document_title: Drum Corps International World Class Champions

question_text: what is the highest score in dci history

text: At the end of the summer season, Drum Corps International (DCI) World Class corps compete to earn the title of DCI World Class Champion (formerly DCI Division I World Champion). The championships consist of 3 rounds—Preliminaries, Semifinals, and Finals—held on the first or second Thursday, Friday, and Saturday of August. Through 2010, all active World Class corps (22 corps as of 2016) competed in the Quarterfinals, with the top 17 advancing to the Semifinals. The top 12 corps from Semifinals then advanced to the Finals. Since the 2011 season, all active DCI corps (Open and World Class) have been permitted to compete for the championship. In this format, about 40 corps compete in Preliminaries, while the top 25 advance to Semifinals, with the top-scoring 12 advancing to Finals. The champion is determined by the overall high score in the Finals competition. There are also a number of caption awards (high brass, high percussion, high visual, etc.), though the criteria for determination for those awards has changed from year to year.

text: Only 10 corps have ever won the title (including 3 ties):

text:
Blue Devils – 18 titles (2 ties)
The Cadets – 10 titles (1 tie)
The Cavaliers – 7 titles (1 tie)
Santa Clara Vanguard – 6 titles (1 tie)
Madison Scouts – 2 titles
Phantom Regiment – 2 titles (1 tie)
Anaheim Kingsmen – 1 title
Star of Indiana – 1 title
Carolina Crown – 1 title
Bluecoats - 1 title

text: The Anaheim Kingsmen and Star of Indiana are no longer in active competition.

text:
Year
Date
Champion & Repertoire
Score
Location
Venue

2017
12 August

Blue Devils (Concord, California)

Metamorph

Birth of Eternity
Dreamscape
Facing Future
The Triumph of Time
Flight of the Bumblebee
Everything Must Change
Crystal

98.538
Indianapolis, Indiana
Lucas Oil Stadium

2016
13 August
Bluecoats (Canton, Ohio)

Down Side Up

Jose/beFORe JOHN5
Heat of the Day
Raga Raja
Udacrep Akubrad
The Great Gig in the Sky
Down Slide Up
Todo Tiende

97.650
Indianapolis, Indiana
Lucas Oil Stadium

2015
8 August
Blue Devils (Concord, California)

Ink

Dark Forest
Sweeney Todd
The Giant Attack
The Mad Hatter's Tea Party
I Like You
Children Will Listen
Last Midnight

97.650
Indianapolis, Indiana
Lucas Oil Stadium

2014
9 August
Blue Devils (Concord, California)

Felliniesque

Act 1 - Fellini's Religion

Old Toys
La Strada

Act 2 - Fellini's Circus

The Clowns
Circo Compagnia

Act 3 - Fellini's Fantasy

Be Italian
Movie Studio

99.650
Indianapolis, Indiana
Lucas Oil Stadium

2013
10 August
Carolina Crown (Fort Mill, South Carolina)

E=mc2

Einstein on the Beach
Also Sprach Zarathustra
Walking With Heroes
The Devil's Bridge
The Abyss
The Light Fantastic
The Dark Side of the Moon

98.300
Indianapolis, Indiana
Lucas Oil Stadium

2012
11 August

Blue Devils (Concord, California)

Cabaret Voltaire

Harmonielehre
Morrison Mania
Children's Hour of Dream
Symphonies: V
Bird and Bela in B Flat
Gymnopedies Amazon
Ballet Mecanique
Peppy and George (from The Artist)
Dr. Bones
New Arrival (from Corpse Bride)
Tevot
Rhapsody in Blue

98.700
Indianapolis, Indiana
Lucas Oil Stadium

2011
13 August

The Cadets (Allentown, Pennsylvania)

Between Angels and Demons

Angels in the Architecture
160 BPM from Angels and Demons
Doxology/Amazing Grace
Finale

98.350
Indianapolis, Indiana
Lucas Oil Stadium

2010
14 August

Blue Devils (Concord, California)

Through a Glass, Darkly

City of Glass Suite
Conflict
Mirage
Trajectories
Incident in Jazz
Laura
La Suerte De Los Tontos

98.900
Indianapolis, Indiana
Lucas Oil Stadium

2009
8 August

Blue Devils (Concord, California)

1930

Get Happy
Happy Days Are Here Again
Playing Love
Piano Variations
Rialto Ripples
I Got Rhythm
Piano Concerto in F
Caravan
Rhapsody in Blue

99.050
Indianapolis, Indiana[1]
Lucas Oil Stadium

2008
9 August

Phantom Regiment (Rockford, Illinois)

Spartacus

Ein Heldenleben
Selections from Spartacus
Toccata from Piano Concerto No.1
Dance of Ecstasy
Battlefield from KÀ (Cirque du Soleil)

98.125
Bloomington, Indiana[2]
Memorial Stadium

2007
11 August

Blue Devils (Concord, California)

Winged Victory

Pegasus Fantasy
Ascension
Heaven

98.000
Pasadena, California
Rose Bowl

2006
12 August

The Cavaliers (Rosemont, Illinois)

Machine

Genesis
Wired
Premonition
The Machine Age

97.200
Madison, Wisconsin
Camp Randall Stadium

2005
13 August

The Cadets (Allentown, Pennsylvania)

The Zone: Dreamscapes in Four Parts with a Door

Twisted Nerve from Kill Bill
Liquid
Overture to a New World from Dancer in the Dark
Cvalda from Dancer in the Dark
Vertigo
False Mirrors

99.150
Foxborough, Massachusetts
Gillette Stadium

2004
7 August

The Cavaliers (Rosemont, Illinois)

007

Goldeneye
Hovercraft from Die Another Day
Tomorrow Never Dies

98.700
Denver, Colorado
INVESCO Field at Mile High

2003
9 August

Blue Devils (Concord, California)

The Phenomenon of Cool

Concierto de Aranjuez
Take Five
Blue Rondo A La Turk
Unsquare Dance

98.800
Orlando, Florida
Citrus Bowl

2002
10 August
The Cavaliers (Rosemont, Illinois)

Frameworks

Melody
Harmony
Rhythm

99.150
Madison, Wisconsin
Camp Randall Stadium

2001
11 August
The Cavaliers (Rosemont, Illinois)

Four Corners

98.350
Orchard Park, New York
Ralph Wilson Stadium

2000
12 August
The Cadets (Allentown, Pennsylvania)

We Are the Future

Disney Millennium Celebration

The Cavaliers (Rosemont, Illinois)

Niagara Falls

Niagara Falls
Richard Saucedo Original Composition

97.650
College Park, Maryland
Byrd Stadium

1999
14 August
Blue Devils (Concord, California)

Rhythms...At the Edge of Time

Estancia Ballet (Rhythm 1 – Afrocuban/Malambo)
Powerhouse: Rhumba for Orchestra (Rhythm 2 – Rhumba)
Powerhouse: Rhumba for Orchestra (Rhythm 3 – Samba)
Adios Nonino (Rhythm 4 – Tango)
Unchained Melody (Rhythm 5 – Jazz)
The Dirty Boogie (Rhythm 6 – Swing)

Santa Clara Vanguard (Santa Clara, California)

Inventions for a New Millennium: Music by Samuel Barber and Frank Ticheli

The Canyon
Symphony No. 2
Symphony No. 1
Blue Shades

98.400
Madison, Wisconsin
Camp Randall Stadium

1998
15 August
The Cadets of Bergen County (Allentown, Pennsylvania)

Jan Van der Roost's Stonehenge

Stonehenge
Canterbury Chorale

98.400
Orlando, Florida
Citrus Bowl

1997
16 August
Blue Devils (Concord, California)

As Time Goes By...

Casablanca
Bangkok
A Night in Tunisia
As Time Goes By

98.400
Orlando, Florida
Citrus Bowl

1996
17 August
Blue Devils (Concord, California)

Club Blue: A Gangster Chronicle

Children's Hour of Dream
Desi
Tess' Theme from Dick Tracy
Trouble from Mission Impossible

Phantom Regiment (Rockford, Illinois)

A Defiant Heart: The Music of Dmitri Shostakovich

Fourth Ballet Suite
'First Symphony, Second Movement
Fifth Symphony, Fourth Movement

97.400
Orlando, Florida
Citrus Bowl

1995
12 August
The Cavaliers (Rosemont, Illinois)

The Planets

Mars
Venus
Mercury
Jupiter

98.300
Orchard Park, New York
Rich Stadium

1994
20 August
Blue Devils (Concord, California)

My Spanish Heart

Spanish Fantasy Part I
Night Streets
Day Danse
My Spanish Heart
Spanish Fantasy Part 4

98.400
Foxborough, Massachusetts
Foxboro Stadium

1993
21 August
The Cadets of Bergen County (Bergen County, New Jersey)

In the Spring, At the Time When Kings Go Off to War

In the Spring, When Kings Go Off to War
Ballet Sacra
On a Hymnsong of Philip Bliss

97.400
Jackson, Mississippi
Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium

1992
15 August
The Cavaliers (Rosemont, Illinois)

Revolution and Triumph

Gavorkna Fanfare
Cornish Dances, 4th Movement
English Dances, 4th Movement
Peterloo Overture

97.500
Madison, Wisconsin
Camp Randall Stadium

1991
17 August
Star of Indiana (Bloomington, Indiana)

Roman Images: The Music of Ottorino Respighi

Roman Festivals – Movement I
The Pines of Rome – Movement I
Roman Festivals – Movement II
Roman Festivals – Movement III
Roman Festivals – Movement IV

97.000
Dallas, Texas
Cotton Bowl

1990
18 August
The Cadets of Bergen County (Bergen County, New Jersey)

A Bernstein Celebration

Overture to Candide
Mass
Somewhere from West Side Story
Fancy Free Ballet

97.700
Orchard Park, New York
Rich Stadium

1989
19 August
Santa Clara Vanguard (Santa Clara, California)

Phantom of The Opera

Angel of Music
Masquerade
Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again
Track Down this Murderer

98.800
Kansas City, Missouri
Arrowhead Stadium

1988
20 August
Madison Scouts (Madison, Wisconsin)

Concerto For Guitar and Jazz Orchestra
Malagueña

97.100
Kansas City, Missouri
Arrowhead Stadium

1987
15 August
Garfield Cadets (Garfield, New Jersey)

Appalachian Spring

97.900
Madison, Wisconsin
Camp Randall Stadium

1986
16 August
Blue Devils (Concord, California)

Channel One Suite
Conquistador
Spanish Fantasy
Chick Corea Suite'

98.400
Madison, Wisconsin
Camp Randall Stadium

1985
17 August
Garfield Cadets (Garfield, New Jersey)

Jeremiah Symphony
Overture to Candide
Make Our Garden Grow from Candide

98.400
Madison, Wisconsin
Camp Randall Stadium

1984
18 August
Garfield Cadets (Garfield, New Jersey)

Selections from West Side Story

98.000
Atlanta, Georgia
Grant Field

1983
20 August
Garfield Cadets (Garfield, New Jersey)

Rocky Point Holiday
Mass by Leonard Bernstein

94.400
Miami, Florida
Miami Orange Bowl

1982
21 August
Blue Devils (Concord, California)

T.O.
Pegasus
Paradox
One More Time Chuck Corea
People Alone from The Competition

95.250
Montreal, Quebec
Olympic Stadium

1981
22 August
Santa Clara Vanguard (Santa Clara, California)

Northridge
A Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra
Slava
Don't Cry For Me Argentina from Evita

94.000
Montreal, Quebec
Olympic Stadium

1980
16 August
Blue Devils (Concord, California)

New York Fantasy
Ya Gotta Try
Pegasus
Free
La Suerte de Los Tontos from Cuban Fire Suite
Pauper in Paradise
Dindi

90.600
Birmingham, Alabama
Legion Field

1979
18 August
Blue Devils (Concord, California)

Chicago III Suite
La Suerte de Los Tontos from Cuban Fire Suite
My Heart Belongs to Me

93.550
Birmingham, Alabama
Legion Field

1978
18 August
Santa Clara Vanguard (Santa Clara, California)

Overture to a New Era
Dance of Welcome from Gayne Ballet
Adagio from Gayne Ballet
Lezghinka from Gayne Ballet
Gopak from Gayne Ballet
If You Believe from The Wiz
Bottle Dance from Fiddler on the Roof

91.550
Denver, Colorado
Mile High Stadium

1977
19 August
Blue Devils (Concord, California)

Channel One Suite
Spanish Fantasy
Gonna Fly Now from Rocky

92.050
Denver, Colorado
Mile High Stadium

1976
21 August
Blue Devils (Concord, California)

Channel One Suite
Legend of the One-Eyed Sailor
Chase the Clouds Away

92.700
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Franklin Field

1975
16 August
Madison Scouts (Madison, Wisconsin)

Slaughter on 10th Avenue from On Your Toes
Mac Arthur Park
Rhapsody in Blue
Dueling Banjos
The Way We Were

92.500
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Franklin Field

1974
17 August
Santa Clara Vanguard (Santa Clara, California)

Siegfried's Rhine Journey from "Die Gotterdamerung"
A Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra
Overture to Candide
A Little Night Music
Weekend in the Country from A Little Night Music
Send in the Clowns from A Little Night Music

89.500
Ithaca, New York
Schoellkopf Field

1973
17 August
Santa Clara Vanguard (Santa Clara, California)

Fanfare and Allegro
A Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra
Wedding Celebration and Bottle Dance from Fiddler on the Roof
Chava Ballet from Fiddler on the Roof

88.650
Whitewater, Wisconsin
Warhawk Stadium

1972
18 August
Anaheim Kingsmen (Anaheim, California)

March from Folk Song Suite
When Johnny Comes Marching Home
Mickey Mouse Club March
Ritual Fire Dance from El Amor Brujo
Sing Sing Sing
Exodus
King of Kings

88.100
Whitewater, Wisconsin
Warhawk Stadium

text:
Jump up ^ DCI has contracted with the City of Indianapolis to hold the Championships at Lucas Oil Stadium every year through 2028.
Jump up ^ The 2008 Championships were originally to be held at Lucas Oil Stadium but were moved to Indiana University's Memorial Stadium in Bloomington due to construction delays.


document_title: Bye, Felicia

question_text: where did the phrase bye felicia originate from

root

text: Bye, Felicia

text: The phrase "Bye, Felicia" (actually spelled "Felisha" in the cast listing) came from a scene in the American stoner buddy crime comedy film Friday (1995). According to Ice Cube, who starred in the film and co-wrote its script, "Bye, Felicia" is "the phrase 'to get anyone out of your face'," and, as it was used in the Friday scene, is generally intended as a dismissive kiss-off.[1]

tag: p

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The saying gained popularity and continues to be used, even by people who have never seen the film. In 2009, it entered the lexicon of RuPaul's Drag Race, an American reality competition television series. However, People said "even that wouldn't necessarily account for the phrase extending beyond the cultures that would watch either Friday, Drag Race or both."[1] Furthermore, the magazine said of the phrase, "So when your square friend uses it, take a little bit of pleasure in knowing they're referencing a stoner comedy – or a drag reality show referencing a stoner comedy – even if they have no idea."[1]

text: In 2014, VH1 began airing a television show called Bye Felicia, and American R&B-pop singer Jordin Sparks released a mixtape titled #ByeFelicia.[1][2] According to Google Trends, the phrase reached its highest usage in mid-2015.[1]

text: On December 14, 2017, Robin Roberts, a host of ABC TV’s Good Morning America, used the phrase to conclude a segment about Omarosa Manigault Newman's departure from the Trump administration staff.[3]


document_title: Top Gun Anthem

question_text: who wrote the theme song to top gun

question_tokens: who wrote the theme song to top gun

text: Top Gun Anthem

text:
"Top Gun Anthem"Single by Harold Faltermeyer and Steve Stevensfrom the album Top Gun (soundtrack)Released
1986 (1986)Format
CDRecorded
1985Genre
Instrumental rockglam metalhard rockLength
4:12Label
ColumbiaSongwriter(s)
Harold FaltermeyerProducer(s)
Harold Faltermeyer

tag: table

text: "Top Gun Anthem" is an instrumental rock composition and the theme for the 1986 film Top Gun. Harold Faltermeyer wrote the music.  Steve Stevens played guitar on the recording. In the film, the full song is heard in the film's ending scene.

text: An edited version of the song without the electric guitar is played in the opening scene when an F-14 Tomcat is being prepared to take off from an aircraft carrier. After the F-14's engines are on full afterburners and the aircraft subsequently launches from the catapult, the music changes immediately to "Danger Zone" by Kenny Loggins.

text: "Top Gun Anthem" won a 1987 Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance. The song's music video, directed by Dominic Sena, shows Harold Faltermeyer playing the piano and Stevens on electric guitar in a hangar with naval aircraft. This video was re-released within the 2004 Top Gun Collector's Edition DVD.

text: The song was written by composer Harold Faltermeyer, who was recording keyboard parts for Billy Idol's Whiplash Smile album.  Faltermeyer asked Stevens, Idol's longtime guitarist, to play guitar on the track.  Stevens was shown a clip of the  film, and agreed to play on the track because he felt the film would be a hit.  A guitar track had already been recorded on the demo that was given to Stevens.  Stevens wanted to record his parts using one track, and avoid any overdubbing.[citation needed]

text: Stevens used a Hamer SS and a 100-watt Marshall amplifier to record his part.  He also used a small Boss compressor pedal to add more sustain.[citation needed] There is only one guitar track throughout the entire piece, with the exception of the ending.

text: The song is available on both the original Top Gun soundtrack album and the expanded edition.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Harold Faltermeyer – piano
Steve Stevens – electric guitar

tag: ul

text: Other uses[edit]

text: The theme was played on organ as an intro to "Don't Need a Gun" during Billy Idol's Whiplash Smile tour.

text: A similar tune was found in the 1988 Amiga flight simulator F/A-18 Interceptor.

text: Rapper T.I. sampled the guitar riff for his song "Big Things Poppin'."

text: On July 3, 2008, Activision released a free downloadable version of the "Top Gun Anthem" covered by Steve Ouimette for both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock.[1]


document_title: McGuire Sisters

question_text: when did the mcguire sisters perform on pbs

text: McGuire Sisters

text: Early life[edit]

text: The McGuire sisters were born in Middletown, Ohio, and grew up in Miamisburg. Their mother, Lillie, was a minister of the Miamisburg First Church of God, where as children they sang in church at weddings, funerals, and revivals. When they started singing in 1935, the youngest sister, Phyllis, was four years old. Eventually, they sang at occasions outside church, and by 1949 were singing at military bases and veterans' hospitals, performing a more diverse repertoire than they had in church.[2]

text: Career in show business[edit]

text: The McGuire Sisters signed with Coral Records in 1952. In the same year, they appeared on Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts, and Godfrey hired them for his other shows, where they remained for seven years. The November 1953 issue of Cosmopolitan called them "Godfrey's Merry McGuires". The sisters often were compared to the Andrews Sisters. Maxene Andrews said in an interview with Joe Franklin on WOR (AM) radio in 1979, "The McGuire Sisters were fine once they stopped imitating the Andrews Sisters." While working on the Godfrey show, the McGuires befriended the singer Lu Ann Simms and attended her wedding to the music publisher Loring Buzzell in July 1956.[3] Buzzell's publishing firm, Hecht-Lancaster & Buzzell Music (co-owned by Harold Hecht and Burt Lancaster) provided two songs for the McGuire Sisters, "May You Always" and "Theme from The Unforgiven (The Need for Love)".[4][5]

text: The McGuire Sisters and the Andrews Sisters met several times during their careers. Phyllis credited Patty, Maxene, and LaVerne Andrews during a television interview with Maxene in the 1990s, hosted by Sally Jessy Raphael, saying that her sisters and she met the Andrews Sisters in New York in the early 1950s and received important advice. The McGuires moved when they sang, often executing dance routines in lavish production numbers on countless television specials. The Andrews Sisters performed similarly in films in the 1940s, and were the first female vocal group to move when they sang, rather than just standing at a microphone. The sisters had mimicked that style, as well as those of the Mills Brothers and the Dinning Sisters ever since they were young, when they would perform short shows for family and friends in their parents' living room. Phyllis McGuire recounted that she and her sisters did not know any popular songs when they became famous (only the hymns taught to them by their mother), the trio imitated other singing groups long before their success.[6]

text: They performed for five Presidents of the United States (Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush), and for Queen Elizabeth II. In 1958, their mother appeared as a guest challenger on the television game show To Tell the Truth. The sisters maintained a busy television schedule, making frequent appearances on popular variety programs hosted by Ed Sullivan, Dean Martin, Danny Kaye, Milton Berle, Andy Williams, Perry Como, and Red Skelton. The trio was dressed and coiffed identically and performed synchronized body movements and hand gestures with military precision. Their recordings of "Sincerely", "Picnic", and "Sugartime" all sold more than one million copies.[2]

text: End to the group's public appearances[edit]

text: They retired from public appearances in 1968, giving their last performance that year on The Ed Sullivan Show. Phyllis McGuire continued to perform solo for a time. The demise of the group is often attributed to Phyllis' long-standing personal relationship with mobster Sam Giancana (although for years she claimed that their friendship was strictly platonic), which reportedly blacklisted the group.

text: During one of his 1960s court appearances for which Phyllis was subpoenaed, Giancana told reporters outside the courthouse, "Phyllis knows everything" about the rumored unethical behaviors of John F. Kennedy and his brother Robert. Phyllis has resided in a famously showcased mansion in Las Vegas for decades, boasting its own beauty parlor, a swan moat, and a replica of the Eiffel Tower which actually rose through the home's roof.

text: When asked by Barbara Walters during a 1980s ABC-TV 20/20 interview from within the mansion if any of the money to build the lavish home came from Giancana, Phyllis denied the innuendo, claiming that she invested heavily in oil when the sisters were at the height of their popularity. In the same interview, she acknowledged that her relationship with Giancana was in fact a love affair, saying, "When I met him, I did not know who he was, and he was not married, and I was an unmarried woman. And according to the way I was brought up, there was nothing wrong with that. And I didn't find out until sometime later really who he was, and I was already in love."[6]

text: The sisters reunited in 1986, performing at Toronto's Royal York Hotel for the first time since their retirement.[7] Numerous nightclub engagements followed in Las Vegas, Atlantic City, and New York City's Rainbow & Stars, showcasing the group and Phyllis' impersonations of Peggy Lee, Judy Garland, Pearl Bailey, Ethel Merman, and even Louis Armstrong.

text: Singing their greatest hits as part of their act, they were also featured performing specialty numbers such as the frantic "I Love a Violin", the a cappella "Danny Boy", and a segment during which Phyllis retired backstage as Christine and Dorothy shared the spotlight playing a concert arrangement of "The Way We Were" on twin pianos. Other highlights in the act were a comical Trinidad-flavored tune, a soft rendering of "Memory" from Broadway's Cats, and a "Money Medley", which they also performed live on the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon in 1994. Since then, the sisters had made occasional public appearances together, including in 2004, when they reunited to perform in a PBS special Magic Moments: Best of '50s Pop.[8][9] The sisters' command of their vocal cords and harmonious blend had not significantly diminished.[6]

text: After their careers wound down, they opened a restaurant in Bradenton, Florida, calling it McGuire's Pub.[10]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: They were inducted into the National Broadcasting Hall of Fame in 1994, and in 2001, they were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. They also have been inducted into the Coca-Cola Hall of Fame and the Headliners' Hall of Fame.[11] They were inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame in 2009.

text: Family[edit]

text: Christine has two children, Herold and Asa; Dorothy had two, Rex and David. Phyllis has no children.[citation needed]

text: Death[edit]

text: On September 7, 2012, Dorothy McGuire died at her son's home in Paradise Valley, Arizona, after suffering from Parkinson's disease and age-related dementia; she was 84. Dorothy's husband of 54 years, Lowell Williamson, died 6 months later on February 25, 2013, after sustaining a fractured back from a fall; he was 89.[12][13]

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Year
Single (A-side, B-side)
Both sides from same album except where indicated
Chart positions
Album

US
CB
US
AC
UK[14]

1953
"Picking Sweethearts"
b/w "One, Two, Three, Four"
—
—
—
—
Non-album tracks

"Toodle-Ooh Siana"
b/w "Miss You"
—
—
—
—

"Where Good Times Are"
b/w "Hey, Mister Cotton Picker"
—
—
—
—

"Are You Looking for a Sweetheart"
b/w "You'll Never Know Till Monday"
—
—
—
—

1954
"Uno, Due, Tre (The Italian Square Dance)"
b/w "Lonesome Polecat" (from Musical Magic)
—
—
—
—

"Pine Tree, Pine Over Me" /
26
27
—
—

"Cling to Me"
—
49
—
—

"Goodnight, Sweetheart, Goodnight"
b/w "Heavenly Feeling" (Non-album track)
7
8
—
—
By Request

"Muskrat Ramble" (see below)
b/w "Not As a Stranger" (Non-album track)
—
—
—
—

"Muskrat Ramble" /
10
9
—
—

"Lonesome Polecat"
28
33
—
—
Musical Magic

"Christmas Alphabet"
b/w "Give Me Your Heart for Christmas"
25
34
—
—
Greetings from the McGuire Sisters

1955
"Sincerely" /
1
2
—
14
By Request

"No More"
17
—
—
20

"Open Up Your Heart (and Let the Sun Shine In)"
b/w "Melody of Love"
—
—
—
—

"The Naughty Lady of Shady Lane"
b/w "Hearts of Stone" (non-album track)
—
—
—
—

"It May Sound Silly" /
11
14
—
—
Chris, Phyllis, Dottie

"Doesn't Anybody Love Me?"
flip
—
—
—
Musical Magic

"Something's Gotta Give" /
5
4
—
—
Chris, Phyllis, Dottie

"Rhythm 'n Blues"
flip
32
—
—
Teenage Party

"Kiss Me and Kill Me with Love"
b/w "If It's a Dream"
—
—
—
—
Non-album tracks

"He"
b/w "If You Believe"
10
4
—
—
Greetings from the McGuire Sisters

"Give Me Love" /
95
30
—
—
Non-album track

"Sweet Song of India"
—
34
—
—
Chris, Phyllis, Dottie

"Be Good TotMe" /
—
46
—
—
Teenage Party

"My Baby's Got Such Lovin' Ways"
—
40
—
—

"I'd Like to Trim a Tree with You"
b/w "The Littlest Angel"
—
—
—
—
Greetings from the McGuire Sisters

1956
"Missing"
b/w "Tell Me Now" (non-album track)
44
36
—
—
Musical Magic

"Picnic" /
13
20
—
—
Chris, Phyllis, Dottie

"Delilah Jones"
37
36
—
24

"Weary Blues" /
32
42
—
—
Sugartime

"In the Alps"
63
—
—
—

"Ev'ry Day of My Life" /
37
33
—
—
Chris, Phyllis, Dottie

"Endless"
52
36
—
—

"Goodnight, My Love, Pleasant Dreams"
b/w "Mommy" (from Children's Holiday)
32
23
—
—
Musical Magic

1957
"Kid Stuff"
b/w "Without Him"
—
36
—
—
Musical Magic

"Blue Skies"
b/w "He's Got Time" (from Greetings from the McGuire Sisters)
—
—
—
—
Do You Remember When

"Please, Don't Do That to Me"
b/w"Drownin' in Memories"
—
—
—
—
Teenage Party

"Beginning to Miss You"
b/w "Rock Bottom"
—
—
—
—

"Around the World In 80 Days"
b/w "Interlude"
73
—
—
—
Sugartime

"Kiss Them for Me"
b/w "Forgive Me"
—
—
—
—

"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town"
b/w "Honorable Congratulations"
—
—
—
—
Greetings from the McGuire Sisters

"Sugartime"
b/w "Banana Split"
1
7
—
14
Sugartime

1958
"Ding Dong"
b/w "Since You Went Away to School"
25
43
—
—

"Volare"
b/w "Do You Love Me Like You Kiss Me"
80
—
—
—
May You Always

"Sweetie Pie"
b/w "I'll Think of You"
—
—
—
—

1959
"May You Always"
b/w "Achoo-Cha-Cha"
11
21
—
15

"Summer Dreams" /
55
64
—
—
Sugartime

"Peace"
85
97
—
—
May You Always

"Red River Valley"
b/w "Compromise" (Non-album track)
—
—
—
—
Showcase

"Some of These Days"
b/w "Have a Nice Weekend" (Non-album track)
—
—
—
—

1960
"Livin' Dangerously"
b/w "Lovers Lullaby"
97
—
—
—
Non-album tracks

"Theme from The Unforgiven (The Need for Love)"
b/w "I Give Thanks" (Non-album track)
—
—
—
—
Showcase

"The Last Dance"
b/w "Nine o'Clock" (Non-album track)
99
—
—
—

"To Be Loved"
b/w "I Don't Know Why (I Just Do)"
—
—
—
—

1961
"Just for Old Time's Sake"
b/w "Really Neat" (Non-album track)
20
17
—
—
Just for Old Time's Sake

"Tears on My Pillow"
b/w "Will There Be Space in a Space Ship" (Non-album track)
59
55
12
—
Showcase

"Just Because" /
99
96
—
—

"I Do, I Do, I Do"
—
tag
—
—

"I'm Just Taking My Time"
b/w "I Can Dream, Can't I" (Non-album track)
—
—
—
—
Subways Are for Sleeping

1962
"Sugartime Twist"
b/w "More Hearts Are Broken That Way"
107
130
—
—
Showcase

"Mama's Gone, Goodbye"
b/w "I Really Don't Want to Know"
—
—
—
—
Songs Everybody Knows

1963
"Summertime (Is the Time for Love)"
b/w "Cordially Invited"
—
—
—
—
Non-album tracks

1964
"Now and Forever"
b/w "Never"
—
—
—
—

"Candy Heart"
b/w "Dear Heart"
—
—
—
—

"Ticket to Anywhere"
b/w "I'll Walk Alone"
—
—
—
—

1966
"Truer Than You Were"
b/w "Grazia"
—
—
30
—
Right Now!

text: Phyllis McGuire solo singles[edit]

text:
Year
Single (A-side, B-side)
Chart positions
Album

US
CB
US
AC

1964
"I Don't Want to Walk Without You"
b/w "That's Life"
79
85
13
Non-album tracks

"Just a Little Lovin'"
b/w "You Don't Have the Heart to Tell Me"
—
—
—

1965
"Run to My Arms"
b/w "Someone Else Is Taking My Place"
—
—
—

1966
"My Happiness"
b/w "Vaya Con Dios"
—
—
—
Phyllis McGuire Sings

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The McGuire Sisters, and most especially Phyllis McGuire, who lives in Las Vegas, were the subjects of the 1995 HBO movie Sugartime, which depicted a romantic relationship between Phyllis and mobster Sam Giancana. Giancana was played by actor John Turturro, and Phyllis was played by actress Mary-Louise Parker.

text: The 1982 Robert Altman film "Come Back to the Five and Dime Jimmy Dean[15]" prominently features the Sincerely single as the film's stars Cher, Karen Black and Sandy Dennis as The Disciples perform and lip-synch the song.


document_title: Price of oil

question_text: when did the price of oil start to drop

question_tokens: when did the price of oil start to drop

text: Price of oil

text: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)[edit]

text: In 1960 the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was founded in Baghdad, Iraq by its first five members —Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela—,[4][5][6] with Qatar and Libya joining immediately, followed by United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador and Gabon after a decade. The goal of these countries was to increase its influence in the world oil market, then dominated by a cartel known as the "Seven Sisters", five of which were headquartered in the United States.[5] These companies had been controlling posted prices since the so-called 1927 Red Line Agreement and 1928 Achnacarry Agreement, and had achieved a high level of price stability until 1972.[5] Angola joined the OPEC in 2007 and Equatorial Guinea in 2017.

text: History[edit]

text: Price history from 2003 onwards[edit]

text: From 1999 til mid 2008, the price of oil rose significantly. It was explained by the rising oil demand in countries like China and India.[7] In the middle of the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the price of oil underwent a significant decrease after the record peak of US$147.27 it reached on July 11, 2008. On December 23, 2008, WTI crude oil spot price fell to US$30.28 a barrel, the lowest since the financial crisis of 2007–2010 began. The price sharply rebounded after the crisis and rose to US$82 a barrel in 2009.[8] In July 2008 oil reached a record peak of US$147.27 but by February 2009 it sank beneath $40 a barrel.[9] On 31 January 2011, the Brent price hit $100 a barrel for the first time since October 2008, on concerns about the political unrest in Egypt.[10] For about three and half years the price largely remained in the $90–$120 range. In the middle of 2014, price started declining due to a significant increase in oil production in USA, and declining demand in the emerging countries.[11] The oil glut—caused by multiple factors—spurred a sharp downward spiral in the price of oil that continued through February 2016.[12] By February 3, 2016 oil was below $30—[13] a drop of "almost 75 percent since mid-2014 as competing producers pumped 1-2 million barrels of crude daily exceeding demand, just as China's economy hit lowest growth in a generation."[14] Some analysts speculate that it may continue to drop further, perhaps as low as $18[15]

text: According to a report released on February 15, 2016 by Deloitte LLP—the audit and consulting firm—with global crude oil at near ten-year low prices, 35% of listed E&P oil and gas companies are at a high risk of bankruptcy worldwide.[16][17] Indeed, bankruptcies "in the oil and gas industry could surpass levels seen in the Great Recession."[16][18]

text: The causes of oil price fluctuations[edit]

text: There are two views dominating the oil market discourse. There are those who strongly believe that the market has undergone structural changes and that low oil prices are here to stay for a prolonged period. At the other end of the spectrum, there are those who think that this is yet another cycle and oil prices will recover sooner rather than later. These two scenarios – structural versus cyclical – reflect the high degree of uncertainty engulfing the oil market. This presupposes that we can separate neatly the cyclical from the structural, but this would be an oversimplification. All the factors discussed above have become intertwined and the response of one part of the system will affect the other parts.[19]

text: A 2016 survey of the academic literature finds that "most major oil price fluctuations dating back to 1973 are largely explained by shifts in the demand for crude oil".[20] As the global economy expands, so does demand for crude oil.[20] The authors note that the price of oil has also increased at times due to greater "demand for stocks (or inventories) of crude oil... to guard against future shortages in the oil market. Historically, inventory demand has been high in times of geopolitical tension in the Middle East, low spare capacity in oil production, and strong expected global economic growth."[20] In particular, political events can have a strong influence on the oil price. Historical examples include OPEC’s 1973 embargo in reaction to the Yom Kippur War and the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Financial analysts and academics have had very few tools to study such political events compared to what is available on economic aspects of oil price formation.[21] The PRIX index was developed in attempt to fill this gap with a metric on political developments and corresponding export trends from world’s 20 largest oil exporters.[21][22]

text: The supply of oil is dependent on geological discovery, the legal and tax framework for oil extraction, the cost of extraction, the availability and cost of technology for extraction, and the political situation in oil-producing countries. Both domestic political instability in oil producing countries and conflicts with other countries can destabilise the oil price. In 2008 the New York Times reported, for example, in the 1940s the price of oil was about $17 rising to just over $20 during the Korean War (1951–1953). During the Vietnam War (1950s – 1970s) the price of oil slowly declined to under $20. During the Arab oil embargo of 1973—the first oil shock—the price of oil rapidly rose to double in price. During the 1979 Iranian Revolution the price of oil rose. During the second oil shock the price of oil peaked in April 1980 at $103.76. During the 1980s there was a period of "conservation and insulation efforts" and the price of oil dropped slowly to c. $22. It again reached a peak of c. $65 during the 1990 Persian Gulf crisis and war. Following that, there was a period of global recessions and the price of oil hit a low of c. $15 before it peaked at a high of $45 on September 11, 2001[23] only to drop again to a low of $26 on May 8, 2003.[14] The price rose to $80 with the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. By March 3, 2008 the price of oil reached $103.95 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange.[23]

text: Although the oil price is largely determined by the balance between supply and demand—as with all commodities—some commentators including Business Week, the Financial Times and the Washington Post, argued that the rise in oil prices prior to the financial crisis of 2007–2008 was due to speculation in futures markets.[24][25][26][27][28]

text: For a dissenting view of oil prices being determined by demand, see Forbes, "Global Oil Demand is Always Rising - and Not Related to Price".[29]

text: Benchmark pricing[edit]

text: In North America this generally refers to the WTI Cushing Crude Oil Spot Price West Texas Intermediate (WTI), also known as Texas Light Sweet, a type of crude oil used as a benchmark in oil pricing and the underlying commodity of New York Mercantile Exchange's oil futures contracts. WTI is a light crude oil, lighter than Brent Crude oil. It contains about 0.24% sulfur, rating it a sweet crude, sweeter than Brent. Its properties and production site make it ideal for being refined in the United States, mostly in the Midwest and Gulf Coast regions. WTI has an API gravity of around 39.6 (specific gravity approx. 0.827) per barrel (159 liters) of either WTI/light crude as traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) for delivery at Cushing, Oklahoma. Cushing, Oklahoma, a major oil supply hub connecting oil suppliers to the Gulf Coast, has become the most significant trading hub for crude oil in North America.

text: In Europe and some other parts of the world, the oil price benchmark is Brent as traded on the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE, into which the International Petroleum Exchange has been incorporated) for delivery at Sullom Voe.

text: Other important benchmarks include Dubai, Tapis, and the OPEC basket. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) uses the imported refiner acquisition cost, the weighted average cost of all oil imported into the US, as its "world oil price".

text: In Robert Mabro's 2006 book on challenges and opportunities in oil in the 21st century, after the collapse of the OPEC-administered pricing system in 1985, and a short lived experiment with netback pricing, oil-exporting countries adopted a market-linked pricing mechanism.[30] First adopted by PEMEX in 1986, market-linked pricing received wide acceptance and by 1988 became and still is the main method for pricing crude oil in international trade.[30] The current reference, or pricing markers, are Brent, WTI, and Dubai/Oman.[30]

text: Market listings[edit]

text: Oil is marketed among other products in commodity markets. By 2008 widely traded oil futures, and related natural gas futures, included with most of these oil futures having delivery dates every month:[31][32]

text:
Petroleum

Nymex Crude Future
Dated Brent Spot
WTI Cushing Spot
Nymex Heating Oil Future
Nymex RBOB (Reformulated Blendstock for Oxygenate Blending) Gasoline Future

Natural gas

Nymex Henry Hub Future
Henry Hub Spot
New York City Gate Spot

text: Speculation during the 2008 crisis[edit]

text: In June 2008 Business Week reported that the surge in oil prices prior to 2008 had led some commentators to argue that at least some of the rise was due to speculation in the futures markets.[24] However, although speculation can greatly raise the oil price in the short run, in the long run fundamental market conditions will determine the oil price. Storing oil is expensive, and all speculators must ultimately, and generally within a few months, sell the oil they purchase.

text: According to a U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) May 29, 2008 report the "Multiple Energy Market Initiatives" was launched in partnership with the United Kingdom Financial Services Authority and ICE Futures Europe in order to expand surveillance and information sharing of various futures contracts. Part 1 is "Expanded International Surveillance Information for Crude Oil Trading."[28] This announcement has received wide coverage in the financial press, with speculation about oil futures price manipulation.[25][26][27]

text: The interim report by the Interagency Task Force, released in July, found that speculation had not caused significant changes in oil prices and that fundamental supply and demand factors provide the best explanation for the crude oil price increases. The report found that the primary reason for the price increases was that the world economy had expanded at its fastest pace in decades, resulting in substantial increases in the demand for oil, while the oil production grew sluggishly, compounded by production shortfalls in oil-exporting countries.

text: The report stated that as a result of the imbalance and low price elasticity, very large price increases occurred as the market attempted to balance scarce supply against growing demand, particularly in the last three years. The report forecast that this imbalance would persist in the future, leading to continued upward pressure on oil prices, and that large or rapid movements in oil prices are likely to occur even in the absence of activity by speculators. The task force continues to analyze commodity markets and intends to issue further findings later in the year.

text: Oil-storage trade (contango)[edit]

text: The strategy works because oil prices for delivery in the future are trading at a premium to those in the spot market - a market structure known in the industry as contango - with investors expecting prices to eventually recover from the near 60 percent slide in oil in the last seven months.

text: The oil-storage trade, also referred to as contango, a market strategy in which large, often vertically-integrated oil companies purchase oil for immediate delivery and storage—when the price of oil is low— and hold it in storage until the price of oil increases. Investors bet on the future of oil prices through a financial instrument, oil futures in which they agree on a contract basis, to buy or sell oil at a set date in the future. Crude oil is stored in salt mines, tanks and oil tankers.[33]

text: Investors can choose to take profits or losses prior to the oil-delivery date arrives. Or they can leave the contract in place and physical oil is "delivered on the set date" to an "officially designated delivery point", in the United States, that is usually Cushing, Oklahoma. When delivery dates approach, they close out existing contracts and sell new ones for future delivery of the same oil. The oil never moves out of storage. If the forward market is in "contango"—the forward price is higher than the current spot price—the strategy is very successful.

text: Scandinavian Tank Storage AB and its founder Lars Jacobsson introduced the concept on the market in early 1990.[34] But it was in 2007 through 2009 the oil storage trade expanded,[35] with many participants—including Wall Street giants, such as Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs, and Citicorp—turning sizeable profits simply by sitting on tanks of oil.[36] By May, 2007 Cushing's inventory fell by nearly 35% as the oil-storage trade heated up.[36]

text: "The trend follows a spike in oil futures prices that has created incentives for traders to buy crude oil and oil products at current rates, sell them on futures markets and store them until delivery."

text: By the end of October 2009 one in twelve of the largest oil tankers was being used more for temporary storage of oil, rather than transportation.[37]

text: From June 2014 to January 2015, as the price of oil dropped 60 percent and the supply of oil remained high, the world's largest traders in crude oil purchased at least 25 million barrels to store in supertankers to make a profit in the future when prices rise. Trafigura, Vitol, Gunvor, Koch, Shell and other major energy companies began to book booking oil storage supertankers for up to 12 months. By 13 January 2015 At least 11 Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC) and Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCC)" have been reported as booked with storage options, rising from around five vessels at the end of last week. Each VLCC can hold 2 million barrels."[38]

text: In 2015 as global capacity for oil storage was out-paced by global oil production, and an oil glut occurred. Crude oil storage space became a tradable commodity with CME Group— which owns NYMEX— offering oil-storage futures contracts in March 2015.[33] Traders and producers can buy and sell the right to store certain types of oil.[33]

text: By 5 March 2015, as oil production outpaces oil demand by 1.5 million barrels a day, storage capacity globally is dwindling. Crude oil is stored in old salt mines, in tanks and on tankers.[33] In the United States alone, according to data from the Energy Information Administration, U.S. crude-oil supplies are at almost 70% of the U. S. storage capacity, the highest to capacity ratio since 1935.[33]

text: Comparative cost of production[edit]

text:
Oil and gas barrel production Cost, March 2016[39]

Country
Gross
taxes
Capital
spending
Production
costs
Admin
transport
Total

UK
$0
$22.67
$17.36
$4.30
$44.33

Brazil
$6.66
$16.09
$9.45
$2.80
$34.99

Nigeria
$4.11
$13.10
$8.81
$2.97
$28.99

Venezuela
$10.48
$6.66
$7.94
$2.54
$27.62

Canada
$2.48
$9.69
$11.56
$2.92
$26.64

U.S. Shale
$6.42
$7.56
$5.85
$3.52
$23.35

Norway
$0.19
$13.76
$4.24
$3.12
$21.31

U.S. non-shale
$5.03
$7.70
$5.15
$3.11
$20.99

Indonesia
$1.55
$7.65
$6.87
$3.63
$19.71

Russia
$8.44
$5.10
$2.98
$2.69
$19.21

Iraq
$0.91
$5.03
$2.16
$2.47
$10.57

Iran
$0
$4.48
$1.94
$2.67
$9.08

Saudi Arabia
$0
$3.50
$3.00
$2.49
$8.98

text: Future projections[edit]

text: Peak oil is the period when the maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached, after which the rate of production enters terminal decline. It relates to a long-term decline in the available supply of petroleum. This, combined with increasing demand, will significantly increase the worldwide prices of petroleum derived products. Most significant will be the availability and price of liquid fuel for transportation.

text: The US Department of Energy in the Hirsch report indicates that "The problems associated with world oil production peaking will not be temporary, and past "energy crisis" experience will provide relatively little guidance."[40] The 2014 United Nations World Economic Situation and Prospects report notes that "Oil prices were on a downward trend in the first half of 2013 (after a spike in January and February caused by geopolitical tensions with Iran), as global demand for oil weakened along with the deceleration in world economic growth overall." [41]

text: Impact of declining oil price[edit]

text: A major rise or decline in oil price can have both economic and political impacts. The decline on oil price during 1985–1986 is considered to have contributed to the fall of the Soviet Union.[42] Low oil prices could alleviate some of the negative effects associated with the resource curse, such as authoritarian rule[43][44][45][46][47] and gender inequality.[48][49] Lower oil prices could however also lead to domestic turmoil and diversionary war. The reduction in food prices that follows lower oil prices could have positive impacts on violence globally.[50]

text: Research shows that declining oil prices make oil-rich states less bellicose.[51] Low oil prices could also make oil-rich states engage more in international cooperation, as they become more dependent on foreign investments.[52] The influence of the United States reportedly increases as oil prices decline, at least judging by the fact that "both oil importers and exporters vote more often with the United States in the United Nations General Assembly" during oil slumps.[50]

text: Lower oil prices lead to greater global trade.[53]

text: Declining oil prices may boost consumer oriented stocks but may hurt oil-based stocks.[54][55] It is estimated that 17–18% of S&P would decline with declining oil prices.

text: The oil importing economies like EU, Japan, China or India would benefit, however the oil producing countries would lose.[56][57][58] A Bloomberg article presents results of an analysis by Oxford Economics on the GDP growth of countries as a result of a drop from $84 to $40. It shows the GDP increase between 0.5% to 1.0% for India, USA and China, and a decline of greater than 3.5% from Saudi Arabia and Russia. A stable price of $60 would add 0.5 percentage point to global gross domestic product.[59]

text: Katina Stefanova has argued that falling oil prices do not imply a recession and a decline in stock prices.[60] Liz Ann Sonders, Chief Investment Strategist at Charles Schwab, had earlier written that that positive impact on consumers and businesses outside of the energy sector, which is a larger portion of the US economy will outweigh the negatives.[61] Taking cues from a legendary oil investor, Harold Hamm, ranked as one of the richest men in the world by Forbes, Shawn Baldwin, Chairman of alternative investment firm The AIA Group, speculates that oil prices will rise by year-end 2016 from current levels.[62]

text: Oil glut[edit]

text: Economists have observed that the 2015-2016 oil glut also known as 2010s oil glut started with a considerable time-lag, more than six years after the beginning of the Great Recession: "the price of oil [had] stabilized at a relatively high level (around $100 a barrel) unlike all previous recessionary cycles since 1980 (start of First Persian Gulf War). But nothing guarantee[d] such price levels in perpetuity".[63]

text: During 2014–2015, OPEC members consistently exceeded their production ceiling, and China experienced a marked slowdown in economic growth. At the same time, U.S. oil production nearly doubled from 2008 levels, due to substantial improvements in shale "fracking" technology in response to record oil prices. A combination of factors led a plunge in U.S. oil import requirements and a record high volume of worldwide oil inventories in storage, and a collapse in oil prices that continues into 2016.[64][65][66]

text: It has also been argued that the collapse in oil prices in 2015 should be very beneficial for developed western economies, who are generally oil importers and aren't over exposed to declining demand from China.[67] In the Asia-Pacific region, exports and economic growth were at significant risk across economies reliant on commodity exports as an engine of growth. The most vulnerable economies were those with a high dependence on fuel and mineral exports to China, such as: Korea DPR, Mongolia and Turkmenistan – where primary commodity exports account for 59–99% of total exports and more than 50% of total exports are destined to China. The decline in China’s demand for commodities also adversely affected the growth of exports and GDP of large commodity-exporting economies such as Australia (minerals) and the Russian Federation (fuel). On the other hand, lower commodity prices led to an improvement in the trade balance – through lower the cost of raw materials and fuels – across commodity importing economies, particularly Cambodia, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal and other remote island nations (Kiribati, Maldives, Micronesia (F.S), Samoa, Tonga, and Tuvalu) which are highly dependent on fuel and agricultural imports [68]

text: The North Sea oil and gas industry was financially stressed by the reduced oil prices, and called for government support in May 2016.[69]

text: Hedging as risk management[edit]

text: The use of hedging using commodity derivatives as a risk management tool on price exposure to liquidity and earnings, has been long established in North America. Chief Financial Officers (CFOS) use derivatives to dampen, remove or mitigate price uncertainty.[70] Bankers also use hedge funds to more "safely increase leverage to smaller oil and gas companies."[70] However, when not properly used, "derivatives can multiply losses"[70] particularly in North American where investors are more comfortable with higher levels of risk than in other countries.[70]

text: With the large number of bankruptcies as reported by Deloitte[18] "funding [for upstream oil industry] is shrinking and hedges are unwinding."[16] "Some oil producers are also choosing to liquidate hedges for a quick infusion of cash, a risky bet."[17]

text: "Access to capital markets, bankers' support and derivatives protection, which helped smooth an otherwise rocky road, are fast waning...The roughly 175 companies at risk of bankruptcy have more than $150 billion in debt, with the slipping value of secondary stock offerings and asset sales further hindering their ability to generate cash."

text: To finance exploration and production of the unconventional shale oil industry in the United States, "hundreds of billions of dollars of capital came from non-bank participants [non-bank buyers of bank energy credits] in leveraged loans] that were thought at the time to be low risk.[71] However, with the oil glut that continued into 2016, about a third of oil companies are facing bankruptcy.[18] While investors were aware that there was a risk that the operator might declare bankruptcy, they felt protected because "they had come in at the 'bank' level, where there was a senior claim on the assets [and] they could get their capital returned."[70]

text: By 2012,[70]

text: "... in recent years the combination of the development of large resource plays in the US and the emergence of business models designed to ensure consistent dividend payouts to investors has led to the development of more aggressive hedging policies in companies and less restrictive covenants in bank loans."

text: A classic example of taking on too much risk through hedging is the 1982 collapse of Penn Square Bank caused by plummeting of the price of oil in 1981.[71] Penn Square Bank had lent too much to Exploration and Production E&P operators. Penn Square Bank caused the failure of Seafirst in 1982 and then Continental Illinois.[71] When they failed and were liquidated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) the non-bank buyers or participants of bank energy credits of these leveraged loans participants were considered by to be 'unsecured claims,' not 'true sales' and they were not able to collect any capital.[71]

text: At the 5th annual World Pensions Forum in 2015, Jeffrey Sachs advised institutional investors to divest from carbon-reliant oil industry firms in their pension fund's portfolio.[72]

text: 2015–16 prices: The lows of January 2016[73][edit]

text: Because of oversupply and lack of agreements between oil-producing countries members of the OPEC (Saudi Arabia in particular, which pumped at world's records) and also because of lack of coordinated efforts between OPEC and Non-OPEC countries (Russian being a big player, refusing to reduce production) the price of oil fell rapidly in 2015 and continued to slide in 2016 causing the cost of WTI crude to fall to a 10-year low of $26.55 on January 20. The average price of oil in January 2016 was well below $35. Oil did not recover until April 2016, when oil went above the $45 mark.

text: By 20 January 2016, the OPEC Reference Basket was down to US$22.48/bbl—less than one-fourth of its high from June 2014 ($110.48), less than one-sixth of its record from July 2008 ($147.27), and back below the April 2003 starting point ($23.27) of its historic run-up.[66]


document_title: List of The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius episodes

question_text: when did the last episode of jimmy neutron end

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

Pilots
2
September 7, 1998
December 21, 2001

1
20
July 20, 2002 (2002-07-20)[1]
September 5, 2003 (2003-09-05)[1]

2
20
September 19, 2003 (2003-09-19)[2]
July 9, 2004 (2004-07-09)[2]

Specials
3
May 7, 2004 (2004-05-07)
July 21, 2006 (2006-07-21)

3
21
November 11, 2004 (2004-11-11)[3]
November 25, 2006 (2006-11-25)[3]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Pilot and Film (1998, 2001)[edit]

text:
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

"Runaway Rocketboy!"
John A. Davis
John A. Davis and Steve Oedekerk
Story by: John A. Davis
September 7, 1998 (1998-09-07)

Jimmy (voiced by Debi Derryberry) runs away after his parents ground him for launching Carl (voiced by Rob Paulsen) off the roof, but soon discovers King Goobot and his henchman, Ooblar, trying to take over the world. While Hugh and Judy Neutron are talking about Jimmy returning home, Jimmy thwarts their plot, and returns home. The episode ends with Carl coming into the house and asking if he can use their toilet.

"Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius"
John A. Davis
John A. Davis, Steve Oedekerk, J. David Stem and David N. Weiss
Story by: John A. Davis and Steve Oedekerk
December 21, 2001 (2001-12-21)

An extremely intelligent ten-year-old boy and his friends must rescue their parents after they are abducted by aliens.

text: Season 1 (2002–2003)[edit]

text: Unlike Season 2 or 3, Season 1 of Jimmy Neutron takes a more comical approach to the show, with little development of Jimmy and Cindy's relationship.

text:
Jimmy, Carl, and Sheen are present for all episodes.
Cindy was absent for 5 episodes.
Libby was absent for 7 episodes.
Hugh was absent for 3 episodes.
Judy was absent for 5 episodes.
Goddard was absent for 4 episodes.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [1]

1
1
"When Pants Attack"
Keith Alcorn
Teleplay by: Steven Banks
Story by: Gordon Bressack & Charles M. Howell
July 20, 2002 (2002-07-20)[4]

Jimmy, Carl, Sheen, and Cindy are attacked by their own pairs of pants resulting from a new invention gone awry, eventually setting off a chain reaction for all of the other pants in town.

2a
2a
"Normal Boy"
Keith Alcorn
Jed Spingarn
September 6, 2002 (2002-09-06)

Jimmy wants to be a normal boy because his classmates are making fun of how smart he is. However, his brain-draining invention glitches and instead causes him to become unintelligent and goofy, just when a meteor is about to hit the planet Earth. Jimmy's friends must work together to help him return to his genius self before the meteor destroys Earth.

2b
2b
"Birth of a Salesman"
Keith Alcorn
Steven Banks
September 6, 2002 (2002-09-06)

Jimmy invents a salesman robot to win in a fundraiser contest against Cindy.

3a
3a
"Brobot"
Keith Alcorn
Evan Gore & Heather Lombard
Story by: John A. Davis
September 13, 2002 (2002-09-13)

When his friends are too busy to help test his new pogo stick, Jimmy invents a little brother robot who soon becomes annoying.

3b
3b
"The Big Pinch"
Keith Alcorn
Jed Spingarn
September 13, 2002 (2002-09-13)

Wanting to prove Cindy wrong, Jimmy brings Thomas Edison to the present, but is unable to take him back when Edison falls for Ms. Fowl.
Absent: Hugh, Judy

4a
4a
"Granny Baby"
Keith Alcorn
Andrew Nicholls & Darrell Vickers
September 20, 2002 (2002-09-20)

When Granny Neutron visits while his folks are away, Jimmy accidentally turns her into a baby and must look after her while simultaneously working on an antidote so he can change her back to normal before his folks return home.

4b
4b
"Time is Money"
Keith Alcorn
Steve Oedekerk
September 20, 2002 (2002-09-20)

The Neutrons become rich after Jimmy goes back in time to convince his dad to invest in McSpanky's burger joint.
Absent: Cindy, Libby

5a
5a
"Raise the Oozy Scab"
Mike Gasaway
Jed Spingarn
September 27, 2002 (2002-09-27)

Jimmy, Carl, Sheen, and Cindy go underwater in a submarine to look for treasure, only to find out it wasn't what they expected.
Absent: Hugh, Judy

5b
5b
"I Dream of Jimmy"
Keith Alcorn
Andrew Nicholls & Darrell Vickers
September 27, 2002 (2002-09-27)

Carl is having a problem with his nightmares, so he convinces Jimmy to help him. However, Carl accidentally gets Jimmy stuck in his next dream and Jimmy has to find his way out.
Absent: Libby

6a
6a
"Jimmy on Ice"
Keith Alcorn & Mike Gasaway
Gene Grillo
October 4, 2002 (2002-10-04)

Jimmy freezes Retroville on a hot day, sending the town into a second ice age. Later, he has to find a way to melt the large amounts of snow and ice.
Absent: Goddard

6b
6b
"Battle of the Band"
Keith Alcorn
Spencer Green
October 4, 2002 (2002-10-04)

Jimmy, Carl, and Sheen form a rock band so they can beat Cindy and Libby in the school talent show, but their friendship is nearly destroyed.

7a
7a
"See Jimmy Run"
Keith Alcorn
Butch Hartman & Steve Marmel
October 14, 2002 (2002-10-14)

Wanted to beat Cindy in a running race at their elementary school, Jimmy gains super speed with his new shoes, but the side effect is that he can't stop running. He tries to figure out a way to get his shoes off of him.
Absent: Goddard

7b
7b
"Trading Faces"
Mike Gasaway
Andrew Nicholls & Darrell Vickers
October 14, 2002 (2002-10-14)

Jimmy and Cindy switch minds (and voices) and need their friends to set them back in their correct bodies.

8a
8a
"The Phantom of Retroland"
Keith Alcorn
Andrew Nicholls & Darrell Vickers
October 25, 2002 (2002-10-25)

Jimmy, Carl, and Sheen go to investigate a supposed "phantom" in Retroland, which turns out to be real.

8b
8b
"My Son, the Hamster"
Mike Gasaway
Gene Grillo
October 25, 2002 (2002-10-25)

Jimmy accidentally switches bodies with Carl's hamster.
Absent: Cindy, Libby

9a
9a
"Hall Monster"
Mike Gasaway
Steven Banks
November 1, 2002 (2002-11-01)

Jimmy becomes hall monitor, but takes it too far when he arrests his friends after abusing his power.
Absent: Judy

9b
9b
"Hypno Birthday to You"
Keith Alcorn
Darwin Vickers
November 1, 2002 (2002-11-01)

Jimmy hypnotizes his parents into thinking that it is his birthday every day, but soon grows bored of it.

10a
10a
"Krunch Time"
Keith Alcorn
Evan Gore & Heather Lombard
November 15, 2002 (2002-11-15)

Jimmy invents a candy everyone becomes addicted to, and the other citizens become enraged when he refuses to give them more of it.

10b
10b
"Substitute Creature"
Mike Gasaway
Darwin Vickers
November 15, 2002 (2002-11-15)

Jimmy accidentally turns Mrs. Fowl into a 50-foot tall, Godzilla-like creature, whom everyone is scared of.

11a
11a
"Safety First"
Mike Gasaway
Andrew Nicholls & Darrell Vickers
November 24, 2002 (2002-11-24)

Jimmy creates two Nanobots designed to fend off bullies, but they end up wreaking havoc.

11b
11b
"Crime Sheen Investigation"
Keith Alcorn
Andrew Nicholls & Darrell Vickers
November 24, 2002 (2002-11-24)

Jimmy investigates the disappearance of Sheen's lost Ultra Lord action figure and uses science to solve it.
Absent: Libby

12a
12a
"Journey to the Center of Carl"
Keith Alcorn
Steven Banks
January 31, 2003 (2003-01-31)

Jimmy invents a sick patch that is guaranteed to get the wearer out of having to attend school. It, unfortunately, ends up making everyone sick, so Jimmy and Sheen go travel inside of Carl's body to fight his germs and create a vaccine.

12b
12b
"Aaughh!! Wilderness!!"
Mike Gasaway
Gene Grillo
January 31, 2003 (2003-01-31)

Jimmy, Carl, and Sheen are camping with Hugh, but end up in trouble with a bear.
Absent: Cindy, Libby

13a
13a
"Party at Neutron's"
Keith Alcorn
Steven Banks
February 17, 2003 (2003-02-17)

Jimmy throws a party without his parents' permission, which he must end quickly before they return.

13b
13b
"Ultra Sheen"
Keith Alcorn
Gene Grillo
February 17, 2003 (2003-02-17)

Using Jimmy's newest invention, Sheen travels inside his favorite video game to meet his hero, Ultra Lord. But when he ends up on a challenging level, Jimmy and Carl manage to save him.
Absent: Goddard, Hugh, Judy, Cindy, Libby

14a
14a
"Broadcast Blues"
Mike Gasaway
Gene Grillo
March 14, 2003 (2003-03-14)

Jimmy creates his own science TV show, which Cindy and Libby's dance show competes with.

14b
14b
"Professor Calamitous, I Presume"
Mike Gasaway
Steven Banks
March 14, 2003 (2003-03-14)

Jimmy's rival, Professor Calamitous, tries to take over Retroville.

15

16
15

16
"The Egg-pire Strikes Back"
Mike Gasaway
Jed Spingarn
April 25, 2003 (2003-04-25)

Jimmy's worst enemies, the Yolkians from the theatrical film, come back and pretend to be nice, but Jimmy suspects something about the Yolkian's evil plan, leading the town to turn against him and attend a Yolkian party. At the same time, the Yolkians trick Cindy into helping them in their evil plan and Cindy, upon realizing that it is her fault when the Yolkians manage to resurrect Poultra, reforms herself by convincing the town to work with Jimmy to defeat the Yolkians.

17a
17a
"Maximum Hugh"
Keith Alcorn
John Crane
May 27, 2003 (2003-05-27)

Jimmy invents a sweatband to help his dad perform better at the parent-child games, but he and his dad are disqualified for cheating along with Cindy and her mom.

17b
17b
"Sleepless in Retroville"
Mike Gasaway
Steven Banks
May 27, 2003 (2003-05-27)

Jimmy invents a new sleep-over machine when Carl and Sheen come over for the night. Things take a scary twist, however, when Carl accidentally creates a pizza monster from tampering with the machine, and the three end up being chased, but are able to stop him with light. The pizza monster then wakes up and discovers that the whole event was a nightmare while he was sleeping.
Absent: Cindy, Libby

18
18
"Make Room for Daddy-O"
Keith Alcorn
Steven Banks
June 6, 2003 (2003-06-06)

Jimmy makes his dad, Hugh more "cool", while dealing with some major flaws.

19
19
"A Beautiful Mine"
Mike Gasaway
Gene Grillo
August 1, 2003 (2003-08-01)

Jimmy, Carl, Sheen, Cindy, and Libby search for rare jewels on an asteroid, but become extremely greedy very soon after. Things get worse when aliens on the same asteroid plan to vaporize them.

20
20
"Sorry, Wrong Era"
Keith Alcorn
Gene Grillo
September 5, 2003 (2003-09-05)

Jimmy has invented a Time Replay Remote, which he uses as part of a prank pulled on Cindy and Libby. However, Hugh sees the invention and, in borrowing it to see how it works very well, accidentally sends Jimmy, Carl and Sheen back 200 million years. Now, the boys must work to avoid the prehistoric dinosaurs and get back to the present. Meanwhile, Hugh begins experimenting himself going forward and reverse in time with the Remote, thus annoying the people in Retroville.

text: Season 2 (2003–2004)[edit]

text: In contrast to season one, 22-minute episodes became the norm for season two. It took a mature and slightly more serious approach to the show.

text:
Jimmy, Carl, and Sheen are present for all episodes.
Cindy was absent for 4 episodes.
Libby was absent for 5 episodes.
Goddard and Judy was absent for 3 episodes.
Hugh was absent for 2 episodes.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [2]

21
1
"Beach Party Mummy"
Keith Alcorn
Steven Banks
September 19, 2003 (2003-09-19)

Jimmy, Carl, Sheen, Cindy, and Libby travel to Egypt to find the ruins of the tomb of Queen Howsaboutaslapya, only to discover she's actually Libby's ancestor.
Absent: Goddard, Judy and Hugh

22a
2a
"The Retroville 9"
Keith Alcorn
Steven Banks
October 3, 2003 (2003-10-03)

Jimmy, Carl, Sheen, Cindy, and Libby create an excellent baseball team with Jimmy's improved baseball equipment.

22b
2b
"Grumpy Young Men"
Keith Alcorn
Andrew Nicholls & Darrell Vickers
October 3, 2003 (2003-10-03)

Jimmy, Carl, and Sheen turn themselves into old men in order to buy an M-rated video game. But, they have to get back to their school ages before they turn to dust at 6:03.

23

24
3

4
"Operation: Rescue Jet Fusion"
Mike Gasaway
Steven Banks
October 13, 2003 (2003-10-13)

In a salute to spy films like the James Bond series, Jimmy teams up with his idol, actor and spy Jet Fusion, to save the world yet again from Professor Calamitious.

25
5
"Nightmare in Retroville"
Mike Gasaway
Steven Banks
October 29, 2003 (2003-10-29)

Jimmy creates a device that turns his friends into actual horror film monsters for Halloween costumes.

26a
6a
"Monster Hunt"
Mike Gasaway
Gene Grillo
November 11, 2003 (2003-11-11)

A rumor spreads that a lake monster is terrorizing Retroville, but Jimmy thinks otherwise.

26b
6b
"Jimmy for President"
Mike Gasaway
Steven Banks
November 11, 2003 (2003-11-11)

Jimmy runs for class president against Libby, Sheen and foreign exchange student Bolbi, and Carl ends up being forced by each of them to vote for them.

27
7
"Return of the Nanobots"
Mike Gasaway
Gene Grillo
November 14, 2003 (2003-11-14)

The Nanobots escape from Jimmy's lab and wreak havoc by "deleting" the citizens of Retroville and trapping them in a virtual trash bin.

28
8
"Holly Jolly Jimmy"
Mike Gasaway
Gene Grillo
December 8, 2003 (2003-12-08)

After Jimmy accidentally knocks out "non-existent" Santa Claus while he says that Santa Claus doesn't exist, he goes out to deliver all of the presents.

29
9
"Love Potion 976/J"
Keith Alcorn
Gene Grillo
February 13, 2004 (2004-02-13)

Jimmy creates a love potion for his friends that makes them fall in love with the first person they see: Jimmy falls for Cindy, Carl for Jimmy's Mom - Judy, and Sheen for Libby.

30
10
"Sheen's Brain"
Mike Gasaway
Jed Spingarn
March 8, 2004 (2004-03-08)

After Sheen fails a history test, Jimmy increases Sheen's brain to be larger and smarter. However, Sheen soon becomes evil and mad with power with his new supreme mental abilities, and proclaims himself king. Jimmy and Carl must stop Sheen from taking over Retroville, and the entire planet, by convincing him to drain his brain back to normal.

31a
11a
"Maternotron Knows Best"
Keith Alcorn
Andrew Nicholls & Darrell Vickers
March 9, 2004 (2004-03-09)

Feeling unappreciated around the house, Judy takes a week off at a spa, with Jimmy inventing a replacement robo-mother. Things go awry when the robo-mother goes out of control, but Judy manages to save her son.
Absent: Cindy, Libby

31b
11b
"Send in the Clones"
Keith Alcorn
Steven Banks
March 9, 2004 (2004-03-09)

To avoid his chores, Jimmy makes clones of himself, including an optimist, a pessimist, a tough-talker, a French romantic, a comedian, and an evildoer. However, the clones cause trouble in Retroville rather than doing his chores. After freezing the other clones and only one had escaped, the real Jimmy takes the blame and the citizens of Retroville, including Carl, Sheen and Cindy, become upset with him and even the mob chases Jimmy in retribution.
Absent: Libby

32a
12a
"The Great Egg Heist"
Mike Gasaway
Gene Grillo
March 10, 2004 (2004-03-10)

Jimmy, Carl, Sheen, Cindy and Libby search for a precious egg, which is needed to save a princess from her evil relative, in a museum.

32b
12b
"The Feud"
Mike Gasaway
Gene Grillo
March 10, 2004 (2004-03-10)

Jimmy and Carl are forbidden to see one another as their parents are fighting against each other.
Absent: Cindy, Libby

33
13
"Out, Darn Spotlight"
Mike Gasaway
Steven Banks
March 11, 2004 (2004-03-11)

Jimmy joins his school play, "MacBeth in Space" to spend more time with his crush, Betty Quinlan. However, he only makes the special effects and Nick is assigned the lead role. When Nick hurts himself skateboarding, Jimmy rushes to save the play and takes Nick's place as the lead role.
Absent: Goddard

34
14
"The Junkman Cometh"
Mike Gasaway
Steven Banks
March 12, 2004 (2004-03-12)

Jimmy attempts to rescue Brobot and his parents from the Junkman's ship.
Absent: Cindy, Libby, Judy, Hugh

35a
15a
"Foul Bull"
Keith Alcorn & Kirby Atkins
Andrew Nicholls & Darrell Vickers
March 26, 2004 (2004-03-26)

Miss Fowl takes her students on a trip to a rodeo.
Absent: Judy, Goddard

35b
15b
"The Science Fair Affair"
Keith Alcorn & Kirby Atkins
John P. McCann
March 26, 2004 (2004-03-26)

Jimmy is banned from the school science fair after Cindy convinces Principal Willoughby that he is too smart to compete.

36
16
"Men at Work"
Mike Gasaway
Andrew Nicholls & Darrell Vickers
May 26, 2004 (2004-05-26)

Jimmy's newest invention requires pure gold, but when their gold for the invention is destroyed, they get jobs at a fast food diner, McSpanky's burger joint. Management's unfair treatment of Jimmy drives him to revamp the whole restaurant.

37a
17a
"The Mighty Wheezers"
Keith Alcorn & Kirby Atkins
Gene Grillo
June 7, 2004 (2004-06-07)

Jimmy's parents are on vacation for the week and Jimmy is left with Carl's family. Jimmy, thinking the Wheezer family is too nerdy, gives them super powers.
Absent: Cindy, Libby

37b
17b
"Billion Dollar Boy"
Keith Alcorn & Kirby Atkins
Gene Grillo
June 7, 2004 (2004-06-07)

Jimmy meets Eustace Strytch, another boy genius who is a rich showoff as he and Jimmy begin an invention competition.

38

39

40
18

19

20
"Win, Lose and Kaboom!"
Mike Gasaway
Jed Spingarn, Steven Banks & Gene Grillo
July 9, 2004 (2004-07-09)

After the town of Retroville receives a space rock with a message on it, Jimmy is determined to decode the message. After he figures out the message, which is sort of a riddle, Jimmy, Carl, Sheen, Cindy, Libby, Goddard, and Bolbi compete in an intergalactic game show, hosted by Meldar Prime (voiced by Tim Allen), in which the losers get their home planets destroyed.

text: Season 3 (2004–2006)[edit]

text: Different screenshots from newer episodes and sound effects are added to the theme song, with the exception of the episodes "Lights! Camera! Danger!", "Fundemonium", "Stranded", "Jimmy Goes to College", and "Who's Your Mommy?/Clash of the Cousins" replacing the original theme song from the first two seasons.

text:
Jimmy, Carl, and Sheen are present for all episodes.
Cindy was absent for 5 episodes.
Libby was absent for 6 episodes.
Hugh and Judy was absent for 8 episodes.
Goddard was absent for 4 episodes.
After the episode "Attack of the Twonkies", Twonkies in their pre-transformation appearances appear at least once per episode as Easter eggs.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [3]

41

42
1

2
"Attack of the Twonkies"
Keith Alcorn
Jed Spingarn
November 11, 2004 (2004-11-11)

Jimmy visits a comet, and while harvesting dust from the comet's surface accidentally brings a small fluffy alien life-form back to Earth. Carl brings the alien, which he calls a "Twonkie", to class, and it produces multiple offspring. Everyone finds the Twonkies irresistibly adorable and adopts one. However, when the Twonkies hear music they morph into grotesque and vicious monsters. Jimmy and the citizens of Retroville must stop and capture the dangerous rampaging Twonkies and send them back to their comet before it leaves Earth's orbit.
Note: This one-hour episode has a special theme in the beginning.

43
3
"The N-Men"
Mike Gasaway
Gene Grillo
November 27, 2004 (2004-11-27)

While returning from a space voyage, Jimmy and his friends get zapped by the Van Pattern Radiation Belt and gain superpowers. Cindy gains super-strength, Sheen gains super-speed, Libby gains invisibility, and Carl can produce sonic belches. Jimmy simply turns orange and seems to lack powers entirely, resulting in his friends and the townspeople mocking him. However, when Jimmy loses control of his temper due to Cindy's relentless insults, he turns into an orange Hulk-like monster and begins rampaging through Retroville. His friends must figure how to reverse his monstrous transformation so he can save them and himself from radiation poisoning.

44
4
"Lights! Camera! Danger!"
Keith Alcorn
Steven Banks
November 27, 2004 (2004-11-27)

Jimmy, Carl, Sheen, Cindy, and Libby join a movie cast with a demanding director named Quentin Smithee, Professor Calamitous in disguise, who is secretly planning to kill them, and when Hugh is hired as "Donut Boy", he simply doesn't get the point that he won't be in the film.

45
5
"Fundemonium"
Mike Gasaway
Tom Sheppard
May 24, 2005 (2005-05-24)

After losing his job, in order to stay in Retroville, Hugh makes a fortune creating a brand of children's toys that Jimmy secretly modifies in his lab before his father presents the prototypes to the toy company. But the Nanobots trick Jimmy's father into releasing them and using them as batteries for one of his toys. Once inside the toy, the Nanobots plot to destroy Retroville.
Absent: Cindy, Libby

46
6
"Stranded"
Keith Alcorn
Jed Spingarn
May 26, 2005 (2005-05-26)

After an argument between Jimmy and Cindy about the equator, the gang travels in Jimmy's hover car over there. Jimmy and Cindy fall out of the hover car and into the ocean while arguing and become stranded on a deserted island, where they seem to develop feelings for each other without the stress of their everyday lives in the way. Carl, Sheen, and Libby try to disable the autopilot and find their friends somewhere in the ocean.
Absent: Hugh, Judy, Goddard

47
7
"Jimmy Goes to College"
Mike Gasaway
Gene Grillo
May 27, 2005 (2005-05-27)

Jimmy's grades are so great that he is allowed to skip regular school and go directly to college. But when one of the students becomes jealous of Jimmy, he tries to embarrass him.

48
8
"The Tomorrow Boys"
Keith Alcorn
Christopher Painter
June 17, 2005 (2005-06-17)

After traveling into the future, Jimmy, Carl and Sheen find out Libby can be the future dictator of the world and now they must save Libby in the present.
Absent: Hugh, Judy

49

50
9

10
"The League of Villains"
Mike Gasaway
Steven Banks
June 18, 2005 (2005-06-18)[5]

King Goobot returns once more, and recruits every villain Jimmy has ever defeated to be part of his new army to get revenge on him.

51a
11a
"Who's Your Mommy?"
Mike Gasaway
Christopher Painter
June 20, 2005 (2005-06-20)

Carl gets infected by a "face-hugging" parasite, and becomes pregnant with an electric Space Jellyfish Baby.

51b
11b
"Clash of the Cousins"
Mike Gasaway
Gene Grillo
June 20, 2005 (2005-06-20)

Jimmy and his parents go to the Neutron's little family reunion to see Hugh's family. Apparently, someone is trying to destroy the family and Jimmy is blamed for destroying the stuff at the reunion. As it turns out, Baby Eddie is the one trying to ruin the reunion and Jimmy must prove his innocence and have his name cleared for something that he didn't do to save the reunion with the help of his friends, Carl and Sheen and his uncle and Hugh's twin-brother, Gomer.
Absent: Cindy, Libby

52
12
"My Big Fat Spy Wedding"
Mike Gasaway
Steven Banks
July 22, 2005 (2005-07-22)

Jimmy tries to prevent Jet Fusion from marrying a criminal, Beautiful Gorgeous, the daughter of Professor Calamitous.
Absent: Judy, Hugh

53
13
"Crouching Jimmy, Hidden Sheen"
Mike Gasaway
Jed Spingarn
November 18, 2005 (2005-11-18)

Libby is captured by ninjas and Sheen must learn kung fu to save her.
Absent: Judy, Hugh

54
14
"The Incredible Shrinking Town"
Keith Alcorn
Steven Banks
January 23, 2006 (2006-01-23)

Jimmy shrinks the whole town of Retroville.

55a
15a
"One of Us"
Keith Alcorn
Steven Banks
January 24, 2006 (2006-01-24)

A children's show has hypnotizing powers and turns the town of Retroville against Jimmy.

55b
15b
"Vanishing Act"
Keith Alcorn
Christopher Painter
January 24, 2006 (2006-01-24)

Jimmy spends time with the magician Spamdini, which ultimately sends him and his friends on an interdimensional adventure.
Absent: Judy, Hugh

56
16
"The Trouble with Clones"
Mike Gasaway
Gene Grillo
January 25, 2006 (2006-01-25)

Jimmy tracks down his evil clone once again and attempts to turn him good, but the clone has other ideas. Evil Jimmy creates a dark matter chip, producing a corrupted clone of Earth; the real Earth and everyone living on it are at risk fading into oblivion. Jimmy must stop his evil clone's plan before it is too late.

57a
17a
"The Evil Beneath"
Keith Alcorn
Tom Sheppard
January 26, 2006 (2006-01-26)

Jimmy travels to the Bahama Quadrangle.
Absent: Goddard, Cindy, Libby, Hugh, Judy

57b
17b
"Carl Wheezer: Boy Genius"
Keith Alcorn
Steven Banks
January 26, 2006 (2006-01-26)

Carl wants to impress a girl by pretending to be a genius, and making Jimmy seem unintelligent in comparison to him.
Absent: Cindy, Libby

58a
18a
"Who Framed Jimmy Neutron?"
Keith Alcorn
Steven Banks
January 27, 2006 (2006-01-27)

Jimmy is framed for a crime he didn't commit and goes to jail along with Carl and Sheen and Jimmy must clear his name for something that he didn't do with the help of a local hillbilly.
Absent: Libby, Goddard

58b
18b
"Flippy"
Keith Alcorn
Jed Spingarn
January 27, 2006 (2006-01-27)

Worried that his father can embarrass him at school, Jimmy installs a chip in Hugh's ventriloquist dummy that makes him tell good jokes. But when Flippy the dummy begins to malevolently possess Hugh and drain his brain, Jimmy must save his father and change Flippy back to normal.
Absent: Goddard

59a
19a
"How to Sink a Sub"
Keith Alcorn
Gene Grillo
November 17, 2006 (2006-11-17)[6]

After Jimmy sends the teachers of his school away for one week, the parents of Retroville fill in as the parents act bizarre.

59b
19b
"Lady Sings the News"
Keith Alcorn
Jed Spingarn
November 17, 2006 (2006-11-17)

The kids start a news show, and Libby gets carried away with her gossip segment revealing Jimmy and Cindy dating, and at the end, Jimmy kisses Cindy.
Absent: Goddard

60
20
"King of Mars"
Mike Gasaway
Gene Grillo
November 25, 2006 (2006-11-25)

Eustace returns and plans to take over Mars, but Eustace redeems himself and joins forces with Jimmy and his friends.
Absent: Hugh, Judy

61a
21a
"El Magnifico"
Keith Alcorn
Christopher Painter
November 25, 2006 (2006-11-25)

Jimmy turns Sheen's dad into a superhero.
Absent: Cindy, Libby

61b
21b
"Best in Show"
Keith Alcorn
Steven Banks
November 25, 2006 (2006-11-25)

Goddard runs away from home after losing a pet show and Jimmy, Carl, and Sheen try to find him.
Absent: Hugh, Judy

text: Specials (2004–2006)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date

1
"The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour"
May 7, 2004 (2004-05-07)

Jimmy Neutron and Timmy Turner end in each other's worlds and must work together with the other's group of friends to return things back to normal.

2
"The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 2: When Nerds Collide!"
January 16, 2006 (2006-01-16)

Jimmy and Timmy fight over Cindy, while also attempting to save Dimmsdale from the Anti-Fairies and Retroville from Professor Calamitous. For the first time, Jimmy's friends end up in Dimmsdale instead of just Jimmy, and Timmy's fairies end up in Retroville instead of just Timmy.
Absent: Hugh, Judy

3
"The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 3: The Jerkinators!"
July 21, 2006 (2006-07-21)

Jimmy and Timmy join forces to save both of their universes from getting destroyed by an evil monster of their own creation, which almost leads to losing their friends.
Absent: Goddard

text: Home media[edit]

text:
Region 1

Title
Season(s)
Episode count
Release date
Episodes

Confusion Fusion
1
9
May 27, 2003
"When Pants Attack", "Normal Boy", "Birth of a Salesman", "Brobot", "The Big Pinch", "Granny Baby", "Time is Money", "Jimmy on Ice", and "Battle of the Band"

Sea of Trouble
1
10
October 7, 2003
"Raise the Oozy Scab", "The Phantom of Retroland", "Hypno Birthday to You", "Hall Monster", "Trading Faces", "Journey to the Center of Carl", "I Dream of Jimmy", "Substitute Creature", "Broadcast Blues", and "Professor Calamitous, I Presume"

Jet Fusion
1, 2
7
February 3, 2004
"Operation: Rescue Jet Fusion", "My Son, the Hamster", "See Jimmy Run", "Krunch Time", "Safety First", "The Retroville 9", and "Grumpy Young Men"

Jimmy Timmy Power Hour
1, 2
4
May 11, 2004
The first Jimmy Timmy Power Hour, "Crime Sheen Investigation", "Sleepless in Retroville", and "Maximum Hugh"

Attack of the Twonkies
1–3
4
November 16, 2004
"Attack of the Twonkies", "Send in the Clones", "A Beautiful Mine", and "The Junkman Cometh"

Nick Picks Vol. 1
2
1
May 24, 2005
The first Jimmy Timmy Power Hour

Nick Picks Vol. 2
1
1
October 18, 2005
"Sleepless in Retroville"

Nick Picks Vol. 3
1
1
February 7, 2006
"Brobot"

Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 2
1–3
3
March 14, 2006
"Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 2: When Nerds Collide!", "I Dream of Jimmy", and "Nightmare in Retroville"

Nick Picks Vol. 4
1
1
June 6, 2006
"The Big Pinch"

Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 3
1–3
3
July 25, 2006
"Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 3: The Jerkinators!", "Ultra Sheen", and "The Feud"

Nick Picks Vol. 5
3
1
March 13, 2007
"The Trouble with Clones"

Nick Picks Vol. 6
3
1
August 7, 2007
"Jimmy Timmy Power Hour #2"

The Best of Season 1
1
16
September 16, 2008
"Brobot", "The Big Pinch", "Normal Boy", "Birth of a Salesman", "Raise the Oozy Scab", "I Dream of Jimmy", "The Egg-pire Strikes Back", "Broadcast Blues", "Professor Calamitous, I Presume", "Hall Monster", "Hypno-Birthday to You", "My Son, the Hamster", "Granny Baby", "Time is Money", "Krunch Time", and "Substitute Creature"

The Best of Season 2
1, 2
14
September 16, 2008
"Nightmare in Retroville", "Sheen's Brain", "Materna-tron Knows Best", "Send in the Clones", "The Great Egg Heist", "The Feud", "The Retroville 9", "Grumpy Young Men", "A Beautiful Mine", "Return of the Nanobots", "Out, Darn Spotlight", "The Junkman Cometh", "Foul Bull", and "The Science Fair Affair"

The Best of Season 3
3
13
September 16, 2008
"Lights! Camera! Danger!", "Crouching Jimmy, Hidden Sheen", "The Incredible Shrinking Town", "One of Us", "Vanishing Act", "Fundemonium", "The Tomorrow Boys", "Who's Your Mommy?", "Clash of the Cousins", "Jimmy Goes to College", "The N-Men", "The Evil Beneath", and "Carl Wheezer, Boy Genius"