradley CooperV [251]

Steve Rogers
Captain America
Chris Evans[205][80]

Chris Evans[80]

Chris Evans[281][140]

Natasha Romanoff
Black Widow

Scarlett Johansson[50]

Scarlett Johansson[144]

Scarlett Johansson[50]

Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross

William Hurt[213]

William Hurt[287]

Erik Selvig

Stellan Skarsgård[78]

Stellan Skarsgård[78]

Tony Stark
Iron Man

Robert Downey, Jr.[47]

Robert Downey, Jr.[216]

Robert Downey, Jr.[216][43][20][278]

Stephen Strange

Benedict Cumberbatch[316]

Benedict Cumberbatch[235]

Benedict Cumberbatch[247]

T'Challa
Black Panther

Chadwick Boseman[228][317]

Thor

Chris Hemsworth[95]

Chris Hemsworth[247]

Chris Hemsworth[65]

Hope van Dyne
Wasp
Evangeline Lilly[318][319]

Vision

Paul Bettany[320]

Paul Bettany[213]

Sam Wilson
Falcon
Anthony Mackie[321][322]

Anthony Mackie[323]

text: Jump up ^ In June 2017 several interviews with Holland, Watts, and Feige revealed that the child who Tony Stark saves from a drone in Iron Man 2 is Peter Parker.[60]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In June 2012, Marvel announced a 10-disc box set titled "Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One – Avengers Assembled", for release on September 25, 2012. The box set includes all six of the Phase One films—Iron Man, The Incredible Hulk, Iron Man 2, Thor, Captain America: The First Avenger, and Marvel's The Avengers—on Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D, in a replica of Nick Fury's briefcase from The Avengers.[324] In August 2012, luggage company Rimowa GmbH, who developed the briefcase for The Avengers, filed suit against Marvel Studios and Buena Vista Home Entertainment in U.S. federal court, complaining that "Marvel did not obtain any license or authorization from Rimowa to make replica copies of the cases for any purpose".[325] The set was delayed to early 2013 for the packaging to be redesigned.[326] The box set, with a redesigned case, was released on April 2, 2013. In addition, the box set included a featurette on the then-upcoming Phase Two films, showing footage and concept art, as well as previously unreleased deleted scenes from all of the Phase One films.[327]

text: In July 2015, Marvel announced a 13-disc box set titled "Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Two Collection", for release on December 8, 2015, exclusive to Amazon.com. The box set includes all six of the Phase Two films—Iron Man 3, Thor: The Dark World, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Guardians of the Galaxy, Avengers: Age of Ultron, and Ant-Man—on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and a digital copy, in a replica of the Orb from Guardians of the Galaxy, plus a bonus disc and exclusive memorabilia. Material on the bonus disc includes all of the Marvel One-Shots with commentary, deleted scenes and pre-production creative features for each of the films, featurettes on the making of the post-credit scenes for the films, and first looks at Captain America: Civil War, Doctor Strange and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[328][329]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text:
Film
U.S. release date
Box office gross
All-time Ranking
Budget
Ref(s)

U.S. and Canada
Other territories
Worldwide
U.S. and Canada
Worldwide

Iron Man
May 2, 2008
$318,412,101
$266,762,121
$585,174,222
56
139
$140 million
[330]

Incredible Hulk !The Incredible Hulk
June 13, 2008
$134,806,913
$128,620,638
$263,427,551
401
492
$150 million
[331]

Iron Man 2
May 7, 2010
$312,433,331
$311,500,000
$623,933,331
60
121
$200 million
[332]

Thor
May 6, 2011
$181,030,624
$268,295,994
$449,326,618
224
214
$150 million
[333]

Captain America: The First Avenger
July 22, 2011
$176,654,505
$193,915,269
$370,569,774
240
287
$140 million
[334]

Marvel's The Avengers
May 4, 2012
$623,357,910
$895,455,078
$1,518,812,988
5
5
$220 million
[335]

Iron Man 3
May 3, 2013
$409,013,994
$805,797,258
$1,214,811,252
21
12
$200 million (gross)
$178.4 million (net)
[336]
[337]

Thor: The Dark World
November 8, 2013
$206,362,140
$438,209,262
$644,571,402
174
112
$170 million (gross)
$152.7 million (net)
[338]
[337]

Captain America: The Winter Soldier
April 4, 2014
$259,766,572
$454,497,695
$714,264,267
99
91
$177 million
[339]
[340]

Guardians of the Galaxy
August 1, 2014
$333,176,600
$440,152,029
$773,328,629
49
76
$232.3 million (gross)
$195.9 million (net)
[341]
[342]

Avengers: Age of Ultron
May 1, 2015
$459,005,868
$946,397,826
$1,405,403,694
12
7
$316 million (gross)
$267.4 million (net)
[343]
[344]

Ant-Man
July 17, 2015
$180,202,163
$339,109,802
$519,311,965
226
169
$142 million
[345]
[344]

Captain America: Civil War
May 6, 2016
$408,084,349
$745,220,146
$1,153,304,495
22
14
$250 million
[346]

Doctor Strange
November 4, 2016
$232,641,920
$445,076,475
$677,718,395
134
102
$165 million
[347]

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
May 5, 2017
$389,813,101
$473,600,865
$863,413,966
28
57
$200 million
[348]

Spider-Man: Homecoming
July 7, 2017
$331,893,662
$542,500,000
$874,393,662
50
52
$175 million
[349]

Total
$7009495665575300000♠4,956,655,753
$7009769511045800000♠7,695,110,458
$7010126517662110000♠12,651,766,211
1
1
$3.027 billion (gross)
$2.903 billion (net)
[350]
[351]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

Iron Man
94% (268 reviews)[352]
79 (38 reviews)[353]

Incredible Hulk !The Incredible Hulk
67% (225 reviews)[354]
61 (38 reviews)[355]

Iron Man 2
73% (278 reviews)[356]
57 (40 reviews)[357]

Thor
77% (270 reviews)[358]
57 (40 reviews)[359]

Captain America: The First Avenger
80% (250 reviews)[360]
66 (43 reviews)[361]

Marvel's The Avengers
92% (324 reviews)[362]
69 (43 reviews)[363]

Iron Man 3
79% (294 reviews)[364]
62 (44 reviews)[365]

Thor: The Dark World
66% (249 reviews)[366]
54 (44 reviews)[367]

Captain America: The Winter Soldier
89% (269 reviews)[368]
70 (47 reviews)[369]

Guardians of the Galaxy
91% (293 reviews)[370]
76 (52 reviews)[371]

Avengers: Age of Ultron
75% (319 reviews)[372]
66 (49 reviews)[373]

Ant-Man
81% (279 reviews)[374]
64 (43 reviews)[375]

Captain America: Civil War
90% (352 reviews)[376]
75 (52 reviews)[377]

Doctor Strange
90% (298 reviews)[378]
72 (49 reviews)[379]

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
82% (314 reviews)[380]
67 (47 reviews)[381]

Spider-Man: Homecoming
92% (292 reviews)[382]
73 (51 reviews)[383]

Average
82%
67

text: Future[edit]

text:
Film
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Producer(s)
Status

Phase Three[104][206][207]

Thor: Ragnarok
November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)[384]
Taika Waititi[385]
Eric Pearson[386]
Kevin Feige
Post-production

Black Panther
February 16, 2018 (2018-02-16)[207]
Ryan Coogler[387]
Joe Robert Cole and Ryan Coogler[388][389]

Avengers: Infinity War
May 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)[217]
Anthony and Joe Russo[390]
Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[391]

Ant-Man and the Wasp
July 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)[207]
Peyton Reed[392]
Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers and
Andrew Barrer & Gabriel Ferrari and Paul Rudd[393]
Filming

Captain Marvel
March 8, 2019 (2019-03-08)[207]
Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck[394]
Geneva Robertson-Dworet[395]
Pre-production

Untitled Avengers film
May 3, 2019 (2019-05-03)[217]
Anthony and Joe Russo[390]
Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[391]
Filming

Post-Phase Three

Untitled Spider-Man: Homecoming sequel
July 5, 2019 (2019-07-05)[396]
TBA
TBA
Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal
Pre-production[397]

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3
2020 (2020)[398]
James Gunn[399]
Kevin Feige
In development

text: Thor: Ragnarok (2017)[edit]

text: Thor, imprisoned on another world without Mjölnir, must outlive a gladiatorial duel against his old friend – the Hulk – in order to return to Asgard in time to stop the villainous Hela and the impending Ragnarök.[386]

text: In January 2014, Marvel announced that a third Thor film was in development, with Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost writing the screenplay,[400] and was officially announced as Thor: Ragnarok in October 2014.[217] By October 2015, Taika Waititi entered in negotiations to direct Thor: Ragnarok.[401][385] In December 2015, Stephany Folsom was hired to rewrite the script.[402] A year later, in January 2017, it was revealed that Eric Pearson wrote the screenplay, with Kyle, Yost and Folsom receiving story credit.[386] Hemsworth, Hiddleston, Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins reprise their roles as Thor, Loki, Heimdall and Odin, respectively, and are joined by Cate Blanchett as Hela.[403] Production began in July 2016 in Australia at Village Roadshow Studios,[404][405] and wrapped in late October 2016.[406] Thor: Ragnarok is scheduled to begin its international release on October 24, 2017 in the United Kingdom,[407] and be released on November 3, 2017 in the United States.[384]

text: The film is set four years after the events of Thor: The Dark World, two years after the events of Avengers: Age of Ultron,[408][409] and around the same time period as Captain America: Civil War and Spider-Man: Homecoming. Producer Brad Winderbaum noted that "Things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three. They're not as interlocked as they were in Phase One."[410] Mark Ruffalo and Benedict Cumberbatch appear in the film as Bruce Banner / Hulk and Doctor Stephen Strange respectively.[403][247]

text: Black Panther (2018)[edit]

text: T'Challa returns home as sovereign of the nation of Wakanda only to find his dual role of king and protector challenged by a long-time adversary in a conflict that has global consequences.[411]

text: Documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey was hired to write a script for Black Panther in January 2011.[412] In October 2014, the film was announced and Chadwick Boseman was revealed to be portraying T'Challa / Black Panther.[217][228] In January 2016, Ryan Coogler was announced as director,[387] and the following month, Joe Robert Cole was confirmed as the film's screenwriter.[388] In April 2016, Feige confirmed that Coogler was a co-screenwriter.[389] Filming began in January 2017 at EUE/Screen Gems Studios and Pinewood Atlanta,[413][414] and concluded in April 2017.[415] Black Panther is scheduled to be released on February 16, 2018.[207]

text: The film is set after the events of Captain America: Civil War.[411] Florence Kasumba,[416] Serkis, Martin Freeman, and John Kani reprise their roles as Ayo, Ulysses Klaue, Everett K. Ross and T'Chaka respectively from previous MCU films.[411]

text: Avengers: Infinity War (2018)[edit]

text: The Avengers join forces with the Guardians of the Galaxy to battle Thanos, who is trying to amass the Infinity Stones.[417]

text: The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War – Part 1.[217] In April 2015, Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May, that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay.[390][391] In July 2016, Marvel revealed the title would be shortened to simply Avengers: Infinity War.[418] Brolin reprises his role as Thanos,[419][420] and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films. Filming for Infinity War began in January 2017 in Atlanta,[413][421] and lasted until July 2017.[422] Additional filming also took place in Scotland.[423] Avengers: Infinity War is scheduled to be released on May 4, 2018.[217]

text: The film is set four years after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[424] Marvel has been planting the seeds for Infinity War since their early films, by introducing the Infinity Stones as MacGuffins: the Tesseract / Space Stone in Captain America: The First Avenger, Loki's Scepter / Mind Stone in The Avengers, the Aether / Reality Stone in Thor: The Dark World, the Orb / Power Stone in Guardians of the Galaxy, and the Eye of Agamotto / Time Stone in Doctor Strange.[247] Additionally, one Infinity Gauntlet is briefly seen in Thor and another in Avengers: Age of Ultron.[425]

text: Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018)[edit]

text: Scott Lang tries to balance his home life with his responsibilities as Ant-Man, when Hope van Dyne and Hank Pym present him with a new mission, requiring him to team up with van Dyne as the Wasp.[393]

text: Ant-Man and the Wasp was announced in October 2015.[207] Peyton Reed confirmed he would return to direct in November 2015, as well as the confirmation that Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly would reprise their roles as Scott Lang / Ant-Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp, respectively.[392] In December 2015, Andrew Barrer, Gabriel Ferrari, and Rudd were confirmed to write the screenplay,[426] with Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers revealed to have also contributed to the script in August 2017.[393] In February 2017, Michael Douglas confirmed he would reprise his role as Hank Pym in the film.[427] Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta with additional filming in San Francisco,[393] and is scheduled to last until November 2017.[428] Ant-Man and the Wasp is scheduled to be released on July 6, 2018.[207]

text: The film is set after the events of Captain America: Civil War.[393]

text: Captain Marvel (2019)[edit]

text: In May 2013, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Ms. Marvel.[429] In October 2014, Marvel announced the film would be titled Captain Marvel and feature Carol Danvers.[217] In April 2015, Nicole Perlman & Meg LeFauve were announced as screenwriters.[430] At the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con, Brie Larson was confirmed to play the role of Carol Danvers.[431] In April 2017, Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck were hired to direct.[394] That August, Geneva Robertson-Dworet was revealed to be taking over as the film's screenwriter, replacing Perlman and LeFauve.[395] Filming is expected to begin in January 2018 in California,[432][433] and is scheduled to last until May 2018.[432] The film is scheduled to be released on March 8, 2019.[207]

text: The film is set in the 1990s.[434] Jackson reprises his role as Nick Fury in the film,[296] while the Skrull species are introduced to the MCU.[434]

text: Untitled Avengers film (2019)[edit]

text: The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War – Part 2.[217] In April 2015, it was revealed that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May, that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay.[390][391] In July 2016, Marvel revealed the title would be changed, being known simply at that time as the Untitled Avengers film.[418] Brolin reprises his role as Thanos,[419][420] and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films. Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta.[435] The film is scheduled to be released on May 3, 2019.[217]

text: Untitled Spider-Man: Homecoming sequel (2019)[edit]

text: In December 2016, Sony Pictures scheduled a sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming for release on July 5, 2019.[396] Filming is scheduled to begin in April or May 2018.[397]

text: The film is set after the untitled Avengers film.[436]

text: Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2020)[edit]

text: In April 2016, Kevin Feige stated that "Guardians 3 is [one film that's] up there" being considered for release beyond 2019.[437] In March 2017, Gunn stated that a third Guardians film would happen "for sure",[438] and the following month confirmed he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3.[399] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 is scheduled to be released in 2020.[398]

text: The film is set after Avengers: Infinity War and its untitled sequel.[399]

text: Untitled third Spider-Man film[edit]

text: On June 2017 Tom Holland confirmed that Spider-Man Homecoming was the first in a Trilogy. Indicating that a third film is happening.

text: Other potential projects[edit]

text: Three untitled films are set for release on May 1, August 7, and November 6, 2020. The August 7 film was previously scheduled for July 10, 2020.[207][439][440] In October 2016 Feige said it was a combination of knowing what films would occupy these dates and allowing some flexibility, saying, "We know what [films] we’d like them to be for 2020. Over the years, where we’re aiming we’ve been lucky enough that it’s usually been the same thing but we always leave ourselves the opportunity to bob and weave and adapt if we have to. But we know where we’re headed for 2020 and we have ideas and we're beginning to solidify the years beyond that."[441] Feige and Marvel have ideas for films through 2021,[442] and additional storylines planned through 2028.[443]

text: In October 2014, in terms of Phase Four films, Feige said, for the time being, "We're not going to talk specifically about the story of any of those films, the plot of any of those films, what happens to any of the characters in any of those films. In fact, even to talk about any of those characters – who will be involved in those movies – will be a bit of a spoiler as to what may or may not happen to them in earlier movies."[104] In April 2016, Feige added, "We're only working on what’s been announced through the end of 2019. And it is still a big chess board for 2020 and beyond".[437] A year later, Feige noted, "We have an idea [of what the MCU looks like post-Infinity War], and it's gonna be very, very different," but cautioned that Marvel would not be "actively discussing anything past untitled Avengers" besides dating the sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming and that James Gunn would be working on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. He also was not sure if Marvel would continue to group the films in phases once Phase Three concluded, that "it might be a new thing."[440] A second sequel to Homecoming is also planned.[444]

text: A film based on the Runaways went through a number of iterations. Brian K. Vaughan was originally hired to write a screenplay based on the property in May 2008.[445] In April 2010, Marvel hired Peter Sollett to direct the film,[446] and Drew Pearce was hired to write a script in May.[447] The following October, development on the film was put on hold,[448] with Pearce revealing in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved in favor of The Avengers, with the earliest it could release being Phase Three.[449] In October 2014, after announcing all of Marvel's Phase Three films without Runaways, Feige stated the project was "still an awesome script that exists in our script vault", adding, "We'd love to do something with Runaways some day. In our television and future film discussions, it's always one that we talk about, because we have a solid draft there. But again, we can't make them all."[104] In August 2016, Marvel Television announced Marvel's Runaways received a pilot order, along with additional scripts, from the streaming service Hulu.[450]

text: In April 2013, Feige mentioned the Inhumans as a property out of which he was "confident" a film would be made.[451] By August 2014, the studio was ready to move forward in development with the film, with a screenplay written by Joe Robert Cole.[452] In October 2014, the film was announced for Phase Three[217] and scheduled for release July 2019.[384] By October 2015, Cole was no longer involved with the film and any potential drafts that he may have written would not be used.[453] In April 2016, Inhumans was removed from the release schedule,[454] and would no longer be a part of Phase Three.[455] In July 2016, Feige said Inhumans would "certainly" be a part of the discussion regarding the film ideas for 2020 and 2021,[442] adding the following November that he was still optimistic the film could be released in Phase Four.[456] The Inhumans were first introduced to the MCU in 2014 through the second season of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.[457] In November 2016, Marvel Television announced the series Marvel's Inhumans, to premiere on ABC in September 2017, after the first two episodes were screened in IMAX.[458] The series was not intended to be a reworking of the film.[459]

text: In February 2014, Feige stated that after exploring Black Widow's past in Age of Ultron, he would like to see it explored further in a solo film.[460] Marvel has done some development work for the potential film, including a "pretty in depth" treatment by Nicole Perlman,[460][461] and by May 2016, Feige stated that Marvel was "creatively and emotionally" committed to creating the solo film.[462]

text: In April 2006, Marvel hired Andrew W. Marlowe to write a script for Nick Fury.[6] In May 2013, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Blade.[429] In July 2015, Wesley Snipes, who played Blade in three films before the character's rights reverted to Marvel, stated that he had discussions with Marvel to reprise the role.[463]


document_title: The Goldbergs (2013 TV series)

question_text: who plays murray's father on the goldbergs

question_tokens: who plays murray 's father on the goldbergs

root

text: The Goldbergs (2013 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The Goldbergs is set in the 1980s in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania. The show is loosely based on the showrunner's childhood, during which he videotaped events, many of which are reenacted throughout the program. It shows the reality of the '80s through a young boy's eyes.[6]

tag: p

text: The series stars Jeff Garlin as patriarch Murray and Wendi McLendon-Covey as matriarch Beverly. Their two older children are Erica (Hayley Orrantia) and Barry (Troy Gentile). The youngest child, Adam (Sean Giambrone), documents his family life with his video camera. Beverly's father, Albert "Pops" Solomon (George Segal), is frequently around to provide advice or to help out his grandchildren (often behind his daughter's back).

text: The present-day "Adult Adam" (Patton Oswalt) narrates every episode as taking place in "1980-something".

text: Many references to real-life Philadelphia-area businesses are made, including the Wawa Inc. convenience store chain, Gimbel's department store, Willow Grove Park Mall, and Kremp's Florist of Willow Grove, Pennsylvania.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Character
Portrayed by
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5

Beverly Goldberg (née Solomon)
Wendi McLendon-Covey
Main

Adam Fredrick Goldberg
Sean Giambrone
Main

Murray Christian Goldberg
Jeff Garlin
Main

Barry Norman Goldberg
Troy Gentile
Main

Erica Dorothy Goldberg
Hayley Orrantia
Main

Albert "Pops" Solomon
George Segal
Main

Lainey Lewis
AJ Michalka
Recurring
Main
Recurring

'Madman' Geoff Schwartz
Sam Lerner

Recurring
Main

tag: table

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Wendi McLendon-Covey as Beverly Goldberg (née Solomon),[3] the overprotective matriarch of the Goldbergs. She frequently injects herself into her children's lives, often to their embarrassment, and is supremely confident in their abilities.
Sean Giambrone as Adam Fredrick Goldberg,[3] the pop-culture obsessed youngest child of the Goldbergs. Smart and geeky, he often films his family's activities on a VHS camcorder. He often ends up having to use his middle initial to distinguish himself from another Adam Goldberg who attends the same school and is also an aspiring filmmaker.

Patton Oswalt voices the adult Adam Goldberg,[7] who narrates the show from the present day.

Jeff Garlin as Murray Christian Goldberg,[3] the gruff, somewhat asocial patriarch of the Goldbergs. Unlike Beverly, he is realistic about his children's abilities and believes she smothers them too much. Despite his apathetic tendencies at home, he values hard work and has held various full time positions since his teenage years. Though he does not always show affection for his children, calling them morons when they make mistakes or behave in silly ways, he truly cares about them and wants them to learn how to fend for themselves. He runs his father-in-law's furniture business, loves sports, and is often seen lounging in front of his TV in his white briefs.
Troy Gentile as Barry Norman Goldberg,[3] the overconfident, slightly dim-witted middle child of the Goldbergs. Though seemingly untalented in every way (except in ice hockey and wrestling, at which he excels), he remains highly self-assured while trying to become popular in high school. He is determined to dominate everything he does, including sports; loves rap music; and is the leader of a crew called the Jenkintown Posse (abbreviated JTP, which fellow members repeat whenever the initials are spoken).
Hayley Orrantia as Erica Dorothy Goldberg,[3] the somewhat bad-tempered oldest child of the Goldbergs. Smart and musically gifted but rebellious, she is popular in school and dominant over her younger brothers. As of the fifth season, Erica has left for college at DC. School of the Arts. "Erica" is based on Adam's real-life brother, Eric Goldberg.[8]
George Segal as Albert "Pops" Solomon,[3] Beverly's laid-back widower father. Though an elderly man with a number of comic eccentricities, he acts much younger than his age and often gives sage advice to his grandchildren. Adam considers him his best friend. He once owned a successful furniture store called Ottoman Empire that allowed him to retire comfortably, and he now lets his son-in-law Murray run the business.
AJ Michalka as Lainey Lewis (Season 3–4; recurring 1–2, 5-present),[9] Erica's best friend and one of the most popular girls at school, whom Barry has had a lifelong crush on. To the surprise of many, Lainey kisses Barry at a party in the first-season finale, the two slowly grow closer together in season two, and eventually become an unlikely couple. Following the fourth season, she has gone to attend fashion school in Savannah, Georgia and ended her relationship with Barry.
Sam Lerner as 'Madman' Geoff Schwartz (Season 5-present; recurring 2-4),[10] one of Barry's best friends. The nickname "Madman" is a form of ironic humor, given how well-behaved the character is, especially compared to Barry. He is infatuated with Erica and makes many futile attempts to win her affections. At the end of the third season, he begins dating Evelyn Silver just as Erica realizes she reciprocates Geoff's feelings. He later breaks up with Evey to be with Erica.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Troy Winbush as Puchinski, a police officer who sometimes runs afoul of the Goldbergs' craziness, and often sympathises with Beverly.
Cedric Yarbrough as Vic, Murray's friend and co-worker from Canada.
Ben Zelevansky as Dale, the manager of the arcade frequented by Adam, Barry, and Pops. (season 1)
Natalie Alyn Lind as Dana Caldwell, Adam's classmate who becomes his girlfriend. In the season 2 finale, it is revealed Dana may be moving to Seattle. The season 3 premiere confirms she is now living in Seattle. Adam and Dana continue a long-distance relationship, but it ends when the two realize how different they have become. "Dana"'s real-life name is Amanda Caldwell; it was changed due to early legal concerns about the show's autobiographical quality.[11] (season 1-3; guest season 4)
Jackson Odell as Ari Caldwell, a popular student, a friend of Erica and Lexi, and Dana's older brother. (season 1-2)
Virginia Gardner as Lexi Bloom, Barry's crush. (season 1, mentioned season 4)
Kathryn Leigh Scott as Miriam Ferguson, one of Pops' lovers. (season 1)
Jennifer Irwin as Virginia Kremp, Chad's mother, neighbor to the Goldbergs.
Jacob Hopkins as Chad Kremp, Virginia's youngest son and a close friend of Adam.
Tyler Stokes as Drew Kremp, Chad's older brother and Erica's ex-boyfriend. (season 1 and 3)
Dan Fogler as Marvin Goldberg, Murray's carefree, unreliable younger brother. He moves in with the family near the end of season four, living in their basement.
Tim Meadows as Jonathan "Andre" Glascott, a disenchanted teacher who also delivers pizza and gives guitar lessons for extra money. He serves as the school's hapless guidance counselor.
Barbara Alyn Woods as Mrs. Caldwell, Dana and Ari's mother. Woods is the real-life mother of Natalie Alyn Lind, who portrays Dana. (season 1)
Stephanie Katherine Grant as Emmy "Muscles" Mirsky, a girl in the neighborhood with whom Adam likes to spend time. Because they grew up together, she and Adam treat each other like siblings, and she behaves like "one of the guys" in the company of Adam and friends.
Kenny Ridwan as Dave Kim, an awkward classmate and friend of Adam's, who is always addressed by both his first and last names, even by his own mother.
Cooper Roth (season 1) and Zayne Emory (season 2-3) as J. C. Spink, a bully who torments Adam. The original film producer who inspired the character portrays a school bus driver.
Mason Cook as Tyler Stansfield, a puny but fierce classmate of Adam.
Dustin Ybarra as Nitrous, a university student who occasionally interacts with Beverly. Usually Beverly has to make a demand of Nitrous, which he will agree to, but only after trying to coerce her into showing him her breasts or giving him $1 million. (season 1 and 3)
Bryan Callen as Rick Mellor, the high school's no-nonsense gym teacher and coach.
Joey Luthman as Roger McFadden, a nerdy classmate of Barry's. (season 1)
Stephen Tobolowsky as Principal Earl Ball, the principal of the Goldberg children's high school. Beverly frequently confronts him when she knows something has gone wrong in her children's classes or school activities. (season 2-present)
Ana Gasteyer as Susan Cinoman, a music teacher at the Goldberg children's high school and love interest of Rick Mellor. (season 2-present)
Noah Munck as 'Naked' Rob Smith, one of Barry's best friends who goes shirtless at any opportunity. (season 2-present)
Matt Bush as 'Ladies' Man' Andy Cogan, one of Barry's best friends who is frequently teased for his short stature. (season 2-present)
Nathan Gamble as Garry Ball, the Principal's rebellious son and Adam's only cool friend. (season 2-3)
Dan Bakkedahl as Mr. Woodburn, Adam's lonely and depressed science teacher. (season 2)
Suzy Nakamura as Mrs. Kim, Dave Kim's mother and the owner of a Chinese restaurant frequented by the Goldbergs. (season 2)
Rob Huebel as John Calabasas, an opportunistic businessman with several careers. (season 2-3)
Judd Hirsch as Ben "Pop Pop" Goldberg, Murray's cantankerous, opinionated father. He frequently fights with Murray, with whom he has trouble communicating, and he views Pops as a rival. (seasons 3-present; Pop Pop first appeared in one season 2 episode, and was portrayed by Paul Sorvino)
Allie Grant as Evelyn "Evey" Silver, a girl Beverly tries to set up Barry with. Erica is deeply disturbed by this, because Evey is eerily similar to Beverly. She later becomes Geoff Schwartz's girlfriend. (season 2-present)
David Koechner as Bill Lewis, Lainey's father who is raising her as a single parent. To Murray's dismay, Bill is a major fan of the Dallas Cowboys, starting a rivalry between the two. Bill and Murray eventually become good friends as they discover that, outside of football, they have a lot in common. (season 2-present)
Nate Hartley as Dan, a nerdy punching bag, who is always in the wrong place at the wrong time. (season 2-present)
Charlie DePew as Anthony Balsamo, a popular, good-looking student and Lainey's ex-boyfriend. (season 2-3)
Sam Kindseth as David Sirota, Adam's goofy friend and classmate. In the present he is an American political commentator and radio host. (season 2-3)
Michaela Watkins as Ms. Taraborelli, a socially awkward Spanish and sex education teacher. (season 2)
Christopher Avila as Raji Mitra, an intelligent student Beverly hires to tutor Lainey. (season 3)
Sean Marquette as Johnny Atkins, a ponytailed, saxophone-playing troublemaker who, much like Barry Goldberg, has a high opinion of himself. He is always seen wearing a Rush tour t-shirt. In addition to saxophone, he also plays the drums. Erica dated him briefly. (season 3-present)
Niko Guardado as Rubén Amaro, Jr., a highly popular student and champion athlete. In adulthood, he will become a major league baseball player and General Manager of Philadelphia Phillies. (season 3-present)
Alex Jennings as Carla Mann, a vaguely popular student and friend of Erica and Lainey who is a bit of a troublemaker. She is also an on-off girlfriend of Johnny Atkins. (season 3-present)
Froy Gutierrez as Benjamin "Handsome Ben" Bauman, a highly popular student whom Adam sees as his rival, though Ben is always friendly to him.
Quincy Fouse as Taz Money, a popular friend of Adam. (season 3)
Lucky: Lucky is an actual dog introduced in season 3 as the Goldberg family pet.
Shayne Topp as Matt Bradley; a punk rocker-turned-Deadhead who becomes the newest member of the JTP, over Barry's initial objections. Adult Adam's voice-over later confides that Matt would become Barry's closest friend after high school. (season 4-present)
Rowan Blanchard as Jackie Geary, Adam's girlfriend who shares his love of science fiction. (season 4-present).[12]
Alison Rich as Valley Erica, Erica's Valley girl roommate at college; the two have the same first name, but decidedly different personalities. (season 5)
Ken Lerner as Lou Schwartz, Geoff's father. (season 5)
Mindy Sterling as Linda Schwartz, Geoff's mother. (season 5)

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text:
Brec Bassinger as Zoe McIntosh, a girl Adam had a crush on. (season 1, episode 1 and season 4, episode 3)
Tom Cavanagh as Charles Kremp, Chad's father. (season 1, episode 8)
Martin Starr as Andre, the local video store clerk who bans Murray after an excessively late rental. (season 1)
Thomas Lennon as Taun-Taun Todd, a Star Wars fan that Erica and Adam meet while waiting in line to see Return of the Jedi. (season 1, episode 22)
David Spade as Gus, a sketchy manufacturer of fake IDs. (season 2, episode 1)
Charlie Sheen as the man in the police station, reprising his iconic role from Ferris Bueller's Day Off. (season 2, episode 14)
Nick Swardson as Rick, a sketchy black market toy dealer. (season 2, episode 15)[13]
Chuck Norris as himself (voice only), who is heard from offscreen reading a letter to Barry. (season 3)
Weird Al Yankovic as himself. (season 3, episode 15)
Chad Coleman as Leon, a manager of Spencer's Gifts store. (season 4)
Martin Kove as Master John, reprising his role as Cobra Kai dojo sensei. (season 4)
Ilan Mitchell-Smith as Mr. Connelly, the science teacher in the fifth-season premiere episode "Weird Science." Mitchell-Smith portrayed Wyatt Donnelly in the film Weird Science.
Bill Goldberg as Nick Mellor, Coach Mellor's brutish brother. (Season 5)
Mike Quick as Coach Fast, an assistant football coach at William Penn. (Season 5)

text: Cameos from real-life Counterparts[edit]

text:
"Handsome" Ben Beauman and "Regular" Amy Gross as Double Dare Producers
Jackie Geary as Jackie's mother
Chad Kremp as a deli worker (season 1), and as his father (season 4)
JC Spink as Joe the Bus Driver
R. D. Robb as a photographer
Mike Levy as Computer Technician
Rubén Amaro Jr. as Rubén Amaro Sr.
Beverly Goldberg, Essie Karp, Virginia Kremp, and Linda Schwartz as a group of elderly friends that Beverly longs to be like
The real-life members of JTP all appear at the end of the episode "Hail Barry" (season 5)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

1
23
September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24)
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)
76
6.20[14]

2
24
September 24, 2014 (2014-09-24)
May 13, 2015 (2015-05-13)
57
8.37[15]

3
24
September 23, 2015 (2015-09-23)
May 18, 2016 (2016-05-18)
57
7.62[16]

4
24
September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)
May 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)
54
6.97[17]

5
22
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)
TBA
TBA

text: Production[edit]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The project originally received a script commitment from Fox in August 2011. After Adam Goldberg's previous show, Breaking In, was canceled, he did not want to wait for another pilot season to arrive and moved it to ABC, who agreed to immediately produce it.[18][19] On January 11, 2013, Wendi McLendon-Covey was cast as the pilot's lead;[20] later, Jeff Garlin and George Segal joined the cast.[21][22]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The pilot episode was directed by Seth Gordon. On May 10, 2013, ABC picked up the show to series to air in the 2013–14 American television season.[23] It was later picked up for a full season order on November 1, 2013.[24] The program is filmed on a series of stages at Sony Pictures Studios.

text: Music[edit]

text: The show's theme song, "Rewind," was written at Goldberg's request by I Fight Dragons, his favorite band, specifically for the show.[25] A soundtrack, featuring songs performed on the show by the cast members, was released on December 6, 2017.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Goldbergs pilot received mixed reviews, averaging a score of 52% on Metacritic based on reviews from 26 critics.[27]

text: Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter called it "one of the rare freshman comedies to deliver", giving credit to the show's "outstanding writing" and "strong cast".[28] David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle said "you'll immediately like everyone in the family and the jokes derive from credible situations".[29]

text: Hank Stuever of The Washington Post said the show was "obnoxiously loud".[30] David Hinckley of The New York Daily News said the show is "just awful".[31] Tierney Bricker of E! News gave a more positive review, saying that the show is "like Modern Family mixed with A Christmas Story".[32]

text: The Goldbergs was included in TV Guide's 2013 Top Twenty "Best Shows of the Year",[33] along with The Hollywood Reporter[34] and Today.[35] In addition, SpoilerTV awarded The Goldbergs with the honor of Best Comedy of 2013–2014.[36]

text: The second season had a Rotten Tomatoes score of 100% fresh with five reviews,[37] and there were many calls from both critics and the public to renew the show for a third season.[citation needed] The show continued to be well received, with Entertainment Weekly calling the season two premiere "the best of any family comedy on TV in the way it eschews dysfunction for its more appropriate, real-world term: love".[38]

text: After the series was renewed for season 3, ABC network chief Paul Lee stated that both he and ABC believed that the show will be around for "a long time".[39]

text: Nielsen ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
# Ep.
Premiered
Ended
TV Season
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)
Nielsen Rating (18-49)

Date
Premiere Viewers
(in millions)
Premiere 18-49
rating/share
Date
Finale Viewers
(in millions)
Finale 18-49
rating/share

1
Tuesday 9:00 pm
23

September 24, 2013

8.94[40]
3.1/8[40]

May 13, 2014

4.26[41]
1.5/5[41]
2013–2014
#76[42]
6.20[42]
N/A

2
Wednesday 8:30 pm
24

September 24, 2014

7.31[43]
2.4/6[43]

May 13, 2015

6.70[44]
2.0/7[44]
2014–2015
#57[45]
8.34[45]
2.8[45]

3
24

September 23, 2015

7.62[46]
2.4/8[46]

May 18, 2016

6.39[47]
1.9/7[47]
2015–2016
#57[16]
7.62[16]
2.5[16]

4
Wednesday 8:00 pm
24

September 21, 2016

6.90[48]
2.0/8[48]

May 17, 2017

5.27[49]
1.4/6[49]
2016–2017
#54[17]
6.97[17]
2.1[17]

5

September 27, 2017

6.20[50]
1.8/7[50]

2017–2018

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Goldbergs originally premiered on ABC on 24 September 2013.[51] The pilot was made available on Hulu and ABC.com before it premiered on television.[52]

text: In Australia, the show airs on the Seven Network. It has been broadcast in the United Kingdom on E4 since 20 April 2015, in Ireland on RTÉ2 since 19 October 2015 and in Turkey on DiziSmart since 2015. In France, the series began broadcasting since 17 October 2015 on Comedie+.

text: The show has been broadcasting on Neox TV channel in Spain since May 8, 2016 (2016-05-08). In India, the series is aired on Star World. In Germany, the series is aired on the Disney Channel since February 16, 2016.[53] In Portugal, the series is aired on Fox Comedy, while in Italy on Italia Uno, Mediaset.

text: Syndication[edit]

text: The show went into syndication in September 2017 and began airing on local stations on September 11, Nick at Nite on September 18, Pop on September 24, and will also begin to air on TV Land.

text: Untitled spinoff[edit]

text: In November 2016, it was first reported that ABC was developing a spinoff that would centre around recurring character Rick Mellor, played by Bryan Callen.[54] On January 10, 2017, Wendi McClendon-Covey's character was reported as appearing in the script in a guest appearance.[55] The script was ordered to pilot on February 2, 2017.[56].

text: On March 16, 2017, it was confirmed that Nia Long had been cast as the female lead in the role of Lucy Winston. At the same time it was confirmed that Tim Meadows would reprise his recurring role from The Goldbergs as Andre Glascott. Jay Chandrasekhar was also confirmed to direct.[57]

text: On May 17, 2017, ABC passed on the spin-off,[58] despite it reportedly testing very well - going as far to test better than the pilot of the original series.[59] At the same time, Adam F. Goldberg revealed the title of the failed spin-off - "Schooled".[60]

text: On January 8, 2018, it was announced that the pilot would air as a special episode of The Goldbergs on January 24, 2018, under the episode title The Goldbergs: 1990-Something. Along with Nia Long as Lucy Winston and Tim Meadows as teacher-turned-principal Andre Glascott (who is also revealed to be Lucy's brother), the pilot also starred Rachel Crow as Lucy's rebellious teenage daughter Felicia, and Summer Parker as Felicia's bubbly younger sister Gigi, with Octavia Spencer narrating as the present-day Felicia.

text: After the pilot aired, Goldberg had expressed hope that the airing would prompt discussions with ABC that could lead to the series being picked up for the 2018–19 TV season.[59] Three months later, on April 16, 2018, it was announced that ABC had officially picked up the spinoff for a 13-episode season slated to air in 2018. It was also announced that AJ Michalka would reprise her role as Lainey Lewis from The Goldbergs in the new show, but Nia Long will not return to the spinoff due to being a regular cast member on the CBS drama series NCIS: Los Angeles.[61]


document_title: Columbian Exchange

question_text: where did garlic come from in the columbian exchange

text: Columbian Exchange

text: Origin of the term[edit]

text: In 1972 Alfred W. Crosby, an American historian at the University of Texas at Austin, published The Columbian Exchange.[2] This book covers the environmental impact of Columbus' landing in the new world.[3]

text: The term has become popular among historians and journalists, such as Charles C. Mann, whose book 1493 expands and updates Crosby's original research.[4]

text: Influence[edit]

text: Crops[edit]

text: Four plants native to the Americas have spread around the world: Potato, maize, tomato, and tobacco.[5] Before 1500, potatoes were not grown outside of South America. By the 1840s, Ireland was so dependent on the potato that the proximate cause of the Great Famine was a potato disease.[6] Potatoes eventually became an important staple of the diet in much of Europe. Many European rulers, including Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia, encouraged the cultivation of the potato.[7]

text: Maize and cassava, introduced to the Portuguese from South America in the 16th century,[8] have replaced sorghum and millet as Africa's most important food crops.[9] 16th-century Spanish colonizers introduced new staple crops to Asia from the Americas, including maize and sweet potatoes, and thereby contributed to population growth in Asia.[10]

text: Tomatoes, which came to Europe from the New World via Spain, were initially prized in Italy mainly for their ornamental value (see below). From the 19th century tomato sauces became typical of Neapolitan cuisine and, ultimately, Italian cuisine in general.[11] Coffee (introduced in the Americas circa 1720) from Africa and the Middle East and sugarcane (introduced from South Asia) from the Spanish West Indies became the main export commodity crops of extensive Latin American plantations. Introduced to India by the Portuguese, chili and potatoes from South America have become an integral part of Indian cuisine.[12]

text: Before the Columbian Exchange, there were no oranges in Florida, no bananas in Ecuador, no paprika in Hungary, no potatoes in Ireland, no coffee in Colombia, no pineapples in Hawaii, no rubber trees in Africa, no chili peppers in Thailand, no tomatoes in Italy, and no chocolate in Switzerland.

text: Tomatoes[edit]

text: It took three centuries after their introduction in Europe for tomatoes to become widely accepted. Of all the New World plants introduced to Italy, only the potato took as long as the tomato to gain acceptance. In large part this was due to 16th-century physicians believing that this native Mexican fruit was poisonous and the generator of "melancholic humours." In 1544, Pietro Andrea Mattioli, a Tuscan physician and botanist, suggested that tomatoes might be edible, but no record exists of anyone consuming them at this time. On October 31, 1548 the tomato was given its first name anywhere in Europe when a house steward of Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of Florence, wrote to the De' Medici's private secretary that the basket of pomi d'oro "had arrived safely." At this time, the label pomi d'oro was also used to refer to figs, melons, and citrus fruits in treatises by scientists.[13]

text: In the early years, tomatoes were mainly grown as ornamentals in Italy. For example, the Florentine aristocrat Giovan Vettorio Soderini wrote how they "were to be sought only for their beauty" and were grown only in gardens or flower beds. Tomatoes were grown in elite town and country gardens in the fifty years or so following their arrival in Europe and were only occasionally depicted in works of art. However, in 1592 the head gardener at the botanical garden of Aranjuez near Madrid, under the patronage of Philip II of Spain wrote, "it is said [tomatoes] are good for sauces." Besides this account, tomatoes remained exotic plants grown for ornamental purposes, but rarely for culinary use. The combination of pasta with tomato sauce was developed only in the late nineteenth century. Today around 32,000 acres (12,950 ha) of tomatoes are cultivated in Italy, although there are still areas where relatively few tomatoes are grown and consumed.[13]

text: Livestock[edit]

text: Initially, at least, the Columbian exchange of animals largely went through one route, from Europe to the New World, as the Eurasian regions had domesticated many more animals. Horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, large dogs, cats and bees were rapidly adopted by native peoples for transport, food, and other uses.[14] One of the first European exports to the Americas, the horse, changed the lives of many Native American tribes in the mountains. They shifted to a nomadic lifestyle, as opposed to agriculture, based on hunting bison on horseback and moved down to the Great Plains. The existing Plains tribes expanded their territories with horses, and the animals were considered so valuable that horse herds became a measure of wealth.[15]

text: Still, the effects of the introduction of European livestock on the environments and peoples of the New World were not always positive. In the Caribbean, the proliferation of European animals had large effects on native fauna and undergrowth and damaged conucos, plots managed by indigenous peoples for subsistence.[16]

text: Disease[edit]

text: European exploration of tropical areas was aided by the New World discovery of quinine, the first effective treatment for malaria. Europeans suffered from this disease, but some indigenous populations had developed at least partial resistance to it. In Africa, resistance to malaria has been associated with other genetic changes among sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants, which can cause sickle-cell disease.[1]:164

text: Before regular communication had been established between the two hemispheres, the varieties of domesticated animals and infectious diseases that jumped to humans, such as smallpox, were substantially more numerous in the Old World than in the New due to more extensive long-distance trade networks. Many had migrated west across Eurasia with animals or people, or were brought by traders from Asia, so diseases of two continents were suffered by all occupants. While Europeans and Asians were affected by the Eurasian diseases, their endemic status in those continents over centuries resulted in many people gaining acquired immunity.

text: By contrast, "Old World" diseases had a devastating effect when introduced to Native American populations via European carriers, as the people in the Americas had no natural immunity to the new diseases. Measles caused many deaths. The smallpox epidemics are believed to have caused the largest death tolls among Native Americans, surpassing any wars[17] and far exceeding the comparative loss of life in Europe due to the Black Death.[1]:164 It is estimated that upwards of 80–95 percent of the Native American population died in these epidemics within the first 100–150 years following 1492. Many regions in the Americas lost 100%.[1]:165 The beginning of demographic collapse on the North American continent has typically been attributed to the spread of a well-documented smallpox epidemic from Hispaniola in December 1518.[16] At that point in time, approximately only 10,000 indigenous people were still alive in Hispaniola.[16]

text: Similarly, yellow fever is thought to have been brought to the Americas from Africa via the Atlantic slave trade. Because it was endemic in Africa, many people there had acquired immunity. Europeans suffered higher rates of death than did African-descended persons when exposed to yellow fever in Africa and the Americas, where numerous epidemics swept the colonies beginning in the 17th century and continuing into the late 19th century. The disease caused widespread fatalities in the Caribbean during the heyday of slave-based sugar plantation.[16] The replacement of native forests by sugar plantations and factories facilitated its spread in the tropical area by reducing the number of potential natural predators.[16] Yet, the means of the transmission was unknown until 1881, when Carlos Finlay suggested that the disease was transmitted through mosquitoes, now known to be female mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti.[16]

text: The history of syphilis has been well-studied, but the exact origin of the disease is unknown and remains a subject of debate.[18] There are two primary hypotheses: one proposes that syphilis was carried to Europe from the Americas by the crew of Christopher Columbus in the early 1490s, while the other proposes that syphilis previously existed in Europe but went unrecognized.[19] These are referred to as the "Columbian" and "pre-Columbian" hypotheses.[19] The first written descriptions of the disease in the Old World came in 1493.[20] The first large outbreak of syphilis in Europe occurred in 1494/1495 in Naples, Italy, among the army of Charles VIII, during their invasion of Naples.[19][21][22][23]

text: Cultural exchanges[edit]

text: One of the influences related to the migration of people were cultural exchanges. For example, in the article "The Myth of Early Globalization: The Atlantic Economy, 1500–1800" Pieter Remmer makes the point that "from 1500 onward, a 'clash of cultures' had begun in the Atlantic".[24] This clash of culture transferred European values to indigenous cultures. For example, the emergence of private property in regions where there were little to no rights to lands, the concepts of monogamy and the nuclear family, the role of women and children in the family system, and the "superiority of free labor".[25] An example of this type of cultural exchange occurred during the 1500s in North America. When these early European colonizers first entered North America, they encountered fence-less lands which indicated to them that this land was unimproved. For these Europeans, they were seeking economic opportunities, therefore, land and resources were important for the success of the mission. When these colonizers entered North America they encountered a fully established culture of people called the Powhatan. The Powhatan farmers in Virginia scattered their farm plots within larger cleared areas. These larger cleared areas were a communal place for naturally growing and useful plants. As the Europeans viewed fences as "hallmarks of civilization" they set about transforming "the land into something more suitable for themselves".[26] In implementing their practices, the Europeans enslaved, murdered, and exploited indigenous populations. Furthermore, in cases of enslaved peoples (and in particular, enslaved Africans) the Europeans simultaneously implemented their value system while at the same time justifying enslaving people through a philosophy which reduced the enslaved people to property. Thus, the slave traders and some of the plantation owners used the concept of family to exploit and control the enslaved people. In other subtle ways, which had a large impact the cultural exchanges involved sharing practices and traditions. An example of this can be found in the tobacco industry.

text: Tobacco was one of the luxury goods which was spread as a direct result of the Columbian Exchange. As is discussed in regard to the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the tobacco trade increased demand for free labor and spread tobacco worldwide. In discussing the widespread uses of tobacco, the Spanish physician Nicolas Monardes (1493–1588) noted that "The black people that have gone from these parts to the Indies, have taken up the same manner and use of tobacco that the Indians have".[27] As the European colonizers and enslaved Africans traveled the globe and came into contact with indigenous peoples, they took with them the cultural practices related to tobacco, and spread them to additional regions. Therefore, demand for tobacco grew in the course of the cultural exchanges and increased contacts among peoples.

text: Organism examples[edit]

text:
Post-Columbian transfers of native organisms with close ties to humans

Type of organism
Old World to New World
New World to Old World

Domesticated animals

cat (domestic – wild species already present)
cattle
chicken
donkey
goat (the goats of the Old World, genus Capra, are different from the mountain goat of the New World, genus Oreamnos)
guineafowl
honey bee (European honey bee – other wild and domesticated species already present)
horse
rabbit (domestic)
pig
sheep (domestic)
water buffalo

alpaca
guinea pig
llama
Muscovy duck
turkey

Cultivated plants

almond
apple
apricot
asparagus
banana (including cooking banana)
barley
basil
beetroot
Brassica oleracea-derived vegetables

broccoli
Brussels sprout
cabbage
cauliflower
collard greens
kale

cantaloupe
carrot
celery
chickpea
citrus (orange, lemon, etc.)
coffee
common fig
coriander (also known as cilantro)
cucumber
cumin
eggplant
Elaeis (oil palm)
fennel
flax
garlic
ginger
hemp (including cannabis)
leek
lentil
lettuce
mango
millet
Momordica charantia (bitter melon)
oat
okra
olive
onion
opium
oregano
pea
peach
pear
pistachio
pomegranate
radish
rice
rye
sesame
sorghum
soybean
spinach
sugarcane and sugar beet
turmeric
turnip
watermelon
wheat
yam (sometimes misnamed "sweet potato")

Acca sellowiana (feijoa, pineapple guava, Brazilian guava, guavasteen)
Annona reticulata (custard apple)
agave
allspice
amaranth (as grain)
annatto
arrowroot or Maranta arundinacea
avocado
bell pepper
Calathea allouia (leren)
Canna indica (achira)
cashew
cassava (manioc, tapioca, yuca)
chili pepper
cherimoya
cocoa bean
cotton (long-staple species)
cranberry (large cranberry, or bearberry species)
cucurbita (squash)
Eryngium foetidum (culantro, Mexican coriander)
guava (common)
Helianthus (sunflower)
Jerusalem artichoke
Pachyrhizus erosus (jícama)
maize (corn)
Manilkara zapota (sapodilla)
Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear)
papaya
passionfruit
peanut
pecan
Phaseolus vulgaris (beans: pinto, lima, kidney, etc.)
pineapple
pitaya (dragon fruit)
potato
pumpkin
quinoa
soursop
stevia
strawberry (commercial varieties)
sugar-apple
sweet potato
tobacco
tomato
vanilla
yerba mate
yucca
zucchini (courgette)

Infectious diseases

bubonic plague
chickenpox
cholera
diphtheria
influenza
leprosy
malaria
measles
pertussis
scarlet fever
smallpox
typhoid fever
typhus
yaws
yellow fever

Chagas disease
Nonvenereal endemic syphilis
pinta
syphilis (disputed)

text: Later history[edit]

text: Plants that arrived by land, sea, or air in the times before 1492 are called archaeophytes, and plants introduced to Europe after those times are called neophytes. Invasive species of plants and pathogens also were introduced by chance, including such weeds as tumbleweeds (Salsola spp.) and wild oats (Avena fatua). Some plants introduced intentionally, such as the kudzu vine introduced in 1894 from Japan to the United States to help control soil erosion, have since been found to be invasive pests in the new environment.

text: Fungi have also been transported, such as the one responsible for Dutch elm disease, killing American elms in North American forests and cities, where many had been planted as street trees. Some of the invasive species have become serious ecosystem and economic problems after establishing in the New World environments.[28][29] A beneficial, although probably unintentional, introduction is Saccharomyces eubayanus, the yeast responsible for lager beer now thought to have originated in Patagonia.[30]

text: In addition to these, many animals were introduced to new habitats on the other side of the world either accidentally or incidentally. These include such animals as brown rats, earthworms (apparently absent from parts of the pre-Columbian New World), and zebra mussels, which arrived on ships.[31] Escaped and feral populations of non-indigenous animals have thrived in both the Old and New Worlds, often negatively impacting or displacing native species. In the New World, populations of feral European cats, pigs, horses and cattle are common, and Burmese pythons are considered problematic. In the Old World, Eastern gray squirrel have been particularly successful in colonising Great Britain and populations of raccoons can now be found in some regions of Germany, the Caucasus and Japan. Fur farm escapees such as coypu and American mink have extensive populations. Canada geese are also common.