document_title: Meghalaya High Court

question_text: who is the chief justice of meghalaya high court

text: Meghalaya High Court

text:
Meghalaya High CourtEstablished
2013Country
 IndiaLocation
Shillong, MeghalayaComposition method
Presidential with confirmation of Chief Justice of India and Governor of respective state.Authorized by
Constitution of IndiaDecisions are appealed to
Supreme Court of IndiaJudge term length
Till 62 years of ageNo. of positions
3Website
meghalayahighcourt.nic.inChief JusticeCurrently
Mohammad Yaqoob MirSince
21 may 2018

text: The Meghalaya High Court is the High Court of the state of Meghalaya.[1]  It was established in March 2013, after making suitable amendments in the Constitution of India and North-Eastern Areas (Re-organisation) Act of 1971. Earlier, a bench of the Gauhati High Court had jurisdiction over the state of Meghalaya. The seat of the High Court is at Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya. The strength of judges as for this High Court is 3 permanent judges including the Honourable Chief Justice.

text: The current Chief Justice is the Hon'ble Mr. Justice Mohammad Yaqoob Mir who took oath as Chief Justice on 21 May 2018.[2]

text: Before the establishment of Meghalaya High Court the Guwahati High Court use to look after all judicial matters and review them. The first Chief Justice was the Hon'ble Mrs. Justice T. Meena Kumari,[3] who retired on 3 August 2013. On the 14 January 2016 -- with the retirement of the outgoing Chief Justice -- the Hon'ble Mr. Chief Justice Uma Nath Singh, (one of the Permanent Judges of the High Court of Meghalaya, the Hon'ble Mr Justice T. Nandakumar Singh), took oath as Acting Chief Justice with immediate effect. Justice T. Nandakumar Singh was elevated as an Additional Judge of the Gauhati High Court on 25.11.2004 and became Permanent Judge w.e.f. 27.2.2006 of Gauhati High Court. He took oath as a Permanent Judge of the High Court of Meghalaya on 23.3.2013. There is also the Hon'ble Mr Justice Sudip Ranjan Sen, who was elevated as Additional Judge of the Gauhati High Court on 6.2.2012 and he took oath as the Additional Judge of Meghalaya High Court on 23.3.2013. He became a Permanent Judge of the same High Court w.e f. 7.1.2014.

text: The present Registrar General of the High Court of Meghalaya is Mrs. B. Giri Massar, a senior judicial officer of the state.


document_title: Quartile

question_text: how to work out the lower quartile from a set of numbers

root

text: Quartile

text: Definitions[edit]

text:
Symbol
Names
Definition

Q1

first quartile
lower quartile
25th percentile

splits off the lowest 25% of data from the highest 75%

Q2

second quartile
median
50th percentile

cuts data set in half

Q3

third quartile
upper quartile
75th percentile

splits off the highest 25% of data from the lowest 75%

tag: table

text: Computing methods[edit]

text: For discrete distributions, there is no universal agreement on selecting the quartile values.[1]

tag: p

text: Method 1[edit]

text:
Use the median to divide the ordered data set into two halves.

If there are an odd number of data points in the original ordered data set, do not include the median (the central value in the ordered list) in either half.
If there are an even number of data points in the original ordered data set, split this data set exactly in half.

The lower quartile value is the median of the lower half of the data. The upper quartile value is the median of the upper half of the data.

tag: ol

text: This rule is employed by the TI-83 calculator boxplot and "1-Var Stats" functions. This rule is also applied by QUARTIL.EXC function in Excel after Office 2010 [2]

text: Method 2[edit]

text:
Use the median to divide the ordered data set into two halves.

If there are an odd number of data points in the original ordered data set, include the median (the central value in the ordered list) in both halves.
If there are an even number of data points in the original ordered data set, split this data set exactly in half.

The lower quartile value is the median of the lower half of the data. The upper quartile value is the median of the upper half of the data.

text: The values found by this method are also known as "Tukey's hinges";[3] see also midhinge. This rule is applied by Excel before Office 2010 and by the QUARTIL.INC function after Office 2010 [4]

text: Method 3[edit]

text:
If there are an even number of data points, then Method 3 is the same as either method above since the median is no single datum.
If there are (4n+1) data points, then the lower quartile is 25% of the nth data value plus 75% of the (n+1)th data value; the upper quartile is 75% of the (3n+1)th data point plus 25% of the (3n+2)th data point.
If there are (4n+3) data points, then the lower quartile is 75% of the (n+1)th data value plus 25% of the (n+2)th data value; the upper quartile is 25% of the (3n+2)th data point plus 75% of the (3n+3)th data point.

text: This always gives the arithmetic mean of Methods 1 and 2; it ensures that the median value is given its correct weight, and thus quartile values change as smoothly as possible as additional data points are added.

text: Example 1[edit]

text: Ordered Data Set: 6, 7, 15, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 49

text:
Method 1
Method 2
Method 3

Q1
15
25.5
20.25

Q2
40
40
40

Q3
43
42.5
42.75

text: Example 2[edit]

text: Ordered Data Set: 7, 15, 36, 39, 40, 41

text: As there are an even number of data points, all three methods give the same results.

text:
Method 1
Method 2
Method 3

Q1
15
15
15

Q2
37.5
37.5
37.5

Q3
40
40
40

text: Outliers[edit]

text: There are methods by which to check for outliers in the discipline of statistics and statistical analysis. As is the basic idea of descriptive statistics, when encountering an outlier, we have to explain this value by further analysis of the cause or origin of the outlier. In cases of extreme observations, which are not an infrequent occurrence, the typical values must be analyzed. In the case of quartiles, the Interquartile Range (IQR) may be used to characterize the data when there may be extremities that skew the data; the interquartile range is a relatively robust statistic (also sometimes called "resistance") compared to the range and standard deviation. There is also a mathematical method to check for outliers and determining "fences", upper and lower limits from which to check for outliers.

text: After determining the first and third quartiles and the interquartile range as outlined above, then fences are calculated using the following formula:

text: where Q1 and Q3 are the first and third quartiles, respectively. The Lower fence is the "lower limit" and the Upper fence is the "upper limit" of data, and any data lying outside these defined bounds can be considered an outlier. Anything below the Lower fence or above the Upper fence can be considered such a case. The fences provide a guideline by which to define an outlier, which may be defined in other ways. The fences define a "range" outside of which an outlier exists; a way to picture this is a boundary of a fence, outside of which are "outsiders" as opposed to outliers.


document_title: Normal (New Girl)

question_text: episode of new girl where they play true american

text: Normal (New Girl)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Jess (Zooey Deschanel) brings her new boyfriend Russell (Dermot Mulroney) home to the loft to meet her roommates. After some reluctance, the men bond when the group plays True American, an active drinking game. The game ends when Cece (Hannah Simone) retreats to Schmidt's bed, prompting Schmidt (Max Greenfield) to join her. Nick (Jake Johnson) then shares his idea for "real apps," a suite of physical "apps" for smartphones with functionality similar to a Swiss Army knife. He accidentally wounds Russell with the prototype, prompting Russell to leave, to Jess's disappointment.

text: Winston (Lamorne Morris) begins a new job in "Normal" as an assistant to sports talk show host Joe Napoli (Phil Hendrie). Winston's initial enthusiasm for the job fades when he realizes Napoli is an abrasive and disrespectful boss. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar has a cameo appearance as a guest on Napoli's show.

text: True American[edit]

text: After "Normal" aired, internet sources began to summarize the rules for True American, which the characters described as a mix of a drinking game and Candy Land where the floor is lava; it also involves shouting the names of American presidents.[1][2] The idea of True American came from a New Girl writer who played a similar game in college. As she could not remember the game's exact rules, the writers focused on making the game as funny on the page as possible, but only established chanting "JFK! FDR!" and walking on chairs. As the cast did not understand the game during shooting, the writers created more rules on the spot, advised the actors to "have fun, dig in, jump in" and play it as if "they'd been playing this thing for years and years and years." The high-energy feel of the game and the amounts of coverage made filming True American more challenging for the actors than normal episodes. Producers Dave Finkel, Brett Baer, and writer Luvh Rakhe, came up with most of the obscure American history facts, but much was cut from the finished episode.[1][3] Fox subsequently released a set of official rules for the game, which can be summarized "There are no real rules".[4] The characters also played True American in "Cooler", the 15th episode of the second season, in "Mars Landing", the 20th episode of the third season and in "Wedding Eve" the 21st episode of the fifth season.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The initial broadcast of "Normal" attracted 5.23 million US viewers.[5] The A.V. Club called the episode "the young series at its best," rating it an A- overall.[6] The staff of The Atlantic included it in their list of the best TV episodes of 2012, comparing the actors' performances to "the best sitcom ensembles" of Seinfeld, Will & Grace, and Friends.[7] Alan Sepinwall said the episode "didn't seem quite as effortlessly hilarious as several recent episodes" but was still enjoyable.[8]


document_title: Persian Gulf

question_text: what has happened to the coastline of the persian gulf over time

text: Persian Gulf

text: Geography

text: This inland sea of some 251,000 square kilometres (96,912 sq mi) is connected to the Gulf of Oman in the east by the Strait of Hormuz; and its western end is marked by the major river delta of the Shatt al-Arab, which carries the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris. In Iran this is called "Arvand Rood", where "Rood" means "river". Its length is 989 kilometres (615 miles), with Iran covering most of the northern coast and Saudi Arabia most of the southern coast. The Persian Gulf is about 56 km (35 mi) wide at its narrowest, in the Strait of Hormuz. The waters are overall very shallow, with a maximum depth of 90 metres (295 feet) and an average depth of 50 metres (164 feet).

text: Countries with a coastline on the Persian Gulf are (clockwise, from the north): Iran; Oman's Musandam exclave; the United Arab Emirates; Saudi Arabia Qatar, on a peninsula off the Saudi coast; Bahrain, on an island; Kuwait; and Iraq in the northwest. Various small islands also lie within the Persian Gulf, some of which are the subject of territorial disputes between the states of the region.

text: Extent

text: The International Hydrographic Organization defines the Persian Gulf's southern limit as "The Northwestern limit of Gulf of Oman". This limit is defined as "A line joining Ràs Limah (25°57'N) on the coast of Arabia and Ràs al Kuh (25°48'N) on the coast of Iran (Persia)".[6]

text: Oceanography

text: The gulf is connected to Indian Ocean through Strait of Hormuz. Writing the water balance budget for the Persian Gulf, the inputs are river discharges from Iran and Iraq (estimated to be 2000 cubic meters per second), as well as precipitation over the sea which is around 180mm/year in Qeshm Island. The evaporation of the sea is high, so that after considering river discharge and rain contributions, there is still a deficit of 416 cubic kilometers per year.[9] This difference is supplied by currents at the Strait of Hormuz. The water from the Gulf has a higher salinity, and therefore exits from the bottom of the Strait, while ocean water with less salinity flows in through the top. Another study revealed the following numbers for water exchanges for the Gulf: evaporation = -1.84m/year, precipitation = 0.08m/year, inflow from the Strait = 33.66m/year, outflow from the Strait = -32.11m/year, and the balance is 0m/year.[10] Data from different 3D computational fluid mechanics models, typically with spatial resolution of 3 kilometers and depth each element equal to 1–10 meters are predominantly used in computer models.

text: Oil and gas

text: The Persian Gulf and its coastal areas are the world's largest single source of crude oil,[citation needed] and related industries dominate the region. Safaniya Oil Field, the world's largest offshore oilfield, is located in the Persian Gulf. Large gas finds have also been made, with Qatar and Iran sharing a giant field across the territorial median line (North Field in the Qatari sector; South Pars Field in the Iranian sector). Using this gas, Qatar has built up a substantial liquefied natural gas (LNG) and petrochemical industry.

text: In 2002, the Persian Gulf nations of Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE produced about 25% of the world's oil, held nearly two-thirds of the world's crude oil reserves, and about 35% of the world's natural gas reserves.[11][12] The oil-rich countries (excluding Iraq) that have a coastline on the Persian Gulf are referred to as the Persian Gulf States. Iraq's egress to the gulf is narrow and easily blockaded consisting of the marshy river delta of the Shatt al-Arab, which carries the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers, where the east bank is held by Iran.

text: Name

text: In 550 BC, the Achaemenid Empire established the first ancient empire in Persis (Pars, or modern Fars), in the southwestern region of the Iranian plateau. Consequently, in the Greek sources, the body of water that bordered this province came to be known as the "Persian Gulf".[13]

text: During the years 550 to 330 BC, coinciding with the sovereignty of the Achaemenid Persian Empire over the Middle East area, especially the whole part of the Persian Gulf and some parts of the Arabian Peninsula, the name of "Pars Sea" is widely found in the compiled written texts.[1]

text: In the travel account of Pythagoras, several chapters are related to description of his travels accompanied by the Achaemenid king Darius the Great, to Susa and Persepolis, and the area is described. From among the writings of others in the same period, there is the inscription and engraving of Darius the Great, installed at junction of waters of Red Sea and the Nile river and the Rome river (current Mediterranean) which belongs to the 5th century BC where Darius the Great has named the Persian Gulf Water Channel: "Pars Sea" ("Persian Sea").[1]

text: Considering the historical background of the name Persian Gulf, Sir Arnold Wilson mentions in a book published in 1928 that "no water channel has been so significant as Persian Gulf to the geologists, archaeologists, geographers, merchants, politicians, excursionists, and scholars whether in past or in present. This water channel which separates the Iran Plateau from the Arabia Plate, has enjoyed an Iranian Identity since at least 2200 years ago."[1]

text: Before being given its present name, the Persian Gulf was called many different names. The classical Greek writers, like Herodotus, called it "the Red Sea". In Babylonian texts, it was known as "the sea above Akkad".[citation needed]

text: Naming dispute

text: The name of the gulf, historically and internationally known as the Persian Gulf after the land of Persia (Iran), has been disputed by some Arab countries since the 1960s.[16] Rivalry between Iran and some Arab states, along with the emergence of pan-Arabism and Arab nationalism, has seen the name Arabian Gulf become predominant in most Arab countries.[17][18] Names beyond these two have also been applied to or proposed for this body of water.

text: History

text: Ancient history

text: Earliest evidence of human presence on Persian Gulf islands dates back to Middle Paleolithic and consist of stone tools discovered at Qeshm Island[19].The world's oldest known civilization (Sumer) developed along the Persian Gulf and southern Mesopotamia. The shallow basin that now underlies the Gulf was an extensive region of river valley and wetlands during the transition between the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the start of the Holocene, which, according to University of Birmingham archaeologist Jeffrey Rose, served as an environmental refuge for early humans during periodic hyperarid climate oscillations, laying the foundations for the legend of Dilmun.[20]

text: For most of the early history of the settlements in the Persian Gulf, the southern shores were ruled by a series of nomadic tribes. During the end of the fourth millennium BC, the southern part of the Persian Gulf was dominated by the Dilmun civilization. For a long time the most important settlement on the southern coast of the Persian Gulf was Gerrha. In the 2nd century the Lakhum tribe, who lived in what is now Yemen, migrated north and founded the Lakhmid Kingdom along the southern coast. Occasional ancient battles took place along the Persian Gulf coastlines, between the Sassanid Persian empire and the Lakhmid Kingdom, the most prominent of which was the invasion led by Shapur II against the Lakhmids, leading to Lakhmids' defeat, and advancement into Arabia, along the southern shore lines.[21] During the 7th century the Sassanid Persian empire conquered the whole of the Persian Gulf, including southern and northern shores.

text: Between 625 BC and 226 AD, the northern side was dominated by a succession of Persian empires including the Median, Achaemenid, Seleucid and Parthian empires. Under the leadership of the Achaemenid king Darius the Great (Darius I), Persian ships found their way to the Persian Gulf.[22] Persian naval forces laid the foundation for a strong Persian maritime presence in Persian Gulf, that started with Darius I and existed until the arrival of the British East India Company, and the Royal Navy by mid-19th century AD. Persians were not only stationed on islands of the Persian Gulf, but also had ships often of 100 to 200 capacity patrolling empire's various rivers including Shatt-al-Arab, Tigris, and the Nile in the west, as well as Sind waterway, in India.[22]

text: The Achaemenid high naval command had established major naval bases located along Shatt al-Arab river, Bahrain, Oman, and Yemen. The Persian fleet would soon not only be used for peacekeeping purposes along the Shatt al-Arab but would also open the door to trade with India via Persian Gulf.[22][23]

text: Following the fall of Achaemenid Empire, and after the fall of the Parthian Empire, the Sassanid empire ruled the northern half and at times the southern half of the Persian Gulf. The Persian Gulf, along with the Silk Road, were important trade routes in the Sassanid empire. Many of the trading ports of the Persian empires were located in or around Persian Gulf. Siraf, an ancient Sassanid port that was located on the northern shore of the gulf, located in what is now the Iranian province of Bushehr, is an example of such commercial port. Siraf, was also significant in that it had a flourishing commercial trade with China by the 4th century, having first established connection with the far east in 185 AD.[24]

text: Colonial era

text:
Portuguese expansion into the Indian Ocean in the early 16th century following Vasco da Gama's voyages of exploration saw them battle the Ottomans up the coast of the Persian Gulf. In 1521, a Portuguese force led by commander Antonio Correia invaded Bahrain to take control of the wealth created by its pearl industry. On April 29, 1602, Shāh Abbās, the Persian emperor of the Safavid Persian Empire expelled the Portuguese from Bahrain,[25] and that date is commemorated as National Persian Gulf day in Iran.[26] With the support of the British fleet, in 1622 'Abbās took the island of Hormuz from the Portuguese; much of the trade was diverted to the town of Bandar 'Abbās, which he had taken from the Portuguese in 1615 and had named after himself. The Persian Gulf was therefore opened by Persians to a flourishing commerce with the Portuguese, Dutch, French, Spanish and the British merchants, who were granted particular privileges.
The Ottoman Empire reasserted itself into Eastern Arabia in 1871.[27] Under military and political pressure from the governor of the Ottoman Vilayet of Baghdad, Midhat Pasha, the ruling Al Thani tribe submitted peacefully to Ottoman rule.[28] The Ottomans were forced to withdraw from the area with the start of World War I and the need for troops in various other frontiers.[29]

text: In World War II, the Western Allies used Iran as a conduit to transport military and industrial supply to the USSR, through a pathway known historically as the "Persian Corridor". Britain utilized the Persian Gulf as the entry point for the supply chain in order to make use of the Trans-Iranian Railway.[30] The Persian Gulf therefore became a critical maritime path through which the Allies transported equipment to Russia against the Nazi invasion.[31]

text: From 1763 until 1971, the British Empire maintained varying degrees of political control over some of the Persian Gulf states, including the United Arab Emirates (originally called the Trucial States)[32][33] and at various times Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar through the British Residency of the Persian Gulf.

text: The United Kingdom maintains a high profile in the region to date; in 2006 alone, over 1 million British nationals visited Dubai.[34][35] In 2014, the UK announced it will reestablish a permanent military base, HMS Jufair, in the Persian Gulf, the first since it withdrew from East of Suez in 1971.[36][37][38]

text: Islands

text: The Persian Gulf is home to many small islands. Bahrain, an island in the Persian Gulf, is itself a Persian Gulf Arab state. Geographically the biggest island in the Persian Gulf is Qeshm island located in the Strait of Hormuz and belonging to Iran. Other significant islands in the Persian Gulf include Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb and Kish administered by Iran, Bubiyan administered by Kuwait, Tarout administered by Saudi Arabia, and Dalma administered by UAE. In recent years, there has also been addition of artificial islands, often created by Arab states such as UAE for commercial reasons or as tourist resorts. Persian Gulf islands are often also historically significant, having been used in the past by colonial powers such as the Portuguese and the British in their trade or as acquisitions for their empires.[39]

text: Cities and population

text: Eight nations have coasts along the Persian Gulf: Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The gulf's strategic location has made it an ideal place for human development over time. Today, many major cities of the Middle East are located in this region.

text:
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Doha, Qatar

Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Kuwait City, Kuwait

Manama, Bahrain

Bandar Abbas, Iran

Dariush Grand Hotel in Kish Island, Iran

Khobar City, Saudi Arabia

text: Wildlife

text: The wildlife of the Persian Gulf is diverse, and entirely unique due to the gulf's geographic distribution and its isolation from the international waters only breached by the narrow Strait of Hormuz. The Persian Gulf has hosted some of the most magnificent marine fauna and flora, some of which are near extirpation or at serious environmental risk. From corals, to dugongs, Persian Gulf is a diverse cradle for many species who depend on each other for survival. However, the gulf is not as biologically diverse as the Red Sea.[40]

text: Overall, the wild life of the Persian Gulf is endangered from both global factors, and regional, local negligence. Most pollution is from ships; land generated pollution counts as the second most common source of pollution.[41]

text: Aquatic mammals

text: This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (July 2015)

text: Along the mediterranean regions of the Arabian Sea, including the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Kutch, the Gulf of Suez, the Gulf of Aqaba, the Gulf of Aden, and the Gulf of Oman, dolphins and finless porpoises are the most common marine mammals in the waters, while larger whales and orcas are rarer today.[42] Historically, whales had been abundant in the gulf before commercial hunts wiped them out.[43][44] Whales were reduced even further by illegal mass hunts by the Soviet Union and Japan in the 1960s and 1970s.[45] Along with Bryde's whales,[46][47][48][49] these once common residents can still can be seen in deeper marginal seas such as Gulf of Aden,[50] Israel coasts,[51] and in the Strait of Hormuz.[52] Other species such as the critically endangered Arabian humpback whale,[53] (also historically common in Gulf of Aden[54] and increasingly sighted in the Red Sea since 2006, including in the Gulf of Aqaba),[51] omura's whale,[55][56] minke whale, and orca also swim into the gulf, while many other large species such as blue whale,[57] sei,[58] and sperm whales were once migrants into the Gulf of Oman and off the coasts in deeper waters,[59] and still migrate into the Red Sea,[60] but mainly in deeper waters of outer seas. In 2017, waters of the Persian Gulf along Abu Dhabi were revealed to hold the world's largest population of Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphins.[61][62][63]

text: One of the more unusual marine mammals living in the Persian Gulf is the dugong (Dugong dugon). Also called "sea cows", for their grazing habits and mild manner resembling livestock, dugongs have a life expectancy similar to that of humans and they can grow up to 3 metres (9.8 feet) in length. These gentle mammals feed on sea grass and are closer relatives of certain land mammals than are dolphins and whales.[64] Their simple grass diet is negatively affected by new developments along the Persian Gulf coastline, particularly the construction of artificial islands by Arab states and pollution from oil spills caused during the "Persian Gulf war" and various other natural and artificial causes. Uncontrolled hunting has also had a negative impact on the survival of dugongs.[64] After Australian waters, which are estimated to contain some 80,000 dugong inhabitants, the waters off Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, and Saudi Arabia make the Persian Gulf the second most important habitat for the species, hosting some 7,500 remaining dugongs. However, the current number of dugongs is dwindling and it is not clear how many are currently alive or what their reproductive trend is.[64][65] Unfortunately, ambitious and uncalculated construction schemes, political unrest, ever-present international conflict, the most lucrative world supply of oil, and the lack of cooperation between Arab states and Iran, have had a negative impact on the survival of many marine species, including dugongs.

text: Birds

text: The Persian Gulf is also home to many migratory and local birds. There is great variation in color, size, and type of the bird species that call the gulf home. One bird in particular, the kalbaensis subspecies of the collared kingfishers is at the brink of extinction due to real state development by cities such as Dubai and countries such as Oman.[66] Estimates from 2006 showed that only three viable nesting sites were available for this ancient bird, one located 80 miles (129 km) from Dubai, and two smaller sites in Oman, all of which are in the process of becoming real estate developments.[66] Such expansion would prove devastating and could cause this species to become extinct. Unfortunately for the kingfisher, a U.N. plan to protect the mangroves as a biological reserve was blatantly ignored by the emirate of Sharjah, which allowed the dredging of a channel that bisects the wetland and construction of an adjacent concrete walkway.[66] Environmental watchdogs in Arabia are few, and those that do advocate the wildlife are often silenced or ignored by developers of real estate, most of whom have royal family connections and huge energy profits to invest.[66] The end result has been sacrifice of a beautiful yet delicate ecology that has been in harmony for hundreds of years, for structures that are erected only a few years, yet will have a lasting detrimental effect.

text: Real estate development in the Persian Gulf by the United Arab Emirates and Oman raised concerns that habitats of species such as the kingfisher, hawksbill turtle, greater flamingo, and booted warbler may be destroyed.[66][67] The dolphins that frequent the gulf in northern waters around Iran are also at risk. Recent statistics and observations show that dolphins are at danger of entrapment in purse seine fishing nets and exposure to chemical pollutants; perhaps the most alarming sign is the "mass suicides" committed by dolphins off Iran's Hormozgan province, which are not well understood, but are suspected to be linked with a deteriorating marine environment from water pollution from oil, sewage, and industrial run offs.[68][69]

text: Fish and reefs

text: The Persian Gulf is home to over 700 species of fish, most of which are native.[70] Of these 700 species, more than 80% are reef associated.[70] These reefs are primarily rocky, but there are also a few coral reefs. Compared to the Red Sea, the coral reefs in the Persian Gulf are relatively few and far between.[71][72][73] This is primarily connected to the influx of major rivers, especially the Shatt al-Arab (Euphrates and Tigris), which carry large amounts of sediment (most reef-building corals require strong light) and causes relatively large variations in temperature and salinity (corals in general are poorly suited to large variations).[71][72][73] Nevertheless, coral reefs have been found along sections of coast of all countries in the Gulf.[73] Corals are vital ecosystems that support multitude of marine species, and whose health directly reflects the health of the gulf. Recent years have seen a drastic decline in the coral population in the gulf, partially owing to global warming but majorly due to irresponsible dumping by Arab states like the UAE and Bahrain.[74] Construction garbage such as tires, cement, and chemical by products have found their way to the Persian Gulf in recent years. Aside from direct damage to the coral, the construction waste creates "traps" for marine life in which they are trapped and die.[74] The end result has been a dwindling population of the coral, and as a result a decrease in number of species that rely on the corals for their survival.

text: Flora

text: A great example of this symbiosis are the mangroves in the gulf, which require tidal flow and a combination of fresh and salt water for growth, and act as nurseries for many crabs, small fish, and insects; these fish and insects are the source of food for many of the marine birds that feed on them.[66] Mangroves are a diverse group of shrubs and trees belonging to the genus Avicennia or Rhizophora that flourish in the salt water shallows of the gulf, and are the most important habitats for small crustaceans that dwell in them. They are as crucial an indicator of biological health on the surface of the water, as the corals are to biological health of the gulf in deeper waters. Mangroves' ability to survive the salt water through intricate molecular mechanisms, their unique reproductive cycle, and their ability to grow in the most oxygen-deprived waters have allowed them extensive growth in hostile areas of the gulf.[75][76] Unfortunately, however, with the advent of artificial island development, most of their habitat is destroyed, or occupied by man-made structures. This has had a negative impact on the crustaceans that rely on the mangrove, and in turn on the species that feed on them.

text: Gallery

text:
Dugong mother and her offspring in shallow water.

Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off the southern shore of Iran, around Hengam Island.

Spinner dolphins leaping in the gulf.

Critically endangered Arabian humpback whales (being the most isolated, and the only resident population in the world) off Dhofar.

Palm and sunset in Minoo Island (Persian Gulf).

tag: ul


document_title: Scott Frost

question_text: who's the coach of university of central florida

question_tokens: who 's the coach of university of central florida

text: Scott Frost

text: High school[edit]

text: Frost attended Wood River High School in Wood River, Nebraska from 1989 to 1993. In four years as the team's starting quarterback, he threw for 6,859 yards and 67 touchdowns and rushed for 4,278 yards and 72 touchdowns.[3] He led his team to the state playoffs in his sophomore, junior, and senior seasons. In those three postseason appearances, Frost's teams won five games and twice made it to the state semi-finals.[4] Both of Frost's parents, Larry and Carol Frost, coached his high school football team.[3]

text: In addition to football, Frost was a standout in track and field, winning a state championship in the shot put. At the state championship meet his senior year, Frost won an all-class gold medal with a throw of 17.92 m (58 ft 91⁄2 in).[5] His personal best from earlier that year was 18.62 m (61 ft 1 in).[6][3]

text: College career[edit]

text: Frost began his collegiate career as a two-year letterman at Stanford in 1993 and 1994 before transferring to Nebraska in 1995. In his two seasons starting for the Huskers, Frost was a 1997 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award finalist and quarterbacked his teams to a 24-2 record, completing 192 of 359 passes for 2,677 yards and 18 touchdowns. This includes a senior season in which he became only the tenth player in college football history to both run (1,095) and pass (1,237) for 1,000 yards.

text: Frost's senior season featured a now-legendary play called the Flea Kicker. In a game against Missouri, Frost threw a pass that was kicked by Shevin Wiggins and caught by Matt Davison for a touchdown. The touchdown sent the game into overtime where Frost sealed no. 1 Nebraska's victory with a rushing touchdown. Frost and Nebraska went on to earn a share of the 1997 national championship with a 42-17 Orange Bowl win over Peyton Manning's Tennessee Volunteers.

text: Professional career as a player[edit]

text: Following his collegiate career, Frost was selected in the third round (67th overall) of the 1998 NFL Draft by the New York Jets, where he played safety and special teams from 1998-2000. His professional football career included stops in Cleveland (2001), Green Bay (2001–02), and Tampa Bay (2003).

text: Coaching career[edit]

text: As a player, Frost was coached by Stanford’s Bill Walsh, Nebraska’s Tom Osborne, the New York Jets’ Bill Parcells and Bill Belichick, and the Buccaneers' Jon Gruden. He broke into the coaching ranks as a graduate assistant at his alma mater in 2002 before filling the same role at Kansas State in 2006.

text: Frost took a position at Northern Iowa in 2007 as linebackers coach before being elevated to co-defensive coordinator one year later. His defense finished the 2008 season tied for third in the FCS in takeaways (40) and ninth in scoring defense (17.7 points per game). The 12-3 Panthers also led the Missouri Valley Football Conference in rushing defense (107.1 yards per game) and scoring defense.[7]

text: Frost joined Oregon's coaching staff as its wide receivers coach on January 26, 2009. Working under head coach Chip Kelly and offensive coordinator Mark Helfrich, Frost was instrumental in instituting a toughness among his receivers that enhanced their ability as downfield blockers, which contributed to the success of the Ducks’ potent running game. During his four seasons as wide receivers coach, the Ducks reached four straight BCS bowls and three of his departed wide receivers have been invited to NFL camps.

text: After the departure of Kelly, the University of Oregon promoted Helfrich to head coach and Frost was later officially announced as the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach on January 31, 2013.[8] In 2014, Frost was a finalist for the Broyles Award, given annually to the nation's top assistant coach.

text: On December 1, 2015, Frost was hired as the head football coach at the University of Central Florida.[9] Frost replaced long time UCF head coach George O'Leary and interim head coach Danny Barrett, who took over the Knights when O'Leary resigned following an 0–8 start. The Knights went on to finish 0-12 that year.

text: Frost didn't take long to turn the Knights around. He won six games in 2016, losing the 2016 Cure Bowl. In 2017, the Knights stormed through the regular season, finishing 12-0. It was the school's first-ever undefeated and untied regular season. They won The American championship game at home against Memphis, earning them a berth in the 2018 Peach Bowl–the school's second-ever appearance in a major bowl. It was announced that Scott Frost will coach in the 2018 Peach Bowl for UCF.[10]

text: On December 2, 2017 it was announced that Frost would accept the head football coach position at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln.[11]

text: Coaching tree[edit]

text: Frost has worked for the following head coaches as an assistant/positional coach:

text:
Frank Solich: Nebraska (2002)
Ron Prince: Kansas State (2006)
Mark Farley: Northern Iowa (2007–2008)
Chip Kelly: Oregon (2009–2012)
Mark Helfrich: Oregon (2013–2015)

text: Head coaching record[edit]

text:
Year
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Bowl/playoffs
Coaches#
AP°

UCF Knights (American Athletic Conference) (2016–2017)

2016
UCF
6–7
4–4
3rd (East)
L Cure

2017
UCF
12–0
8–0
1st (East)
Peach†

UCF:
18–7
12–4

Nebraska Cornhuskers (Big Ten Conference) (2018–present)

2018
Nebraska
0–0
0–0
(West)

Nebraska:
0–0
0–0

Total:
18–7

      National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth

#Rankings from final Coaches Poll.


document_title: Formula One engines

question_text: how many litres is a formula 1 engine

question_tokens: how many litres is a formula 1 engine

text: Formula One engines

text: Operation[edit]

text: Formula One currently uses 1.6 litre four-stroke turbocharged 90 degree V6 reciprocating engines.[1]

text: The power a Formula One engine produces is generated by operating at a very high rotational speed, up to 15,000 revolutions per minute (rpm).[2] This contrasts with road car engines of a similar size which typically operate at less than 6,000 rpm. The basic configuration of a naturally aspirated Formula One engine had not been greatly modified since the 1967 Cosworth DFV and the mean effective pressure had stayed at around 14 bar MEP.[3] Until the mid-1980s Formula One engines were limited to around 12,000 rpm due to the traditional metal valve springs used to close the valves. The speed required to operate the engine valves at a higher rpm called for ever stiffer springs, which increased the power loss to drive the camshaft and the valves to the point where the loss nearly offset the power gain through the increase in rpm. They were replaced by pneumatic valve springs introduced by Renault,[4][5] which inherently have a rising rate (progressive rate) that allowed them to have extremely high spring rate at larger valve strokes without much increasing the driving power requirements at smaller strokes, thus lowering the overall power loss. Since the 1990s, all Formula One engine manufacturers used pneumatic valve springs with the pressurised air allowing engines to reach speeds of over 20,000 rpm.[5][6][7]

text: Short stroke engine[edit]

text: Formula One cars use short stroke engines. These engines are common in racing motorcycles and streetbikes.[8] The bore is the diameter of the cylinder in the engine block, and the stroke is the distance the piston travels from top dead-centre (TDC) to bottom dead-centre (BDC) inside the cylinder. To operate at high engine speeds the stroke must be relatively short to prevent catastrophic failure; this is usually connecting rod failure as the rod is under very large stresses at these speeds. Having a short stroke means that a relatively large bore is required to make the 1.6 litre engine displacement. This results in a less efficient combustion stroke, especially at lower rpm.[citation needed] The stroke of a Formula One engine is approximately 39.7 mm (1.56 in), less than half the bore diameter 98.0 mm (3.86 in), what is known as an over-square configuration.

text: In addition to the use of pneumatic valve springs a Formula One engine's high rpm output has been made possible due to advances in metallurgy and design allowing lighter pistons and connecting rods to withstand the accelerations necessary to attain such high speeds, also by narrowing the connecting rod ends allowing for narrower main bearings. This allows for higher rpm with less bearing-damaging heat build-up. For each stroke, the piston goes from a null speed, to almost two times the mean speed, (approximately 40 m/s) then back to zero. This occurs once for each of the four strokes in the cycle: one Intake (down), one Compression (up), one Power (ignition-down), one Exhaust (up). Maximum piston acceleration occurs at top dead center and is in the region of 95,000 m/s2, about 10,000 times standard gravity or 10,000 g.

text: History[edit]

text: Formula One engines have come through a variety of regulations, manufacturers and configurations through the years.[9]

text: This era used pre-war voiturette engine regulations, with 4.5 L atmospheric and 1.5 L supercharged engines. The Indianapolis 500 (which was a round of the World Drivers' Championship from 1950 onwards) used pre-war Grand Prix regulations, with 4.5 L atmospheric and 3.0 L supercharged engines. The power range was up to 425 hp (317 kW), though the BRM Type 15 of 1953 reportedly achieved 600 hp (447 kW) with a 1.5 L supercharged engine.

text: In 1952 and 1953, the World Drivers' Championship was run to Formula 2 regulations, but the existing Formula One regulations remained in force and a number of Formula One races were still held in those years.

text: Engine size was reduced to 2.5 L. for naturally-aspirated and 750 cc supercharged cars were allowed but no constructor built one for the World Championship. The Indianapolis 500 continued to use old pre-war regulations. The power range was up to 290 hp (216 kW).

text: Introduced in 1961 amidst some criticism, the new reduced engine 1.5 L formula took control of F1 just as every team and manufacturer switched from front to mid-engined cars. Although these were initially underpowered, five years later average power had increased by nearly 50% and lap times were better than in 1960. The old 2.5 L formula had been retained for International Formula racing, but this didn't achieve much success until the introduction of the Tasman Series in Australia and New Zealand during the winter season, leaving the 1.5 L cars as the fastest single seaters in Europe during this time. The power range was between 150 hp (112 kW) and 225 hp (168 kW).

text: In 1966, with sports cars capable of outrunning Formula 1 cars thanks to much larger and more powerful engines, the FIA increased engine capacity to 3.0 L atmospheric and 1.5 L compressed engines. Although a few manufacturers had been clamouring for bigger engines, the transition wasn't smooth and 1966 was a transitional year, with 2.0 L versions of the BRM and Coventry-Climax V8 engines being used by several entrants. The appearance of the standard-produced Cosworth DFV in 1967 made it possible for small manufacturers to join the series with a chassis designed in-house. Compression devices were allowed for the first time since 1960, but it wasn't until 1977 that a company actually had the finance and interest of building one, when Renault debuted their new Gordini V6 Turbo at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone that year. In 1980 Renault proved that turbocharging was the way to go in order to stay competitive in Formula One (particularly at high-altitude circuits like Kyalami in South Africa and Interlagos in Brazil); this engine had a considerable power advantage against the Ford-Cosworth DFV, Ferrari and Alfa Romeo naturally aspirated engines. Following this, Ferrari introduced their all-new turbocharged engine in 1981. Following these developments, Brabham owner Bernie Ecclestone managed to get BMW to make the team turbocharged inline-4 engines from 1982 onwards. And in 1983, Alfa Romeo made a turbocharged V8 engine, and in the same year and following years, Honda, Porsche (badged as TAG), Ford-Cosworth and other smaller companies made turbo-charged engines, mostly twin-turbocharged V6's. By the midpoint of 1985, every competing team had a turbocharged engine in their car. By 1986, power figures were reaching unprecedented levels, with all engines reaching over 1,000 hp during qualifying with unrestricted turbo boost pressures; This was especially seen with the BMW engines of Benetton's cars, reaching around 1,350 hp at a 5.5 bar boost pressure during qualifying. However, these engines & gearboxes were very unreliable because of the engine's immense power, and would only last about four laps. For the race, the turbocharger's boost was restricted to ensure engine reliability; But, the engines still produced 850 - 1000 hp during the race. The power range from 1966 to 1986 was between 285 hp (210 kW) to 500 hp (370 kW), turbos 500 hp (370 kW) to 900 hp (670 kW) in race, in qualifying up to 1,350 hp (1,010 kW). Following their experiences at Indianapolis, in 1971 Lotus made a few unsuccessful experiments with a Pratt & Whitney turbine fitted to chassis which had also 4WD.

text: Following the turbo domination, forced induction was allowed for two seasons before its eventual ban. The FIA regulations limited boost pressure, to 4 bar in qualifying in 1987 for 1.5 L turbo; and allowed a bigger 3.5 L formula. These seasons were still dominated by turbocharged engines, the Honda RA167E V6 supplying Nelson Piquet winning the 1987 Formula One season on a Williams also winning the constructors championship, followed by TAG-Porsche P01 V6 in McLaren then Honda again with the previous RA166E for Lotus then Ferrari's own 033D V6.

text: The rest of the grid was powered by the Ford GBA V6 turbo with Benetton, then the only naturally aspirated engine, the DFV-derived Ford Cosworth DFZ 3.5 L V8 outputting 575 hp (429 kW) in Tyrrell, Lola, AGS, March and Coloni.[10] The BMW M12/13 inline four was found in Brabhams BT55 tilted almost horizontally, and in upright position under the Megatron brand in Arrows and Ligier, producing 900 bhp (670 kW) at 3.8 bar in race.[11] Zakspeed was building its own turbo inline four, Alfa Romeo was to power the Ligiers with an inline four but the deal fell through after initial testing had been carried out. Alfa was still represented by its old 890T V8 used by Osella, and Minardi was powered by a Motori Moderni V6.

text: The 1988 Formula One season was again dominated by turbocharged engines limited to 2.5 bar and Honda with its RA168E turbo V6 producing 640 hp (477 kW) at 12500 rpm in qualifying, this time with McLaren drivers Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost winning all the grands prix except one won by Ferrari with its 033E V6 with about 650 hp (485 kW) at 12800 rpm in qualifying. Just behind, Ford introduced its DFR 3.5 L V8 producing 620 hp (462 kW) at 11000 rpm for Benetton, and the 640 hp (477 kW) Megatron BMW M12/13 was still powering Arrows ahead of the Lotus-Honda. Judd introduced its 600 hp (447 kW) CV 3.5 L V8 for March, Williams and Ligier, and the rest of the grid was mainly using previous year's Ford 590 hp (440 kW) Cosworth DFZ except Zakspeed with their own 640 hp (477 kW) engine and the 700 hp (522 kW) Alfa-Romeo V8 turbo for Osella.

text: Turbochargers were banned from the 1989 Formula One season, leaving only a naturally aspirated 3.5 L formula. Honda was still dominant with their RA109E 72° V10 giving 675 hp (503 kW) at 13000 rpm on McLaren cars, enabling Prost to win the championship in front of his teammate Senna. Behind were the Renault RS01 powered Williams, a 67° V10 giving 650 hp (485 kW) at 14300 rpm. Ferrari with its 035/5 65° V12 giving 660 hp (492 kW) at 13,000 rpm. Behind, the grid was powered mainly by Ford Cosworth DFR V8 giving 620 hp (462 kW) at 10,750 rpm except for a few Judd CV V8 in Lotus, Brabham and EuroBrun cars, and two oddballs: the 620 hp (460 kW) Lamborghini 3512 80° V12 powering Lola, and the 560 hp (420 kW) Yamaha OX88 75° V8 in Zakspeed cars. Ford started to try its new design, the 75° V8 HBA 1 with Benetton.

text: The 1990 Formula One season was again dominated by Honda in McLarens with the 690 hp (515 kW) at 13000 rpm RA100E powering Ayrton Senna and Gerhard Berger ahead of the 680 hp (507 kW) at 12750 rpm Ferrari Tipo 036 of Alain Prost and Nigel Mansell. Behind them the Ford HBA4 for Benetton and Renault RS2 for Williams with 660 hp (492 kW) at 12,800 rpm were leading the pack powered by Ford DFR and Judd CV engines. The exceptions were the better Lamborghini 3512 in Lola and Lotus, and the new Judd EV 76° V8 giving 640 hp (477 kW) at 12,500 rpm in Leyton House and Brabham cars. The two new contenders were the Life which built for themselves an F35 W12 with three four cylinders banks at 60°, and Subaru giving Coloni a 1235 flat 12 from Motori Moderni

text: Honda was still leading the 1991 Formula One season in Senna's McLaren with a 710 hp (529 kW) at 13,000 rpm 60° V12 RA121E, just ahead of the Renault RS3 powered Williams benefiting from 700 hp (520 kW) at 12,500 rpm. Ferrari was behind with its Tipo 037, a new 65° V12 giving 710 hp (529 kW) at 13,800 rpm also powering Minardi, just ahead the Ford HBA4/5/6 in Benetton and Jordan cars. Behind, Tyrrell was using the previous Honda RA109E, Judd introduced its new GV with Dallara leaving the previous EV to Lotus, Yamaha were giving its 660 hp (492 kW) OX99 70° V12 to Brabham, Lamborghini engines were used by Modena and Ligier. Ilmor introduced its LH10, a 680 hp (507 kW) at 13000 rpm V10 which eventually became the Mercedes with Leyton House and Porsche sourced a little successful 3512 V12 to Footwork Arrows; the rest of the field was Ford DFR powered.

text: By the end of the 1994 season, Ferrari's 043 was putting out 820 hp (611 kW) at 15,800 rpm.[12]

text: This era used a 3.0 L formula, with a power range between 650 hp (485 kW) and 950 hp (708 kW). Renault was the dominant engine supplier between 1991 and 1997, winning five world championships with Williams and Benetton. From 1998 to 2000 it was Mercedes power that ruled giving Mika Häkkinen two world championships. Ferrari gradually got better with their engine. For 1996, they changed from their traditional V12 engine to a smaller and lighter V10 engine. They preferred reliability to power, losing out to Mercedes in terms of outright power initially. At the 1998 Japanese GP, Ferrari's 047D engine spec was said to produce over 800 bhp (600 kW). From 2000 they were never short of power or reliability.

text: BMW started supplying their engines to Williams from 2000. In the first season, the engine was very reliable though slightly short of power compared to Ferrari and Mercedes units. BMW went straight forward with its engine development. The P81, used during the 2001 season, was able to hit 17,810 rpm. Unfortunately reliability was a big issue with several blowups during the season.

text: The BMW P82, the engine used by the BMW WilliamsF1 Team in 2002, had hit a peak speed of 19,050 revolutions a minute in its final evolutionary stage. It was also the first engine in the 3.0 litre V10-era to break through the 19,000 rpm-wall, during the 2002 Italian Grand Prix's qualifying.[13] BMW's P83 engine used in 2003 season managed an impressive 19,200 rpm and cleared the 900 bhp (670 kW) mark and weighs less than 200 lb (91 kg).[14]

text: In 2005, the 3.0 L V10 engine was permitted no more than 5 valves per cylinder.[15] Also, the FIA introduced new regulations limiting each car to one engine per two Grand Prix weekends, putting the emphasis on increased reliability and decreased power output. BMW and Mercedes engines had about 930 bhp (690 kW) in this season. Renault, Honda, Toyota and Ferrari had about 900 bhp (670 kW).

text: For 2006, the engines had to be 90° V8 of 2.4 litres maximum capacity with a 98 mm (3.9 in) maximum circular bore,[clarification needed] which implies a 39.8 mm (1.57 in) stroke at maximum bore. They had to have two circular inlet and exhaust valves per cylinder,[clarification needed] be normally aspirated and have a 95 kg (209 lb) minimum weight. The previous year's engines with a rev-limiter were permitted for 2006 and 2007 for teams who were unable to acquire a V8 engine, with Scuderia Toro Rosso using a Cosworth V10, after Red Bull's takeover of the former Minardi team did not include the new engines.[16]

text: Pre-cooling air before it enters the cylinders, injection of any substance other than air and fuel into the cylinders, variable-geometry intake and exhaust systems, and variable valve timing were forbidden. Each cylinder could have only one fuel injector and a single plug spark ignition. Separate starting devices were used to start engines in the pits and on the grid. The crankcase and cylinder block had to be made of cast or wrought aluminium alloys. The crankshaft and camshafts had to be made from an iron alloy, pistons from an aluminium alloy and valves from alloys based on iron, nickel, cobalt or titanium. These restrictions were in place to reduce development costs on the engines.[17]

text: The reduction in capacity was designed to give a power reduction of around 20% from the three litre engines, to reduce the increasing speeds of Formula One cars. Despite this, in many cases, performance of the car improved. In 2006 Toyota F1 announced an approximate 740 hp (552 kW) output at 18000 rpm for its new RVX-06 engine,[18] but real figures are of course difficult to obtain.

text: The engine specification was frozen in 2007 to keep development costs down. The engines which were used in the 2006 Japanese Grand Prix were used for the 2007 and 2008 seasons and they were limited to 19,000 rpm. In 2009 the limit was reduced to 18,000 rpm with each driver allowed to use a maximum of 8 engines over the season. Any driver needing an additional engine is penalised 10 places on the starting grid for the first race the engine is used. This increases the importance of reliability, although the effect is only seen towards the end of the season. Certain design changes intended to improve engine reliability may be carried out with permission from the FIA. This has led to some engine manufacturers, notably Ferrari and Mercedes, exploiting this ability by making design changes which not only improve reliability, but also boost engine power output as a side effect. As the Mercedes engine was proven to be the strongest, re-equalisations of engines were allowed by the FIA to allow other manufacturers to match the power.[19]

text: 2009 saw the exit of Honda from Formula 1. The team was acquired by Ross Brawn, creating Brawn GP and the BGP 001. With the absence of the Honda engine, Brawn GP retrofitted the Mercedes engine to the BGP 001 chassis. The newly branded team won both the Constructors' Championship and the Drivers' Championship from better-known and better-established contenders Ferrari, McLaren-Mercedes, and Renault.

text: Cosworth, absent since the 2006 season, returned in 2010. New teams Lotus Racing, HRT, and Virgin Racing, along with the established Williams, used this engine. The season also saw the withdrawal of the BMW and Toyota engines, as the car companies withdrew from Formula One due to the recession.[20]

text: In 2009, constructors were allowed to use kinetic energy recovery systems (KERS), also called regenerative brakes. Energy can either be stored as mechanical energy (as in a flywheel) or as electrical energy (as in a battery or supercapacitor), with a maximum power of 81 hp (60 kW; 82 PS). Four teams used it at some point in the season: Ferrari, Renault, BMW, and McLaren.

text: Although KERS was still legal in F1 in the 2010 season, all the teams agreed not to use it. KERS returned for the 2011 season, when only three teams elected not to use it. For the 2012 season, only Marussia and HRT raced without KERS, and in 2013 all teams on the grid had KERS. From 2010 to 2013 cars have a regular power of 700-800 hp.

text: The FIA announced the intention to change the 2.4-litre V8 engines to 1.6 litre V6 turbo engines for the 2014 season. The new regulations include multiple energy recovery systems [21] and fuel flow restrictions, to attract more commercial partners.

text: The new formula reintroduced turbocharged engines, which last appeared in 1988. These have their efficiency improved by turbo-compounding and introduce more energy recovery systems – with power to be harvested from the brakes and exhaust gases.[22] The original proposal for four-cylinder turbocharged engines was not welcomed by the racing teams, in particular Ferrari. Adrian Newey stated during the 2011 European Grand Prix that the change to a V6 enables teams to carry the engine as a stressed member, whereas an inline 4 would have required a space frame. A compromise was reached to adopt V6 turbocharged engines instead.[22] The internal combustion engines are limited to 15,000 rpm, but rarely exceed 12,000 rpm during Grand Prix due to the new reliability and fuel flow restrictions.[23]

text: Energy recovery systems were allowed to have a maximum power of 120 kW (160 bhp) and 2 megajoules per lap. KERS was renamed Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGU-K). Heat energy recovery systems were also allowed, under the name Motor Generator Unit-Heat (MGU-H)

text: The 2015 season was an improvement on 2014, adding to most engines about 30-50 hp, the Mercedes engine being the most powerful with 870 hp.

text: Of the previous suppliers, only Mercedes, Ferrari and Renault produced engines to the new formula in 2014, whereas Cosworth stopped supplying engines. Honda returned in 2015 with their own engine, partnering McLaren who used Mercedes power for the 2014 season.[24]

text: Engine specification progression[edit]

text:
Years
Other than
4 Stroke piston
engines[note 1]
Engine displacement (max.)
Revolution
limit
Cylinders
Fuel

Naturally aspirated
Super- or
Turbo-charged
Alcohol
Gasoline

2014-present[note 2]
Prohibited
1.6 L[note 3][25][26]
15,000 rpm
90° V6
5.75%[note 4]
Unleaded[27]

2009–2013[note 5]
2.4 L
Prohibited
18,000 rpm
90° V8

2008
19,000 rpm

2007
Prohibited

2006[note 6][28]
Unrestricted

2000–2005
3.0 L
V10

1999
Up to 12

1995–1998
Unleaded

1992–1994
3.5 L

1989–1991
Unrestricted

1988
1.5 L, 2.5 bar
Unrestricted

1987
1.5 L, 4 bar

1986
Prohibited
1.5 L

1981–1985
3.0 L

1966–1980
Unspecified

1963–1965
1.5 L (1.3 L min.)
Prohibited
Pump[29]

1961–1962
Unrestricted

1958–1960
2.5 L
0.75 L

1954–1957
Unrestricted

1947–1953[note 7]
4.5 L
1.5 L

text: Note:

text:
Jump up ^ 2 Stroke, Gas Turbine, Rotary, etc.
Jump up ^ Kinetic (brake) and heat (exhaust) energy recovery systems allowed.
Jump up ^ Normally aspirated engines are not prohibited. Boost pressure is not limited, but fuel flow rate (which was not regulated up to 2013) is limited to 100 kg per hour. (This translates to about 3.5 bar with the specified fuel at the maximum rpm.)
Jump up ^ 5.75% bio-sourced alcohol content is required in pump-gas.
Jump up ^ Kinetic (braking) energy recovery system (KERS) was allowed from 2010, and used from 2011.
Jump up ^ For 2006 and 2007, FIA reserved the right to give special dispensations to teams (without access to new 2.4 L engine) to use 2005 spec 3 L engines with a rev-limiter. This dispensation was given to Scuderia Toro Rosso in 2006.
Jump up ^ For 1952 and 1953, World Championship races were run to Formula Two rules (0.75 L with compressor, 2 L without), but Formula One regulations remained intact.

text: Records[edit]

text: Figures correct as of the 2017 Italian Grand Prix

text: Bold indicates engine manufacturers competing in Formula One in the 2017 season.

text: World Championship Grand Prix wins by engine manufacturer[edit]

text:
Rank
Engine
Wins
First win
Latest win

1
 Ferrari
229
1951 British Grand Prix
2017 Hungarian Grand Prix

2
 Ford *
176
1967 Dutch Grand Prix
2003 Brazilian Grand Prix

3
 Renault
168
1979 French Grand Prix
2014 Belgian Grand Prix

4
 Mercedes **
159
1954 French Grand Prix
2017 Singapore Grand Prix

5
 Honda
72
1965 Mexican Grand Prix
2006 Hungarian Grand Prix

6
 Coventry Climax
40
1958 Argentine Grand Prix
1965 German Grand Prix

7
 TAG ***
25
1984 Brazilian Grand Prix
1987 Portuguese Grand Prix

8
 BMW
20
1982 Canadian Grand Prix
2008 Canadian Grand Prix

9
 BRM
18
1959 Dutch Grand Prix
1972 Monaco Grand Prix

10
 Alfa Romeo
12
1950 British Grand Prix
1978 Italian Grand Prix

11
 Maserati
11
1953 Italian Grand Prix
1967 South African Grand Prix

11
 Offenhauser
11
1950 Indianapolis 500 ****
1960 Indianapolis 500

13
 Vanwall
9
1957 British Grand Prix
1958 Morocco Grand Prix

14
 Repco
8
1966 French Grand Prix
1967 Canadian Grand Prix

15
 Mugen-Honda
4
1996 Monaco Grand Prix
1999 Italian Grand Prix

16
 Matra
3
1977 Swedish Grand Prix
1981 Canadian Grand Prix

16
 TAG Heuer *****
3
2016 Spanish Grand Prix
2017 Azerbaijan Grand Prix

18
 Porsche
1
1962 French Grand Prix

18
 Weslake
1
1967 Belgian Grand Prix

text: ^ * Built by  Cosworth

text: ^ ** Between 1997-2005 built by  Ilmor

text: ^ *** Built by  Porsche

text: ^ **** The Indianapolis 500 was part of the World Drivers' Championship from 1950 to 1960.

text: ^ ***** Built by  Renault

text: Most wins in a season[edit]

text: By number[edit]

text:
Rank
Manufacturer
Season
Races
Wins
Percentage
Engine(s)
Winning team(s)

1
Mercedes
2016
21
19
90.5%
PU106C Hybrid
Mercedes

2
Renault
1995
17
16
94.1%
RS7
Benetton, Williams

Mercedes
2014
19
84.2%
PU106A Hybrid
Mercedes

2015
PU106B Hybrid
Mercedes

5
Ford
1973
15
15
100.0%
DFV
Lotus, Tyrrell, McLaren

Honda
1988
16
93.8%
RA168E
McLaren

Ferrari
2002
17
88.2%
Tipo 050, Tipo 051
Ferrari

2004
18
83.3%
Tipo 053

9
Renault
2013
19
14
73.7%
RS27-2013
Lotus, Red Bull

10
Ford
1974
15
12
80.0%
DFV
McLaren, Tyrrell, Lotus, Brabham

1977
17
70.6%
Lotus, McLaren, Wolf, Shadow

TAG
1984
16
75.0%
TTE PO1
McLaren

Renault
1996
16
75.0%
RS8
Williams

2011
19
63.2%
RS27-2011
Red Bull

text: By percentage[edit]

text:
Rank
Manufacturer
Season
Races
Wins
Percentage
Engine(s)
Winning team(s)

1
Ford
1969
11
11
100.0%
DFV
Matra, Brabham, Lotus, McLaren

1973
15
15
Lotus, Tyrrell, McLaren

3
Renault
1995
17
16
94.1%
RS7
Benetton, Williams

4
Honda
1988
16
15
93.8%
RA168E
McLaren

5
Ford
1968
12
11
91.7%
DFV
Lotus, McLaren, Matra

6
Mercedes
2016
21
19
90.5%
PU106C Hybrid
Mercedes

7
Ferrari
2002
17
15
88.2%
Tipo 050, Tipo 051
Ferrari

8
Ferrari*
1952
8
7
87.5%
Tipo 500, Tipo 375
Ferrari

9
Alfa Romeo**
1950
7
6
85.2%
Tipo 158, Tipo 159
Alfa Romeo

10
Mercedes
2014
19
16
84.2%
PU106A Hybrid
Mercedes

2015
PU106B Hybrid
Mercedes

text:
* Only Alberto Ascari raced in the 1952 Indianapolis 500 with Ferrari.
** Alfa Romeo did not race in the 1950 Indianapolis 500.

text: Most consecutive wins[edit]

text:
Rank
Manufacturer
Wins
Season(s)
Races
Engine(s)
Winning team(s)

1
Ford
22
1972, 1973, 1974
1972 Austrian Grand Prix–1974 South African Grand Prix
DFV
Lotus, Tyrrell, McLaren, Brabham

2
Ford
20
1968, 1969, 1970
1968 British Grand Prix–1970 Monaco Grand Prix
DFV
Lotus, Matra, McLaren, Brabham, March

3
Renault
16
1995, 1996
1995 French Grand Prix–1996 San Marino Grand Prix
RS7, RS8
Benetton, Williams

4
Honda
11
1988
1988 Brazilian Grand Prix–1988 Belgian Grand Prix
RA168E
McLaren

5
Ferrari
10
2002
2002 Canadian Grand Prix–2002 Japanese Grand Prix
Tipo 051
Ferrari

Mercedes
2015, 2016
2015 Japanese Grand Prix–2016 Russian Grand Prix
PU106B Hybrid, PU106C Hybrid
Mercedes

Mercedes
2016
2016 Monaco Grand Prix–2016 Singapore Grand Prix
PU106C Hybrid
Mercedes

8
Ford
9
1980, 1981
1980 Dutch Grand Prix–1981 Belgian Grand Prix
DFV
Brabham, Williams

Renault
2013
2013 Belgian Grand Prix–2013 Brazilian Grand Prix
RS27-2013
Red Bull

10
Ford
8
1974, 1975
1974 Austrian Grand Prix–1975 Spanish Grand Prix
DFV
Brabham, Lotus, McLaren, Tyrrell

1976, 1977
1976 German Grand Prix–1977 Argentine Grand Prix
McLaren, Penske, March, Lotus, Wolf

TAG
1984, 1985
1984 British Grand Prix–1985 Brazilian Grand Prix
TTE PO1
McLaren

Honda
1987
1987 Monaco Grand Prix–1987 Italian Grand Prix
RA166E, RA167E
Lotus, Williams

Ferrari
2003, 2004
2003 Italian Grand Prix–2004 Spanish Grand Prix
Tipo 052, Tipo 053
Ferrari

Mercedes
2014, 2015
2014 Italian Grand Prix–2015 Australian Grand Prix
PU106A Hybrid, PU106B Hybrid
Mercedes


document_title: Gorakhpur Junction railway station

question_text: which station has largest number of platform in india

text: Gorakhpur Junction railway station

text:
Gorakhpur Junction
गोरखपुर जंक्शन

Express train and Passenger train station

Gorakhpur Railway Station

Location
Station Road, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh
India

Coordinates
26°45′35″N 83°22′54″E / 26.7598°N 83.3818°E / 26.7598; 83.3818Coordinates: 26°45′35″N 83°22′54″E / 26.7598°N 83.3818°E / 26.7598; 83.3818

Elevation
84 metres (276 ft)

Owned by
Indian Railways

Operated by
North Eastern Railway,

Line(s)
Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines
Muzaffarpur- Gorakhpur line (via Hajipur, Raxaul and Sitamarhi)
Muzaffarpur-Gorakhpur main line
Gorakhpur-Lucknow Kanpur Delhi main line
Gorakhpur-Nautanwa-Barhni line

Platforms
10

Tracks
26

Construction

Structure type
Standard on ground

Parking
Available

Bicycle facilities
Available

Other information

Status
Functioning

Station code
GKP

Zone(s)
North Eastern Railway zone

Division(s)
Lucknow NER

History

Opened
1890; 127 years ago (1890)

Electrified
Yes

Traffic

Passengers
365000

Location

Gorakhpur Junction

Location within Uttar Pradesh

text: The North east Gorakhpur Railway Station is located in the city of Gorakhpur in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It serves as the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway. The station offers Class A railway station facilities. On 6 October 2013, Gorakhpur became the world's longest railway platform, after inauguration of the remodelled Gorakhpur Yard, with a stretch of around 1.34 kilometres (0.84 mi).

text: The Gorakhpur city area is served by 10 local railway stations other than Gorakhpur Junction, namely, Gorakhpur cantt, Domingarh, Sahjanwa, Sihapar, Maniram, Nakaha jungle, Kushmi, Jagatbela, and Unaula.

text: History[edit]

text: The 135-mile (217 km) metre-gauge Gonda loop, running between Gorakhpur and Gonda, was constructed by the Bengal and North Western Railway between 1886 and 1905. The 79-mile (127 km) Kaptanganj–Siwan metre-gauge line was opened in 1913. The 25-mile (40 km) metre-gauge Nautanwa branch line was opened in 1925.[1]

text: Conversion to broad gauge started with the Gorakhpur–Siwan section in 1981. The Gorakhpur–Paniyahwa section was converted in 1991.[2] The Gorakhpur–Gonda loop was converted around 1985, and the Nautanwa branch line at about the same time. The Kaptanganj–Siwan line was converted around 2006.[3] Now Gorakhpur would have [clarification needed] three new platforms.[4] At present, Gorakhpur has the world's longest platform. [5]

text: Passenger movement[edit]

text: Gorakhpur is amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railways.[6] It handles over 189 trains daily. This is the route which connects Bihar to Delhi, the other route which connect is Banaras route. Some of the other railway stations in Uttar Pradesh handling large numbers of passengers are Kanpur Central, Varanasi Junction, Mathura Junction and Mughalsarai.


document_title: Orange Is the New Black

question_text: when did season 5 of orange is the new black start

text: Orange Is the New Black

text: Plot[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally released113July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)213June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)313June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)413June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)513June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)613July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)

text: This section needs expansion with: Main storyline(s) of seasons 1-4. You can help by adding to it. (August 2018)

text: The series begins revolving around Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary, a minimum-security women's federal prison (initially operated by the "Federal Department of Corrections". This is a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. In later seasons, it was acquired by the Management & Correction Corporation (MCC), a private prison company) in upstate New York. Chapman was convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause (Laura Prepon), an international drug smuggler. The offense had occurred 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet, law-abiding life among New York's upper middle class. Her sudden and unexpected indictment disrupts her relationships with her fiancé, family and friends. In prison, Chapman is reunited with Vause (who named Chapman in her trial, resulting in Chapman's arrest) and they re-examine their relationship. Simultaneously, Chapman, along with the other inmates, attempt to grapple with prison's numerous, inherent struggles. Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates' and prison guards' pasts. These flashbacks typically depict how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character's backstory.

text: The fifth season shows the prisoners revolting against the guards, wardens and the system after MCC's failed handling of an inmate's death at the hands of a guard. This followed a peaceful protest and subsequent instigation of an inmate fight by another guard in the fourth season. Fueled by the conditions the inmates are forced to tolerate, as well as grudges against the prison guards, a three-day riot ensues, during which some inmates attempt to negotiate better living conditions and seek justice for the death of the inmate, while others pursue their own interests and entertainment, and a few seek no involvement in the riot. At the emergence of the riot, the guard that incited the fight in the prior season is critically shot by an inmate who took the gun the guard illegally brought into the prison. At the end of the season, SWAT raids the prison to end the riot and remove all inmates from the facility. During this raid, a correctional officer is fatally shot by a corrupt "strike team", which then conspires to blame the guard's death on inmates that hid in an underground bunker and had taken hostage of the guard. All inmates are transported to other prisons.

text: The consequences of the riot are shown in the sixth season. A number of the inmates, including Chapman and Vause, are transported to Litchfield Maximum Security. Most of these inmates are interrogated, and several of them charged and sentenced for their involvement in the riot. In max, new inmates are introduced, alliances are made, and a gang-like war emerges between two prison blocks, spearheaded by a longstanding feud between two sisters and a grudge harbored by them toward a former maximum-security inmate that returned. Inmates that arrived from the minimum security prison are either caught up or willingly participate in the war between prison blocks. The season portrays further corruption and guard brutality.

text: Throughout the series, it is shown how various forms of corruption, funding cuts, privatization of prison, overcrowding, guard brutality and racial discrimination, among other issues, affect the prisoners' safety, health and well-being, the correctional officers, and the prison's basic ability to fulfill its fundamental responsibilities and ethical obligations as a corrections institution.[citation needed] One of the show's key conflicts involves the minimum-security prison's Director of Human Activities, Joe Caputo, whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the corporate interests of MCC, which acquired the facility when it was about to be shut down.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman, inmate
Laura Prepon as Alex Vause, inmate
Michael Harney as Sam Healy, correctional officer (seasons 1–4; guest season 6)[a]
Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage, inmate (season 1)
Kate Mulgrew as Galina "Red" Reznikov, inmate
Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom, Piper's fiancé (seasons 1–2; guest season 5)
Uzo Aduba as Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren, inmate
Danielle Brooks as Tasha "Taystee" Jefferson, inmate
Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols, inmate
Taryn Manning as Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett, inmate
Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza, inmate
Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy "Black Cindy" Hayes, inmate
Dascha Polanco as Dayanara "Daya" Diaz, inmate
Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo, Captain of the Guard, later Director of Human Activities
Yael Stone as Lorna Morello, inmate
Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington, inmate (seasons 1–4; guest season 5)
Jackie Cruz as Marisol "Flaca" Gonzales, inmate
Lea DeLaria as Carrie "Big Boo" Black, inmate (seasons 1–5; guest season 6)
Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz, former inmate
Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz, inmate
Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores, inmate
Matt Peters as Joel Luschek, correctional officer
Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin, inmate (season 2–present)

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text: Inmates[edit]

text:
Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset
Annie Golden as Norma Romano (seasons 1–5)
Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos (seasons 1–5)
Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson (seasons 1–5)
Julie Lake as Angie Rice (seasons 1–5)
Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor (seasons 1–5)
Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy (seasons 1–5)
Constance Shulman as Erica "Yoga" Jones (seasons 1–5)
Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang (seasons 1–5)
Tamara Torres as Gerrman "Weeping Woman" (seasons 1–5)
Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco (seasons 1–5)
Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls (seasons 1–4)
Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa "Miss Rosa" Cisneros (seasons 1–2; guest season 3)
Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller (season 1)
Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso (seasons 2–5)
Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill (seasons 2–4, 6)
Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne "Vee" Parker (season 2)
Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio (seasons 3–5)
Blair Brown as Judy King (seasons 3–5)
Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin (season 3; guest season 4)
Daniella De Jesus as Irene "Zirconia" Cabrera (season 4–present)
Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight (seasons 4–present)
Rosal Colon as Carmen "Ouija" Aziza (seasons 4–5; guest season 6)
Francesca Curran as Helen "Skinhead Helen" Van Maele (seasons 4–5; guest season 6)
Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps (seasons 4–5)
Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey (seasons 4–5)
Miriam Morales as Ramona "Pidge" Contreras (seasons 4–5)
Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka (seasons 4–5)
Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah (seasons 4–5)
Amanda Fuller as Madison "Badison" Murphy (season 6–present)
Vicci Martinez as Dominga "Daddy" Duarte (season 6–present)
Sipiwe Moyo as Adeola (season 6–present)
Besanya Santiago as Raquel "Creech" Munoz (season 6–present)
Finnerty Steeves as Beth Hoefler (season 6–present)
Mackenzie Phillips as Barbara "Barb" Denning (season 6)
Henny Russell as Carol Denning (season 6)

text: Staff[edit]

text:
Alysia Reiner as Natalie "Fig" Figueroa
Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell (seasons 1–5)
Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill (seasons 1–5)
Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson (seasons 1–4)
Pablo Schreiber as George "Pornstache" Mendez (seasons 1–3; guest season 5)
Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell (seasons 1–3)
Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford (seasons 1–3)
Matt McGorry as John Bennett (seasons 1–3)
Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer (seasons 1–2)
Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson (season 3–present)
James McMenamin as Charlie "Donuts" Coates (season 3–present)
Alan Aisenberg as Baxter "Gerber" Bayley (seasons 3–5)
Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson (seasons 3–5)
Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson (seasons 3–4)
Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers (season 3)
Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake (season 4–present)
Mike Houston as Lee Dixon (season 4–present)
Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough (season 4–present)
Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella (seasons 4–5; guest season 6)
Evan Arthur Hall as B. Stratman (seasons 4–5)
John Palladino as Josh (seasons 4–5)
Michael Torpey as Thomas "Humps" Humphrey (seasons 4–5)
Hunter Emery as Rick Hopper (season 5–present)
Shawna Hamic as Virginia "Ginger" Copeland (season 6–present)
Susan Heyward as Tamika Ward (season 6–present)
Josh Segarra as Stefanovic (season 6–present)
Greg Vrotsos as Hellman (season 6–present)
Nicholas Webber as Alvarez (season 6–present)
Branden Wellington as Jarod Young (season 6–present)

text: Others[edit]

text:
Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman (seasons 1–4; guest season 6)
Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset (seasons 1–4; guest season 6)
Berto Colon as Cesar Velazquez (seasons 1–3; guest season 5)
Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman (seasons 1–3; guest season 5)
Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman (seasons 1–3)
Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper (seasons 1–2)
Ian Paola as Yadriel (seasons 2–5)
John Magaro as Vince Muccio (seasons 3–5)
Mary Steenburgen as Delia Mendez-Powell (season 3; guest season 5)
Miguel Izaguirre as Diablo (seasons 4–present)
Michael J. Burg as Detective Mark Bellamy (season 6)
Jason Altman as Main Officer Herrmann (seasons 5-6)

text: Production[edit]

text: Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman's memoir after a friend sent it to her. She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation, which she notes she "screwed up" as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show. This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation.[10] Kohan would later go on to describe the main character, Piper Chapman, as a "trojan horse" for the series, allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV.[11]

text: In July 2011, it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13-episode TV adaptation of Kerman's memoirs with Kohan as creator.[12] In November 2011, negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit.[13] Kohan had initially wanted to cast Katie Holmes in the role of Piper Chapman, and met with the actress to discuss it, but Holmes had other commitments.[14] Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling, the first to be cast, as Piper Chapman,[15] followed by Jason Biggs as Piper's fiancé Larry Bloom.[16]

text: Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series, as Alex Vause and Lorna Morello, respectively.[2] Abigail Savage, who plays Gina, and Alysia Reiner, who plays Fig, had auditioned for role of Alex Vause.[10][17] Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman,[18] however Kohan felt she would not worry about her [in prison], noting a "toughness and a presence to her that wasn’t right for the character." Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex.[10] Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols, but she was not considered "tough enough" for the character;[19] she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead.[20] Likability was important for Morello, whom casting director Jen Euston deemed "a very helpful, nice, sweet Italian girl."[20] Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex, but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols; "[Kohan knew] she could do Nicky with her eyes closed. She was perfect," said Euston.[20] Laverne Cox, a black transgender woman, was cast as Sophia Burset, a transgender character. The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women-in-prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role.[21] Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren.[20][22] Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett.[20] This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host, but he declined. The role instead went to Robert Stanton, who plays the fictional host Maury Kind.[23]

text: The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield, New York, which is a real town in upstate New York, but it does not have a federal penitentiary.[24] The series began filming in the old Rockland Children's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York, on March 7, 2013.[25] The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself.[26]

text: On June 27, 2013, prior to the series premiere, Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes.[27] For the second season, Uzo Aduba, Taryn Manning, Danielle Brooks, and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars.[28] Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts, but returned for season 3 as a regular.[29] On May 5, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season, as revealed by actress Laura Prepon.[30] For the third season, several actors were promoted to series regulars, including Selenis Leyva, Adrienne C. Moore, Dascha Polanco, Nick Sandow, Yael Stone, and Samira Wiley.[31] Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season, but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season.[32][33][34] The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15, 2015, prior to its third-season premiere.[35][36] For the fourth season, Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season's sixth episode.[37] On February 5, 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth and seventh season.[4] In season six, Dale Soules, Laura Gómez, and Matt Peters were promoted to series regulars.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Season

Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes

Metacritic

1

94% (47 reviews)

79 (32 reviews)

2

98% (45 reviews)

89 (31 reviews)

3

95% (58 reviews)

83 (24 reviews)

4

96% (47 reviews)

86 (19 reviews)

5

73% (41 reviews)

67 (20 reviews)

6

84% (32 reviews)

69 (14 reviews)

text: Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim. It has been particularly praised for humanizing prisoners[38][39] and for its depiction of race, sexuality, gender and body types.[40][41][42][43][44][45][46]

text: The first season received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating favorable reviews.[47] On Rotten Tomatoes, season one has a 94% approval rating based on 47 reviews, with an average rating of 8.24 out of 10 . The site's critical consensus is "Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft, with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure."[48]

text: Hank Stuever, television critic for The Washington Post, gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score. In his review of the series, he stated: "In Jenji Kohan's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series, Orange Is the New Black, prison is still the pits. But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories, all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat."[49] Maureen Ryan, of The Huffington Post, wrote: "Orange is one of the best new programs of the year, and the six episodes I've seen have left me hungry to see more."[50]

text: The second season also received critical acclaim. Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98%, with an average rating of 9.17 out of 10 based on 45 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama, Orange Is the New Black's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor's standard for female-led television excellence."[51] Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."[52] David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review, calling the first six episodes "not only as great as the first season, but arguably better."[53]

text: The third season received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 24 reviews.[54] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 95% rating with an average score of 8.15 out of 10 based on 58 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work, Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season."[55]

text: The fourth season received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 19 reviews.[56] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 96% rating with an average score of 8.46 out of 10 based on 47 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever, with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast."[57] James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as "Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning-to-end average or by how well it ends? By the first yardstick, Season 4 is ambitious but uneven; by the latter, it's the series' best."[58]

text: The fifth season received "generally favorable reviews".[59] On Metacritic, it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews.[59] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 73% rating with an average score of 7.19 out of 10 based on 41 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: Orange Is the New Black's fifth season offers up more of the sharp writing and dizzying tonal juggling acts that fans expect – albeit somewhat less successfully."[60]

text: The sixth season received positive reviews from critics, with many critics noting its improvement over the previous season. On Metacritic, it has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 14 reviews.[61] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an 84% rating with an average score of 7.3 out of 10 based on 32 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Brutality and humor continue to mesh effectively in a season of Orange Is the New Black that stands as a marked improvement from its predecessor, even if some arcs are more inspired than others."[62]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Orange Is the New Black has received many accolades since its debut. The series has garnered 16 Emmy Award nominations and four wins. For its first season, it received 12 Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series, winning three.[63] Taylor Schilling received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama.[64] In 2013, the American Film Institute selected the series as one of the Top 10 Television Programs of the Year.[65]

text: A new Emmy rule in 2015, classifying half-hour shows as comedies and hour-long shows as dramas, forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama for its second season.[66] That year, the series received four Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, and Aduba won her second Emmy Award, for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.[63] Orange Is the New Black became the first series to receive Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories.[9] For its second season, the series also received three Golden Globe Award nominations: Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy, Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy for Schilling, and Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for Aduba. At the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards, the series won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Aduba won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series.[67]

text: For its third season, Orange Is the New Black won Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series (Aduba).[68] It received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy.[64] The series has also received, among other accolades, six Writers Guild of America Award nominations,[69] five Satellite Awards,[70][71] four Critics' Choice Television Awards,[72][73] a GLAAD Media Award,[74] an American Cinema Editors Award,[75] a Producers Guild of America Award,[76] and a Peabody Award.[77]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text:
Netflix is famously tight-fisted when it comes to offering up viewership data about its original series. But execs with the streaming giant have repeatedly confirmed that OITNB is its most-watched original series. That has been backed up by the efforts of outside measurement companies to track viewing in the Netflix eco-system.
—Variety[4]

tag: div

text: The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19, 2013.[78] It premiered in Australia on October 9, 2013, on Showcase.[79] The second season began on Showcase on July 16, 2014,[80] and the third season premiered on June 11, 2015.[81] The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19, 2017.[82]

text: In April 2017, it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company. Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands, and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online. Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement.[83][84] Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven-day period following the leak of the episodes. It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June.[85]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other top Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development.[86][87] In October 2013, Netflix stated that the show is a "tremendous success" for the streaming platform. "It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and, as with each of our other previously launched originals, enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV."[88][89] As reported in February 2016, Orange Is the New Black remains Netflix's most-watched original series.[4][7][90] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas, and despite its "minority-rich ensemble cast," the series "appeals more to a white audience."[91]