document_title: Spider web

question_text: where does a spider shoot its web from

question_tokens: where does a spider shoot its web from

text: Spider web

text: Silk production[edit]

text: When spiders moved from the water to the land in the Early Devonian period, they started making silk to protect their bodies and their eggs.[3][5] Spiders gradually started using silk for hunting purposes, first as guide lines and signal lines, then as ground or bush webs, and eventually as the aerial webs that are familiar today.[6]

text: Spiders produce silk from their spinneret glands located at the tip of their abdomen. Each gland produces a thread for a special purpose – for example a trailed safety line, sticky silk for trapping prey or fine silk for wrapping it. Spiders use different gland types to produce different silks, and some spiders are capable of producing up to eight different silks during their lifetime.[7]

text: Most spiders have three pairs of spinnerets, each having its own function – there are also spiders with just one pair and others with as many as four pairs.

text: Webs allow a spider to catch prey without having to expend energy by running it down. Thus it is an efficient method of gathering food. However, constructing the web is in itself an energetically costly process because of the large amount of protein required, in the form of silk. In addition, after a time the silk will lose its stickiness and thus become inefficient at capturing prey. It is common for spiders to eat their own web daily to recoup some of the energy used in spinning. The silk proteins are thus recycled.

text: The tensile strength of spider silk is greater than the same weight of steel and has much greater elasticity. Its microstructure is under investigation for potential applications in industry, including bullet-proof vests and artificial tendons. Researchers have used genetically modified mammals to produce the proteins needed to make this material.[8][9][10]

text: Types[edit]

text: There are a few types of spider webs found in the wild, and many spiders are classified by the webs they weave. Different types of spider webs include:

text:
Spiral orb webs, associated primarily with the family Araneidae, as well as Tetragnathidae and Uloboridae[11]
Tangle webs or cobwebs, associated with the family Theridiidae
Funnel webs, with associations divided into primitive and modern
Tubular webs, which run up the bases of trees or along the ground
Sheet webs

text: Several different types of silk may be used in web construction, including a "sticky" capture silk and "fluffy" capture silk, depending on the type of spider. Webs may be in a vertical plane (most orb webs), a horizontal plane (sheet webs), or at any angle in between. It is hypothesized that these types of aerial webs co-evolved with the evolution of winged insects. As insects are spiders' main prey, it is likely that they would impose strong selectional forces on the foraging behavior of spiders.[3][12] Most commonly found in the sheet-web spider families, some webs will have loose, irregular tangles of silk above them. These tangled obstacle courses serve to disorient and knock down flying insects, making them more vulnerable to being trapped on the web below. They may also help to protect the spider from predators such as birds and wasps.[13]

text: Orb web construction[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Most orb weavers construct webs in a vertical plane, although there are exceptions, such as Uloborus diversus, which builds a horizontal web.[14] During the process of making an orb web, the spider will use its own body for measurements.

text: Many webs span gaps between objects which the spider could not cross by crawling. This is done by first producing a fine adhesive thread to drift on a faint breeze across a gap. When it sticks to a surface at the far end, the spider feels the change in the vibration. The spider reels in and tightens the first strand, then carefully walks along it and strengthens it with a second thread. This process is repeated until the thread is strong enough to support the rest of the web.

text: After strengthening the first thread, the spider continues to make a Y-shaped netting. The first three radials of the web are now constructed. More radials are added, making sure that the distance between each radial and the next is small enough to cross. This means that the number of radials in a web directly depends on the size of the spider plus the size of the web. It is common for a web to be about 20 times the size of the spider building it.

text: After the radials are complete, the spider fortifies the center of the web with about five circular threads. It makes a spiral of non-sticky, widely spaced threads to enable it to move easily around its own web during construction, working from the inside outward. Then, beginning from the outside and moving inward, the spider methodically replaces this spiral with a more closely spaced one made of adhesive threads. It uses the initial radiating lines as well as the non-sticky spirals as guide lines. The spaces between each spiral and the next are directly proportional to the distance from the tip of its back legs to its spinners. This is one way the spider uses its own body as a measuring/spacing device. While the sticky spirals are formed, the non-adhesive spirals are removed as there is no need for them any more.

text: After the spider has completed its web, it chews off the initial three center spiral threads then sits and waits. If the web is broken without any structural damage during the construction, the spider does not make any initial attempts to rectify the problem.

text: The spider, after spinning its web, then waits on or near the web for a prey animal to become trapped. The spider senses the impact and struggle of a prey animal by vibrations transmitted through the web. A spider positioned in the middle of the web makes for a highly visible prey for birds and other predators, even without web decorations; many day-hunting orb-web spinners reduce this risk by hiding at the edge of the web with one foot on a signal line from the hub or by appearing to be inedible or unappetizing.

text: Spiders do not usually adhere to their own webs, because they are able to spin both sticky and non-sticky types of silk, and are careful to travel across only non-sticky portions of the web. However, they are not immune to their own glue. Some of the strands of the web are sticky, and others are not. For example, if a spider has chosen to wait along the outer edges of its web, it may spin a non-sticky prey or signal line to the web hub to monitor web movement. However, in the course of spinning sticky strands, spiders have to touch these sticky strands. They do this without sticking by using careful movements, dense hairs and nonstick coatings on their feet to prevent adhesion.[15]

text: Uses[edit]

text: Some species of spider do not use webs for capturing prey directly, instead pouncing from concealment (e.g. trapdoor spiders) or running them down in open chase (e.g. wolf spiders). The net-casting spider balances the two methods of running and web spinning in its feeding habits. This spider weaves a small net which it attaches to its front legs. It then lurks in wait for potential prey and, when such prey arrives, lunges forward to wrap its victim in the net, bite and paralyze it. Hence, this spider expends less energy catching prey than a primitive hunter such as the wolf spider. It also avoids the energy loss of weaving a large orb web.

text: Some spiders manage to use the signaling-snare technique of a web without spinning a web at all. Several types of water-dwelling spiders rest their feet on the water's surface in much the same manner as an orb-web user. When an insect falls onto the water and is ensnared by surface tension, the spider can detect the vibrations and run out to capture the prey.

text: Uses by humans[edit]

text: Cobweb paintings, which began during the 16th century in a remote valley of the Austrian Tyrolean Alps, were created on fabrics consisting of layered and wound cobwebs, stretched over cardboard to make a mat, and strengthened by brushing with milk diluted in water. A small brush was then used to apply watercolor to the cobwebs, or custom tools to create engravings. Fewer than a hundred cobweb paintings survive today, most of which are held in private collections.[16]

text: In traditional European medicine, cobwebs are used on wounds and cuts and seem to help healing and reduce bleeding.[17] Spider webs are rich in vitamin K, which can be effective in clotting blood. Webs were used several hundred years ago as gauze pads to stop an injured person's bleeding.[18]

text: Spider web strands have been used for crosshairs or reticles in telescopes.[citation needed]

text: Adhesive properties[edit]

text: The stickiness of spiders' webs is courtesy of droplets of glue suspended on the silk threads. This glue is multifunctional – that is, its behavior depends on how quickly something touching it attempts to withdraw. At high velocities, they function as an elastic solid, resembling rubber; at lower velocities, they simply act as a sticky glue. This allows them to retain a grip on attached food particles.[19] The web is also electrically conductive which causes the silk threads to spring out to trap their quarry, as flying insects tend to gain a static charge which attracts the silk.[20]

text: Communal spider webs[edit]

text: Occasionally, a group of spiders may build webs together in the same area.

text: Massive flooding in Pakistan during the 2010 monsoon drove spiders above the waterline, into trees. The result was trees covered with spider webs.[21]

text: One such web, reported in 2007 at Lake Tawakoni State Park in Texas, measured 200 yards (180 m) across. Entomologists believe it may be the result of social cobweb spiders or of spiders building webs to spread out from one another. There is no consensus on how common this occurrence is.[22]

text: Outside influences[edit]

text: Administering certain drugs to spiders affects the structure of the webs they build. It has been proposed by some that this could be used as a method of documenting and measuring the toxicity of various substances.[23][24]

text: Low gravity[edit]

text: It has been observed that being in Earth's orbit has an effect on the structure of spider webs in space.[25]

text: Spider webs were spun in low earth orbit in 1973 aboard Skylab, involving two female European garden spiders (cross spiders) called Arabella and Anita, as part of an experiment on the Skylab 3 mission.[26] The aim of the experiment was to test whether the two spiders would spin webs in space, and, if so, whether these webs would be the same as those that spiders produced on Earth. The experiment was a student project of Judy Miles of Lexington, Massachusetts.[26]

text: After the launch on July 28, 1973, and entering Skylab, the spiders were released by astronaut Owen Garriott into a box that resembled a window frame.[26] The spiders proceeded to construct their web while a camera took photographs and examined the spiders' behavior in a zero-gravity environment. Both spiders took a long time to adapt to their weightless existence. However, after a day, Arabella spun the first web in the experimental cage, although it was initially incomplete.

text: The web was completed the following day. The crew members were prompted to expand the initial protocol. They fed and watered the spiders, giving them a house fly.[27] The first web was removed on August 13 to allow the spider to construct a second web. At first, the spider failed to construct a new web. When given more water, it built a second web. This time, it was more elaborate than the first. Both spiders died during the mission, possibly from dehydration.[26]

text: When scientists were given the opportunity to study the webs, they discovered that the space webs were finer than normal Earth webs, and although the patterns of the web were not totally dissimilar, variations were spotted, and there was a definite difference in the characteristics of the web. Additionally, while the webs were finer overall, the space web had variations in thickness in places: some places were slightly thinner, and others slightly thicker. This was unusual, because Earth webs have been observed to have uniform thickness.[28]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Spider webs play a crucial role in the children's novel Charlotte's Web. Webs are also featured in many other cultural depictions of spiders. In films, illustration, and other visual arts, spider webs may be used to readily suggest a "spooky" atmosphere, or imply neglect or the passage of time. Artificial "spider webs" are a common element of Halloween decorations. Spider webs are a common image in tattoo art, often symbolizing long periods of time spent in prison, or used simply to fill gaps between other images.[29]

text: Some observers believe that a small spider is depicted, perched on the shield surrounding the number "1", in the upper-right corner of the front side (obverse) of the United States one-dollar bill. This perception is enhanced by the resemblance of the background image of intertwining fine lines to a stylized spider web. However, other observers believe the figure is an owl.[30]

text: Artificial spider webs are used by the superhero Spider-Man as a method of quick transportation.

text: The notable tensile strength of spider webs is often exaggerated in science fiction, often as an plot device to justify the presence of artificially giant spiders.


document_title: Fiji during the time of Cakobau

question_text: why was the deed of cession important to fijis history

root

text: Fiji during the time of Cakobau

text: Tribal warfare and Tongan intrusions[edit]

text: In the early 1820s, Levuka was established as the first modern town in Fiji, on the island of Ovalau. The intervention of European traders and missionaries, of whom the first arrived from Tahiti in 1830, led to increasingly serious wars among the native Fijian confederacies. Supplied with weapons by Swedish mercenary Charlie Savage, Ratu Tanoa Visawaqa, the Vunivalu (a chiefly title meaning Warlord, often translated also as Paramount Chief) of Bau Island, defeated the much larger Burebasaga Confederacy and succeeded in subduing much of western Fiji. His successor, Seru Epenisa Cakobau, fought to consolidate Bauan domination throughout the 1850s and 1860s, and started calling himself the Tui Viti, or King of Fiji. He faced opposition, however, from local chiefs who saw him at best as first among equals, and also from the Tongan Prince Enele Ma'afu, who had established himself on the Island of Lakeba in the Lau archipelago in 1848. A Christian, Ma'afu brought Wesleyan missionaries from Tonga, and the Methodist Church gained its first foothold in Fiji. Most chiefs in the west regarded the Wesleyan missionaries, aligned as they were seen to be with Ma'afu, as a threat to their power, refused conversion, and resisted missionary attempts to set up outposts in their villages.

tag: p

text: Trouble with the United States[edit]

text: Cakobau's claimed position was also undermined by international developments. The United States threatened intervention following a number of incidents involving their consul, John Brown Williams. His trading store had been looted by Fijian natives following an accidental fire, caused by stray cannon fire during a Fourth of July celebration in 1849. When his Nukulau Island house was subjected to an arson attack in 1855, the commander of the United States naval frigate USS John Adams demanded compensation amounting to US$5000 for Williams from Cakobau, as the Tui Viti. This initial claim was supplemented by further claims totalling US$38,531. Cakobau was faced with a dilemma. To disclaim responsibility for the debt, he would have to deny his self-proclaimed and still far-from-universally accepted sovereignty. To admit responsibility, he would have to undertake to pay the debt, or else face punishment from the United States Navy. He chose the latter course, hoping that the United States was only bluffing.

text: Reality began to catch up with Cakobau in 1858, when the USS Vandalia sailed into Levuka. Unable to pay his debt, and faced with increasing encroachments onto Viti Levu's south coast from Ma'afu, Cakobau approached the British consul with an offer to cede the islands to the United Kingdom, if only they would assume responsibility for his debt in return for 5,000 square kilometres of land. His insistence, however, on being allowed to retain his questionable title of Tui Viti proved unacceptable to the British government, which turned his offer down after four years of consideration in 1862. This followed a report from Colonel W.J. Smythe, who had come to the conclusion, after interviewing every Paramount Chief in Fiji, that Cakobau's title was self-assumed and by no means universally accepted by his fellow chiefs, and that he did not have the authority to cede the islands.

text: The Kingdom of Fiji[edit]

text: Cakobau next turned to the Australian-based Polynesia Company. The rising price of cotton in the wake of the American Civil War (1861–1865) had interested the Polynesia Company in acquiring land in Fiji for planting. In return for 5,000 km², the company agreed to pay Cakobau's debt. Australian settlers landed on 575 km2 (222 sq mi) of land in Viti Levu, near what was then a Fijian village called Suva, in 1868.

text: The Polynesia Company settlers were joined by a further several thousand planters throughout the 1860s and 1870s. Often fraudulently, they obtained Fijian land, often in exchange for weapons or alcohol. Competing land claims followed, with no unified government to settle the disputes. Frustrations peaked following the collapse of cotton prices and the destruction of the crop by hurricanes in 1870. In June 1871, John Bates Thurston, the British honorary consul, forged a "marriage of convenience" between Cakobau and the settlers, and persuaded the Fijian chiefs to accept a constitutional monarchy with Cakobau as king, but with real power in the hands of a cabinet and Legislature dominated by settlers. The Legislative Assembly met for the first time in Levuka in November 1871.

text: Cession to the United Kingdom[edit]

text: The new arrangements proved no more workable than the old. Within months, government overspending had led to the accumulation of another unmanageable debt. In 1872, following continuing economic and social unrest, Thurston approached the British government, at Cakobau's request, with another offer to cede the islands. The British were much more sympathetic to annexing Fiji this time than they had been almost two decades earlier.

text: The murder of Bishop John Coleridge Patteson of the Melanesian Mission at Nukapu in the Reef Islands had provoked public outrage, which was compounded by the massacre by crew members of more than 150 Fijians on board the brig Carl. Two British commissioners were sent to Fiji to investigate the possibility of an annexation. The question was complicated by manoeuvrings for power between Cakobau and his old rival, Ma'afu, with both men vacillating for many months.

text: On 21 March 1874, Cakobau made a final offer, which the British accepted. On 23 September, Sir Hercules Robinson, soon to be appointed the British Governor of Fiji, arrived on HMS Dido and received Cakobau with a royal 21-gun salute. After some vacillation, Cakobau agreed to renounce his Tui Viti title.

text: The formal cession took place on 10 October 1874, when Cakobau, Ma'afu, and some of the senior Chiefs of Fiji signed two copies of the Deed of Cession. Thus the Colony of Fiji was founded; 96 years of British rule followed.


document_title: List of Chicago placename etymologies

question_text: who is clinton street in chicago named after

text: List of Chicago placename etymologies

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Source of the place names in the U.S. city of Chicago, Illinois.

text:
Place Name
Source

Adams Street
John Adams, second President of the United States

Addison Street
Thomas Addison, English doctor, discoverer of Addison's disease[1]

Altgeld Gardens
John Peter Altgeld (1847-1902), Governor of Illinois from 1893-1897.

Andersonville
Named for the Andersonville School, which in turn was named for Reverend Paul Andersen Norland[2]

Archer Avenue
Col. William Archer, the first commissioner of the Illinois and Michigan Canal

Archer Heights
Named for Archer Avenue (see above)

Armitage Avenue
Thomas Armitage, founder of the American Bible Union[3]

Artesian Avenue
A productive artesian well on the corner of Chicago Avenue and Western Avenue

Ashburn
The community served as a dumping ground in the 1800s and turn of the last century for ashes collected from Chicagoans' fireplaces and coal-fired furnaces.[4]

Ashland Avenue
The Ashland estate of Kentucky statesman Henry Clay

Austin
Businessman and real estate speculator Henry W. Austin.[5]

Avalon Park
Named for the Avalon Park Community Church, formerly called Pennytown after a shopkeeper.[5]

Back of the Yards
Named for its location near the Union Stock Yards.[5]

Beach Avenue
Real estate developer E. A. Beach

Belmont Avenue
Battle of Belmont

Blue Island Avenue
Led to Blue Island, a ridge of land that appeared to be an island to pioneers

Bowmanville
Early settler Jessie Bowman sold lots that he did not own, then fled

Bridgeport
Claimed to be for a bridge over the Illinois and Michigan Canal, although there is no evidence that the bridge ever existed.[6]

Brighton Park
Either for the cattle market in Brighton, Massachusetts, or for Brighton Racecourse in England

Broadway
Named for the New York City Broadway, formerly known as Evanston Avenue.[7]

Bubbly Creek
The creek derives its name from the gases bubbling out of the riverbed from the decomposition of blood and entrails dumped into the river in the early 20th century by the local meatpacking businesses surrounding the Union Stock Yards.

Bucktown
Residents kept goats in their yards

Burnside
General Ambrose Burnside

Calhoun Place
Not, as is commonly believed, for U.S. Vice President John C. Calhoun, but rather John Calhoun, who published Chicago's first newspaper, the Chicago Democrat.[8]

Calumet River
Calumet is a Norman-French, colonial-era word often used by colonists for a Native American ceremonial pipe

Canaryville
Refers to the sparrows who fed in the stockyards and railroad cars in the late 19th century. The name may also refer to youth gangs in the neighborhood, who were known as "wild canaries".[9]

Central Park Avenue
Refers to the original name of Garfield_Park_(Chicago).

Cermak Road
Slain Chicago mayor Anton Cermak (formerly 22nd Street)

Chicago River
A French rendering of the Miami-Illinois name shikaakwa, meaning wild leek.[10][11][12]

Cicero Avenue
Roman statesman Marcus Tullius Cicero[13]

Clark Street
George Rogers Clark

Clinton Street
DeWitt Clinton

Clybourn Avenue
Archibald Clybourn, the first police constable of Chicago

Columbus Drive
Christopher Columbus[14]

Congress Parkway
U.S. Congress, notable because formerly Tyler Street after John Tyler, tenth President of the United States but changed by the Chicago city council, due to his unpopularity during the American Civil War

Constance Avenue
Konstanz, Germany

Cook County
The county in which Chicago is situated was named after Daniel Pope Cook, who served as the second U.S. Representative from Illinois and the first Attorney General of the State of Illinois

Cottage Grove Avenue
A small cottage in a charming grove.[15]

Damen Avenue
Father Arnold Damen, founder of St. Ignatius College Preparatory School

Dearborn Park and Dearborn Street
named for Fort Dearborn which was built on the present day site of Chicago, which in turn was named for General Henry Dearborn, American Revolutionary War veteran and Secretary of War under Thomas Jefferson.

DeKoven Street
John DeKoven (founder of Northern Trust)

Deming Place
Frederick Deming, a subdivider in 1860 [16]

Devon Avenue
Named by developer John Lewis Cochran after Devon station on the Main Line north of Philadelphia.[17]

Diversey Parkway
Beer brewer and alderman Michael Diversey [16]

Douglas Park
Senator Stephen A. Douglas[5]

Dunning
Andrew Dunning, a real estate speculator[18]

DuSable Park
Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, first non-native resident of Chicago.[19]

Edgebrook
Refers to the edge of the North Branch of the Chicago River[5]

Edgewater
Refers to the edge of Lake Michigan[5]

Elston Avenue
Alderman, soap manufacturer and banker Daniel Elston.[20]

Englewood
Englewood, New Jersey

Euclid Avenue
Euclid, Greek mathematician

Fairbanks Court
Nathaniel Kellogg Fairbank, Chicago industrialist

Fillmore Street
Millard Fillmore, thirteenth President of the United States

Foster Avenue
Doctor John H. Foster (1796-1874), member of the Chicago Board of Education.

Fuller Park
Melville Fuller, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Fullerton Avenue
Alexander N. Fullerton (1804-1880), lawyer and lumber magnate, who arrived in Chicago in 1833[21]

Fulton Street
Robert Fulton

Franklin Street
Benjamin Franklin

Garfield Boulevard
See below

Garfield Park
The centerpiece of a three park and interlinking boulevard system, the 185-acre (0.75 km2) park (formerly Central Park) was renamed to honor twentieth President of the United States James A. Garfield after his assassination in 1881. Garfield Boulevard and the Garfield Park Conservatory are also named for him.

George Street
Settler Sam George sighted the last bear in Chicago at the corner of Adams and LaSalle Streets in 1834. The bear was promptly killed by another settler, John Sweeney.

Gladys Avenue
Gladys Gunderson, a member of the Norwegian-American family that formed a successful 19th-century Chicago real estate firm, S. T. Gunderson & Sons. Gladys Park is also named for her. Another city street, Langley Avenue, and city park is named for another relative, Esther Gunderson Langley.[22]

Grace Street

Named after the Lutheran Chicago Theological Seminary [23](1890-1908) located at Clark/Addison to Grace/Sheffield. It is located at 3800 north and just north of Wrigley Field. The street is named after a core principal of the Lutheran Reformation and not after Mark Grace (Cubs player 1988-2000).

Grand Avenue
Named for a statement by Thomas J. V. Owen, the first Town President of Chicago, who said "Chicago is a grand place to live."[24]

Grant Park
Ulysses S. Grant, eighteenth President of the United States. Originally named Lake Park, it was renamed for Grant in 1901.

Greenview Avenue
Greenview, Illinois [16]

Halsted Street
William Ogden named it for William and Caleb Halsted, brothers from New York who developed parts of the Loop

Harrison Street
William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States

Hegewisch
Adolph Hegewisch, who laid out the town of Hegewisch which is now part of the 10th Ward of Chicago

Hirsch Street
Also Hirsch High School; rabbinical scholar Emil Gustav Hirsch [25]

Honore Street
For Henry Honoré, developer and father of Bertha Palmer

Howard Street
Howard Uhr, who donated the Howard Street right-of-way to Chicago

Hoyne Avenue
Named after Thomas Hoyne, who was elected to be mayor of Chicago, but was never allowed to take office

Hubbard Street
Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, who arrived in Chicago in 1818.[26]

Humboldt Park
The park and a boulevard are named for Alexander von Humboldt, a German naturalist and explorer

Hyde Park
Named by developer Paul Cornell to evoke the wealth of both Hyde Park, New York and Hyde Park, London.[27]

Irving Park Road
Washington Irving [16]

Jackson Boulevard
Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States

Jackson Park
Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States

Jarvis Avenue & Jarvis Square
Named for R. J. Jarvis.[28]

Jefferson Street
Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States

Jeffery Boulevard
Edward T. Jeffery, Chief Engineer of the Illinois Central Railroad[29]

Keating Avenue
William H. Keating [30]

Kedzie Avenue
John H. Kedzie (1815-1903), an attorney who developed the North and West Sides of Chicago and parts of Evanston. He helped establish the Republican Party in Illinois.[31]

Kewanee Avenue
A lek for Prairie chickens called "Kewanee" in the Winnebago language was located there

Kimball Avenue
Walter Kimbell, landowner and subdivider; City Council changed the spelling [16]

Kimbark Avenue
Seneca Kimbark, member of the first Board of South Park Commissioners [16]

King Drive
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.. Formerly South Park Drive, the first street in the nation to be named for King after his assassination

Kinzie Street
John Kinzie, who settled near the river in 1804.

Kosciuszko Park
Tadeusz Kościuszko, Polish-Lithuanian soldier who fought in the American Revolution.[32]

Lake Shore Drive
A highway running parallel with and alongside the shoreline of Lake Michigan, which connects many of the city's lakefront parks. The downtown portion opened as Leif Ericson Drive in 1937 and was also called Field Boulevard but in 1946 was renamed Lake Shore Drive.

Lake Street
Named for Lake Michigan[33]

LaSalle Street
Sieur de La Salle, an early explorer of Illinois

Lincoln Avenue, Lincoln Park
Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President of the United States. This is one of the few diagonal streets in Chicago. Prior to Lincoln's assassination the street was known as Little Fort Road as it led to the town of Little Fort, now Waukegan, Illinois

Lincoln Park
Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President of the United States. Originally Cemetery Park, then Lake Park, it was renamed for Lincoln following his assassination in 1865.

Logan Square
Gen. John A. Logan

Loomis Boulevard
Horatio G. Loomis, one of the organizers of the Chicago Board of Trade in 1848

Madison Street
James Madison, fourth President of the United States

Maxwell Street
Dr. Philip Maxwell, one of Chicago's first surgeons

Medill Avenue

Named after Joseph Medill, owner of the Chicago Tribune.

McClurg Court
A. C. McClurg, Chicago publisher

McKinley Park
William McKinley, twenty-fifth President of the United States

Michigan Avenue
Named for Lake Michigan[34]

Midway Airport
Battle of Midway

Midway Plaisance
The central path (Middle Way) connecting Washington Park to Jackson Park, built for the World's Columbian Exposition. Plaisance is from the French for Pleasant.  The name "midway" has been adopted for the portions of amusement parks where rides and games are set up.[34]

Milwaukee Avenue
Algonquin word for "the Land."[35]

Monroe Street
James Monroe, fifth President of the United States

Normal Avenue
For the Chicago Normal School (now Chicago State University)

North Avenue
Was the northern boundary of the city when the street was named.[36]

Oak Street
Named for the oak tree.[37]

Ogden Avenue
William Butler Ogden, first mayor of Chicago

O'Hare Airport
Edward "Butch" O'Hare, World War II flying ace and Medal of Honor recipient

Ohio Street
Named for the state of Ohio, which means "beautiful river."[38]

Pershing Road
General John J. Pershing (formerly 39th Street)

Pilsen
Plzeň, a city in the Czech Republic

Ping Tom Memorial Park
Ping Tom, Chicago Chinatown businessman and civic leader.[39]

Polk Street
James K. Polk, eleventh President of the United States

Prairie Avenue
Named for the Illinois prairies.[40]

Pulaski Road
Casimir Pulaski

Pullman neighborhood
Pullman Palace Car Company

Quincy Street
John Quincy Adams, sixth President of the United States

Randolph Street
named for Randolph County, Illinois as was part of the original plot of Chicago.

Ridge Boulevard/Avenue
Runs along a ridge formed by Lake Michigan

Rogers Park
Pioneer settler Philip Rogers

Roosevelt Road
President Theodore Roosevelt (formerly 12th Street)

Rush Street
Named for Dr. Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, Rush Street dates back to the 1830s incorporation of Chicago.

St. Louis Avenue
The street and St. Louis Park are named after Louis IX of France

St. Clair Street
Named after Revolutionary War General Arthur St. Clair and Governor of the Northwest Territory

Sauganash, and Caldwell Avenues
Half-Potawatomi Chief Sauganash, also known as Billy Caldwell

Seminary Avenue

Possibly named after the Chicago Lutheran Theological Seminary[23] located at Clark/Addison to Grace/Sheffield (1890-1908).

Sheffield Avenue
Subdivider Joseph Sheffield

Sheridan Road
Philip Henry Sheridan, Civil War general

Sibley Boulevard
Known as 147th Street (Sibley Street in Hammond, Indiana only)

Southport Avenue
Led to Kenosha, Wisconsin, which was formerly named Southport

State Street
Originally State Road, its intersection with Madison Street marks the base point for Chicago's address system. North of the Chicago River, this was formerly called Wolcott.

Streeterville
George "Cap" Streeter

Stony Island Avenue
Leads to Stony Island, a ridge of land that appeared to be an island to pioneers

Taylor Street
Zachary Taylor, twelfth President of the United States

Throop Street
Amos G. Throop, a Chicago lumberman [16]

Torrence Avenue
Named for Civil War General Joseph T. Torrence. He led the Chicago militia during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.[41]

Touhy Avenue
Named for local subdivider Patrick L. Touhy who was the son in law of Philip Rogers. [16]

Van Buren Street
Martin Van Buren, eighth President of the United States

Vincennes Avenue
Led to Fort Vincennes, Indiana

Wabash Avenue
Wabash Railroad

Wacker Drive
Charles H. Wacker, chairman of the Chicago Plan Commission, who pushed the idea of a double decked roadway along the Chicago River.

Warren Boulevard
General Joseph Warren, American Revolutionary war patriot and doctor.

Washington Park
George Washington, first President of the United States, formerly known as Western Division of South Park, also Park No. 21

Washington Street
George Washington, first President of the United States

Wentworth Avenue
Long John Wentworth, mayor

Wells Street
William Wells, soldier

Western Avenue
Was the western boundary of the city when the street was named.[42]

Whipple Street
Henry Benjamin Whipple (1822-1901), Episcopal bishop

Wicker Park
Named for Charles G. Wicker and Joel H. Wicker.[5]

Wilson Ave
John P. Wilson, lawyer and donator to Children's Memorial Hospital [16]

Wolcott Avenue
Dr. Alexander Wolcott, Jr. (1790-1830), first physician in Chicago, trader, served as Chicago's US Indian Agent from the late 1810s through the late 1820s. Until 1939, the road was Lincoln Street.

Wrightwood Avenue
Edward Wright, a subdivider and an attorney [16]

Wrigleyville
Named for Wrigley Field, in turn named for William Wrigley, Jr..[5]


document_title: Grand Slam (rugby union)

question_text: when did ireland rugby last win the grand slam

text: Grand Slam (rugby union)

text: Five and Six Nations Grand Slams[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the annual Six Nations Championship (among England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, France and Italy), and its predecessor the Five Nations Championship (before Italy joined in 2000), a Grand Slam occurs when one team beats all of the others during one year's competition.[1] The Grand Slam winners are awarded the Six Nations trophy (as tournament winners), but there is no special grand slam trophy – the Grand Slam is an informal honour recognizing a Championship-winning team which has won all their games.

text: Although the term grand slam had long been in use in the game of contract bridge, the first time[citation needed] that the expression is known to have been applied to rugby union was in 1957, in a preview of a match between England and Scotland:

text: There is much more than usual at stake for England to-day in the match against Scotland at Twickenham... The last time when England achieved the Grand Slam under present conditions was as long ago as the 1927–28 season, but it is difficult to try to build up a case against her repeating the performance to-day.

text: The Grand Slam honour is applied retroactively to teams which won all of their matches in Five Nations tournaments before the term came into use.[citation needed] It is also applied to the 1908 and 1909 seasons, when matches with France took place during, but outside of, the then Home Nations Championships.[citation needed] However the Grand Slam honour is not applied to seasons in which only the four home nations were involved (1883–1907 and 1932–1939) – in that case a team that won all its matches is said to have achieved the Triple Crown. This honour is still competed for between the four home nations within the Six Nations Championship, and any Grand Slam-winning home nation will necessarily also win the Triple Crown.

text: A Grand Slam was therefore available in the years 1908–1931 and 1947–1999 (Five Nations) and 2000–2016 (Six Nations), a total of 94 seasons to date. Grand Slams were in fact achieved on 39 of these occasions – 13 by England, 11 by Wales, 9 by France, 3 by Scotland and 3 by Ireland. (Italy, involved in the tournament since 2000, have yet to win a Grand Slam.)

text: Consecutive Grand Slams have been won by Wales in 1908–1909, by England in 1913–1914, 1923–1924 and 1991–1992, and by France in 1997–1998. No team has yet achieved three consecutive Grand Slams.

text: Prior to 2000, each team played four matches, two at home and two away from home. Following the inclusion of Italy in 2000, each team plays five matches, two at home and three away in one year, and the opposite in the following season. When Wales won the Grand Slam in 2005, it was the first time that the feat had been achieved by a team that had played more matches away than at home. This was repeated by Ireland in 2009 and by England in 2016.

text: The 2017 Six Nations Championship will use bonus points on a trial basis. A team that wins the Grand Slam will get three bonus points.[2] This will eliminate the possibility of a Grand Slam winner losing the championship on bonus points.

text: Table of Grand Slam winners[edit]

text:
Nation
Grand Slams
Grand Slam winning seasons

 England
13
1913, 1914, 1921, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1957, 1980, 1991, 1992, 1995, 2003, 2016

 Wales
11
1908*, 1909*, 1911, 1950, 1952, 1971, 1976, 1978, 2005, 2008, 2012

 France
9
1968, 1977, 1981, 1987, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2010

 Ireland
3
1948, 2009, 2018

 Scotland
3
1925, 1984, 1990

 Italy
0

text: * In 1908 and 1909 matches with France were played, although they were not part of the Championship.

text: Chronological list of Grand Slam winners[edit]

text:
1882–1907
France did not take part in the championship

1908
 Wales (*see note above)

1909
 Wales (*see note above)

1911
 Wales

1913
 England

1914
 England

1915–19
No tournament due to World War I

1921
 England

1923
 England

1924
 England

1925
 Scotland

1928
 England

1932–39
France was suspended from the championship

1940–46
No tournament due to World War II

1948
 Ireland

1950
 Wales

1952
 Wales

1957
 England

1968
 France

1971
 Wales

1976
 Wales

1977
 France

1978
 Wales

1980
 England

1981
 France

1984
 Scotland

1987
 France

1990
 Scotland

1991
 England

1992
 England

1995
 England

1997
 France

1998
 France

2000
Tournament expanded to include Italy.

2002
 France[3]

2003
 England[4]

2004
 France[5]

2005
 Wales[6]

2008
 Wales[7]

2009
 Ireland[8]

2010
 France[9]

2012
 Wales[10]

2016
 England[11]

2018
 Ireland

text: Grand Slam tours[edit]

text: A Grand Slam tour is one in which a touring national team from New Zealand, South Africa or Australia plays Test matches against all four home nations (England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland). If the tourists win all four of these games, they are said to have achieved a Grand Slam.

text: Grand Slams by touring teams have been achieved nine times: four times each by South Africa and New Zealand, and once by Australia.

text: Australia is the only country to have lost against all four home nations, on their 1957–58 tour.

text: After 1984, Southern Hemisphere sides started to tour the British Isles more frequently, but to play fewer Tests on each tour, and thus there were no Grand Slam tours between 1984 and 1998. However, since 1998 Grand Slam tours have become quite common again, as the number of Tests on each tour has again increased. The All Blacks' tours of 2005 and 2008 were originally planned to include only three Test matches; the late inclusion of matches against Wales and England respectively turned these into Grand Slam tours.

text: Grand Slams achieved by touring sides[edit]

text:
South Africa
1912–13, 1931–32, 1951–52, 1960–61

 New Zealand
1978, 2005, 2008, 2010

 Australia
1984


document_title: List of UFC champions

question_text: first champion of the women's division of the ufc

question_tokens: first champion of the women 's division of the ufc

text: List of UFC champions

text: Current champions[edit]

text:
Men[13]

Division
Champion
Since
Defenses

Heavyweight
 Stipe Miocic
May 14, 2016
2

Light Heavyweight
 Daniel Cormier
May 23, 2015
2

Middleweight
 Georges St-Pierre
Nov 4, 2017
0

 Robert Whittaker
(Interim champion)
Jul 8, 2017
0

Welterweight
 Tyron Woodley
Jul 30, 2016
3

Lightweight
 Conor McGregor
Nov 12, 2016
0

 Tony Ferguson
(Interim champion)
Oct 7, 2017
0

Featherweight
 Max Holloway
Jun 3, 2017
0

Bantamweight
 T.J. Dillashaw
Nov 4, 2017
0

Flyweight
 Demetrious Johnson
Sep 22, 2012
11

text:
Women[13]

Division
Champion
Since
Defenses

Featherweight
 Cris Cyborg
Jul 29, 2017
0

Bantamweight
 Amanda Nunes
Jul 9, 2016
2

Flyweight
TBD*
December 1, 2017*
0

Strawweight
 Rose Namajunas
Nov 4, 2017
0

text: *The winner of the 26th season of The Ultimate Fighter will be named the inaugural UFC Women's Flyweight champion at the finale

text: Men's championship history[edit]

text: Heavyweight Championship[edit]

text:
206 to 265 lb (93 to 120 kg)
The UFC Superfight Championship was unified with the UFC Tournament Championship to determine the inaugural UFC Heavyweight Champion on February 7, 1997, when Mark Coleman defeated Dan Severn at UFC 12.[4]

text:
No.
Name
Event
Date
Reign
(Total)
Defenses

1
 Mark Coleman
def. Dan Severn
UFC 12
Dothan, AL, USA
Feb 7, 1997
170 days

2
 Maurice Smith
UFC 14
Birmingham, AL, USA
Jul 27, 1997
147 days

1. def. David Abbott at UFC 15 on Oct 17, 1997

3
 Randy Couture
UFC Japan
Yokohama, Japan
Dec 21, 1997
? days

Couture was stripped of the title in January 1998 when he left the UFC due to a contract dispute.

4
 Bas Rutten
def. Kevin Randleman
UFC 20
Birmingham, AL, USA
May 7, 1999
33 days

Rutten vacated the title in June 8, 1999 in order to drop down to Light heavyweight. He retired soon after due to training injuries.[14][15]

5
 Kevin Randleman
def. Pete Williams
UFC 23
Tokyo, Japan
Nov 19, 1999
364 days

1. def. Pedro Rizzo at UFC 26 on Jun 9, 2000

6
 Randy Couture (2)
UFC 28
Atlantic City, NJ, USA
Nov 17, 2000
490 days
(490+ days)

1. def. Pedro Rizzo at UFC 31 on May 4, 2001
2. def. Pedro Rizzo at UFC 34 on Nov 2, 2001

7
 Josh Barnett
UFC 36
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Mar 22, 2002
126 days

Barnett was stripped of the title on July 26, 2002, after testing positive for anabolic steroids in a post-fight drug test.[16]

8
 Ricco Rodriguez
def. Randy Couture
UFC 39
Uncasville, CT, USA
Sep 27, 2002
154 days

9
 Tim Sylvia
UFC 41
Atlantic City, NJ, USA
Feb 28, 2003
229 days

1. def. Gan McGee at UFC 44 on Sep 26, 2003

Sylvia was stripped of the title on October 15, 2003, after testing positive for anabolic steroids in a post-fight drug test.[17]

10
 Frank Mir
def. Tim Sylvia
UFC 48
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Jun 19, 2004
419 days

-
 Andrei Arlovski
def. Tim Sylvia for interim title
UFC 51
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Feb 5, 2005
—

1. def. Justin Eilers at UFC 53 on Jun 4, 2005

Mir was stripped of the title on August 12, 2005, for inactivity resulting from injuries he sustained in a road accident.[18]

11
 Andrei Arlovski
promoted to undisputed champion
—
Aug 12, 2005
246 days

1. def. Paul Buentello at UFC 55 on Oct 7, 2005

12
 Tim Sylvia (2)
UFC 59
Anaheim, CA, USA
Apr 15, 2006
322 days
(551 days)

1. def. Andrei Arlovski at UFC 61 on Jul 8, 2006
2. def. Jeff Monson at UFC 65 on Nov 18, 2006

13
 Randy Couture (3)
UFC 68
Columbus, OH, USA
Mar 3, 2007
623 days
(1,113+ days)

1. def. Gabriel Gonzaga at UFC 74 on Aug 25, 2007

-
 Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira
def. Tim Sylvia for interim title
UFC 81
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Feb 2, 2008
—

14
 Brock Lesnar
UFC 91
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Nov 15, 2008
707 days

1. def. interim champion Frank Mir at UFC 100 on Jul 11, 2009
2. def. interim champion Shane Carwin at UFC 116 on Jul 3, 2010

-
 Frank Mir
def. interim champion Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira
UFC 92
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Dec 27, 2008
—

-
 Shane Carwin
def. Frank Mir for interim title
UFC 111
Newark, NJ, USA
Mar 27, 2010
—

15
 Cain Velasquez
UFC 121
Anaheim, CA, USA
Oct 23, 2010
385 days

16
 Junior dos Santos
UFC on Fox: Velasquez vs. dos Santos
Anaheim, CA, USA
Nov 12, 2011
413 days

1. def. Frank Mir at UFC 146 on May 26, 2012

17
 Cain Velasquez (2)
UFC 155
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Dec 29, 2012
896 days
(1,281 days)

1. def. Antônio Silva at UFC 160 on May 25, 2013
2. def. Junior dos Santos at UFC 166 on Oct 19, 2013

-
 Fabrício Werdum
def. Mark Hunt for interim title
UFC 180
Mexico City, Mexico
Nov 15, 2014
—

18
 Fabrício Werdum
UFC 188
Mexico City, Mexico
Jun 13, 2015
336 days

19
 Stipe Miocic
UFC 198
Curitiba, Brazil
May 14, 2016
543 days
(incumbent)

1. def. Alistair Overeem at UFC 203 on Sep 10, 2016
2. def. Junior dos Santos at UFC 211 on May 13, 2017

text: Light Heavyweight Championship[edit]

text: 186 to 205 lb (84 to 93 kg) The Light Heavyweight Title was known as the Middleweight Title prior to UFC 31 (May 4, 2001). The Pride World Middleweight Title (204.6 lb) was unified with the UFC Light Heavyweight Title on September 8, 2007, when Quinton Jackson defeated Dan Henderson at UFC 75.[4]

text:
No.
Name
Event
Date
Reign
(Total)
Defenses

1
 Frank Shamrock
def. Kevin Jackson
UFC Japan
Yokohama, Japan
Dec 21, 1997
703 days

1. def. Igor Zinoviev at UFC 16 on Mar 13, 1998
2. def. Jeremy Horn at UFC 17 on May 15, 1998
3. def. John Lober at UFC Brazil on Oct 16, 1998
4. def. Tito Ortiz at UFC 22 on Sep 24, 1999

Shamrock vacated the title on November 24, 1999, when he retired from the UFC, citing a lack of competition.[1]

2
 Tito Ortiz
def. Wanderlei Silva
UFC 25
Tokyo, Japan
Apr 14, 2000
1,260 days

1. def. Yuki Kondo at UFC 29 on Dec 16, 2000
2. def. Evan Tanner at UFC 30 on Feb 23, 2001
3. def. Elvis Sinosic at UFC 32 on Jun 29, 2001
4. def. Vladimir Matyushenko at UFC 33 on Sep 28, 2001
5. def. Ken Shamrock at UFC 40 on Nov 22, 2002

-
 Randy Couture
def. Chuck Liddell for interim title
UFC 43
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Jun 6, 2003
—

3
 Randy Couture
UFC 44
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Sep 26, 2003
127 days

4
 Vitor Belfort
UFC 46
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Jan 31, 2004
203 days

5
 Randy Couture (2)
UFC 49
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Aug 21, 2004
238 days
(365 days)

6
 Chuck Liddell
UFC 52
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Apr 16, 2005
770 days

1. def. Jeremy Horn at UFC 54 on Aug 20, 2005
2. def. Randy Couture at UFC 57 on Feb 4, 2006
3. def. Renato Sobral at UFC 62 on Aug 26, 2006
4. def. Tito Ortiz at UFC 66 on Dec 30, 2006

7
 Quinton Jackson
UFC 71
Las Vegas, NV, USA
May 26, 2007
406 days

1. def. Dan Henderson at UFC 75 on Sep 8, 2007

8
 Forrest Griffin
UFC 86
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Jul 5, 2008
175 days

9
 Rashad Evans
UFC 92
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Dec 27, 2008
147 days

10
 Lyoto Machida
UFC 98
Las Vegas, NV, USA
May 23, 2009
350 days

1. def. Maurício Rua at UFC 104 on Oct 24, 2009

11
 Maurício Rua
UFC 113
Montreal, QC, Canada
May 8, 2010
315 days

12
 Jon Jones
UFC 128
Newark, NJ, USA
Mar 19, 2011
1,501 days

1. def. Quinton Jackson at UFC 135 on Sep 24, 2011
2. def. Lyoto Machida at UFC 140 on Dec 10, 2011
3. def. Rashad Evans at UFC 145 on Apr 21, 2012
4. def. Vitor Belfort at UFC 152 on Sep 22, 2012
5. def. Chael Sonnen at UFC 159 on Apr 27, 2013
6. def. Alexander Gustafsson at UFC 165 on Sep 21, 2013
7. def. Glover Teixeira at UFC 172 on Apr 26, 2014
8. def. Daniel Cormier at UFC 182 on Jan 3, 2015

Jones was stripped of the title on April 28, 2015, due to his involvement and arrest in a felony hit-and-run.[19]

13
 Daniel Cormier
def. Anthony Johnson
UFC 187
Las Vegas, NV, USA
May 23, 2015
900 days
(incumbent)

1. def. Alexander Gustafsson at UFC 192 on Oct 3, 2015
2. def. Anthony Johnson at UFC 210 on Apr 8, 2017

-
 Jon Jones
def. Ovince Saint Preux for interim title
UFC 197
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Apr 23, 2016
—

Jones was stripped of the interim title on November 9, 2016, due to his 1-year suspension related to a failed pre-fight drug test.[20]

Jones won the title at UFC 214 on July 29, 2017, but was stripped on September 13, 2017, after his win was overturned to a no-contest due to a failed pre-fight drug test. Cormier was then reinstated as champion.[21]

text: Middleweight Championship[edit]

text: 171 to 185 lb (77 to 84 kg) The Pride World Welterweight Title (183 lb) was unified with the UFC Middleweight Title on March 1, 2008, when Anderson Silva defeated Dan Henderson at UFC 82.[22]

text:
No.
Name
Event
Date
Reign
Defenses

1
 Dave Menne
def. Gil Castillo
UFC 33
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Sep 28, 2001
105 days

2
 Murilo Bustamante
UFC 35
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Jan 11, 2002
267 days

1. def. Matt Lindland at UFC 37 on May 10, 2002

Bustamante was stripped of the title on October 5, 2002 when he left the UFC for Pride.[1]

3
 Evan Tanner
def. David Terrell
UFC 51
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Feb 5, 2005
119 days

4
 Rich Franklin
UFC 53
Atlantic City, NJ, USA
Jun 4, 2005
497 days

1. def. Nate Quarry at UFC 56 on Nov 19, 2005
2. def. David Loiseau at UFC 58 on Mar 4, 2006

5
 Anderson Silva
UFC 64
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Oct 14, 2006
2,457 days

1. def. Nate Marquardt at UFC 73 on Jul 7, 2007
2. def. Rich Franklin at UFC 77 on Oct 20, 2007
3. def. Dan Henderson at UFC 82 on Mar 1, 2008
4. def. Patrick Côté at UFC 90 on Oct 25, 2008
5. def. Thales Leites at UFC 97 on Apr 18, 2009
6. def. Demian Maia at UFC 112 on Apr 10, 2010
7. def. Chael Sonnen at UFC 117 on Aug 7, 2010
8. def. Vitor Belfort at UFC 126 on Feb 5, 2011
9. def. Yushin Okami at UFC 134 on Aug 27, 2011
10. def. Chael Sonnen at UFC 148 on Jul 7, 2012

6
 Chris Weidman
UFC 162
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Jul 6, 2013
888 days

1. def. Anderson Silva at UFC 168 on Dec 28, 2013
2. def. Lyoto Machida at UFC 175 on Jul 5, 2014
3. def. Vitor Belfort at UFC 187 on May 23, 2015

7
 Luke Rockhold
UFC 194
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Dec 12, 2015
175 days

8
 Michael Bisping
UFC 199
Inglewood, CA, USA
Jun 4, 2016
518 days

1. def. Dan Henderson at UFC 204 on Oct 8, 2016

-
 Robert Whittaker
def. Yoel Romero for interim title
UFC 213
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Jul 8, 2017
123 days
(incumbent)

9
 Georges St-Pierre
UFC 217
New York City, NY, USA
Nov 4, 2017
4 days
(incumbent)

text: Welterweight Championship[edit]

text: 156 to 170 lb (70 to 77 kg) The Welterweight Title was known as the Lightweight Title prior to UFC 31 (May 4, 2001).

text:
No.
Name
Event
Date
Reign
(Total)
Defenses

1
 Pat Miletich
def. Mikey Burnett
UFC Brazil
São Paulo, Brazil
Oct 16, 1998
931 days

1. def. Jorge Patino at UFC 18 on Jan 8, 1999
2. def. André Pederneiras at UFC 21 on Jul 16, 1999
3. def. John Alessio at UFC 26 on Jun 9, 2000
4. def. Kenichi Yamamoto at UFC 29 on Dec 16, 2000

2
 Carlos Newton
UFC 31
Atlantic City, NJ, USA
May 4, 2001
183 days

3
 Matt Hughes
UFC 34
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Nov 2, 2001
820 days

1. def. Hayato Sakurai at UFC 36 on Mar 22, 2002
2. def. Carlos Newton at UFC 38 on Jul 13, 2002
3. def. Gil Castillo at UFC 40 on Nov 22, 2002
4. def. Sean Sherk at UFC 42 on Apr 25, 2003
5. def. Frank Trigg at UFC 45 on Nov 21, 2003

4
 B.J. Penn
UFC 46
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Jan 31, 2004
107 days

Penn was stripped of the title on May 17, 2004, when he left the UFC for K-1.[23]

5
 Matt Hughes (2)
def. Georges St-Pierre
UFC 50
Atlantic City, NJ, USA
Oct 22, 2004
757 days
(1,577 days)

1. def. Frank Trigg at UFC 52 on Apr 16, 2005
2. def. B.J. Penn at UFC 63 on Sep 23, 2006

6
 Georges St-Pierre
UFC 65
Sacramento, CA, USA
Nov 18, 2006
140 days

7
 Matt Serra
UFC 69
Houston, TX, USA
Apr 7, 2007
378 days

-
 Georges St-Pierre
def. Matt Hughes for interim title
UFC 79
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Dec 29, 2007
—

8
 Georges St-Pierre (2)
UFC 83
Montreal, QC, Canada
Apr 19, 2008
2,064 days
(2,204 days)

1. def. Jon Fitch at UFC 87 on Aug 9, 2008
2. def. B.J. Penn at UFC 94 on Jan 31, 2009
3. def. Thiago Alves at UFC 100 on Jul 11, 2009
4. def. Dan Hardy at UFC 111 on Mar 27, 2010
5. def. Josh Koscheck at UFC 124 on Dec 11, 2010
6. def. Jake Shields at UFC 129 on Apr 30, 2011
7. def. interim champion Carlos Condit at UFC 154 on Nov 17, 2012
8. def. Nick Diaz at UFC 158 on Mar 16, 2013
9. def. Johny Hendricks at UFC 167 on Nov 16, 2013

-
 Carlos Condit
def. Nick Diaz for interim title
UFC 143
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Feb 4, 2012
—

St-Pierre vacated the title on December 13, 2013, when he decided to take time off from the sport.[24]

9
 Johny Hendricks
def. Robbie Lawler
UFC 171
Dallas, TX, USA
Mar 15, 2014
266 days

10
 Robbie Lawler
UFC 181
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Dec 6, 2014
602 days

1. def. Rory MacDonald at UFC 189 on Jul 11, 2015
2. def. Carlos Condit at UFC 195 on Jan 2, 2016

11
 Tyron Woodley
UFC 201
Atlanta, GA, USA
Jul 30, 2016
466 days
(incumbent)

1. drew with Stephen Thompson at UFC 205 on Nov 12, 2016
2. def. Stephen Thompson at UFC 209 on Mar 4, 2017
3. def. Demian Maia at UFC 214 on Jul 29, 2017

text: Lightweight Championship[edit]

text: 146 to 155 lb (66 to 70 kg) The Lightweight Title was known as the Bantamweight Title prior to UFC 31 (May 4, 2001). The Strikeforce Lightweight Title was unified (perhaps unofficially) with the UFC Lightweight Title on April 20, 2013, when Benson Henderson defeated Gilbert Melendez at UFC on Fox: Henderson vs. Melendez.[25]

text:
No.
Name
Event
Date
Reign
Defenses

1
 Jens Pulver
def. Caol Uno
UFC 30
Atlantic City, NJ, USA
Feb 23, 2001
393 days

1. def. Dennis Hallman at UFC 33 on Sep 28, 2001
2. def. B.J. Penn at UFC 35 on Jan 11, 2002

Pulver was stripped of the title on March 23, 2002, when he left the UFC due to a contract dispute.[1]

B.J. Penn and Caol Uno fought to a draw on February 28, 2003, at UFC 41 in Atlantic City, NJ, USA in the finale of a 4-man tournament for the vacant title.[1]

2
 Sean Sherk
def. Kenny Florian
UFC 64
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Oct 14, 2006
420 days

1. def. Hermes França at UFC 73 on Jul 7, 2007

Sherk was stripped of the title on December 8, 2007 after testing positive for anabolic steroids in a post-fight drug test.[26]

3
 B.J. Penn
def. Joe Stevenson
UFC 80
Newcastle, England, UK
Jan 19, 2008
812 days

1. def. Sean Sherk at UFC 84 on May 24, 2008
2. def. Kenny Florian at UFC 101 on Aug 8, 2009
3. def. Diego Sanchez at UFC 107 on Dec 12, 2009

4
 Frankie Edgar
UFC 112
Abu Dhabi, UAE
Apr 10, 2010
687 days

1. def. B.J. Penn at UFC 118 on Aug 28, 2010
2. drew with Gray Maynard at UFC 125 on Jan 1, 2011
3. def. Gray Maynard at UFC 136 on Oct 8, 2011

5
 Benson Henderson
UFC 144
Saitama, Japan
Feb 26, 2012
552 days

1. def. Frankie Edgar at UFC 150 on Aug 11, 2012
2. def. Nate Diaz at UFC on Fox: Henderson vs. Diaz on Dec 8, 2012
3. def. Gilbert Melendez at UFC on Fox: Henderson vs. Melendez on Apr 20, 2013

6
 Anthony Pettis
UFC 164
Milwaukee, WI, USA
Aug 31, 2013
560 days

1. def. Gilbert Melendez at UFC 181 on Dec 6, 2014

7
 Rafael dos Anjos
UFC 185
Dallas, TX, USA
Mar 14, 2015
481 days

1. def. Donald Cerrone at UFC on Fox: dos Anjos vs. Cerrone 2 on Dec 19, 2015

8
 Eddie Alvarez
UFC Fight Night: dos Anjos vs. Alvarez
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Jul 7, 2016
128 days

9
 Conor McGregor
UFC 205
New York City, NY, USA
Nov 12, 2016
361 days
(incumbent)

-
 Tony Ferguson
def. Kevin Lee for interim title
UFC 216
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Oct 7, 2017
32 days
(incumbent)

text: Featherweight Championship[edit]

text: 136 to 145 lb (61 to 66 kg) Prior to the UFC-WEC merger, José Aldo was the WEC Featherweight Champion. Aldo was awarded the inaugural UFC Featherweight Championship on November 20, 2010, at UFC 123 in a ceremony prior to the event.[27]

text:
No.
Name
Event
Date
Reign
Defenses

1
 José Aldo
promoted to undisputed champion
UFC 123
Auburn Hills, MI, USA
Nov 20, 2010
1,848 days

1. def. Mark Hominick at UFC 129 on Apr 30, 2011
2. def. Kenny Florian at UFC 136 on Oct 8, 2011
3. def. Chad Mendes at UFC 142 on Jan 14, 2012
4. def. Frankie Edgar at UFC 156 on Feb 2, 2013
5. def. Chan Sung Jung at UFC 163 on Aug 3, 2013
6. def. Ricardo Lamas at UFC 169 on Feb 1, 2014
7. def. Chad Mendes at UFC 179 on Oct 25, 2014

-
 Conor McGregor
def. Chad Mendes for interim title
UFC 189
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Jul 11, 2015
—

2
 Conor McGregor
UFC 194
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Dec 12, 2015
350 days

-
 José Aldo
def. Frankie Edgar for interim title
UFC 200
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Jul 9, 2016
—

McGregor was stripped of the title on November 26, 2016, after the UFC opted to focus on his lightweight title.[28][29]

3
 José Aldo (2)
promoted to undisputed champion
—
Nov 26, 2016
189 days
(2,037 days)

-
 Max Holloway
def. Anthony Pettis for interim title
UFC 206
Toronto, ON, Canada
Dec 10, 2016
—

4
 Max Holloway
UFC 212
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Jun 3, 2017
158 days
(incumbent)

text: Bantamweight Championship[edit]

text: 126 to 135 lb (57 to 61 kg) Prior to UFC-WEC merger, Dominick Cruz was the WEC Bantamweight Champion. At WEC 53, Cruz defeated Scott Jorgensen to retain the WEC Bantamweight Championship and was awarded the inaugural UFC Bantamweight Championship.[30]

text:
No.
Name
Event
Date
Reign
Defenses

1
 Dominick Cruz
def. Scott Jorgensen
WEC 53
Glendale, AZ, USA
Dec 16, 2010
1,117 days

1. def. Urijah Faber at UFC 132 on Jul 2, 2011
2. def. Demetrious Johnson at UFC Live: Cruz vs. Johnson on Oct 1, 2011

-
 Renan Barão
def. Urijah Faber for interim title
UFC 149
Calgary, AB, Canada
Jul 21, 2012
—

1. def. Michael McDonald at UFC on Fuel TV 7 on Feb 16, 2013
2. def. Eddie Wineland at UFC 165 on Sep 21, 2013

Cruz vacated the title on January 6, 2014, after repeated injuries prevented him from defending his title.[31]

2
 Renan Barão
promoted to undisputed champion
—
Jan 6, 2014
138 days

1. def. Urijah Faber at UFC 169 on Feb 1, 2014

3
 T.J. Dillashaw
UFC 173
Las Vegas, NV, USA
May 24, 2014
603 days

1. def. Joe Soto at UFC 177 on Aug 30, 2014
2. def. Renan Barão at UFC on Fox: Dillashaw vs. Barão 2 on Jul 25, 2015

4
 Dominick Cruz (2)
UFC Fight Night: Dillashaw vs. Cruz
Boston, MA, USA
Jan 17, 2016
348 days
(1,465 days)

1. def. Urijah Faber at UFC 199 on Jun 4, 2016

5
 Cody Garbrandt
UFC 207
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Dec 30, 2016
309 days

6
 T.J. Dillashaw (2)
UFC 217
New York City, NY, USA
Nov 4, 2017
4 days
(incumbent)

text: Flyweight Championship[edit]

text: 116 to 125 lb (53 to 57 kg) Demetrious Johnson defeated Joseph Benavidez on September 22, 2012, at UFC 152 in Toronto, ON, Canada in the finale of a 4-man tournament for the inaugural title.[32]

text:
No.
Name
Event
Date
Reign
Defenses

1
 Demetrious Johnson
def. Joseph Benavidez
UFC 152
Toronto, ON, Canada
Sep 22, 2012
1,873 days
(incumbent)

1. def. John Dodson at UFC on Fox: Johnson vs. Dodson on Jan 26, 2013
2. def. John Moraga at UFC on Fox: Johnson vs. Moraga on Jul 27, 2013
3. def. Joseph Benavidez at UFC on Fox: Johnson vs. Benavidez 2 on Dec 14, 2013
4. def. Ali Bagautinov at UFC 174 on June 14, 2014
5. def. Chris Cariaso at UFC 178 on Sep 27, 2014
6. def. Kyoji Horiguchi at UFC 186 on Apr 25, 2015
7. def. John Dodson at UFC 191 on Sep 5, 2015
8. def. Henry Cejudo at UFC 197 on Apr 23, 2016
9. def. Tim Elliott at The Ultimate Fighter: Tournament of Champions Finale on Dec 3, 2016
10. def. Wilson Reis at UFC on Fox: Johnson vs. Reis on Apr 15, 2017
11. def. Ray Borg at UFC 216 on Oct 7, 2017

text: Women's championship history[edit]

text: Women's Featherweight Championship[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Event
Date
Reign
Defenses

1
 Germaine de Randamie
def. Holly Holm
UFC 208
China, NY, USA
Feb 11, 2017
128 days

De Randamie was stripped of the title on June 19, 2017, after she refused to defend the title against Cris Cyborg.[34]

2
 Cris Cyborg
def. Tonya Evinger
UFC 214
Anaheim, CA, USA
Jul 29, 2017
102 days
(incumbent)

text: Women's Bantamweight Championship[edit]

text: 126 to 135 lb (57 to 61 kg) Prior to its folding and absorption by the UFC, Ronda Rousey was the Strikeforce Women's Bantamweight Champion. Rousey was awarded the inaugural UFC Women's Bantamweight Championship on December 6, 2012, at a UFC on Fox: Henderson vs. Diaz pre-event press conference.[35]

text:
No.
Name
Event
Date
Reign
Defenses

1
 Ronda Rousey
promoted to undisputed champion
UFC on Fox: Henderson vs. Diaz
press conference
Seattle, WA, USA
Dec 6, 2012
1,074 days

1. def. Liz Carmouche at UFC 157 on Feb 23, 2013
2. def. Miesha Tate at UFC 168 on Dec 28, 2013
3. def. Sara McMann at UFC 170 on Feb 22, 2014
4. def. Alexis Davis at UFC 175 on Jul 5, 2014
5. def. Cat Zingano at UFC 184 on Feb 28, 2015
6. def. Bethe Correia at UFC 190 on Aug 1, 2015

2
 Holly Holm
UFC 193
Melbourne, Australia
Nov 15, 2015
111 days

3
 Miesha Tate
UFC 196
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Mar 5, 2016
126 days

4
 Amanda Nunes
UFC 200
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Jul 9, 2016
487 days
(incumbent)

1. def. Ronda Rousey at UFC 207 on Dec 30, 2016
2. def. Valentina Shevchenko at UFC 215 on Sep 9, 2017

text: Women's Flyweight Championship[edit]

text: The UFC announced they would be adding a Flyweight division in 2017. Additionally, they announced the winner of the 26th season of The Ultimate Fighter, which features Women's Flyweight fighters, will named the UFC's inaugural champion at the Ultimate Fighter Finale on December 1.[36]

text:
No.
Name
Event
Date
Reign
Defenses

1
TBD
The Ultimate Fighter Season 26 Finale
Dec 1, 2017
0 days

text: Women's Strawweight Championship[edit]

text: 106 to 115 lb (48 to 52 kg) Previously the Invicta FC strawweight champion, Carla Esparza defeated Rose Namajunas for the inaugural title on December 12, 2014 in the tournament finale for The Ultimate Fighter: A Champion Will Be Crowned.[11]

text:
No.
Name
Event
Date
Reign
Defenses

1
 Carla Esparza
def. Rose Namajunas
The Ultimate Fighter: A Champion Will Be Crowned Finale
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Dec 12, 2014
92 days

2
 Joanna Jędrzejczyk
UFC 185
Dallas, TX, USA
Mar 14, 2015
966 days

1. def. Jessica Penne at UFC Fight Night: Jędrzejczyk vs. Penne on Jun 20, 2015
2. def. Valérie Létourneau at UFC 193 on Nov 15, 2015
3. def. Cláudia Gadelha at The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia Finale on Jul 8, 2016
4. def. Karolina Kowalkiewicz at UFC 205 on Nov 12, 2016
5. def. Jéssica Andrade at UFC 211 on May 13, 2017

3
 Rose Namajunas
UFC 217
New York City, NY, USA
Nov 4, 2017
4 days
(incumbent)

text: Superfight Championship (defunct)[edit]

text: An openweight title used before the introduction of weight classes in 1997. It was designed to create a reigning UFC Champion for the UFC tournament winners to challenge.[37]

text:
No.
Name
Event
Date
Reign
Defenses

Ken Shamrock and Royce Gracie fought to a draw on April 7, 1995 at UFC 5 in Charlotte, NC, USA for the inaugural Superfight title.[1]

1
 Ken Shamrock
def. Dan Severn
UFC 6
Casper, WY, USA
Jul 14, 1995
308 days

1. drew with Oleg Taktarov at UFC 7 on Sep 8, 1995
2. def. Kimo Leopoldo at UFC 8 on Feb 16, 1996

2
 Dan Severn
UFC 9
Detroit, MI, USA
May 17, 1996
266 days

Mark Coleman defeated Severn on February 7, 1997 at UFC 12 in Dothan, AL, USA. This bout unified the UFC Superfight Championship with the UFC Tournament Championship to determine the inaugural UFC Heavyweight Champion.[4]

text: Tournament winners[edit]

text:
Event
Date
Division
Winner
Runner-up

UFC 1
Nov 12, 1993
None
 Royce Gracie
 Gerard Gordeau

UFC 2
Mar 11, 1994
None
 Royce Gracie (2)
 Patrick Smith

UFC 3
Sep 9, 1994
None
 Steve Jennum
 Harold Howard

UFC 4
Dec 16, 1994
None
 Royce Gracie (3)
 Dan Severn

UFC 5
Apr 7, 1995
None
 Dan Severn
 Dave Beneteau

UFC 6
Jul 14, 1995
None
 Oleg Taktarov
 David Abbott

UFC 7
Sep 8, 1995
None
 Marco Ruas
 Paul Varelans

The Ultimate Ultimate
Dec 16, 1995
None
 Dan Severn (2)
 Oleg Taktarov

UFC 8
Feb 16, 1996
None
 Don Frye
 Gary Goodridge

UFC 10
Jul 12, 1996
None
 Mark Coleman
 Don Frye

UFC 11
Sep 20, 1996
None
 Mark Coleman (2)
 Scott Ferrozzo

The Ultimate Ultimate 2
Dec 7, 1996
None
 Don Frye (2)
 David Abbott

UFC 12
Feb 7, 1997
Heavyweight
 Vitor Belfort
 Scott Ferrozzo

Lightweight
 Jerry Bohlander
 Nick Sanzo

UFC 13
May 30, 1997
Heavyweight
 Randy Couture
 Steven Graham

Lightweight
 Guy Mezger
 Tito Ortiz

UFC 14
Jul 27, 1997
Heavyweight
 Mark Kerr
 Dan Bobish

Middleweight
 Kevin Jackson
 Tony Fryklund

UFC 15
Oct 17, 1997
Heavyweight
 Mark Kerr (2)
 Dwayne Cason

Ultimate Japan
Dec 21, 1997
Heavyweight
 Kazushi Sakuraba
 Marcus Silveira

UFC 16
Mar 13, 1998
Lightweight
 Pat Miletich
 Chris Brennan

UFC 17
May 15, 1998
Middleweight
 Dan Henderson
 Carlos Newton

UFC 23
Nov 19, 1999
Middleweight
 Kenichi Yamamoto
 Katsuhisa Fujii

UFC 39
UFC 41
Feb 28, 2003
Lightweight
B.J. Penn drew with Caol Uno in the finale of the 4-man tournament.

UFC on FX 2
UFC on FX 3
UFC 152
Sep 22, 2012
Flyweight
 Demetrious Johnson
 Joseph Benavidez

text: The Ultimate Fighter[edit]

text: The Ultimate Fighter is a reality television series and mixed martial arts competition produced by the UFC. The show features professional fighters living together and competing against one another in a tournament for a contract with the UFC.

text:
Season
Finale
Division
Winner
Runner-up

TUF 1: Team Couture vs. Team Liddell
Apr 9, 2005
Light Heavyweight
 Forrest Griffin
 Stephan Bonnar

Middleweight
 Diego Sanchez
 Kenny Florian

TUF 2: Team Hughes vs. Team Franklin
Nov 5, 2005
Heavyweight
 Rashad Evans
 Brad Imes

Welterweight
 Joe Stevenson
 Luke Cummo

TUF 3: Team Ortiz vs. Team Shamrock
Jun 24, 2006
Middleweight
 Kendall Grove
 Ed Herman

Light Heavyweight
 Michael Bisping
 Josh Haynes

TUF 4: The Comeback
Nov 11, 2006
Middleweight
 Travis Lutter
 Patrick Côté

Welterweight
 Matt Serra
 Chris Lytle

TUF 5: Team Pulver vs. Team Penn
Jun 23, 2007
Lightweight
 Nate Diaz
 Manvel Gamburyan

TUF 6: Team Hughes vs. Team Serra
Dec 8, 2007
Welterweight
 Mac Danzig
 Tommy Speer

TUF 7: Team Rampage vs. Team Forrest
Jun 21, 2008
Middleweight
 Amir Sadollah
 C.B. Dollaway

TUF 8: Team Nogueira vs. Team Mir
Dec 13, 2008
Light Heavyweight
 Ryan Bader
 Vinicius Magalhães

Lightweight
 Efrain Escudero
 Phillipe Nover

TUF 9: United States vs. United Kingdom
Jun 20, 2009
Lightweight
 Ross Pearson
 Andre Winner

Welterweight
 James Wilks
 DaMarques Johnson

TUF 10: Heavyweights
Dec 5, 2009
Heavyweight
 Roy Nelson
 Brendan Schaub

TUF 11: Team Liddell vs. Team Ortiz
Jun 19, 2010
Middleweight
 Court McGee
 Kris McCray

TUF 12: Team GSP vs. Team Koscheck
Dec 4, 2010
Lightweight
 Jonathan Brookins
 Michael Johnson

TUF 13: Team Lesnar vs. Team dos Santos
Jun 4, 2011
Welterweight
 Tony Ferguson
 Ramsey Nijem

TUF 14: Team Bisping vs. Team Miller
Dec 3, 2011
Bantamweight
 John Dodson
 T.J. Dillashaw

Featherweight
 Diego Brandao
 Dennis Bermudez

TUF 15: Live
Jun 1, 2012
Lightweight
 Michael Chiesa
 Al Iaquinta

TUF: Brazil
Jun 23, 2012
Featherweight
 Rony Mariano Bezerra
 Godofredo Pepey

Middleweight
 Cezar Ferreira
 Sergio Moraes

TUF 16: Team Carwin vs. Team Nelson
Dec 15, 2012
Welterweight
 Colton Smith
 Mike Ricci

TUF: The Smashes
Dec 15, 2012
Lightweight
 Norman Parke
 Colin Fletcher

Welterweight
 Robert Whittaker
 Brad Scott

TUF 17: Team Jones vs. Team Sonnen
Apr 13, 2013
Middleweight
 Kelvin Gastelum
 Uriah Hall

TUF: Brazil 2
Jun 8, 2013
Welterweight
 Leonardo Santos
 William Macario

TUF 18: Team Rousey vs. Team Tate
Nov 30, 2013
Bantamweight
 Chris Holdsworth
 David Grant

Women's Bantamweight
 Julianna Peña
 Jessica Rakoczy

TUF: China
Mar 1, 2014
Featherweight
 Ning Guangyou
 Yang Jianping

Welterweight
 Zhang Lipeng
 Wang Sai

TUF Nations: Canada vs. Australia
Apr 16, 2014
Welterweight
 Chad Laprise
 Olivier Aubin-Mercier

Middleweight
 Elias Theodorou
 Sheldon Westcott

TUF: Brazil 3
May 31, 2014
Middleweight
 Warlley Alves
 Márcio Alexandre Júnior

Heavyweight
 Antônio Carlos Júnior
 Vitor Miranda

TUF 19: Team Edgar vs. Team Penn
Jul 6, 2014
Middleweight
 Eddie Gordon
 Dhiego Lima

Light Heavyweight
 Corey Anderson
 Matt Van Buren

TUF: Latin America
Nov 15, 2014
Bantamweight
 Alejandro Pérez
 José Alberto Quiñonez

Featherweight
 Yair Rodríguez
 Leonardo Morales

TUF 20: A Champion Will Be Crowned
Dec 12, 2014
Women's Strawweight
 Carla Esparza
 Rose Namajunas

TUF 21: American Top Team vs. Blackzilians
Jul 12, 2015
Welterweight
 Kamaru Usman
 Hayder Hassan

TUF: Brazil 4
Aug 1, 2015
Bantamweight
 Reginaldo Vieira
 Dileno Lopes

Lightweight
 Glaico França
 Fernando Bruno

TUF: Latin America 2
Nov 21, 2015
Lightweight
 Enrique Barzola
 Horacio Gutiérrez

Welterweight
 Erick Montaño
 Enrique Marín

TUF 22: Team McGregor vs. Team Faber
Dec 11, 2015
Lightweight
 Ryan Hall
 Artem Lobov

TUF 23: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia
Jul 8, 2016
Women's Strawweight
 Tatiana Suarez
 Amanda Cooper

Light Heavyweight
 Andrew Sanchez
 Khalil Rountree

TUF: Latin America 3
Nov 5, 2016
Lightweight
 Martín Bravo
 Claudio Puelles

TUF 24: Tournament of Champions
Dec 3, 2016
Flyweight
 Tim Elliott
 Hiromasa Ogikubo

TUF 25: Redemption
Jul 7, 2017
Welterweight
 Jesse Taylor
 Dhiego Lima

text: Champions by nationality[edit]

text: Division champions are the primary separation criteria due to being non-closed competition. It includes title holders and interim title holders. Interim champions who become undisputed champions are listed only once. People with multiple title reigns will have each of them counted. Tournament wins are secondary due to many tournaments being country specific and thus not generally a national achievement to win. Runners-up and The Ultimate Fighter runners-up are not included.

text:
Country
Division
champions
Tournament
champions
TUF
Winners
Total

 United States
64
16
28
108

 Brazil
14
5
8
27

 Canada
4
-
2
6

 Ireland
2
-
-
2

 Netherlands
2
-
-
2

 England
1
-
3
4

 Australia
1
-
1
2

 Belarus
1
-
-
1

 Poland
1
-
-
1

 Mexico
-
-
5
5

 China
-
-
2
2

 Japan
-
2
-
2

 Jamaica
-
-
1
1

 Nigeria
-
-
1
1

 Northern Ireland
-
-
1
1

 Peru
-
-
1
1

 Russia
-
1
-
1

text: Most wins in title bouts[edit]

text: Fighters with four or more championship and/or interim championship title wins.[38] Fighters with the same number of title wins are arranged in order of most title fights. Tournament championships and The Ultimate Fighter winners are not included.

text:
Title wins
Champion
Division
Record in title fights

13
 Georges St-Pierre
Middleweight
Welterweight
1 - 0 - 0
12 - 2 - 0

12
 Demetrious Johnson
Bantamweight
Flyweight
0 - 1 - 0
12 - 0 - 0

11
 Anderson Silva
Middleweight
11 - 2 - 0

10
 Jon Jones
Light Heavyweight
10 - 0 - 0 (1)

9
 Randy Couture
Heavyweight
Light Heavyweight
6 - 3 - 0
3 - 3 - 0

 Matt Hughes
Welterweight
9 - 3 - 0

8
 José Aldo
Featherweight
8 - 2 - 0

6
 Tito Ortiz
Light Heavyweight
6 - 3 - 0

 Ronda Rousey
Women's Bantamweight
6 - 2 - 0

 Joanna Jędrzejczyk
Women's Strawweight
6 - 1 - 0

5
 B.J. Penn
Welterweight
Lightweight
1 - 2 - 0
4 - 3 - 1

 Tim Sylvia
Heavyweight
5 - 4 - 0

 Chuck Liddell
Light Heavyweight
5 - 2 - 0

 Pat Miletich
Welterweight
5 - 1 - 0

 Dominick Cruz
Bantamweight
5 - 1 - 0

 Frank Shamrock
Light Heavyweight
5 - 0 - 0

4
 Cain Velasquez
Heavyweight
4 - 2 - 0

 Renan Barão
Bantamweight
4 - 2 - 0

 Benson Henderson
Lightweight
4 - 1 - 0

 Chris Weidman
Middleweight
4 - 1 - 0

 T.J. Dillashaw
Bantamweight
4 - 1 - 0

text: Most consecutive title defenses[edit]

text: The following includes all UFC champions who were able to consecutively defend their title three times or more. Fighters with the same number of title defenses are listed chronologically.[39]

text:
Defenses
Champion
Division
Period

11
 Demetrious Johnson
Flyweight
Sep 22, 2012 – present

10
 Anderson Silva
Middleweight
Oct 14, 2006 – Jul 6, 2013

9
 Georges St-Pierre
Welterweight
Apr 19, 2008 – Dec 13, 2013

8
 Jon Jones
Light Heavyweight
Mar 19, 2011 – Apr 28, 2015

7
 José Aldo
Featherweight
Nov 20, 2010 – Dec 12, 2015

6
 Ronda Rousey
Women's Bantamweight
Dec 6, 2012 – Nov 15, 2015

5
 Tito Ortiz
Light Heavyweight
Apr 14, 2000 – Sep 26, 2003

 Matt Hughes
Welterweight
Nov 2, 2001 – Jan 31, 2004

 Joanna Jędrzejczyk
Women's Strawweight
Mar 14, 2015 – Nov 4, 2017

4
 Frank Shamrock
Light Heavyweight
Dec 21, 1997 – Nov 24, 1999

 Pat Miletich
Welterweight
Oct 16, 1998 – May 4, 2001

 Chuck Liddell
Light Heavyweight
Apr 16, 2005 – May 26, 2007

3
 B.J. Penn
Lightweight
Jan 19, 2008 – Apr 10, 2010

 Frankie Edgar[a]
Lightweight
Apr 10, 2010 – Feb 26, 2012

 Benson Henderson
Lightweight
Feb 26, 2012 – Aug 31, 2013

 Renan Barão[b]
Bantamweight
Jul 21, 2012 – May 24, 2014

 Chris Weidman
Middleweight
Jul 6, 2013 – Dec 12, 2015

 Tyron Woodley[c]
Welterweight
Jul 30, 2016 – present

text:
Jump up ^ Edgar successfully defended the UFC Lightweight Championship twice and retained the title once following a draw against Gray Maynard at UFC 125.
Jump up ^ Barão successfully defended the interim UFC Bantamweight Championship twice before being promoted to undisputed champion and defending his title once more.
Jump up ^ Woodley successfully defended the UFC Welterweight Championship twice and retained the title once following a draw against Stephen Thompson at UFC 205.

tag: ol

text: Longest reigning champions[edit]

text: The following is a list of the ten longest reigning UFC champions.

text: Longest individual reigns[edit]

text:
Name
Title Reign
Weight class
Successful defenses

1.
 Anderson Silva
2,457 days
Middleweight
10

2.
 Georges St-Pierre
2,064 days
Welterweight
9

3.
 Demetrious Johnson
1,873 days
(incumbent)
Flyweight
11

4.
 José Aldo
1,848 days
Featherweight
7

5.
 Jon Jones
1,501 days
Light Heavyweight
8

6.
 Tito Ortiz
1,260 days
Light Heavyweight
5

7.
 Dominick Cruz
1,117 days
Bantamweight
2

8.
 Ronda Rousey
1,074 days
Women's Bantamweight
6

9.
 Joanna Jedrzejczyk
966 days
Women's Strawweight
5

10.
 Pat Miletich
931 days
Welterweight
4

text: Longest combined reigns[edit]

text:
Name
Days as champion
Number of reigns
Weight class
Cumulative title defenses

1.
 Anderson Silva
2,457 days
1
Middleweight
10

2.
 Georges St-Pierre
2,208 days
(incumbent)
3
Welterweight,
Middleweight
9

3.
 José Aldo
2,037 days
2
Featherweight
7

4.
 Demetrious Johnson
1,873 days
(incumbent)
1
Flyweight
11

5.
 Matt Hughes
1,577 days
2
Welterweight
7

6.
 Jon Jones
1,501 days
2
Light Heavyweight
8

7.
 Randy Couture
1,478+ days
5
Heavyweight,
Light Heavyweight
3

8.
 Dominick Cruz
1,465 days
2
Bantamweight
3

9.
 Cain Velasquez
1,281 days
2
Heavyweight
2

10.
 Tito Ortiz
1,260 days
1
Light Heavyweight
5

text: Multi-division champions[edit]

text: Fighters who have won championships in multiple weight classes.[40] Tournament championships and The Ultimate Fighter winners are not included.

text: Randy Couture is notably the first champion to hold belts in two different divisions, and one of the few to reclaim a title after being defeated. Conor McGregor is notably the first and only fighter thus far to hold multiple titles simultaneously.

text:
Champion
Division
Won
Lost
Defenses
Reign
Total reign

 Randy Couture
Heavyweight
Dec 21, 1997 (UFC Japan)
Jan ?, 1998 (stripped)
0
00? days
1,478+ days

Nov 17, 2000 (UFC 28)
Mar 22, 2002 (UFC 36)
2
490 days

Light Heavyweight
Sep 26, 2003 (UFC 44)
Jan 31, 2004 (UFC 46)
0
127 days

Aug 21, 2004 (UFC 49)
Apr 16, 2005 (UFC 52)
0
238 days

Heavyweight
Mar 3, 2007 (UFC 68)
Nov 15, 2008 (UFC 91)
1
623 days

 B.J. Penn
Welterweight
Jan 31, 2004 (UFC 46)
May 17, 2004 (stripped)
0
107 days
919 days

Lightweight
Jan 19, 2008 (UFC 80)
Apr 10, 2010 (UFC 112)
3
812 days

 Conor McGregor
Featherweight
Dec 12, 2015 (UFC 194)
Nov 26, 2016 (stripped)
0
350 days
711 days
(ongoing)

Lightweight
Nov 12, 2016 (UFC 205)
–
0
361 days
(incumbent)

 Georges St-Pierre
Welterweight
Nov 18, 2006 (UFC 65)
Apr 7, 2007 (UFC 69)
0
140 days
2,208 days
(ongoing)

Apr 19, 2008 (UFC 83)
Dec 13, 2013 (vacated)
9
2,064 days

Middleweight
Nov 4, 2017 (UFC 217)
–
0
4 days
(incumbent)


document_title: Archie Bunker

question_text: what was archie bunker's job in all in the family

question_tokens: what was archie bunker 's job in all in the family

text: Archie Bunker

text: Character traits[edit]

text: Archie has a gruff, overbearing demeanor, largely defined by his bigotry towards a diverse group of individuals—blacks, Hispanics, "Commies", gays, hippies, Jews, Catholics, "women's libbers", and Polish-Americans are frequent targets of his barbs. As the show progresses, it becomes apparent that Archie's prejudice is not motivated by malice, but is rather a combination of the era and environment in which he was raised and a generalized misanthropy. Archie himself is depicted as a hard worker, loving father, and basically decent man; nevertheless, he is bad-tempered and frequently tells his long-suffering wife Edith to "stifle yourself" and "dummy up". Series creator Norman Lear admitted that this is how his father treated Lear's mother.[4]

text: As the series progressed, Archie mellowed somewhat, albeit often out of necessity. In one episode, he expresses revulsion for a Ku Klux Klan-like organization which he accidentally joins.[5] On another occasion, when asked to speak at the funeral of his friend Stretch Cunningham, Archie—surprised to learn that his friend was Jewish—overcomes his initial discomfort and delivers a moving eulogy, closing with a heartfelt "Shalom". In 1978, the character became the guardian of Edith's stepcousin Floyd's nine-year-old daughter, Stephanie (Danielle Brisebois) and came to accept her Jewish faith, even buying her a Star of David pendant.[6]

text: Archie was also known for his frequent malapropisms and spoonerisms. For example, he refers to Edith's gynecologist as a "groinacologist" and to Catholic priests who go around sprinkling "incest" (incense) on their congregation. By the show's second season, these had become dubbed "Bunkerisms", "Archie Bunkerisms", or simply "Archie-isms".[7][8]

text: The actor who played Bunker, Carroll O'Connor, is Irish Catholic, and Norman Lear modeled the character on his Jewish father, but Bunker's own ethnicity is never explicitly stated, other than identifying him as a WASP; over the course of the series, he mocks or belittles not just most minorities (including blacks, Hispanics, Latinos, Jews, and Asians), but also most white ethnic groups as well, including the English, Germans, Irish, and Polish.

text: Archie often misquotes the Bible. He is Protestant - Episcopal. He takes pride in being religious, although he rarely attends church services and constantly mispronounces the name of his minister, Reverend Felcher, as "Reverend Fletcher". (When Edith inevitably corrects him, he dismisses the error with "Whatever".)

text: The inspiration for Archie Bunker was Alf Garnett, the character from the BBC1 sitcom Till Death Us Do Part, on which All in the Family was based.[9]

text: Character biography[edit]

text: When first introduced on All in the Family in 1971, Archie is the head of a family consisting of his wife Edith (Jean Stapleton), his adult daughter Gloria (Sally Struthers), and his liberal son-in-law, college student Michael "Mike" Stivic (Rob Reiner), with whom Archie disagrees on virtually everything; Archie frequently characterizes Mike as a "dumb Polack" and usually addresses him as "Meathead" because, in Archie's words, he is "dead from the neck up". During the show's first five seasons, Mike and Gloria are living with Archie and Edith, so that Mike could put himself through college. Upon Mike's graduation, he and Gloria move into their own home next door, allowing Archie and Mike to interact nearly as much as they had when they were living in the same house.

text: Archie was born on May 20, 1924 in Baltimore [10] to parents David and Sarah.[11] Information on his siblings is inconsistent, as three are mentioned, and Archie is seen talking on the phone to his younger brother Fred in "Cousin Oscar" (as well as Fred's daughter Debbie Marie), but during season 6 episode "Archie Finds a Friend", he states that he is an only child. Two later episodes (one during season 8 and another during season 9) feature Fred (played by Richard McKenzie) and it is now suggested that Fred is Archie's only sibling. Another of Fred's daughters, Linda, visited during the third season (she briefly dated the Bunkers' neighbor Lionel in "Lionel Steps Out"). Archies father David is said to be the only child while his mother Sarah has one brother named Roy Longstreet that Archie liked more than his own parents.

text: Two of Archie's cousins are depicted: Oscar, who dies off-camera in the Bunker house during a visit, and cousin Bertha (played by Peggy Rea, who appears in the same episode), apparently a somewhat distant cousin, as Archie does not recognize her.[citation needed]

text: Archie celebrates his 50th birthday in a 1974 episode and the character is last seen on the final episode of Archie Bunker's Place, on April 4, 1983.[which?] He is a Taurus.[12] In Season 5, during a three-episode stretch where Archie's whereabouts are unknown, it is revealed that he attended Flushing High School and lettered in baseball.

text: While locked in the storeroom of Archie's Place with Mike, in the season 8 All in the Family episode "Two's a Crowd", a drunk Archie confides that as a child, his family was desperately poor, and he was teased in school because he wore one shoe on one foot and a boot on the other, so kids nicknamed him "Shoe-Booty". In the same episode, Mike learns that Archie was mentally and physically abused by his father, who was the source of his bigoted views. Yet, Archie then goes on to vehemently defend his father, who he claims loved him and taught him "to do good". It is revealed that Archie's father was a brakeman for The Long Island Railroad, when Archie receives his father's pocket watch from his formerly long-estranged brother, Alfred ("Fred"), who later appeared in two All in the Family episodes, "Archie's Brother" and "The Return of Archie's Brother", and the Archie Bunker's Place episode "Father Christmas".

text: Fred and Archie, as it is learned when Fred visits Archie in the "Archie's Brother" episode, had not seen each other in the 29 years since Archie and Edith's wedding, although they apparently had communicated over the years via phone (two early episodes -- "Cousin Oscar" and "Lionel Steps Out"—depict phone conversations between Archie and Fred), their long estrangement fueled because of a petty argument, apparently out of a sibling rivalry of sorts going back to their childhood. Fred visits Archie for support, because he is about to go into the hospital for a major operation, and the two apparently seem to patch things up between them. However, in Fred's return trip to visit Archie and Edith, he arrives with a beautiful 18-year-old wife named Katherine. This leads to a heated discussion, which erupts into argument between Archie and Fred over May–September romances and places another strain on the relationship between Archie and Fred, who storms angrily out of the Bunker home with his teen bride. Archie and Fred apparently are estranged for the next three-plus years. Putting a further strain on the relationship was the 1981 arrival of Fred's 18-year-old daughter, Barbara ("Billie") Denise Miller, who is also upset over her father's marriage to someone not even three years older than she is (although in Archie Bunker's Place, Billie begins dating someone 15 years her senior). Fred visits again for Christmas in 1982, finally revealing to everyone why he left his first wife and found love with Katherine.

text: Archie is a World War II veteran who had been based in Foggia, Italy for 22 months. During a doctor's appointment it is stated that Archie had an undistinguished military record for his non-combat ground role in the Air Corps, later called the Army Air Forces, which at the time was a branch of the United States Army. Archie often insisted that he was a member of the Air Corps. He received the Good Conduct Medal,[13] and in the All in the Family episode "Archie's Civil Rights", it is disclosed he also received the Purple Heart for being hit in his buttocks by shrapnel.

text: He married Edith Bunker 22 years before the first season. Later recollections of their mid-1940s courtship do not result in a consistent timeline. On the flashback episode showing Mike and Gloria's wedding, Archie indicates to Mike that his courtship of Edith lasted two years and hints that their relationship was not consummated until a month after their wedding night. Edith elsewhere recollects that Archie fell asleep on their wedding night and blurts out that their sex life has not been very active in recent years. On another occasion, Edith reveals Archie's history of gambling addiction, which caused problems in the early years of their marriage. Archie also reveals that when Edith was in labor with Gloria, he took her to Bayside Hospital on the Q5 bus because "the subway don't run to Bayside".

text: According to Edith, Archie's resentment of Mike stemmed primarily from the fact that Mike was attending college, while Archie had been forced to drop out of high school during the Great Depression to help support his family. Archie does not take advantage of the GI Bill to further his education, although he does attend night school to earn a high school diploma in 1973.[citation needed] Archie is also revealed to have been an outstanding baseball player in his youth: his dream was to pitch for the New York Yankees. He had to give up this dream when he left high school to enter the workforce. His uncle got him a job on a loading dock after World War II, and by the 1970s he was a foreman.[citation needed]

text: A Protestant, Archie seldom attends church, despite professing strong Christian views. The original pilot mentions that in the 22 years Archie and Edith were married, Archie had only attended church seven times (including their wedding day) and that Archie had walked out of the sermon the most recent time, disgusted with the preacher's message (which he perceived as leftist).[citation needed] Archie's religiosity often translates into knee-jerk opposition to atheism or agnosticism (which Mike and Gloria variously espoused), Catholicism (despite Carroll O'Connor being a devout Catholic), and, until late in the series, Judaism.

text: Archie is a Republican[14] and an outspoken supporter of Richard Nixon, as well as an early (1976) supporter of Ronald Reagan, who correctly predicted Reagan's election in 1980. During the Vietnam War, Archie dismisses peace protesters as unpatriotic and has little good to say about the Civil Rights Movement. Despite having an adversarial relationship with his black neighbors, the Jeffersons, he forms an unlikely friendship with their son Lionel, who performs various odd jobs for the Bunkers and responds to Archie's patronizing racial views with sarcastic quips that usually go over Archie's head.

text: The later spinoff series 704 Hauser features a new, black family moving into Bunker's old home. The series is set in 1994 but does not indicate whether Bunker, who would have been 70 by this time, is still alive. His now-adult grandson, Joey Stivic, appears briefly in the first episode of the series and references his grandfather, but doesn't state whether he's still alive at this point.

text: Viewer reactions[edit]

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text: Such was the name recognition and societal influence of the Bunker character that by 1972, commentators were discussing the "Archie Bunker vote" (i.e., the voting bloc comprising urban, white, working-class men) in that year's presidential election. In the same year, there was a parody election campaign, complete with T-shirts, campaign buttons, and bumper stickers, advocating "Archie Bunker for President".[15][16] In May 1973, RCA Records' trade advertisement for Archie and Edith's debut single, a recording of "Oh, Babe, What Would You Say?", carried the tagline "John and Yoko, move over", referring to the artist-activists John Lennon and Yoko Ono.[17]

text: The character's imprint on American culture is such that Archie Bunker's name was still being used in the media in 2008, to describe a certain group of voters who voted in that year's U.S. presidential election.[15][16] Commentating on BBC Newsnight, political commentator Conrad Black referred to Donald Trump as having secured the "Archie Bunker vote" during the 2016 presidential election.

text: Norman Lear originally intended that Bunker be strongly disliked by audiences. Lear was shocked when Bunker quietly became a beloved figure to much of middle America. Lear thought that Bunker's opinions on race, sex, marriage, and religion were so wrong as to represent a parody of right-wing bigotry.

text: Sammy Davis, Jr., who was both black and Jewish, genuinely liked the character. He felt that Bunker's bigotry was based on his rough, working-class life experiences and that Bunker was honest and forthright in his opinions, showing an openness to changing his views if an individual treated him right. In 1972, Davis appeared in episode 21 of season 2 of All in the Family, and later appeared in episode 19 of season 1 of spin-off Archie Bunker's Place.

text: Bunker's racist and misogynistic views were the template for the creation of the character Eric Cartman, one of the characters in the adult animated sitcom South Park.[18]