document_title: T. Rowe Price

question_text: who is the ceo of t rowe price

question_tokens: who is the ceo of t rowe price

text: T. Rowe Price

text: Business Philosophy[edit]

text: Thomas Rowe Price Jr. started in finance in the 1920s as an entry-level researcher and account manager at Baltimore-area brokerages, but disliked the operating models of sales-oriented firms at the time. When he founded T. Rowe Price & Associates in 1937, his firm diverged from the norm in three major ways: charging fees based on assets under management rather than sales volume, actively managing his clients' accounts strictly as a fiduciary, and investing in growth stocks instead of value stocks. He became well known as the "father of growth investing" and was nicknamed the "Sage of Baltimore" by Forbes.[2][3][4]

text: History[edit]

text: Thomas Rowe Price, Jr. founded T. Rowe Price & Associates in Baltimore in 1937. The firm was originally headquartered at 10 Light Street and staffed by a small pool of associates, many of whom left Legg Mason's precursor, MacKubin, Legg and Co. along with Mr. Price.[5] Initially a very small firm focused on wealth management and private investing accounts for Baltimore-area families, the company struggled through the financial turbulence of the Great Depression and World War II before gaining solid footing at the end of the 1940s. By 1950, its clientele grew too large for the staff to manage accounts individually, so the firm incorporated and launched its first mutual fund, the T. Rowe Price Growth Stock Fund.[2][6]

text: Gaining traction in Baltimore and along the U.S. eastern seaboard, the firm continued a steady expansion of clientele, staff, and geographic reach. By 1960, Mr. Price felt the need to open a second fund, named the New Horizons Fund, focused on growth investment opportunities, and especially technological firms like Xerox, IBM, and Boeing.[6] In need of more room, headquarters were moved in 1962 to the new One Charles Center building designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe nearby in downtown Baltimore.[7] At this same juncture, Mr. Price began to prepare for retirement, resigning as president of the firm in 1963, delegating some responsibilities, and selling his shares in the company.[6] Despite this, Mr. Price maintained an active presence in the firm for several years, and urged the opening of the New Era Fund in 1969 as a response to the rapid inflation he predicted would dominate the 1970s.[8] In 1971, the year Mr. Price completely retired, T. Rowe Price opened its Fixed Income Division, and began to modernize and diversify its operations.

text: In the 1970s and early 1980s, T. Rowe Price kicked off more assertive growth than before, moving to its current location at 100 East Pratt Street and opening its first international office. In 1979, T. Rowe Price launched a joint venture with British asset manager Robert Fleming & Co. named Rowe Price-Fleming International. The venture, which managed $39 billion at its height in 2000, allowed T. Rowe Price to offer a broader range of services and expertise internationally.[9]

text: T. Rowe Price held its initial public offering, valued at nearly $200 million, in 1986.[10] Shortly thereafter, the firm began establishing larger office complexes in the U.S. and research offices around the world, beginning with a Hong Kong office in 1987. Retirement Plan Services were launched in the 1990s alongside additional new services and funds, including mutual funds acquired from other companies such as USF&G.[11] This momentum, and the firm reaching $100 billion assets under management, pushed T. Rowe Price to create an asset management partnership with Sumitomo Bank and Daiwa Securities in Tokyo in 1999, and to purchase 100% interest of the London-based Rowe Price-Fleming International, which was renamed T. Rowe Price International.[6] Also in 1999, T. Rowe Price was added to the S&P 500 Index.[12][13]

text: On the strength of its ethic of risk aversion, fundamental research, and active management approach, T. Rowe Price somewhat predicted and largely avoided the dot-com bubble of 2000. Its ethic of caution was so different from the norm at the time that The Wall Street Journal expressed surprise at its non-speculation on profitable technology stocks just a week before the markets began to crash in March 2000.[14] In 2001, the company launched T. Rowe Price Funds SICAV, domiciled in Luxembourg, for non-U.S. institutional investors and financial intermediaries. Two years later it created target-date retirement funds.[15] In 2010, T. Rowe Price bought a significant interest in Unit Trust of India, India's oldest mutual fund company and one of its five largest.[16] Since 2000, T. Rowe Price has opened global offices in locations ranging from Madrid and Dubai to Stockholm and Sydney.[17]

text: Awards and recognition[edit]

text:
2017 Ranked one of the World's Most Admired Companies by Fortune[18][19]
2016 Top Companies for Women Technologists by the Anita Borg Institute Leadership Index[20]
2015 P&I Best Places to Work in Money Management by Pension and Investments[21]
2015 Best Employers for Healthy Lifestyle by the National Business Group on Health[22]

text: Notable people[edit]

text: Board of directors[edit]

text:
Mark S. Bartlett, Former Managing Partner of Ernst & Young
Edward C. Bernard, Vice Chairman of T. Rowe Price
Mary K. Bush, Founder and President of Bush International LLC
H. Lawrence Culp, Former President of Danaher Corporation, Lecturer at Harvard Business School
Freeman Hrabowski III, President of University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Robert F. MacLellan, Chairman of Northleaf Capital Partners
Brian C. Rogers, Chairman and CIO of T. Rowe Price
Olympia Snowe, Former American Senator, founder of Olympia Snowe LLC
William Stromberg, President and CEO of T. Rowe Price
Dwight S. Taylor, President of COPT Development & Construction
Anne Marie Whittemore, McGuireWoods LLP
Sandra S. Wijnberg, Executive Adviser at Aquiline Capital Partners LLC
Alan D. Wilson, Former President of McCormick & Company[23]

text: Others[edit]

text:
Eddie C. Brown, former portfolio manager at T. Rowe Price, Founder and President of Brown Capital Management, and noted philanthropist[24]
Abby Joseph Cohen, former research director at T. Rowe Price, named Institutional Investor's top strategist in the late 1990s.[25]
Roger McNamee, former manager of the T. Rowe Price Science & Technology Fund who since founded the venture capital firm Elevation Partners[26][27]
Mary J. Miller, former director of the firm's Fixed Income Division who left to work for the U.S. Department of the Treasury, becoming Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets, then Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance, and finally the Deputy Secretary of the Treasury.[28]
Alfred Sommer, former board member of T. Rowe Price and noted epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health[29]


document_title: Man Booker International Prize

question_text: who has won the 2017 man booker internation prize

root

text: Man Booker International Prize

text: Prizes[edit]

text: Whereas the Man Booker Prize was open only to writers from the Commonwealth, Ireland and Zimbabwe, the International Prize was open to all nationalities.[5] The award was worth £60,000 and an author could win only once.[3] The Man Booker International prize also allowed for a separate award for translation. The winning author could choose a translator of his or her work into English to receive a prize sum of £15,000.[6]

tag: p

text: On 7 July 2015, the Booker Prize Foundation announced that from 2016 onwards the Man Booker International Prize was to be a prize for fiction in translation. Its aim is to encourage publishing and reading of quality works in translation and to highlight the work of translators. The award is now given annually to a book in English translation, with a £50,000 prize for the winning title, to be shared equally between author and translator. Each shortlisted author and translator receives £1,000. This brings the total prize fund to £62,000 per year, compared to the previous £37,500 for the Man Booker International Prize. Judges select a longlist of 12 or 13 books in March, followed by a shortlist of six in April, with the winner announced in May.[7]

text: History[edit]

text: The inaugural winner was Albanian writer Ismail Kadare. He was followed by Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe in 2007, and two years later the Canadian writer Alice Munro won the award. In 2011 the prize was awarded to American Philip Roth. Praising its concerted judgement, the journalist Hephzibah Anderson noted that the Man Booker International Prize was "fast becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel".[8]

text: In 2015 it was announced that the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize would be disbanded.[4] The prize money from that award would be folded into the Man Booker International Prize, and the latter would become what the Independent prize used to be: a yearly book award for English translations, with the prize split between author and translator.[9]

text: Award winners[edit]

text:
Year
Name
Work
Translator
Country
Language(s)
Literary tradition

2005
Ismail Kadare

 Albania
Albanian
Albanian literature

2007
Chinua Achebe

n/a
 Nigeria
English
Nigerian literature

2009
Alice Munro

n/a
 Canada
English
Canadian literature

2011
Philip Roth

n/a
 United States
English
American literature

2013
Lydia Davis

n/a
 United States
English
American literature

2015
László Krasznahorkai

George Szirtes and Ottilie Mulzet
 Hungary
Hungarian
Hungarian literature

2016
Han Kang
The Vegetarian
Deborah Smith
 South Korea
Korean
Korean literature, South Korean literature

2017
David Grossman
A Horse Walks Into a Bar
Jessica Cohen
 Israel
Hebrew
Israeli literature

tag: table

text: Nominations[edit]

text: Ismail Kadare

tag: ul

text: Albanian novelist Ismail Kadare was named the inaugural International Prize winner in 2005.[10] Head judge, Professor John Carey said Kadare is "a universal writer in the tradition of storytelling that goes back to Homer."[10] Kadare said he was "deeply honoured" at being awarded the prize.[10] Kadare was also able to select a translator to receive an additional prize of £15,000.[10] The writer received his award in Edinburgh on 27 June.[10]

text:
John Carey (Chair)[10]
Alberto Manguel[1]
Azar Nafisi[1]

text:
Margaret Atwood (Canada)
Saul Bellow (US)
Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia)
Günter Grass (Germany)
Ismail Kadare (Albania)
Milan Kundera (Czech Republic)

Stanisław Lem (Poland)
Doris Lessing (UK)
Ian McEwan (UK)
Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt)
Tomas Eloy Martinez (Argentina)
Kenzaburō Ōe (Japan)

Cynthia Ozick (US)
Philip Roth (US)
Muriel Spark (UK)
Antonio Tabucchi (Italy)
John Updike (US)
A.B. Yehoshua (Israel)

text: The nominees for the inaugural Man Booker International Prize were announced on 2 June 2005 at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.[3]

text: Chinua Achebe

text: Nigerian author Chinua Achebe was awarded the International Prize for his literary career in 2007.[11] Judge Nadine Gordimer said Achebe was "the father of modern African literature" and that he was "integral" to world literature.[11] Achebe received his award on 28 June in Oxford.[11]

text:
Elaine Showalter[5]
Nadine Gordimer[5]
Colm Tóibin[5]

text:
Chinua Achebe (Nigeria)
Margaret Atwood (Canada)
John Banville (Ireland)
Peter Carey (Australia)
Don DeLillo (US)

Carlos Fuentes (Mexico)
Doris Lessing (UK)
Ian McEwan (UK)
Harry Mulisch (Netherlands)
Alice Munro (Canada)

Michael Ondaatje (Sri Lanka/Canada)
Amos Oz (Israel)
Philip Roth (US)
Salman Rushdie (India/UK)
Michel Tournier (France)

text: The nominees for the second Man Booker International Prize were announced on 12 April 2007 at Massey College in Toronto.[5]

text: Alice Munro

text: Canadian short story writer Munro was named the winner of the prize in 2009 for her lifetime body of work.[12] Judge Jane Smiley said picking a winner had been "a challenge", but Munro had won the panel over.[12] On Munro's work, Smiley said "Her work is practically perfect. Any writer has to gawk when reading her because her work is very subtle and precise. Her thoughtfulness about every subject is so concentrated."[12] Munro, who said she was "totally amazed and delighted" at her win, received the award at Trinity College, Dublin on 25 June.[2][12]

text:
Jane Smiley (Chair)[12]
Amit Chaudhuri[12]
Andrey Kurkov[2]

text:
Peter Carey (Australia)
Evan S. Connell (US)
Mahasweta Devi (India)
E. L. Doctorow (US)
James Kelman (UK)[13]

Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru)
Arnošt Lustig (Czech Republic)
Alice Munro (Canada)
V. S. Naipaul (Trinidad/UK)
Joyce Carol Oates (US)

Antonio Tabucchi (Italy)
Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (Kenya)[14]
Dubravka Ugrešić (Croatia)
Lyudmila Ulitskaya (Russia)

text: The nominees for the third Man Booker International Prize were announced on 18 March 2009 at The New York Public Library.[15]

text: Philip Roth

text: American novelist Roth was announced as the winner on 18 May 2011 at the Sydney Writers' Festival.[16] Of his win, Roth said "This is a great honour and I'm delighted to receive it."[16] The writer said he hoped the prize would bring him to the attention of readers around the world who are not currently familiar with his body of work.[16] Roth received his award in London on 28 June; however, he was unable to attend in person due to ill health, so he sent a short video instead.[16][17]

text:
Rick Gekoski (Chair)[18]
Carmen Callil (withdrew in protest over choice of winner)[18]
Justin Cartwright[18]

text: After Roth was announced as the winner, Carmen Callil withdrew from the judging panel, saying "I don't rate him as a writer at all... in 20 years' time will anyone read him?" Callil later wrote an editorial in The Guardian explaining her position and why she chose to leave the panel.[6][19]

text:
Wang Anyi (China)
Juan Goytisolo (Spain)
James Kelman (UK)
John le Carré (UK)
Amin Maalouf (Lebanon)

David Malouf (Australia)
Dacia Maraini (Italy)
Rohinton Mistry (India/Canada)
Philip Pullman (UK)
Marilynne Robinson (US)

Philip Roth (US)
Su Tong (China)
Anne Tyler (US)

text: The nominees for the fourth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 30 March 2011 at a ceremony in Sydney, Australia.[20] John le Carré asked to be removed from consideration, saying he was "flattered", but that he does not compete for literary prizes.[21] However, judge Dr Rick Gekoski said although he was disappointed that le Carré wanted to withdraw, his name would remain on the list.[21]

text: Lydia Davis[22]

text: Lydia Davis, best known as a short story writer, was announced as the winner of the 2013 prize on 22 May at a ceremony at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.[22] The official announcement of Davis' award on the Man Booker Prize website described her work as having "the brevity and precision of poetry." Judging panel chair Christopher Ricks commented that "There is vigilance to her stories, and great imaginative attention. Vigilance as how to realise things down to the very word or syllable; vigilance as to everybody's impure motives and illusions of feeling."[23]

text:
Christopher Ricks (Chair)[24]
Elif Batuman[24]
Aminatta Forna[24]
Yiyun Li[24]
Tim Parks[24]

text:
U R Ananthamurthy (India)
Aharon Appelfeld (Israel)
Lydia Davis (US)
Intizar Hussain (Pakistan)
Yan Lianke (China)

Marie NDiaye (France)
Josip Novakovich (Canada)
Marilynne Robinson (US)
Vladimir Sorokin (Russia)
Peter Stamm (Switzerland)

text: The nominees for the fifth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 24 January 2013.[25] Marilynne Robinson was the only writer out of the ten nominees who had been nominated for the prize before.[25]

text: László Krasznahorkai[26]

text: László Krasznahorkai became the first author from Hungary to receive the Man Booker award in 2015. The prize was given to recognise his "achievement in fiction on the world stage". British author Marina Warner, who chaired the panel of judges that selected Krasznahorkai for the award, compared his writing to Kafka and Beckett. Krasznahorkai's translators, George Szirtes and Ottilie Mulzet, shared the £15,000 translators' prize.[27]

text:
Marina Warner (Chair)[28]
Nadeem Aslam
Elleke Boehmer
Edwin Frank
Wen-chin Ouyang

text:
César Aira (Argentina)
Hoda Barakat (Lebanon)
Maryse Condé (Guadeloupe)
Mia Couto (Mozambique)
Amitav Ghosh (India)

Fanny Howe (U.S.A.)
Ibrahim al-Koni (Libya)
László Krasznahorkai (Hungary)
Alain Mabanckou (Republic of the Congo)
Marlene van Niekerk (South Africa)

text: The nominees for the sixth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 24 March 2015.[28]

text: Han Kang (South Korea), Deborah Smith (translator), for The Vegetarian

text: Han became the first Korean author to win the prize and, under the new format for 2016, Smith became the first translator to share the prize. British journalist Boyd Tonkin, who chaired the judging panel, said that the decision was unanimous. He also said of the book "in a style both lyrical and lacerating, it reveals the impact of this great refusal both on the heroine herself and on those around her. This compact, exquisite and disturbing book will linger long in the minds, and maybe the dreams, of its readers."[29]

text:
Boyd Tonkin (Chair)
Tahmima Anam
David Bellos
Daniel Medin
Ruth Padel

text:
José Eduardo Agualusa (Angola), Daniel Hahn (translator), for A General Theory of Oblivion
Elena Ferrante (Italy), Ann Goldstein (translator), for The Story of the Lost Child
Yan Lianke (China), Carlos Rojas (translator), for The Four Books
Orhan Pamuk (Turkey), Ekin Oklap (translator), for A Strangeness in My Mind
Robert Seethaler (Austria), Charlotte Collins (translator), for A Whole Life

text:
Maylis de Kerangal (France), Jessica Moore (translator), for Mend the Living
Eka Kurniawan (Indonesia), Labodalih Sembiring (translator), for Man Tiger
Fiston Mwanza Mujila (Democratic Republic of Congo), Roland Glasser (translator), for Tram 83
Raduan Nassar (Brazil), Stefan Tobler (translator), for A Cup of Rage
Marie NDiaye (France), Jordan Stump (translator), for Ladivine
Kenzaburō Ōe (Japan), Deborah Boliver Boehm (translator), for Death by Water
Aki Ollikainen (Finland), Emily Jeremiah & Fleur Jeremiah (translator), for White Hunger

text: The nominees for the seventh Man Booker International Prize were announced on 14 April 2016.[31] The six nominees were chosen from a longlist of thirteen.[30][32]

text: David Grossman (Israel), Jessica Cohen (translator), for A Horse Walks Into a Bar[33]

text: Grossman became the first Israeli author to win the prize, sharing the £50,000 award with Cohen. The chair of the judging panel, Nick Barley, who is the director of the Edinburgh International Book Festival, described the book as "an ambitious high-wire act of a novel [that] shines a spotlight on the effects of grief, without any hint of sentimentality. The central character is challenging and flawed, but completely compelling." The novel won over 126 other contenders.[34]

text:
Nick Barley (Chair)
Daniel Hahn
Helen Mort
Elif Shafak
Chika Unigwe

text:
Mathias Énard (France), Charlotte Mandell (translator), for Compass
David Grossman (Israel), Jessica Cohen (translator), for A Horse Walks Into a Bar
Roy Jacobsen (Norway), Don Bartlett and Don Shaw (translators), for The Unseen
Dorthe Nors (Denmark), Misha Hoekstra (translator), for Mirror, Shoulder, Signal
Amos Oz (Israel), Nicholas de Lange (translator), for Judas
Samanta Schweblin (Argentina), Megan McDowell (translator), for Fever Dream

text:
Wioletta Greg (Poland), Eliza Marciniak (translator), for Swallowing Mercury
Stefan Hertmans (Belgium), David McKay (translator), for War and Turpentine
Ismail Kadare (Albania), John Hodgson (translator), for The Traitor's Niche
Jón Kalman Stefánsson (Iceland), Phil Roughton (translator), for Fish Have No Feet
Yan Lianke (China), Carlos Rojas (translator), for The Explosion Chronicles
Alain Mabanckou (France), Helen Stevenson (translator), for Black Moses
Clemens Meyer (Germany), Katy Derbyshire (translator), for Bricks and Mortar

text: The longlist for the eighth Man Booker International Prize was announced on 14 March 2017, and the shortlist on 20 April 2017. The winner was announced on 14 June 2017.[35][36]


document_title: Jac Naylor

question_text: who plays jac naylors mum in holby city

question_tokens: who plays jac naylors mum in holby city

text: Jac Naylor

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Jac arrives at Holby City Hospital as part of a team performing a hemicorporectomy. She is initially unsuccessful in securing a permanent position as a registrar,[6] but returns to the hospital in this capacity several weeks later.[7] Jac develops a rivalry with her fellow registrar Diane Lloyd (Patricia Potter), which intensifies when they both apply for the same consultant post. Neither are successful,[8] but Jac is disappointed when Diane is later promoted above her, to locum consultant and later to permanent consultant.[9]

text: Unable to cope with the pressure of his job, cardiothoracic surgical registrar Joseph Byrne (Luke Roberts) accidentally overdoses, and is saved by Jac.[10] She becomes romantically involved with him, hoping to ingratiate herself with his influential father, Lord Byrne (Ronald Pickup).[11] Taking this further, Jac later lies to Lord Byrne, claiming that she and Joseph have separated, resulting in Jac sleeping with Lord Byrne.[12] She attempts to blackmail him into securing her a consultancy.[13] Lord Byrne falls in love with Jac, and confesses their affair to Joseph,[14] who pleads with her to dump him and offers her the chance to resume their relationship. Jac declines, choosing to be with his father.[15] Diane commits suicide, and Lord Byrne attempts to use his influence to secure her position for Jac, but has a stroke before succeeding.[16] After a failed attempt at making amends with Joseph, he has a heart attack and dies.[17] Jac refuses to show remorse for destroying Joseph's family, resulting in him hitting her.[18] She uses the resultant bruising to garner sympathy and secure a position on a stent trial,[19] She is attacked by patient Alan Clooney during the stent trial (James Weber Brown), who unsuccessfully attempts to rape her. Jac declines to report it,[20] but assaults him when he returns to the hospital six months later. At the start of series 10, she claims to be suffering from residual headaches from Joseph's attack and blackmails him to make his mother support her application for a consultant post, which backfires when she is instead granted sick leave.[21]

text: When Clooney is later found stabbed through the heart, Jac is arrested for attempted murder.[22] She is cleared when a young victim of his confesses to the attack.[23] Suspicious of ward sister Faye Morton (Patsy Kensit), with whom Joseph has begun a relationship, Jac follows her to a secret assignation, accidentally crashing her motorbike en route.[24] She spends some time in intensive care and has to walk, aided by a crutch for several months afterwards. Joseph and Faye become engaged, but their relationship deteriorates. An intoxicated Joseph ends up in bed with Jac,[25] and she manipulates him into believing that she is expecting his baby.[26] Her lie is uncovered when she is treated as a patient, having been knocked down the hospital stairs.[27] Soon thereafter, she and Joseph are trapped in an operating theatre together, when it is discovered that their patient had been transporting contaminated waste. They declare their love for one another, but Joseph states that he has moved on with Faye, leaving Jac distraught.[28]

text: Jac shares a kiss with foundation doctor Oliver Valentine (James Anderson), but their relationship doesn't go any further.[29] When her estranged mother, Paula Burrows (Julie Legrand), is admitted with kidney damage, Jac reveals that she was abandoned aged twelve and placed in foster care. She agrees to a kidney transplant to save her mother,[30] who deserts her again following the operation. Jac discovers that she has a younger half-sister but detaches herself from her family for good.[31] Having transferred back to general surgery, Jac develops a reluctant friendship with locum registrar Sacha Levy (Bob Barrett), who successfully recommends her for a locum consultant position.[32] Afraid of being demoted after making a clinical error, Jac blames the mistake on ward sister Chrissie Williams (Tina Hobley), the mother of Sacha's son, which leads to the termination of their friendship.[33]

text: Faye becomes pregnant with Joseph's child but has a breakdown and refuses to leave the psychiatric unit she has admitted herself to when she goes into labour. Jac convinces her to receive proper medical care, saving Joseph's son. Grateful for her intervention, Joseph shares a kiss with Jac and they resume their relationship.[34] Jac intercedes upon discovering that Faye is planning to leave the country with the baby, named Harry and takes them back to the hospital, where Joseph convinces her to leave Harry with him.[35] He decides to move to the countryside and become a general practitioner, so he will have more time to spend with Harry. Jac declines to accompany him, valuing her career over a quiet family life, but is devastated by Joseph's departure.[36] She briefly resigns when her locum consultancy is rescinded,[37] but upon failing to find work elsewhere as a result of her reputation, returns once more as a cardiothoracic registrar. She begins a rivalry for a cardiothoracic consultant position with new registrar Sahira Shah (Laila Rouass).[38] A position that she later wins, Jac receives a box containing fancy stilettos and a bottle of champagne from Connie Beauchamp, with a note about the shoes saying "Fill them! x".

text: Jac helps Sahira set up a Cardiac Trauma Unit as a way of saving cardiothoracics when Darwin Ward is threatened with a merger with St. James' in.[39] In the wake of the plastics scandal, Jac and Sahira continue to use CTU until Hanssen dismantles the project, following Sahira's departure. In [40] Jac helps Sacha rekindle his love for Chrissie by giving him a lift to the airport. When Jac berates new F1, Tara Lo (Jing Lusi), in [41] Hanssen refers her onto a people skills course and she is forced to publicly apologise to Tara. On the course, Jac meets future transplant nurse Jonny Maconie[42] who claims to be a neurosurgeon from St. James. Despite their different work attitudes, Jac and Jonny end up in bed together. However, Jac tells Jonny afterwards that this "never happened." Jac is shocked when Jonny turns up at Holby working as a nurse [43] however they continue their relationship. Jac is offered a six-week research post in America. In [44] Jac assists Mo Effanga when she gives birth. Jac continues to be a brutal mentor towards Tara but is taken aback when she discovers Tara's condition and she was upset when Tara died. With her relationship with Jonny intensifying, Jac worries that the hospital is gossiping about her private life [45] and takes out her issues on Mo. Towards the end of Series 14, Jac worries that she might be pregnant with Jonny's baby [46] and, following pressure from Jonny to take a pregnancy test, and later tells him that it was a false alarm. Jac is invited to Sacha's stag do [47] and makes no secret of her opinion of Sacha's bride-to-be, Chrissie.

text: Following the negative publicity bombarding Holby in the wake of Hanssen's press release, Jac becomes concerned that he is not the leader she thought he was [48] and makes her concerns known to Terrence Cunningham. In [49] Jonny is caught between Jac and Mo and, with her professional detachment called into doubt by a patient, Jac takes a drastic step in her relationship with Jonny. Jac is annoyed to discover that Jonny is coping well with their break-up and in an effort to rile him, she goes out with a new man.[50] In [51] Jac begins to rekindle her relationship with Jonny but their drink is called off when new acting CEO, Imelda Cousins lets slip that it was Jac who voiced her concerns about Hanssen to Cunningham.Jonny and Jac get back together however Jac once again messes things up, when she hears that Joseph is getting married, by sleeping with the paediatrician Sean. Jac tries to do the right thing and tells Jonny about her on night stand before he found out any other way but he still gets mad so Jac decided to travel to Japan to do some training on new medical techniques. Jac comes back to work a day early to put her training in to use and catches Jonny of guard after Jac has an accident on the ward she tells Jonny that she loves him and they continue with their relationship. However Jac starts to experience abdominal pains that she worries is something to do with her kidney but when the ultrasound comes back clear she refers herself to obs and gynie and is diagnosed with endometriosis. Jac keeps her diagnosis to herself and after a confrontation outside theatre Jonny dumps her.

text: When Tara Lo sends an email to everyone, informing them of her brain tumour and that she will be undergoing surgery to have it removed, Jac is extremely surprised and upset by the news. When Tara dies in surgery after complications, Jac is deeply saddened despite the fact she had acted very cold towards her throughout her time at Holby. That night, Jac sleeps with Jonny and later discovers that she is pregnant. A few weeks later, Jonny discovers Jac's pregnancy when he finds Mo's drawing. Although Jac is convinced she's miscarried, Jonny convinces her to take a pregnancy test. Jac finds out that she is still pregnant. In episode 33 of Series 15 Jac tells Jonny about her endometriosis and he performs an ultrasound on Jac and they see their baby for the first time. In episode 40 of series 15, Jac has her next ultrasound scan booked at a private clinic on the other side of town. However, it is cancelled and Jonny Maconie begs the midwife at Holby City General Hospital for an appointment. Jac has her scan and it reveals everything is fine, this leads to Jonny finally announcing Jac's pregnancy publicly to the entire ward.

text: In episode 48 of series 15, it's the day of Jac's 20-week scan. She's stunned to find out that her baby girl has congenital diaphragmatic hernia and only a 50% chance of survival after birth. Jonny tells Jac he will support her in any decision she makes. In the same episode Jac decides to have an abortion. Soon after Jonny finds out about Jac's plans and tries to stop her. Unfortunately for Jonny, Jac has already left the clinic. Later, Jonny finds Jac back at the hospital and asks if she's okay. Jac then reveals she's still pregnant, confirming she didn't go through with the termination. In episode 50 of series 15, Jac and Jonny have their first pre-natal class. The next week Jonny tells Jac that he's visited a couple with a child who has CDH. Jac gets furious, because she feels that Jonny is doing things behind her back. It is obvious though that Jac is just as scared about the future as Jonny. At the end of episode 51, Jonny asks Jac to move in together and the episode ends with a stunned Jac unable to say anything. A couple of days later Jac throws her flat keys at Jonny and tells him to move in with her. Later, Jonny's old friend Bonnie appears on the ward. Jac gets jealous of Bonnie and threatens to fire her. Jonny, feeling sympathetic for Bonnie, returns the keys on Jac's desk. A couple of weeks later Bonnie tells Jac she and Jonny are dating and living together.

text: In episode 13 of series 16, Jac goes into labour a week early and is forced to have an emergency caesarian. The baby shows signs of distress and isn't breathing right after birth. However, the doctors are able to stabilise her, and the little girl pulls through. At first, Jac has a hard time bonding with her daughter, but after seeing Bonnie hold the baby, Jac's maternal side comes rushing to the fore. Jac decides to name her daughter Emma. Little Emma's birth softens Jac, but it also complicates things between Jac and Jonny. Jac wants to hire a nanny, whilst Jonny is keen on having the baby christened. As Jonny and Bonnie's relationship develops Jac gets increasingly jealous and attempts to rile Jonny. On the day of Jonny and Bonnie's wedding Jac delays Jonny by agreeing to perform surgery on Bonnie's brother in an attempt to prevent the marriage. The surgery is successful yet Jonny informs Jac he and Bonnie will be leaving after the wedding as he is unable to get Jac out of his head. Jac then kisses Jonny in an attempt to get him to stay, but after being unable to tell him she loves him, Jonny leaves to marry Bonnie. However, Bonnie dies after being hit by a truck shortly before the wedding.

text: Jonny blames Jac for Bonnie's death and they becomes locked in a custody battle for Emma. Jac's mother, Paula, is admitted to the hospital with terminal cancer. Jac pays Paula to leave and she gives the money to Jonny. After learning about Jac's past with Paula, Jonny apologises to Jac. They bond over a patient and Emma's brief hospitalisation. However, Jac then learns that Paula is staying with Jonny, despite him knowing about their past. In series 16 episode 36, Jac's mum health gets worse and starts going badly wrong, and Paula dies. The morning after, Jac and Emma watch the sun rise and they both meet Johnny at the hospital and Jac gives Emma to him for him to look after as she is going to Sweden. As Jac goes to the airport Johnny carries Emma asking her to reconsider. But Jac boards the plane.

text: Jac returns prematurely after learning of Elliot Hope's worsening health to help with the Herzig 5 (artificial heart) project which leads to her having to take the lead halfway through the crucial operation being used to market the device. Guy then attempts to tempt Jac into taking Elliot's place; leading the Herzig 5 project and running Darwin ward. During episode 42 of series 16 ("One Small Step"),[52] Jac is reunited with Connie by Guy for an endarterectomy procedure, pushing Jac into accepting Guy's offer of taking over Elliot's work.

text: After the departure of Jonny, Jac also takes extended maternity leave and ends her brief fling with hospital CEO, Guy Self. In the time that she is gone, Henrik Hanssen is reappointed CEO following the decision of Guy to step down in order to maintain his surgical timetable, and the creation of his "Neuro Centre". Jac briefly returns to aid Elliot, Oliver and Zosia in the treatment of previous hospital nurse/junior doctor Freida Petrenko. She eventually gives Elliot the advice to follow his heart with his old flame Brigitte Nye in order to help those with tuberculosis in Pakistan.

text: Jac makes her full-term return as Cardiothoracic Consultant, as well as Clinical Lead, and is hellbent on getting rid of the 'deadwood' on Darwin. She arrives to find that Guy Self has taken part of Darwin for his neurosurgery patients, to her dismay. She also questions Zosia's dedication to Cardiothoracics (having been indecisive about specialisms in the past). Zosia proves herself to Jac in theatre and Jac becomes satisfied with her team.

text: Agency nurse, Fran Reynolds is transferred to Darwin, having had a history in Cardiothoracics. They clash over patient Seymour Orson, a man with Asperger's syndrome refusing urgent surgery. Jac is reported for negligence by Fran to Hanssen, and compiles a file of her mortality rates in theatre. This file is shown to a patient's relative who is supposed to undergo a revolutionary and untested procedure performed by Jac. When Jac is informed of the file, and performs the surgery successfully (although facing complications in theatre, which are observed by Hanssen), she confronts Fran. Jac is slapped by Fran in front of Hanssen, leading to her immediate suspension. It is later revealed that Fran and Jac had a past at St. Bartholomew's Foster Home, where a man named 'Yates' sexually assaulted the young girls. It is revealed by Fran (on a rooftop) that she was in fact assaulted by Yates, and Jac saw him do it. Jac apologises for what she did back then and promises to never turn away again, like she did before; however, security scare Fran who is hallucinating, and she falls off the roof. Jac, Guy and Hanssen all operate on her and Fran makes a speedy recovery.

text: Jac later begins to notice the tension between Oliver and Zosia, and worries about how their personal feelings for each other may affect their work. She offers Zosia a fake internship in Edinburgh with immediate effect for a year, forcing Oliver to tell Zosia how he truly feels. Jac eventually walks in on them both kissing in the locker room, and is proud that her plan had succeeded. Hanssen later becomes concerned when Guy threatens his position as CEO. He asks Jac to recreate Elliot's invention of a malleable stent in order to take away funding from Guy's Neuro Centre plans. When the consultants of each ward are asked to vote between Hanssen and Guy, Jac (along with Ric Griffin and Serena Campbell) votes in favour of Hannsen.

text: During the press conference regarding Jac's stent (named the Digby Stent after Arthur Digby), it is discovered that someone on Darwin had leaked details of its technology, and it has already been used in Berlin, and has failed a number of times. Jac is livid, presuming Zosia was the leak, but later finds out it was Guy in a bid for her to not receive funding.

text: When new consultant, Matteo Rossini arrives, he develops an instant attraction to Jac. However, it is discovered that he is the one that plagiarised Jac's research, and made her stent with Guy's leaked knowledge.

text: When Jonny's brother Alastair arrives for a life-saving procedure, Jac collapses due to an ovarian cyst, and has urgent surgery. Mr T. and Matteo perform the operation successfully, and Matteo and Jac share a kiss in her office.

text: Jac was demoted from her role as clinical lead of Darwin in "Project Aurous"[53] by Hanssen who had been keeping a log on her 'misconducts.' She had earlier performed unauthorised surgery on Fran Reynolds who was technically Matteo's patient after Jac passed on treating her, however, Fran pressured Jac into performing the surgery with threats of revealing the childhood abuse. Jac used Jasmine Burrows to assist her in surgery in an attempt to keep it a secret from Matteo and others. Matteo found out during the surgery and chastised Jac before reporting to Hanssen.

text: Development[edit]

text: According to the official Holby City website, Jac is "strong-minded" and forthright.[54] Professionally, she is a highly ambitious "political player", determined to become a consultant and attain recognition for her surgical skills. She is willing to hurt others to achieve her goals, and has a "professional façade", developed as a result of pursuing a career in a male-dominated field.[55][56] Jac demonstrates a willingness to flout rules and endanger patients to advance her own career.[57] She develops rivalries with fellow registrar Diane Lloyd (Patricia Potter),[58] and ward sister Faye Morton (Patsy Kensit).[57]

text: Outside of work, Jac is "charming and hugely sociable".[54] Placed in foster care by her mother aged twelve, she finds it difficult to form relationships due to an inability to commit and "let herself go".[56] Though Jac rarely falls in love, she is not averse to using sexual manipulation to achieve her goals, and has had romances with several of her colleagues;[55][56] consultant Nick Jordan (Michael French), who she let "too close and was burned",[55] registrar Joseph Byrne (Luke Roberts) and Joseph's father Lord Byrne (Ronald Pickup), and foundation doctor Oliver Valentine (James Anderson).[56] Noting this trait, television critic Jim Shelley described Jac as a "man-eating android".[59] Her most recent relationship being with Nurse Jonny Maconie.

text: Prior to her casting, Marcel had appeared in Holby City in an unrelated role, as a drug addict named Elinor.[56] As Jac, she was introduced to the series alongside Roberts, as Jac's love interest Joseph, and Tom Chambers, as cardiothoracic registrar Sam Strachan.[60] In two series twelve episodes, Cydney Dubavin-Hands played a teenage Jac in flashback scenes.[61][62]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Marcel has been nominated for several awards for her portrayal of Jac. She received consecutive "Best Actress" longlist nominations at the 2009 and 2010 TV Choice Awards,[63][64] and later in 2010, was longlisted for the "Best Drama Performance" accolade at the National Television Awards, alongside her co-star Roberts.[65] In August 2017, Marcel was longlisted for Best Drama Star at the Inside Soap Awards, while the storyline featuring the death of Jac's half-sister Jasmine Burrows (Lucinda Dryzek) was longlisted for Best Drama Storyline.[66]


document_title: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)

question_text: who drowned in one flew over the cuckoo's nest

question_tokens: who drowned in one flew over the cuckoo 's nest

text: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The book is narrated by "Chief" Bromden, a gigantic yet docile half-Native American patient at a psychiatric hospital, who everyone presumes is deaf and mute, a belief he passively allows so he can be "cagey". Bromden’s tale focuses mainly on the antics of the larger than life, happily rebellious Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to serve his sentence for battery and gambling in the hospital rather than at a prison work farm. The head administrative nurse, Nurse Ratched, known throughout the story as the "Big Nurse", rules the ward with absolute authority, zero compassion, and little medical oversight. She is assisted by her three hate-filled day-shift orderlies whom she selects based on how bitter and angry they each are, and her weak-willed assistant doctors, knowing they will always go along with what she says.

text: Acting on a bet to get the Big Nurse to lose control of her infamous steel resolve, McMurphy constantly antagonizes her and upsets the routines of the ward, leading to endless power struggles between himself and the nurse. He encourages gambling and runs a card table, captains the ward's impromptu basketball team, comments on the Big Nurse's figure, her over-sized womanly features being a source of shame she resents for having no control over, inspires the other patients to conduct a vote about watching the World Series on television, a vote the Big Nurse refuses to acknowledge, and organizes a deep-sea fishing trip resulting in the participating patients leaving the ward and being outside for the first time in years, particularly the Chief. He is determined to get the patients to open up and laugh, something he notices during his first day on the ward no one seems able to do, which he finds greatly upsetting and disturbing.

text: Prior to the fishing trip, a particularly poignant scene in the book occurs when McMurphy's reaction, after claiming to be able to and subsequently failing to lift a heavy control panel in the defunct hydrotherapy room (referred to as the "tub room"), "But I tried, though. Goddammit, I sure as hell did that much, now, didn't I?", gives the patients, known as Acutes, incentive to finally try standing up for themselves rather than allowing the Big Nurse to take control of every aspect of their lives, and make attempts at being men rather than "rabbits" the world and the Big Nurse, the "Combine" as the Chief calls it, has beat them down into being.

text: The Chief eventually opens up to McMurphy, revealing late one night that he can speak and hear, by saying, "Thank you." This sudden utterance of gratitude occurs when McMurphy gifts him with a stick of Juicy Fruit chewing gum after McMurphy catches a night aide spitefully taking away the Chief's secret stash of gum he'd been chewing over and over again and hiding under his bed frame. The Chief, for the first time in years, talks long into the night while McMurphy listens, and it is then that it's eventually decided the Chief will participate in the upcoming fishing trip.

text: A disturbance after the fishing trip during which the aides physically abuse and psychologically torture a patient, George, also known as Rub-a-dub due to his obsession with cleanliness and not wanting to touch anything for fear of getting dirty, results in McMurphy and the Chief being sent away to the Disturbed ward by the Big Nurse for electroshock therapy sessions; they defended George by beating up the cruel aides, but the EST treatments do little to curb McMurphy's rambunctious behavior, further inspiring the Acutes that perhaps they can also be strong of body, spirit, and will.

text: One night, after bribing the night orderly, McMurphy sneaks in two prostitute girlfriends, Candy and Sandra (Candy also went on the fishing trip after first checking into the hospital as a Visitor, whereas Sandra was unable to go having just gotten married, resulting in the Big Nurse's assistant doctor, Dr. Spivey, to also go on the trip so as to fit everyone going in both Candy's and his car). The Acutes break into the pharmacy for cherry-flavored codeine cough syrup to use as a mixer for the alcohol the women bring, and McMurphy, making good on his promise to help Billy Bibbit "cash in his cherry", a timid, boyish patient with a terrible stutter and little experience with women, arranges it so Billy can be alone with Candy in the ward's windowless Seclusion Room, whom he met during the fishing trip and fell for. Not being able to believe it even as it's happening, the Acutes get drunk, play racing games with wheelchairs and flashlights in the dark, have fun, and laugh.

text: Although there was a plan made for McMurphy to escape the ward and the Big Nurse's relentless EST treatments, with Candy and Sandra driving him to a safe place before the morning shift arrived, he and the other patients fall asleep amidst the mess of the group’s antics, and the morning staff discovers the ward in complete disarray. The Big Nurse learns during a role call that Billy is missing and eventually finds him and Candy in the Seclusion Room, happily in each other's arms; she immediately commences to shaming him. For the first time in his life, Billy asserts himself, responding to the Big Nurse without stuttering.

text: Determined to break Billy, the Big Nurse then pseudo-regretfully proceeds to tell Billy she must tell his smothering mother what has happened. Billy reacts exactly how she hopes he will, immediately regressing back to his weak-willed, fearful, stuttering ways, and he has an emotional breakdown; left alone in Dr. Spivey's office, he tragically commits suicide by cutting his throat.

text: The Big Nurse coldly calculates this is her opportunity to lay into McMurphy in front of everyone, blaming him for the loss of Billy's life, as well as the life of another patient who commited suicide earlier in the story, Cheswick, who drowned himself in the ward's pool, unable to cope with his inability to escape the relentless, merciless pressures of the Big Nurse, despite all attempts by McMurphy and the lifeguard to wrench free Cheswick's death grip from the grate at the bottom of the pool.

text: Enraged at what she has done to Billy, and really to everyone, McMurphy attacks the Big Nurse, attempting to strangle her to death after tearing through the front of her uniform, revealing her breasts that she so determinedly tried to hide all this time, to the patients and aides who are standing by watching in shock. McMurphy is eventually pulled off the Big Nurse by ward staff and is moved to the Disturbed ward.

text: The Big Nurse misses a week of work due to her injuries, during which time many of the Acutes either transfer to other wards or check out of the hospital forever, no longer rabbits, but men. When she returns she cannot speak and is thus deprived of her most potent tool to manipulate and keep the patients in line. With Bromden, Martini, and Scanlon the only patients who attended the boat trip left on the ward, McMurphy is brought back, rolled in the day room on a gurney for the sole purpose of being put on display for the remaining men to see what happens when one tries to stand up to the Combine, and for the Big Nurse to silently gloat over: he has received a lobotomy, and is now in a permanent vegetative state, rendering him silent and motionless forever. This abhorrent act is foreshadowed earlier in the story when, upon seeing how the Big Nurse grinds the patients down, McMurphy labels her as a "ball-cutter." Harding, a patient on the ward, adds to McMurphy's description by stating the Big Nurse is fond of the beastly procedure, saying, "I guess if she can't cut below the belt she'll do it above the eyes."

text: The Chief, in an act of mercy, smothers McMurphy with a pillow in the night before lifting the tub room control panel that McMurphy could not lift earlier, throwing it through a window and escaping the hospital. Thanks to McMurphy and his ultimate sacrifice, the Chief, as well as the other patients who left the hospital, is finally free of fear and sets out to reacquaint himself with the world, a rabbit no more...but a man. His closing line is, "I been away a long time."

text: Background[edit]

text: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest was written in 1959 and published in 1962 in the midst of the Civil Rights Movement[4] and deep changes to the way psychology and psychiatry were being approached in America. The 1960s began the controversial movement towards deinstitutionalization,[5][6] an act that would have affected the characters in Kesey's novel. The novel is a direct product of Kesey's time working the graveyard shift as an orderly at a mental health facility in Menlo Park, California.[7] Not only did he speak to the patients and witness the workings of the institution, but he voluntarily took psychoactive drugs, including mescaline and LSD, as part of Project MKUltra.[8]

text: In addition to his work with Project MKUltra, Kesey experimented with LSD recreationally. He advocated for drug use as a path to individual freedom,[9] an attitude that was reflected in the views of psychological researchers of the time.[10][11] In the 1960s LSD was thought to offer the best access to the human mind. Each individual's experiences were said to vary; emotions and experiences ranged from transformations into other life forms, religious experiences, and extreme empathy.[10] It was Kesey's experience with LSD and other psychedelics that made him sympathetic toward the patients.[12]

text: The novel constantly refers to different authorities that control individuals through subtle and coercive methods. The novel's narrator, the Chief, combines these authorities in his mind, calling them "The Combine" in reference to the mechanistic way they manipulate and process individuals. The authority of The Combine is most often personified in the character of Nurse Ratched who controls the inhabitants of the novel's mental ward through a combination of rewards and subtle shame.[12] Although she does not normally resort to conventionally harsh discipline, her actions are portrayed as more insidious than those of a conventional prison administrator. This is because the subtlety of her actions prevents her prisoners from understanding they are being controlled at all. The Chief also sees the Combine in the damming of the wild Columbia River at Celilo Falls, where his Native American ancestors hunted, and in the broader conformity of post-war American consumer society. The novel's critique of the mental ward as an instrument of oppression comparable to the prison mirrored many of the claims that French intellectual Michel Foucault was making at the same time. Similarly, Foucault argued that invisible forms of discipline oppressed individuals on a broad societal scale, encouraging them to censor aspects of themselves and their actions. The novel also criticizes the emasculation of men in society, particularly in the character of Billy Bibbit, the stuttering Acute patient who is domineered by both Nurse Ratched and his mother.

text: Title[edit]

text: The title of the book is a line from a nursery rhyme:

text:
Vintery, mintery, cutery, corn,
Apple seed and apple thorn,
Wire, briar, limber lock
Three geese in a flock
One flew East
One flew West
And one flew over the cuckoo's nest

text: Chief Bromden's grandmother sang a version of this song to him when he was a child, a fact revealed in the story when the Chief received yet another ECT treatment after he assisted McMurphy with defending George, a patient being abused by the ward's aides.

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Randle McMurphy: A free-spirited, rebellious con man, sent to the hospital from a prison work farm. He is guilty of battery and gambling. He had also been charged with, but never convicted of due to the girl in question not wishing to testify so as not to implicate herself and her willingness to participate, statutory rape. McMurphy is transferred from a prison work farm to the hospital, thinking it will be an easy way to serve out his sentence in comfort. In the end, McMurphy attacks Nurse Ratched, sacrificing his freedom and his health in exchange for freeing the previously shackled spirits of the cowed patients on the ward.
Chief Bromden: The novel's half-Native American narrator has been in the mental hospital since the end of World War II. Bromden is presumed by staff and patients alike to be deaf and mute, and through this guise he becomes privy to many of the ward's dirtiest secrets.[12] As a young man, the Chief was a high school football star, a college student, and a war hero. After seeing his father, a Native American chieftain, humiliated at the hands of the U.S. government and his (white) wife, Chief Bromden descends into clinical depression and begins hallucinating. Soon he is diagnosed with schizophrenia. He believes society is controlled by a large, mechanized system which he calls "The Combine."

Richard Gray, author of A History of American Literature, said Bromden "supplies" the novel's "vision".[13] Gray explains Bromden's "eye" "sees the inner truth" and Bromden "is an outsider, an innocent eye in a way like Huck Finn, but what he sees is far stranger, far more surreal."[13] Gray explained Bromden's vision "may not be literally true but it is symbolically so because, to quote Emily Dickinson again, 'Much madness is divinest sense.'"[13] The first chapter ends with the Chief pleading to the reader, "...you think this is too horrible to have really happened, this is too awful to be the truth! But, please. It's still hard for me to have a clear mind thinking on it. But it's the truth even if it didn't happen."

text: Staff[edit]

text:
Nurse Ratched (also known as "Big Nurse"): The tyrannical head nurse of the mental institution, who exercises near-total control over those in her care, including her subordinates. She will not hesitate to restrict her patients' access to medication, amenities, and basic human necessities if it suits her manipulative whims. Her favorite informant is the timid Billy Bibbit, whom she coerces into divulging the unit's secrets by threatening to complain about him to his mother. McMurphy's fun-loving, rebellious presence in Ratched's institution is a constant annoyance, as neither threats nor punishment nor shock therapy will stop him or the patients under his sway. Eventually, after McMurphy nearly chokes her to death in a fit of rage, Nurse Ratched has him lobotomized. However, the damage has already been done, and Nurse Ratched's rule is broken after McMurphy's attack leaves her nearly unable to speak, which renders her unable to intimidate her patients, subordinates and superiors.
The "Black Boys" Washington, Williams and Warren: Three black men who work as aides in the ward. Williams is a dwarf, his growth stunted after witnessing his mother being raped by white men. The Chief says Nurse Ratched hired them for their sadistic nature.
Dr. John Spivey: The ward doctor. Nurse Ratched drove off other doctors, but she kept Spivey because he always did as he was told. Harding suggests that the nurse could threaten to expose him as a drug addict if he stood up to her. McMurphy's rebellion inspires him to stand up to Nurse Ratched.
Nurse Pilbow: The young night nurse. Her face, neck, and chest are stained with a profound birthmark. She is a devout Catholic and fears sinning. She blames the patients for infecting her with their evil and takes it out on them.
Mr. Turkle: An elderly African American aide who works the late shift in the ward. He agrees to let McMurphy host a party and sneak in prostitutes one night.
The Japanese Nurse: The nurse in charge of the upstairs disturbed ward, for violent and unmanageable patients. She is kind and openly opposes Nurse Ratched's methods.

text: Acutes[edit]

text: The acutes are patients who officials believe can still be cured. With few exceptions, they are there voluntarily, a fact that angers McMurphy when he first learns of it, then later causes him to feel further pity for the patients, thus further inspiring him to prove to them they can still be strong despite their seeming willingness to be weak.

text:
Billy Bibbit: A nervous, shy, and boyish patient with an extreme speech impediment, Billy cuts and burns himself, and has attempted suicide numerous times. Billy has a fear of women, especially those with authority such as his mother. To alleviate this, McMurphy sneaks a prostitute into the ward so Billy can lose his virginity. The next morning, Nurse Ratched threatens to tell his mother; fearing the loss of his mother's love, Billy has an emotional breakdown and commits suicide by cutting his own throat.
Dale Harding: The unofficial leader of the patients before McMurphy arrives, he is an intelligent, good-looking man who's ashamed of his repressed homosexuality. Harding's beautiful yet malcontent wife is a source of shame for him.
George Sorensen: A man with germaphobia, he spends his days washing his hands in the ward's drinking fountain. McMurphy manages to persuade him to lead a fishing expedition for the patients after discovering he had captained a PT boat during World War II. Afterward, the three black boys maliciously forcibly delouse him, cruelly knowing the mental anguish this will cause him.
Charlie Cheswick: A loud-mouthed patient who always demands changes in the ward, but never has the courage to see anything through. He finds a friend in McMurphy, who's able to voice his opinions for him. At one point McMurphy decides to fall in line when he learns his stay in the ward is indefinite and his release is solely determined by the Big Nurse. As a result, Cheswick drowns himself in the ward's swimming pool when he decides he himself will never escape the relentless Big Nurse.
Martini: A patient who suffers from severe hallucinations.
Scanlon: A patient obsessed with explosives and destruction. He is the only other non-vegetative patient confined to the ward by force aside from McMurphy and Bromden; the rest can leave at any time.
Jim Sefelt and Bruce Fredrickson: Two epileptic patients. Sefelt refuses to take his anti-seizure medication, as it makes his teeth fall out and as such makes him self-conscious over his appearance. Fredrickson takes Sefelt's medication as well as his own because he is terrified of the seizures, and loses teeth due to the resulting overdosage.
Max Taber: An unruly patient who was released before McMurphy arrived, a broken man. The Chief later describes how, after he questioned what was in his medication, Nurse Ratched had him "fixed."

text: Chronics[edit]

text: The chronics are patients who will never be cured. Many of the chronics are elderly and/or in vegetative states.

text:
Ruckly: A hell-raising patient who challenges the rules until the Big Nurse authorizes his lobotomy. After the lobotomy, he sits and stares at a picture of his wife, and occasionally screams profanities.
Ellis: Ellis was put in a vegetative state by electroshock therapy. He stands against the wall in a disturbing messianic position with arms outstretched.
Pete Bancini: Bancini suffered brain damage at birth but managed to hold down simple jobs, such as a switch operator on a lightly-used railroad branch line, until the switches were automated and he lost his job, after which he was institutionalized. The Chief remembers how once, and only once, he lashed out violently against the aides, telling the other patients that he was a living miscarriage, born dead.
Rawler: A patient on the Disturbed ward, above the main ward, who says nothing but "loo, loo, loo!" all day and tries to run up the walls. One night, Rawler castrates himself while sitting on the toilet and bleeds to death before anyone realizes what he has done.
Old Blastic: An old patient who is in a vegetative state. The first night McMurphy is in the ward, Bromden dreams Blastic is hung by his heel and sliced open, spilling his rusty visceral matter. The next morning, Bromden learns Blastic died during the night.
The Lifeguard: An ex-professional football player, he still has the cleat marks on his forehead from the injury that scrambled his brains. He explains to McMurphy, unlike prison, patients are kept in the hospital as long as the staff desires. It is this conversation that causes McMurphy to fall in line for a time.
Colonel Matterson: The oldest patient in the ward, he suffers from severe senile dementia and cannot move without a wheelchair. He is a veteran of the First World War, and spends his days "explaining" objects through metaphor.

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Candy: The prostitute McMurphy brings on the fishing trip. Billy Bibbit has a crush on her and McMurphy arranges a night for Candy to sleep with him.
Sandra: Another prostitute and friend of Candy and McMurphy. She and Sefelt sleep together on the night she and Candy are snuck into the ward late one night. Sefelt has a seizure while they are having sex.
Vera Harding: Dale Harding's wife. Described as very attractive. She is a primary cause of concern for Dale, who often worries about her fidelity.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is one of America's most challenged and banned novels.

text:
1974: Five residents of Strongsville, Ohio sued the local Board of Education to remove the novel from classrooms. They deemed the book "pornographic" and said it "glorifies criminal activity, has a tendency to corrupt juveniles, and contains descriptions of bestiality, bizarre violence, and torture, dismemberment, death, and human elimination".
1975: Randolph, New York and Alton, Oklahoma removed the book from all of their public schools.
1977: Schools in Westport, Maine removed it from required reading lists.
1978: Freemont High School in St. Anthony, Idaho banned it and fired the teacher who assigned it.
1982: Merrimack, New Hampshire High School challenged it.
1986: Aberdeen Washington High school challenged it in Honors English classes.
2000: Placentia Unified School District (Yorba Linda, California) challenged it. Parents said the teachers could "choose the best books, but they keep choosing this garbage over and over again".[14]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The novel was adapted into a 1963 play, starring Kirk Douglas (who purchased the rights to produce it for the stage and motion pictures) as McMurphy and Gene Wilder as Billy Bibbit. A film adaptation, starring Jack Nicholson, and co-produced by Michael Douglas was released in 1975. The film won five Academy Awards. The characters of Nurse Ratched and Chief Bromden appear as recurring characters in ABC's Once Upon a Time, where they are portrayed by Ingrid Torrance and Peter Marcin. Netflix and Ryan Murphy are producing a prequel series titled Ratched which follows Sarah Paulson playing a younger version of Nurse Ratched, with a two-season, eighteen-episode order.[15]

text: Editions[edit]

text:
ISBN 0-606-04239-3 (prebound, 1962)
ISBN 0-451-16396-6 (mass market paperback, 1963)
ISBN 0-14-004312-8 (paperback, 1977, reprint)
ISBN 0-14-023601-5 (hardcover, 1996)
ISBN 1-55651-685-1 (paperback, 1988)
ISBN 0-453-00815-1 (audio cassette, 1993, abridged)
ISBN 0-14-028334-X (paperback, 1999)
ISBN 0-8220-7154-1 (e-book, 1999)
ISBN 0-7645-8662-9 (paperback, 2000)
ISBN 0-7910-6339-9 (library binding, 2001)
ISBN 0-14-118122-2 (paperback, 2002)
ISBN 0-7910-7118-9 (paperback)
ISBN 0-330-23564-8 (paperback)
ISBN 0-14-118788-3 (paperback, 2005)
ISBN 0-14-303690-4 (hardcover, 2005)
ISBN 0-329-06383-9 (hardcover)
ISBN 978-0-451-16396-7 (softcover)
ISBN 978-1-59887-052-7 (audio CD, 2006, abridged/read by Kesey; includes Fresh Air with Terry Gross interview with author)
ISBN 978-0-670-02323-3 (hardcover, 2012)
ISBN 978-0-143-12951-6 (softcover, 2016)
Photos of the first edition One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest

text: Audiobooks[edit]

text:
1998: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (read by Tom Parker), Blackstone Audio, ISBN 978-0786112784
2007 (Audible): One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (read by the author)