document_title: Hurricane Harvey

question_text: where did hurricane harvey make landfall in louisiana

question_tokens: where did hurricane harvey make landfall in louisiana

text: Hurricane Harvey

text: Meteorological history[edit]

text: Formation and initial degeneration (Caribbean)[edit]

text: At the beginning of August 13, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring a tropical wave on the western coast of Africa. Amid favorable environmental conditions, the wave was expected to merge with a broad area of low pressure to its east southwest of Cape Verde and gradually organize thereafter.[8] Instead, the two disturbances remained separate, with the broad trough continuing westward and the tropical wave moving farther north, eventually becoming Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten.[9] On August 17, shower and thunderstorm activity in association with the trough began to show signs of organization,[10] while high-resolution satellite showed an increasingly defined low-level circulation.[11] As such, the NHC initiated advisories on a potential tropical cyclone, allowing tropical storm watches and warnings to be hoisted for portions of the Lesser Antilles.[12] An Air Force Reserve Hurricane Hunter aircraft deployed to the disturbance later that afternoon found a well-defined center and tropical storm-force winds, prompting the NHC to upgrade it to Tropical Storm Harvey at 21:00 UTC.[13]

text: Following its designation, the cyclone moved swiftly westward into the Caribbean Sea under the influence of an expansive ridge of high pressure to its north. An environment of moderate wind shear complicated the weather of the storm's intensity, with global forecast models suggesting dissipation in the central Caribbean, whereas statistical and hurricane models suggested the potential for Harvey to be near hurricane strength in later days.[13] Over the next day, the storm changed little in structure, remaining poorly organized with its low-level center on the eastern edge of associated deep convection.[14] Harvey's presentation began to deteriorate early on August 19; its convective pattern became elongated while the circulation became less defined. In fact, a reconnaissance aircraft was unable to find a loosely-closed circulation at 850 mb (4,781 ft), though it did locate one at lower levels.[15] Harvey was downgraded to a tropical depression at 21:00 UTC on August 19;[16] six hours later, based on continued data from a reconnaissance aircraft, it was declared an open tropical wave.[17]

text: Early on August 20, the NHC began monitoring the remnants of Harvey for redevelopment. Although the effects of strong upper-level winds and dry air were expected to limit development in the near-term, conditions were expected to become more conducive to tropical storm and hurricane conditions when the disturbance entered the northwestern Caribbean Sea, and especially in the Bay of Campeche.[18] Despite an increase in convective organization, the disturbance still lacked a well-defined center as it approached the Yucatán Peninsula.[19] While traversing inland, satellite images and surface observations indicated that the circulation became better defined.[20]

text: Regeneration, peak intensity, and stalling (Gulf of Mexico)[edit]

text: A reconnaissance aircraft investigating the remnants of Harvey around 15:00 UTC on August 23 indicated that it once again acquired a well-defined center, and the NHC upgraded it to a tropical depression accordingly.[21] The system began to slowly consolidate amid an increasingly favorable environment,[22] attaining tropical storm intensity by 06:00 UTC on August 24.[23] Later that morning, Harvey began to undergo rapid intensification as an eye developed and its central pressure quickly fell.[24] By 17:00 UTC, the storm was upgraded to the third hurricane of the season.[25] Slight entrainment of dry air slowed the intensification process, however, by the next day, Harvey was able to quickly strengthen into a Category 3 major hurricane by 19:00 UTC.[26] Further deepening occurred as the storm approached the coast of Texas, with Harvey becoming a Category 4 hurricane at 23:00 UTC, based on reconnaissance aircraft data.[27] Around 03:00 UTC on August 26, the hurricane made landfall at peak intensity at Rockport with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and an atmospheric pressure of 938 mbar (27.7 inHg).[28] Harvey became the first major hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Wilma in 2005 and the strongest in terms of wind speed to hit the country since Charley in 2004. It was the first hurricane to strike Texas since Hurricane Ike in 2008,[29] the first major hurricane in the state since Bret in 1999, and the strongest in Texas since Carla in 1961.[30]

text: After striking land, the storm moved over the Copano Bay and made a second landfall in Texas just north of Holiday Beach at 06:00 UTC on August 26 as a Category 3 hurricane.[31] Afterwards, rapid weakening ensued as its speed slowed dramatically to a crawl, and Harvey weakened to a tropical storm at 18:00 UTC on August 26.[32] For about two days the storm stalled just inland, dropping very heavy rainfall and causing widespread flash flooding. Harvey's center drifted back towards the southeast, positioning itself near or just off the Texas coast at Matagorda by 15:00 UTC on August 28.[33] Once offshore, convection blossomed and allowed the once-exposed low-level circulation to become obscured. An Air Force reconnaissance plane investigating the system during the afternoon of August 29 found that maximum winds had increased to 50 mph (85 km/h).[34] Around 09:00 UTC the next morning, Harvey made its third and final landfall just west of Cameron, Louisiana, with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h).[35]

text: Final landfall and dissipation (Eastern United States)[edit]

text: The system continued north and then north-northeast, weakening to a tropical depression over central Louisiana around 00:00 UTC on August 30.[36] Associated convection with Harvey became focused north of the center and along a warm front on September 1, indicating that the system transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone by 15:00 UTC that day.[37] However, Harvey's remnants continued moving northeastward, while slowly weakening. Late on September 2, the WPC issued its final advisory on Harvey's remnant low, while it was located over Ohio.[38] Harvey's remnants continued to drift northward, before being absorbed by another low pressure system north of Lake Erie, late on September 3.[39]

text: Preparations[edit]

text: Caribbean and Latin America[edit]

text: Tropical cyclone warnings and watches for the Windward Islands were issued starting at 15:00 UTC on August 17, about six hours before Harvey developed. At that time, a tropical storm watch was posted for Dominica, while a tropical storm warning became in effect in Barbados, Martinique, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.[12] All watches and warnings were discontinued by late on August 18, as the storm continued westward into the Caribbean.[40]

text: In Honduras, a green alert was issued for the Atlántida, Islas de la Bahía, Colón, Cortés, Gracias a Dios, Olancho, and Yoro departments. About 8 inches (20 cm) of precipitation was expected along the coast, while inland areas were forecast to receive 2.76 to 3.15 in (7.0 to 8.0 cm) of rain.[41] As the remnants of Harvey approached Mexico, the Civil Protection Secretary of the state of Campeche issued a blue alert, indicting minimal danger.[42] When Harvey redeveloped at 15:00 UTC on August 23, the Government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch in Tamaulipas from Boca De Catan to the mouth of the Rio Grande.[43] The watch remained in effect until 21:00 UTC on August 25, after it became evident that the storm no longer posed a significant threat to that area.[44]

text: United States[edit]

text: FEMA worked with the Coast Guard, Customs and Border Protection, and Immigration and Customs Enforcement to prepare for the storm and its aftermath. The agency placed disaster response teams on standby at emergency posts in Austin, Texas, and Baton Rouge, Louisiana.[45]

text: Video briefings by officials[edit]

text:
Play media

Comments from the White House (begin at 25:50)

Play media

Comments from National Weather Service director Louis Uccellini

Play media

Shelter in place briefing by FEMA

Play media

Comments by the Governor of Texas

text: Texas[edit]

text: Upon the NHC resuming advisories for Harvey at 15:00 UTC on August 23, a hurricane watch was issued in Texas from Port Mansfield to San Luis Pass, while a tropical storm watch was posted from Port Mansfield south to the mouth of the Rio Grande and from San Luis Pass to High Island. Additionally, a storm surge watch became in effect from Port Mansfield to High Island.[43] Additional watches and warnings were posted in these areas at 09:00 UTC on August 24, with a hurricane warning from Port Mansfield to Matagorda; a tropical storm warning from Matagorda to High Island; a hurricane watch and tropical storm warning from Port Mansfield to the Rio Grande; a storm surge warning from Port Mansfield to San Luis Pass; and a storm surge from Port Mansfield to the Rio Grande.[46] The watches and warnings were adjusted accordingly after Harvey moved inland and began weakening, with the warning discontinued at 15:00 UTC on August 26.[47] By 09:00 UTC on the following day, only a tropical storm warning and a storm surge warning remained in effect from Port O'Connor to Sargent. However, watches and warnings were re-issued as Harvey began to re-emerge into the Gulf of Mexico, and beginning at 15:00 UTC on August 28, a tropical storm warning was in effect for the entire Gulf Coast of Texas from High Island northward.[48]

text: Governor Greg Abbott declared a state of emergency for 30 counties on August 23, while mandatory evacuations were issued for Brazoria, Calhoun, Jackson, Refugio, San Patricio, and Victoria counties, as well as parts of Matagorda County.[49] On August 26, Governor Abbott added an additional 20 counties to the state of emergency declaration.[50] Furthermore, the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated by the USGS on behalf of the Governor's Texas Emergency Management Council, including the Texas Division of Emergency Management, thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage.[51]

text: Louisiana[edit]

text: In Louisiana, Governor John Bel Edwards declared a state of emergency for the entire state. A mandatory evacuation was ordered in Cameron Parish for the cities of Big Lake, Cameron, Creole, Grand Chenier, Hackberry, Holly Beach, and Johnson Bayou. Additionally, a voluntary evacuation was ordered in Vermilion Parish for low-lying areas south of State Highway 14. The Louisiana National Guard prepared about 500,000 sandbags and emergency boats and high-water-rescue vehicles were placed on standby should flooding occur. In New Orleans, there were concerns about whether or not the city's drainage system could handle a heavy rainfall event, with only 105 of the 120 water pumps being operational and some power turbines being out of service.[52] The city's public schools, as well as six universities and a medical school, closed on August 29.[53] As Harvey began re-emerging into the Gulf of Mexico on August 28, the tropical storm warning in Texas from Mesquite Bay to High Island was extended eastward into Louisiana to the community of Cameron at 12:00 UTC, while a tropical storm watch was issued from Cameron to Intracoastal City.[48]

text: Effects in the Caribbean and Latin America[edit]

text: Winds left residents throughout Barbados without electricity, with a majority of outages occurring in Christ Church, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, and Saint Michael provinces. Flooding washed one house off its foundation, while water entered some houses, forcing some people to evacuate. Bridges in Saint Andrew and Saint Joseph were damaged. Additionally, a fuel depot in Speightstown was flooded. Winds deroofed a church.[54] In Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, nine homes were flooded and four others experienced wind damage. Also, a tree fell on a school, damaging the building. Blocked drains in Port Elizabeth resulted in more than 15 businesses being flooded. A total of 15 people were housed in shelters after the storm.[1]

text: Strong winds and heavy rainfall also affected Suriname and Guyana. In the former, high winds in the capital city of Paramaribo caused roof damage to the Presidential Palace and two homes, while the Torarica Hotel and Casino suffered structural impact. Additionally, four dwellings were deroofed in Commewijne and three others lost their roofs in Wanica; in the latter, the Ministry of Social Affairs building was damaged by falling trees. In Guyana, the village of Jawalla bore the brunt of the storm. Four homes were demolished, while five other residences and two shops were damaged. Several public buildings were also damaged, including the community center, the village council buildings, the nursery, and public schools. A 29-year-old woman died after her house collapsed on her.[1]

text: Effects in the United States[edit]

text: Texas[edit]

text: Throughout Texas, more than 300,000 people were left without electricity and billions of dollars of property damage was sustained.[50] As of October 14, at least 88 fatalities have been confirmed, most of which were drownings.[2][3] By August 29, 2017 approximately 13,000 people had been rescued across the state while an estimated 30,000 were displaced.[55] The refinery industry capacity was reduced, and oil and gas production was affected in the Gulf of Mexico and inland Texas.[56] On Monday, various news outlets announced the closure of oil refineries ahead of Hurricane Harvey, creating an artificial fuel shortage. Panicked, motorists waited in long lines. Consequently, gas stations through the state were forced to close due to the rush.[57] More than 20 percent of refining capacity was affected[58].

text: More than 48,700 homes were affected by Harvey throughout the state, including over 1,000 that were completely destroyed and more than 17,000 that sustained major damage; approximately 32,000 sustained minor damage. Nearly 700 businesses were damaged as well.[59] Texas Department of Public Safety stated more than 185,000 homes were damaged and 9,000 destroyed.[60]

text: Landfall area[edit]

text: Making landfall as a Category 4, Harvey inflicted tremendous damage across Aransas County.[61] Wind gusts were observed up to 132 mph (212 km/h) near Port Aransas.[62] In Rockport, entire blocks were leveled by the hurricane's winds. The city's courthouse was severely damaged when a cargo trailer was hurled into it, coming to a stop halfway through the structure. The gymnasium of the Rockport-Fulton High School lost multiple walls while the school itself suffered some damage.[61] A Fairfield Inn in the city was severely damaged.[63] One person died in a house fire in the city, unable to be rescued due to the extreme weather conditions.[64] As of August 28, an estimated 30–40 people remain unaccounted for across Aransas County, including 9 in Rockport. Nearly every structure in Port Aransas suffered damage.[61] By the afternoon of August 26, more than 20 in (51 cm) of rain had fallen in the Corpus Christi metropolitan area.[50] All of Victoria was left without water and most had no power.[61]

text: Houston metropolitan area flooding[edit]

text: Many locations in the Houston metropolitan area observed at least 30 in (76 cm) of precipitation,[65] with a maximum of 64.58 in (164.0 cm) in Nederland.[66] This makes Harvey the wettest tropical cyclone on record for both Texas and the United States,[67] surpassing the previous rainfall record held by Tropical Storm Amelia.[68] The local National Weather Service office in Houston observed all-time record daily rainfall accumulations on both August 26 and 27, measured at 14.4 in (37 cm) and 16.08 in (40.8 cm) respectively.[69] Multiple flash flood emergencies were issued in the Houston area by the National Weather Service beginning the night of August 26. In Pearland, a suburb south of Houston, a report was made of 9.92" of rainfall in 90 minutes.[70] The 39.11 in (99.3 cm) of rain in August made the month the wettest ever recorded in Houston since record keeping began in 1892, more than doubling the previous record of 19.21 in (48.8 cm) in June 2001.[71] The storm surge peaked at 6 feet at Port Lavaca,[72][73] reducing outflow of rainwater from land to sea.[74]

text: During the storm, more than 800 Houston area flights were canceled, including 704 at George Bush Intercontinental Airport and 123 at William P. Hobby Airport. Both airports eventually closed.[75] Several tornadoes were spawned in the area, one of which damaged or destroyed the roofs of dozens of homes in Sienna Plantation.[50] As of August 29, 14 fatalities have been confirmed from flooding in the Houston area, including 6 from the same family who died when their van was swept off a flooded bridge.[76] A police officer drowned while trying to escape rising waters.[77]

text: An estimated 25–30 percent of Harris County—roughly 444 mi2 (1,150 km2) of land—was submerged.[55]

text: Late on August 27, a mandatory evacuation was issued for all of Bay City as model projections indicated the downtown area would be inundated by 10 ft (3.0 m) of water. Flooding was anticipated to cut off access to the city around 1:00 p.m. CDT on August 28.[78] Evacuations took place in Conroe on August 28 following release of water from the Lake Conroe dam.[79] On the morning on August 29, a levee along Columbia Lakes in Brazoria County was breached, prompting officials to urgently request for everyone in the area to evacuate.[80][81]

text: On August 28, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began controlled water releases from Addicks and Barker Reservoirs in the Buffalo Bayou watershed in an attempt to manage flood levels in the immediate area. According to the local Corps commander, "It’s going to be better to release the water through the gates directly into Buffalo Bayou as opposed to letting it go around the end and through additional neighborhoods and ultimately into the bayou." At the time the releases started, the reservoirs had been rising at more than 6 inches (15 cm) per hour.[82] Many people began evacuating the area, fearing a levee breach.[83] Despite attempts to alleviate the water rise, the Addicks Reservoir reached capacity on the morning of August 29 and began spilling out.[84] The NASA Johnson Space Center was closed to employees and visitors due to the flooding until September 5. Only the critical mission control staff remain and reside in the control rooms to monitor procedures of the International Space Station.[85]

text: Deep East Texas and Beaumont–Port Arthur area[edit]

text:
“
Anyone who chooses to not [evacuate] cannot expect to be rescued and should write their social security numbers in permanent marker on their arm so their bodies can be identified. The loss of life and property is certain. GET OUT OR DIE!
”

— Jacques Blanchette, Tyler County Emergency Management[86]

tag: table

text: The Beaumont–Port Arthur metropolitan area also experienced torrential precipitation, including 32.55 in (82.7 cm) of rainfall in Beaumont.[65] Rising waters of the Neches River caused the city to lose service from its main pump station, as well as its secondary water source in Hardin County, cutting water supply to the city for an unknown amount of time.[87] Flooding to the north and east of the Houston area resulted in mandatory evacuations for portions of Liberty, Jefferson, and Tyler counties, while Jasper and Newton counties were under a voluntary evacuation.[88] One death occurred in Beaumont when a woman exited her disabled vehicle, but was swept away.[89] In Port Arthur, the mayor stated that the entire city was submerged by water. Hundreds of displaced residents went to the Robert A. "Bob" Bowers Civic Center for shelter, but they were evacuated again after the building began to flood. Water entered at least several hundreds of homes in Jefferson County.[90]

text: Louisiana[edit]

text: Heavy rainfall extended eastward into Louisiana, with the state recording up to 14.88 in (37.8 cm) of precipitation near the town of Iowa.[65] In the town of Lake Charles, water reached 4 ft (1.2 m) in height, with homes flooded and hundreds of people forced to evacuate in one neighborhood alone. Throughout the state, about 500 people were rescued by August 28, while 269 people went to a shelter in southwest Louisiana, about 200 of whom were rescued from their homes.[91] An EF2 tornado near Evangeline damaged four homes, one of which was destroyed. The tornado also damaged fences, a motorcycle, a pickup truck, and toppled three electrical poles.[92]

text: Elsewhere[edit]

text: In Alabama, a tornado in the vicinity of Reform damaged two homes and destroyed a barn along State Route 17, while four people were hospitalized for their injuries. A possible tornado in Lamar County near Kennedy caused damage to trees and roofs.[93] In Tennessee, more than 19,000 people lost electricity in Memphis.[94] Low-lying streets in the area were inundated with water. One indirect death occurred in Memphis due to a weather-related head-on collision of a car and a tractor trailer on Interstate 40.[4] Heavy rainfall in Nashville inundated a number of roads and flooded an apartment complex, resulting in the evacuation of 13 people. Overall, about 50 people in the city evacuated from flooded areas.[95]

text: Energy production[edit]

text: Energy production in the Gulf of Mexico declined in the wake of Harvey by approximately 21% — 378,633 barrels per day of the 1.75 million barrels of oil produced each day. Natural gas production declined by about 25.71% — 827.89 million metric standard cubic meters per day (MMSCFD). The Eagle Ford Rock Formation (shale oil and gas) in southern Texas reduced production by 300,000 to 500,000 bpd, according to the Texas Railroad Commission. Many energy-related ports and terminals are closed, delaying about fourteen crude oil tankers. About 2.25 million bpd of refining capacity was offline for several days; that is about 12% of total US capacity, with refineries affected at Corpus Christi, and later Port Arthur and Beaumont, and Lake Charles, Louisiana. The price of Brent crude versus West Texas Intermediate crude oil achieved a split of U.S. $5.[96]

text: Two ExxonMobil refineries had to be shut down following related storm damage and releases of hazardous pollutants.[97] Two oil storage tanks owned by Burlington Resources Oil and Gas collectively spilled 30,000 gallons of crude in DeWitt County. An additional 8,500 gallons of wastewater was spilled in the incidents.[98]

text: On August 30, the CEO of Arkema warned one of its chemical plants in Crosby, Texas, could explode or be subject to intense fire due to the loss of "critical refrigeration" of materials.[99] All workers at the facility and residents within 1.5 mi (2.4 km) were evacuated. Eight of the plant's nine refrigeration units failed without power, enabling the stored chemicals to decompose and become combustible. Two explosions occurred around 2:00 a.m. on August 31; 21 emergency personnel were briefly hospitalized.[100]

text: Due to the shutdown in refineries, gas prices did see an increase nationwide.[101] However, the increase was not as extensive as Hurricane Katrina due to the development of more fuel-efficient vehicles as well as fracking technology having been refined since Katrina to allow oil drilling in shale areas such as the Marcellus Formation.[102] Additionally, Harvey's impact coincided with Labor Day Weekend, which sees a traditional increase in gas prices due to the heavy travel for that weekend.[103] Nonetheless, the spike brought the highest gas prices in two years.[102]

text: Sports[edit]

text: The flooding in Houston from the storm required the traditional Governor's Cup National Football League preseason game between the Dallas Cowboys and the Houston Texans scheduled for August 31 to be moved from NRG Stadium in Houston to AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas.[104] The game was later cancelled to allow the Houston Texans players to return to Houston after the storm.[105] In addition, the Houston Astros were forced to move their August 29–31 series with the Texas Rangers from Minute Maid Park in Houston to Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida;[106] ironically, just two weeks later, Hurricane Irma would force the stadium's regular tenants, the Tampa Bay Rays, to move three home games to Citi Field in New York City.[107] The annual Texas Kickoff game that was to feature BYU and LSU to kick off the 2017 college football season was moved to the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.[108] The NCAA FBS football game between Houston and UTSA was postponed due to the aftermath of the storm. It was originally scheduled for September 2 at the Alamodome in San Antonio and is expected to be rescheduled.[109]

text: The Houston Dynamo rescheduled a planned Major League Soccer match against Sporting Kansas City on August 26 to October 11. The Houston Dash of the National Women's Soccer League rescheduled their August 27 match against the North Carolina Courage to a date that has not been announced.[110] Both teams moved their training camps to Toyota Stadium in Frisco, Texas (near Dallas) while preparing for their next matches; the Dash's match the following week, against the Seattle Reign, will be played in Frisco, with all proceeds from ticket sales benefiting an American Red Cross relief fund for hurricane victims.[111] The Dynamo and Major League Soccer also donated a combined $1 million into the hurricane relief fund, while also opening BBVA Compass Stadium to accept donated supplies for processing and distribution.[112][113]

text: Athletic events were rescheduled as far away as Kentucky, where the storm's remnants were expected to cause heavy rains on September 1, interfering with Friday night high school football. More than 50 high schools in the state moved games that had been scheduled for Friday to either Thursday or Saturday.[114]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Texas[edit]

text: Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner imposed a mandatory curfew on August 29 from 12 a.m. to 5 a.m. local time until further notice. He cited looting as the primary reason for the curfew.[115] On August 29, President Trump, First Lady Melania Trump, and U.S. Senators John Cornyn and Ted Cruz toured damage in the Corpus Christi metropolitan area.[116] President Trump made a formal request for $5.95 billion in federal funding on August 31 for affected areas, the vast majority of which would go to FEMA.[117]

text: Texas Governor Greg Abbott deployed the state's entire National Guard for search and rescue, recovery, and clean up operations due to the devastating damage caused by the storm and resulting floods.[118][119] Other states' National Guard's have offered assistance, with several having already been sent.[120][121] Meanwhile, the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement assigned approximately 150 employees from around the country to assist with disaster relief efforts, while stating that no immigration enforcement operations would be conducted.[59]

text: Approximately 32,000 people were displaced in shelters across the state by August 31. The George R. Brown Convention Center, the state's largest shelter, reached capacity with 8,000 evacuees. The NRG Center opened as a large public shelter accordingly. More than 210,000 people registered with FEMA for disaster assistance.[122]

text: The Cajun Navy, an informal organization of volunteers with boats from Louisiana, deployed to Texas to assist in high-water rescues.[123]

text: The Houston Independent School District announced that all students on any of the district's campuses would be eligible for free lunch throughout the 2017–18 school year. The Federal Department of Education eased financial aid rules and procedures for those affected by Harvey, giving schools the ability to waive paperwork requirements; loan borrowers were given more flexibility in managing their loan payments.[59] A 36-year-old inmate sentenced to death for a 2003 murder was granted a temporary reprieve as a result of Harvey, as his legal team was based in Harris County, an area heavily affected by the hurricane.[59]

text: By August 30, corporations across the nation collectively donated more than $72 million to relief efforts, with 42 companies donating at least $1 million.[124] Professional athletic teams, their players, and managers provided large donations to assist victims of the storm. The Houston Astros pledged $4 million to relief along with all proceeds from their home game raffles. Houston Rockets owner Leslie Alexander also donated $4 million to the cause.[125] A fundraiser established by Houston Texans defensive lineman J. J. Watt exceeded $37 million.[126] The Texas Rangers and Tennessee Titans both provided $1 million, while the New England Patriots pledged to match up to $1 million in donations to the Red Cross.[127] Multiple Hollywood celebrities also pitched in, collectively donating more than $10 million, with Sandra Bullock providing the largest single donation of $1 million.[128] Leonardo DiCaprio provided $1 million to the United Way Harvey Recovery Fund through his foundation.[129] President Donald Trump reportedly donated $1 million to 12 charities involved in relief efforts.[130] Rachael Ray provided donations totaling $1 million to animal shelters across the Houston area.[131]

text: Economic loss estimates[edit]

text: Based on current damage estimates made by multiple agencies, Hurricane Harvey is likely to be at least the second-most costly natural disaster in U.S. history, behind only Hurricane Katrina in 2005.[6][132] Moody's Analytics has estimated the total economic cost of the storm at $81 billion to $108 billion or more; most of the economic losses are damage to homes and commercial property.[6] USA Today reported an AccuWeather estimate of $190 billion, released August 31.[133] On September 3, Texas state governor Greg Abbott estimated that damages will be between $150 billion and $180 billion, surpassing the $120 billion that it took to rebuild New Orleans after Katrina.[134][135] According to weather analytics firm Planalytics, lost revenue to Houston area retailers and restaurants alone will be approximately $1 billion. The Houston area controls 4% of the spending power in the United States.[136]

text: In September 2017, the Insurance Council of Texas estimated the total insured losses from Hurricane Harvey at $19 billion. This figure represents $11 billion in flood losses insured by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), $3 billion in "insured windstorm and other storm-related property losses"; and about $4.75 billion in insured flood losses of private and commercial vehicles.[137]

text: A significant portion of the storm's damages may be uninsured losses. Regular homeowner insurance policies generally exclude coverage for flooding, as the NFIP underwrites most flood insurance policies in the US.[138][139] Although the purchase of flood insurance is obligatory for federally guaranteed mortgages for homes within the 100-year flood plain, enforcement of the requirement is difficult and many homes, even within the 100-year flood plain, lack flood insurance.[138] In Harris County, Texas—which includes the city of Houston—only 15% of homes have flood insurance policies issued by the NFIP. Participation in the NFIP is higher, but still low, in neighboring Galveston (41%), Brazoria (26%), and Chambers Counties (21%).[138] Homeowners sued authorities after reservoir releases damaged homes.[140]

text: Federal government response[edit]

text: On September 8, President Donald Trump signed into law H.R. 601, which among other spending actions designated $15 billion for Hurricane Harvey relief.[141]

text: Non-governmental organization response[edit]

text: The American Red Cross, Salvation Army, United Methodist Committee on Relief (UMCOR) United States Equestrian Federation, Humane Society of the United States, Knights of Columbus, Catholic Charities USA, AmeriCares, Operation BBQ relief, many celebrities, and many other charitable organizations provided help to the victims of the storm. [142][143][144] Anarchists (including Antifa) also provided relief.[145] Business aviation played a part in the rescue efforts, providing support during the storm as well as relief flights bringing in suppliers in the immediate aftermath.[146]

text: Volunteers from amateur radio's emergency service wing, the Amateur Radio Emergency Service, provided communications in American Red Cross shelters in South Texas. [147]

text: Many corporations also contributed to relief efforts. Operation BBQ relief had the help from several local individuals and businesses kick off the support of providing meals for volunteers and victims. Smokers, pallets of wood, and another company came up with the pounds of pork to kick off the support effort.[148] Although Operation BBQ relief has been in effect since May 2011 with the 2011 Joplin tornado, they estimate the Houston 2017 relief project to be their biggest ever.

text: Operation BBQ relief vendors volunteering for the Houston flood relief estimates that they will serve at least 450,000 meals.[149] On August 27, 2017 it was estimated that Operation BBQ relief will be expecting 25,000 to 30,000 meals a day.[150]

text: On August 27, 2017 KSL-TV, KSL Newsradio, FM100.3, and 103.5 The Arrow created a fundraiser to help Texas residents impacted by Hurricane Harvey. Because of an anonymous donor willing to match $2 for every $1 raised up to a total of $100,000, Peter Huntsman also agreed to match donations up to $100,000. The combined total of $200,000 was met by August 31, 2017. Their new goal is $1 million.[151]

text: Foreign government response[edit]

text: Singapore dispatched Boeing CH-47 Chinook helicopters from the Republic of Singapore Air Force to areas affected by the hurricane for humanitarian operations, working alongside the Texas National Guard.[152] Israel pledged $1 million in relief funds for restoration of non-state run communal infrastructure.[153] Mexico sent volunteers from the Mexican Red Cross, firemen from Coahuila, and rescue teams from Guanajuato to Houston to assist in relief.[154] Mexico later rescinded their commitment for aid after Hurricane Katia made landfall on Mexico's Gulf Coast, on September 9, 2017.[155] Venezuela offered $5 million through the state-owned Citgo Petroleum, which operates a refinery in Corpus Christi.[156]

text: Health and environmental hazards in flood waters[edit]

text: The floodwaters contain a number of hazards to the environment and human health. The Houston Health Department stated that "millions of contaminants" were present in floodwaters.[157] These include E. coli and coliform bacteria; measurements of colony-forming units showed the concentrations were so high that there were risks of contracting flesh-eating disease from the water.[158]

text: Houston officials stated that the Houston drinking water and sewer systems were intact; however, "hundreds of thousands of people across the 38 Texas counties affected by Hurricane Harvey use private wells, according to an estimate by Louisiana State University researchers, and those people must fend for themselves."[157] Additionally, Harris County, which includes Houston, contains a large number of Superfund-designed brownfield sites that contain a wide variety of toxins and carcinogens.[157] Two Superfund sites in Corpus Christi were flooded.[157]

text: Environmental factors[edit]

text: The Geography of Houston places it in a low-lying part of the Gulf Coastal Plain, and its clay-based soils provide poor drainage. The climate of Houston brings very heavy rainfall, which together with tidal flood events means that there have been repeated floods in the city ever since its founding in 1836, though the flood control district founded in 1947, aided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, managed to prevent statewide flooding for over fifty years. More recently, residents died in "historic flooding" in May 2015, and in the April 2016 "tax day floods".[159][160] There is a tendency for storms to move very slowly over the region, and drop huge amounts of rain over an extended period, as occurred during Tropical Storm Claudette in 1979, and Tropical Storm Allison in 2001.[161]

text: The area is a very flat flood plain at shallow gradient, slowly draining rainwater through an intricate network of channels and bayous to the sea. The main waterways, the San Jacinto River and the Buffalo Bayou, meander slowly, laden with mud, and have little capacity for carrying storm water.[162]

text: Urban development[edit]

text: Houston has seen rapid urban development (urban sprawl), with absorbent prairie and wetlands replaced by hard surfaces which rapidly shed storm water, overwhelming the drainage capacity of the rivers and channels.[163] Between 1992 and 2010, almost 25,000 acres of wetlands were lost, decreasing the detention capacity of the region by four billion gallons.[164] However, Harvey was estimated to have dropped more than fifteen trillion gallons of water in the area.[165]

text: The Katy Prairie in western Harris County, which once helped to absorb floodwaters in the region, has been reduced to one quarter of its previous size in the last several decades due to suburban development, and one analysis discovered that more than 7,000 housing units have been built within the 100-year floodplain in Harris County since 2010.[166]

text: Subsidence[edit]

text: Extraction of oil and groundwater from underground aquifers leaves unsupported voids resulting in ground collapse, a process called subsidence. Houston itself is in a very large subsidence bowl, with smaller bowls within that area showing greater subsidence: in some cases as much as 9 feet (2.7 m). These result in drainage systems no longer having the required gradient to operate efficiently, so storm water drains more slowly.[167] The coastline near Houston has seen sea level increasing by 6 inches (15 cm) in recent decades due to subsidence combined with the effects of climate change.[168][167]

text: Climate change[edit]

text: The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms. Studies in this regard show that storms tend to intensify more rapidly prior to landfall.[169] Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.[170] In a briefing, the World Meteorological Organization stated that the quantity of rainfall from Harvey had very likely been increased by climate change. The relationship between climate change and the frequency of hurricanes (or tropical cyclones) is still unclear, and is the subject of continuing research.[171]

text: Harvey approached Houston over sea-surface waters which were significantly above average temperatures. Warm waters provide the main source of energy for hurricanes, and increased ocean heat can result in storms being larger, more intense and longer lasting, in particular bringing greatly increased rainfall.[172][169] Sea level rise added to the resulting problems.[170] According to officials from the Harris County Flood Control District, Harvey caused the third '500-year' flood in three years. [173][174][175] The National Climate Assessment states:

text: The recent increases in activity are linked, in part, to higher sea surface temperatures in the region that Atlantic hurricanes form in and move through. Numerous factors have been shown to influence these local sea surface temperatures, including natural variability, human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases, and particulate pollution. Quantifying the relative contributions of natural and human-caused factors is an active focus of research.[176]

text: Warmer air can hold more water vapour, in accordance with the Clausius–Clapeyron relation, and there has been a global increase of daily rainfall records.[170] Regional sea surface temperatures around Houston have risen around 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) in recent decades, which caused a 3–5% increase in moisture in the atmosphere. This had the effect of allowing Harvey to strengthen more than expected.[168] The water temperature of the Gulf of Mexico was above average for this time of the year, and likely to be a factor in Harvey's impact.[177] Within a week of Harvey Hurricane Irma formed due to the same unusually warm sea-water. Some scientists fear this may be becoming a 'new normal'. Also higher sea-water temperatures can make hurricanes more devastating.[178]

text: The slow movement of Harvey over Texas allowed the storm to drop prolonged heavy rains on the state, as has also happened with earlier storms.[161] Harvey's stalled position was due to weak prevailing winds linked to a greatly expanded subtropical high pressure system over much of the US at the time, which had pushed the jet stream to the north. Research and model simulations have indicated an association between this pattern and human-caused climate change.[168][179]


document_title: Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)

question_text: who guards the tomb of the unknown soldier

root

text: Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)

text: Tomb of 1921[edit]

text: On March 4, 1921, the United States Congress approved the burial of an unidentified American serviceman from World War I in the plaza of the new Memorial Amphitheater. On November 11, 1921, the unknown soldier brought back from France was interred below a three-level marble tomb. The bottom two levels are six marble sections each and the top at least nine blocks with a rectangular opening in the center of each level through which the unknown remains were placed through the tomb and into the ground below. A stone, rather than marble, slab covers the rectangular opening.[4][5][6]

tag: p

text: Tomb of 1931[edit]

text: Since 1921 the intent was to place a superstructure on top of the Tomb, but it was not until July 3, 1926, that Congress authorized the completion of the Tomb and the expenditure of $50,000 (with a completed cost of $48,000). A design competition was held and won by architect Lorimer Rich[nb 1] and sculptor Thomas Hudson Jones. An appropriation from Congress for the work was secured and on December 21, 1929, a contract for completion of the Tomb itself was entered into. The Tomb would consist of seven pieces of marble in four levels (cap, die, base and sub-base) of which the die is the largest block with the sculpting on all four sides.[4][7]

text: Quarrying the Yule marble (3.9 miles south of Marble, Colorado by the Vermont Marble Company) was a one-year process beginning in 1930. The cap was quarried on the first attempt but the base required three tries. The large middle block also required three tries. In late January 1931, the 56 ton middle block was lifted out of the quarry. The quarrying involved 75 men. When the block was separated from the mountain inside the quarry it weighed 124 tons. A wire saw was then brought into the quarry to cut the block down to 56 tons.

text: On February 3, the block reached the marble mill site (in the town of Marble) after a four-day trip from the quarry. Here it was crated, then shipped to Vermont on February 8. The block was sawn to final size in West Rutland, Vermont, and fabricated by craftsmen in Proctor, Vermont, before it was shipped by train to Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia.[8] By September, all 7 blocks were on the grounds of the Tomb site, at Arlington.

text: Assembly began in September 1931. An imperfection was found in the base, requiring three more quarryings. By the end of December 1931, the assembly was completed. Finishing work followed with the carvings on the die block by the Piccirilli Brothers under the direction of the sculptor Thomas Jones.[4][9] (The brothers also carved the Lincoln statue for the Lincoln Memorial). The Tomb was completed without formal ceremony on April 9, 1932.[10]

text: The Tomb[nb 2] was placed at the head of the grave of the World War I Unknown. West of this grave are the crypts of Unknowns from World War II (south) and Korea (north). Between the two lies a crypt that once contained an Unknown from Vietnam (middle). His remains were positively identified in 1998 through DNA testing as First Lieutenant Michael Blassie, United States Air Force and were removed. Those three graves are marked with white marble slabs flush with the plaza.

text: The Tomb has a flat-faced form and is relieved at the corners and along the sides by neo-classical pilasters set into the surface with objects and inscription carved into the sides. The 1931 symbolism[9] of the objects on the north, south and east sides changed over time.[4][7]

text: Tomb Dimensions[nb 3] as of 2004[11] (xxx)* 1931 die block dimension coming out of the quarry.[8]

text:
Level
Length
Width
Height
Cubic Feet
Tons

Cap
12'-5.4"
6'-6.7"
1'-3.3"
100.69
8.56

Die
12'-3.0" (14'-0")*
6'-6.4" (7'-4.8")*
5'-2.1" (6"-0")*
385.43 (621.6)*
32.76 (52.84)*

Base
13'-10.0"
7'-11.9"
1'-11.1"
198.64
16.88

Sub-Base
14'-10.4"
9'-0.2"
1'-10.9"
255.81
21.74

text: The Unknown of World War I[edit]

text: On Memorial Day, 1921, four unknown servicemen were exhumed from four World War I American cemeteries in France. U.S. Army Sgt. Edward F. Younger, who was wounded in combat, highly decorated for valor and received the Distinguished Service Cross in "The Great War" selected the Unknown of World War I from four identical caskets at the city hall in Châlons-en-Champagne, France, on October 24, 1921.[6] Younger selected the World War I Unknown by placing a spray of white roses on one of the caskets. He chose the third casket from the left. The chosen Unknown was transported to the United States aboard the USS Olympia. Those remaining were interred in the Meuse Argonne Cemetery, France.[6]

text: The World War I Unknown lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda from his arrival in the United States until Armistice Day, 1921. On November 11, 1921, President Warren G. Harding officiated at the interment ceremonies at the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery. During the ceremony, the World War I Unknown was awarded the Victoria Cross by Admiral of the Fleet Lord Beatty, on behalf of King George V of the United Kingdom.[12] (The United Kingdom Victoria Cross was placed with the soldier. Earlier, on March 4, 1921, the British Unknown Warrior was conferred the U.S. Medal of Honor by General of the Armies John Pershing.) In 1928, the Unknown Soldier was presented the Silver Buffalo Award for distinguished service to America's youth by the Boy Scouts of America.[13]

text: The Unknowns of World War II and Korea[edit]

text: On August 3, 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a bill to select and pay the tribute to the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War.[14] The selection ceremonies and the interment of these Unknowns took place in 1958. The World War II Unknown was selected from remains exhumed from cemeteries in Europe, Africa, Hawaii, and the Philippines.[15]

text: Two Unknowns from World War II, one from the European Theater and one from the Pacific Theater, were placed in identical caskets and taken aboard the USS Canberra, a guided-missile cruiser resting off the Virginia Capes. Navy Hospital Corpsman 1st Class William R. Charette, then the U.S. Navy's only active-duty Medal of Honor recipient who was an enlisted man, selected the World War II Unknown. The remaining casket received a solemn burial at sea.[15]

text: Four unknown Americans who died in the Korean War were disinterred from the National Cemetery of the Pacific in Hawaii. Army Master Sergeant Ned Lyle made the final selection.[15]

text: Both caskets arrived in Washington on May 28, 1958, where they lay in the Capitol Rotunda until the morning of May 30, when they were carried on caissons to Arlington National Cemetery. President Eisenhower awarded each the Medal of Honor, and the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War were interred in the plaza beside their World War I comrade.[15]

text: The Unknown of Vietnam[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The designation of the Vietnam Unknown proved to be difficult – with improvements in DNA testing it is possible, though unlikely, that the recovered remains for every unknown soldier killed in the Vietnam War will be identified.

text: The Vietnam Unknown service member was originally designated by Medal of Honor recipient U.S. Marine Corps Sgt. Maj. Allan Jay Kellogg, Jr., during a ceremony at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, May 17, 1984.

text: Each branch of the Armed Services took part in the transportation to honor the unknown. The Marines from Marine Barracks Hawaii consisted of an Honor Guard of 9 enlisted men and Lt. Denis Muller. The designated Vietnam Unknown was transported aboard the USS Brewton, where the Marines stood guard over the casket during the voyage to Naval Air Station Alameda, California. At Travis, the debarkation ceremony turned the remains over to the USAF on May 24. The next day, the remains of were flown from Travis Air Force Base, California, arriving at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. Once there the remains were turned over to the US Army, where the remains were taken to Fort McNair for placement upon the horse-drawn wagon which later carried the Unknown to the Capital Rotunda for display before interment. While on display for public viewing, all branches of the US Armed Forces stood in honor, guarding the casket of the Unknown for 2 weeks.

text: Many Vietnam veterans and President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan visited the Vietnam Unknown in the U.S. Capitol. An Army caisson carried the Vietnam Unknown from the Capitol to the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery on Memorial Day, May 28, 1984.

text: President Reagan presided over the funeral, and presented the Medal of Honor to the Vietnam Unknown, and also acted as next of kin by accepting the interment flag at the end of the ceremony. The interment flags of all Unknowns at the Tomb of the Unknowns are on view in the Memorial Display Room.

text: Identification of the Unknown[edit]

text: In 1994, Ted Sampley, a POW/MIA activist, determined that the remains of the Vietnam Unknown were likely those of Air Force 1st Lt. Michael Joseph Blassie, who was shot down near An Lộc, Vietnam, in 1972. Sampley published an article in his newsletter and contacted Blassie's family, who attempted to pursue the case with the Air Force's casualty office without result. In January 1998 CBS News broadcast a report based on Sampley's investigation which brought political pressure to support the identification of the remains.[16] The body was exhumed on May 14, 1998. Based on mitochondrial DNA testing, Department of Defense scientists confirmed the remains were those of Blassie. The identification was announced on June 30, 1998, and on July 10, Blassie's remains arrived home to his family in St. Louis, Missouri; he was reinterred at Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery on July 11.[17][nb 4]

text: Redesignation of the crypt[edit]

text: The slab over the crypt that once held the remains of the Vietnam Unknown has since been replaced. The original inscription of "Vietnam" and the dates of the conflict has been changed to "Honoring and Keeping Faith with America's Missing Servicemen" as a reminder of the commitment of the Armed Forces to the fullest possible accounting of missing service members.

text: Tomb guards[edit]

text: The tomb guards are soldiers of the United States Army. The first military guards were troopers from the 3rd Cavalry, "Brave Rifles", who were posted nearby on Fort Myer. Since April 6, 1948, (known then as "Army Day"), when the regiment was reactivated, it has been guarded by soldiers from 3rd Infantry Regiment, "The Old Guard". The Old Guard is also posted to Fort Myer, Virginia, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery. It is considered one of the highest honors to serve as a Sentinel at the Tomb of the Unknowns. Fewer than 20 percent of all volunteers are accepted for training and of those only a fraction pass training to become full-fledged Tomb Guards. This attrition rate has made the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge the second least-awarded qualification badge of the United States military (the first being the Astronaut Badge).[18]

text: The soldier "walking the mat" does not wear rank insignia, so as not to outrank the Unknowns, whatever their ranks may have been. Non-commissioned officers (usually the Relief Commander and Assistant Relief Commanders), do wear insignia of their rank when changing the guard only. They have a separate uniform (without rank) that is worn when they actually guard the Unknowns or are "posted."

text: The duties of the sentinels are not purely ceremonial. The sentinels will confront people who cross the barriers at the tomb or who they perceive to be disrespectful or excessively loud.

text: Weapons[edit]

text: Over the years there have been several different types of weapons used by the tomb guards. The changes in weapons reflect the changes in the Army, including M1903 Springfield rifle, M1 Garand and M14 rifles, M1911 and M9 pistols. Tomb guards currently carry M14 rifles, which are affixed to ceremonial rifle stocks. These rifles are cleaned daily and kept ready for use at all times.[19]

text: Walking the mat[edit]

text: There is a meticulous routine that the guard follows when watching over the graves.[20] The tomb guard:

text:
Marches 21 steps south down the black mat laid across the Tomb.
Turns and faces east, toward the Tomb, for 21 seconds.
Turns and faces north, changes weapon to outside shoulder, and waits 21 seconds.
Marches 21 steps down the mat.
Turns and faces east for 21 seconds.
Turns and faces south, changes weapon to outside shoulder, and waits 21 seconds.
Repeats the routine until the soldier is relieved of duty at the Changing of the Guard.

tag: ol

text: After each turn, the guard executes a sharp "shoulder-arms" movement to place the weapon on the shoulder closest to the visitors to signify that the guard stands between the Tomb and any possible threat.

text: Out of respect for the interred, the sentinels command silence at the tombs. If the guard walking the mat must vocally confront a disturbance from spectators, or a threat, the routine is interrupted, and remains so until the disturbance is under control. The sentinel will exit the mat, place the weapon in port arms position, and confront the disturbance. Once under control, the sentinel then walks on the pavement to the other side of the mat, turns to shoulder arms, and continues the routine.

text: Twenty-one was chosen because it symbolizes the highest military honor that can be bestowed—the 21-gun salute.

text: The mat is usually replaced twice per year: before Memorial Day and before Veterans Day. This is required because of the wear on the rubber mat by the special shoes worn by tomb guards. The sentinels have metal plates built into the soles and inner parts of their shoes to allow for a more rugged sole and to give the signature click of the heel during maneuvers. The sentinels wear sunglasses because of the bright reflection from the marble surrounding the Tomb and the Memorial Amphitheater.

text: On the ground not covered by the mat, a rust pattern in the tile can be seen that corresponds to the precise steps taken during the changing of the guard. The metal from the guards' boots causes the brown rust markings on the stone. On the mat itself, footprints caused by standing guard are also visible.

text: Changing of the Guard[edit]

text: While Arlington National Cemetery is open, during the day in summer months from April 1 to September 30, the guard is changed every half hour. During the winter months, from October 1 to March 31, the guard is changed every hour. After the cemetery closes to the public (7 p.m. to 8 a.m. April through September, and 5 p.m. to 8 a.m. October through March), the guard is changed every 2 hours. The ceremony can be witnessed by the public whenever Arlington National Cemetery is open.[21][22]

text: The guard change is very symbolic, but also conducted in accordance with Army regulations. The relief commander or assistant relief commander, along with the oncoming guard, are both required for a guard change to take place. The relief commander orders the guard being relieved to "pass on your orders" to the oncoming guard. The guard being relieved will say to the oncoming guard, "Post and orders remain as directed." The oncoming guard's response is always, "Orders acknowledged." During changes when the public is witnessing the ceremony, the commander will inform the public that the ceremony is about to take place and that those in attendance should remain "silent and standing" throughout the entire event.

text: Dedication[edit]

text: A civilian guard was first posted at the Tomb on November 17, 1925, to prevent, among other things, families from picnicking on the flat marble slab with views of the city. A military guard was first posted on March 25, 1926. The first 24-hour guard was posted on midnight, July 2, 1937. The Tomb of the Unknowns has been guarded continuously, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, since that time.[23] Inclement weather,[24][25] terrorist attacks,[26] et cetera, do not cause the watch to cease.[27]

text: Since 1948, the tomb guards, a special platoon within the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) work on a team rotation of 24 hours on, 24 hours off, for five days, taking the following four days off. A guard takes an average of six hours to prepare his uniform – heavy wool, regardless of the time of year – for the next day's work. In addition to preparing the uniform, guards also conduct physical training, tomb guard training, participate in field exercises, cut their hair before the next work day, and at times are involved in regimental functions as well. Tomb guards are required to memorize 35 pages of information about Arlington National Cemetery and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, including the locations of nearly 300 graves and who is buried in each one.[21]

text: A special Army decoration, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge is authorized for wear after passing a detailed test of 100 questions (from a pool of more than 300), a uniform test with two gigs (errors) or fewer (measured to the 1/64"), and a test on the guard changing sequence. After serving honorably for a period of nine months, and having passed the sequence of tests, a tomb guard is permanently awarded the Badge. Since the first award on February 7, 1958, fewer than 650 soldiers have completed training and been awarded this badge, including four women. A small number of tomb guard Identification Badges have also been retroactively awarded to soldiers who served as Guards before 1959. Those numbers make the Badge the second rarest award currently issued in the United States Army; only the Army Astronaut Badge is rarer.[nb 5]

text: The badge was designed in 1956 and first issued to members of the Honor Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns on February 7, 1958. The badge was first issued only as a temporary wear item, meaning the soldiers could only wear the badge during their tenure as members of the honor guard. Upon leaving the duty, the badge was returned and reissued to incoming soldiers. In 1963, a regulation was enacted that allowed the badge to be worn as a permanent part of the military uniform, even after the soldier's completion of duty at the Tomb of the Unknowns.

text: Damage and repair to the Tomb Monument[edit]

text: Cracking and weathering are causing concerns for the long-term preservation of the Tomb Monument. A November 1963 report first recorded horizontal cracking of the monument's marble die block. Though this was the first time that the damage was documented, the report made it clear that the cracks had become visible some time before that date.[28]

text: In 1963–1964, there were two cracks—referred to as "primary" and "secondary"—extending approximately 34 feet around the die block. By 1974, they had extended to 40 feet. They grew another 4.6 feet over the next 15 years. Inspection has determined that the cracks have increased horizontally since 1990. Analysis also indicates that the cracks are not surficial but extend partially through the block and will eventually extend all the way through.[28]

text: The 1990 report documented deterioration of the marble's surface. As much as 2.85 mm of the marble surface has been lost through weathering. The study projected that before 2010, the Tomb Monument will have been weathered enough to have a negative effect on the experience of the visitors and concludes the only solutions are to enclose or replace the monument.[28]

text: Several options have been considered to deal with the damage. Officials at Arlington National Cemetery determined that proper repair can return the Tomb Monument to an acceptable appearance. However, because the cracks will continue to lengthen and widen, continuous grouting, regrouting, touch-up, monitoring, and maintenance would be required. Therefore, a report commissioned by Arlington National Cemetery and published in June 2006 confirmed the Cemetery's conclusion that "replacement of the three pieces of the Tomb Monument is the preferred alternative". A final decision was scheduled to be made on September 30, 2007.[28]

text: The National Trust for Historic Preservation objects to the plan to replace the authentic Tomb Monument. The Trust expressed concern that Arlington National Cemetery seeks to replace the existing monument with marble from the original quarry, which experts agree is likely eventually to crack.[29]

text: The Trust has observed that the Cemetery's own 1990 report recommended that the monument be repaired and that the Cemetery, in fact, commissioned Oehrlein Architects to repair the stone. In 2007, Mary Oehrlein informed Congressional staff members that: "The existing monument can easily be repaired, as was done 17 years ago, using conventional conservation methods to re-grout the cracks. Once repaired, the fault lines would be virtually invisible from the public viewing areas."[30][31]

text: On September 26, 2007, U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka announced that an amendment crafted together with Senator Jim Webb will be added to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (H.R. 1585) that would require a report on the plans of the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to replace the monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns. The secretaries would be required to advise Congress on the current efforts to maintain and preserve the monument. Additionally, they would have to provide an assessment on the feasibility and advisability of repairing rather than replacing the Tomb Monument. Finally, if the secretaries choose replacement, they would have to report those plans and detail how they intend to dispose of the current monument. Once the report is provided, the secretaries are prevented from taking action to replace the monument for at least 180 days. The Akaka-Webb amendment was included in the bill by unanimous consent of the Senate.[32] An amendment to the Fiscal Year 2008 Defense Authorization Bill authorized a review of the monument's condition. The bill also authorized repair, but not replacement, of the monument.[33] Final passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for 2008 (H.R. 4986) was signed by President Bush on January 28, 2008.

text: In 2003 John Haines, a retired car dealer, offered to donate a large slab of marble to the Arlington National Cemetery to replace the existing marble. Haines paid $31,000 for the marble slab.[34] The marble was not removed from the quarry, however, because imperfections were found and the block was rejected.

text: In June 2009 Arlington National Cemetery and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced that the monument was to be repaired, not replaced.[35] In 2010, the cracks were filled but the repairs lasted only a few months.[36] As of June 2011, the cemetery was struggling to repair the cracks in the monument, one of which measured 28.4 feet (8.7 m) long, with another at 16.2 feet (4.9 m).[37] In September 2011, the cracks were filled again[36] and on October 21, 2011, inspection by the Corps of Engineers and other experts pronounced the repairs a success.[38]


document_title: Step into My World

question_text: who sings the song step into my world

question_tokens: who sings the song step into my world

text: Step into My World

text:
"Step Into My World"
Single by Hurricane #1from the album Hurricane #1Released
28 April 1997Format
CD, 7"Genre
BritpopLength
5:01Label
Creation RecordsSongwriter(s)
 Andy BellProducer(s)
 Stephen Harris,  Andy BellHurricane #1 singles chronology

"Step Into My World" (1997)

"Just Another Illusion" (1997)

"Step Into My World"(1997)

"Just Another Illusion"(1997)

text: "Step into My World" is a song by Britpop band Hurricane #1. It was released on 28 April 1997 on Creation Records and charted at #29 in the UK Singles Chart.[1] It was used as continuity music on Match of the Day in 1997 and 1998.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: CD CRESCD 253

tag: ul

text:
"Step Into My World" - 5:01
"Don't Look Away" - 3:57
"Smoke Rings" - 8:35

text: 7" CRE 253


document_title: List of Major League Baseball All-Star Game venues

question_text: when was the last all star game at dodger stadium

text: Venue selection[edit]

text: The venue for each All-Star Game is chosen by an MLB selection committee. This choice may be made to commemorate a particular historical occasion, the opening of a new ballpark, or a significant milestone. The criteria for choosing the venue are subjective; for the most part, cities with new parks and cities who have not hosted the game in a long time –  or ever –  tend to be favored. The venues among the major league franchises: between 1964 and 2015, five teams hosted 3 times, 13 teams twice, ten teams once, and two teams not at all. The "home team" is the league in which the host franchise plays its games. Traditionally, the game's venue alternated between the two leagues from year to year with a few exceptions; this tradition was discontinued after the 2015 game.

text: As of 2017, one Major League Baseball franchise have never hosted an All-Star Game: the Tampa Bay Rays. The Miami Marlins hosted for the first time in 2017 following the 2012 opening of Marlins Park, although Miami was initially scheduled to host in 2000, MLB eventually moved the game to Atlanta. Although the Washington Nationals franchise have not yet hosted the game in their current home ballpark, they did host one when they were the Montreal Expos; and All-Star games have been played in D.C., hosted by two incarnations of the Washington Senators (now known as the Minnesota Twins and as the Texas Rangers).

text: Of the remaining 27 franchises, the New York Mets had gone the longest period without hosting since their sole hosting duty in 1964, but this streak came to an end at 49 years in 2013. (The Dodgers are now the team with the longest active hosting drought, since 1980.) During that span, 18 of the remaining 25 teams have hosted an All-Star Game at least twice since 1964: Atlanta Braves (1972 and 2000), Chicago White Sox (1983 and 2003), Cincinnati Reds (1970, 1988, and 2015), Cleveland Indians (1981, 1997, 2019), Detroit Tigers (1971 and 2005), Houston Astros (1968, 1986, and 2004), Kansas City Royals (1973 and 2012), Los Angeles Angels (1967, 1989, and 2010), Milwaukee Brewers (1975 and 2002), Minnesota Twins (1965, 1985, and 2014), New York Yankees (1977 and 2008), Philadelphia Phillies (1976 and 1996), Pittsburgh Pirates (1974, 1994, and 2006), San Diego Padres (1978, 1992, and 2016), San Francisco Giants (1984 and 2007), Seattle Mariners (1979 and 2001), St. Louis Cardinals (1966 and 2009), and Washington Senators/Texas Rangers (1969 and 1995).

text: New stadiums that have not hosted the All-Star Game in cities that have hosted it previously are: Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, Nationals Park in Washington, D.C., the new Yankee Stadium in New York City, and SunTrust Park in Atlanta.

text: Future All-Star Games will be played at Nationals Park in 2018, Progressive Field in 2019 and Dodger Stadium in 2020.

text: Following the game at the first Yankee Stadium in 2008 in its final season, the Bronx's old stadium joined Cleveland's old Cleveland Stadium (also known as Municipal Stadium prior to its own demolition) as the only venues that have hosted four Major League Baseball All-Star games. New York City has hosted it more than any other city, having done so nine times in five different stadiums; after 2017, Tampa Bay will remain the only major league city since the first All-Star Game in 1933 to never have hosted.

text: List of hosts[edit]

text:
Date
City
Stadium
Host team
Attendance

July 6, 1933
Chicago
Comiskey Park
Chicago White Sox
49,200

July 10, 1934
New York City
Polo Grounds
New York Giants
48,363

July 8, 1935
Cleveland
Cleveland Stadium
Cleveland Indians
69,812

July 7, 1936
Boston
Braves Field
Boston Bees
25,556

July 7, 1937
Washington, D.C.
Griffith Stadium
Washington Senators
31,391

July 6, 1938
Cincinnati
Crosley Field
Cincinnati Reds
27,067

July 11, 1939
New York City (2)
Yankee Stadium
New York Yankees
62,892

July 9, 1940
St. Louis
Sportsman's Park
St. Louis Cardinals
32,373

July 8, 1941
Detroit
Briggs Stadium
Detroit Tigers
54,674

July 6, 1942
New York City (3)
Polo Grounds (2)
New York Giants (2)
34,178

July 13, 1943
Philadelphia
Shibe Park
Philadelphia Athletics
31,938

July 11, 1944
Pittsburgh
Forbes Field
Pittsburgh Pirates
29,589

1945
Not held because of World War II

July 9, 1946
Boston (2)
Fenway Park
Boston Red Sox
34,906

July 8, 1947
Chicago (2)
Wrigley Field
Chicago Cubs
41,123

July 13, 1948
St. Louis (2)
Sportsman's Park (2)
St. Louis Browns
34,009

July 12, 1949
New York City (4)
Ebbets Field
Brooklyn Dodgers
32,577

July 11, 1950
Chicago (3)
Comiskey Park (2)
Chicago White Sox (2)
46,127

July 10, 1951
Detroit (2)
Briggs Stadium (2)
Detroit Tigers (2)
52,075

July 8, 1952
Philadelphia (2)
Shibe Park (2)
Philadelphia Phillies
32,785

July 14, 1953
Cincinnati (2)
Crosley Field (2)
Cincinnati Redlegs
30,846

July 13, 1954
Cleveland (2)
Cleveland Stadium (2)
Cleveland Indians (2)
69,751

July 12, 1955
Milwaukee
County Stadium
Milwaukee Braves
45,643

July 10, 1956
Washington, D.C. (2)
Griffith Stadium (2)
Washington Senators (2)
28,843

July 9, 1957
St. Louis (3)
Busch Stadium
St. Louis Cardinals (2)
30,693

July 8, 1958
Baltimore
Memorial Stadium
Baltimore Orioles
48,829

July 7, 1959
Pittsburgh (2)
Forbes Field (2)
Pittsburgh Pirates (2)
35,277

August 3, 1959
Los Angeles
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Los Angeles Dodgers
55,105

July 11, 1960
Kansas City
Municipal Stadium
Kansas City Athletics
30,619

July 13, 1960
New York City (5)
Yankee Stadium (2)
New York Yankees (2)
38,362

July 11, 1961
San Francisco
Candlestick Park
San Francisco Giants
44,115

July 31, 1961
Boston (3)
Fenway Park (2)
Boston Red Sox (2)
31,851

July 10, 1962
Washington, D.C. (3)
D.C. Stadium
Washington Senators
45,480

July 30, 1962
Chicago (4)
Wrigley Field (2)
Chicago Cubs (2)
38,359

July 9, 1963
Cleveland (3)
Cleveland Stadium (3)
Cleveland Indians (3)
44,160

July 7, 1964
New York City (6)
Shea Stadium
New York Mets
50,850

July 13, 1965
Bloomington
Metropolitan Stadium
Minnesota Twins
46,706

July 12, 1966
St. Louis (4)
Busch Memorial Stadium
St. Louis Cardinals (3)
49,936

July 11, 1967
Anaheim
Anaheim Stadium
California Angels
46,309

July 9, 1968
Houston
Astrodome
Houston Astros
48,321

July 23, 1969
Washington, D.C. (4)
RFK Stadium
Washington Senators (2)
45,259

July 14, 1970
Cincinnati (3)
Riverfront Stadium
Cincinnati Reds (2)
51,838

July 13, 1971
Detroit (3)
Tiger Stadium
Detroit Tigers (3)
53,559

July 25, 1972
Atlanta
Atlanta Stadium
Atlanta Braves
53,107

July 24, 1973
Kansas City (2)
Royals Stadium
Kansas City Royals
40,849

July 23, 1974
Pittsburgh (3)
Three Rivers Stadium
Pittsburgh Pirates (3)
50,706

July 15, 1975
Milwaukee (2)
County Stadium (2)
Milwaukee Brewers
51,480

July 13, 1976
Philadelphia (3)
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia Phillies (2)
63,974

July 19, 1977
New York City (7)
Yankee Stadium (3)
New York Yankees (3)
56,683

July 11, 1978
San Diego
San Diego Stadium
San Diego Padres
51,549

July 17, 1979
Seattle
Kingdome
Seattle Mariners
58,905

July 8, 1980
Los Angeles (2)
Dodger Stadium
Los Angeles Dodgers (2)
56,088

August 9, 1981
Cleveland (4)
Cleveland Stadium (4)
Cleveland Indians (4)
72,086

July 13, 1982
Montreal
Olympic Stadium
Montreal Expos
59,057

July 6, 1983
Chicago (5)
Comiskey Park (3)
Chicago White Sox (3)
43,801

July 10, 1984
San Francisco (2)
Candlestick Park (2)
San Francisco Giants (2)
57,756

July 16, 1985
Minneapolis
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome
Minnesota Twins (2)
54,960

July 15, 1986
Houston (2)
Astrodome (2)
Houston Astros (2)
45,774

July 14, 1987
Oakland
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum
Oakland Athletics
49,671

July 12, 1988
Cincinnati (4)
Riverfront Stadium (2)
Cincinnati Reds (3)
55,837

July 11, 1989
Anaheim (2)
Anaheim Stadium (2)
California Angels (2)
64,036

July 10, 1990
Chicago (6)
Wrigley Field (3)
Chicago Cubs (3)
39,071

July 9, 1991
Toronto
SkyDome
Toronto Blue Jays
52,383

July 14, 1992
San Diego (2)
Jack Murphy Stadium
San Diego Padres (2)
59,372

July 13, 1993
Baltimore (2)
Oriole Park at Camden Yards
Baltimore Orioles (2)
48,147

July 12, 1994
Pittsburgh (4)
Three Rivers Stadium (2)
Pittsburgh Pirates (4)
59,568

July 11, 1995
Arlington
The Ballpark in Arlington
Texas Rangers
50,920

July 9, 1996
Philadelphia (4)
Veterans Stadium (2)
Philadelphia Phillies (3)
62,670

July 8, 1997
Cleveland (5)
Jacobs Field
Cleveland Indians (5)
44,916

July 7, 1998
Denver
Coors Field
Colorado Rockies
51,267

July 13, 1999
Boston (4)
Fenway Park (3)
Boston Red Sox (3)
34,187

July 11, 2000
Atlanta (2)
Turner Field
Atlanta Braves (2)
51,323

July 10, 2001
Seattle (2)
Safeco Field
Seattle Mariners (2)
47,364

July 9, 2002
Milwaukee (3)
Miller Park
Milwaukee Brewers (2)
41,871

July 15, 2003
Chicago (7)
U.S. Cellular Field
Chicago White Sox (4)
47,609

July 13, 2004
Houston (3)
Minute Maid Park
Houston Astros (3)
41,886

July 12, 2005
Detroit (4)
Comerica Park
Detroit Tigers (4)
41,617

July 11, 2006
Pittsburgh (5)
PNC Park
Pittsburgh Pirates (5)
38,904

July 10, 2007
San Francisco (3)
AT&T Park
San Francisco Giants (3)
43,965

July 15, 2008
New York City (8)
Yankee Stadium (4)
New York Yankees (4)
55,632

July 14, 2009
St. Louis (5)
Busch Stadium
St. Louis Cardinals (4)
46,760

July 13, 2010
Anaheim (3)
Angel Stadium of Anaheim (3)
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
45,408

July 12, 2011
Phoenix
Chase Field
Arizona Diamondbacks
49,033

July 10, 2012
Kansas City (3)
Kauffman Stadium (2)
Kansas City Royals (2)
40,933

July 16, 2013
New York City (9)
Citi Field
New York Mets (2)
45,186

July 15, 2014
Minneapolis (2)
Target Field
Minnesota Twins (3)
41,048

July 14, 2015
Cincinnati (5)
Great American Ball Park
Cincinnati Reds (4)
43,656

July 12, 2016
San Diego (3)
Petco Park
San Diego Padres (3)
42,386

July 11, 2017
Miami
Marlins Park
Miami Marlins
37,188

July 17, 2018
Washington, D.C. (5)
Nationals Park
Washington Nationals

July 16, 2019
Cleveland (6)
Progressive Field (2)
Cleveland Indians (6)

July 14, 2020
Los Angeles (3)
Dodger Stadium (2)
Los Angeles Dodgers (3)

text: Various statistics[edit]

text: Times hosted by city[edit]

text:
City
Times Hosted
Years

New York City
9
1934, 1939, 1942, 1949, 1960, 1964, 1977, 2008, 2013

Chicago
7
1933, 1947, 1950, 1962, 1983, 1990, 2003

Cleveland
5
1935, 1954, 1963, 1981, 1997, 2019

Pittsburgh
5
1944, 1959, 1974, 1994, 2006

St. Louis
5
1940, 1948, 1957, 1966, 2009

Cincinnati
5
1938, 1953, 1970, 1988, 2015

Washington, D.C.
4
1937, 1956, 1962, 1969, 2018

Boston
4
1936, 1946, 1961, 1999

Detroit
4
1941, 1951, 1971, 2005

Philadelphia
4
1943, 1952, 1976, 1996

Kansas City
3
1960, 1973, 2012

Milwaukee
3
1955, 1975, 2002

San Diego
3
1978, 1992, 2016

San Francisco
3
1961, 1984, 2007

Houston
3
1968, 1986, 2004

Anaheim
3
1967, 1989, 2010

Minneapolis
3
1965, 1985, 2014

Baltimore
2
1958, 1993

Los Angeles
2
1959, 1980, 2020

Atlanta
2
1972, 2000

Seattle
2
1979, 2001

Montreal
1
1982

Oakland
1
1987

Toronto
1
1991

Arlington
1
1995

Denver
1
1998

Phoenix
1
2011

Miami
1
2017

St. Petersburg
0
--

text: Times hosted by club[edit]

text:
Club
Times Hosted
Years

Cleveland Indians
5
1935, 1954, 1963, 1981, 1997, 2019

New York/San Francisco Giants
5
1934, 1942, 1961, 1984, 2007

Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins
5
1937, 1956, 1965, 1985, 2014

Cincinnati Reds/Redlegs
5
1938, 1953, 1970, 1988, 2015

Pittsburgh Pirates
5
1944, 1959, 1974, 1994, 2006

Chicago White Sox
4
1933, 1950, 1983, 2003

Boston Bees/Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves
4
1936, 1955, 1972, 2000

New York Yankees
4
1939, 1960, 1977, 2008

St. Louis Cardinals
4
1940, 1957, 1966, 2009

Detroit Tigers
4
1941, 1951, 1971, 2005

Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics
3
1943, 1960, 1987

Boston Red Sox
3
1946, 1961, 1999

Chicago Cubs
3
1947, 1962, 1990

St. Louis Browns/Baltimore Orioles
3
1948, 1958, 1993

Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers
3
1949, 1959, 1980, 2020

Philadelphia Phillies
3
1952, 1976, 1996

Washington Senators/Texas Rangers
3
1962, 1969, 1995

California/Los Angeles Angels
3
1967, 1989, 2010

Houston Astros
3
1968, 1986, 2004

San Diego Padres
3
1978, 1992, 2016

New York Mets
2
1964, 2013

Kansas City Royals
2
1973, 2012

Milwaukee Brewers
2
1975, 2002

Seattle Mariners
2
1979, 2001

Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals
1
1982, 2018

Toronto Blue Jays
1
1991

Colorado Rockies
1
1998

Arizona Diamondbacks
1
2011

Miami Marlins
1
2017

Tampa Bay Rays
0
–

text:
The Tampa Bay Rays have yet to host the All-Star Game.[2]
The Washington Nationals have yet to host the All-Star Game in Washington, D.C., though the Nationals have been selected to host the game in 2018.[3] They previously hosted the All-Star Game when they were in Montreal.

text: Ballparks that have hosted more than one All-Star Game[edit]

text: Active baseball parks[edit]

text:
Wrigley Field 1947, 1962, 1990
Fenway Park 1946, 1961, 1999
Angel Stadium 1967, 1989, 2010
Kauffman Stadium 1973, 2012

text: Discontinued baseball parks[edit]

text:
Yankee Stadium 1939, 1960, 1977, 2008
Cleveland Stadium 1935, 1954, 1963, 1981
Sportsman's Park 1940, 1948, 1957
Tiger Stadium 1941, 1951, 1971
Comiskey Park 1933, 1950, 1983
Polo Grounds 1934, 1942
Shibe Park 1943, 1952
Crosley Field 1938, 1953
Griffith Stadium 1937, 1956
Forbes Field 1944, 1959
Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium 1962, 1969
Milwaukee County Stadium 1955, 1975
Candlestick Park 1961, 1984
Houston Astrodome 1968, 1986
Riverfront Stadium 1970, 1988
Jack Murphy Stadium 1978, 1992
Three Rivers Stadium 1974, 1994
Veterans Stadium 1976, 1996
Turner Field 2000

text: The only discontinued ballparks that hosted one All-Star Game are: Memorial Stadium (Baltimore) in 1959, Shea Stadium in 1964, Metropolitan Stadium in 1965, Busch Memorial Stadium in 1966, Fulton County Stadium in 1972, the Kingdome in 1979, Olympic Stadium (Montreal) in 1982, Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in 1985, Globe Life Park in Arlington in 1995 and Turner Field in 2000.

text: Ballparks that have never hosted an All-Star Game[edit]

text: Active baseball parks (oldest parks listed first)[edit]

text:
Tropicana Field, opened in 1990; the Rays have played there since 1998.
Citizens Bank Park, opened in 2004; the Phillies last hosted the ASG in 1996 in Veterans Stadium.
Nationals Park, opened in 2008; the franchise last hosted an ASG in 1982 in Montreal. Scheduled to host the 2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game.
Yankee Stadium (New), opened in 2009; the Yankees last hosted the ASG in 2008 at the previous park.
SunTrust Park, opened in 2017; the Braves last hosted the ASG in 2000 in Turner Field.

text: Discontinued baseball parks (oldest parks listed first)[edit]

text:
Baker Bowl, the Phillies played there from 1895 to 1938 (the All-Star game began in 1933)
League Park, the Indians split games between League Park and Cleveland Stadium off and on until the end of the 1946 season
Seals Stadium, the Giants played there from 1958 to 1959 *
Wrigley Field of Los Angeles, the Angels played there in 1961 *
Colt Stadium, the Colt .45s (now the Astros) played there from 1962 to 1964 *
Sick's Stadium, the Pilots played there in 1969 *
Jarry Park, the Expos played there from 1969 to 1976 *
Arlington Stadium, the Rangers played there from 1972 to 1993
Exhibition Stadium, the Blue Jays played there from 1977 to 1989
Mile High Stadium, the Rockies played there from 1993 to 1994 *
Sun Life Stadium, the Marlins played there from 1993 to 2011

text: A * indicates that the stadium was a temporary facility, used in the short term by a team awaiting the construction of a larger, permanent home park.

text: The last time each franchise has hosted an All-Star Game[edit]

text:
Los Angeles Dodgers, 1980
Washington Nationals, 1982 (As Montreal Expos)
Oakland Athletics, 1987
Chicago Cubs, 1990
Toronto Blue Jays, 1991
Baltimore Orioles, 1993
Texas Rangers, 1995
Philadelphia Phillies, 1996
Cleveland Indians, 1997
Tampa Bay Rays, never (Franchise started in 1998)
Colorado Rockies, 1998
Boston Red Sox, 1999
Atlanta Braves, 2000
Seattle Mariners, 2001
Milwaukee Brewers, 2002
Chicago White Sox, 2003
Houston Astros, 2004
Detroit Tigers, 2005
Pittsburgh Pirates, 2006
San Francisco Giants, 2007
New York Yankees, 2008
St. Louis Cardinals, 2009
Los Angeles Angels, 2010
Arizona Diamondbacks, 2011
Kansas City Royals, 2012
New York Mets, 2013
Minnesota Twins, 2014
Cincinnati Reds, 2015
San Diego Padres, 2016
Miami Marlins, 2017

text: Hosting All-Star Game and post-season games in same season[edit]

text: The following teams have hosted the All-Star Game in the summer then proceeded to host post-season games in the fall:

text:
1939: New York Yankees – won World Series
1946: Boston Red Sox – lost World Series
1949: Brooklyn Dodgers – lost World Series
1954: Cleveland Indians – lost World Series
1959: (Game 2): Los Angeles Dodgers – won World Series
1960: (Game 2): New York Yankees – lost World Series
1965: Minnesota Twins – lost World Series

text: League Championship Series play began 1969

text:
1970: Cincinnati Reds – lost World Series – also first season for Riverfront Stadium
1974: Pittsburgh Pirates – lost NLCS
1976: Philadelphia Phillies – lost NLCS
1977: New York Yankees – won World Series
1983: Chicago White Sox – lost ALCS
1986: Houston Astros – lost NLCS
1991: Toronto Blue Jays – lost ALCS

text: Division Series play began 1995

text:
1997: Cleveland Indians – lost World Series
1999: Boston Red Sox – lost ALCS
2000: Atlanta Braves – lost NLDS
2001: Seattle Mariners – lost ALCS
2004: Houston Astros – lost NLCS
2009: St. Louis Cardinals – lost NLDS
2011: Arizona Diamondbacks – lost NLDS


document_title: List of NBA champions

question_text: which team has won the most nba titles

question_tokens: which team has won the most nba titles

text: List of NBA champions

text: Trophies[edit]

text: Walter A. Brown Trophy[edit]

text: The trophy was originally referred to as the NBA Finals trophy,[14] but was renamed in 1964 after Walter A. Brown, the original owner of the Boston Celtics who was instrumental in merging the BAA and the National Basketball League into the NBA in 1949.[15][16]

text: The original trophy was awarded to the BAA/NBA champions from 1947 to 1976. The trophy was kept by the winning team for one year and given to the winning team of the following year's finals, unless the previous team won again, much like the NHL's Stanley Cup, which continues that tradition to this day.

text: A new trophy design was created for the 1977 NBA Finals, although it retained the Walter A. Brown title. Unlike the original championship trophy, the new trophy was given permanently to the winning team and a new one was made every year.

text: The inaugural winners of the trophy were the Philadelphia Warriors, who defeated the Chicago Stags.[17] From 1957 to 1969, the Celtics won the NBA Finals 11 out of 13 times, including eight consecutive wins. The final winners of the trophy were the Philadelphia 76ers, who defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1983 NBA Finals. In 1984, the trophy was renamed the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy.

text: Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy[edit]

text: In 1984, the trophy was renamed to the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy, in honor of Larry O'Brien, who served as NBA commissioner from 1975 to 1984.[18]

text: The current trophy is made out of 14.5 pounds of sterling silver and vermeil with a 24 karat gold overlay and stands 2 feet (0.61 m) tall. It is designed to look like a basketball about to enter a net. The year and team names are engraved on the trophies, which are often prominently displayed in the winning team's arena.[19][20][21]

text: The Boston Celtics were the inaugural winners of the renamed trophy, defeating the Los Angeles Lakers in seven games (4–3) in the 1984 NBA Finals.[22]

text: Champions[edit]

text: Legend

text:
Bold
Winning team of the NBA Finals

Had or tied for the best regular season record for that season

(#)
Playoff seed

text: BAA champions[edit]

text:
Year
Western Champions
Result
Eastern Champions
Reference

1947
Chicago Stags
1–4
Philadelphia Warriors
[23]

1948
Baltimore Bullets
4–2
Philadelphia Warriors
[24]

1949
Minneapolis Lakers
4–2
Washington Capitols
[25]

text: NBA champions[edit]

text:
Year
Western Champions
Result
Eastern Champions
Reference

1950
Minneapolis Lakers[a]
4–2
Syracuse Nationals
[26][27]

1951
Rochester Royals (2)
4–3
New York Knicks (3)
[28]

1952
Minneapolis Lakers (2)
4–3
New York Knicks (3)
[29]

1953
Minneapolis Lakers (1)
4–1
New York Knicks (1)
[30]

1954
Minneapolis Lakers (1)
4–3
Syracuse Nationals (1)
[31]

1955
Fort Wayne Pistons (1)
3–4
Syracuse Nationals (1)
[32]

1956
Fort Wayne Pistons (1)
1–4
Philadelphia Warriors (1)
[33]

1957
St. Louis Hawks (1)
3–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[34]

1958
St. Louis Hawks (1)
4–2
Boston Celtics (1)
[35]

1959
Minneapolis Lakers (2)
0–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[36]

1960
St. Louis Hawks (1)
3–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[37]

1961
St. Louis Hawks (1)
1–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[38]

1962
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
3–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[39]

1963
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
2–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[40]

1964[b]
San Francisco Warriors (1)
1–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[41]

1965
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
1–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[42]

1966
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
3–4
Boston Celtics (2)
[43]

1967
San Francisco Warriors (1)
2–4
Philadelphia 76ers (1)
[44]

1968
Los Angeles Lakers (2)
2–4
Boston Celtics (2)
[45]

1969
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
3–4
Boston Celtics (4)
[46]

1970
Los Angeles Lakers (2)
3–4
New York Knicks (1)
[47]

1971
Milwaukee Bucks (1)
4–0
Baltimore Bullets (1)
[48]

1972
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–1
New York Knicks (2)
[49]

1973
Los Angeles Lakers (2)
1–4
New York Knicks (2)
[50]

1974
Milwaukee Bucks (1)
3–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[51]

1975
Golden State Warriors (1)
4–0
Washington Bullets (2)
[52]

1976
Phoenix Suns (3)
2–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[53]

1977[c]
Portland Trail Blazers (3)
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (1)
[54]

1978
Seattle SuperSonics (4)
3–4
Washington Bullets (3)
[55]

1979
Seattle SuperSonics (1)
4–1
Washington Bullets (1)
[56]

1980
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (3)
[57]

1981
Houston Rockets (6)
2–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[58]

1982
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (3)
[59]

1983
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
0–4
Philadelphia 76ers (1)
[60]

1984[d]
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
3–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[22]

1985
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–2
Boston Celtics (1)
[61]

1986
Houston Rockets (2)
2–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[62]

1987
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–2
Boston Celtics (1)
[63]

1988
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–3
Detroit Pistons (2)
[64]

1989
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
0–4
Detroit Pistons (1)
[65]

1990
Portland Trail Blazers (3)
1–4
Detroit Pistons (1)
[66]

1991
Los Angeles Lakers (3)
1–4
Chicago Bulls (1)
[67]

1992
Portland Trail Blazers (1)
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1)
[68]

1993
Phoenix Suns (1)
2–4
Chicago Bulls (2)
[69]

1994
Houston Rockets (2)
4–3
New York Knicks (2)
[70]

1995
Houston Rockets (6)
4–0
Orlando Magic (1)
[71]

1996
Seattle SuperSonics (1)
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1)
[72]

1997
Utah Jazz (1)
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1)
[73]

1998
Utah Jazz (1)
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1)
[74]

1999[e]
San Antonio Spurs (1)
4–1
New York Knicks (8)
[76]

2000
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–2
Indiana Pacers (1)
[77]

2001
Los Angeles Lakers (2)
4–1
Philadelphia 76ers (1)
[78]

2002
Los Angeles Lakers (3)
4–0
New Jersey Nets (1)
[79]

2003
San Antonio Spurs (1)
4–2
New Jersey Nets (2)
[80]

2004
Los Angeles Lakers (2)
1–4
Detroit Pistons (3)
[81]

2005
San Antonio Spurs (2)
4–3
Detroit Pistons (2)
[82]

2006
Dallas Mavericks (4)
2–4
Miami Heat (2)
[83]

2007
San Antonio Spurs (3)
4–0
Cleveland Cavaliers (2)
[84]

2008
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
2–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[85]

2009
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–1
Orlando Magic (3)
[86]

2010
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–3
Boston Celtics (4)
[87]

2011
Dallas Mavericks (3)
4–2
Miami Heat (2)
[88]

2012[f]
Oklahoma City Thunder (2)
1–4
Miami Heat (2)
[91]

2013
San Antonio Spurs (2)
3–4
Miami Heat (1)
[92]

2014
San Antonio Spurs (1)
4–1
Miami Heat (2)
[93]

2015
Golden State Warriors (1)
4–2
Cleveland Cavaliers (2)
[94]

2016
Golden State Warriors (1)
3–4
Cleveland Cavaliers (1)
[95]

2017
Golden State Warriors (1)
4–1
Cleveland Cavaliers (2)

text: Results by teams[edit]

text:
Teams
Win
Loss
Total
Year(s) won
Year(s) lost

Boston Celtics
17
4
21
1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986, 2008
1958, 1985, 1987, 2010

Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers
16
15
31
1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010
1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1991, 2004, 2008

Chicago Bulls
6
0
6
1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
—

Philadelphia/San Francisco/Golden State Warriors
5
4
9
1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017
1948, 1964, 1967, 2016

San Antonio Spurs
5
1
6
1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014
2013

Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers
3
6
9
1955, 1967, 1983
1950, 1954, 1977, 1980, 1982, 2001

Fort Wayne/Detroit Pistons
3
4
7
1989, 1990, 2004
1955, 1956, 1988, 2005

Miami Heat
3
2
5
2006, 2012, 2013
2011, 2014

New York Knicks
2
6
8
1970, 1973
1951, 1952, 1953, 1972, 1994, 1999

Houston Rockets
2
2
4
1994, 1995
1981, 1986

St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks
1
3
4
1958
1957, 1960, 1961

Baltimore/Washington Bullets/Washington Wizards
1
3
4
1978
1971, 1975, 1979

Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder
1
3
4
1979
1978, 1996, 2012

Cleveland Cavaliers
1
3
4
2016
2007, 2015, 2017

Portland Trail Blazers
1
2
3
1977
1990, 1992

Milwaukee Bucks
1
1
2
1971
1974

Dallas Mavericks
1
1
2
2011
2006

Baltimore Bullets (original) (folded in 1954)[g]
1
0
1
1948
—

Rochester/Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City/Sacramento Kings
1
0
1
1951
—

Phoenix Suns
0
2
2
—
1976, 1993

New Orleans/Utah Jazz
0
2
2
—
1997, 1998

New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets
0
2
2
—
2002, 2003

Orlando Magic
0
2
2
—
1995, 2009

Chicago Stags (folded in 1950)
0
1
1
—
1947

Washington Capitols (folded in 1951)
0
1
1
—
1949

Indiana Pacers
0
1
1
—
2000

Buffalo Braves/San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers
—
—
—

Charlotte Bobcats/Hornets
—
—
—

Denver Nuggets
—
—
—

Minnesota Timberwolves
—
—
—

New Orleans Hornets/Pelicans
—
—
—

Toronto Raptors
—
—
—

Vancouver/Memphis Grizzlies
—
—
—

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Due to the NBA's realignment into three divisions, the team with the best regular season record after the Divisional Finals advanced automatically to the NBA Finals while the other two teams faced off in the NBA Semifinals to determine the other finalist. Eastern Division champion Syracuse had the best regular season record among the division champions, causing Central Division (no relation to the current Central Division) champion Minneapolis to face Western Division champion Anderson Packers in the NBA Semifinals.[26]
Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Walter A. Brown.
Jump up ^ The trophy was replaced by a new design.[19][20]
Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Larry O'Brien.
Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50-game regular season schedule.[75]
Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66-game regular season schedule.[89][90]
Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present-day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997.