document_title: Annabel Lee

question_text: where does annabel lee live with her love

text: Annabel Lee

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The poem's narrator describes his love for Annabel Lee, which began many years ago in a "kingdom by the sea". Though they were young, their love for one another burned with such an intensity that angels became envious. It is for that reason that the narrator believes the seraphim caused her death. Even so, their love is strong enough that it extends beyond the grave and the narrator believes their two souls are still entwined. Every night, he dreams of Annabel Lee and sees the brightness of her eyes in the stars.  Every night he lies down by her side in her tomb by the sea.

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Like many other Poe poems including "The Raven", "Ulalume", and "To One in Paradise", "Annabel Lee" follows Poe's favorite theme: the death of a beautiful woman,[2] which Poe called "the most poetical topic in the world".[3] Like women in many other works by Poe, she is struck with illness and marries young.[4] The poem focuses on an ideal love which is unusually strong. In fact, the narrator's actions show that he not only loves Annabel Lee, but he worships her, something he can only do after her death.[5] The narrator admits that he and Annabel Lee were children when they fell in love, but his explanation that angels murdered her is in itself childish, suggesting he has failed to mature since then.[6] His repetition of this assertion suggests he is trying to rationalize his own excessive feelings of loss.[6]

text: Unlike "The Raven", in which the narrator believes he will "nevermore" be reunited with his love, "Annabel Lee" says the two will be together again, as not even demons "can ever dissever" their souls.

text: Poetic structure[edit]

text: "Annabel Lee" consists of six stanzas, three with six lines, one with seven, and two with eight, with the rhyme pattern differing slightly in each one.[2] Though it is not technically a ballad, Poe referred to it as one.[7] Like a ballad, the poem uses repetition of words and phrases purposely to create its mournful effect.[2] The name Annabel Lee emphasizes the letter "L", a frequent device in Poe's female characters such as "Eulalie", "Lenore", and "Ulalume".[8]

text: The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore, Maryland has identified 11 versions of "Annabel Lee" that were published between 1849 and 1850.[9]  The biggest variation is in the final line:

text: Inspiration[edit]

text: It is unclear on whom the eponymous character Annabel Lee is based.[10] Biographers and critics often suggest Poe's frequent use of the "death of a beautiful woman" theme stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his own life, including his mother Eliza Poe and his foster mother Frances Allan.[11] Biographers often interpret that "Annabel Lee" was written for Poe's wife Virginia, who had died two years prior, as was suggested by poet Frances Sargent Osgood, though Osgood is herself a candidate for the poem's inspiration.[10] A strong case can be made for Poe's wife Virginia: She was the one he loved as a child, the only one who had been his bride, and the only one who had died.[12] Autobiographical readings of the poem have also been used to support the theory that Virginia and Poe never consummated their marriage, as "Annabel Lee" was a "maiden".[13] Critics, including T.O. Mabbott, believed that Annabel Lee was merely the product of Poe's gloomy imagination and that Annabel Lee was no real person in particular. A childhood sweetheart of Poe's named Sarah Elmira Royster believed the poem was written with her in mind[14] and that Poe himself said so.[15] Sarah Helen Whitman and Sarah Anna Lewis also claimed to have inspired the poem.[16]

text: Local legend in Charleston, South Carolina tells the story of a sailor who met a woman named Annabel Lee. Her father disapproved of the pairing and the two met privately in a graveyard before the sailor's time stationed in Charleston was up. While away, he heard of Annabel's death from yellow fever, but her father would not allow him at the funeral. Because he did not know her exact burial location, he instead kept vigil in the cemetery where they had often secretly met. There is no evidence that Edgar Allan Poe had heard of this legend, but locals insist it was his inspiration, especially considering Poe was briefly stationed in Charleston while in the army in 1827.[17]

text: Publication history and reception[edit]

text: "Annabel Lee" was probably composed in May 1849.[16] Poe took steps to ensure that the poem would be seen in print. He gave a copy to Rufus Wilmot Griswold, his literary executor and personal rival, gave another copy to John Thompson to repay a $5 debt, and sold a copy to Sartain's Union Magazine for publication.[12] Though Sartain's was the first authorized printing in January 1850, Griswold was the first to publish it on October 9, 1849, two days after Poe's death as part of his obituary of Poe in the New York Daily Tribune. Thompson had it published in the Southern Literary Messenger in November 1849.[12]

text: "Annabel Lee" was an inspiration for Vladimir Nabokov, especially for his novel Lolita (1955), in which the narrator, as a child, falls in love with the terminally ill Annabel Leigh "in a princedom by the sea". Originally, Nabokov titled the novel The Kingdom by the Sea.[18] Nabokov would later use this as the title of the Lolita "doppelganger novel" in Look at the Harlequins!.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text:
The English composer Henry David Leslie (1822-96) set this as a ballad for voice and piano, respelling as 'Annabelle Lee'.
The 1914 silent film The Avenging Conscience is based on "Annabel Lee" and Poe's short story "The Tell-Tale Heart."
An adapted version of the poem appears on Sarah Jarosz's 2011 album, Follow Me Down.
Stevie Nicks recorded a version of this poem on her 2011 album, In Your Dreams.
Joan Baez recorded a version of this poem on her 1967 album, Joan, with music by Don Dilworth.
The band Alesana based three albums (The Emptiness, A Place Where the Sun Is Silent and Confessions) on the poem and called it The Annabel Trilogy.
The poem appears on Marissa Nadler's album, Ballads of Living and Dying.
An adaptation appears in the song "Three" by the band La Dispute on their first spoken word EP, Here, Hear. and in the song "Fall Down, Never Get Back Up Again" on their album Somewhere at the Bottom of the River Between Vega and Altair.
The poem was set to music by the English composer Joseph Charles Holbrooke (5 July 1878 – 5 August 1958) as a Ballad for voice and orchestra Op. 41b (1905)
An adapted version of the poem by Spanish group Radio Futura on their album "La canción de Juan Perro", 1987 (music by Luis Auserón, lyric adapted by Santiago Auserón).
The poem was adapted as the song "Annabel Lee" on the Tiger Army album Tiger Army II: Power of Moonlite
The poem was translated to Hebrew by Ze'ev Jabotinsky and performed by various Israeli artists, among them Yossi Banai, Yoni Bloch and Shlomo Artzi (who performed the song both in Hebrew and in the original).
The poem was also the base for Lady Midnight by Cassandra Clare as the first book in the Dark Artifices series. Each chapter title is taken directly from the poem.
The web series "Kissing in the Rain" features a shortened version of the poem with Sean Persaud as Edgar Allan Poe and Mary Kate Wiles as Annabel Lee.
The band Black Rebel Motorcycle Club made a song out of the poem. The piano led piece is an iTunes pre-order bonus track on  their sixth studio album, Beat The Devil's Tattoo. The album title is itself a phrase taken from another Edgar Allan Poe short story, The Devil In The Belfry.
Alexander Veljanov recorded an adaptation called Lied für Annabel Lee in German for the Edgar Allan Poe Projekt - Visionen (Double Album) 2006.
The plot for the video game The Dark Eye is a loose adaptation of the poem


document_title: List of Empire episodes

question_text: how many episodes in season 2 of empire

question_tokens: how many episodes in season 2 of empire

root

text: List of Empire episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Viewers
(millions)

1
12
January 7, 2015 (2015-01-07)
March 18, 2015 (2015-03-18)
5
17.33[3]

2
18
September 23, 2015 (2015-09-23)
May 18, 2016 (2016-05-18)
5
15.94[4]

3
18
September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)
May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)
23
10.37[5]

4
18
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
TBA
TBA
TBA

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Lee Daniels
Lee Daniels & Danny Strong
January 7, 2015 (2015-01-07)
1AXP01
9.90[6]

2
2
"The Outspoken King"
Lee Daniels
Danny Strong & Ilene Chaiken
January 14, 2015 (2015-01-14)
1AXP02
10.32[7]

3
3
"The Devil Quotes Scripture"
Sanaa Hamri
Ilene Chaiken & Joshua Allen
January 21, 2015 (2015-01-21)
1AXP03
11.07[8]

4
4
"False Imposition"
Rosemary Rodriguez
Wendy Calhoun
January 28, 2015 (2015-01-28)
1AXP04
11.36[9]

5
5
"Dangerous Bonds"
John Singleton
Malcolm Spellman
February 4, 2015 (2015-02-04)
1AXP05
11.47[10]

6
6
"Out, Damned Spot"
Michael Engler
Eric Haywood
February 11, 2015 (2015-02-11)
1AXP06
11.96[11]

7
7
"Our Dancing Days"
Sanaa Hamri
Attica Locke
February 18, 2015 (2015-02-18)
1AXP07
13.02[12]

8
8
"The Lyon's Roar"
Danny Strong
Danny Strong
February 25, 2015 (2015-02-25)
1AXP08
13.90[13]

9
9
"Unto the Breach"
Anthony Hemingway
David Rambo
March 4, 2015 (2015-03-04)
1AXP09
14.33[14]

10
10
"Sins of the Father"
Rob Hardy
Eddie Gonzalez & Jeremy Haft
March 11, 2015 (2015-03-11)
1AXP10
14.90[15]

11
11
"Die But Once"
Mario Van Peebles
Ilene Chaiken
March 18, 2015 (2015-03-18)
1AXP11
15.82[16]

12
12
"Who I Am"
Debbie Allen
Danny Strong & Ilene Chaiken
March 18, 2015 (2015-03-18)
1AXP12
17.62[16]

text: Season 2 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

13
1
"The Devils Are Here"
Lee Daniels
Danny Strong & Ilene Chaiken
September 23, 2015 (2015-09-23)
2AXP01
16.18[17]

14
2
"Without a Country"
Dee Rees
Carlito Rodriguez
September 30, 2015 (2015-09-30)
2AXP02
13.74[18]

15
3
"Fires of Heaven"
Craig Brewer
Attica Locke
October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)
2AXP03
13.10[19]

16
4
"Poor Yorick"
Danny Strong
Danny Strong
October 14, 2015 (2015-10-14)
2AXP04
12.22[20]

17
5
"Be True"
Kevin Bray
Wendy Calhoun & Janeika James
October 21, 2015 (2015-10-21)
2AXP05
12.28[21]

18
6
"A High Hope for a Low Heaven"
Mario Van Peebles
Robert Munic
November 4, 2015 (2015-11-04)
2AXP06
11.68[22]

19
7
"True Love Never"
Sylvain White
Ingrid Escajeda
November 11, 2015 (2015-11-11)
2AXP07
11.20[23]

20
8
"My Bad Parts"
Sanaa Hamri
Malcolm Spellman
November 18, 2015 (2015-11-18)
2AXP08
11.34[24]

21
9
"Sinned Against"
Paul McCrane
Eric Haywood
November 25, 2015 (2015-11-25)
2AXP09
9.21[25]

22
10
"Et Tu, Brute?"
Sanaa Hamri
Radha Blank
December 2, 2015 (2015-12-02)
2AXP10
11.81[26]

23
11
"Death Will Have His Day"
Danny Strong
Danny Strong
March 30, 2016 (2016-03-30)
2AXP11
12.46[27]

24
12
"A Rose by Any Other Name"
Michael Engler
Ilene Chaiken
April 6, 2016 (2016-04-06)
2AXP12
11.34[28]

25
13
"The Tameness of a Wolf"
Paris Barclay
Attica Locke & Joshua Allen
April 13, 2016 (2016-04-13)
2AXP13
10.11[29]

26
14
"Time Shall Unfold"
Cherien Dabis
Ayanna Floyd Davis
April 20, 2016 (2016-04-20)
2AXP14
9.56[30]

27
15
"More Than Kin"
Sanaa Hamri
Eric Haywood & Malcolm Spellman
April 27, 2016 (2016-04-27)
2AXP15
10.03[31]

28
16
"The Lyon Who Cried Wolf"
Millicent Shelton
Joshua Allen
May 4, 2016 (2016-05-04)
2AXP16
9.39[32]

29
17
"Rise by Sin"
Paul McCrane
Ayanna Floyd Davis & Jamie Rosengard
May 11, 2016 (2016-05-11)
2AXP17
9.81[33]

30
18
"Past Is Prologue"
Sanaa Hamri
Lee Daniels & Ilene Chaiken
May 18, 2016 (2016-05-18)
2AXP18
10.88[34]

text: Season 3 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

31
1
"Light in Darkness"
Sanaa Hamri
Malcolm Spellman & Joshua Allen
September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)
3AXP01
10.87[35]

32
2
"Sin That Amends"
Craig Brewer
Cherien Dabis & Carlito Rodriguez
September 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)
3AXP02
9.65[36]

33
3
"What Remains Is Bestial"
Millicent Shelton
Diane Ademu-John & Eric Haywood
October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)
3AXP03
9.25[37]

34
4
"Cupid Kills"
Hanelle Culpepper
Matt Pyken & Attica Locke
October 12, 2016 (2016-10-12)
3AXP04
9.27[38]

35
5
"One Before Another"
Mario Van Peebles
Joshua Allen & Carlito Rodriguez
November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)
3AXP05
8.15[39]

36
6
"Chimes at Midnight"
Sanaa Hamri
Cherien Dabis & Eric Haywood
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)
3AXP06
8.39[40]

37
7
"What We May Be"
Kevin Bray
Diane Ademu-John & Malcom Spellman
November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)
3AXP07
7.84[41]

38
8
"The Unkindest Cut"
Dennie Gordon
Attica Locke & Jamie Rosengard
December 7, 2016 (2016-12-07)
3AXP08
7.00[42]

39
9
"A Furnace for Your Foe"
Sanaa Hamri
Ilene Chaiken & Matt Pyken
December 14, 2016 (2016-12-14)
3AXP09
7.58[43]

40
10
"Sound and Fury"
Craig Brewer
Eric Haywood & Carlito Rodriguez
March 22, 2017 (2017-03-22)
3AXP10
7.95[44]

41
11
"Play On"
Benny Boom
Story by: Malcolm Spellman
Teleplay by: Janeika James & Jasheika James
March 29, 2017 (2017-03-29)
3AXP11
6.91[45]

42
12
"Strange Bedfellows"
Bille Woodruff
Matt Pyken & Attica Locke
April 5, 2017 (2017-04-05)
3AXP12
6.35[46]

43
13
"My Naked Villainy"
Cherien Dabis
Joshua Allen & Jamie Rosengard
April 12, 2017 (2017-04-12)
3AXP13
6.59[47]

44
14
"Love is a Smoke"
Tricia Brock
Diane Ademu-John & Cherien Dabis
April 26, 2017 (2017-04-26)
3AXP14
6.31[48]

45
15
"Civil Hands Unclean"
Howard Deutch
Ilene Chaiken & Carlito Rodriguez
May 3, 2017 (2017-05-03)
3AXP15
5.60[49]

46
16
"Absent Child"
Millicent Shelton
Attica Locke & Malcolm Spellman
May 10, 2017 (2017-05-10)
3AXP16
6.32[50]

47
17
"Toll & Trouble, Pt. 1"
Craig Brewer
Diane Ademu-John & Eric Haywood
May 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)
3AXP17
6.14[51]

48
18
"Toll & Trouble, Pt. 2"
Sanaa Hamri
Ilene Chaiken & Joshua Allen
May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)
3AXP18
6.94[52]

text: Season 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

49
1
"Noble Memory"
Sanaa Hamri
Brett Mahoney
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
4AXP01
7.05[53]

50
2
"Full Circle"
Craig Brewer
Craig Brewer & Eric Haywood
October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)
4AXP02
5.89[54]

51
3
"Evil Manners"
Bille Woodruff
Matt Pyken & Carlito Rodriguez
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
4AXP03
5.93[55]

52
4
"Bleeding War"
Sanaa Hamri
Diane Ademu-John & Jamie Rosengard
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
4AXP04
5.65[56]

53
5
"The Fool"
Howie Deutch
Janeika James & Jasheika James
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
4AXP05
5.40[57]

54
6
"Fortune Be Not Crost"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
4AXP06
TBD

55
7
"The Lady Doth Protest"[59]
TBA
TBA
November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)
4AXP07
TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13
Ep. 14
Ep. 15
Ep. 16
Ep. 17
Ep. 18

1
9.90
10.32
11.07
11.36
11.47
11.96
13.02
13.90
14.33
14.90
15.82
17.62
N/A

2
16.18
13.74
13.10
12.22
12.28
11.68
11.20
11.34
9.21
11.81
12.46
11.34
10.11
9.56
10.03
9.39
9.81
10.88

3
10.87
9.65
9.25
9.27
8.15
8.39
7.84
7.00
7.58
7.95
6.91
6.35
6.59
6.31
5.60
6.32
6.14
6.94

4
7.05
5.89
5.93
5.65
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Decimalisation

question_text: when was the decimal currency system introduced in india

text: Decimalisation

text: Decimal currency[edit]

text: Decimal currencies have sub-units based on a factor of 10. There are most commonly 100 sub-units to the base currency unit, but currencies based on 1000 sub-units also exist, especially in Arab countries.

tag: p

text: For example:

text:
100 cents make one dollar in various countries.
1,000 Tunisian millimes make one dinar.

tag: ul

text: Historically, non-decimal currencies were much more common: such as the British pound sterling before decimalisation in 1971. Until 1971, the pound sterling had sub-units of account of shillings (20 to a pound) and pence (12 to a shilling). Like other currencies, it also had coins with other names (ha'pence, guineas, and crowns); and in addition, until 1960 the penny was divided into 4 farthings. There were nineteen different fractions of a pound of a whole number of pence. For example, a third, quarter, fifth and sixth of a pound were respectively 80, 60, 48, and 40 pence, normally written as shillings and pence: 6/8, 5/-, 4/-, and 3/4. There were eight additional fractions which were a whole number of farthings (for example, one sixty-fourth of a pound was three pence three farthings, written  3 3⁄4d).

text: Formal decimalisations[edit]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Russia converted to a decimal currency under Tsar Peter the Great in 1704, with the ruble being equal to 100 kopeks, thus making the Russian ruble the world's first decimal currency.[1]

text: France introduced the franc in 1795 to replace the livre tournois,[2] abolished during the French Revolution. France introduced decimalisation in a number of countries that it occupied during the Napoleonic period.

text: Dutch guilder decimalised in 1817 ( became equal to 100 centen instead of 20 stuivers=160 duits=320 penningen ), with last pre-decimal coins withdrawn from circulation in 1848.

text: Sweden introduced decimal currency in 1855. The currency riksdaler was divided into 100 öre. The riksdaler was renamed krona in 1873.

text: The Austro-Hungarian Empire decimalised the Austro-Hungarian gulden in 1857, concurrent with its transition from the Conventionsthaler to the Vereinsthaler standard.

text: Spain introduced its decimal currency unit, the peseta, in 1868, replacing all previous currencies.

text: Cyprus decimalised the Cypriot pound in 1955, which comprised 1,000 mils, later replaced by 100 cents.

text: On Decimal Day, 15 February 1971, the United Kingdom decimalised the pound sterling and the Republic of Ireland decimalised the Irish pound.

text: Malta decimalised the lira in 1972.

text: The euro, which comprises 100 cents, was introduced in the eurozone, and as of 2015, it replaced 19 national currencies in Europe.

text: £sd conversion[edit]

text: In places where £sd was used, the decimalisation process either defined one new penny =  1⁄100 pound, where the main unit (the pound) was unchanged, or introduced a new main unit (such as the dollar), equivalent to half a pound, with one cent =  1⁄100 dollar.

text: The following table shows the conversion of common denominations of coins of the £sd system.

text:
Common name
Amount
New £p
New $¢

Halfpenny
 1⁄2d.
 5⁄24p ≈ 0.2083p
 5⁄12¢ ≈ 0.4167¢

Penny
1d.
 5⁄12p ≈ 0.4167p
 5⁄6¢ ≈ 0.833¢

Threepence
3d.
 1 1⁄4p
 2 1⁄2¢

Sixpence
6d.
 2 1⁄2p
5¢

Shilling
1/-
5p
10¢

Florin
2/-
10p
20¢

Half crown
2/6
 12 1⁄2p
25¢

Crown
5/-
25p
50¢

Half sovereign
10/-
50p
$1

Sovereign
£1
£1
$2

Two pound coin
£2
£2
$4

text: The farthing, at  1⁄4 penny, was never converted, as it ceased to be legal tender a decade prior to decimalisation. In 1971, a new penny would have been worth 9.6 farthings (making a farthing slightly more than 0.104 new pence).

text: Americas[edit]

text: North America[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: In 1784, Thomas Jefferson proposed a decimal currency system based on the Spanish dollar, with coins for 10 dollars, 1 dollar, 1/10 dollar, and 1/100 dollar; possibly supplemented by a half-dollar, "double tenth", and "five copper piece". One argument he advanced in favour of this system was that the 1/100-dollar coin would be similar in value to existing copper coins:[3]

text:
States
Denomination

Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania
penny = 1/90 dollar

North Carolina, New York
penny = 1/96 dollar

Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island
penny = 1/72 dollar

text: The initial currency of the United States was of decimal denomination from the outset of home minted currency in 1792 with the dollar being equal to 100 cents, but other currencies were also accepted for some time afterwards. For example, the Spanish dollar, a non-decimalized currency, was accepted as official currency in the United States alongside the U.S. dollar until 1857.[4]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Decimalisation in Canada was complicated by the different jurisdictions before Confederation in 1867. In 1841, the united Province of Canada's Governor General, Lord Sydenham, argued for establishment of a bank that would issue dollar currency (the Canadian dollar). Francis Hincks, who would become the Province of Canada's Prime Minister in 1851, favoured the plan. Ultimately the provincial assembly rejected the proposal.[5] In June 1851, the Canadian legislature passed a law requiring provincial accounts to be kept decimalised as dollars and cents. The establishment of a central bank was not touched upon in the 1851 legislation. The British government delayed the implementation of the currency change on a technicality, wishing to distinguish the Canadian currency from the United States' currency by referencing the units as "Royals" rather than "Dollars".[6] The British delay was overcome by the Currency Act of 1 August 1854. In 1858, coins denominated in cents and imprinted with "Canada" were issued for the first time.

text: Decimalisation occurred in:[7]

text:
Date
Notes

Province of Canada
1 August 1854

Nova Scotia
1 July 1860
Ordered its first coinage in 1860, but the coins were not shipped by the Royal Mint until 1862

New Brunswick
1 November 1860
Like Nova Scotia, the coins were received in 1862

Newfoundland
1866
Took effect in early 1865 and had different coinage from 1865 to 1947

Vancouver Island
1863

British Columbia
1865

Manitoba
1870

Prince Edward Island
1871

text: The colonial elite, the main advocates of decimalisation, based their case on two main arguments:[8] The first was for facilitation of trade and economic ties with the United States, the colonies' largest trading partner; the second was to simplify calculations and reduce accounting errors.[9]

text: Mexico and Bermuda[edit]

text: The Mexican peso was formally decimalised in the 1860s with the introduction of coins denominated in centavos; however, the currency did not fully decimalise in practice immediately and pre-decimal reales were issued until 1897.

text: Bermuda decimalised in 1970, by introducing the Bermudian dollar equal to 8 shillings 4 pence (100 pence, effectively equal to the US dollar under the Bretton Woods system).

text: Caribbean[edit]

text:
The Cuban peso decimalised in 1869 ( became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales ).
The Dominican peso decimalised in 1877 ( became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales ).
The Haitian gourde decimalised in 1881 by peg to French franc ( became equal to 100 centimes/santim ).
The Netherlands Antillean guilder decimalised in 1892 by peg to Dutch guilder ( became equal to 100 centen ).
The British West Indies dollar decimalised in 1955.
The Jamaican dollar decimalised in 1969.

text: Central America[edit]

text:
Costa Rican peso decimalised in 1864 ( became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales ).
Honduran peso decimalised in 1871 ( became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales ).
Belize dollar decimalised in 1885

text: South America[edit]

text: Africa[edit]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: The rand was introduced on 14 February 1961. A Decimal Coinage Commission had been set up in 1956 to consider a move away from the denominations of pounds, shillings and pence, submitting its recommendation on 8 August 1958.[10] It replaced the South African pound as legal tender, at the rate of 2 rand = 1 pound or 10 shillings to the rand. Australia, New Zealand and Rhodesia also chose ten shillings as the base unit of their new currency.

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Australia and New Zealand[edit]

text: Australia decimalised on 14 February 1966, with the new Australian dollar equivalent to ten shillings or half an Australian pound in the previous currency. Since a shilling became equal to ten cents, the Australian cent was equal to 1.2 Australian pence, although they were usually exchanged on a 1:1 basis during the brief period when both were circulating.[citation needed] The television campaign containing a memorable jingle, sung to the tune of Click Go the Shears, was used to help the public to understand the changes.[11]

text: New Zealand decimalised on 10 July 1967, with the New Zealand dollar replacing the New Zealand pound. The conversion rates were the same as Australia's—10c to one shilling, one dollar to 10 shillings, and two dollars to one pound. Confusion was expected with twelve pence becoming ten cents, such as people expecting four cents' change from paying ten cents/one shilling for an item costing eight cents. To help avoid this, the Decimal Currency Board recommended on inter-currency transactions (e.g., paying 4c with £sd coins, or paying 4d with decimal coins) to pay to the next highest five cents or sixpence to get the correct change.

text: Rest of Oceania[edit]

text:
Tongan pa'anga decimalised on April 3,1967.
Samoan tala decimalised on July 10,1967.
Fijian dollar decimalised on January 15,1969.

text: Asia[edit]

text: Sri Lanka (known as Ceylon at the time) decimalised in 1869.

text: India changed from the rupee, anna, pie system to decimal currency on 1 April 1957.

text: Yemen Arab Republic introduced coinage system of 1 North Yemeni rial=100 fils in 1974, to replace former system of 1 rial = 40 buqsha = 80 halala = 160 zalat. The country was one of the last to convert its coinage.

text: Japan historically had two decimalisations of the yen, the sen (1/100) and the rin (1/1,000). However, they were taken out of circulation as of December 31, 1953, and all transactions are now conducted in round amounts of 1 yen or greater.[12]

text: Rupee-anna-paisa-pie conversion[edit]

text: In India, Pakistan, and other places where a system of 1 rupee = 16 annas = 64 paise = 192 pies was used, the decimalisation process defines 1 new paisa =  1⁄100 rupee. The following table shows the conversion of common denominations of coins issued in modern India and Pakistan. Bold denotes the actual denomination written on the coins

text:
Rupee
Anna
Paisa
Pie
New paisa

 1⁄192
 1⁄12
 1⁄3
1
 25⁄48 ≈ 0.5208

 1⁄128
 1⁄8
 1⁄2
 1 1⁄2
 25⁄32 = 0.78125

 1⁄64
 1⁄4
1
3
 1 9⁄16 = 1.5625

 1⁄32
 1⁄2
2
6
 3 1⁄8 = 3.125

 1⁄16
1
4
12
 6 1⁄4 = 6.25

 1⁄8
2
8
24
 12 1⁄2 = 12.5

 1⁄4
4
16
48
25

 1⁄2
8
32
96
50

1
16
64
192
100

text: Non-currency cases (security market)[edit]

text: In the special context of quoting the prices of stocks, traded almost always in blocks of 100 or more shares and usually in blocks of many thousands, stock exchanges in the United States used eighths or sixteenths of dollars, until converting to decimals between September 2000 and April 2001.[13]

text: Similarly, in the UK, the prices of government securities continued to be quoted in multiples of  1⁄32 of a pound ( 7 1⁄2 d or  3 1⁄8 p) long after the currency was decimalised.

text: Mauritania and Madagascar[edit]

text: Mauritania and Madagascar theoretically retain currencies with units whose values are in the ratio five to one: the Mauritanian ouguiya (MRO) is equivalent to five khoums, and the Malagasy ariary (MGA) to five iraimbilanja.

text: In practice, however, the value of each of these two larger units is very small: as of 2010, the MRO is traded against the euro at about 370 to one, and the MGA at about 2,900 to one. In each of these countries, the smaller denomination is no longer used, and coins denominated in khoums and iraimbilanja are no longer minted. Therefore, in practice, they are neither decimal nor non-decimal currencies as there is no sub-unit.

text: Influence on the introduction of the euro[edit]

text: Before introducing physical euro notes and coins on 1 January 2002, previous decimalisation efforts, particularly that of the UK in 1971, were studied by the European Central Bank.[14] Questions included how to most effectively educate the public (particularly the elderly), the duration of the transition, the likely speed of uptake, the likely effects on inflation for currencies where one euro cent, the smallest circulating denomination, was greater in value than the smallest coin in circulation before the transition, and the likely criminal activities which might be attempted during the transition period.