document_title: NBA playoffs

question_text: how many games is the first round of the nba playoffs

text: NBA playoffs

text: Format[edit]

text: In September 2015, the NBA announced changes to the formula used to determine the format of the 2016 NBA Playoffs. The top eight teams in each conference (East and West), ranked in order by win-loss records, qualify for the playoffs. The tie-break criteria for playoff seeding and home-court advantage have also changed; head-to-head results between the tied teams is the first tie-breaker, and whether a team won its division championship is the second tie-breaker.[1]

text: These seedings are used to create a bracket that determines the match-ups throughout the series. Once the playoffs start, the bracket is fixed; teams are never "reseeded", unlike in the National Football League (NFL) and Major League Soccer (MLS) where the strongest remaining teams face the weakest teams in subsequent rounds. The first round of the NBA playoffs, or conference quarterfinals, consists of four match-ups in each conference based on the seedings (1–8, 2–7, 3–6, and 4–5). The four winners advance to the second round, or conference semifinals, with a match-up between the 1–8 and 4–5 winners and a match-up between the 2–7 and 3–6 winners. The two winners advance to the third round, or conference finals. The winner from each conference will advance to the final round, or the NBA Finals.

text: All rounds are best-of-seven series. Series are played in a 2–2–1–1–1 format, meaning the team with home-court advantage hosts games 1, 2, 5, and 7, while their opponent hosts games 3, 4, and 6, with games 5–7 being played if needed. This format has been used since 2014, after NBA team owners unanimously voted to change from a 2–3–2 format on October 23, 2013.[2]

text: The most common criticism of the current structure is related to parity of conferences. On numerous occasions, Eastern Conference teams with losing records qualified for the playoffs, while Western Conference teams with winning records ended up missing them, including the 2011, 2013 and the 2015 NBA Playoffs.

text: History[edit]

text: The National Basketball Association was established in 1949 by merger of the Basketball Association of America (BAA) and National Basketball League but it recognizes the three BAA seasons as part of its own history. In all of its three years the BAA champion was finally determined in a best-of-seven series but its first two tournaments, the 1947 and 1948 BAA Playoffs, were otherwise quite different from the third, which 21st-century NBA playoffs nearly match. In 1947 and 1948, the Eastern and Western Division champions were matched in a best-of-seven series following the regular season, whose winner advanced to the championship round. Meanwhile, four runners-up played best-of-three series to determine the other finalist: the two second-place teams were matched in one short series and the two third-place teams in another; the winners of those two series played another one. In 1947 the Philadelphia Warriors won the runners-up bracket and beat the Western champion Chicago Stags four games to one, which the NBA recognizes as its first championship; in 1948 Baltimore won the runners-up and beat Eastern champion Philadelphia in the final. Both tournaments generated one finalist from the Eastern and one from the Western Division, but only by chance.[3]

text: In 1949 the third and last BAA tournament matched Eastern teams exclusively and Western teams exclusively, necessarily generating Eastern and Western playoff champions to meet in the final. At the same time, the number of playoff teams was increased from three to four from each Division; two rounds of best-of-three series were played, followed by a best-of-seven championship. The main idea was retained by the NBA. Even the 1950 tournament, following a transitional season with three divisions rather than two, initially determined one playoff champion from each division. The Central champion Minneapolis Lakers became the first league champion under the NBA name by defeating Anderson from the West in a best-of-three, with Syracuse from the East idle, and then knocking off the Syracuse Nationals in six games.[4]

text: The 1951 through 1953 playoffs changed the division finals into a best-of-five playoff. With only nine league members in 1953–54, the NBA cut its postseason tournament field from eight teams to six (from 1954 through 1966, the period of eight to nine league members). Round robins were played in 1954, uniquely in NBA history—a three-team round robin among the three playoff teams in each division. From 1955 to 1966, the first-place team in each division was idle while its two runners-up faced played a best-of-three. Division finals were expanded to best-of-seven in 1958 and division semifinals to best-of-five in 1961.

text: With ten league members again for the 1966–67 season, eight teams were again admitted to the tournament, providing a simple three-round knockout (8-team bracket). A year later, the division semifinals were changed to best-of-seven playoff.  Then, in 1975 and 1977, respectively, a fifth and sixth team were added to each Division, necessitating an additional first round of best-of-three series.

text: Finally in 1984, the tournament expanded to its present 16-team, four-round knockout, and the now-complete set of first-round series were expanded to a best-of-five. In 2003 the first round was changed to also be best-of-seven. (Thus all playoff teams from 2003 to present, same as the two Division champions in 1947 and 1948, continue to play at the close of the regular season without idle team ("bye") and may be certain of four playoff games including two at home.)

text: Beginning with the 2004 season, with the addition of the thirtieth NBA franchise, the Charlotte Bobcats, the NBA realigned its divisions. The result was that each conference would have three divisions of five teams each, and the winner of each division was guaranteed a top-three playoff seed. This would change slightly after the 2005–06 season; while division winners still receive automatic playoff berths, they are guaranteed a top-four seed, as described below.

text: 2006 NBA playoffs controversy[edit]

text: The previous playoff format, in place for the 2004–05 and 2005–06 NBA playoffs, after the NBA was re-aligned into six divisions, created controversy during the 2005–06 season and playoffs, and would be changed prior to the 2006–07 NBA season.[5]

text: Prior to 2005, NBA division champions were seeded higher than the other teams in their conference, regardless of their record. Prior to 2004, when the NBA was aligned into two conferences with two divisions each, the division champions were guaranteed the top two seeds. This meant that top two teams in a conference (by record) would be seeded either first and second (if they were in opposite divisions) or first and third (if they were in the same division). Because of the NBA playoffs' preset matchups in the second round, this meant that the top two teams in a conference could never meet until the conference finals, assuming they both made it to that round.

text: After the NBA realigned its two conferences into three divisions each, the seeding rules remained largely unchanged. The top three seeds would now be reserved for division champions.  However, this meant that if the top two teams (by record) in a conference were in the same division, they would be seeded first and fourth.  Assuming no first-round upsets, this raised the prospect that the top two teams in the conference would face each other in the conference semifinals, instead of the conference finals.

text: In the second year of this format, the 2005–06 NBA season, the two teams with the best records in the Western Conference, the San Antonio Spurs and Dallas Mavericks of the Southwest Division, did just that.  The Mavericks had the second-best record in the Western Conference and the third-best record in the entire league, behind the Detroit Pistons and San Antonio.  However, they were seeded fourth because they finished second in the Southwest behind the Spurs.  This turn of events led to the playoff format being criticized by many. Besides the prospect of a team losing earlier in the playoffs than its regular-season record or seeding would suggest, critics claimed that it also created an unfair advantage for teams in the 2-7/3-6 half of the Western Conference playoff bracket, who could advance to the conference finals without playing either of the two best teams in the conference in an earlier round.

text: The Phoenix Suns, winners of the Pacific Division and possessors of the third best record, were seeded second, while the Denver Nuggets, winners of the Northwest Division and tied for only the seventh-best record in the conference, were seeded third.

text: The Memphis Grizzlies and Los Angeles Clippers met in the second-to-last game of the regular season, after the top four seeds had been clinched. The two teams were already determined to be the fifth and sixth seeds, and had only to determine which rank higher. The fifth seed would likely need to defeat the best two teams in the conference without home-court advantage to advance to the conference finals, as it would face fourth-seeded Dallas in the first round and likely face first-seeded San Antonio if it managed to defeat Dallas. The sixth seed would play third-seeded Denver in the first round, but would have home-court advantage (since the Grizzlies had the fourth-best record in the conference and the Clippers had the fifth-best), and would not have to face either San Antonio or Dallas until the conference finals at the earliest.

text: This led to speculation about whether the Grizzlies or the Clippers would have much commitment to winning their match-up in the second-to-last game of the season, since it was clearly most advantageous to lose the game in order to obtain the 6th seed. The Clippers eventually lost to Memphis without much evidence to support the speculation that the Clippers had lost intentionally.[6] In the first round of the playoffs, the Clippers defeated the Nuggets in five games, while Memphis was swept by Dallas. Ultimately, Dallas and San Antonio did meet in the second round, with Dallas winning in seven games and advancing all the way to the NBA finals.

text: Timeline[edit]

text: 1947: The playoffs were instituted with a three-stage tournament, similar to the Stanley Cup playoffs of the 1930s; the two first-place teams qualified directly to one semifinal where they played each other in a best-of-7 series.  Teams finishing second & third qualified for the best-of-3 quarterfinals, where the two second-placed teams were paired in one quarterfinal, as were the two third-placed teams, and the two quarterfinal winners played each other in a best-of-three semifinal.  The two semifinal winners played each other in the Basketball Association of America (BAA) best-of-7 final series.

text:
QuarterfinalsBest-of-3

SemifinalsBest-of-3 (one series)
Best-of-7 (one series)

BAA finalsBest-of-7

 E3

W3

E3

E2

W2

E2

E2

W1

W1

E1

text: There were no byes, or idle time, for the division champions – as there would be for higher-seeded playoff teams 1955–66 and 1975–83. All six 1947 participants played their first tournament games on Wednesday, April 2; in 1948 the two Eastern runners-up (E2, E3 in the figure) were idle for a few days only because there was a three-way Western tie to break. Both winners of the runners-up bracket, Philadelphia in 1947 and Baltimore in 1948, reached the final series having played fewer tournament games than their final opponents, Chicago in 1947 and Philadelphia in 1948, had played in the best-of-7 pairings of division champions. And both winners of the runners-up bracket won the final series. The "postseason" actually comprised 11 games played in a span of 21 days for the 1947 Chicago Stags and 13 games in 30 days for 1948 Philadelphia Warriors, the finalists who emerged from the pairing of division champions.[3]

text: 1949: The playoffs were reorganized to match Eastern Division teams exclusively, and Western Division teams exclusively – in two halves of the bracket, so to speak. Thus the BAA tournament generated a playoff champion in each Division. (So did the NBA in each of three 1950 divisions, and so it has done in each half of the league since then.) The top four teams from each of the two divisions qualified.  The quarterfinals and semifinals were renamed division semifinals and division finals, respectively, and both rounds were best-of-3. Thus any playoff team might be eliminated in two games, one home game. The best-of-7 final was unchanged.

text:
Division semifinalsBest-of-3

Division finalsBest-of-3

BAA finalsBest-of-7

 E1

E4

E1

Eastern Division

E2

E2

E3

E1

W2

W1

W4

W1

Western Division

W2

W2

 W3

text:
1950: The BAA was renamed as the National Basketball Association (NBA).  With a three-division setup, 12 teams now qualified for the playoffs, with the top four teams from each division meeting in the best-of-3 division semifinals.  The winners met in the best-of-3 division finals.  With three teams remaining, the surviving team with the best regular season record qualified directly for the finals while the other two teams met in a best-of-3 NBA semifinals.
1951: With the NBA reverting to a two-division setup; the division semifinals reverted to its original 1949 format with only eight teams qualifying.  The division finals was extended to a best-of-5 format.

text:
Division semifinalsBest-of-3

Division finalsBest-of-5

NBA finalsBest-of-7

 E1

E4

E4

Eastern Division

E2

E2

E3

E2

W3

W1

W4

W1

Western Division

W3

W2

 W3

text:
1954: With only nine league members (soon to be eight), the number of playoff teams was cut down to six.  The division semifinals was changed to a double round-robin format within the division, with the top three teams from each division qualifying (each team played four games).  Following the round-robin games, the top two teams qualified for the best-of-three division finals, followed by the best-of-seven finals.
1955: The number of playoff teams remained at six, but the initial round-robin was dropped after one year in favor of giving the first-place team in each division a bye to the best-of-five division finals. Teams which placed second and third played a best-of-three division semifinal. In 1955 the byes provided five and six extra days idle for the first-place teams.[7]
1958: The division finals was extended to a best-of-seven format.
1961: The division semifinals were extended to a best-of-five format.

text:
Division semifinalsBest-of-3 (1955–1960),
Best-of-5 (1961–1966)

Division finalsBest-of-5 (1955–1957),
Best-of-7 (1958–1966)

NBA finalsBest-of-7

E1

Eastern Division

E3

E2

E3

E3

W1

W1

Western Division

W2

W2

 W3

text: The 1961 to 1966 tournaments alone combined initial byes for seeded teams with best-of-five initial series for unseeded teams. The 1961 byes provided five and seven extra days idle for the first-place teams. By 1966 the schedule provided more rest for the first-round participants with byes of 11 and eight extra days idle.[8]

text:
1967: The number of playoff teams was expanded to eight once more.  The division semifinals now included the fourth-best team in each conference.  The first-placed teams no longer received a bye.  They were matched against the fourth-placed teams in the best-of-5 division semifinals.
1968: The division semifinals was extended to a best-of-seven format.

text:
Division semifinalsBest-of-5 (1967),
Best-of-7 (1968–1970)

Division finalsBest-of-7 (1968–1970)

NBA finalsBest-of-7

 E1

E4

Eastern Division

E2

E3

W1

W4

Western Division

W2

 W3

text: 1970: With an increased number of teams, the divisions were upgraded into conferences, which were then split into two divisions.  Eight teams still qualified, four from each conference.  The two division winners were guaranteed at least a #2 seed, and the two best non-division winners from each conference qualified as third and fourth seeds.  Hence, the division semifinals and division finals came to be known as conference semifinals and conference finals, respectively.

text:
Conference semifinalsBest-of-7

Conference finalsBest-of-7

NBA finalsBest-of-7

 E1*

E4

Eastern Conference

E2*

E3

W1*

W4

Western Conference

W2*

 W3

text: 1975: The number of playoff teams was expanded from eight to ten.  A first round was introduced which matched the fourth and fifth seeds in each conference in a best-of-3 first round series, while the top three seeds received a bye. This is similar to the system used in the NFL from 1978 to 1989.

text:
First RoundBest-of-3

Conference semifinalsBest-of-7

Conference finalsBest-of-7

NBA finalsBest-of-7

E1*

E4

E4

E5

Eastern Conference

E2*

E3

W1*

W4

W4

W5

Western Conference

W2*

W3

text: 1977: The number of playoff teams was expanded from 10 to 12.  The first round now included the sixth best team in each conference, which was matched against the third seed.  Only the division winners received byes to the next round. This is similar to the format currently used by the NFL.

text:
First RoundBest-of-3

Conference semifinalsBest-of-7

Conference finalsBest-of-7

NBA finalsBest-of-7

E1*

E4

E5

Eastern Conference

E3

E6

E2*

W1*

W4

W5

Western Conference

W3

W6

W2*

text: The 1983 tournament is the latest to incorporate first-round byes for seeded teams. The first-round best-of-three series tapped off on Tuesday and Wednesday, April 19 and 20; the second-round best-of-sevens on Sunday to the following Wednesday, April 27. Counting from Tuesday the byes provided five to eight extra days idle.[9]

text: 1984: The playoffs were expanded from 12 teams to 16 teams.  All teams now participated in the first round, which was extended to a best-of-five series.

text:
Conference quarterfinalsBest-of-5
Conference semifinalsBest-of-7
Conference finalsBest-of-7
NBA finalsBest-of-7
            E1*

E8

E4

E5

Eastern Conference

E3

E6

E2*

E7

W1*

W8

W4

W5

Western Conference

W3

W6

W2*

W7

text: 2003: The first round was extended to a best-of-seven series. This change arguably benefitted the higher seeds as it reduced the likelihood of an upset by a lower seed. It also meant that a team that swept their series 4–0 might have to wait up to two weeks to play their next series against a team that had won 4–3.

text:
Conference quarterfinalsBest-of-7
Conference semifinalsBest-of-7
Conference finalsBest-of-7
NBA finalsBest-of-7
            E1*

E8

E4

E5

Eastern Conference

E3

E6

E2*

E7

W1*

W8

W4

W5

Western Conference

W3

W6

W2*

W7

text: 2005: Each conference was realigned into three divisions with each division winner qualifying for a top-three seed regardless of record.  The next best five teams from each conference also qualify for the playoffs.

text:
Conference quarterfinalsBest-of-7
Conference semifinalsBest-of-7
Conference finalsBest-of-7
NBA finalsBest-of-7
            E1*

E8

E4

E5

Eastern Conference

E3*

E6

E2*

E7

W1*

W8

W4

W5

Western Conference

W3*

W6

W2*

W7

text:
2007: To address the criticisms of having each division champion guaranteed a top-three seed, regardless of record, the rules were changed such that the division winners are now only guaranteed a top-four seed.  The team with the second-best record in the conference is now guaranteed the second seed, even if it finishes second in its own division.  This ensures that the two best teams in the conference cannot meet until the conference finals at the earliest.  The previous system raised the prospect of the two best teams in the conference being seeded 1 and 4 if they play in the same division, thus forcing them to play each other in the second round (given no upsets).
Note: In the example below, the East's #2 seed is not a division champion.

text:
Conference quarterfinalsBest-of-7
Conference semifinalsBest-of-7
Conference finalsBest-of-7
NBA finalsBest-of-7
            E1*

E8

E5

E4*

Eastern Conference

E3*

E6

E2

E7

W1*

W8

W5

W4

Western Conference

W3*

W6

W2*

W7

text: 2016: While the playoff bracketing did not change, qualification criteria were changed. The teams with the eight best records in each conference receive playoff berths, with no automatic berths nor guaranteed top-four seed placement for division champions.

text: Team roster[edit]

text: Playoff teams must identify their postseason roster before the playoffs begin. They are allowed up to 15 players and can designate two as inactive for each game.[10] Players are eligible to be on a team's playoff roster provided they were on the team for at least one regular season game, and were not on another NBA team's roster after March 1.[11] Previously[when?], playoff rosters were limited to 12 players who were named before the playoffs began.[10]

text: Records and statistics[edit]

text:
Only five 8th seeded teams have managed to win a series versus the number 1 seeded team:  The Denver Nuggets eliminated the Seattle SuperSonics 3–2 in 1994. The New York Knicks eliminated the Miami Heat 3–2 in 1999. The Golden State Warriors defeated the Dallas Mavericks 4–2 in the 2007 Western Conference First Round (becoming the first 8 seed to beat a 1 seed in the best of 7 format). In 2011, the Memphis Grizzlies beat the San Antonio Spurs, 4–2 and in 2012, the Philadelphia 76ers beat the Chicago Bulls  4–2.
The 1999 Knicks are the only 8th seeded team ever to reach the NBA finals. No 8th seeded team has won the NBA finals.
The 1956–57 St. Louis Hawks, 1958–59 Minneapolis Lakers and the 1980–81 Houston Rockets are the only teams with losing records (34-38, 33–39 and 40–42, respectively) to make it to the NBA finals. In 1981 the Houston Rockets' opponent in the Western Conference Finals, the Kansas City Kings, also had a losing record (40–42).
The 1994–95 Houston Rockets, a sixth seed with a record of 47–35, were the lowest seeded team to win the NBA finals. In the NBA finals, the Rockets swept the Orlando Magic (57–25) in four games. In doing so, the Rockets defeated four teams that had won 50 or more games during the regular season (Utah Jazz at 60–22, Phoenix Suns at 59–23, San Antonio Spurs at 62–20 and Orlando at 57–25), which had never been done before.  They are also the only team to have won an NBA title without having home-court advantage during any round of the playoffs.
The Golden State Warriors own the longest NBA playoff winning streak for a single postseason with 15 straight wins in the 2017 playoffs.
Of all the teams with multiple NBA finals appearances, the Chicago Bulls are the only team to have never lost in the finals, winning 6.
The Boston Celtics possess the most overall NBA finals series wins with an overall record of 17–4. The Los Angeles/Minneapolis Lakers have played in the most NBA finals series (31) with an overall record of 16–15.
The longest active playoff appearance streak currently belongs to the San Antonio Spurs with 21 consecutive appearances in the playoffs, beginning in the 1997–98 NBA season. The longest ever streak of playoffs appearances in a row belongs to the Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers, who made the playoffs 22 straight years from the 1949–50 season to the 1970–71 season.
In 1983, under the bye-7-7-7 system, the Philadelphia 76ers attained the best record of 12-1, having only lost in Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Milwaukee Bucks.
In 2001, under the best of 5-7-7-7 system, the Los Angeles Lakers attained the best record of 15-1, having only lost in Game 1 of the Finals against the Philadelphia 76ers.
In 2017, under the best of 7-7-7-7 system, the Golden State Warriors attained the best record of 16-1, having only lost in Game 4 of the Finals against the Cleveland Cavaliers. The Warriors and Cavaliers came into the Finals with a combined record of 24-1, with the Cavaliers having only lost in Game 3 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Boston Celtics.

text: Playoff appearances[edit]

text: Current as of 2018 NBA Playoffs

text: Appearances by active teams[edit]

text:
Team

Appearances[12]

Los Angeles Lakers

60 [A]

Boston Celtics

55

Philadelphia 76ers

48 [B]

Atlanta Hawks

46 [C]

Detroit Pistons

41 [D]

New York Knicks

41

San Antonio Spurs

38 [E]

Chicago Bulls

35

Golden State Warriors

34 [F]

Portland Trail Blazers

34

Houston Rockets

32 [G]

Milwaukee Bucks

30

Oklahoma City Thunder

30 [H]

Phoenix Suns

29

Sacramento Kings

29 [I]

Washington Wizards

29 [J]

Utah Jazz

27 [K]

Indiana Pacers

25 [E]

Denver Nuggets

24 [E]

Cleveland Cavaliers

22

Dallas Mavericks

21

Miami Heat

20

Brooklyn Nets

19 [E][L]

Orlando Magic

14

Los Angeles Clippers

13 [M]

Charlotte Hornets

10 [N]

Memphis Grizzlies

10

Toronto Raptors

10

Minnesota Timberwolves

9

New Orleans Pelicans

7 [N]

text:
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Minneapolis Lakers (1947–1960).

Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Syracuse Nationals (1946–1963).

Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Tri-Cities Blackhawks (1946–1951), the Milwaukee Hawks (1951–1955), and the St. Louis Hawks (1955–1968).

Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Fort Wayne Pistons (1949–1957).

^ Jump up to: a b c d Does not include appearances in the American Basketball Association (ABA) playoffs. Per the conditions of the ABA–NBA merger, the NBA does not officially recognize the ABA history, playoffs and records.

Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Philadelphia Warriors (1946–1962) and the San Francisco Warriors (1962–1971).

Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the San Diego Rockets (1967–1971).

Jump up ^ As part of the 2008 relocation settlement with the City of Seattle, the Thunder officially shares its history with that of the Seattle SuperSonics (1967–2008).[13]

Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Rochester Royals (1948–1957), the Cincinnati Royals (1957–1972), the Kansas City-Omaha Kings (1972–1975), and the Kansas City Kings (1975–1985).

Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Chicago Packers (1961–1962), the Chicago Zephyrs (1962–1963), the Baltimore Bullets (1963–1973), the Capital Bullets (1973–1974), and the Washington Bullets (1974–1997).

Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the New Orleans Jazz (1974–1979).

Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the New Jersey Nets (1977–2012).

Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Buffalo Braves (1970–1978).

^ Jump up to: a b The New Orleans Pelicans were originally named the Charlotte Hornets, and moved to New Orleans in 2002. A new team, the Charlotte Bobcats, was then established in 2004. When the Charlotte team reclaimed the Hornets name in a 2014 agreement, the Charlotte team also reclaimed the history of the original Hornets; as such, the New Orleans Pelicans were established in 2002, and the Bobcats/Hornets rejoined the NBA in 2004.[14]

tag: ol


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders

question_text: who is the all time leading scorer in nba playoffs

root

text: Scoring leaders[edit]

text: This article provides a list of National Basketball Association players by total career playoff points scored.

tag: p

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[2]

tag: table

text:
Rank
Player
Position(s)
Playoff team(s) played for (years)[3]
Total
points
Games
played
Points
per game
average[4]
Field goals
made
Three-point
field goals
made[5]
Free throws
made

1
James, LeBronLeBron James^
SF
Cleveland Cavaliers (2006–2010, 2015–2018)
Miami Heat (2011–2014)
6,775
235
28.8
2,408
364
1,595

2
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
SG/SF
Chicago Bulls (1985–1993, 1995–1998)
5,987
179
33.4
2,188
148
1,463

3
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[6]
C
Milwaukee Bucks (1970–1974)
Los Angeles Lakers (1977–1989)
5,762
237
24.3
2,356
0
1,050

4
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†
SG/SF
Los Angeles Lakers (1997–2004, 2006–2012)
5,640
220
25.6
2,014
292
1,320

5
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
C
Orlando Magic (1994–1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (1997–2004)
Miami Heat (2005–2007)
Phoenix Suns (2008)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2010)
Boston Celtics (2011)
5,250
216
24.3
2,041
0
1,168

6
Duncan, TimTim Duncan†
PF/C
San Antonio Spurs (1998–1999, 2001–2016)
5,172
251
20.6
1,975
5
1,217

7
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
PF
Utah Jazz (1986–2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2004)
4,761
193
24.7
1,743
6
1,269

8
West, JerryJerry West*
PG/SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1961–1970, 1972–1974)
4,457
153
29.1
1,622
0
1,213

9
Parker, TonyTony Parker^
PG
San Antonio Spurs (2002–2018)
4,045
226
17.9
1,613
119
700

10
Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^
SG
Miami Heat (2004–2007, 2009–2014, 2016, 2018)
Chicago Bulls (2017)
3,954
177
22.3
1,450
103
951

11
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
SF/PF
Boston Celtics (1980–1988, 1990–1992)
3,897
164
23.8
1,458
80
901

12
Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek*
SF/SG
Boston Celtics (1963–1969, 1972–1977)
3,776
172
22.0
1,451
0
874

13
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[7]
C
Houston Rockets (1985–1991, 1993–1999)
Toronto Raptors (2002)
3,755
145
25.9
1,504
4
743

14
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
PG
Los Angeles Lakers (1980–1991, 1996)
3,701
190
19.5
1,291
51
1,068

15
Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
PF
Dallas Mavericks (2001–2012, 2014–2016)
3,663
145
25.3
1,220
149
1,074

16
Pippen, ScottieScottie Pippen*
SF
Chicago Bulls (1988–1998)
Houston Rockets (1999)
Portland Trail Blazers (2000–2003)
3,642
208
17.5
1,335
200
772

17
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
SF
Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers (1959–1970)
3,623
134
27.0
1,388
0
847

18
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
C
Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors (1960–1962, 1964)
Philadelphia 76ers (1965–1968)
Los Angeles Lakers (1969–1973)
3,607
160
22.5
1,425
0
757

19
Durant, KevinKevin Durant^
SF
Oklahoma City Thunder (2010–2014, 2016)
Golden State Warriors (2017–2018)
3,541
123
28.8
1,198
260
885

20
McHale, KevinKevin McHale*
PF
Boston Celtics (1981–1993)
3,182
169
18.8
1,204
8
766

21
Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce†
SF/SG
Boston Celtics (2002–2005, 2008–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2014)
Washington Wizards (2015)
Los Angeles Clippers (2016–2017)
3,180
170
18.7
1,022
276
860

22
Johnson, DennisDennis Johnson*
PG
Seattle SuperSonics (1978–1980)
Phoenix Suns (1981–1983)
Boston Celtics (1984–1990)
3,116
180
17.3
1,167
26
756

23
Erving, JuliusJulius Erving*
SF
Philadelphia 76ers (1977–1987)
3,088
141
21.9
1,187
7
707

24
Ginóbili, ManuManu Ginóbili^
SG
San Antonio Spurs (2003–2008, 2010–2018)
3,054
218
14.0
956
324
818

25
Worthy, JamesJames Worthy*
SF
Los Angeles Lakers (1984–1991, 1993)
3,022
143
21.1
1,267
14
474

text: Progressive list of playoff scoring leaders[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years.[1]

text:
Team abbreviations
Team(s) listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

BAL
Baltimore Bullets
HOU
Houston Rockets
OKC
Oklahoma City Thunder
SFW
San Francisco Warriors

BOS
Boston Celtics
IND
Indiana Pacers
PHI
Philadelphia 76ers
SEA
Seattle SuperSonics

CHI
Chicago Bulls
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
PHO
Phoenix Suns
STL
St. Louis Hawks

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
MIA
Miami Heat
PHW
Philadelphia Warriors
SYR
Syracuse Nationals

DAL
Dallas Mavericks
MNL
Minneapolis Lakers
ROC
Rochester Royals
UTA
Utah Jazz

GSW
Golden State Warriors
NOP
New Orleans Pelicans
SAS
San Antonio Spurs
WAS
Washington Wizards

NYK
New York Knicks

text:
Playoff scoring leader at the end of every season

Season
Year-by-Year Leader
Pts
Active Player Scoring Leader
Pts
Career Scoring Record
Pts
Single Season Scoring Record
Pts
Season

1946–47
Joe Fulks*000PHW
222
Joe Fulks*000PHW
222
Joe Fulks*000PHW
222
Joe Fulks*000PHW
222
1946–47

1947–48
282
504
504
282
1947–48

1948–49
George Mikan*000MNL
303
George Mikan*000MNL
303
1948–49

1949–50
376
George Mikan*000MNL
679
George Mikan*000MNL
679
376
1949–50

1950–51
Arnie Risen*000ROC
273
847
847
1950–51

1951–52
George Mikan*000MNL
307
1,154
1,154
1951–52

1952–53
238
1,392
1,392
1952–53

1953–54
252
1,644
1,644
1953–54

1954–55
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
209
Jim Pollard*000MNL
977
1954–55

1955–56
Paul Arizin*000PHW
289
George Mikan*000MNL
1,680
1,680
1955–56

1956–57
Bob Pettit*000STL
298
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
1,192
1956–57

1957–58
Cliff Hagan*000STL
305
1,272
1957–58

1958–59
Elgin Baylor*000MNL
331
1,526
1958–59

1959–60
Bob Pettit*000STL
365
1,614
1959–60

1960–61
Elgin Baylor*000LAL
457
1,779
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
1,779
Elgin Baylor*000LAL
457
1960–61

1961–62
502
1,836
1,836
502
1961–62

1962–63
424
Bob Cousy*000BOS
2,018
Bob Cousy*000BOS
2,018
1962–63

1963–64
Wilt Chamberlain*000SFW
416
Bob Pettit*000STL
2,194
Bob Pettit*000STL
2,194
1963–64

1964–65
Jerry West*000LAL
447
2,240
2,240
1964–65

1965–66
479
Elgin Baylor*000LAL
2,511
Elgin Baylor*000LAL
2,511
1965–66

1966–67
Rick Barry*000SFW
521
2,582
2,582
Rick Barry*000SFW
521
1966–67

1967–68
John Havlicek*000BOS
493
3,010
3,010
1967–68

1968–69
Jerry West*000LAL
556
3,287
3,287
Jerry West*000LAL
556
1968–69

1969–70
562
Jerry West*000LAL
3,708
Jerry West*000LAL
3,708
562
1969–70

1970–71
Earl Monroe*000BAL
397
3,708
3,708
1970–71

1971–72
Walt Frazier*000NYK
388
4,052
4,052
1971–72

1972–73
Jerry West*000LAL
401
4,453
4,453
1972–73

1973–74
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*000LAL
515
4,457
4,457
1973–74

1974–75
Rick Barry*000GSW
479
John Havlicek*000BOS
3,413
1974–75

1975–76
Jo Jo White*000BOS
408
3,611
1975–76

1976–77
Julius Erving*000PHI
518
3,776
1976–77

1977–78
Elvin Hayes*000WSB
457
1977–78

1978–79
Gus Williams000SEA
454
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*000LAL
2,382
1978–79

1979–80
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*000LAL
479
2,861
1979–80

1980–81
Moses Malone*000HOU
562
2,941
Jerry West* &
Moses Malone*000HOU
1980–81

1981–82
Julius Erving*000PHI
461
3,226
1981–82

1982–83
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*000LAL
406
3,632
1982–83

1983–84
Larry Bird*000BOS
632
4,134
Larry Bird*000BOS
632
1983–84

1984–85
520
4,550
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*000LAL
4,550
1984–85

1985–86
Hakeem Olajuwon*000HOU
537
4,912
4,912
1985–86

1986–87
Larry Bird*000BOS
622
5,257
5,257
1986–87

1987–88
James Worthy*000LAL
506
5,595
5,595
1987–88

1988–89
Michael Jordan*000CHI
591
5,762
5,762
1988–89

1989–90
587
Larry Bird*000BOS
3,681
1989–90

1990–91
529
3,852
1990–91

1991–92
759
3,897
Michael Jordan*000CHI
759
1991–92

1992–93
666
Michael Jordan*000CHI
3,850
1992–93

1993–94
Hakeem Olajuwon*000HOU
664
James Worthy*000LAL
3,022
1993–94

1994–95
725
Michael Jordan*000CHI
4,165
1994–95

1995–96
Michael Jordan*000CHI
552
4,717
1995–96

1996–97
590
5,307
1996–97

1997–98
680
5,987
Michael Jordan*000CHI
5,987
1997–98

1998–99
Latrell Sprewell000NYK
407
Karl Malone*000UTA
3,931
1998–99

1999–00
Shaquille O'Neal*000LAL
707
4,203
1999–00

2000–01
Allen Iverson*000PHI
723
4,341
2000–01

2001–02
Shaquille O'Neal*000LAL
541
Michael Jordan*000CHI
5,987
2001–02

2002–03
Tim Duncan†000SAS
593
2002–03

2003–04
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
539
Karl Malone*000LAL
4,761
2003–04

2004–05
Tim Duncan†000SAS
542
Shaquille O'Neal*
000MIA 2004–07
000PHO 2007–09
000CLE 2009–10
4,546
2004–05

2005–06
Dwyane Wade^000MIA
654
4,970
2005–06

2006–07
LeBron James^000CLE
501
5,045
2006–07

2007–08
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
633
5,121
2007–08

2008–09
695
2008–09

2009–10
671
5,248
2009–10

2010–11
Dirk Nowitzki^000DAL
582
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
5,280
2010–11

2011–12
LeBron James^000MIA
697
5,640
2011–12

2012–13
596
2012–13

2013–14
Kevin Durant^000OKC
563
2013–14

2014–15
LeBron James^000CLE
601
2014–15

2015–16
Klay Thompson^000GSW
582
2015–16

2016–17
LeBron James^000CLE
591
LeBron James^000CLE
6,163
LeBron James^000CLE
6,163
2016–17

2017–18
LeBron James^000 CLE
612
6,775
6,775
2017–18

Season
Year-by-Year Leader
Pts
Active Player Scoring Leader
Pts
Career Scoring Record
Pts
Single Season Scoring Record
Pts
Season


document_title: List of United States Senators from New Mexico

question_text: what political party do both of new mexico's senators belong to

question_tokens: what political party do both of new mexico 's senators belong to

text: List of Senators[edit]

text:
Class 1
Class 1 U.S. Senators belong to the electoral cycle that has recently been contested in 1994, 2000, 2006, and 2012. The next election will be in 2018.

C
o
n
g
r
e
s
s

Class 2
Class 2 U.S. Senators belong to the electoral cycle that has recently been contested in 1996, 2002, 2008, and 2014. The next election will be in 2020.

#
Senator
Party
Years in office
Electoral history
T
e
r
m
T
e
r
m
Electoral history
Years in office
Party
Senator
#

Vacant
January 6, 1912 –
March 27, 1912
New Mexico became a state January 6, 1912 but didn't elect its senators until March 27, 1912.
1
62nd
1
New Mexico became a state January 6, 1912 but didn't elect its senators until March 27, 1912.
January 6, 1912 –
March 27, 1912
Vacant

1

Thomas B. Catron
Republican
March 27, 1912 –
March 4, 1917
Elected March 27, 1912.

Retired.
Elected March 27, 1912.
March 27, 1912 –
March 4, 1921
Republican

Albert B. Fall
1

63rd
2
Elected June 6, 1912 to next term, but Legislature invalided that election.

Elected January 28, 1913 to next term.

64th

2

Andrieus A. Jones
Democratic
March 4, 1917 –
December 20, 1927
Elected in 1916.
2
65th

66th
3
Re-elected in 1918.

Resigned to become U.S. Secretary of the Interior.

67th

March 4, 1921 –
March 11, 1921
Vacant

Appointed to continue Fall's term.

Elected September 20, 1921 to finish Fall's term.[1]

Lost re-election.
March 11, 1921 –
March 4, 1925
Republican

Holm O. Bursum
2

Re-elected in 1922.

Died.
3
68th

69th
4
Elected in 1924.
March 4, 1925 –
June 24, 1933
Democratic

Sam G. Bratton
3

70th

Vacant
December 20, 1927 –
December 29, 1927

3

Bronson M. Cutting
Republican
December 29, 1927 –
December 6, 1928
Appointed to continue Jones's term.

Retired when elected successor qualified.

4

Octaviano Larrazolo
Republican
December 7, 1928 –
March 4, 1929
Elected in 1928 to finish Jones's term.

Retired due to illness.

5

Bronson M. Cutting
Republican
March 4, 1929 –
May 6, 1935
Elected in 1928.
4
71st

72nd
5
Re-elected in 1930.

Resigned to become a judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals.

73rd

June 24, 1933 –
October 10, 1933
Vacant

Appointed to continue Bratton's term

Elected November 6, 1934 to finish Bratton's term.
October 10, 1933 –
January 3, 1949
Democratic

Carl Hatch
4

Re-elected in 1934.

Died.
5
74th

Vacant
May 6, 1935 –
May 11, 1935

6

Dennis Chavez
Democratic
May 11, 1935 –
November 18, 1962
Appointed to continue Cutting's term.

Elected November 3, 1936 to finish Cutting's term.

75th
6
Re-elected in 1936.

76th

Re-elected in 1940.
6
77th

78th
7
Re-elected in 1942.

Retired.

79th

Re-elected in 1946.
7
80th

81st
8
Elected in 1948.
January 3, 1949 –
January 3, 1973
Democratic

Clinton P. Anderson
5

82nd

Re-elected in 1952.
8
83rd

84th
9
Re-elected in 1954.

85th

Re-elected in 1958.

Died.
9
86th

87th
10
Re-elected in 1960.

Vacant
November 18, 1962 –
November 30, 1962

7

Edwin L. Mechem
Republican
November 30, 1962 –
November 3, 1964
Self-appointed to continue Chavez's term.

Lost election to finish Chavez's term.

88th

8

Joseph Montoya
Democratic
November 4, 1964 –
January 3, 1977
Elected in 1964 to finish Chavez's term.

Re-elected in 1964.
10
89th

90th
11
Re-elected in 1966.

Retired.

91st

Re-elected in 1970.

Lost re-election.
11
92nd

93rd
12
Elected in 1972.
January 3, 1973 –
January 3, 2009
Republican

Pete Domenici
6

94th

9

Harrison Schmitt
Republican
January 3, 1977 –
January 3, 1983
Elected in 1976.

Lost re-election.
12
95th

96th
13
Re-elected in 1978.

97th

10

Jeff Bingaman
Democratic
January 3, 1983 –
January 3, 2013
Elected in 1982.
13
98th

99th
14
Re-elected in 1984.

100th

Re-elected in 1988.
14
101st

102nd
15
Re-elected in 1990.

103rd

Re-elected in 1994.
15
104th

105th
16
Re-elected in 1996.

106th

Re-elected in 2000.
16
107th

108th
17
Re-elected in 2002.

Retired.

109th

Re-elected in 2006.

Retired.
17
110th

111th
18
Elected in 2008.
January 3, 2009 –
Present
Democratic

Tom Udall
7

112th

11

Martin Heinrich
Democratic
January 3, 2013 –
Present
Elected in 2012.
18
113th

114th
19
Re-elected in 2014.

115th

To be determined in the 2018 election.
19
116th

117th
20
To be determined in the 2020 election.

#
Senator
Party
Years in office
Electoral history
T
e
r
m

T
e
r
m
Electoral history
Years in office
Party
Senator
#

Class 1
Class 2

text: Living former U.S. Senators from New Mexico[edit]

text: As of September 2017[update], there are two former Senators who are currently living, both from Class 1. The most recent senator to die was Pete Domenici (1973–2009) of Class 2 on September 13, 2017. The most recent Class 1 senator to die was Edwin L. Mechem (1962-1964) on November 27, 2002. The most recently serving Class 1 senator to die was Joseph Montoya (1964-1977) on June 8, 1978.

text:
Senator
Term of office
Class
Date of birth (and age)

Harrison Schmitt
1977–1983
1
(1935-07-03) July 3, 1935 (age 82)

Jeff Bingaman
1983–2013
1
(1943-10-03) October 3, 1943 (age 74)


document_title: Tyler Perry's House of Payne (season 4)

question_text: when does janine come back in house of payne

text: Tyler Perry's House of Payne (season 4)

text:
Tyler Perry's House of Payne (season 4)

DVD cover

Country of origin
United States

No. of episodes
25

Release

Original network
TBS

Original release
June 4 (2008-06-04) – August 6, 2008 (2008-08-06)

Season chronology

← Previous
Season 3
Next →
Season 5

List of Tyler Perry's House of Payne episodes

text: The fourth season of the Tyler Perry's House of Payne began airing on June 4, 2008, and concluded on August 6, 2008. It stars Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda, Cassi Davis as Ella Payne, LaVan Davis as Curtis Payne, Allen Payne as CJ Payne, Lance Gross as Calvin Payne, Demetria McKinney as Janine Payne, Larramie "Doc" Shaw as Malik Payne, China Anne McClain as Jazmine Payne, and Denise Burse as Claretha Jenkins. The season contained 25 episodes.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
LaVan Davis was absent for one episode.
Cassi Davis was absent for two episodes.
Lance Gross was absent for three episodes.
Larramie "Doc" Shaw and China Anne McClain were both absent for five episodes each.
Allen Payne was absent for seven episodes.
Keshia Knight Pulliam was absent for fifteen episodes.
Denise Burse and Demetria McKinney were both absent for seventeen episodes each.

tag: ul

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code

76
1
"Driving Me Crazy"
Tyler Perry
Lamont Ferrell
June 4, 2008 (2008-06-04)
401

Calvin babysits Miranda's nephew. Meanwhile, Claretha's car is stolen, and Ella must help her find it.
Absent: Allen Payne as C.J., Larramie "Doc" Shaw as Malik, China Anne McClain as Jazmine, Demetria McKinney as Janine and Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda

77
2
"Reunited and... It Don't Feel Good"
Tyler Perry
Kellie R Griffin
June 4, 2008 (2008-06-04)
402

Curtis, Ella and Claretha host a mixer for their college reunion. C.J. tries to babysit Malik and Jazmine.
Guest star: Dorien Wilson as Andrew and Sandy Brown as Cynthia Green
Absent: Demetria McKinney as Janine and Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda

78
3
"What the-?"
Tyler Perry
Jenee V. Giles
June 4, 2008 (2008-06-04)
403

Dana finally decides to settle down and date one guy. Everyone is happy for her except for Kiki--Dana is dating her younger brother. Meanwhile, Jazmine learns a curse word from Curtis.
Absent: Allen Payne as C.J., Denise Burse as Claretha, Demetria McKinney as Janine and Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda

79
4
"Guys' Night Out, Girls' Night In"
Tyler Perry
Jenee V. Giles
June 4, 2008 (2008-06-04)
404

Malik reluctantly goes on his first camping trip. Jazmine is upset she's not allowed to go, but lightens up when she finds out she'll get to have a girls' night in.
Absent: Demetria McKinney as Janine and Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda

80
5
"How Do You Spell....It's All About Me?"
Tyler Perry
Christopher J. Moore
June 11, 2008 (2008-06-11)
405

Malik assists Jazmine in her attempt to win a spelling bee and dethrone the reigning champion. Elsewhere, Curtis believes that Ella is having an affair.
Absent: Allen Payne as C.J., Denise Burse as Claretha, Lance Gross as Calvin, Demetria McKinney as Janine and Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda

81
6
"And...Cut!"
Tyler Perry
Joseph Hampton
June 11, 2008 (2008-06-11)
406

Ella tries to increase quality family time by fasting in which she forbids the family from using electronics for one week in the process a shocking secret is revealed about C.J. Elsewhere, a popular film actor begins frequenting the barbershop.
Guest star: Jason Olive as Chad
Absent: Denise Burse as Claretha, Demetria McKinney as Janine and Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda

82
7
"Old School vs. New School"
Tyler Perry
T. Smith, III, Joseph Hampton
June 18, 2008 (2008-06-18)
407

It's Malik's birthday and he's being a brat about the kind of party and gifts he wants. Meanwhile, with Miranda's help, Calvin invests in the barbershop and becomes a partner.
Absent: Denise Burse as Claretha, Demetria McKinney as Janine and Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda

83
8
"Fired and Desire"
Tyler Perry
Michelle L. Johnson
June 18, 2008 (2008-06-18)
408

The entire household suffers along with Ella as she goes through menopause.
Absent: Allen Payne as C.J., Demetria McKinney as Janine and Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda

84
9
"Unsung Heroes"
Tyler Perry
Steve Coulter, Dee Wagner
June 25, 2008 (2008-06-25)
409

Calvin prepares to throw a party for a buddy who has returned home from Iraq. Elsewhere, Malik is assigned a school paper on a role model.
Absent: Denise Burse as Claretha, Demetria McKinney as Janine and Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda

85
10
"Pissed, Poor and Paranoid"
Tyler Perry
Christopher J. Moore, Teri Jackson
June 25, 2008 (2008-06-25)
410

Curtis puts Malik and Jazmine to work at the firehouse charity food drive so they can learn the art of money management. Elsewhere, C.J. tries to lose his female stalker; and the barbers find out that Delante has been living in the barbershop.
Note: This was the final episode to feature the firehouse.
Absent: Denise Burse as Claretha, Demetria McKinney as Janine and Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda

86
11
"True Lies"
Tyler Perry
Myra J.
July 2, 2008 (2008-07-02)
411

Malik and Kevin decide to skip school to be with two girls. Meanwhile, Calvin's pal Peanut tries to impress the ladies by telling them he's a Payne family member and owns a barbershop.
Absent: Denise Burse as Claretha, Demetria McKinney as Janine

87
12
"That Sounds Sweet"
Tyler Perry
Lamont Ferrell
July 2, 2008 (2008-07-02)
412

Ella gets an idea for a new business after she sells a bunch of cakes and cookies; Malik takes up the saxophone to impress a girl.
Absent: Lance Gross as Calvin, Demetria McKinney as Janine and Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda

88
13
"Meet the Lucases"
Tyler Perry
Joseph Hampton
July 9, 2008 (2008-07-09)
413

The Paynes meet Miranda's family; in the middle of a heated discussion with Calvin, Curtis has a heart attack and collapses.
Guest stars: Wendell Pierce as Jeffrey Lucas and Valarie Pettiford as Sandra Lucas
Absent: Denise Burse as Claretha, China Anne McClain as Jazmine and Demetria McKinney as Janine

89
14
"Out on a Limb"
Tyler Perry
Christopher J. Moore
July 9, 2008 (2008-07-09)
414

Ella, Claretha, Jazmine, and her friend set off on a camping trip and quickly become lost. Meanwhile, Calvin decides to propose to Miranda and sets out to find the perfect engagement ring.
Absent: Allen Payne as C.J., Larramie "Doc" Shaw as Malik, Demetria McKinney as Janine and Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda

90
15
"Can't Buy Me Love"
Tyler Perry
Teri Jackson, Anita M. Cal
July 16, 2008 (2008-07-16)
415

Calvin plans to propose to Miranda at a fancy restaurant but starts to question if he's rich enough to support her.
Absent: Allen Payne as C.J., Denise Burse as Claretha, Larramie "Doc" Shaw as Malik, China Anne McClain as Jazmine and Demetria McKinney as Janine

91
16
"To Have and To Hold"
Tyler Perry
Steve Coulter, Dee Wagner, Teri Jackson
July 16, 2008 (2008-07-16)
416

Calvin's newest attempt to propose to Miranda hits a snag when he misplaces the engagement ring; a secret romance blooms at the barbershop; Janine returns to tell C.J. that he is her baby's father.
Note: This episode marks the return of Janine (Demetria McKinney).
Note: The next 9 episodes are season-ending episodes as Janine goes through her pregnancy and Calvin and Miranda plan their wedding. They all happen in the Season 5 opener.
Absent: Denise Burse as Claretha

92
17
"Unexpected Results"
Tyler Perry
Jenee V. Giles
July 23, 2008 (2008-07-23)
417

Jazmine gets a perfect score on an aptitude test; C.J. and Tanya break up when he tells her he's the father of Janine's child.
Guest star: Robin Givens as Tanya
Absent: LaVan Davis as Curtis, Cassi Davis as Ella, Denise Burse as Claretha, Lance Gross as Calvin and Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda

93
18
"Let's Get Ready to Rumble"
Tyler Perry
Anita M. Cal, Lamont Ferrell
July 23, 2008 (2008-07-23)
418

Curtis and Malik are left to chaperone Jazmine's slumber party when C.J. and Janine get held up at the barber shop.
Absent: Cassi Davis as Ella, Denise Burse as Claretha and Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda

94
19
"Father's Day"
Tyler Perry
Steve Coulter, Dee Wagner
July 30, 2008 (2008-07-30)
419

Grandpa Kelly comes to town; when he meets Miranda, he realizes he knew her in a past life. Meanwhile, the barbers befriend a homeless man who is searching for his son.
Note: LaVan Davis has a dual role as Curtis and Grandpa Kelly.
Absent: Allen Payne as C.J., Denise Burse as Claretha and Demetria McKinney as Janine

95
20
"Whose Wedding Is It Anyway?"
Tyler Perry
Teri Jackson
July 30, 2008 (2008-07-30)
420

Ella accompanies Miranda to the mall to complete her wedding registry and ends up taking over; when C.J. and Janine decide to go out together, the kids hope their parents are reconciling.
Absent: Denise Burse as Claretha

96
21
"All is Not Lost"
Tyler Perry
Kellie R. Griffin
July 30, 2008 (2008-07-30)
421

Curtis has gained weight since his last tuxedo fitting; Calvin gets cold feet when his and Miranda's wedding plans start to go awry.
Absent: Denise Burse as Claretha, Larramie "Doc" Shaw as Malik and China Anne McClain as Jazmine

97
22
"Party Over Here!"
Tyler Perry
Christopher J. Moore
August 6, 2008 (2008-08-06)
422

Although Calvin promised Miranda that his bachelor party would be canceled, his family and friends go on with the celebration.
Absent: Denise Burse as Claretha, Larramie "Doc" Shaw as Malik, China Anne McClain as Jazmine and Demetria McKinney as Janine

98
23
"The Last Supper"
Tyler Perry
Myra J.
August 6, 2008 (2008-08-06)
423

Calvin and Miranda find themselves inundated with marital advice during their wedding rehearsal and dinner; the event may be ruined anyway by an unforeseen guest, drunken foolishness, and a fainting spell.
Guest stars: Valarie Pettiford as Sandra Lucas, Wendell Pierce as Jeffrey Lucas and Marvin Winans as Pastor Richards
Absent: Denise Burse as Claretha

99
24
"We've Come This Far by Faith: Part 1"
Tyler Perry
Jenee V. Giles, Kellie R. Griffin
August 6, 2008 (2008-08-06)
424

Various issues threaten to ruin Calvin and Miranda's special day. One mighty complication: Miranda's father helps to deliver triplets. To be continued...
Guest star: Valarie Pettiford as Sandra Lucas

100
25
"We've Come This Far by Faith: Part 2"
Tyler Perry
Kellie R. Griffin
August 6, 2008 (2008-08-06)
425

Numerous predicaments continue to plague Calvin and Miranda's big wedding day.
Note: This is the 100th episode.
Note: This episode marks the last appearance of Jazmine (China Anne McClain) until her return in the Season 6 episode "Recurring Paynes".
Guest stars: Valarie Pettiford as Sandra Lucas, Wendell Pierce as Jeffrey Lucas and Marvin Winans as Pastor Richards


document_title: Rapid eye movement sleep

question_text: paradoxical sleep refers to which stage of sleep

text: Rapid eye movement sleep

text: Physiology[edit]

text: Electrical activity in brain[edit]

text: REM sleep is "paradoxical" because of its similarities to wakefulness. Although the body is paralyzed, the brain acts somewhat awake, with cerebral neurons firing with the same overall intensity as in wakefulness.[1][2] Electroencephalography during REM deep sleep reveal fast, low amplitude, desynchronized neural oscillation (brainwaves) that resemble the pattern seen during wakefulness which differ from the slow δ (delta) waves pattern of NREM deep sleep.[3][4] An important element of this contrast is the θ (theta) rhythm in the hippocampus[5] that show 40–60 Hz gamma waves, in the cortex, as it does in waking.[6] The cortical and thalamic neurons in the waking and REM sleeping brain are more depolarized (fire more readily) than in the NREM deep sleeping brain.[7]

text: During REM sleep, electrical connectivity among different parts of the brain manifests differently than during wakefulness. Frontal and posterior areas are less coherent in most frequencies, a fact which has been cited in relation to the chaotic experience of dreaming. However, the posterior areas are more coherent with each other; as are the right and left hemispheres of the brain, especially during lucid dreams.[8][9]

text: Brain energy use in REM sleep, as measured by oxygen and glucose metabolism, equals or exceeds energy use in waking. The rate in non-REM sleep is 11–40% lower.[10]

text: Brain stem[edit]

text: Neural activity during REM sleep seems to originate in the brain stem, especially the pontine tegmentum and locus coeruleus. REM sleep is punctuated and immediately preceded by PGO (ponto-geniculo-occipital) waves, bursts of electrical activity originating in the brain stem.[11] (PGO waves have long been measured directly in cats but not in humans because of constraints on experimentation; however comparable effects have been observed in humans during "phasic" events which occur during REM sleep, and the existence of similar PGO waves is thus inferred.)[9] These waves occur in clusters about every 6 seconds for 1–2 minutes during the transition from deep to paradoxical sleep.[4] They exhibit their highest amplitude upon moving into the visual cortex and are a cause of the "rapid eye movements" in paradoxical sleep.[12][13][10] Other muscles may also contract under the influence of these waves.[14]

text: Forebrain[edit]

text: Research in the 1990s using positron emission tomography (PET) confirmed the role of the brain stem and suggested that, within the forebrain, the limbic and paralimbic systems showed more activation than other areas.[1] The areas activated during REM sleep are approximately inverse to those activated during non-REM sleep[10] and display greater activity than in quiet waking. The "anterior paralimbic REM activation area" (APRA) includes areas linked with emotion, memory, fear, and sex, and may thus relate to the experience of dreaming during REMS.[9][15] More recent PET research has indicated that the distribution of brain activity during REM sleep varies in correspondence with the type of activity seen in the prior period of wakefulness.[1]

text: The superior frontal gyrus, medial frontal areas, intraparietal sulcus, and superior parietal cortex, areas involved in sophisticated mental activity, show equal activity in REM sleep as in wakefulness. The amygdala is also active during REM sleep and may participate in generating the PGO waves, and experimental suppression of the amygdala results in less REM sleep.[16] The amygdala may also cardiac function in lieu of the less active insular cortex.[1]

text: Chemicals in the brain[edit]

text: Compared to slow-wave sleep, both waking and paradoxical sleep involve higher use of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which may cause the faster brainwaves. The monoamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine, serotonin and histamine are completely unavailable. Injections of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which effectively increases available acetylcholine, have been found to induce paradoxical sleep in humans and other animals already in slow-wave sleep. Carbachol, which mimics the effect of acetylcholine on neurons, has a similar influence. In waking humans, the same injections produce paradoxical sleep only if the monoamine neurotransmitters have already been depleted.[3][17][18][19][20]

text: Two other neurotransmitters, orexin and gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), seem to promote wakefulness, diminish during deep sleep, and inhibit paradoxical sleep.[3][21]

text: Unlike the abrupt transitions in electrical patterns, the chemical changes in the brain show continuous periodic oscillation.[22]

text: Models of REM regulation[edit]

text: According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis proposed by Robert McCarley and Allan Hobson in 1975–1977, control over REM sleep involves pathways of "REM-on" and "REM-off" neurons in the brain stem. REM-on neurons are primarily cholinergic (i.e., involve acetylcholine); REM-off neurons activate serotonin and noradrenaline, which among other functions suppress the REM-on neurons. McCarley and Hobson suggested that the REM-on neurons actually stimulate REM-off neurons, thereby serving as the mechanism for the cycling between REM and non-REM sleep.[3][17][19][23] They used Lotka–Volterra equations to describe this cyclical inverse relationship.[24] Kayuza Sakai and Michel Jouvet advanced a similar model in 1981.[21] Whereas acetylcholine manifests in the cortex equally during wakefulness and REM, it appears in higher concentrations in the brain stem during REM.[25] The withdrawal of orexin and GABA may cause the absence of the other excitatory neurotransmitters;[26] researchers in recent years increasingly include GABA regulation in their models.[27]

text: Eye movements[edit]

text: Most of the eye movements in “rapid eye movement” sleep are in fact less rapid than those normally exhibited by waking humans. They are also shorter in duration and more likely to loop back to their starting point. About seven of such loops take place over one minute of REM sleep. Whereas in slow-wave sleep the eyes can drift apart, the eyes of the paradoxical sleeper move in tandem.[28] These eye movements follow the ponto-geniculo-occipital waves originating in the brain stem.[12][13] The eye movements themselves may relate to the sense of vision experienced in the dream,[29] but a direct relationship remains to be clearly established. Congenitally blind people, who do not typically have visual imagery in their dreams, still move their eyes in REM sleep.[10] An alternative explanation suggests that the functional purpose of REM sleep is for procedural memory processing, and the rapid eye movement is only a side effect of the brain processing the eye-related procedural memory.[30][31]

text: Circulation, respiration, and thermoregulation[edit]

text: Generally speaking, the body suspends homeostasis during paradoxical sleep. Heart rate, cardiac pressure, cardiac output, arterial pressure, and breathing rate quickly become irregular when the body moves into REM sleep.[32] In general, respiratory reflexes such as response to hypoxia diminish. Overall, the brain exerts less control over breathing; electrical stimulation of respiration-linked brain areas does not influence the lungs, as it does during non-REM sleep and in waking.[33] The fluctuations of heart rate and arterial pressure tend to coincide with PGO waves and rapid eye movements, twitches, or sudden changes in breathing.[34]

text: Erections of the penis (nocturnal penile tumescence or NPT) normally accompany REM sleep in rats and humans.[35] If a male has erectile dysfunction (ED) while awake, but has NPT episodes during REM, it would suggest that the ED is from a psychological rather than a physiological cause. In females, erection of the clitoris (nocturnal clitoral tumescence or NCT) causes enlargement, with accompanying vaginal blood flow and transudation (i.e. lubrication). During a normal night of sleep the penis and clitoris may be erect for a total time of from one hour to as long as three and a half hours during REM.[36]

text: Body temperature is not well regulated during REM sleep, and thus organisms become more sensitive to temperatures outside their thermoneutral zone. Cats and other small furry mammals will shiver and breathe faster to regulate temperature during NREMS but not during REMS.[37] With the loss of muscle tone, animals lose the ability to regulate temperature through body movement. (However, even cats with pontine lesions preventing muscle atonia during REM did not regulate their temperature by shivering.)[38] Neurons which typically activate in response to cold temperatures—triggers for neural thermoregulation—simply do not fire during REM sleep, as they do in NREM sleep and waking.[39]

text: Consequently, hot or cold environmental temperatures can reduce the proportion of REM sleep, as well as amount of total sleep.[40][41] In other words, if at the end of a phase of deep sleep, the organism's thermal indicators fall outside of a certain range, it will not enter paradoxical sleep lest deregulation allow temperature to drift further from the desirable value.[42] This mechanism can be 'fooled' by artificially warming the brain.[43]

text: Muscle[edit]

text: REM atonia, an almost complete paralysis of the body, is accomplished through the inhibition of motor neurons. When the body shifts into REM sleep, motor neurons throughout the body undergo a process called hyperpolarization: their already-negative membrane potential decreases by another 2–10 millivolts, thereby raising the threshold which a stimulus must overcome to excite them. Muscle inhibition may result from unavailability of monoamine neurotransmitters (restraining the abundance of acetylcholine in the brainstem) and perhaps from mechanisms used in waking muscle inhibition.[44] The medulla oblongata, located between pons and spine, seems to have the capacity for organism-wide muscle inhibition.[45] Some localized twitching and reflexes can still occur.[46] Pupils contract.[14]

text: Lack of REM atonia causes REM behavior disorder, sufferers of which physically act out their dreams,[47] or conversely "dream out their acts", under an alternative theory on the relationship between muscle impulses during REM and associated mental imagery (which would also apply to people without the condition, except that commands to their muscles are suppressed).[48] This is different from conventional sleepwalking, which takes place during slow-wave sleep, not REM.[49] Narcolepsy by contrast seems to involve excessive and unwanted REM atonia—i.e., cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness while awake, hypnagogic hallucinations before entering slow-wave sleep, or sleep paralysis while waking.[50] Other psychiatric disorders including depression have been linked to disproportionate REM sleep.[51] Patients with suspected sleep disorders are typically evaluated by polysomnogram.[52][53]

text: Lesions of the pons to prevent atonia have induced functional “REM behavior disorder” in animals.[54]

text: Psychology[edit]

text: Dreaming[edit]

text: Rapid eye movement sleep (REM) has since its discovery been closely associated with dreaming. Waking up sleepers during a REM phase is a common experimental method for obtaining dream reports; 80% of neurotypical people can give some kind of dream report under these circumstances.[55][56] Sleepers awakened from REM tend to give longer more narrative descriptions of the dreams they were experiencing, and to estimate the duration of their dreams as longer.[10][57] Lucid dreams are reported far more often in REM sleep.[58] (In fact these could be considered a hybrid state combining essential elements of REM sleep and waking consciousness.)[10] The mental events which occur during REM most commonly have dream hallmarks including narrative structure, convincingness (experiential resemblance to waking life), and incorporation of instinctual themes.[10] Sometimes they include elements of the dreamer's recent experience taken directly from episodic memory.[1] By one estimate, 80% of dreams occur during REM.[59]

text: Hobson and McCarley proposed that the PGO waves characteristic of “phasic” REM might supply the visual cortex and forebrain with electrical excitement which amplifies the hallucinatory aspects of dreaming.[18][23] However, people woken up during sleep do not report significantly more bizarre dreams during phasic REMS, compared to tonic REMS.[57] Another possible relationship between the two phenomena could be that the higher threshold for sensory interruption during REM sleep allows the brain to travel further along unrealistic and peculiar trains of thought.[57]

text: Some dreaming can take place during non-REM sleep. “Light sleepers” can experience dreaming during stage 2 non-REM sleep, whereas “deep sleepers”, upon awakening in the same stage, are more likely to report “thinking” but not “dreaming”. Certain scientific efforts to assess the uniquely bizarre nature of dreams experienced while asleep were forced to conclude that waking thought could be just as bizarre, especially in conditions of sensory deprivation.[57][60] Because of non-REM dreaming, some sleep researchers have strenuously contested the importance of connecting dreaming to the REM sleep phase. The prospect that well-known neurological aspects of REM do not themselves cause dreaming suggests the need to re-examine the neurobiology of dreaming per se.[61] Some researchers (Dement, Hobson, Jouvet, for example) tend to resist the idea of disconnecting dreaming from REM sleep.[10][62]

text: Creativity[edit]

text: After waking from REM sleep, the mind seems “hyperassociative”—more receptive to semantic priming effects. People awakened from REM have performed better on tasks like anagrams and creative problem solving.[63]

text: Sleep aids the process by which creativity forms associative elements into new combinations that are useful or meet some requirement.[64] This occurs in REM sleep rather than in NREM sleep.[65][66] Rather than being due to memory processes, this has been attributed to changes during REM sleep in cholinergic and noradrenergic neuromodulation.[65] High levels of acetylcholine in the hippocampus suppress feedback from hippocampus to the neocortex, while lower levels of acetylcholine and norepinephrine in the neocortex encourage the uncontrolled spread of associational activity within neocortical areas.[67] This is in contrast to waking consciousness, where higher levels of norepinephrine and acetylcholine inhibit recurrent connections in the neocortex. REM sleep through this process adds creativity by allowing "neocortical structures to reorganise associative hierarchies, in which information from the hippocampus would be reinterpreted in relation to previous semantic representations or nodes."[65]

text: Timing[edit]

text: In the ultradian sleep cycle an organism alternates between deep sleep (slow, large, synchronized brain waves) and paradoxical sleep (faster, desynchronized waves). Sleep happens in the context of the larger circadian rhythm, which influences sleepiness and physiological factors based on timekeepers within the body. Sleep can be distributed throughout the day or clustered during one part of the rhythm: in nocturnal animals, during the day, and in diurnal animals, at night.[68] The organism returns to homeostatic regulation almost immediately after REM sleep ends.[69]

text: During a night of sleep, humans usually experience about four or five periods of REM sleep; they are shorter (~15m) at the beginning of the night and longer (~25m) toward the end. Many animals and some people tend to wake, or experience a period of very light sleep, for a short time immediately after a bout of REM. The relative amount of REM sleep varies considerably with age. A newborn baby spends more than 80% of total sleep time in REM.[70]

text: REM sleep typically occupies 20–25% of total sleep in adult humans: about 90–120 minutes of a night's sleep. The first REM episode occurs about 70 minutes after falling asleep. Cycles of about 90 minutes each follow, with each cycle including a larger proportion of REM sleep.[22] (The increased REM sleep later in the night is connected with the circadian rhythm and occurs even in people who didn't sleep in the first part of the night.)[71][72]

text: In the weeks after a human baby is born, as its nervous system matures, neural patterns in sleep begin to show a rhythm of REM and non-REM sleep. (In faster-developing mammals this process occurs in utero.)[73] Infants spend more time in REM sleep than adults. The proportion of REM sleep then decreases significantly in childhood. Older people tend to sleep less overall but sleep in REM for about the same absolute time, and therefore spend a greater proportion of sleep in REM.[74][59]

text: Rapid eye movement sleep can be subclassified into tonic and phasic modes.[75] Tonic REM is characterized by theta rhythms in the brain; phasic REM is characterized by PGO waves and actual “rapid” eye movements. Processing of external stimuli is heavily inhibited during phasic REM, and recent evidence suggests that sleepers are more difficult to arouse from phasic REM than in slow-wave sleep.[13]

text: Effects of REM sleep deprivation[edit]

text: Selective REMS deprivation causes a significant increase in the number of attempts to go into REM stage while asleep. On recovery nights, an individual will usually move to stage 3 and REM sleep more quickly and experience an REM rebound, which refers to an increase in the time spent in REM stage over normal levels. These findings are consistent with the idea that REM sleep is biologically necessary.[76][77] However, the "rebound" REM sleep usually does not last fully as long as the estimated length of the missed REM periods.[71]

text: After the deprivation is complete, mild psychological disturbances, such as anxiety, irritability, hallucinations, and difficulty concentrating may develop and appetite may increase. There are also positive consequences of REM deprivation. Some symptoms of depression are found to be suppressed by REM deprivation; aggression, and eating behavior may increase.[77][78] Higher norepinepherine is a possible cause of these results.[17] Whether and how long-term REM deprivation has psychological effects remains a matter of controversy. Several reports have indicated that REM deprivation increases aggression and sexual behavior in laboratory test animals.[77] Rats deprived of paradoxical sleep die in 4–6 weeks (twice the time before death in case of total sleep deprivation). Mean body temperature falls continually during this period.[72]

text: It has been suggested that acute REM sleep deprivation can improve certain types of depression when depression appears to be related to an imbalance of certain neurotransmitters. Although sleep deprivation in general annoys most of the population, it has repeatedly been shown to alleviate depression, albeit temporarily.[79] More than half the individuals who experience this relief report it to be rendered ineffective after sleeping the following night. Thus, researchers have devised methods such as altering the sleep schedule for a span of days following a REM deprivation period[80] and combining sleep-schedule alterations with pharmacotherapy[81] to prolong this effect. Antidepressants (including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclics, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors) and stimulants (such as amphetamine and cocaine) interfere with REM sleep by stimulating the monoamine neurotransmitters which must be suppressed for REM sleep to occur. Administered at therapeutic doses, these drugs may stop REM sleep entirely for weeks or months. Withdrawal causes a REM rebound.[59][82] Sleep deprivation stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis much as antidepressants do, but whether this effect is driven by REM sleep in particular is unknown.[83]

text: REM sleep in animals[edit]

text: Although it manifests differently in different animals, REM sleep or something like it occurs in all land mammals as well as in birds. The primary criteria used to identify REM are the change in electrical activity, measured by EEG, and loss of muscle tone, interspersed with bouts of twitching in phasic REM.[85] The amount of REM sleep and cycling varies among animals; predators enjoy more REM sleep than prey.[17] Larger animals also tend to stay in REM for longer, possibly because higher thermal inertia of their brains and bodies allows them to tolerate longer suspension of thermoregulation.[86] The period (full cycle of REM and non-REM) lasts for about 90 minutes in humans, 22 minutes in cats, and 12 minutes in rats.[87] In utero, mammals spend more than half (50–80%) of a 24-hour day in REM sleep.[22]

text: Sleeping reptiles do not seem to have PGO waves or the localized brain activation seen in mammalian REM. However they do exhibit sleep cycles with phases of REM-like electrical activity measurable by EEG.[85] A recent study found periodic eye movements in the central bearded dragon of Australia, leading its authors to speculate that the common ancestor of amniotes may therefore have manifested some precursor to REMS.[88]

text: Sleep deprivation experiments on animals can be set up differently than those on humans. The “flower pot” method involves placing a laboratory animal above water on a platform so small that it falls off upon losing muscle tone. The naturally rude awakening which results may elicit changes in the organism which necessarily exceed the simple absence of a sleep phase.[89] This method also stops working after about 3 days as the subjects (typically rats) lose their will to avoid the water.[72] Another method involves computer monitoring of brain waves, complete with automatic mechanized shaking of the cage when the test animal drifts into REM sleep.[90]

text: Possible functions[edit]

text: Some researchers argue that the perpetuation of a complex brain process such as REM sleep indicates that it serves an important function for the survival of mammalian and avian species. It fulfills important physiological needs vital for survival to the extent that prolonged REM sleep deprivation leads to death in experimental animals. In both humans and experimental animals, REM sleep loss leads to several behavioral and physiological abnormalities. Loss of REM sleep has been noticed during various natural and experimental infections. Survivability of the experimental animals decreases when REM sleep is totally attenuated during infection; this leads to the possibility that the quality and quantity of REM sleep is generally essential for normal body physiology.[91] Further, the existence of a "REM rebound" effect suggests the possibility of a biological need for REM sleep.

text: While the precise function of REM sleep is not well understood, several theories have been proposed.

text: Memory[edit]

text: Sleep in general aids memory. REM sleep may favor the preservation of certain types of memories: specifically, procedural memory, spatial memory, and emotional memory. In rats, REM sleep increases following intensive learning, especially several hours after, and sometimes for multiple nights. Experimental REM sleep deprivation has sometimes inhibited memory consolidation, especially regarding complex processes (e.g., how to escape from an elaborate maze).[92] In humans, the best evidence for REM's improvement of memory pertains to learning of procedures—new ways of moving the body (such as trampoline jumping), and new techniques of problem solving. REM deprivation seemed to impair declarative (i.e., factual) memory only in more complex cases, such as memories of longer stories.[93] REM sleep apparently counteracts attempts to suppress certain thoughts.[63]

text: According to the dual-process hypothesis of sleep and memory, the two major phases of sleep correspond to different types of memory. “Night half” studies have tested this hypothesis with memory tasks either begun before sleep and assessed in the middle of the night, or begun in the middle of the night and assessed in the morning.[94] Slow-wave sleep, part of non-REM sleep, appears to be important for declarative memory. Artificial enhancement of the non-REM sleep improves the next-day recall of memorized pairs of words.[95] Tucker et al. demonstrated that a daytime nap containing solely non-REM sleep enhances declarative memory but not procedural memory.[96] According to the sequential hypothesis the two types of sleep work together to consolidate memory.[97]

text: Sleep researcher Jerome Siegel has observed that extreme REM deprivation does not significantly interfere with memory. One case study of an individual who had little or no REM sleep due to a shrapnel injury to the brainstem did not find the individual's memory to be impaired. Antidepressants, which suppress REM sleep, show no evidence of impairing memory and may improve it.[82]

text: Graeme Mitchison and Francis Crick proposed in 1983 that by virtue of its inherent spontaneous activity, the function of REM sleep "is to remove certain undesirable modes of interaction in networks of cells in the cerebral cortex", which process they characterize as "unlearning". As a result, those memories which are relevant (whose underlying neuronal substrate is strong enough to withstand such spontaneous, chaotic activation) are further strengthened, whilst weaker, transient, "noise" memory traces disintegrate.[98] Memory consolidation during paradoxical sleep is specifically correlated with the periods of rapid eye movement, which do not occur continuously. One explanation for this correlation is that the PGO electrical waves, which precede the eye movements, also influence memory.[12] REM sleep could provide a unique opportunity for “unlearning” to occur in the basic neural networks involved in homeostasis, which are protected from this “synaptic downscaling” effect during deep sleep.[99]

text: Neural ontogeny[edit]

text: REM sleep prevails most after birth, and diminishes with age. According the "ontogenetic hypothesis", REM (also known in neonates as active sleep) aids the developing brain by providing the neural stimulation that newborns need to form mature neural connections.[100] Sleep deprivation have shown that deprivation early in life can result in behavioral problems, permanent sleep disruption, decreased brain mass,[101] and result in an abnormal amount of neuronal cell death.[102][73] The strongest evidence for the ontogenetic hypothesis comes from experiments on REM deprivation and the development of the visual system in the Lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex.[73]

text: Defensive immobilization[edit]

text: Ioannis Tsoukalas of Stockholm University has hypothesized that REM sleep is an evolutionary transformation of a well-known defensive mechanism, the tonic immobility reflex. This reflex, also known as animal hypnosis or death feigning, functions as the last line of defense against an attacking predator and consists of the total immobilization of the animal so that it appears dead. Tsoukalas argues that the neurophysiology and phenomenology of this reaction shows striking similarities to REM sleep; for example, both reactions exhibit brainstem control, paralysis, hypocampal theta rhythm, and thermoregulatory changes.[103][104]

text: Shift of gaze[edit]

text: According to "scanning hypothesis", the directional properties of REM sleep are related to a shift of gaze in dream imagery. Against this hypothesis is that such eye movements occur in those born blind and in fetuses in spite of lack of vision. Also, binocular REMs are non-conjugated (i.e., the two eyes do not point in the same direction at a time) and so lack a fixation point. In support of this theory, research finds that in goal-oriented dreams, eye gaze is directed towards the dream action, determined from correlations in the eye and body movements of REM sleep behavior disorder patients who enact their dreams.[105]

text: Oxygen supply to cornea[edit]

text: Dr. David M. Maurice (1922-2002), an eye specialist and semi-retired adjunct professor at Columbia University, proposed that REM sleep was associated with oxygen supply to the cornea, and that aqueous humor, the liquid between cornea and iris, was stagnant if not stirred.[106] Among the supportive evidences, he calculated that if aqueous humor was stagnant, oxygen from iris had to reach cornea by diffusion through aqueous humor, which was not sufficient. According to the theory, when the animal is awake, eye movement (or cool environmental temperature) enables the aqueous humor to circulate. When the animal is sleeping, REM provides the much-needed stir to aqueous humor. This theory is consistent with the observation that fetuses, as well as eye-sealed newborn animals, spend much time in REM sleep, and that during a normal sleep, a person's REM sleep episodes become progressively longer deeper into the night. However, owls have REM sleep, but do not move their head more than in non-REM sleep[107] and is well known that owls' eyes are nearly immobile.[108]

text: Other theories[edit]

text: Another theory suggests that monoamine shutdown is required so that the monoamine receptors in the brain can recover to regain full sensitivity.

text: The sentinel hypothesis of REM sleep was put forward by Frederick Snyder in 1966. It is based upon the observation that REM sleep in several mammals (the rat, the hedgehog, the rabbit, and the rhesus monkey) is followed by a brief awakening. This does not occur for either cats or humans, although humans are more likely to wake from REM sleep than from NREM sleep. Snyder hypothesized that REM sleep activates an animal periodically, to scan the environment for possible predators. This hypothesis does not explain the muscle paralysis of REM sleep; however, a logical analysis might suggest that the muscle paralysis exists to prevent the animal from fully waking up unnecessarily, and allowing it to return easily to deeper sleep.[109][110][111]

text: Jim Horne, a sleep researcher at Loughborough University, has suggested that REM in modern humans compensates for the reduced need for wakeful food foraging.[6]

text: Other theories are that REM sleep warms the brain, stimulates and stabilizes the neural circuits that have not been activated during waking, or creates internal stimulation to aid development of the CNS; while some argue that REM lacks any purpose, and simply results from random brain activation.[105][112]

text: Discovery and further research[edit]

text: Recognition of different types of sleep can be seen in the literature of ancient India and Rome. Observers have long noticed that sleeping dogs twitch and move but only at certain times.[113]

text: The German scientist Richard Klaue in 1937 first discovered a period of fast electrical activity in the brains of sleeping cats. In 1944, Ohlmeyer reported 90-minute ultradian sleep cycles involving male erections lasting for 25 minutes.[114] At University of Chicago in 1952, Eugene Aserinsky, Nathaniel Kleitman, and William C. Dement, discovered phases of rapid eye movement during sleep, and connected these to dreaming. Their article was published September 10, 1953.[115] Aserinsky, then Kleitman, first observed the eye movements and accompanying neuroelectrical activity in their own children.[113][116]

text: William Dement advanced the study of REM deprivation, with experiments in which subjects were awoken every time their EEG indicated the beginning of REM sleep. He published "The Effect of Dream Deprivation" in June 1960.[117] ("REM deprivation" has become the more common term following subsequent research indicating the possibility of non-REM dreaming.)

text: Neurosurgical experiments by Michel Jouvet and others in the following two decades added an understanding of atonia and suggested the importance of the pontine tegmentum (dorsolateral pons) in enabling and regulating paradoxical sleep.[17] Jouvet and others found that damaging the reticular formation of the brainstem inhibited this type of sleep.[45] Jouvet coined the name “paradoxical sleep” in 1959 and in 1962 published results indicating that it could occur in a cat with its entire forebrain removed.[21][112][14]


document_title: Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?

question_text: who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel meaning

text: Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?

text: "Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?" is a quotation from Alexander Pope's "Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot" of January 1735.

text: It alludes to "breaking on the wheel", a form of torture in which victims had their long bones broken by an iron bar while tied to a Catherine wheel.[1] The quotation is used to suggest someone is "[employing] superabundant effort in the accomplishment of a small matter".[2]

text: The quotation is sometimes misquoted with "on" in place of "upon".

text: Pope's satire[edit]

text: The line "Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?" forms line 308 of the "Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot" in which Alexander Pope responded to his physician's word of caution about making satirical attacks on powerful people by sending him a selection of such attacks. It appears in a section on the courtier John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey, who was close to Queen Caroline and was one of Pope's bitterest enemies. The section opens as follows:[3]

text:
Let Sporus tremble –"What? that thing of silk,
Sporus, that mere white curd of ass's milk?
Satire or sense, alas! can Sporus feel?
Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?
Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings,
This painted child of dirt that stinks and stings;
Whose buzz the witty and the fair annoys,
Yet wit ne'er tastes, and beauty ne'er enjoys,

text: "Sporus", a male slave favoured by Emperor Nero,[3] was, according to Suetonius, castrated by the emperor, and subsequently married.[4] Pope here refers to accusations made in Pulteney's Proper reply to a late scurrilous libel of 1731 which led to Hervey challenging Pulteney to a duel. Hervey's decade-long clandestine affair with Stephen Fox would eventually contribute to his downfall.[5][6] As first published the verse referred to Paris, but was changed to Sporus when republished a few months later.[7]

text: "What? that thing of silk" uses a metaphor of a silkworm spinning that Pope had already used in The Dunciad to refer to bad poets. "Ass's milk" was at that time a common tonic, and was part of a diet adopted by Hervey. "This painted child" comments on make-up such as rouge used by the handsome Hervey.[3]

text: Another graphic instance of the usage can be found in An Introduction to Harmony by William Shield (1800), wherein he writes: "Having brought this Introduction to Harmony before that awful Tribunal, the Public, without first submitting it to the inspection of a judicious friend, I shall doubtless merit severe correction from the Critic; but as my attempt has been rather to write a useful Book, than a learned Work, I trust that he will not break a Butterfly upon the wheel for not being able to soar with the wings of an Eagle."[8]

text: Modern use[edit]

text: William Rees-Mogg, as editor of The Times newspaper, used the "on a wheel" version of the quotation as the heading (set in capital letters) for an editorial on 1 July 1967 about the "Redlands" court case, which had resulted in prison sentences for Rolling Stones members Keith Richards and Mick Jagger.[9]

text: The philosopher Mary Midgley used a variation on the phrase in an article in the journal Philosophy written to counter a review praising The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins, where she cuttingly said that she had "not attended to Dawkins, thinking it unnecessary to break a butterfly upon a wheel."[10]

text: A film titled Butterfly on a Wheel was released in 2007. In the US the title of the movie was changed to Shattered.[11]


document_title: Lucky Charms

question_text: why did lucky charms change pots of gold

text: Lucky Charms

text: History[edit]

text: Lucky Charms was created in 1964 by product developer John Holahan. General Mills management challenged a team of product developers to use the available manufacturing capacity from either of General Mills' two principal cereal products—Wheaties or Cheerios—and do something unique. Holahan came up with the idea after a visit to the grocery store in which he decided to mix Cheerios with bits of Brach's Circus Peanuts.[2]

text: An advertising company employed by General Mills and Company suggested marketing the new cereal around the idea of charm bracelets.[3] Thus, the charms of Lucky Charms were born. Lucky Charms is the first cereal to include marshmallows in the recipe. The mascot of Lucky Charms, created in 1963, is Lucky the Leprechaun, also known as Sir Charms, and originally called L.C. Leprechaun.[4] The cartoon character's voice was supplied by the late voice actor Arthur Anderson until 1992. In 1975, Lucky the Leprechaun was briefly replaced by Waldo the Wizard in New England, while Lucky remained the mascot in the rest of the United States.[5] The oat cereal was not originally sugar coated. After initial sales failed to meet expectations, the oats were sugar coated, and the cereal's success grew. Piggy banks and plastic watches were introduced as cereal box send-away prizes as a marketing tactic to increase sales. The recipe for the cereal remained unchanged until the introduction of a new flavor: Chocolate Lucky Charms, in 2005. Later in 2012, General Mills introduced "Lucky Charms Marshmallow Treats."

text: Following the product launch, the General Mills marketing department found that sales performed dramatically better if the composition of the marbits changed periodically.[3] Various features of the marbits were modified to maximize their appeal to young consumers. Over the years, over 40 limited edition features such as Winter Lucky Charms, Olympic-themed Lucky Charms, and Lucky Charms featuring marshmallow landmarks from around the world, were created to drive consumer demands. In focus groups and market research, more brightly colored charms resulted in better sales than did dull or pastel colors.[3] Currently, General Mills conducts "concept-ideation" studies on Lucky Charms.[3]

text: Marshmallows[edit]

text: The first boxes of Lucky Charms cereal contained marshmallows in the shapes of pink hearts, yellow moons, orange stars, and green clovers. The lineup has changed occasionally, beginning with the introduction of blue diamonds in 1975, followed by purple horseshoes in 1983,[6] red balloons in 1989, green trees 1991, rainbows in 1992, blue moons 1995, leprechaun hats in 1997 (temporarily replaced the green clovers), orange shooting stars and around the world charms in 1998 (added blue, green, yellow, purple, and red in 2011), a crystal ball in 2001, and an hourglass in 2008.[3] In 2013, 6 new rainbow swirl moons and 2 new rainbow charms were introduced. From the original four marshmallows, the permanent roster as of 2013 includes eight marshmallows.

text: Older marshmallows were phased out periodically. The first shapes to disappear were the yellow moons and blue diamonds, replaced by yellow/orange pots of gold and blue moons respectively in 1994. In 2006, the assortment included purple horseshoes; red balloons; blue crescent-moons; orange and white shooting stars; yellow and orange pots of gold; pink, yellow, and blue rainbows; two-tone green leprechaun hats; pink hearts (the one shape to survive since the beginning); with the most recent addition being the return of the clovers in 2004. The hourglass shape was retired in spring 2018 and was replaced by a unicorn, which was chosen on social media by way of emojis[7][8]. The size and brightness of the marshmallows changed in 2004.[9]

text: Recent changes to the marshmallows include the star shape taking on a "shooting star" design, the orange five-pointed star being complemented by a white "trail." In late 2005, another marshmallow shape was added, the "Hidden Key". It is a solid yellow marshmallow that resembles an arched door (similar to the shape of a tombstone; flat at the bottom, flat sides with a round top). When liquid is added to the cereal, the sugar in the marshmallow dissolves and the shape of a skeleton key appears "as if by magic." The tagline was, "Unlock the door with milk!" This "new" marshmallow type has been used in other hot and cold cereals, but with mixed success (from characters "hidden" inside a bigger marshmallow to letters appearing). In early June 2006, General Mills introduced Magic Mirror marshmallows. In 2008, yellow and orange hourglass marshmallows were introduced with the marketing tagline of, "The Hourglass Charm has the power to Stop Time * Speed Up Time * Reverse Time". As of 2011, swirled marshmallows and rainbow-colored stars have been introduced.[citation needed] In 2018, for the first time in ten years Lucky Charms retired a marshmallow, which was the hourglass, and added a new permanent marshmallow, the Magical Unicorn. It's powers are unknown.

text: The marshmallows are meant to represent Lucky's magical charms, each with their own special meaning or "power." The following are explanations of the permanent marshmallows:[10]

text:
Hearts - power to bring things to life
Shooting Stars - power to fly
Horseshoes - power to speed things up
Green Toasters - luck, but you will never know what kind of luck you will get
Blue Moons - power of invisibility
Rainbows - instantaneous travel from place to place
Balloons - power to make things float
Hourglass - power to control time

text: Limited Edition Marshmallows[edit]

text: There have been more than 30 featured limited edition marshmallow shapes over the years, with the introduction of themed Lucky Charms, such as Winter Lucky Charms. Some of these include:

text:
In 1986, a whale-shaped marshmallow was temporarily added to the lineup.[11]
In 1990, a green pine tree-shaped marshmallow was temporarily added to the lineup.[11] During that time, the cereal promoted Earth Day with a free Colorado Blue Spruce seedling with proofs-of-purchase.[12]
In 1991, the star and balloon shape marshmallows were combined for a short time. The red balloon featured a gold six-pointed star. The star was removed at a later date to make the Red Balloon and Star marshmallows separate.[11]
In 1994, sprinkles were temporarily added to the marshmallows.
In 1999, the moon shape marshmallows were modified with the addition of the yellow curve line for a limited time.
In 2000, a "New Sparkling Rainbow" was added to the mix for a limited time. It was described by General Mills as "a sprinkling of multicolored sugar on a white rainbow marbit." This marshmallow replaced the original rainbow at this time.[13]
In 2010, the swirled marshmallows were in Lucky Charms for a limited time.
In June 2013, two new rainbow marshmallows were added for LGBT Pride Month.[14]
In 2015, new diamond shaped marshmallows were added in.[citation needed]
Introduced in 2017, limited edition cinnamon vanilla Lucky Charms include only snowman, snowball, and snowflake shaped marshmallows.
In 2018 a unicorn shaped marshmallow was added and is here to stay unofficially.

text: Marshmallow-only promotion[edit]

text: In May 2017, General Mills announced they would be promoting 10,000 boxes of cereal that contain only marshmallow pieces.[15] In order to win one of the coveted boxes, consumers would need to purchase a specially-marked box of regular Lucky Charms with a code on the inside panel. The code would be entered into an official website to see if the consumer is the winner of one of the 10,000 novelty boxes produced. The sweepstakes ran through December 2017.[16][17]

text: Theme song[edit]

text: In the earliest commercials, Lucky Charms cereal had no theme jingle; action was accompanied by a light instrumental "Irish" tune. Soon, however, a simple two-line tag was added:

text: This simple closer, with the kids usually singing the first line and Lucky singing the second, survived into the 1980s.

text: Then, with the addition of the purple horseshoe marbit, it was extended into a jingle describing the contents of the box.[18] This was later revised with the addition of red balloons to the now-familiar "Hearts, stars and horse-shoes, clovers and blue-moons. Pots of gold and rainbows, and tasty red balloons!" In 2008, the pot of gold was replaced with the hourglass in the theme song.

text: The jingle is usually accompanied by mentioning that Lucky Charms contains whole grain ingredients, and is part of a balanced meal. General Mills' market position is centered on cereals that contain "more whole grain than any other single ingredient, which is significant, because 95 percent of Americans aren't eating minimally 48 grams of whole grain per day as recommended by the U.S. Dietary Guidelines."[19]

text: Taglines[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
They're Magically Delicious![20]
Frosted Lucky Charms, They're Magically Delicious!
They're Always After Me Lucky Charms!
You'll Never Get Me Lucky Charms!
Pink Hearts, Yellow Moons, Orange Stars, and Green Clovers!
Pink Hearts, Yellow Moons, Orange Stars, Green Clovers, and Blue Diamonds!
Pink Hearts, Yellow Moons, Orange Stars, Green Clovers, Blue Diamonds, and Purple Horseshoes!
Pink Hearts, Yellow Moons, Orange Stars, Green Clovers, Blue Diamonds, Purple Horseshoes, and Red Balloons!
Hearts, Stars, and Horseshoes, Clovers and Blue Moons, Pots of Gold and Rainbows, and Red Balloons!
Hearts, Stars, and Horseshoes, Clovers and Blue Moons, Hourglasses, Rainbows, and Tasty Red Balloons!
Hearts, Stars, and Horseshoes, Clovers, Red Balloons, Hourglasses, Rainbows, and Six New Swirled Moons!
Hearts, Stars and Horseshoes, Clovers, Blue Moons, Hourglasses, Rainbows, and Tasty Red Balloons in Lucky Charms!
Heart, Star, Horseshoe, Clover, Blue Moon, Hourglass, Rainbow, and also Red Balloon!