document_title: French Open

question_text: what channel is roland garros on in france

text: French Open

text: History[edit]

text: Officially named in French Championnats Internationaux de France de tennis and Tournoi de Roland-Garros (the "French International Championships of Tennis" or "Roland Garros Tournament" in English), the tournament is referred to in English as the "French Open" and alternatively as "Roland Garros", which is the designation used by the tournament itself in all languages.[7] French spelling rules dictate that in the name of a place or event named after a person, the elements of the name are joined together with a hyphen.[8] Therefore, the names of the stadium and the tournament are hyphenated as Roland-Garros.

text: In 1891 the Championnat de France, which is commonly referred to in English as the French Championships, began. They were only open to tennis players who were members of French clubs. The first winner was a Briton—H. Briggs—who was a Paris resident.  The first women's singles tournament, with four entries, was held in 1897. The mixed doubles event was added in 1902 and the women's doubles in 1907. This "French club members only" tournament was played until 1924, using four different venues during that period:

text:
Île de Puteaux, in Puteaux, played on sand laid out on a bed of rubble.
The Racing Club de France (in the Bois de Boulogne, Paris), played on clay.
For one year, 1909, it was played at the Société Athlétique de la Villa Primrose in Bordeaux, on clay.
Tennis Club de Paris (club opened in 1895), at Auteuil, Paris, played on clay.

tag: ul

text: Another tournament, the World Hard Court Championships, is sometimes considered the precursor to the French Open as it was open to international competitors. It was held on clay courts at Stade Français in Saint-Cloud from 1912 to 1914, then, after World War I, was contested there again in 1920, 1921 and 1923, with the 1922 tournament held at Brussels, Belgium. Winners of this tournament included world No. 1's such as Tony Wilding from New Zealand (1913, 1914) and Bill Tilden from the US (1921). In 1924 there was no World Hard Court Championships due to tennis being played at the Paris Olympic Games.

text: In 1925, the French Championships became open to all amateurs internationally and was designated a major championship by the ILTF. It was held at the Stade Français in Saint-Cloud (site of the previous World Hardcourt Championships) in 1925 and 1927, on clay courts. In 1926 the Racing Club de France hosted the event in Paris, site of the previous French Championship, also on clay.

text: After the Mousquetaires or Philadelphia Four (René Lacoste, Jean Borotra, Henri Cochet, and Jacques Brugnon) won the Davis Cup on American soil in 1927, the French decided to defend the cup in 1928 at a new tennis stadium at Porte d'Auteuil. The Stade de France had offered the tennis authorities three hectares of land with the condition that the new stadium must be named after the World War I pilot, Roland Garros. The new Stade de Roland Garros, and its Center Court (which was named Court Philippe Chatrier in 1988) hosted that Davis Cup challenge. In 1928, the French Internationals were moved there, and the event has been held there ever since.[9]

text: During World War II the tournament was held from 1941 through 1945 on the same grounds but these editions are not recognized by the French governing body, Fédération Française de Tennis.[10] In 1946 and 1947, the French Championships were held after Wimbledon, making it the third Grand Slam event of the year. In 1968, the French Championships became the first Grand Slam tournament to go open, allowing both amateurs and professionals to compete.[9]

text:
Since 1981, new prizes have been presented: the Prix Orange (for the player demonstrating the best sportsmanship and cooperative attitude with the press), the Prix Citron (for the player with the strongest character and personality) and the Prix Bourgeon (for the tennis player revelation of the year). In another novelty, since 2006 the tournament has begun on a Sunday, featuring 12 singles matches played on the three main courts. Additionally, on the eve of the tournament's opening, the traditional Benny Berthet exhibition day takes place, where the profits go to different charity associations. In March 2007, it was announced that the event would provide equal prize money for both men and women in all rounds for the first time.[11]
In 2010, it was announced that the French Open was considering a move away from Roland Garros as part of a continuing rejuvenation of the tournament.[12] Plans to renovate and expand Roland Garros have put aside any such consideration, and the tournament remains in its long time home.

text: Surface characteristics[edit]

text: Clay courts slow down the ball and produce a high bounce when compared to grass courts or hard courts. For this reason, clay courts take away some of the advantages of big servers and serve-and-volleyers, which makes it hard for these types of players to dominate on the surface. For example, Pete Sampras, known for his huge serve and who won 14 Grand Slam titles, never won the French Open – his best result was reaching the semi-finals in 1996. Other notable players who have won multiple Grand Slam events but have never won the French Open include John McEnroe, Frank Sedgman, John Newcombe, Venus Williams, Stefan Edberg, Boris Becker, Jimmy Connors, Louise Brough,  and Virginia Wade; McEnroe and Edberg lost their sole French Open finals appearances in five sets.

text: On the other hand, players whose games are more suited to slower surfaces, such as Rafael Nadal, Björn Borg, Ivan Lendl, Mats Wilander, Justine Henin and Chris Evert, have found great success at this tournament.  In the Open Era, the only male players who have won both the French Open and Wimbledon, played on faster grass courts, are Rod Laver, Jan Kodeš, Björn Borg, Andre Agassi, Rafael Nadal, Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer. Borg's French Open—Wimbledon double was achieved three times consecutively (1978, 1979, 1980) and regarded by Wimbledon officials as "the most difficult double in tennis."[13] The feat took 28 years to be repeated and was done 3 times consecutively, twice by Rafael Nadal (2008, 2010) and once by Roger Federer (2009).[14]

text: Expansion vs. relocation[edit]

text: From 2004–2008 there were off and on plans to build a covered stadium with a roof.[15][16][17]  There have also been various proposals to expand the facility or to move the French Open to a completely new, 55-court venue outside of Paris city limits.  In 2011 it was decided to keep the tournament at Roland-Garros.[18][19]

text: The expansion project calls for a new stadium to be built alongside the historical Auteuil's greenhouses and expansion of old stadiums and the tournament village.[20]  In May 2015, the city council voted against the expansion project, but on 9 June 2015 Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo announced the signing of the construction permits, with work scheduled to begin in September of that year and concluding in 2019.[21][22]  In December 2015, the Paris Administrative Court once again halted renovation work. The French Tennis Federation is appealing the decision.[23]  Opponents, however, vow to continue to fight the expansion plans in the courts.

text: Ball boys and ball girls[edit]

text: At the 2010 French Open there were 250 "ramasseurs de balles" which in English translates literally as "gatherers of balls".  They are aged between 12 and 16 years old, and dress in matching shirts and shorts. The 250 ball boys and ball girls are chosen to take part in the French Open by an application and selection process, which in 2010 had approximately 2,500 applicants from across France.[24] Upon selection the ball boys and ball girls participate in preparatory training in the weeks leading up to the French Open to ensure that they are prepared for the day they set foot on the tennis court in front of a global audience.

text: Prize money and ranking points[edit]

text: For 2018, the prize money purse was increased to €39,197,000. If a player makes it to the indicated round, they will receive the points and money listed (provided they don't make it to a further round). Men and women often receive different point values based on the rules of their respective tours. Players receive prize money and points as follows:[25]

text:
Prize Money (2018)

Event

W

F

SF

QF

4R

3R

2R

1R

Singles

Points (M/F)

2000

1200 / 1300

720 / 780

360 / 430

180 / 240

90 / 130

45 / 70

10/10

Prize money

€2,200,000

€1,120,000

€560,000

€380,000

€222,000

€130,000

€79,000

€40,000

Doubles

Points (M/F)

2000

1200 / 1300

720 / 780

360 / 430

180 / 240

90 / 130

–

–

Prize money*

€560,000

€280,000

€139,000

€76,000

€41,000

€22,000

€11,000

–

MixedDoubles

Points

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

–

–

Prize money*

€120,000

€60,000

€30,000

€17,000

€9,500

€4,750

–

–

text: *per team

text: Champions[edit]

text: Past champions[edit]

text:
Men's Singles, winner of the Coupe des Mousquetaires[a]
Women's Singles, winner of the Coupe Suzanne Lenglen[b]
Men's Doubles, winners of the Coupe Jacques Brugnon
Women's Doubles, winners of the Coupe Simone Mathieu
Mixed Doubles, winners of the Coupe Marcel Bernard

text: The trophies, designed and made by Maison Mellerio dits Meller, are all made of pure silver with finely etched decorations on their side. Each new singles winner gets his or her name written on the base of the trophy. Winners receive custom-made pure silver replicas of the trophies they have won.[26]

text: Current champions[edit]

text:
Rafael Nadal was the winner of the Men's Singles in 2018. It was his seventeenth Grand Slam singles title and a record-extending 11th title at Roland Garros.

Simona Halep was the winner of the Women's Singles in 2018. It was her first Grand Slam title.

Pierre-Hugues Herbert was part of the winning Men's Doubles team in 2018. It was his third Grand Slam title.

Nicolas Mahut was part of the winning Men's Doubles team in 2018. It was his third Grand Slam title.

Barbora Krejčíková was part of the winning Women's Doubles team in 2018. It was her first Grand Slam title.

Kateřina Siniaková was part of the winning Women's Doubles team in 2018. It was her first Grand Slam title.

Latisha Chan was part of the winning Mixed Doubles team in 2018. It was her first Grand Slam in mixed doubles title.

Ivan Dodig was part of the winning Mixed Doubles team in 2018. It was his first Grand Slam in mixed doubles title.

text:
Event

Champion

Runner-up

Score

2018 Men's Singles
 Rafael Nadal
 Dominic Thiem
6–4, 6–3, 6–2

2018 Women's Singles
 Simona Halep
 Sloane Stephens
3–6, 6–4, 6–1

2018 Men's Doubles
 Pierre-Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut
 Oliver Marach Mate Pavić
6–2, 7–6(7–4)

2018 Women's Doubles
 Barbora Krejčíková Kateřina Siniaková
 Eri Hozumi Makoto Ninomiya
6–3, 6–3

2018 Mixed Doubles
 Latisha Chan Ivan Dodig
 Gabriela Dabrowski Mate Pavić
6–1, 6–7(5–7), [10–8]

text: Records[edit]

text:
Record

 Era

Player(s)

Num.

Years

Men since 1891

Winner of most men's singles titles

Before 1925: (French club members only event)

 Max Decugis

8

1903–1904, 1907–1909, 1912–1914

1925–1967:

 Henri Cochet

4

1926, 1928, 1930, 1932  Note: Also won World Hard Court Championship in 1922

After 1967:

 Rafael Nadal

11

2005–2008, 2010–2014, 2017–2018

Winner of most consecutive men's singles titles

Before 1925: (French club members only event)

 Paul Aymé

4

1897–1900

1925–1967:

 Frank Parker   Jaroslav Drobný   Tony Trabert   Nicola Pietrangeli

2

1948–1949  1951–1952  1954–1955  1959–1960

After 1967:

 Rafael Nadal

5

2010–2014

Winner of most men's doubles titles

Before 1925: (French club members only event)

 Max Decugis

13

1902–1909,  1911–1914, 1920[27]

1925–1967:

 Roy Emerson

6

1960, 1962 with Neale Fraser, 1961 with Rod Laver, 1963 with Manuel Santana, 1964 with Ken Fletcher, 1965 with Fred Stolle

After 1967:

 Daniel Nestor Max Mirnyi

4

2007 with Mark Knowles, 2010 with Nenad Zimonjić, 2011, 2012 with Max Mirnyi  2005, 2006 with Jonas Björkman, 2011, 2012 with Daniel Nestor

Winner of most consecutive men's doubles titles

Before 1925: (French club members only event)

 Maurice Germot

10

1906–1914, 1920[27]

1925–1967:

 Roy Emerson

6

1960–1965

After 1967:

 Daniel Nestor

3

2010–2012

Winner of most mixed doubles titles – Men

Before 1925: (French club members only event)

 Max Decugis

7

1904–1906, 1908–1909, 1914 and 1920 with Suzanne Lenglen

1925-today:

 Ken Fletcher Jean-Claude Barclay

3

1963–1965 with Margaret Court1968, 1971, 1973 with Françoise Dürr

Winner of most titles (total: singles, doubles, mixed) – men

Before 1925: (French club members only event)

 Max Decugis

29

1902–1920 (8 singles, 14 doubles, 7 mixed)

1925-today:

 Rafael Nadal

11

2005–2008, 2010–2014, 2017–2018 (11 singles)

Women since 1897

Winner of most women's singles titles

Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era)

 Suzanne Lenglen

6

1920–1923, 1925–1926  Note: Also won World Hard Court Championship in 1914, 1921–1923

After 1967:

 Chris Evert

7

1974–1975, 1979–1980, 1983, 1985–1986

Winner of most consecutive women's singles titles

Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era)

 Jeanne Matthey   Suzanne Lenglen

4

1909–1912  1920–1923

After 1967:

/ Monica Seles   Justine Henin

3

1990–1992  2005–2007

Winner of most women's doubles titles

Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era)

 Simonne Mathieu

6

1933, 1934 with Elizabeth Ryan, 1936–1937, 1938 with Billie Yorke, 1939 with Jadwiga Jędrzejowska

After 1967:

/ Martina Navratilova

7

1975 with Chris Evert, 1982 with Anne Smith, 1984–1985, 1987, 1988 with Pam Shriver, 1986 with Andrea Temesvári

Winner of most consecutive women's doubles titles

Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era)

 Françoise Dürr

5

1967–1971

After 1967:

/ Martina Navratilova   Gigi Fernández

5

1984–1987, 1988 with Pam Shriver, 1986 with Andrea Temesvári  1991 with Jana Novotná, 1992–95 with Natasha Zvereva

Winner of most mixed doubles titles – women

Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era)

 Suzanne Lenglen

7

1914, 1920 with Max Decugis, 1921–1923, 1925, 1926 with Jacques Brugnon

After 1967:

 Françoise Dürr

3

1968, 1971, 1973 with Jean-Claude Barclay

Winner of most titles (total: singles, doubles, mixed) – women

Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era)

 Suzanne Lenglen

15

1919–1926 (6 singles, 2 doubles, 7 mixed)

After 1967:

/ Martina Navratilova

11

1974–1988 (2 singles, 7 doubles, 2 mixed)

Miscellaneous

Youngest winner

Men:

 Michael Chang

17 years and 3 months

Women:

/ Monica Seles

16 years and 6 months

Oldest winner

Men:

 Andre Vacherot

40 years and 9 months

Women:

 Zsuzsa Körmöczy

33 years and 10 months

Unseeded Winners

Men:

 Marcel Bernard   Mats Wilander   Gustavo Kuerten   Gastón Gaudio

1946  1982  1997  2004

Women:

 Margaret Scriven   Jeļena Ostapenko

1933  2017

text: Television coverage[edit]

text: Broadcast rights to the French Open (as of 2016) are as follows:[28]

text: France[edit]

text:
FranceTV Sports & EuroSport 1&2.
France Télévisions and Eurosport hold the broadcast rights to the French Open in 2016.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: ITV Sport and Eurosport holds broadcasting rights to show the French Open tennis tournaments until 2021.[29] The bulk of the daily coverage is broadcast on ITV4 although both singles finals plus other weekend matches are shown on ITV.[30] John Inverdale hosts the coverage. Commentators include Jim Courier, Amélie Mauresmo, Sam Smith, Mark Petchey, Nick Mullins and Fabrice Santoro.

text: Studio presentation for the French Open on Eurosport[31] is hosted by Annabel Croft with the segment Hawk-Eye presented by former British Number 2 Jason Goodall. (Goodall was briefly ranked ahead of Chris Bailey, Nick Brown, Andrew Castle, Nick Fulwood, Mark Petchey, and James Turner, in May 1989).

text: United States[edit]

text:
Tennis Channel & NBC.
NBC's coverage of the French Open began in 1975.[32] Tennis Channel owns pay television rights to the tournament. Coverage of morning window (U.S. time) matches were sub-licensed to ESPN for broadcast by ESPN2 from 2007 through 2015.[33] In August 2015, ESPN announced that it would discontinue its sub-licensing and drop coverage of the French Open beginning in 2016, with network staff citing that because of the structure of the arrangement, its coverage "did not fit our successful model at the other three Majors"—where ESPN is the exclusive rightsholder.[33] Tennis Channel chose to retain these rights under its new owner Sinclair Broadcast Group, nearly doubling the amount of coverage Tennis Channel will air from Roland Garros.[34][35]

text: Other than a three-year stint on CBS, NBC has remained the American television network home of the French Open since 1983. NBC shows weekend morning early-round matches in the afternoon via tape-delay.  If a match is still being played, it is shown live. Other broadcasters cannot show NBC's tape-delayed matches. NBC also shows a tape-delayed version of the men's semifinal, broadcasting it in the late morning of the same day. It broadcasts both singles finals.

text: Other areas[edit]

text:
Europe – Eurosport until 2021
Canada – RDS (French) & TSN (English)
Caribbean – ESPN Caribbean
Latin America – ESPN (except Brazil)
Brazil – BandSports
Southern Africa – SuperSport
Middle East – beIN Sports
Indian Subcontinent – Star Sports Select
Pan-Asia region – Fox Sports
Australia – Fox Sports and SBS Sport[36]
New Zealand – Sky NZ
Fiji & Pacific Islands – Fox Sports
Japan – WOWOW


document_title: United States Balance of trade

question_text: when did the us last have a trade surplus

root

text: United States Balance of trade

text: This article has no lead section. Please help by adding an introductory section to this article. For more information, see the layout guide, and Wikipedia's lead section guidelines to ensure the section will be inclusive of all the essential details. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: History[edit]

text: The 1920s marked a decade of economic growth in the United States following a classical supply side policy.[2] U.S. President Warren Harding signed the Emergency Tariff of 1921 and the Fordney–McCumber Tariff of 1922. Harding's policies reduced taxes and protected U.S. business and agriculture. Following the Great Depression and World War II, the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference brought the Bretton Woods currency agreement followed by the economy of the 1950s and 1960s. In 1971, President Richard Nixon ended U.S. ties to Bretton Woods, leaving the U.S. with a floating fiat currency.

tag: p

text: Over the long run, nations with trade surpluses tend also to have a savings surplus. The U.S. generally has developed lower savings rates than its trading partners, which have tended to have trade surpluses. Germany, France, Japan, and Canada have maintained higher savings rates than the U.S. over the long run.[3]

text: Impacts[edit]

text: The notion that bilateral trade deficits are bad in and of themselves is overwhelmingly rejected by trade experts and economists.[4][5][6][7][8]

text: Wealth-producing sector jobs in the U.S. such as those in manufacturing and computer software have often been replaced by lower-paying wealth-consuming service sector jobs such as those in retail and government when the economy recovered from recessions.[9][10] Some economists contend that the U.S. is borrowing to fund consumption of imports while accumulating unsustainable amounts of debt.[1][11]

text: In 2006, the primary economic concerns focused on: high national debt ($9 trillion), high non-bank corporate debt ($9 trillion), high mortgage debt ($9 trillion), high financial institution debt ($12 trillion), high unfunded Medicare liability ($30 trillion), high unfunded Social Security liability ($12 trillion), high external debt (amount owed to foreign lenders) and a serious deterioration in the United States net international investment position (NIIP) (-24% of GDP),[1] high trade deficits, and a rise in illegal immigration.[11][12]

text: These issues have raised concerns among economists and unfunded liabilities were mentioned as a serious problem facing the United States in the President's 2006 State of the Union address.[12][13] On June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the U.S. to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand.[14]

text: In 1985, the U.S.had just begun a growing trade deficit with China. During the 1990s, U.S. trade deficit became a more excessive long-run trade deficit, mostly with Asia. By 2012, the U.S. trade deficit, fiscal budget deficit, and federal debt increased to record or near record levels following accompanying decades of the implementation of broad unconditional or unilateral U.S. free trade policies and formal trade agreements.[15][16]

text: The US last had a trade surplus in 1975.[17] However, recessions may cause short-run anomalies to rising trade deficits.


document_title: Ain't Nobody Here but Us Chickens

question_text: who sang there ain't nobody here but us chickens

question_tokens: who sang there ai n 't nobody here but us chickens

text: Ain't Nobody Here but Us Chickens

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Ain't Nobody Here but Us Chickens"

Single by Louis Jordan

B-side
"Let the Good Times Roll"

Released
1946 (1946)

Genre
Jump blues

Length
3:02

Label
Decca

Songwriter(s)
Joan Whitney Kramer, Alex Kramer

text: "Ain't Nobody Here but Us Chickens" is a 1946 song, with music and lyrics by Alex Kramer and Joan Whitney. It was recorded by Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five. The single hit number one on the US Billboard Rhythm and blues Juke Box chart for seventeen weeks and number six on the pop chart.[1][2] The B-side, "Let the Good Times Roll," peaked at number two on the R&B Juke Box chart.

text: The song was featured on the soundtrack for L.A. Noire and was then included on a remixed version of the soundtrack with production by DJ Premier. Gonzo the Great and various Muppet characters performed the song on an episode of The Muppet Show. The British sitcom Chickens featured the song in each episode's opening and closing credits.[3]

text: Origin of the phrase[edit]

text: The song is sometimes cited as the origin of the phrase, but the phrase is older.[2] Its first known appearance was a joke published as a reader-submitted anecdote in Everybody's Magazine in 1908 regarding a chicken thief, formulated as, "'Deed, sah, dey ain't nobody hyah 'ceptin' us chickens."[4]

text: This background is retained in the 1931 Our Gang episode "Little Daddy", in which Farina and Stymie crawl inside an empty chicken coop to hide from a social worker who has come to take Stymie to the orphanage. Farina makes rooster noises to fool the social worker, although when the man asks, "Who's in there?" Stymie replies, "Just us chickens!"

text: By 1939 the phrase had evolved to more closely resemble the one crystallized in the Kramer/Jordan song of 1946 and appeared in the cartoon feature Gulliver's Travels as, "Nobody here but just us... chickens!"

text: In the original 1966 Star Trek series episode, "Where No Man Has Gone Before", Dr Elizabeth Dehner asks Captain Kirk whether the members of the landing party are the only people on the planet; he replies, "Nobody but us chickens, Doctor".

text: In a 1984 Garfield comic strip dated 6th September, the phrase also appears. When Jon tries to talk to his sleeping cat, Garfield replies "There ain't nobody here but us chickens," and presents his rubber chicken, "Stretch".[5]

text: In a 1999 episode of Star Trek: Voyager "11:59", Kate Mulgrew, acting as one of Captain Janeway's ancestors, Shannon O'Donnell, alters the phrase several times to "Nobody here but us galliformes."

text: In episode 6 of HBO's The Night Of, John Stone, when asked to speak off the record, replies "Just us chickens." The man being interviewed remarks, "I've never understood that phrase", to which Stone responds, "Me neither."


document_title: Tropical Storm Allison

question_text: how many inches of rain did allison drop in houston

text: Tropical Storm Allison

text: Meteorological history[edit]

text: A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on May 21, 2001. It moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean, retaining little convection on its way. After moving across South America and the southwestern Caribbean Sea, the wave entered the eastern North Pacific Ocean on June 1. A low-level circulation developed on June 2, while it was about 230 miles (370 km) south-southeast of Salina Cruz, Mexico. Southerly flow forced the system northward, and the wave moved inland on June 3. The low-level circulation dissipated, though the mid-level circulation persisted. It emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on June 4, and developed deep convection on its eastern side.[2] Early on June 5, satellite imagery suggested that a tropical depression was forming in the northwest Gulf of Mexico, which was furthered by reports of wind gusts as high as 60 mph (95 km/h) just a few hundred feet above the surface, towards the east side of the system.[3]

text: At 1200 UTC on June 5, the disturbance developed a broad, low-level circulation, and was classified as Tropical Storm Allison, the first storm of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. Some intensification was projected, though it was expected to be hindered by cool offshore sea surface temperatures.[4] Due to the cold-core nature of the center, Allison initially contained subtropical characteristics. Despite this, the storm quickly strengthened to attain peak sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), with tropical storm-force winds extending up to 230 miles (370 km) east of the center, and a minimum central pressure of 1000 mbar.[2] The storm initially moved very little, and the presence of several small vortices from within the deep convection caused difficulty in determining the exact center location.[5] Later in the day, several different track forecasts arose. One scenario had the cyclone tracking westward into Mexico. Another projected the storm moving east towards southern Louisiana. At the time, it was noted that little rain or wind persisted near the center, but rather to the north and east.[6] Under the steering currents of a subtropical ridge that extended in an east–west orientation across the southeast United States,[5] Allison weakened while nearing the Texas coastline, and struck near Freeport, Texas with 50 mph (80 km/h) winds.[2] Inland, the storm rapidly weakened, and the National Hurricane Center discontinued advisories early on June 6.[7] Shortly after being downgraded to a tropical depression, surface observations showed an elongated circulation with a poorly defined center, which had reformed closer to the deep convection.[8]

text: The depression drifted northward until reaching Lufkin, Texas, where it stalled due to a high pressure system to its north.[2] While stalling over Texas, the storm dropped excessive rainfall, peaking at just over 40 inches (1,033 mm) in northwestern Jefferson County.[9] On June 7, the subtropical ridge off Florida weakened, while the ridge west of Texas intensified. This steered Tropical Depression Allison to make a clockwise loop, and the storm began drifting to the southwest. As the center reached Huntsville, Texas, a heavy rain band began to back build from Louisiana westward into Liberty County, Texas, which had caused additional flooding.[10] At the time, the system had a minimum central pressure of about 1004 mb and maximum sustained winds of about 10 mph (16 km/h).[11] Late on June 9 and early on June 10, Allison's remnants reentered reached the Gulf of Mexico and emerged over open waters.[12] The low once again became nearly stationary about 60 mi (100 km) south of Galveston, Texas, and despite more favorable upper-level winds, it showed no signs of redevelopment.[13] Due to dry air and moderate westerly wind shear, the storm transformed into a subtropical cyclone. While the subtropical depression moved eastward, a new low level circulation redeveloped to the east, and Allison quickly made landfall on Morgan City, Louisiana on June 11.[2] At around the same time, the surface center reformed to the east-northeast of its previous location, aligning with the mid-level circulation.[14] Strong thunderstorms redeveloped over the circulation, and Allison strengthened into a subtropical storm over southeastern Louisiana.[2] The storm intensified further to attain sustained winds of 45 mph (70 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of about 1000 mb near Mclain, Mississippi, accompanied by a well-defined eye-like feature.[15]

text: The storm was officially downgraded to a subtropical depression at 0000 UTC on June 12. Somewhat accelerating, the depression tracked to the east-northeast through Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina before becoming nearly stationary near Wilmington, North Carolina.[2] The depression drifted through North Carolina and sped to the northeast for a time in response to an approaching cold front.[16] Though satellite and radar imagery show the system was well-organized, the system slowed and moved erratically for a period of time,[17] executing what appeared to be a small counterclockwise loop.[18] The storm began tracking in a generally northeasterly direction, and crossed into the southern Delmarva Peninsula on June 16.[19] The subtropical remnants reached the Atlantic on June 17, and while located east of Atlantic City, New Jersey, winds began to restrengthen, and heavy rains formed to the north of the circulation. The low was interacting with a frontal boundary, and started merging with it, as it accelerated to the northeast at 13 mph (21 km/h).[20] The remnants of Allison briefly reintensified to a subtropical storm through baroclinic processes, though it became extratropical while south of Long Island.[2] By later on June 17, the low was situated off the coast of Rhode Island, spreading a swath of precipitation over New England.[21] The remnants of the tropical storm were then absorbed by the frontal boundary by June 18, and eventually passed south of Cape Race, Newfoundland on June 20, where the extratropical cyclone dissipated.[2]

text: Preparations[edit]

text: Shortly after the storm formed, officials in Galveston County, Texas issued a voluntary evacuation for the western end of Galveston Island, as the area was not protected by the Galveston Seawall.[2] The ferry from the island to the Bolivar Peninsula was closed, while voluntary evacuations were issued in Surfside in Brazoria County.[22] When the National Hurricane Center issued the first advisory on Allison, officials issued Tropical Storm Warnings from Sargent, Texas to Morgan City, Louisiana.[23] After the storm made landfall, flash flood watches and warnings were issued for numerous areas in eastern Texas.[24] During the flood event, the National Weather Service in Houston issued 99 flash flood warnings with an average lead time of 40 minutes. With an average lead time of 24 minutes, the National Weather Service in Lake Charles, Louisiana issued 47 flash flood warnings. With an average lead time of 39 minutes, the National Weather Service in New Orleans/Baton Rouge issued 87 flash flood warnings, of which 30 were not followed by a flash flood.[25]

text: In Tallahassee, Florida, a shelter opened the day before Allison's movement northward through the area, seven staff members housing 12 people. Two other shelters were on standby. Teams informed citizens in the Florida Panhandle of flood dangers.[26]

text: Impact[edit]

text:
Death Tolls by State

Area
Deaths

Texas
23

Louisiana
1

Mississippi
1

Florida
8

Virginia
1

Pennsylvania
7

Total
41

text: Tropical Storm Allison was a major flood disaster throughout its path from Texas to the Mid-Atlantic. The worst of the flooding occurred in Houston, Texas, where over 35 inches (890 mm) of rain fell. Allison caused over $9 billion in damage (2001 USD, $12 billion 2014 USD), making it the costliest tropical storm on record in the United States. The storm also killed 41 people directly, including 27 who drowned. This ties Allison with a tropical storm in 1917 as the second-deadliest tropical storm to affect the US; only surpassed by the 1925 Florida tropical storm which killed 73 people.[2]

text: Texas[edit]

text: Combined with waves on top, areas of Galveston Island experienced a wall of water 8 feet (2.5 m) in height, creating overwash along the coastline. The storm caused winds of up to 43 mph (69 km/h) at the Galveston Pier. While Allison was stalling over Texas, it dropped very heavy rainfall across the state.[2] Minimal beach erosion was reported.[27] Flash flooding continued for days,[10] with rainfall amounts across the state peaking at just over 40 inches (1,033 mm) in northwestern Jefferson County. In the Port of Houston, a total of 36.99 inches (940 mm) was reported.[9] Houston experienced torrential rainfall in a short amount of time. The six-day rainfall in Houston amounted to 38.6 inches (980 mm).[28] Houston Hobby Airport received 20.84 inches of rain from June 5 to 10, 2001, while Bush Intercontinental Airport received 16.48 inches. [29] The deluge of rainfall flooded 95,000 automobiles and 73,000 houses throughout Harris County.[1] Tropical Storm Allison destroyed 2,744 homes, leaving 30,000 homeless with residential damages totaling to $1.76 billion (2001 USD, $2.29 billion 2012 USD).[28]

text: Several hospitals in the Texas Medical Center, the largest medical complex in the world, experienced severe damage from the storm, which hit quickly and with unexpected fury on a Friday evening. The Baylor College of Medicine experienced major damage, totaling $495 million (2001 USD, $643 million 2012 USD). The medical school lost 90,000 research animals, 60,000 tumor samples, and 25 years of research data. The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, across the street, lost thousands of laboratory animals. Throughout the Medical Center, damage totaled to over $2 billion (2001 USD, $2.6 billion 2012 USD).[28]

text: The underground tunnel system, which connects most large office buildings in downtown Houston, was submerged, as were many streets and parking garages adjacent to Buffalo Bayou. At the Houston Theater District, also in downtown, the Houston Symphony, Houston Grand Opera, and Alley Theater lost millions of dollars of costumes, musical instruments, sheet music, archives and other artifacts. By midnight on June 9 nearly every freeway and major road in the city was under several feet of water, forcing hundreds of motorists to abandon their vehicles for higher ground.[28]

text: Despite massive flooding damage to entire neighborhoods there were no drowning deaths in flooded homes. In the area, there were twelve deaths from driving, six from walking, three from electrocution, and one in an elevator.[1] Elsewhere in Texas, a man drowned when swimming in a ditch in Mauriceville.[25] Damage totaled to $5.2 billion (2001 USD, $6.8 billion 2012 USD) throughout Texas.[30]

text: Louisiana[edit]

text: While making its first landfall, Allison's large circulation dropped severe rains on southwest Louisiana.[31] Days later, Allison hit the state as a subtropical storm, dropping more heavy rains to the area. Rainfall totals peaked at 29.86 inches (758 mm) in Thibodaux, the highest rainfall total in Louisiana from a tropical cyclone since another Tropical Storm Allison in 1989.[32] Most of the southeastern portion of the state experienced over 10 inches of rain (255 mm).[9] Winds were generally light, peaking at 38 mph (61 km/h) sustained in Lakefront with gusts to 53 mph (85 km/h) in Bay Gardene. The storm produced a storm surge of 2.5 feet (0.75 m) in Cameron as it was making landfall in Texas.[2] While moving northward through Texas, the outer bands of the storm produced an F1 tornado near Zachary, damaging several trees and a power line. A man was killed when a damaged power line hit his truck.[33]

text: When Allison first made landfall, heavy rainfall flooded numerous houses and businesses. Minor wind gusts caused minor roof damage to 10 houses in Cameron Parish, while its storm surge flooded portions of Louisiana Highway 82.[34] When the system returned, more rainfall occurred, flooding over 1,000 houses in St. Tammany Parish,[35] 80 houses in Saint Bernard Parish,[36] and hundreds of houses elsewhere in the state. The flooding also forced 1,800 residents from their homes in East Baton Rouge Parish.[37] The deluge left numerous roads impassable, while runoff resulted in severe river flooding. The Bogue Falaya River in Covington crested past its peak twice to near-record levels.[35] The Amite and Comite Rivers reached their highest levels since 1983. In addition, the levee along the Bayou Manchac broke, flooding roadways and more houses.[37] Damage in Louisiana totaled to $65 million (2001 USD, $84 million 2012 USD).[28]

text: Southeast United States[edit]

text: In Mississippi, Allison produced heavy rainfall of over 10 inches (255 mm) in one night,[38] while some areas in the southwestern portion of the state received over 15 inches (380 mm).[9] The flooding damaged numerous houses and flooded many roadways.[38] Thunderstorms from the storm produced four tornadoes,[2] including one in Gulfport, Mississippi that damaged 10 houses.[39] Severe thunderstorms in George County damaged 15 houses, destroyed 10, and injured 5 people.[40] Damage in Mississippi totaled to over $1 million (2001 USD, $1.3 million 2012 USD).[38][39][40] Rainfall in Alabama was moderate, with areas near Mobile experiencing more than 10 inches (255 mm).[9] Heavy rainfall closed several roads in Crenshaw County.[41] The storm, combined with a high pressure, produced coastal flooding in southern Alabama.[42] Allison produced an F0 tornado in southwest Mobile County that caused minor roof damage[43] and another F0 tornado in Covington County that caused minor damage to six homes and a church.[43]

text: The storm, combined with a high pressure system, produced a strong pressure gradient, resulting in strong rip currents off the coast of Florida. The currents prompted sirens, which are normally used for storm warnings, to be activated in Pensacola Beach.[44] The rip currents killed 5 off the coast of Florida.[45] Outer rain bands from the storm dropped heavy rainfall across the Florida Panhandle of over 11 inches (280 mm) in one day. The Tallahassee Regional Airport recorded 10.13 inches (257 mm) in 24 hours, breaking the old 24‑hour record set in 1969.[46] Throughout the state, Allison destroyed 10 homes and damaged 599, 196 severely, primarily in Leon County.[47] Including the deaths from rip currents, Allison killed eight people in Florida[2] and caused $20 million (2001 USD, $26 million 2012 USD) in damage.[46]

text: Over Georgia, the storm dropped heavy rainfall of 10 inches (255 mm) in 24 hours in various locations. The deluge caused rivers to crest past their banks, including the Oconee River at Milledgeville which peaked at 33.7 feet (10.3 m). The rainfall, which was heaviest across the southwestern portion of the state, washed out several bridges and roads, and flooded many other roads. Georgia governor Roy Barnes declared a state of emergency for seven counties in the state.[48] The storm also spawned two tornadoes.[2] In South Carolina, Allison's outer bands produced 10 tornadoes[2] and several funnel clouds, though most only caused minor damage limited to a damaged courthouse, snapped trees[49] and downed power lines.[50] Allison produced from 12 to 16 inches (305 to 406 mm) of rainfall in North Carolina, closing nearly all roads in Martin County and damaging 25 homes.[51] The severe flooding washed out a bridge in eastern Halifax County[52] and flooded numerous cars.[32] Wet roads caused nine traffic accidents throughout the state.[2]

text: Mid-Atlantic and Northeast United States[edit]

text: In Virginia, Allison produced light rainfall, with the southeastern and south-central portions of the state experiencing over 3 inches (76 mm).[9] A tree in a saturated ground fell over and killed one person.[53] Allison also produced one tornado in the state.[2] Washington, D.C. experienced moderate rainfall from the storm, totaling to 2.59 inches (66 mm) in Georgetown.[54] In Maryland, rainfall from Tropical Depression Allison totaled to 7.5 inches (190 mm) in Denton, closing eleven roads and causing washouts on 41 others. The Maryland Eastern Shore experienced only minor rainfall from one to two inches (25 to 50 mm). Damage was light, and no deaths were reported.[55] In Delaware, the storm produced moderate rainfall, peaking at 4.2 inches (106 mm) in Greenwood. No damage was reported.[56]

text: Allison, in combination with an approaching frontal boundary, dropped heavy rainfall across southeastern Pennsylvania, peaking at 10.17 inches (258 mm) in Chalfont in Bucks County and over 3 inches (76 mm) in portions of Philadelphia. The rainfall caused rivers to rise, with the Neshaminy Creek in Langhorne peaking at 16.87 feet (5.1 m). Several other rivers and creeks in southeastern Pennsylvania crested at over 10 feet (3 m). The rainfall downed numerous weak trees and power lines, leaving 70,000 without power during the storm. The flooding washed out several roads and bridges, including a few SEPTA rail lines. In addition, the rainfall destroyed 241 homes and damaged 1,386 others. Flooding at a Dodge dealership totaled 150 vehicles. Hundreds of people were forced to be rescued from damaged buildings from flood waters. The flooding dislodged a clothes dryer in the basement of the "A" building of the Village Green Apartment Complex in Upper Moreland Township, breaking a natural gas line. The gas leak resulted in an explosion and an ensuing fire that killed six people. Firefighters were unable to render assistance as the building was completely surrounded by floodwaters. Additionally, one man drowned in his vehicle in a river.[57] Damage in Pennsylvania totaled to $215 million (2001 USD, $279 million 2012 USD).[28]

text: In New Jersey, the storm produced heavy rainfall, peaking at 8.1 inches (205 mm) in Tuckerton. The rains also caused river flooding, including the north branch of the Metedeconk River in Lakewood which crested at 8 feet (2.5 m). The flooding, severe at places, closed several roads, including numerous state highways.[58] Gusty winds of up to 44 mph (71 km/h) in Atlantic City downed weak trees and power lines, leaving over 13,000 without power. Several people had to be rescued from high waters, though no fatalities occurred in the state. Overall damage was minimal.[59]

text: Tropical Storm Allison caused flash flooding in New York, dropping up to 3 inches (75 mm) of rain in one hour in several locations and peaking at 5.73 inches (146 mm) in Granite Springs. The rains also caused river flooding, including the Mahwah River which crested at 3.79 feet (1.2 m). Allison's rainfall damaged 24 houses and several stores, while the flooding closed several major highways in the New York City area. Overall damage was light, and no fatalities occurred in New York due to Allison.[60] Similarly, rainfall in Connecticut peaked at 7.2 inches (183 mm) in Pomfret,[61] closing several roads and causing minor damage to numerous houses. The Yantic River at Yantic crested at 11.1 feet (3.4 m),[61] while a state road was closed when a private dam in Hampton failed from the rainfall.[61] In Rhode Island, Allison produced up to 7.1 inches (180 mm) of rainfall in North Smithfield, washing out several roads and houses, and destroying a log house in Foster.[62]

text: An isolated severe thunderstorm in the outer bands of Allison produced an F1 tornado in Worcester and Middlesex Counties in Massachusetts, impacting over 100 trees and damaging one house and one small camper. A microburst in Leominster and another in Shirley damaged several trees. Lightning from the storm hit two houses, causing significant damage there but little elsewhere. Allison also produced moderate rainfall in the state, mainly ranging from 3 to 5 inches (75 to 125 mm). The rainfall caused drainage and traffic problems. Damage in Massachusetts totaled to $400,000 (2001 USD, $520,000 2012 USD).[63]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Within weeks of the disaster, President George W. Bush declared 75 counties in Texas,[64] southern Louisiana,[65] southern Mississippi,[66] northwestern Florida,[67] and southeastern Pennsylvania as disaster areas.[68] The declarations allowed affected citizens to receive aid for temporary housing, emergency home repairs, and other serious disaster-related expenses. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) also provided 75% for the cost of debris removal, emergency services related to the disaster, and repairing or replacing damaged public facilities, such as roads, bridges and utilities.[64]

text: A few weeks after Allison, FEMA opened six disaster recovery centers across southeast Texas, which provided recovery information to those who applied for disaster assistance.[69] The American Red Cross and the Salvation Army opened 48 shelters at the peak of need for people driven from their homes, which served nearly 300,000 meals. The National Disaster Medical System deployed a temporary hospital to Houston with 88 professionals, aiding nearly 500 people.[70] Thirty-five volunteer services provided aid for the flood victims in Texas, including food, clothing, and volunteers to help repair the houses.[71] After nearly 50,000 cars were flooded and ruined, many people attempted to sell the cars across the country without telling of the car's history.[72] Following the extreme flooding, a mosquito outbreak occurred, though FEMA provided aid to control the problem.[73] By six months after the storm, around 120,000 Texas citizens applied for federal disaster aid, totaling to $1.05 billion (2001 USD, $1.36 billion 2012 USD).[74]

text: Like in Texas, a mosquito outbreak occurred in Louisiana. Only pesticides acceptable to the US Environmental Protection Agency and the US Fish and Wildlife Service were allowed to be used.[75] FEMA officials warned homeowners of the dangers of floodwaters, including mold, mildew, and bacteria.[76] By three months after the storm, just under 100,000 Louisiana citizens applied for federal aid, totaling to over $110 million (2001 USD, $143 million 2012 USD). $25 million (2001 USD, $32 million 2012 USD) of the total was for business loans, while an additional $8 million was for public assistance for communities and state agencies.[77] More than 750 flood victims in Florida applied for governmental aid, totaling to $1.29 million (2001 USD, $1.5 million 2007 USD).[78] In Pennsylvania, 1,670 flood victims applied for federal aid, totaling to $11.5 million (2001 USD, $14.3 million 2012 USD). $3.4 million (2001 USD, $4.4 million 2012 USD) of the total was to replace a SEPTA rail bridge over Sandy Run in Fort Washington.[79]

text: Retirement[edit]

text: Due to extreme destruction, the name Allison was retired in spring 2002, and will never again be used in the Atlantic basin; the 2001 incarnation of Allison was the only Atlantic tropical system to have its name retired without reaching hurricane strength until the name Erika was retired following a storm in 2015. The name was replaced with Andrea in the 2007 season.


document_title: Why did the chicken cross the road?

question_text: where did the joke why did the chicken cross the road come from

text: Why did the chicken cross the road?

text: History[edit]

text: The riddle appeared in an 1847 edition of The Knickerbocker, a New York City monthly magazine:[1]

text: There are ‘quips and quillets’ which seem actual conundrums, but yet are none. Of such is this: ‘Why does a chicken cross the street?[’] Are you ‘out of town?’ Do you ‘give it up?’ Well, then: ‘Because it wants to get on the other side!’

text: The joke had become widespread by the 1890s,[citation needed] when a pun variant version appeared in the magazine Potter's American Monthly:[2]

text: Why should not a chicken cross the road? It would be a fowl proceeding.

text: Variations[edit]

text: There are many riddles that assume a familiarity with this well-known riddle and its answer, for example by supplying a different answer, such as "it was too far to walk around".[3] One class of variations enlists a creature other than the chicken to cross the road, in order to refer back to the original riddle. For example, a turkey or duck crosses "because it was the chicken's day off," and a dinosaur "because chickens didn't exist yet." Some variants are both puns and references to the original, such as "Why did the duck cross the road?" "To prove he's no chicken".

text: Other variations replace side with another word often to form a pun. Some examples are "Why did the chicken cross the playground? To get to the other slide" or "Why did the whale cross the ocean? To get to the other tide." A mathematical version asks, "Why did the chicken cross the Möbius strip?" "To get to the same side." Alternatively, the punchline can be regarded as the chicken "getting to the other side" as a euphemism for death, and crossing the road being its method of suicide.

text: Another class of variations, designed for written rather than oral transmission, employs parody by pretending to have notable individuals or institutions give characteristic answers to the question posed by the riddle.[4] As with the lightbulb joke, variants on these themes are widespread.


document_title: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)

question_text: who played judy in lost in space movie

question_tokens: who played judy in lost in space movie

text: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: In the year 2048 the Robinson family is selected for the 24th mission of the Resolute, an interstellar spacecraft which will carry selected families to colonize a new world. The Resolute was built after a celestial object, dubbed "The Christmas Star" by the media, crashed into Earth a few years earlier, threatening humanity's survival on Earth. Before they reach their destination, an alien robot breaches the Resolute's hull. Some of the families are forced to evacuate the mothership in their short-range Jupiter spacecraft. The Robinsons and other colonists crash-land on a nearby habitable planet, where they battle the strange new environment and their own personal demons as they attempt to find a way back to the Resolute.[1]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Molly Parker as Maureen Robinson, a fearless and brilliant aerospace engineer taking her family on the mission to colonize Alpha Centauri for a new life on a better world. She is a mission commander. She is married to John Robinson and is the biological mother of all three children.[3]
Toby Stephens as John Robinson, a former U.S. Navy SEAL, and husband to Maureen. He is the biological father of Maureen's two youngest children.[4]
Maxwell Jenkins as Will Robinson, the 11-year-old son and youngest child of Maureen and John Robinson. He forms a tight bond with the Robot, whom he saves from destruction during a forest fire.[5]
Taylor Russell as Judy Robinson, Maureen's 18-year-old biracial daughter and eldest child. She is a mission doctor, having received accelerated medical training.[6][7]
Mina Sundwall as Penny Robinson, the 15-year-old daughter and middle Robinson child.[7][8]
Ignacio Serricchio as Don West, a mechanic who also smuggles luxury goods. He has a chicken named Debbie, which he claims to be lucky.[9]
Parker Posey as Dr. Smith. She is a criminal and a psychopath who uses other people's identities to claim their belongings. Dr. Smith, whose real name is June Harris, stole her sister Jessica's identity and place on the colony ship. There she impersonates a Dr. Zachary Smith, to take his seat on an evacuating Jupiter ship. After landing on the planet, Dr. Smith attempts to sabotage the Jupiters' chances of being rescued by the Resolute while manipulating and gaslighting the survivors to avoid prosecution for her crimes.[10] The theft of the doctor's identity is a reference to the corresponding Dr. Smith character of the original TV series.[11]
Brian Steele as the Robot,[12] an alien mechanoid being that Will encounters on the planet that his family crash lands on. The robot has a different form from the ones on the previous series and movie.[13]

text: Recurring[edit]

text: Introduced in Season 1[edit]

text:
Raza Jaffrey as Victor Dhar, an educated and officious man with a sense of entitlement. Victor has been a career-builder and politician from a young age. His arrogance and impatience masks an underlying fear that it will be discovered that he is not quite good enough.[14]
Ajay Friese as Vijay Dhar, Victor’s son and Penny’s love interest.
Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa as Hiroki Watanabe, a scientist and friend of Maureen.
Kiki Sukezane as Aiko Watanabe, Hiroki’s daughter.
Yukari Komatsu as Naoko Watanabe, Hiroki’s wife.
Veenu Sandhu as Prisha Dhar, Victor's wife.
Sibongile Mlambo as Angela Goddard, a survivor struggling from post tramatic stress syndrome following her husband’s death during the Resolute attack.
Adam Greydon Reid as Peter Beckert, a survivor.
Amelia Burstyn as Diane, a survivor.
Iain Belcher as Evan, a survivor.
Shaun Parkes as Captain Radic, commander of the Resolute.

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Selma Blair as Jessica Harris, June's wealthy younger sister.
Bill Mumy as Dr. Zachary Smith, the real Dr. Smith, whose identity June steals.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This section's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
"Impact"
Neil Marshall
Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

The spacecraft Resolute, a large ferris wheel style ship, is carrying colonists, including the Robinson family, to Alpha Centauri. The Resolute is attacked and colonists escape in their “family home” Jupiter landing crafts but are hurled into a wormhole, crash-landing on an Earth-like planet. The Robinsons' craft, Jupiter 2, crashes into a glacial bed. The family evacuates with some supplies before their craft sinks in rapidly freezing water. Eldest Robinson child, Judy, a doctor, dives to the ship to retrieve power equipment. She becomes encased in ice, and with five hours of oxygen left in Judy's suit, John and son, Will, set out to collect magnesium that will melt the ice. Judy guides her sister, Penny, through a medical procedure to treat their injured mother, Maureen. Inside a cave, Will falls down a chasm, landing at the edge of a forest. John radios Will, saying he will return after saving Judy. Alone, Will finds a crashed alien ship and a dismembered robot that he helps to self-repair. In return, it saves Will as a forest fire nearly engulfs them. The family attempt to free Judy, but a sudden rainstorm hinders their progress. Will and the Robot arrive, and the Robot rescues Judy. In a flashback scene, a woman steals the identity of Dr. Zachary Smith and boards a Jupiter landing craft, along with Don West and Tam Roughneck.

2
"Diamonds in the Sky"
Neil Marshall
Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Don West, Smith, and Debbie the chicken survive the Jupiter 18 landing. While looking for other survivors, they find Angela Goddard, who is barely alive. When a storm approaches, Don and Angela take cover while Smith heads out. Meanwhile, the robot melts more ice to allow the Robinsons to start the process of recovering the Jupiter 2. Maureen, John, Will and the robot hike to another Jupiter crash site and then later to the robot's ship. They leave Penny and Judy behind, instructing them how to carefully raise the ship out of the ice. Inside the alien ship, a holographic map of the planet is activated, showing John and Maureen they are in an unidentified galaxy. Outside, the robot touches the ship's hull, creating a mental connection to Will who learns what really happened on the Resolute. He decides to say nothing to his parents about the vision. When Penny sees the storm approaching and is unable to reach her parents to warn them, she raises the Jupiter 2 enough that the garage can be opened. She drives the ship's Chariot all-terrain vehicle to reach her family just in front of the storm. As they head back to Jupiter 2, they pass Don who sees them only to discover his flare gun is missing. The Robinsons see a flare and find Smith, who claims to be alone, returning with her to the Jupiter 2.

3
"Infestation"
Tim Southam
Zack Estrin
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

In a flashback, Dr. Smith is revealed to be June Harris, the older, ex-con sister of Jess Harris, a successful businesswoman. Jess offers June her entire estate as she is leaving Earth, but June drugs Jess and assumes her sister's identity. Aboard the Resolute, she bumps into her sister's lover and there is a struggle ending in him getting blown out an airlock. June is arrested but escapes during the robot's attack. In the present, Maureen explains they are trillions of light years from Earth. At night, the ice layer over Jupiter 2 cracks, endangering the ship. They rush to complete repairs, but the engines are losing fuel. When Will and the robot discover large eel-like creatures in the conduits, the robot locks Will, along with Smith, in the storeroom for safety. The glacier shifts, which forces the crew to make an emergency take-off after flushing the eels from the engines. They escape with just enough fuel to land near a forest region. Comms pick up radio communication from other Jupiter survivors and also from Resolute, who are searching for survivors. Somebody hacks the onboard 3D printer to make a gun. Will finds it, and hides the gun under his mattress, unaware Smith is watching.

4
"The Robinsons Were Here"
Alice Troughton
Katherine Collins
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Stuck without fuel, the family initiates Jupiter 2’s colonization expansion protocol. Smith and Will discuss the robot, who does Will's bidding. Don West and Angela are rescued by the Watanabe family; Hiroki Watanabe reunites with John and Maureen at Jupiter 11 where Judy treats Angela. She tells Judy about the attack on Resolute. The Robinsons learn none of the other surviving families can fly due to the giant eels consuming fuel. John notices that one crash site is not a Jupiter ship. Maureen, John, and Don go there and discover the Resolute's comm dish. They realize the Resolute cannot hear them. Maureen also discovers contraband whiskey that Don smuggled aboard. Judy confronts Will about the robot, and he reveals he knew it attacked the Resolute. They decide to hide the robot in a nearby cave, unaware Smith is following them. On the way, they are spotted by Vijay Dhar, the son of another survivor group. Penny blackmails him to say nothing about the robot, having found and keeping an item he dropped. While away, Maureen and John discuss their marital problems. The next morning, the kids return to Jupiter 2 before their parents arrive. Smith talks to the robot inside the cave, attempting to instill distrust in it about Will. When John and Maureen return home, the kids tell them that the robot wandered away.

5
"Transmission"
Deborah Chow
Kari Drake
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

The surviving colonists build a light tower to try to signal the Resolute. Maureen, noticing strange weather phenomena, conducts an experiment using a weather balloon. She discovers the sun is paired with a deadly black hole, and that the disturbances will only get worse until the planet is entirely unhabitable. Will ignores Penny and Judy's advice to tell their father about the Robot. Penny develops a crush on Vijay, flirting with him as they move supplies. Don confronts Dr. Smith about the stolen flare gun, though she claims she took it by mistake. In a flashback, Maureen and the kids discuss pros versus cons of going to Alpha Centauri. Judy and Don discuss his smuggling activities. He also reveals his suspicions about Dr. Smith's identity. Judy confronts Dr. Smith about this, but she lies and instead casts doubt on Don. When the colonists activate the light signal, Dr. Smith sneaks away and shuts off the perimeter fence, allowing a large reptilian creature to enter the camp and destroy the light tower. Smith tells John about the kids hiding the robot. When another creature shows up, Dr. Smith tells Will to call the robot. It does save the survivors, but only after Will tells it to defend itself against the creatures. It assumes its original multi-limb form to do this. The colonists witness all of this and recognize the robot from the attack on the Resolute.

6
"Eulogy"
Vincenzo Natali
Ed McCardie
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Maureen tells her family about the black hole but is afraid the other colonists might panic. John has a heated argument with the other survivors about the robot. In the end, despite an enraged Angela claiming it killed her husband, John convinces the community to allow the robot to stay and takes Will on a hike to discuss Will's responsibility for the robot's actions. He has Will fetch 27 large stones to build a memorial to the casualties. Don takes the community leader and Vijay's father, Victor Dhar, to his Jupiter which crashed in the desert where there are none of the eel-like creatures, and wants money for its fuel. Don also retrieves identification of the real Dr. Smith, later showing Judy. Maureen learns that Hiroki also knows the planet is dying. Penny tells Vijay about the black hole but swears him to secrecy, and they share a kiss. Back at camp, Dr. Smith makes the distraught Angela recount the horrifying details of the robot attack. The emotional Angela enters the hub with the gun Dr. Smith has taken from Will's bunk and arranged for her to find. When she shoots at the robot it goes into attack mode and accidentally injures John before Will gets it to stop. Distraught, Will takes the robot to a cliff and orders it to walk off. He then places a stone on the memorial for the robot.

7
"Pressurized"
Tim Southam
Vivian Lee
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

While driving back to Jupiter 2, Judy is about to tell Dr. Smith she knows the truth about her when Don stops her. When Will is confronted by his mother, he confirms the robot 3D-printed the gun and that he hid it. Anyone could have taken the gun, though. Dr. Smith refuses blame for Angela's attack, and suggests Victor Dhar might have taken the gun. John and Maureen's rover gets stuck in a tar pit. As they sink to the bottom, Maureen admits to doctoring Will's test results. To escape the vehicle, Maureen uses the helium weather balloon to create a shielded path to the surface. Meanwhile, Smith locates the destroyed robot, but cannot get it to reassemble. Don's group speeds through a dangerous geyser field but a tube shakes loose and when Evan fixes the problem, a geyser blast flips the tanker on top of him. Victor realizes that a rock has punctured the tanker and if they move it they'll lose most of the fuel. Despite this Don reluctantly sides with Judy and lifts the tanker, spilling the fuel, but Evan dies anyway. Back on Jupiter 2, Dr. Smith finally manages to reactivate the robot. When Victor returns home, Vijay tells him about the planet's coming demise. Victor decides to use what fuel they did retrieve to launch their own Jupiter 4.

8
"Trajectory"
Stephen Surjik
Katherine Collins & Kari Drake
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Maureen cannot talk Victor out of launching, but John sneaks aboard the Dhar's Jupiter 4 and triggers the emergency shut down. Later, he explains to the gathered colonists how the planet is about to become uninhabitable. Penny breaks off with Vijay for him telling his father. Maureen has a plan on how to launch despite the limited fuel, stripping out non-essential modules, and relying on old-school manual piloting. Judy tells Maureen the truth about the real Dr. Smith aboard Don's Jupiter. Returning to Jupiter 2, Maureen confines Dr. Smith to a holding cell. Dr. Smith now claims she is really Jessica Harris, a physicist. Maureen tells John about Smith, and he tells her that Don believes the Jupiter 4 is still too heavy to take off. With life support also removed, the pilot now needs a spacesuit and will need to withstand extreme G-forces. They select John, but not even he can regain consciousness fast enough to make all the maneuvers alone. When the Resolute sends a message that due to Hawking radiation they must leave the planet's orbit within 24 hours, Don reluctantly agrees to help pilot the ship. With his assistance the test run is a success. As John and Don launch in the Jupiter 4, Dr. Smith tricks Will and escapes to knock out Maureen right when John needs her instructions. With everyone watching, the ship explodes mid-air and John and Don are presumed dead.

9
"Resurrection"
Tim Southam
Story by : Daniel McLellan
Teleplay by : Kari Drake
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Will tries to signal his father using his radio, convinced he survived the explosion. Dr. Smith drives Maureen to the alien wreck, where she tells Maureen she did not know Maureen was needed for the ship launch, and when she knocked her out, the ship exploded. She does promise to help Maureen get her children off the planet, if she in return helps Dr. Smith with the alien ship. Will discovers that the rocks he collected in the cave are petrified biomass that can fuel the Jupiter ships to reach the Resolute. While the colonists gather to harvest the biomass, Judy leaves to find Maureen. The colonists find enough biomass to power all the Jupiters, but they must sneak it out quietly so as to not wake winged predators roosting in the cave. When John manages to send a signal, Penny and others are trapped inside the cave after the creatures wake up. Throughout the episode, flashbacks reveal the Christmas Star not to be a meteor but an alien craft, and that its engine was used to build The Resolute. The robot's attack was an attempt to retrieve the stolen engine. The group trapped in the cave manage to narrowly escape. Judy tracks Smith and Maureen. She manages to disable Dr. Smith, but the robot reactivates and is revealed to obey the Doctor's commands.

10
"Danger, Will Robinson"
David Nutter
Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

John and Don survived the explosion and are clinging to ship wreckage in orbit, with only a few hours of oxygen left. Will is upset to learn the robot now serves Dr. Smith. John responds to Will, confirming that he and Don are still alive. Will tries to bond with the robot again but is rejected. Victor Dhar hails them from the Resolute, telling them it will leave in just over an hour. Maureen traps Dr Smith and the robot in order to search for John and Don. Just as they are about to retrieve them, Dr Smith and the robot escape. Maureen leads the robot into the garage, as an alien ship arrives to retrieve the engine. When the alien robot is about to kill Will, his robot remembers him and attacks the alien robot, saving Will. In the fight, both robots are flung out into space and the garage ramp is damaged. Will goes outside the hull to manually close the hatch. Afterwards, he loses his grip but is saved by his father, who was rescued by Dr. Smith. With everyone safely back on the Jupiter, Maureen is grateful to Dr. Smith, but still locks her up. Before they can dock with the Resolute, the alien engine aboard the Jupiter 2 sends it and the Robinsons to a different galaxy. Will recognizes its shape from the robot's sand drawing: Danger.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In October 2014, it was announced that Legendary Television and Synthesis Entertainment were developing a new reboot of Lost in Space and had hired screenwriting duo Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless to pen the pilot episodes.[15] In November 2015, Netflix landed the project.[16][17] On June 29, 2016, Netflix ordered a full 10 episode season of Lost in Space, with Zack Estrin as executive producer and showrunner. Sazama, Sharpless, Kevin Burns, Jon Jashni, Neil Marshall, and Marc Helwig also serve as executive producers.[18]

text: Toby Stephens, speaking about the distinction between the original series and the new show:

text: "It's a very clever, modern reworking of a great story. Lost in Space is Swiss Family Robinson in space, so it was a story that existed before Lost in Space. The fundamental story is that it's a family that is lost in a difficult, life-threatening situation and how it challenges them and brings them closer together. That is essentially what the story of this is, it's just the context is a lot more modern. It's a more modern take on the '60s version. If you look at it now, it's charming, but it seems so innocent. Whereas this is a version that is for our time. I'm hoping it will still have humour and humanity in it, but it has obviously gotta be for a modern audience."[19]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on the first season began in February 2017, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and concluded in July 2017.[20][21]

text: Release[edit]

text: The series was released on April 13, 2018, on Netflix.[1] On March 31, 2018, the pilot of the series was screened at Awesome Con in Washington, D.C., followed by a Q&A session with series executive producers and writers Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless.[22]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 69% approval rating with an average rating of 6.21/10, based on 65 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Lost in Space's production values are ambitious enough to attract sci-fi adventure fans, while the story's large heart adds an emotional anchor to all the deep space derring-do."[23] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a normalized score of 58 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[24]

text: David Griffin of IGN gave the first season a rating of 8.5/10 calling it "an excellent sci-fi adventure with a slight villain problem," giving particular praise to the Robinson family, while criticizing Parker Posey's Dr. Smith as an unsophisticated and one-dimensional character that lacks redeeming qualities.[25] In contrast, Jen Chaney of Vulture characterized Posey's performance as providing "understated, sly comedic touches".[26]


document_title: Shaolin and Wu Tang

question_text: shaolin shadow boxing and the wu-tang sword style

text: Shaolin and Wu Tang

text:
Shaolin and Wu Tang

Region 1 DVD cover

Traditional
少林與武當

Simplified
少林与武当

Mandarin
Shào Lín yǔ Wǔ Dāng

Cantonese
Siu3 Lam4 jyu5 Mou5 Dong1

Directed by
Gordon Liu

Produced by
Lau Kar-leung

Written by
Huang Pa-ching
Katy Chin

Starring
Gordon Liu
Adam Cheng
Idy Chan
Chan Shen
Kwan Hoi-san
Lee Hoi-sang
Elvis Tsui
Wang Lung-wei

Music by
So Chung-shing
Shing Wai-yip

Distributed by
Hing Fut Film Company

Release date

7 July 1983 (1983-07-07)

Running time

87 minutes

Country
Hong Kong

Language
Cantonese

Box office
HK$2,821,952

text: Shaolin and Wu Tang is a 1983 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by and starring Gordon Liu. The film is about the rivalry between the martial arts schools Shaolin and Wu Tang. It is also called Shaolin Vs. Wu-Tang in the Master Killer Collection.

text: The film inspired the name of the hip-hop group Wu-Tang Clan, who used several audio samples from the English dub of the film in their 1993 debut album, Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers).

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Master Liu and Master Law are rival masters of Shaolin style kung fu and Wu-Tang style sword fighting, running schools in the same city. Their top students, Chao Fung-wu (Adam Cheng) and Hung Jun-kit (Gordon Liu), are actually close friends, with Jun-kit's sister, Yan-ling, having a crush on Fung-wu. After observing the two students fighting at a brothel, two of the local Qing Lord's (Wang Lung Wei) soldiers report the power of the styles to him. The Lord determines that the two styles are dangerous and that he must learn both.

text: After poisoning Master Law and having Yan-ling killed, the Qing Lord is able to learn both Wu-Tang Sword style and Shaolin Chin kang fist from a spy. Fung-wu and Jun-kit both return to their respective temples for training as a priest and a monk, respectively. Jun-kit hopes to avenge his sister's death, and Fung-wu wants to avenge his master's death.

text: The Qing Lord has since learned both the styles; but, because he did not learn either from a master, his grasp on both styles is imperfect. To overcome this deficiency, he decides to have the Wu-Tang and the Shaolin destroy each other, so he may be the only master of both styles. To do this, he stages a martial arts contest between the two temples, hoping to appeal to the traditional rivalry between the Shaolin and the Wu-Tang. Jun-kit (now called Tat-chi), and Fung-wu (now called Ming-kai), are selected by their respective temples as the representatives.

text: The Qing Lord, in his impatience to see both Wu-Tang and Shaolin destroyed, admits his true motives, and his role in Yan-ling and Master Law's deaths. Tat-chi and Ming-kai must then combine Shaolin Chin kang fist and Wu-Tang Sword style to defeat him.


document_title: Water politics in the Middle East

question_text: major rivers in the middle east are most important for what

text: Water politics in the Middle East

text: Overview[edit]

text: Water politics plays a role in various areas of politics in the Middle East, and it is particularly important in one of the defining features of the region's political landscape. Water issues reflect a central aspect of the nature of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict; namely, the original influx of an additional large population mass to a relatively fragile geographical area of land, and the massive expansion of previously existing populations. Concerns over water have significantly helped to shape the Middle East's political development.[citation needed]

text: International relations and water[edit]

text: Issues relating to water supplies, then, affect international and inter-regional affairs, with disputes over countries' rights and access to water resources most often the cause of tensions in this arena. The contended nature of some water provisions has tended to mean that certain waters become more prone to political conflicts (those which are primarily prone to this in the Middle East and northern Africa are the Nile, Jordan and Tigris-Euphrates rivers). In order to secure reliable levels of water access for their populations, states must either have a large water supply in terms of economic availability, or their rights to such supplies must be established.[1] Studies of water in the Middle East have also suggested that, in a sensitive hydrological location, a country's existing surface- and ground-water access should be protected as a first priority if it is to begin to address any water difficulties or shortages. Such measures as these can be seen as being the primary responsibilities of national governments or ruling authorities; and water is therefore closely tied up with statehood and geographical territory in international relations, and with the recognition and rights of nation states as the central actors in this field.[1]

text: The political process and interactions underlying the international relations of water have been characterised as having three stages. These are that a state must go through a process of; firstly claiming its right to water resources, secondly receiving recognition of this right, and finally seeking to attain its entitlement to water in accordance with the recognition of its claim. However, these processes have not always succeeded.[citation needed]

text: In this regard, water politics in the Middle East has been impacted by changes in the international political order and their implications for the area. The involvement of the USSR in Middle Eastern political affairs was seen to have had a constraining effect upon this process, in terms of claims and recognition in the Cold War era.[2]

text: The post–Cold War period, therefore, has since been perceived to offer the opportunity for transforming water politics in the Middle East, in light of the shift which it has brought about in global political dynamics in the region. This potential, however, had failed to be fulfilled by the end of the decade, with states in the Middle East 'still mainly involved in… asserting water rights over shared waters'. The consequence of this has been that 'non-agreed water sharing is an unavoidable reality in present Middle Eastern international relations', with attendant political problems invariably surfacing.[3]

text: Middle Eastern river systems[edit]

text: The claims over rights to water in the Middle East are centred around the area's three major river systems - the Nile, the River Jordan, and the Tigris-Euphrates river basin. International water agreements in Middle East have been rare, but the situation regarding regional water relations in the three main basins will be explored below.

text: The Nile[edit]

text: As with the other major Middle Eastern river systems, political agreements over access to the water of the Nile have been few and far between. The first such accord was the 1929 Nile Agreement. However, this was an agreement that largely represented the nature of world geopolitical realities at that time, rather than being a mutual expression of accord between the participating parties of the region.[citation needed]

text: This, it is argued, is because it was essentially a product of British national interest. The priority of the United Kingdom, as part of its strategy as the dominant contemporary political and economic power in the Middle East, was maintaining secure supplies of water to Egypt, and this was what the agreement primarily provided for.[4]

text: The next agreement on water use in the Nile did not come for exactly three more decades. The new 1959 Nile Agreement was signed by Egypt and Sudan, and was at this point free from political influence by the UK. However, the limitation of this agreement was that it was not more than a bilateral treaty between the two participant countries and, as such, it provided solely for an agreement on the sharing of water between the two nations. The 1959 Nile Agreement has not been granted recognition by the other states through which the Nile also runs.[5]

text: Tigris-Euphrates river basin[edit]

text: The countries which rely upon the Tigris-Euphrates water system remain at the first stage of claiming their rights to water. However, the key player in terms of water politics in this area is Turkey, who Allan reports as having "gone a substantial way to[wards]… what it regards as its water rights by its construction programs on the Euphrates without having them recognized by downstream Syria and Iraq".[6] This refers to the dams built by Turkey from the 1970s, partially funded by World Bank loans.[7]

text: River Jordan[edit]

text: The Syria-Lebanon-Palestine boundary was a product of the post–World War I Anglo-French partition of Ottoman Syria.[8][9] British forces had advanced to a position at Tel Hazor against Turkish troops in 1918 and wished to incorporate all the sources of the river Jordan within the British controlled Palestine. Due to the French inability to establish administrative control, the frontier between Syria and Palestine was fluid until 1934, when the French managed to assert authority over the Arab nationalist movement and King Faisal had been deposed.[10] In the unratified Treaty of Sèvres from the San Remo conference, the 1920 boundary extended the British controlled area to north of the Sykes Picot line (straight line between the midpoint of the Sea of Galilee and Nahariya). The international boundary between Palestine and Syria was finally agreed by Great Britain and France in 1923 with the Treaty of Lausanne after Britain had been given a League of Nations mandate for Palestine in 1922. Banyas (on the Quneitre/Tyre road) was within the French Mandate of Syria. The border was set 750 metres south of the spring.[9][11]

text: In 1941 Australian forces occupied Banyas in the advance to the Litani during the Syria-Lebanon Campaign. When Free French and Indian forces invaded Syria in the Battle of Kissoué[12] In 1946, France and Britain signed a bilateral agreement to hand over control of the Banias to the British Mandate authorities although the Syrian government declared France's signature invalid.[13] British Mandate projects to drain the marshland for cultivation angered the Arab villagers.

text: After the establishment of the State of Israel, Syria offered to adjust the armistice lines, and cede to Israel's 70% of the DMZ, in exchange for a return to the pre-1946 border in the Jordan basin area, with Banias water resources returning uncontested to Syrian sovereignty. On 26 April, the Israeli cabinet met to consider the Syrian suggestions; with head of Israel's Water Planning Authority, Simha Blass, in attendance. Blass noted that while the land to be ceded to Syria was not suitable for cultivation, the Syrian map did not suit Israel's water development plan. Blass explained that the movement of the International boundary in the area of Banias would affect Israel's water rights.[citation needed]

text: On 13 April, the Syrian delegates seemed very anxious to move forward and offered Israel around 70% of the DMZ's. Significant results were achieved and a number of suggestions and summaries put in writing, but they required decisions by the two governments. The Israeli cabinet convened on 26 April to consider the Syrian proposals. Simha Blass, head of Israel's Water Planning Authority, was invited to the meeting. Dayan showed Blass the Syrian suggestions on the map. Blass told Dayan that although most of the lands that Israel was expected to relinquish were not suitable for cultivation, the map did not suit Israel's irrigation and water development plans. On May 4 and 27, Israel presented its new conditions. These were rejected by Syria, and the negotiations ended without agreement.[14]

text: In 1951 Israel started the Hula Valley Swamps drainage works. In 1953, Israel unilaterally started a water diversion project within the Jordan River basin by the Israeli National Water Carrier. In September 1953 Israel advanced plans to divert water to help irrigate the coastal Sharon Plain and eventually the Negev desert by launching a diversion project on a nine-mile (14 km) channel midway between the Huleh Marshes and Lake Galilee (Lake Tiberias) in the central DMZ to be rapidly constructed. Syria claimed that it would dry up 12,000 acres (49 km2) of Syrian land. The UNTSO Chief of Staff Major General Vagn Bennike of Denmark claimed the project would divert water to two Palestinian water mills and dry up Palestinian farmland. UN Security Council Resolution 100[15] deemed it desirable for Israel to suspend work started on 2 September "pending urgent examination of the question by the Council". The Security Council ultimately rejected Syrian claims that the work was a violation of the Armistice Agreements. Hula Valley Swamps drainage works were resumed and the work was completed in 1957.[16]

text: On 1964 Israel completed its National Water Carrier which siphoned water (within the limits of the Johnston Plan) from the Sea of Galilee. The water was used for irrigation of the southern Negev desert.

text: In January 1964 an Arab League summit meeting convened in Cairo. The main item on the agenda was Israel's diversion of water from the north to irrigate the south and the expected reduction in the water supplies available to Syria and Jordan. The preamble to its decision stated that "the establishment of Israel is the basic threat that the Arab nation in its entirety has agreed to forestall. And since the existence of Israel is a danger that threatens the Arab nation, the diversion of the Jordan waters by it multiplies the dangers to Arab existence. Accordingly, the Arab states have to prepare the plans necessary for dealing with the political, economic and social aspects, so that if necessary results are not achieved, collective Arab military preparations, when they are not completed, will constitute the ultimate practical means for the final liquidation of Israel."

text: The project was to divert 20 to 30 million cubic metres of water from the river Jordan tributaries to Syria and Jordan for the development of Syria and Jordan.[17] This led to military intervention from Israel, first with tank fire and then, as the Syrians shifted the works further eastward, with airstrikes.[18]

text: On 10 June 1967, the last day of the Six Day War, Golani Brigade forces invaded the village of Banyas where a Syrian fort stood. Eshkol's priority on the Syrian front was control of the water sources.[19]

text: Jordan claims it has riparian rights to water from the Jordan basin and upper Jordan tributaries. Due to the water diversion projects, the flow to the river Jordan was reduced from 1,300/1,500 million cubic metres to 250/300 million cubic metres. Water quality was further reduced as the flow of the river Jordan consists run-off from agricultural irrigation and saline springs.[20]

text: The agreement between Jordan and Israel is the only one in the Middle East region which has led to the recognition of water rights on both sides. The water agreement forms a part of the broader political treaty which was signed between Israel and Jordan in 1994.[21] In 1999, when the treaty's limitations were revealed by events concerning water shortages in the Jordan basin. A reduced supply of water to Israel due to drought meant that Israel which is responsible for providing water to Jordan, decreased its water provisions to the country, provoking a diplomatic disagreement between the two and bringing the water component of the treaty back into question.[22]

text: Israel's complaints about the reduction in water from the tributaries to the river Jordan caused by the Jordan/Syrian dam have gone unheeded.[23]

text: Blue Peace[edit]

text: Constant conflict in the Middle East has seen some major environmental consequences of water related damage. A report[24] by Strategic Foresight Group, a think tank in Asia, details in the damage and destruction done to water systems and resources. The Middle East is an extremely water scarce region and any damage to this vital resource has an adverse impact on health, bio-diversity, and eco-systems in the region. Water scarcity in the future could prove to be both cause and cost of conflict. A new approach to water in the Middle East was introduced by Strategic Foresight Group, in a report co-sponsored by the Swiss and Swedish governments titled The Blue Peace: Rethinking Middle East Water[25] Blue Peace is defined as the comprehensive, integrated and collaborative management of all water resources in a circle of countries in a way that is sustainable for the long-term, in an interdependent relationship with social and political dynamics. Instead of concentrating on how to share or divide the stock of water resources, the Blue Peace approach is concerned about preserving, expanding and improving the water budget for the benefit of human life, as well as environment. The Blue Peace is derived from and reinforced by positive relations between water and society and between one society and another. A recent report "Water Cooperation for a Secure World" published by Strategic Foresight Group concludes that active water cooperation between countries reduces the risk of war. This conclusion is reached after examining trans-boundary water relations in over 200 shared river basins in 148 countries. Countries in the Middle East face the risk of war as they have avoided regional cooperation for too long. The report provides examples of successful cooperation, which can be used by countries in the Middle East.[26]