document_title: Another Mother for Peace

question_text: who designed the mother and child logo in 1967

text: Another Mother for Peace

text: Origins[edit]

text: The inspiration for Another Mother for Peace came out of a child's first birthday in 1967. Barbara Avedon, a former writer for The Donna Reed Show who would later co-create the series Cagney and Lacey, had invited friends to her southern California home to celebrate the birthday of her son, Josh. Opposed to U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, Avedon expressed her fear that she could be raising her son only to send him off to war.[5] She and others present agreed that they wanted to take some action.[6]

text: In February [7] or March,[1] 1967, 15 women met in Avedon’s living room to talk about ways they could work together to help bring an end to the war. “We wanted to… communicate our horror and disgust to our elected representatives in one concerted action,” Avedon later wrote. “We were not ‘bearded, sandaled youths,’ ‘wild-eyed radicals’ or dyed in the wool ‘old line freedom fighters’ and we wanted the Congress to know that they were dealing with an awakening and enraged middle class.”[8]

text: AMP’s first action was a Mother's Day campaign in opposition to the Vietnam War. Their plan was to send then-President Lyndon B. Johnson and members of Congress Mother's Day cards expressing their yearning for peace.[7][9]

text: Los Angeles artist Lorraine Art Schneider donated the use of a striking illustration for the Mother's Day peace cards--a sunflower on yellow background amid the slogan “War is not healthy for children and other living things.” [1]

text: The Mother's Day card featured Schneider’s sunflower design on the front. Inside was this text:

text:
For my Mother's Day gift this year,
I don't want candy or flowers.
I want an end to killing. We who have given life
must be dedicated to preserving it. Please talk peace.[10]

text: The yellow-and-black logo proved instantly popular.[7] The initial printing of 1000 cards soon sold out [1] By the end of May 1967, 200,000 of the Mother's Day cards had been sold.[1][9] Members of Congress were “flooded” with cards, and Senator J. William Fulbright was photographed at his desk among piles of the AMP cards.[11] l The logo was also used in jewelry, posters, pamphlets, bumper stickers and other items.[10] The distinctive calligraphy associated with AMP materials was produced by in-house designer Gerta Katz.

text: Another Mother for Peace's reliance on middle class respectability and their maternalist peace rhetoric linked the efforts of Another Mother for Peace's members to a long history of women's peace activism, from Women Strike for Peace to Julia Ward Howe's efforts to create Mother's Day.[12]

text: AMP's Vietnam War-era activities[edit]

text: AMP’s founding mission was "to educate women to take an active role in eliminating war as a means of solving disputes between nations, people and ideologies." [1] Through its newsletters, AMP gave “peace homework” to its members, offering concrete ideas for action against the war and war in general. AMP opposed anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs), chemical warfare, biological warfare and multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), which contained multiple warheads on a single missile cone, thereby evading SALT limitations. Revenues from the sale of items imprinted with the sunflower logo supported AMP’s Invest in Peace fund; the fund supported congressmen who advocated for withdrawal from Vietnam and who opposed ABMs and MIRVs. AMP sought to demonstrate a link between U.S. war policy and oil interests, and pushed for investigation into U.S. oil leases off the coast of Vietnam. In 1971, co-chairmen Barbara Avedon and Dorothy B. Jones testified before the U.S. House Defense Appropriations Subcommittee in opposition to the military budget.[1]

text: AMP advocated for a U.S. Department of Peace that would examine nonmilitary alternatives to conflict resolution.[13] The group published a 56-page pamphlet by political scientist Frederick L. Schuman in support of House and Senate bills introduced in the 91st Congress, 1st Session (1969) proposing a cabinet level Department of Peace. The proposed department would train citizens for public service, invest in anti-poverty programs abroad, and assume management of certain agencies such as the Agency for International Development, the Peace Corps, the International Agricultural Development Service of the Department of Agriculture, and others. Schuman argued that the Department of State’s mission was to advance U.S. national interests, not to plan for peace, and “[p]eople get what they plan for…” [14] Schuman traced the idea for an American peace agency to Benjamin Banneker's Almanack of 1793.[15]

text: In its June 1970 newsletter, AMP launched a letter writing campaign targeting eight weapons manufacturers who also sold goods in the consumer market. The newsletter provided names and addresses for the presidents and board chairmen of the following eight corporations: Bulova Watch, Honeywell, General Electric, Westinghouse, Motorola, Whirlpool, General Motors and Dow Chemical. “Let's tell them where we're really at! … We represent a lot of toasters - a lot of dollars - a lot of public opinion….” AMP’s newsletter said.[16] The campaign’s purpose was to pressure the manufacturers into ending their participation in the war industry by threatening to boycott their consumer products if they did not. According to a 1972 article analyzing the campaign, it was not effective because too few messages reached the target companies, and the targets were so numerous “that no one target was strongly affected by the campaign.” [17]

text: At a Mother's Day Assembly in Los Angeles in May 1969, AMP introduced The Pax Materna--“a permanent, irrevocable…understanding among mothers of the world:”

text:
I join with my sisters in every land
In The Pax Materna—
A permanent declaration of peace
That transcends our ideological differences.
In the nuclear shadow, war is obsolete.
I will no longer suffer it in silence
Nor sustain it by complicity.
They shall not send my son
To fight another mother’s son.
For now, forever, there is no mother
Who is an enemy to another mother.[10]

text: During the Vietnam war the AMP newsletter was sent to between 130,000 and 400,000 homes yearly. The organization produced two films: You Don’t Have to Buy War, Mrs. Smith and Another Family for Peace. [10] Paul Newman, Donna Reed, Debbie Reynolds and other celebrities made public appearances on behalf of AMP.[1]

text: AMP became less active as U.S. involvement in Vietnam declined. Though most activity had ceased by 1979, the AMP newsletter was published until 1985, at which time the office was closed. Another Mother for Peace's records from the organization's birth to 1985 have been in the care of the Swarthmore College Peace Collection, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, since 1986.[1]

text: Notable members and supporters[edit]

text: Another Mother for Peace enjoyed active support from a number of well-known personalities. These include former Miss America Bess Myerson; and actors Debbie Reynolds, Joanne Woodward, Paul Newman, Dick van Dyke,[1] Lauren Bacall, Janice Rule, Whitney Blake and Donna Winters [6] Associated Press reporter George Zucker later described visiting the AMP office in the early years: “On the day I visited their rented office in Beverly Hills, actor Robert Vaughn, then star of the TV series, Man from U.N.C.L.E., sat at a long table stuffing envelopes. Actress Donna Reed worked beside him.” [6]

text: Rebirth[edit]

text: As the United States went to war in the early 21st century, Carol Schneider, daughter of Lorrainne Schneider, and Josh Avedon, son of Barbara Avedon, revived the organization.[6] AMP operates as a not-for-profit, non-partisan, 501(c)(3) organization, offering "peace homework" and distributing educational materials, seeking to engage citizens in pursuing alternatives to armed conflict. Sales of posters and other materials with the sunflower logo support the group's efforts.[18]


document_title: List of Prime Ministers of India

question_text: who is longest serving prime minister of india

root

text: List of Prime Ministers of India

text: Key

text:
Colour key for party of the prime ministers

  Bharatiya Janata Party

  Indian National Congress
designated Indian National Congress (I) 1977–1996[5]

  Janata Dal

  Janata Party

  Janata Party (Secular)

  Samajwadi Janata Party

Other key

№: Incumbent number
† Assassinated or died in office
§ Returned to office after a previous term
RES Resigned
NC Resigned following a no-confidence motion

tag: table

text: Prime Ministers of India

text:
№
Name
(birth–death)
Portrait
Prior Office
Party
(Alliance)
Elected constituency
Term of office[6]
Appointed by

1
Jawaharlal Nehru
(1889–1964)

Vice President of Executive Council

Indian National Congress
Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh
15 August
1947
27 May
1964[†]
16 years, 286 days
Lord Mountbatten

Rajendra Prasad

–
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
(1898–1998)

Minister of Labour and Employment

Indian National Congress
Sabarkantha, Gujarat
27 May
1964
9 June
1964
13 days
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

2
Lal Bahadur Shastri
(1904–1966)

Minister of Home Affairs

Indian National Congress
Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
9 June
1964
11 January
1966[†]
1 year, 216 days
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

–
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
(1898–1998)

Minister of Home Affairs

Indian National Congress
Sabarkantha, Gujarat
11 January
1966
24 January
1966
13 days
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

3
Indira Gandhi
(1917–1984)

Minister of Information and Broadcasting

Prime Minister (Re-elected)

Indian National Congress
Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh
24 January
1966
24 March
1977
11 years, 59 days
V. V. Giri

4
Morarji Desai
(1896–1995)

Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of India before he resigned in 1969

Janata Party
Surat, Gujarat
24 March
1977
28 July
1979[RES]
2 years, 126 days
B. D. Jatti
(acting President)

5
Charan Singh
(1902–1987)

Minister of Finance

Janata Party (Secular)
with INC
Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh
28 July
1979
14 January
1980[RES]
170 days
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

(3)
Indira Gandhi
(1917–1984)

Former Prime Minister

Indian National Congress (I)
Medak, Andhra Pradesh
14 January
1980[§]
31 October
1984[†]
4 years, 291 days
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

6
Rajiv Gandhi
(1944–1991)

MP for Amethi

Indian National Congress (I)
Amethi, Uttar Pradesh
31 October
1984
2 December
1989
5 years, 32 days
Zail Singh

7
Vishwanath Pratap Singh
(1931–2008)

Minister of Defence

Janata Dal
(National Front)
Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh
2 December
1989
10 November
1990[NC]
343 days
R. Venkataraman

8
Chandra Shekhar
(1927–2007)

MP for Ballia

Samajwadi Janata Party
with INC
Ballia, Uttar Pradesh
10 November
1990
21 June
1991[a]
223 days
R. Venkataraman

9
Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao
(1921–2004)

Minister of External Affairs

Indian National Congress (I)
Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh
21 June
1991
16 May
1996
4 years, 330 days
R. Venkataraman

10
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(born 1924)

Minister of External Affairs

Bharatiya Janata Party
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
16 May
1996
1 June
1996[RES]
16 days
Shankar Dayal Sharma

11
Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda
(born 1933)

Chief Minister of Karnataka

Janata Dal
(United Front)
Rajya Sabha MP for Karnataka
1 June
1996
21 April
1997[RES]
324 days
Shankar Dayal Sharma

12
Inder Kumar Gujral
(1919–2012)

Minister of External Affairs

Janata Dal
(United Front)
Rajya Sabha MP for Bihar
21 April
1997
19 March
1998
332 days
Shankar Dayal Sharma

(10)
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(born 1924)

Former Prime Minister

Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA)
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
19 March
1998[§]
22 May
2004
6 years, 64 days
K. R. Narayanan

13
Manmohan Singh
(born 1932)

Minister of Finance

Indian National Congress
(UPA)
Rajya Sabha MP for Assam
22 May
2004
26 May
2014
10 years, 4 days
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Pratibha Patil

14
Narendra Modi
(born 1950)

Chief Minister of Gujarat

Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA)
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
26 May
2014[7]
Incumbent
4 years, 2 days
Pranab Mukherjee

text: Jump up ^ Chandra Shekhar officially resigned as Prime Minister on 13 March 1991, but he and his ministers continued in office until Rao succeeded him.

tag: ol


document_title: List of My Hero Academia episodes

question_text: when is my hero academia season 2 episode 15 coming out

text: List of My Hero Academia episodes

text: Series overview

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired113April 3, 2016 (2016-04-03)June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)225April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)September 30, 2017 (2017-09-30)325[13]April 7, 2018 (2018-04-07)TBA

text: Episode list

text: Season 1 (2016)

text:
No. in Series

No. in Season

Title

Original airdate

English airdate

11
"Izuku Midoriya: Origin""Midoriya Izuku: Orijin" (緑谷出久：オリジン) April 3, 2016May 5, 2018
In a world where most of the population is gifted with special powers known as "Quirks", Izuku Midoriya is a young boy who always dreamed of becoming a hero, despite not having a Quirk himself, until one day he is attacked by a villain and is rescued by none other than All Might, the most famous hero ever and his idol since childhood.

Note: The episode was watched by 718,000 viewers in the United States.[14]
22
"What It Takes to Be a Hero""Hīrō no Jōken" (ヒーローの条件) April 10, 2016May 12, 2018
Izuku discovers that All Might's true form is that of a frail, emaciated man, who suffered a massive injury years ago. All Might tells Izuku that he should give up on being a hero and focus on a more realistic dream. Disheartened, Izuku makes his way home, only to see his classmate and bully Katsuki Bakugō attacked by a villain. With no heroes around able to fight the villain, Izuku, without any thought given, rushes in.

Note: The episode was watched by 578,000 viewers in the United States.[15]
33
"Roaring Muscles""Unare kin'niku" (うなれ筋肉) April 17, 2016May 19, 2018
All Might tells Izuku of his quirk, "One For All", a special quirk that transfers its strength from person to person. While All Might believes Izuku to be worthy of his quirk, bestowing it to him right away would ruin his untrained body. All Might then designs a ten-month training regimen to ensure that Izuku can become a vessel that can carry it.

Note: The episode was watched by 554,000 viewers in the United States.[16]
44
"Start Line""Sutaatorain" (スタートライン) April 24, 2016June 2, 2018
After receiving All Might's Quirk, the time has come for Izuku to attend the exams for the prestigious U.A. High School for heroes in training. During the practical exam, Izuku gets himself in a pinch and is about to fail until one of his fellow examinees finds herself in serious danger and he runs to her rescue.

Note: The episode was watched by 608,000 viewers in the United States.[17]
55
"What I Can Do For Now""Ima Boku ni Dekiru Koto wo" (今 僕に出来ることを) May 1, 2016June 9, 2018
It's Izuku's first day as a student of U.A. High School. However, his homeroom teacher Shōta Aizawa decides to hold a physical test to evaluate how the students use their Quirks. Mr. Aizawa threatens the worst ranked student with expulsion, and Izuku finds himself in another predicament as he still has not learned to control his Quirk properly.

Note: The episode was watched by 520,000 viewers in the United States.[18]
66
"Rage, You Damned Nerd""Takere Kusonādo" (猛れクソナード) May 8, 2016June 16, 2018
Now donning their own hero costumes, the students are assigned to a mock battle between teams of two to test their combat abilities. Izuku is paired with Ochako Uraraka, the girl he helped during the entrance exams who also becomes his friend much to his joy. However, also to his dismay, one of his opponents is Bakugō, who always mocked him for his quirklessness, and is now furious at him.

Note: The episode was watched by 720,000 viewers in the United States.[19]
77
"Deku vs. Kacchan""Deku bāsasu Kacchan" (デクvsかっちゃん) May 15, 2016June 23, 2018
The mock battle continues with Izuku barely holding against Bakugō's devastating attacks, leaving Ochako to face the other opponent Tenya Iida by herself. As the time limit approaches, Izuku seems to have no option but to use his Quirk against Bakugō in an attempt to defeat him, until he comes up with a better idea.

Note: The episode was watched by 661,000 viewers in the United States.[20]
88
"Bakugo's Start Line""Sutāto Rain, Bakugō no." (スタートライン、爆豪の。) May 22, 2016June 30, 2018
After losing against Izuku in the mock battle, Bakugō watches the rest of his classmates in action and realizes that he still has a long way to stand above his peers. After recovering from his injuries, Izuku attempts to cheer him up, to the point of sharing with him parts of his secret. Meanwhile, news that All Might is teaching at U.A. are received by some individuals with contempt.

Note: The episode was watched by 601,000 viewers in the United States.[21]
99
"Yeah, Just Do Your Best, Iida!""Ii zo Ganbare Īda-kun!" (いいぞガンバレ飯田くん！) May 29, 2016July 7, 2018
Izuku is chosen as the class president, much to his surprise, but he ends up relinquishing the position to Iida when he and his friends find him more suitable for the position. The students are then assigned to another field exercise, but before it begins, a horde of villains suddenly appear before them.

Note: The episode was watched by 560,000 viewers in the United States.[22]
1010
"Encounter with the Unknown""Michi to no Sōgū" (未知との遭遇) June 5, 2016July 14, 2018
The villains use their powers to scatter and ambush the students in order to attract All Might for a trap. Izuku ends up stranded and surrounded on a boat along with his classmates Tsuyu Asui and Minoru Mineta, but after learning more about their powers, he comes up with a plan to turn the tides. Elsewhere, Iida is chosen by the others to break through the enemy trap and call for help.

Note: The episode was watched by 497,000 viewers in the United States.[23]
1111
"Game Over""Gēmu Ōbā" (ゲームオーバー) June 12, 2016July 21, 2018
The students fight for their lives against the Villains while Iida manages to escape with his friends' help. Once it's clear that Iida will warn the other teachers who will come to stop them, the Villains' leader Tomura Shigaraki decides to kill Izuku and his friends just to hurt All Might's pride before they leave, when All Might himself appears.

Note: The episode was watched by 537,000 viewers in the United States.[24]
1212
"All Might""Ōrumaito" (オールマイト) June 19, 2016July 28, 2018
Shigaraki unleashes his secret weapon, the multi-quirk monster called "Nomu" against All Might, who finds himself in a pinch, until Izuku and some other students arrive to assist him, but All Might has little time left before he runs out of power to defeat the creature in order to protect the school.
1313
"In Each of our Hearts""Onoono no Mune ni" (各々の胸に) June 26, 2016August 4, 2018
Although he was able to defeat the Nomu, All Might has no energy left and is defenseless against Shigaraki, but Izuku manages to stall the enemy long enough for the other teachers to arrive and force him to retreat. As the leftover Villains are captured and the students are rescued, All Might thanks Izuku for saving his life, but elsewhere, Shigaraki confers with his master, implying that their feud against the Heroes is just beginning.

text: Season 2 (2017)

text:
No. in Series

No. in Season

Title

Original airdate

English airdate

13.50
"Hero Notebook""Hīrō Nōto" (ヒーローノート) March 25, 2017Unaired
A recap of the first season.

Note: The episode earned a 3.3% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[25]
141
"That's the Idea, Ochaco""Sou iu Koto ne Ochako-san" (そういうことね お茶子さん) April 1, 2017August 11, 2018
Still recovering from the previous incident, the school is about to hold the Sports Festival, which will serve as an opportunity for the students to show off their Quirks for professional heroes looking for sidekicks. In the occasion, All Might confesses to Izuku that his powers are diminishing, and that the festival is an opportunity for Izuku to show his true value to the world.

Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[26]
152
"Roaring Sports Festival""Unare Taiikusai" (うなれ体育祭) April 8, 2017August 18, 2018
Todoroki expresses to Izuku that he will defeat him and show his true power. As the Sports Festival begins, the students from the four branches of the school - Hero, General Studies, Business and Support Courses - participate in an obstacle-course race.

Note: The episode earned a 3.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[27]
163
"In Their Own Quirky Ways""Minna Koseiteki de ii ne" (みんな個性的でいいね) April 15, 2017August 25, 2018
During the obstacle race, Todoroki effortlessly passes each obstacle with Bakugo in hot pursuit. At the last obstacle, Izuku uses his wits to pass through both and win the race. However, his victory is short-lived when he learns that by being first place, he is the top target for the next round.
174
"Strategy, Strategy, Strategy""Saku Saku Saku" (策策策) April 22, 2017—
In the next round, the Cavalry Battle, Izuku teams up with Ochako, Tokoyami and Support Course student Mei. Being the team with most points, they barely evade the advances from the other teams from their class, while the students from Class B take advantage of it to claim points for themselves.
185
"Cavalry Battle Finale""Kibasen Kecchaku" (騎馬戦決着) April 29, 2017—
As the end of the Cavalry Battle approaches, Izuku's team have a heated confrontation with the team led by Todoroki and despite losing the first place to them, they earn a place in the next round by working together.
196
"The Boy Born with Everything""Subete o Motte Umareta Otokonoko" (全てを持って生まれた男の子) May 6, 2017—
The 16 remaining students advance to the final stage, with battles one on one to decide the winner. Before the fights begin, Todoroki has a private talk with Izuku, revealing the reasons for his hatred toward his father, the world's second-best hero Endeavor.

Note: The episode earned a 3.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[28]
207
"Victory or Defeat""Kachimake" (勝ち負け) May 13, 2017—
In the first round, Izuku is struck by Hitoshi Shinso's brainwashing ability, but breaks free in the last moment and obtains victory, while Todoroki displays his overwhelming power and easily wins his match against Hanta Sero, becoming Izuku's opponent in the following round.

Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[29]
218
"Battle on, Challengers!""Furue! Charenjā" (奮え！チャレンジャー) May 20, 2017—
The U.A. Sports Festival continues with the completion of the other six bracket matches. Shiozaki swiftly overcomes Kaminari. Mei manipulates Iida in order to show off her tech to support companies, giving him the win by stepping out. Mina beats Aoyama by exploiting his weakness. Yaoyorozu is overwhelmed by the speed of Tokoyami's Dark Shadow and is pushed out of the ring. Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have a homestyle brawl ending in a tie. Throughout all of this, Ochako is trying to prepare herself for the daunting task of battling Bakugo.

Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[30]
229
"Bakugo vs. Uraraka""Bakugō vs. Uraraka" (爆vs麗日豪) May 27, 2017—
Ochako uses many different strategies to attempt to defeat Bakugo. However, despite her plans, Bakugo wins after Ochako falls unconscious. Afterwards, Ochako talks over the phone with her father who tries to console her, but to no avail. Also during this time, Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have an arm-wrestling contest to determine who moves on to the next round; Kirishima wins and the two become friends. Izuku prepares for his fight with Todoroki.
2310
"Shoto Todoroki: Origin""Todoroki Shōto: Orijin" (轟 焦凍:オリジン) June 3, 2017—
Izuku and Todoroki begin their match. Izuku, while still trying to win, is attempting to get Todoroki to use his left side so they can both battle at their full power. As Todoroki fights on, more of his past is revealed through flashbacks. He remembers his mother saying it was okay to use his left side because he wanted to be a hero. So Izuku fights Todoroki who is using both sides. Cementoss and Midnight attempt to stop the match before the two deal their final attacks but to no avail. Izuku is thrown out of bounds and Todoroki moves on.

Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[31]
2411
"Fight on, Iida""Īda-kun Faito" (飯田くんファイト) June 10, 2017—
Izuku caused significant damage in his right hand warranting surgery; school nurse Recovery Girl refuses future treatment if he does it again. All Might admits to his youth being identical to Izuku's. Todoroki admits to Endeavor he was able to use his left side fire because he forgot all about his father. In the last matches of the second round, Iida and Tokoyami push respective opponents Shiozaki and Ashido out of bounds, while Bakugo overpowers Kirishima. When Iida fights Todoroki, Iida is frozen and rendered unable to go on. Bakugo figures Tokoyami's weakness to intense light as they fight and makes him yield. Meanwhile in Tokyo, Iida's brother Ingenium is crippled in pursuit of the Hero Killer: Stain, and Iida is informed not long after by his mother. Stain is invited by Kurogiri to meet with Shiguraki about joining the Villain's League.
2512
"Todoroki vs. Bakugo""Todoroki vs. Bakugo" (轟vs爆豪) June 17, 2017—
Todoroki is still unsure if he should be using his left side. As the match starts, Todoroki attacks Bakugo with his ice power. Bakugo becomes angry as he wants Todoroki to fight him with both of his sides. After Izuku's cheer, Todoroki decides to use his left side but when Bakugo is about to use his "Howitzer Impact", Todoroki suddenly stops using his left side. The attack pushes Todoroki out of bounds, resulting in Bakugo being named the winner. Angered, Bakugo still goes after Todoroki, but Midnight stops him. After the match, All Might gives everyone medals. Iida already to see his brother at the hospital and did not attend the award ceremony. After everyone went home to recover, Todoroki finally decides to go see his mother whom he had not seen for many years.
2613
"Time to Pick Some Names""Namae o Tsuke te Miyō no Kai" (名前をつけてみようの会) June 24, 2017—
The Sports Festival is over, and everyone's injuries are almost recovered. Mr. Aizawa announces that everyone has to decide a hero name for themselves, and that since many of the students have gotten multiple offers from pro heroes, everyone will be doing a one-week internship at a hero agency. Midnight joins in to offer feedback on everyone's hero name requests. After that, everyone chooses an agency for their internship. Izuku is still not sure which agency he should join when suddenly All Might shows up. He tells Izuku that his teacher has offered an internship, and Izuku accepts it. Meanwhile, Iida picks an agency in the area where his brother was attacked. The next day, everyone sets off for the internship.
2714
"Bizarre! Gran Torino Appears""Kaiki! Guran Torino Arawaru" (怪奇!グラントリノ現る) July 8, 2017—
The internship program starts and Izuku is waiting to meet Gran Torino but when he does he is not what he expected. Izuku begins to leave until Gran Torino shows his power and tempts Izuku to fight him. Meanwhile Tenya is looking for hero-killer Stain and the other students of Class A are also busy in their internship. Izuku trains hard with Gran Torino and finally starts to understand One For All.
2815
"Midoriya and Shigaraki""Midoriya to Shigaraki" (緑谷と死柄木) July 15, 2017—
Now that Izuku knows how to control some of his powers he starts to train more and more with Gran Torino to perfect that power. All Might learns more about the captured Nomu. After Stain refuses to join the League of Villains, he returns to Hosu City to hunt down more heroes. Shigaraki also goes to Hosu, releasing several Nomus into the city. On the way to respond to the Nomu attacks, Tenya discovers Stain just as he is about to kill another hero. Meanwhile, Gran Torino decides to take Izuku to Shibuya city, and their train is attacked by a Nomu as they pass Hosu.

Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[32]
2916
"Hero Killer: Stain vs U.A. Students""Hīrō Goroshi Sutein vs U.A. Seito" (ヒーロー殺し ステインvs雄英生徒) July 22, 2017—
Hosu City is under attack by Stain and by three Nomus released by the League of Villains. As Gran Torino battles the Nomu that attacked their train, Izuku searches the city for Tenya and arrives just in time to prevent Stain from killing him. Having received a cryptic message from Izuku before he attacked Stain, Shoto arrives just as Stain has used his Quirk to paralyze Izuku. As Izuku figures out the secret of Stain's Quirk, Shoto struggles to evade Stain's many blades and Tenya struggles with his own rage and quest for vengeance.

Note: The episode earned a 2.8% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[33]
3017
"Climax""Ketchaku" (決着) July 29, 2017—
Tenya fights off Stain's Quirk and joins the battle with Shoto and Izuku. Endeavor and Gran Torino defeat a Nomu while the three UA students defeat Stain - at the cost of serious injuries to Tenya and Izuku. Endeavor defeats the remaining Nomu and controls the situation.

Note: The episode earned a 4.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[34]
3118
"The Aftermath of Hero Killer: Stain""'Hīrō-Goroshi Sutein' Sono Yoha" (「ヒーロー殺しステイン」その余波) August 5, 2017—
Following Stain's arrest, the video of Stain expressing his views on the present Heroes has gone viral, and more people are falling to those views. With Stain in custody, they begin to gravitate towards the League of Villains. Meanwhile, credit for the arrest has gone to Endeavor, to ensure that Tenya, Izuku and Shoto are not arrested for using their powers without permission. Iida apologizes for his rash behavior and decides to work on improving himself.
3219
"Everyone's Internships""Sorezore no Shokuba Taiken" (それぞれの職場体験) August 12, 2017—
Anime-original episode showing what some of the other characters did during their internships, particularly Tsuyu/Froppy.

Note: The episode earned a 2.7% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[35]
3320
"Listen Up!! A Tale from the Past""Shire!! Mukashi no Hanashi" (知れ!!昔の話) August 19, 2017—
Following their internships, everyone has returned to school, and All Might decides to tell Izuku the truth behind his Quirk, One for All.

Note: The episode earned a 4.1% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[36]
3421
"Gear up for Final Exams""Sonaero Kimatsu Tesuto" (備えろ期末テスト) September 2, 2017—
Final exams are approaching, and the class prepares for their written and practical exams. Momo hosts a study party at her mansion, and Itsuka tells Izuku and his friends that the practical exam will be against robot enemies. After making it through three days of written exams, everyone is shocked to learn that the practical exam will not involve robots this year - instead, they will be fighting in predetermined pairs against one of their teachers. To pass, they must either defeat the teacher or escape the arena before time runs out.

Note: The episode earned a 3.2% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[37]
3522
"Yaoyorozu: Rising""Yaoyorozu: Raijingu" (八百万：ライジング) September 9, 2017—
Tsuyu and Fumikage work together to evade Ectoplasm's army of clones. Tenya and Mashirao face off against the burrowing Power Loader. Todoroki and Momo, whose confidence was shattered after being easily defeated by Fumikage in the Sports Festival, attempt to evade Aizawa's Quirk. Ochaco and Yuga try to avoid being sucked into Thirteen's black hole.

Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[38]
3623
"Stripping the Varnish""Mukero Hitokawa" (むけろ一皮) September 16, 2017—
Yuga asks Ochaco if she likes Izuku, prompting an unexpected resolution to their match with Thirteen. Denki and Mina attempt to evade the buildings being toppled by Principal Nezu as he strategically cuts off their escape routes. Kyoka and Koji, who both have sound-dependent Quirks, struggle to come up with a strategy against Present Mic's overpowering noise. Mezo creates a distraction to allow Toru an opening against Snipe. Midnight takes out Hanta quickly, leaving Mineta alone against her somnambulist Quirk.

Note: The episode earned a 3.9% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[39]
3724
"Katsuki Bakugo: Origin""Bakugo Katsuki: Orijin" (爆豪勝己：オリジン) September 23, 2017—
The final match of the final exams pits Izuku and Katsuki against All Might. Izuku struggles to convince Katsuki to work with him, especially since Izuku believes they have no choice but to escape and Katsuki seems determined to fight All Might head-on. Even with All Might's diminishing strength and handicap weights, both students face serious injuries as they put everything they have into the fight.

Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[40]
3825
"Encounter""Enkauntā" (エンカウンター) September 30, 2017—
At the League of Villains hideout, two visitors express interest in joining the League of Villains. Tomura resents the fact that Stain's ideology has inspired so many people when his own approach has not been nearly as successful. Meanwhile, Izuku and his classmates go on a shopping trip to prepare for summer training camp.

text: Season 3 (2018)

text:
No. in Series

No. in Season

Title

Original airdate

391
"Game Start""Gēmu Sutāto" (ゲーム・スタート) April 7, 2018
The students of 1-A have a PE class at the pool, while reminiscing about the main events of the previous seasons.

Note: The episode earned a 4.9% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[41]
402
"Wild, Wild Pussycats""Wairudo Wairudo Pusshīkyattsu" (ワイルド・ワイルド・プッシーキャッツ) April 14, 2018
On the day of the forest lodge trip, Class 1-A and 1-B prepare to board buses. An hour later, Class 1-A's bus stops for a restroom break. Suddenly, two women wearing cat-like costumes and a small boy appear. The women introduce themselves as the professional Hero Team, The Pussycats, while the boy is revealed to be Kota, an orphan in their care who despises heroes. Mandalay tells class 1-A that they must reach the training camp at the base of the mountain by midday or they will miss lunch. Despite their best efforts, class 1-A's progress is inhibited by earthen beasts throughout the forest, controlled by Pixie-Bob with her Quirk, and the students miss their deadline by hours. However, team Pussycats is satisfied with their performances, and they are offered dinner instead. Afterwards, Class 1-A go to the hot springs for a bath. Mineta tries to peek at the girls' bath side but is prevented by Kota; Kota accidentally sees the girls and faints, but is saved by Izuku. Izuku brings the unconscious Kota to the cabin and learns the story of his parents; pro heroes who died in the line of duty.
413
"Kota""Kōta-kun" (洸汰くん) April 21, 2018
Class 1-A and 1-B continues training as the villains prepare to attack. Despite Kota's hatred for heroes, and the superhuman society in general, Midoriya tries to convince Kota by telling his own tales as his friend's story. The villains attack when the students are participating in a training exercise and catch them unawares.
424
"My Hero""Boku no Hīrō" (僕のヒーロー) April 28, 2018
The villains continue their attack, working in teams or alone to target different groups of students and teachers. Muscular, one of the villains chances upon Kota at his secret hideout and tries to kill him, but is stopped by Izuku. Izuku is pushed to his limit in the fight but manages to defeat Muscular with a 1,000,000% Delaware Detroit Smash and saves Kota. Kota finally overcomes his prejudices due to Izuku's selflessness and calls him "My Hero".
435
"Drive It Home, Iron Fist!!!""Buchikomu Tekken!!!" (ブチ込む鉄拳!!!) May 5, 2018
After defeating Muscular, Izuku carries Kota back to the camp and runs into Eraserhead. Izuku passes Kota over to him, as he has a message to deliver to everyone through Mandalay's telepathy. The teacher asks Izuku to deliver a message from him as well. Mandalay delivers both messages: That “Kacchan” (Katsuki) is one of the villains' targets and the students have permission to use their quirks to defend themselves. Meanwhile, Tetsutetsu and Itsuka find the source of a poisonous gas that is filling part of the forest: a villain named Mustard. The two work together to defeat Mustard and this results in the gas dissipating. Izuku runs into Mezo while searching for Katsuki and learns that Fumikage's quirk, Dark Shadow, is out of control.
446
"Roaring Upheaval""Ganaru Fūunkyū" (がなる風雲急) May 12, 2018
Mezo asks for Izuku's help in saving Fumikage from his own quirk and to choose between saving Fumikage or Katsuki. Izuku devises a plan to save both, which involves leading Dark Shadow to Katsuki and Shoto who are fighting the villain Moonfish. Dark Shadow defeats Moonfish and is then weakened and brought back under control by Katsuki and Shoto. The students team up and run into Ochaco and Tsuyu fighting a villain called Himiko. As there are now more student present than she is ready to take on by herself, Himiko retreats. Izuku asks the girls to help them protect Katsuki but Katsuki and Fumikage have already been kidnapped by the villain Mr. Compress. A Nomu chases Yosetsu who is carrying a heavily injured Momo but the Nomu is called back by Dabi as their mission has been accomplished. Momo makes a tracking device which Yosetsu attaches to the Nomu. Izuku and the others continue to chase Mr. Compress but are unable to keep up with his speed. Izuku devises a plan to launch him, Shoto and Mezo into the air using Ochaco and Tsuyu's quirks. They manage to successfully tackle Mr. Compress to the ground.
457
"What a Twist!""Ten Ten Ten!" (転転転!) May 19, 2018
Midoriya, Todoroki and Shoji have caught up with Mr. Compress, and with Aoyama's assistance, they manage to rescue Tokoyami. However, the villains retreat with Bakugo, leaving the heroes-in-training in anguish. U.A. faces serious backlash over the next couple of days, even while the police pursues a lead to find the League of Villains. Midoriya wakes up in a hospital bed, two days after the attack. Almost all of class A comes to visit him. Kirishima and Todoroki reveal that they plan to go rescue Bakugo.
468
"From Iida to Midoriya""Īda-kara Midoriya e" (飯田から緑谷へ) May 26, 2018
At Midoriya's room in the hospital, class 1A debates whether or not they should attempt a rescue mission. Kirishima lets Midoriya know that he and Todoroki intend to make their move that very night. U.A organizes a press conference whose airing is met with criticism. Meanwhile the police continues with their investigation and organizes a team of heroes to strike back against the villains. Midoriya decides to join Todoroki and Kirishima in their rescue attempt, as does Yaoyorozu. Iida attempts to convince them to drop their plan but ultimately decides to join them so that he can keep an eye on them and call the mission off if actual combat breaks out. The group makes their way to Camino ward and change into disguises to avoid standing out. Shigaraki attempts to convince Bakugo to join the League of Villains but Bakugo reveals his commitment to becoming a hero and attacks Twice and Shigaraki.
479
"All For One""Ōru Fō Wan" (オール・フォー・ワン) June 2, 2018
Midoriya, Yaoyorozu, Todoroki, Kirishima, and Iida continue their search and rescue to save Bakugo. After arriving at what seems to be the hideout, they discover a large amount of Nomus inside. The Pro-Heroes then capture the members of the League of Villains, but an unexpected warp attacks the heroes and takes Bakugo once again.
4810
"Symbol of Peace""Heiwa no Shōchō" (平和の象徴) June 9, 2018
All for One, the mastermind behind the League of Villains, has snatched back his underlings from the heroes, and Bakugo as well. All Might flies to the rescue, but he's worried about Bakugo's safety and can't fight at full power. Midoriya comes up with a plan that would allow the students to escape with Bakugo, without fighting the villains, and it all comes down to Kirishima.
4911
"One For All""Wan Fō Ōru" (ワン・フォー・オール) June 16, 2018
All Might and All for One clash furiously as their battle is witnessed by the entire world. To shatter All Might's resolve, All For One reveals he killed his mentor, and brainwashed her grandson over several years into the now notorious Tomura Shigaraki; which strikes a pain into All Might's heart. This backfires as the hero now musters his power into his fist to deliver his coup de gras: The United States of SMASH. Victorious but entirely spent, All Might sends a message through the TV which the populace thinks is a threat to future villains; however Midoriya realizes it is to let him know that it's time for him take on the mantle of his hero.
5012
"End of the Beginning, Beginning of the End""Hajimari no Owari Owari no Hajimari" (始まりの終わり 終わりの始まり) June 23, 2018
As All Might is officially retired, and All For One imprisoned in the Maximum Security Prison "Tartarus", the Police hold a closed conference on how this may embolden more villains to Shigaraki's League. A depressed Midoriya receives a text from All Might to meet at Degoba Beach where he trained for the entrance exams and the two share a heartfelt moment. Sometime later, Aizawa & All Might visit the student's parents to discuss a new dorm system to better protect the students. While many are open to it, including the Bakugo family, Izuku's mother Inko is against it as her son has repeatedly suffered grave bodily injuries in emulation of All Might since attending U.A. To prove his determination, Izuku shows his mother the note from Kota thanking him for being his hero; and as a show of humility, All Might bows his head to the ground to promise Inko he will be a better teacher for Izuku, finally earning her hesitant approval. Izuku promises to be more considerate of his mother's feelings from now on and work to be safer. Meanwhile, All For One is gleeful that Tomura will now evolve with his teacher's absence.
5113
"Moving into Dorms""Haire Ryō" (入れ寮) June 30, 2018
After Midoriya's mother reluctantly allows him to live in the dorm, he and all his friends shift to the recently constructed dorm for 1A. The principal thinks to himself about how the dorm doesn't only help the students, but will help to determine the identity of the U.A. traitor. Aizawa informs the class that, had the situation been different, he would have expelled not only those who went to save Bakugo, but also those who knew about their plan and didn't stop them. After explaining the dorm system, Aizawa leaves the students to unpack. Later that evening, most of the students (the exception being Bakugo and Asui) take a tour of the rooms to elect a King of Rooms. Sato is the surprise winner, due to his baking talent. Uraraka calls those who went to save Bakugo out to the courtyard. There, Asui reveals her conflicted feelings that she was unable to prevent her friends from breaking the rules, and her desire for everything to go back the way it was before. Uraraka confirms that the whole class feels the same way, ergo the King of Rooms contest. The Bakugo Rescue Squad apologizes to Asui, and Midoriya looks forward to the future.
5214
"Create Those Ultimate Moves""Ame Hissatsuwaza" (編め必殺技) July 14, 2018
Midoriya woke up from a dream where he and All Might had a conversation by the beach, and prepared for school along with his classmates who now all resides in the newly constructed dorm. During homeroom, Aizawa emphasizes that to be able to pass the provisional license which only has a 50% rate of passing in being a hero, they must acquire at least 2 ultimate moves. They were guided by Cementoss, Midnight and Ectoplasm. Inside the gym, while everyone was busy training, All Might appeared and gave each students some advice. Deku, who has trouble creating an ultimate move went to the development studio to have his costume altered to support the ligaments of his arms. There together with Ilda and Uraraka, they were reunited with  support hero Hatsume who was developing her new babies which she eagerly tried on them. After several conversations, Deku was able to come up with an idea on how to overcome his problem and redesigned his costume. Just when the rock Bakugo hit with his ultimate weapon fell and hit All Might, Deku jumped in and destroyed it with his ultimate move, Full cowling: shoot style, a technique which uses his legs contrasting All Might's Plus Ultra which uses his arms.
5315
"The Test""THE Shinken" (THE試験) July 21, 2018
Class 1-A were finally able to adjust their costumes and create ultimate weapons. Before their training is finished, Class B arrives at the gym claiming the place to be their time for training. Monoma, who has an obvious dislike for class A, provokes them haughtily and declares to defeat their class in the coming examination; however, Aizawa states that the two classes will be having the exam in different locations to avoid fighting each other. After reaching the place for the provisional examination, Aizawa meets Ms. Joke, a colleague from his former neighboring agency.  She constantly teases him into going out with her, to which he always quickly declines.  The class meets several other students from other schools and the test starts with an elimination exam. However, unbeknownst to the U.A. students, there is a tradition where other schools primarily target U.A. students every time an examination starts.
5416
"Shiketsu High Lurking""Haiyoru Shiketsu Kōkō" (這い寄る士傑高校) July 28, 2018
Ketsubutsu Academy students ambush Class 1-A, but they manage to evade Ketsubutsu's balls by working together. Shindo then separates them by using his Vibrate Quirk to break the ground. Meanwhile, in another part of the arena, Shiketsu High School's Yoarashi uses his Whirlwind Quirk to pass, taking out 120 students at once. Midoriya gets hit once by Shiketsu High School student Utsushimi using her Glamour Quirk. A big group of students finds them but Midoriya manages to dodge all of their attacks. He rescues Uraraka, but he discovers that it's only Utsushimi pretending to be Uraraka. Sero and the real Uraraka help him. Somewhere else, Todoroki is ambushed by a group of students from Seijin High School.
5517
"Class 1-A""Ichi-Nen Ei-Gumi" (１年A組) August 4, 2018
As the battle continues, Todoroki uses his fire quirk against a water attack in order to generate a huge steam cloud, thus obscuring his opponents' vision.  He lures his opponents to a large gas tank and ignites it, causing them to be knocked down and then subdued with his freezing quirk.  He easily activates their target rings and passes the exam.  While trapped in a building, Shoji, Asui, Jiro and Yaoyorozu also pass the exam after defeating their opponents from Seiai Academy.  Meanwhile, Midoriya acts as a decoy while Uraraka and Sero attempt to restrain as many opponents as possible.  Elsewhere, Bakugo, Kaminari and Kirishima face off against Shiketsu High student Seiji Shishikura.  While waiting for the exam to conclude, Aizawa comments to Ms. Joke that he has noticed that Midoriya and Bakugo seem to inspire Class 1-A to achieve greatness.
5618
"RUSH!""Rasshu!" (RUSH!) August 11, 2018
5719
"Rescue Exercises""Kyūjo Enshū" (救助演習) August 18, 2018

text: OVA

text:
No.TitleOriginal air date1
"Save! Rescue Training!""Sukue! Kyūjo Kunren!" (救え!救助訓練!) November 27, 2016 (event)April 4, 2017 (DVD)
2
"Training of the Dead" (トレーニング・オブ・ザ・デッド) June 2, 2017


document_title: Workweek and weekend

question_text: who came up with working 5 days a week

question_tokens: who came up with working 5 days a week

text: Workweek and weekend

text: History[edit]

text:
Part of a series on

Organised labour

Labour movement[show]

Timeline

New Unionism
Proletariat

Social Movement Unionism

Socialism
Syndicalism

Anarcho-syndicalism

Labour rights[hide]

Child labour
Eight-hour day

Five-day work week#Length
Collective bargaining
Minimum wage
Occupational safety and health

Trade unions[show]

Trade unions by country
Trade union federations
International comparisons

ITUC
IWA
WFTU

Strike action[show]

Chronological list of strikes

General strike
Secondary action

Sitdown strike
Work-to-rule

Labour parties[show]

Australian
British
Dutch
Irish
Israeli
New Zealand
Norwegian

List of Labour parties

Academic disciplines[show]

Industrial relations
Labour economics
Labour history
Labour law

v
t
e

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2013)

text: A continuous seven-day cycle that runs throughout history paying no attention whatsoever to the phases of the moon, having a fixed day of rest, was probably first practiced in Judaism, dated to the 6th century BC at the latest.[3][4]

tag: p

text: In Ancient Rome, every eight days there was a nundinae. It was a market day, during which children were exempted from school[5] and plebs ceased from work in the field and came to the city to sell the produce of their labor[6][7] or practice religious rites.[citation needed].

text: The French Revolutionary Calendar had ten-day weeks (called décades) and allowed décadi, one out of the ten days, as a leisure day.

text: In cultures with a four-day week, the three Sabbaths derives from the culture's main religious tradition: Friday (Muslim), Saturday (Jewish), and Sunday (Christian).

text: The present-day concept of the relatively longer 'week-end' first arose in the industrial north of Britain in the early part of nineteenth century[1] and was originally a voluntary arrangement between factory owners and workers allowing Saturday afternoon off from 2pm in agreement that staff would be available for work sober and refreshed on Monday morning.[2] The Oxford English Dictionary traces the first use of the term weekend to the British magazine Notes and Queries in 1879.[8]

text: In 1908, the first five-day workweek in the United States was instituted by a New England cotton mill so that Jewish workers would not have to work on the Sabbath from sundown Friday to sundown Saturday.[9] In 1926, Henry Ford began shutting down his automotive factories for all of Saturday and Sunday. In 1929, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Union was the first union to demand a five-day workweek and receive it. After that, the rest of the United States slowly followed, but it was not until 1940, when a provision of the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act mandating a maximum 40-hour workweek went into effect, that the two-day weekend was adopted nationwide.[9]

text: Over the succeeding decades, particularly in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, an increasing number of countries adopted either a Friday–Saturday or Saturday–Sunday weekend to harmonize with international markets. A series of workweek reforms in the mid-to-late 2000s and early 2010s brought much of the Arab World in synchronization with the majority of countries around the world, in terms of working hours, the length of the workweek, and the days of the weekend. The International Labour Organization (ILO) currently defines a workweek exceeding 48 hours as excessive. A 2007 study by the ILO found that at least 614.2 million people around the world were working excessive hours.[10]

text: Length[edit]

text: Actual workweek lengths have been falling in the developed world. Every reduction of the length of the workweek has been accompanied by an increase in real per-capita income.[11][verification needed] In the United States, the workweek length reduced slowly from before the Civil War to the turn of the 20th century. A rapid reduction took place from 1900 to 1920, especially between 1913 and 1919, when weekly hours fell by about eight percent.[12] In 1926, Henry Ford standardized on a five-day workweek, instead of the prevalent six days, without reducing employees' pay.[13] Hours worked stabilized at about 49 per week during the 1920s, and during the Great Depression fell below 40.[12] During the Depression, President Herbert Hoover called for a reduction in work hours in lieu of layoffs. Later, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which established a five-day, 40-hour workweek for many workers.[13] The proportion of people working very long weeks has since risen, and the full-time employment of women has increased dramatically.[14]

text: The New Economics Foundation has recommended moving to a 21-hour standard workweek to address problems with unemployment, high carbon emissions, low well-being, entrenched inequalities, overworking, family care, and the general lack of free time.[13][15][16][17][18][19] The Center for Economic and Policy Research states that reducing the length of the work week would slow climate change and have other environmental benefits.[20]

text: Around the world[edit]

text: (Countries listed alphabetically. Some countries have Saturday a normal school day. Some countries appear under the subsections for Muslim countries and the European Union.)

text:
Nation
Typical Hours
per Week
Working week
Typical hours worked
(Maximum per day)

Afghanistan
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Albania
40
Monday–Friday
8

Algeria
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Angola
40
Monday–Friday
8

Argentina
40
Monday–Friday
8

Armenia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Azerbaijan
40
Monday–Friday
8

Austria
38.5
Monday–Friday
7.7

Australia
38[21]
Monday–Friday
7.6

Bahrain
40
Sunday–Thursday
8 (6 during Ramadan for Muslim employees)[22]

Bangladesh
40
Government offices and Banks: Sunday-Thursday
Else: Saturday-Thursday

8

Benin
40
Monday–Friday
8

Belarus
40
Monday–Friday
8

Belgium
38
Monday–Friday
7.6

Brazil
44
Monday–Friday
8.5

Brunei Darussalam
40
Monday–Thursday and Saturday
8

Burundi
50
Monday–Friday
10

Bulgaria
40
Monday–Friday
8

Canada
40
Monday–Friday
8

Cameroon
50
Monday–Friday
10

Chile
45
Monday–Friday
9

China
42
Monday–Friday
8

Croatia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Colombia
48
Monday–Friday /
Monday–Saturday

8

Costa Rica
48
Monday–Friday
8

Czech Republic
40
Monday–Friday
8

Denmark
37
Monday–Friday
7.4

Djibouti
40
Saturday–Thursday
6.7

Dominican Republic
40
Monday-Friday
8

Egypt
40 (30 during Ramadan)
Sunday–Thursday
8 (6 during Ramadan)

Ethiopia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Estonia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Equatorial Guinea
48
Monday–Saturday
8

Finland
38
Monday–Friday
8

France
35
Monday–Friday
7

Gabon
40
Monday–Friday
8

Gambia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Germany
40
Monday–Friday
8

Ghana
40
Monday–Friday
8

Greece
40
Monday–Friday
8

Hungary
40
Monday–Friday
8

Hong Kong
40-48
Monday–Saturday
8 (many people work on Saturday either a half-day or full-day)

India
45-60
Government offices and IT industry: Monday-Friday
Else: Monday–Saturday Sometimes: Monday

9 (including 1 hour lunch break) most of the Businesses are open on Saturdays. So often it is Monday-Saturday.

Indonesia
40
Monday–Friday
8, many people work a 6-day week with 7-hour days.

Iran
44
Saturday-Thursday/Saturday-Wednesday
7.36, and 6 hours Thursdays

Iraq
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Ireland
40
Monday–Friday
8

Israel
43
Sunday–Thursday
8.6. Some people have a partial six-day workweek, with work 8 hours a day from Sunday to Thursday and Friday being a half-day. The workweek was reduced to 42 hours in July 2017.

Italy
40
Monday–Friday
8

Côte d'Ivoire
40
Monday–Friday
8

Japan
40
Monday–Friday
8

Jordan
45
Sunday–Thursday
9

Kazakhstan
40
Monday–Friday
8

Kuwait
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Kenya
40
Monday–Friday
8

Lao People’s Democratic Republic
40
Monday–Friday
8

Latvia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Lebanon
40
Monday-Friday
8, Most of the people have a six-day workweek, with Saturday as a partial workday.

Lesotho
40
Monday–Friday
8

Libya
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Lithuania
40
Monday–Friday
8

Madagascar
40
Monday–Friday
8

Maldives
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Malawi
40
Monday–Friday
8

Mali
40
Monday–Friday
8

Malta
40
Monday–Friday
8

Mauritania
40
Monday–Friday
8

Malaysia
40
Sunday–Thursday
(Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu)
Monday–Friday
(Except: Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu)
8

Mexico
48
Monday–Saturday
8

Mongolia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Morocco
44
Monday–Friday
8

Mozambique
40
Monday–Friday
8

Nepal
48
Sunday–Friday
7 (5 on Friday and 6 in Winter)

The Netherlands
40
Monday–Friday
8

New Zealand
40
Monday–Friday
8[23]

Nigeria
40
Monday–Friday
8

Norway
37.5
Monday–Friday
7.5

Oman
40 (30 during Ramadan)
Sunday–Thursday
8 (6 during Ramadan)

Pakistan
45 & 54
Monday–Friday
9 (including 1 hour lunch break) most of the Businesses are open on Saturdays. So often it is Monday-Saturday.

Palestine
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Philippines
40
Monday–Friday
9 (including 1 hour lunch break)

Poland
40
Monday–Friday
8

Portugal
40
Monday–Friday
8

Qatar
40 (25 During Ramadan)
Sunday–Thursday
8 (5 during Ramadan) (Line staff work 48 hours of the week, Saturday-Thursday)

Romania
40
Monday–Friday
8

Russia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Rwanda
40
Monday–Friday
8

Saudi Arabia
40 (30 during Ramadan)
Sunday–Thursday
8 (6 during Ramadan for Muslim employees)[24]

Senegal
40
Monday–Friday
8

Singapore
44
Monday–Friday
9[25]

Slovakia (Slovak Republic)
40
Monday–Friday
8

Spain
40
Monday–Friday
8

Sri Lanka
40
Monday–Friday
8

South Africa
45
Monday–Friday
9[26]

South Korea
40
Monday–Friday
8

Sudan
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Suriname
39.5
Monday–Friday
8; Monday–Thursday 7:00 – 15:00 / Friday 7:00 – 14.30

Swaziland
40
Monday–Friday
8

Sweden
40
Monday–Friday
8

Switzerland
42
Monday–Friday
8.4

Syria
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Seychelles
40
Monday–Friday
8

Taiwan
40
Monday–Friday
8; The Labor Standards Act stipulates that a worker shall have one mandatory day off and one flexible rest day in every seven days. See One fixed day off and one flexible rest day policy.

Tanzania
40
Monday–Friday
9

Togo
40
Monday–Friday
8

Thailand
40
Monday–Friday
8

Trinidad and Tobago
40
Monday–Friday
8

Tunisia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Turkey
45
Monday–Friday
9

Ukraine
40
Monday–Friday
8

United Arab Emirates
40-45 (30 during Ramadan)
Sunday–Thursday (since September 2006[27])
8 to 9 (regular hours minus 2 hours during Ramadan for all employees)[28]

United Kingdom
40
Monday–Friday
8

United States
40[29]
Monday–Friday
8

Uganda
48
Monday–Saturday
8

Vietnam
40[30]
Monday–Friday
8

Yemen
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Congo, Democratic Republic of
40
Monday–Friday
8

Zambia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Zimbabwe
40
Monday–Friday
8; Most people work half a day on Saturday

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia the working week begins on Monday and terminates on Friday. An eight-hour working day is the norm. Working three weekdays a fortnight, for example, would therefore be approximately twenty-four hours (including or excluding traditional breaks tallying up to two hours). Some people work overtime with extra pay on offer for those that do, especially for weekend work. Shops open seven days a week in most states with opening hours from 9am to 5.30pm on weekdays, with some states having two "late night trading" nights on Thursday and Friday, when trading ceases at 9pm. Many supermarkets and low end department stores remain open until midnight and some trade 24/7. Restaurants and cinemas can open at all hours, save for some public holidays. Bars generally trade seven days a week but there are local municipal restrictions concerning trading hours. Banks trade on Monday to Friday, with some branches opening on Saturdays (and in some cases Sundays) in high demand areas. The Post Office (Australia Post) trades Monday to Friday as per retail shops but some retail post offices may trade on Saturdays and Sundays in some shopping centres. A notable exception to the above is South Australia whereby retail establishments are restricted to trading between the hours of 11am-5pm on Sundays.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: As a general rule, Brazil adopts a 44-hour working week, which typically begins on Monday and ends on Friday, with a Saturday-Sunday weekend. Brazilian Law,[31] however, also allows for shorter Monday-to-Friday working hours so employees can work on Saturdays or Sundays, as long as the weekly 44-hour limit is respected and the employee gets at least one weekend day. This is usually the case for malls, supermarkets and shops. The law also grants labor unions the right to negotiate different work weeks, within certain limits, which then become binding for that union's labor category. Overtime is allowed, limited to two extra hours a day, with an increase in pay.

text: Chile[edit]

text: The working week in Chile averages 45 hours, most often worked on a Monday-Friday schedule, but is not uncommon to work on Saturdays. Retail businesses mostly operate Monday through Saturday, with larger establishments being open seven days a week.

text: China[edit]

text: In China, there is a five-day Monday-Friday working week, prior to which work on Saturday was standard. China began the two-day Saturday–Sunday weekend on May 1, 1995. Most government employees work 5 days a week (including officials and industrial management). Most manufacturing facilities operate on Saturdays as well. However, most shops, museums, cinemas and commercial establishments open on Saturdays, Sundays and holidays. Banks are also open throughout the weekend and on most public holidays.

text: During the period of public holidays, swapped holidays are common between the actual holiday and weekend, so a three-day or seven-day holiday periods are created. The nearby Saturday or Sunday may be changed to a normal working day. For example, on a three-day holiday period, if the actual holiday falls on a Tuesday, Monday will be swapped as a holiday, and citizens are required to work on the previous Saturday.

text: A number of provinces and municipalities across China, including Hebei, Jiangxi and Chongqing, have issued new policies, calling on companies to create 2.5-day weekends. Under the plan, government institutions, state-owned companies, joint-ventures and privately held companies are to be given incentives to allow their workers to take off at noon on Friday before coming back to the office on Monday.[32]

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: In Hong Kong, a typical working week for local enterprises begins on Monday and ends at 1pm on Saturday, although most employees have alternate Saturdays off. After the introduction of the five-day working week for the majority of government departments in 2006, most multinational enterprises and large local companies followed suit, extended the working day from 9am to 6pm so as to adopt a five-day work week. Despite the aforementioned official hours, many employees work overtime, and in the case of the financial industry in particular, working 12-hour days on a chronic basis is not uncommon.

text: Most commercial establishments in the retail sector such as restaurants, shops and cinemas, as well as public venues such as museums and libraries are open on Saturdays, Sundays and most public holidays. For schools, lessons are not normally held on Saturdays, but students may be required to go school on Saturdays for extra-curricular activities or make-up classes.

text: Colombia[edit]

text: In general, Colombia has a 48-hour working week. Depending on the business, people work five days for max 8 hours per day, typically Monday to Friday, or six days for eight hours a day, Monday to Saturday.[33]

text: European Union members[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2009)

text: In Europe, the standard full-time working week begins on Monday and ends on Saturday. Most retail shops are open for business on Saturday. In Ireland, Italy, Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands and the former socialist states of Europe, large shopping centres open on Sunday. In European countries such as Germany, there are laws regulating shop hours. With exceptions, shops must be closed on Sundays and from midnight until the early morning hours of every day.

text: Austria[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday 8 hours per day. Shops are open on Saturday. By law, almost no shop is open on Sunday. However, exceptions have been made, for example for bakeries, petrol stations and shops at railway stations, especially in the largest cities (Vienna, Graz, Salzburg, Linz).

text: Belgium[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday. Working time must not exceed 8 hours per day and 38 hours per week (on average, annualised).

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday, eight hours per day, forty hours per week. Most pharmacies, shops, bars, cafés, and restaurants will operate on Saturdays and Sundays.

text: Croatia[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday, seven and a half hours per day (+ 30 minutes lunch break), 37.5 hours per week (or 40 hours per week if lunch breaks are included as working hours). Most pharmacies, shops, bars, cafés, and restaurants are open on Saturday and Sunday.

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: In the Czech Republic, full-time employment is usually Monday to Friday, eight hours per day and forty hours per week. Many shops and restaurants are open on Saturday and Sunday, but employees still usually work forty hours per week.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: Denmark has an official 37-hour working week, with primary work hours between 6:00 and 18:00, Monday to Friday. In public institutions, a 30-minute lunch break every day is included as per collective agreements, so that the actual required working time is 34.5 hours. In private companies, the 30-minute lunch break is normally not included. The workday is usually 7.5 hours Monday to Thursday and 7 hours on Friday. Some small shops are closed Monday.[34]

text: Estonia[edit]

text: In Estonia, the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. Usually a working week is forty hours.

text: Finland[edit]

text: In Finland, the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. A full-time job is defined by law as being at least 32 and at most forty hours per week. In retail and restaurant occupations, among others, the weekly hours may be calculated as an average over three to ten weeks, depending on the employment contract. Banks and bureaus are closed on weekends. Most shops are open on Saturdays, while some are closed on Sundays.

text: France[edit]

text: The standard working week is Monday to Friday. Shops are also open on Saturday. Small shops may close on a weekday (generally Monday) to compensate workers for having worked on Saturday. By law, préfets may authorise a small number of specific shops to open on Sunday such as bars, cafés, restaurants, and bakeries, which are traditionally open every day but only during the morning on Sunday. Workers are not obliged to work on Sunday. School children have traditionally taken Wednesday off, or had only a half day, making up the time either with longer days for the rest of the week or sometimes a half day on Saturday. This practice was made much less common under new legislation rolled out over 2013–14.[35]

text: Greece[edit]

text: The standard working week is Monday to Friday. State jobs are from 07:00 until 15:00. Shops are open generally Mondays-Wednesdays from 09:30–15:00 and then from 17:30–21:00 and Tuesday-Thursday-Fridays 09:30-21:00. Saturdays generally 09:00-15:00. It is very rare for a shop to open on Sunday.

text: Hungary[edit]

text: In Hungary the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. Full-time employment is usually considered forty hours per week. For office workers, the work day usually begins between 8 and 9 o'clock and ends between 16:00 and 18:00, depending on the contract and lunch time agreements.

text: The forty-hour workweek of public servants includes lunch time. Their work schedule typically consists of 8.5 hours between Monday and Thursday (from 8:00 to 16:30) and 6 hours on Fridays (8:00–14:00).

text: Ireland[edit]

text: Ireland has a working week from Monday to Friday, with core working hours from 09:00 to 17:30. Retail stores are usually open until 21:00 every Thursday. Many grocery stores, especially in urban areas, are open until 21:00 or later, and some supermarkets and convenience stores may open around the clock. Shops are generally open all day Saturday and a shorter day Sunday (usually 10:00–12:00 to 17:00–19:00).

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy the 40-hour rule applies: Monday to Friday, 09:00 to 18:00, with a one-hour break for lunch. Sunday is always a holiday; Saturday is seldom a work day at most companies and universities, but it is generally a regular day for elementary, middle, and high schools.

text: In the past, shops had a break from 13:00 to 16:00 and they were generally open until 19:00/20:00. Working times for shops have been changed recently and now are at the owner's discretion; malls are generally open Tuesday to Sunday 09:00 to 20:00, 15:00 to 20:00 on Monday, with no lunchtime closing.[36]

text: Latvia[edit]

text: Latvia has a Monday to Friday working week capped at forty hours.[37] Shops are mostly open on weekends, many large retail chains having full working hours even on Sunday. Private enterprises usually hold hours from 9:00 to 18:00, however government institutions and others may have a shorter working day, ending at 17:00.

text: Luxembourg[edit]

text: The standard working week in Luxembourg is 40 hours per week with 8 hours per day.[38] Monday through Friday is the standard working week, though many shops and businesses open on Saturdays (though for somewhat restricted hours). Trading on Sundays is extremely restricted and generally limited to grocery stores opening on Sunday mornings.[39] However, shops are allowed to open in Luxembourg City during the first Sunday of the month[40], as well as in Luxembourg City and other larger towns on weekends towards the end of the year (Christmas shopping season)[41]. A few shopping malls located in the north of the country and in border towns (e.g. KNAUF[42], MASSEN[43] and Pall Center Pommerloch[44]) are also allowed to open almost every day of the year.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: In the Netherlands, the standard working week is Monday to Friday (40 hours).[45] Shops are almost always open on Saturdays and often on Sundays. Coffeeshops have different opening times in every city; for instance, Leiden's coffeeshops are only open from 17:00 until 23:00.

text: Poland[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Large malls are open on Saturday and Sunday; many small shops are closed on Sunday. SINCE 11 March 2018 all Malls and shops are close on Sunday trading is banned.

text: Under the new rules, trading will be banned on two Sundays a month.

text: The ban will be stepped up to three Sundays a month in 2019, while in 2020 trading will be prohibited on all Sundays except seven, including those in the run-up to Christmas and Easter.

text: March 11 will be the first Sunday on which trading is banned.

text: Bakeries, confectioners, petrol stations, florists, post offices, train stations and airports will be exempt from the ban.

text: Owners will be able to open their shops as long as they serve customers themselves.

text: Anyone infringing the new rules faces a fine of up to PLN 100,000 (EUR 23,900; USD 29,250). Repeat offenders may face a prison sentence

text: Portugal[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Street shops are almost always open on Saturday mornings but shopping centres are typically open every day (including Saturdays and Sundays).

text: Romania[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Shops are open on Saturday and Sunday. The weekend begins on Friday, and ends on Monday.

text: Slovakia[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Large malls are open on Saturday and Sunday; many small shops are closed on Sunday. All shops are closed on public holidays.

text: Spain[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. The traditional opening hours are 9:00 to 13:00–14:00 and then 15:00–16:00 to 18:00 for most offices and workplaces. Most shops are open on Saturday mornings and many of the larger shopping malls are open all day Saturday and in some cities like Madrid, they are open most Sundays. Some restaurants, bars, and shops are closed Mondays, as Mondays are commonly a slow business day.[46]

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden, the standard working week is Monday to Friday, both for offices and industry workers. The standard workday is eight hours, although it may vary greatly between different fields and businesses. Most office workers have flexible working hours and can largely decide themselves on how to divide these over the week. The working week is regulated by Arbetstidslagen (Work time law) to a maximum of 40 hours per week.[47] The 40-hour-week is however easily bypassed by overtime. The law allows a maximum of 200 hours overtime per year.[48] There is however no overseeing government agency; the law is often cited as toothless.[citation needed]

text: Shops are almost always open on Saturdays and often on Sundays, supermarkets and shopping centres, so that employees there have to work. Traditionally, restaurants were closed on Mondays if they were opened during the weekend, but this has in recent years largely fallen out of practice. Many museums do however still remain closed on Mondays.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The traditional business working week is from Monday to Friday (35 to 40 hours depending on contract). In retail, and other fields such as healthcare, days off might be taken on any day of the week. Employers can make their employees work every day of a week, although the employer is required to allow each employee breaks of either a continuous period of 24 hours every week or a continuous period of 48 hours every two weeks.

text: Laws for shop opening hours differ between Scotland and the rest of the UK. In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, many shops and services are open on Saturdays and increasingly so on Sundays as well. In England and Wales, stores' maximum Sunday opening hours vary according to the total floor space of the store.[49] In Scotland, however, there is no restriction in law on shop opening hours on a Sunday.

text: Under the EU Working Time Directive, workers cannot be forced to work for more than 48 hours per week on average. However, the UK allows individuals to opt out if they so choose. Individuals can choose to opt in again after opting out, even if opting out was part of their employment contract. It is illegal to dismiss them or treat them unfairly for so doing – but they may be required to give up to 3 months notice to give the employer time to prepare, depending on what their employment contract says.[50]

text: The minimum holiday entitlement is now 28 days per year, but that can include public holidays, depending on the employee's contract.[51] England & Wales have eight, Scotland has nine, and Northern Ireland has ten permanent public holidays each year.[52][53] The 28 days holiday entitlement means that if the government creates a one-off public holiday in a given year, it is not necessarily a day off and it does not add 1 day to employees' holiday entitlement – unless the employer says otherwise, which some do.

text: Belarus[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday. Working time must not exceed 8 hours per day and 40 hours per week (on average, annualised).

text: India[edit]

text: The standard working week in India for most office jobs begins on Monday and ends on Saturday. The work schedule is 60 hours per week, Sunday being a rest day. However, most government offices and the software industry follow a five-day workweek.[54] All major industries along with services like transport, hospitality, healthcare etc. work in shifts.

text: Central government offices follow a five-day week. State governments follow half-day working on the first, third, and fifth Saturdays of each month and rest on the second and fourth Saturdays, except West Bengal's government which follows a Monday–Friday workweek. There is usually no half working day in the private sector and people work in two or three shifts of 8hours each.

text: Generally establishments other than those having pure desk jobs are open until late evening in most cities, offering more flexibility of time to visitors. Most stores are open for six or seven days a week. Retail shops in malls are open on all days. Doctors are mostly available in morning and evening in their clinics and at hospitals during the day. Doctors usually work twelve hour days, six-days a week. Senior doctors and surgeons work more. Most visiting doctors attached to hospitals visit on all days.

text: Many services are open till 8:00 pm or 9:00 pm. Most restaurants are open on all days. Small eateries open early and bigger ones open around 11:00 am. Most eateries close between 9:00 pm and 11:00 pm. Many highway restaurants called dhabas are open for 24 hours a day. Dhabas are available in large numbers on all major state and national highways; outside city or village limits. Some highway fuel stations are open for 24 hours. Overall India works longer hours in most areas than most of the world and offers more flexibility of time for visitors.

text: Muslim countries[edit]

text: Thursday–Friday weekend[edit]

text: Friday is the Muslim holiday when Jumu'ah prayers take place. Most of the Middle Eastern countries and some other predominantly Muslim countries used to consider Thursday and Friday as their weekend. However, this weekend arrangement is no longer observed (see below).

text: Friday weekend (One day weekend)[edit]

text: Three countries in the Muslim world have Friday as the only weekend day and have a six-day working week.

text:
In Iran, Thursday is half a day of work for most public offices and all schools are closed, but for most jobs, Thursday is a working day.
In Djibouti, many offices also tend to open early – around 7:00 or 8:00, then closing at 13:00 or 14:00, especially during the summer due to the afternoon heat.

tag: ul

text: Friday–Saturday weekend[edit]

text: Following reforms in a number of Arab states in the Persian Gulf in the 2000s and 2010s, the Thursday–Friday weekend was replaced by the Friday–Saturday weekend. This change provided for the Muslim offering of Friday prayers and afforded more work days to coincide with the working calendars of international financial markets.

text:
Algeria (2009)[55]
Afghanistan (2015)
Bahrain (2006)
Bangladesh
Egypt[56]
Iraq (2005–2006)[56]
Jordan (Week of January 8, 2000)[57][58]
Kuwait (2007)
Libya (2005–2006)
Malaysia (only in the states of Johor, Kelantan, Terengganu, and Kedah)
Maldives (2013)
Oman (2013)
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia (2013)[59][60][61]
Sudan (2008)
Syria (2005–2006)[62]
United Arab Emirates (2006)[27]
Yemen (2013)[63]

text: Saturday–Sunday weekend[edit]

text: Other countries with Muslim-majority populations or significant Muslim populations follow the Saturday–Sunday weekend, such as Indonesia, Lebanon (where it is officially unclear whether the population is majority-Muslim or majority-Christian, and in the event large segments of the population are not observant in either religion), Turkey, Tunisia and Morocco. While Friday is a working day, a long midday break is given to allow time for worship.

text:
Indonesia On Friday, due to prayer time for Muslims, the lunch break is extended up to 2 hours or more. Shopping malls are always open and very crowded on Saturday and Sunday. Thus, some banks offer weekend banking services, especially for branches located in or near shopping malls.
Lebanon The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Some institutions, however, also work 4 hours on Saturdays . Large malls are open on Saturday and Sunday; many small shops close on Sunday.
Malaysia (Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya, Selangor, Perak, Penang, Perlis, Sarawak, Sabah, Pahang, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan except the states of Johor, Kelantan, Terengganu and Kedah, which have a Friday–Saturday weekend)
Mauritania Since October 2014.[64]
Morocco The working week is Monday to Friday, 8 hours per day, 44 hours in total per week.
Pakistan follows the standard international 40-hour working week, from Monday to Friday, with Saturday and Sunday being the weekend.[65] However, in many schools and enterprises, Friday is usually considered a half-day.
Senegal The working week is Monday to Friday, with a large break on Friday afternoon.
Tunisia The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week.
Turkey Working above 45 hours is considered overtime, and the employer is required to pay 1.5x the hourly wage per hour.

text: Non-contiguous working week[edit]

text: Brunei Darussalam has a non-contiguous working week, consisting of Monday to Thursday plus Saturday. The days of rest are Friday (for Jumu'ah prayers) and Sunday.

text: Some non-government companies in Brunei adopted the working week of Monday to Friday, while the weekend starts on Saturday until Sunday. Depending on the company rules, employees may be required to work half-day on Saturday.

text: Israel[edit]

text: In Israel, the standard workweek is 43 hours as prescribed by law. The typical workweek is five days, Sunday to Thursday, with 8.6 hours a day as the standard, with anything beyond that considered overtime. A minority of jobs operate on a partial six-day Sunday-Friday workweek, with 8 hours of work per day for the first five days and three hours on Friday as the standard hours before overtime.[66][67][68] A six-day workweek with Friday as a partial workday used to be the standard in Israel.[69][70] Many Israelis work overtime hours, with a maximum of 12 overtime hours a week permitted by law. Most offices and businesses run on a five-day week, though many stores, post offices, banks, and schools are open and public transportation runs six days a week. Almost all businesses are closed during Saturday, and most public services except for emergency services, including almost all public transport, are unavailable on Saturdays. However, some shops, restaurants, cafes, places of entertainment, and factories are open on Saturdays, and a few bus and share taxi lines are active.[71][72][73] Employees who work Saturdays, particularly service industry workers, public sector workers, and pilots, are compensated with alternative days off.[74] In 2014, the average workweek was 45.8 hours for men and 37.1 hours for women.[75]

text: Japan[edit]

text: The standard business office working week in Japan begins on Monday and ends on Friday, 40 hours per week. This system became common between 1980 and 2000. Before then, most workers in Japan worked full-time from Monday to Friday and a half day on Saturday, 45–48 hours per week. Public schools and facilities (excluding city offices) are generally open on Saturdays for half a day.[76]

text: Mexico[edit]

text: Mexico has a 48-hour work week (8 hours × 6 days),[77] it is a custom in most industries and trades to work half day on Saturday. Most public employees work Monday to Friday as well in some office companies. Shops and retailers open on Saturday and Sunday in most large cities.

text: Mongolia[edit]

text: Mongolia has a Monday to Friday working week, with a normal maximum time of 40 hours. Most shops are also open on weekends, many large retail chains having full opening hours even on Sunday. Private enterprises conduct business from 9:00 to 18:00, and government institutions may have full working hours.

text: Nepal[edit]

text: Nepal follows the ancient Vedic calendar, which has the resting day on Saturday and the first day of the working week on Sunday.[78] Schools in Nepal are off on Saturdays, so it is common for pupils to go to school from Sunday to Friday.

text: In November 2012, the home ministry proposed a two-day holiday per week plan for all government offices except at those providing essential services like electricity, water, and telecommunications.[79] This proposal followed a previous proposal by the Nepali government, i.e. Load-shedding Reduction Work Plan 2069 BS, for a five working day plan for government offices as part of efforts to address the problem of load-shedding. The proposal has been discussed in the Administration Committee; it is not yet clear whether the plan includes private offices and educational institutions.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand the working week is typically Monday to Friday 8:30 to 17:00, but it is not uncommon for many industries (especially construction) to work a half day on Saturday, normally from 8:00 or 9:00 to about 13:00. Supermarkets, malls, independent retailers, and increasingly, banks, remain open seven days a week.

text: Russia[edit]

text: In Russia the common working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday with 8 hours per day.

text: Federal law defines a working week duration of 5 or 6 days with no more than 40 hours worked. In all cases Sunday is a holiday. With a 5-day working week the employer chooses which day of the week will be the second day off. Usually this is a Saturday, but in some organizations (mostly government), it is Monday. Government offices can thereby offer Saturday service to people with a normal working schedule.

text: There are non-working public holidays in Russia; all of them fall on a fixed date. By law, if such a holiday coincides with an ordinary day off, the next work day becomes a day off. An official public holiday cannot replace a regular day off. Each year the government can modify working weeks near public holidays in order to optimize the labor schedule. For example, if a five-day week has a public holiday on Tuesday or Thursday, the calendar is rearranged to provide a reasonable working week.

text: Exceptions include occupations such as transit workers, shop assistants, and security guards. In many cases independent schemes are used. For example, the service industry often uses the X-through-Y scheme (Russian: X через Y) when every worker uses X days for work and the next Y days for rest.

text: Soviet Union[edit]

text: In the Soviet Union the standard working week was 41 hours: 8 hours, 12 min. Monday to Friday. Before the mid-1960s there was a 42-hour 6-day standard working week: 7 hours Monday to Friday and 6 hours on Saturday.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore the common working week is 5-day work week, which runs from Monday to Friday beginning 8:30 a.m. and end at 5 p.m. – 6 p.m. Some companies work a half day on Saturdays. Shops, supermarkets and malls are open seven days a week and on most public holidays.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In South Africa the working week traditionally was Monday to Friday with a half-day on Saturday and Sunday a public holiday. However, since 2013 there have been changes to the working week concept based on more than one variation. The week can be 5 days of work, or more. The maximum number of hours someone can work in a week remains 45.[80]

text: Thailand[edit]

text: In Thailand the working week is Monday to Saturday for a maximum of 44 to 48 hours per week (Saturday can be a half or full day).[citation needed]

text: However, government offices and some private companies have modernised through enacting the American and European standard of working Monday through Friday.[citation needed]

text: Currently, 50% of the luxury beach resorts in Phuket have a five-day working week. Of the remaining 50%, 23% have taken steps to reform their 6-day workweek through such measures as reducing the working week from 6 days to 5.5 days.[citation needed]

text: United States[edit]

text: The standard working week in the United States begins on Monday and ends on Friday, 40 hours per week, with Saturday and Sunday being weekend days. However, in practice, only 42% of employees work 40-hour weeks. The average workweek for full-time employees is 47 hours.[81] Most stores are open for business on Saturday and often on Sunday as well, except in a few places where prohibited by law (see Blue law). Increasingly, employers are offering compressed work schedules to employees. Some government and corporate employees now work a 9/80 work schedule (80 hours over 9 days during a two-week period)—commonly 9 hour days Monday to Thursday, 8 hours on one Friday, and off the following Friday. Jobs in healthcare, law enforcement, transportation, retail, and other service positions commonly require employees to work on the weekend or to do shift work.[82]

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: Vietnam has a standard 48-hour six-day workweek. Monday to Friday are full workdays and Saturday is a partial day. Work typically begins at 8:00 AM and lasts until 5:00 PM from Monday to Friday and until 12:00 PM on Saturdays. This includes a one-hour lunch break. Government offices and banks follow a five-day workweek from Monday to Friday..[83][84]


document_title: List of awards and nominations received by Gwyneth Paltrow

question_text: what did gwyneth paltrow won her oscar for

text: Major associations[edit]

text: Academy Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
Ref(s)

1998
Shakespeare in Love
Best Actress
Won
[1]

text: BAFTA Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
Ref(s)

1998
Shakespeare in Love
Best Actress in a Leading Role
Nominated
[2]

text: Golden Globe Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
Ref(s)

1998
Shakespeare in Love
Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Won
[3]

2005
Proof
Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
Nominated
[4]

text: Primetime Emmy Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
Ref(s)

2011
Glee
Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series
Won

text: Screen Actors Guild Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
Ref(s)

1998
Shakespeare in Love
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
Won
[5]

Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture

text: Popular awards[edit]

text: Critics' Choice Movie Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
Ref(s)

2013
Iron Man 3
Best Actress in an Action Movie
Nominated

text: MTV Movie Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
Ref(s)

1998
Shakespeare in Love
Best Kiss (shared with Joseph Fiennes)
Won

Best Female Performance
Nominated

2000
Bounce
Best Kiss (shared with Ben Affleck)
Nominated

2004
Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow
Best Kiss (shared with Jude Law)
Nominated

text: Teen Choice Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
Ref(s)

1998
Shakespeare in Love
Choice Actress – Film
Nominated

Sexiest Love Scene

2001
Shallow Hal
Choice Comedy Actress – Film
Nominated

2008
Iron Man
Choice Movie Actress – Action Adventure
Nominated

2010
Iron Man 2
Choice Movie Actress – Sci-Fi
Nominated

2013
Iron Man 3
Choice Movie Actress – Sci-Fi/Fantasy
Nominated

text: Other awards and nominations[edit]

text: Chicago Film Critics Association[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
Ref(s)

1998
Shakespeare in Love
Best Actress
Nominated

text: Empire Awards[edit]

text: Florida Film Critics Circle[edit]

text: Golden Raspberry Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
Ref(s)

2015
Mortdecai
Worst Actress
Nominated

text: Online Film Critics Society[edit]

text: People's Choice Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
Ref(s)

2013
Iron Man 3
Favorite Movie Actress
Nominated

Favorite Movie Duo

text: San Diego Film Critics Society[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
Ref(s)

1998
Shakespeare in Love
Special Award
Won

text: Satellite Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
Ref(s)

1996
Emma
Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Won

1998
Shakespeare in Love
Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Nominated

2001
The Royal Tenenbaums
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Nominated

2010
Country Strong
Best Original Song
Nominated

text: Saturn Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
Ref(s)

1995
Seven
Best Supporting Actress
Nominated

2008
Iron Man
Best Actress
Nominated