document_title: Glee (season 2)

question_text: when does jesse come back to glee season 2

root

text: Glee (season 2)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

23
1
"Audition"
Brad Falchuk
Ian Brennan
September 21, 2010 (2010-09-21)
2ARC01
12.45[1]

McKinley High’s glee club and cheerleading squad budgets are cut to allocate more money for the football program and its new football coach Shannon Beiste (Dot-Marie Jones), so directors Will Schuester and Sue Sylvester scheme to get their money restored. Finn and Rachel try to find new recruits for New Directions, but Rachel feels threatened by the talent of her recruit, Sunshine (guest star Charice), an exchange student from the Philippines. Quinn replaces Santana as head of the Cheerios, Finn is kicked off the football team, and Tina and Mike (Harry Shum, Jr.) begin dating.

24
2
"Britney/Brittany"
Ryan Murphy
Ryan Murphy
September 28, 2010 (2010-09-28)
2ARC02
13.51[2]

New Directions wants to perform a Britney Spears number at the Homecoming Assembly, but Will is reluctant to let them be that edgy. Emma's new boyfriend Carl (John Stamos), a dentist, treats glee club members Brittany, Santana, Rachel and Artie, all of whom experience Britney Spears fantasies while under anesthesia. Artie joins the football team, and Finn is reinstated. Will ultimately okays a Spears number and takes a lead role in the hopes of impressing Emma, but the assembly performance ends in chaos.

25
3
"Grilled Cheesus"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Brad Falchuk
October 5, 2010 (2010-10-05)
2ARC03
11.20[3]

Upon seeing the face of Jesus in his grilled cheese sandwich, Finn has an existential crisis. Because of this, the members of the glee club discuss religion and its significance to them, but this is uncomfortable for Kurt, who is an atheist, and who is facing his own, more serious crisis when his father Burt has a heart attack and becomes comatose. Sue questions her own beliefs and talks to her sister Jean about God.

26
4
"Duets"
Eric Stoltz
Ian Brennan
October 12, 2010 (2010-10-12)
2ARC04
11.36[4]

When Puck is sent to a juvenile detention center, New Directions welcomes Sam (Chord Overstreet) as a new member, and Will assigns a duet competition for the week. Kurt wants to partner with Sam because he suspects Sam might be gay, but Finn and Burt dissuade him, and Kurt sings alone. Finn and Rachel secretly throw the competition so that Sam will feel welcome; the victory dinner with Sam and his partner Quinn turns into a first date for the couple.

27
5
"The Rocky Horror Glee Show"
Adam Shankman
Story by : Ryan Murphy & Tim Wollaston
Teleplay by : Ryan Murphy
October 26, 2010 (2010-10-26)
2ARC05
11.76[5]

After Will learns of Emma's newfound love for The Rocky Horror Picture Show, he impulsively decides to have the glee club perform the stage version of the musical as a fundraiser in the hopes of winning her back from Carl, recruiting her to help him with the production. However, problem after problem, including Sue going undercover to expose the boundary-pushing production on her television news segment, prevent New Directions from performing it in front of an audience.

28
6
"Never Been Kissed"
Bradley Buecker
Brad Falchuk
November 9, 2010 (2010-11-09)
2ARC06
10.99[6]

Will separates the group for another boys vs. girls mash-up competition. Kurt, who’s being harassed by Karofsky (Max Adler), spies for New Directions at Dalton Academy, where he meets Blaine (Darren Criss), lead singer of the rival Warblers. Blaine encourages Kurt to stand up for himself, and backs him in a confrontation with Karofsky. Coach Beiste discovers the boys use her as a turn-off method and submits her resignation, but Will convinces her to stay at McKinley. Puck returns and develops a friendship with Artie through his community service project; he helps Artie get a date with Brittany.

29
7
"The Substitute"
Ryan Murphy
Ian Brennan
November 16, 2010 (2010-11-16)
2ARC07
11.70[7]

Will becomes ill, and is replaced by freewheeling substitute teacher Holly Holliday (Gwyneth Paltrow), who lets the glee club members choose which songs they get to perform. Sue takes over as principal when Figgins is also ill, and makes several changes including firing Will, though she is ultimately convinced to reinstate him. Kurt and Blaine become friends, and Mercedes organizes a protest against Sue.

30
8
"Furt"
Carol Banker
Ryan Murphy
November 23, 2010 (2010-11-23)
2ARC08
10.41[8]

Sue's Nazi-hunting mother Doris Sylvester (Carol Burnett) pays her a visit due to Sue's upcoming wedding to herself, and Finn and Kurt face the marriage of their parents, Carole (Romy Rosemont) and Burt. The school board refuses to take a stand against Karofsky’s threats to Kurt, which leads to Kurt transferring from McKinley High to Dalton Academy, and Sue resigning as principal. Quinn accepts a promise ring from Sam.

31
9
"Special Education"
Paris Barclay
Brad Falchuk
November 30, 2010 (2010-11-30)
2ARC09
11.68[9]

Taking Emma's advice, Will decides to feature some of the less-heralded members of New Directions in the Sectionals competition. With the glee club in disarray and new member Lauren Zizes (Ashley Fink) replacing Kurt, New Directions, the Warblers (augmented by new member Kurt), and the Hipsters face off at Sectionals: New Directions and the Warblers both advance to Regionals. Carl and Emma marry in Las Vegas; Rachel confesses to Finn that she made out with Puck to make him jealous after discovering that Finn had lied about having sex with Santana the previous spring.

32
10
"A Very Glee Christmas"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Ian Brennan
December 7, 2010 (2010-12-07)
2ARC10
11.07[10]

The faculty holds a Secret Santa gift exchange, but Sue tampers with it so she gets all the gifts. Artie finds out Brittany still believes in Santa Claus, and convinces the other glee club members not to disillusion her. When Brittany asks a mall Santa to make wheelchair-bound Artie able to walk again, Artie recruits Coach Beiste to play Santa in order to tell her it won't be possible after all. Kurt tells Will that he's fallen in love with Blaine. Finn breaks up with Rachel.

33
11
"The Sue Sylvester Shuffle"
Brad Falchuk
Ian Brennan
February 6, 2011 (2011-02-06)
2ARC11
26.80[11]

McKinley High’s football championship game takes place, and a "Thriller" mash-up is performed during the halftime show. Will and Coach Beiste attempt to get the glee club and the football team to work together, and Sue does everything she can to make sure she clinches Nationals again while attempting to sabotage both the football team and the glee club, with disastrous results: McKinley wins the championship, and Sue loses three cheerleaders and Regionals.

34
12
"Silly Love Songs"
Tate Donovan
Ryan Murphy
February 8, 2011 (2011-02-08)
2ARC12
11.58[12]

Will assigns the McKinley High glee club to perform love songs in honor of Valentine's Day. Finn sets up a kissing booth for the occasion, to raise money for the club and to kiss Quinn. Puck falls in love with Lauren, but his song to her backfires. Blaine and the Dalton Academy Warblers perform "When I Get You Alone" at a Gap clothing store, but all does not go as planned.

35
13
"Comeback"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy
February 15, 2011 (2011-02-15)
2ARC13
10.53[13]

Rachel tries to get back into McKinley High's social swing with the help of Brittany, but her attempts backfire. Sam forms a Justin Bieber tribute band in the hopes of cementing his relationship with Quinn, but later finds out from Santana that Quinn cheated on him with Finn and breaks up with her; he starts dating Santana. Sue tries to sow dissent in New Directions from the inside, and after failing, she becomes coach of Aural Intensity, a glee club rival for Regionals.

36
14
"Blame It on the Alcohol"
Eric Stoltz
Ian Brennan
February 22, 2011 (2011-02-22)
2ARC14
10.58[14]

Principal Figgins attempts to teach the student body about the danger of underage drinking. Rachel throws a party, and after heavy drinking starts, things really heat up with a game of spin the bottle. To Kurt's dismay, Blaine questions his sexuality. Will drunk-dials Emma, and is publicly shamed by Sue. New Directions performs at a school assembly on drinking, with disastrous results.

37
15
"Sexy"
Ryan Murphy
Brad Falchuk
March 8, 2011 (2011-03-08)
2ARC15
11.92[15]

When substitute Holly Holliday fills in for the absent sex education teacher, she joins forces with Will to teach the kids of New Directions the facts of life. Santana and Brittany ask Holly's advice about their relationship. Emma heads up the Celibacy Club, and she and her husband Carl face some issues in their marriage with Holly's help, notably her continuing celibacy; when Emma confesses to still having feelings for Will, Carl moves out. Finn and Quinn get back together. A warning from Blaine prompts Burt to give Kurt "the talk" about sex.

38
16
"Original Song"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy
March 15, 2011 (2011-03-15)
2ARC16
11.15[16]

When their planned anthem for the show choir Regionals competition is axed due to Sue's sabotage, New Directions writes and performs original songs to compete against the Dalton Academy Warblers and the Sue-coached Aural Intensity; Kathy Griffin and Loretta Devine guest star as judges Tammy Jean Albertson and Sister Mary Constance. Blaine falls in love with Kurt, and the two begin a relationship. New Directions wins the Regionals competition.

39
17
"A Night of Neglect"
Carol Banker
Ian Brennan
April 19, 2011 (2011-04-19)
2ARC17
9.80[17]

The glee club performs songs from artists that they feel are neglected at a benefit in an attempt to raise money for Artie, Mike, Tina and Brittany's Academic Decathlon team. Sue makes a plan to sabotage the fundraiser; when Sunshine, who now sings for rival club Vocal Adrenaline, offers to perform for the benefit, her director, one of Sue's allies, pulls her from the show. Lauren convinces Mercedes to become a truly demanding diva to get what she wants.

40
18
"Born This Way"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Brad Falchuk
April 26, 2011 (2011-04-26)
2ARC18
8.62[18]

Santana blackmails Karofsky into starting an anti-bullying club in order to convince Kurt to return to McKinley High and New Directions; Kurt returns and the Warblers serenade him in farewell. Lauren runs against Quinn for prom queen and, with Puck's help, digs up some surprising information about her past. Most of the glee club tries to convince Rachel not to get a nose job after Finn breaks her nose while dancing.

41
19
"Rumours"
Tim Hunter
Ryan Murphy
May 3, 2011 (2011-05-03)
2ARC19
8.85[19]

Sue revives The Muckraker, the school newspaper, and prints blind items about the kids in the glee club in order to sow discord among the members. Quinn gives Finn an ultimatum about their relationship and his friendship with Rachel. Brittany breaks up with Artie after he quizzes her about her relationship with Santana and calls her stupid for not seeing through Santana's machinations. Sam is forced to reveal that his family now lives in a single motel room after their house was foreclosed upon. April Rhodes (Kristin Chenoweth) returns to try to convince Will to perform on Broadway with her.

42
20
"Prom Queen"
Eric Stoltz
Ian Brennan
May 10, 2011 (2011-05-10)
2ARC20
9.29[20]

As the race for prom queen heats up, Principal Figgins recruits New Directions to perform at the prom. Mercedes is distressed because she doesn't have a prom date, and Rachel arranges for Sam to take the two of them as a group. Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff) returns to woo Rachel, which angers Finn. Kurt attempts to help Karofsky deal with his sexuality, and takes Blaine as his date to the prom. A surprising pair wins Prom King and Queen, with dramatic repercussions.

43
21
"Funeral"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy
May 17, 2011 (2011-05-17)
2ARC21
8.97[21]

As New Directions gets closer to Nationals, Will brings in Jesse to give advice on how to win the championship; Rachel is the only one happy with his efforts. Sue sabotages the club's travel itinerary to New York, though Will's ex-wife Terri ultimately fixes the damage. When Sue's sister Jean dies and Sue is unable to cope, Finn and Kurt get the club to help them plan her funeral. Finn breaks up with Quinn due to his lingering feelings for Rachel.

44
22
"New York"
Brad Falchuk
Brad Falchuk
May 24, 2011 (2011-05-24)
2ARC22
11.80[22]

New Directions heads to New York City for the National Show Choir Championship and faces Vocal Adrenaline once again, taking time to see landmarks while there. Will prepares to head to Broadway with April while hiding it from the kids. Finn is desperate to win Rachel back, and Kurt helps Rachel to make a decision about her future. The performance by New Directions includes an unplanned interlude, which imperils their chances of victory. Back in Ohio, Blaine and Kurt declare their love for each other.

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: The season was produced by 20th Century Fox Television and Ryan Murphy Television, and aired on Fox in the US. The executive producers were Dante Di Loreto, and series creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk, with Murphy serving as showrunner and co-creator Ian Brennan acting as co-executive producer.[23][24] All episodes were written by Murphy, Falchuk and Brennan. Murphy and Falchuk directed three episodes each, while other episodes were directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon, Eric Stoltz, Adam Shankman, Bradley Buecker, Carol Banker, Paris Barclay, Tate Donovan and Tim Hunter. Each episode cost $3.2 million–$3.8 million to produce, an increase of 20 percent on the first season,[24] with the exception of the Super Bowl episode, which was estimated to cost as much as $5 million,[25] and the season finale, which required a week filmed on location in New York City, and was the most expensive Glee episode yet, at a reported $6 million.[26]

tag: p

text: The season began airing on September 21, 2010, in the 8 pm (ET) timeslot on Tuesdays.[27] A special episode aired after Super Bowl XLV on February 6, 2011.[28] Fox planned to move the show to the 9 pm time slot on Wednesdays following the Super Bowl,[29] but the network later revised its schedule, leaving Glee on Tuesdays in order to concentrate on building up its weaker Wednesday and Thursday line-ups.[30] Episode eighteen, "Born This Way", became Glee's first 90-minute episode. Its runtime was extended from the standard 60 minutes to allow the inclusion of more musical numbers.[31] The season concluded on May 24, 2011, with the episode moved to the 9 pm (ET) timeslot following the American Idol finale.[32] The commissioning of a third season was announced on May 23, 2010, before the first season had concluded airing.[33]

text: Murphy intended the second season to accentuate focus on formerly minor characters, particularly Santana, Brittany and Mike. He commented, "Everyone gets a chance to shine this season. Instead of going bigger and overstuffing Season 2, which people would expect, we’re going under it. We'll pick up on the stories of our main cast, but we’re also going to spend time on the support characters. Everyone gets their moment."[34] Not all of his plans came to fruition; in July 2010, Murphy claimed that glee club co-captains Finn and Rachel would remain in a relationship throughout the season,[35] however this was abandoned in favor of a love-triangle storyline to generate conflict.[36] One unintended development was the emergence of Kurt as a central character—his role grew in prominence as a result of the writers' desire to do justice to the gay bullying storyline.[31]

text: Reluctant to produce too many tribute episodes, Murphy limited the season to two:[37] the Spears tribute "Britney/Brittany",[38][39] and "Rumours", the series' first episode to pay tribute to an album, Fleetwood Mac's Rumours.[40] The fifth episode, "The Rocky Horror Glee Show" served as an additional homage to The Rocky Horror Show.[41] Although Murphy had planned to showcase original songs in Glee as early as October 2009,[42] they featured for the first time during the second season, after he found a way to include the concept organically, in the form of a glee club assignment.[31][43]

text: Cast[edit]

text: The twelve main cast members from the first season returned for the second: Matthew Morrison as glee club director Will Schuester, Jane Lynch as cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester, Jayma Mays as guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury, Jessalyn Gilsig as Will's former wife Terri Schuester and Dianna Agron, Chris Colfer, Kevin McHale, Lea Michele, Cory Monteith, Amber Riley, Mark Salling and Jenna Ushkowitz as glee club members Quinn Fabray, Kurt Hummel, Artie Abrams, Rachel Berry, Finn Hudson, Mercedes Jones, Noah "Puck" Puckerman and Tina Cohen-Chang, respectively.[23] Heather Morris and Naya Rivera, who portrayed the formerly recurring roles of Brittany Pierce and Santana Lopez, were promoted to series regulars,[44] as was Mike O'Malley as Kurt's father Burt Hummel.[45]

text: Supporting cast members Harry Shum, Jr. and Ashley Fink had increased roles as New Directions members Mike Chang and Lauren Zizes.[46][47] Two recurring cast members from season one did not return: Dijon Talton's glee club member Matt Rutherford was written out as having transferred,[48] and Patrick Gallagher's football coach Ken Tanaka was replaced by Dot-Marie Jones as Shannon Beiste.[49][50] Returning secondary characters included Iqbal Theba as Principal Figgins, Stephen Tobolowsky as former glee club director Sandy Ryerson, Romy Rosemont as Finn's mother Carole Hudson, Max Adler as school bully Dave Karofsky and James Earl as his fellow bully Azimio, Josh Sussman as school reporter Jacob Ben Israel, Lauren Potter as cheerleader Becky Jackson, Jonathan Groff as Rachel's ex-boyfriend Jesse St. James, and Kristin Chenoweth as former glee club star April Rhodes.[40][51] The season introduced several new recurring characters: Chord Overstreet was cast as transfer student Sam Evans;[52][53] Darren Criss appeared as Blaine Anderson, lead singer of rival glee club the Dalton Academy Warblers;[54] Cheyenne Jackson played Dustin Goolsby, the coach of rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline;[55] Charice appeared as Sunshine Corazon, a foreign exchange student from the Philippines and a rival to Rachel who ultimately joins Vocal Adrenaline;[56] John Stamos played dentist Carl Howell, a love interest for Emma;[57] and Gwyneth Paltrow appeared as substitute teacher Holly Holliday.[58]

text: Meat Loaf and Barry Bostwick, who both starred in The Rocky Horror Picture Show, appeared in Glee's Halloween Rocky Horror tribute episode,[59] playing right-wing television station managers and colleagues of Sue.[60] Adam Kolkin portrayed an eight-year-old Kurt in the third episode of the season,[61][62] and in the seventh episode, child actors portraying preschool-aged versions of New Directions were featured.[63] Sue's mother Doris Sylvester was also introduced this season, played by Carol Burnett.[64] Journalist Katie Couric made a guest appearance as herself when she interviewed Sue during "The Sue Sylvester Shuffle".[65]

text: A reality series featuring open auditions for the show was intended to air on Fox in advance of the season,[66][67] but was cancelled due to Murphy's desire to concentrate on the main series, and fear that the distraction of the reality show might damage Glee.[68] The idea was picked up by Oxygen, and The Glee Project began airing in June 2011, after the end of season. The winner was to receive a multi-episode guest-starring role in Glee's third season;[69] in the finale, all four finalists were given prizes: there were two winners of seven-episode arcs, and two runners-up who were given two episodes each.[70]

text: Music[edit]

text: Glee's second season saw a shift toward covering more Top 40 songs than the first, in an effort to appeal more to the 18–49 demographic. Having used 2010 songs such as Bruno Mars' "Just the Way You Are" and Cee Lo Green's "Forget You", music supervisor PJ Bloom commented, "We're using songs on the show the same time they're charting as new hits." He described the process behind selecting songs, clearing rights, recording, and filming numbers as taking as little as a few weeks to complete. Executive music producer Adam Anders revealed that production and planning even occurs before rights for songs are cleared, as Glee's creators are offered the opportunity to listen to upcoming songs before their release by publishers and record labels.[71]

text: The extended play (EP) Glee: The Music, The Rocky Horror Glee Show was released mid-October 2010 to accompany the fifth episode.[72] Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album, featuring winter holiday-themed songs, was released on November 9, 2010, and Glee: The Music, Volume 4, featuring recordings from the first half of the season, was released at the end of that month.[73] An additional EP tied to the Super Bowl episode, when it was initially planned to also be a tribute episode, was dropped when the tribute idea was;[74][75] Glee: The Music, Volume 5, which featured recordings from that Super Bowl episode through the Regionals competition episode, was released on March 8, 2011.[76] Another soundtrack album, released on April 19, 2011, features the Dalton Academy Warblers: Glee: The Music Presents the Warblers.[77] The final CD accompanying the season, Glee: The Music, Volume 6, was released on May 23, 2011.[78]

text: Second season musical releases attained some chart success. Glee: The Music, The Rocky Horror Glee Show peaked at number six on the Billboard 200 with 48,000 copies sold. It marked the lowest debut and sales for the cast in the United States,[79] but the highest position ever reached for a Rocky Horror album.[80] Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album and Glee: The Music, Volume 5 both peaked at number one, in Canada and Australia respectively;[81][82] the highest charting album in the US was Glee: The Music Presents the Warblers at number two.[83] The Christmas album was certified platinum in the US,[84] and Glee: The Music, Volume 4 has nearly achieved double platinum certification in Australia.[85] The cast's cover of "O Holy Night" debuted at number one on the Holiday Digital Songs chart.[86] The highest charting single on the Billboard Hot 100 was the cast's original song "Loser Like Me" which debuted at number six.[87] The single sold 210,000 downloads in that week, second only to the cast's cover of Katy Perry's "Teenage Dream", which sold a record 55,000 downloads on its first day and a total of 214,000 downloads its first week in the US—it became the first Glee Cast single to top Billboard's Digital Songs chart, reached number eight on the Hot 100, and it beat the previous first-week sales record of 177,000 held by debut single "Don't Stop Believin'", which had hit number four on the Hot 100.[88][89] "Teenage Dream" and "Loser Like Me" were the second and third cast singles to be certified Gold in the US; the first was "Don't Stop Believin'", which subsequently received its Platinum certification during the second season.[84]

text: The record for most appearances by a group on the Billboard Hot 100, previously set by The Beatles, was broken when six songs from the season's second episode, "Britney/Brittany", debuted on the chart the week of October 16, 2010, which put the Glee total at seventy-five. This feat also placed the cast third overall among all artists, behind James Brown and Elvis Presley.[90] Four songs debuted on November 18, 2010, which pushed the number of appearances to ninety-three and surpassed Brown for second place.[91] On February 16, 2011, it was announced that Glee had increased its Hot 100 appearances to 113 songs and moved past Elvis to hold the record for the most Hot 100 entries.[92] Glee ended the second season with a total of 156 Hot 100 songs.[93] The season's cover versions had a positive effect on some of the original recording artists. Following the broadcast of "Britney/Brittany", sales of the Spears songs covered increased by 35,000 units.[24] The episode "Rumours" had an even greater effect on the Fleetwood Mac album of the same name it featured: in Australia, five days after the episode aired, the Rumours album entered the Australian charts at number two, and was at number three the following week;[94][95] it received its thirteen-times Platinum certification in Australia at the end of that month.[96]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
It's been a crazy ride this season. As frustrated as I get with Glee's minute-to-minute identity crisis, there have been some truly gorgeous moments of television in the past twenty-two episodes...
“
”

Meghan Brown
The Atlantic[97]

tag: div

text: The season received a Metacritic score of 76 out of 100 based on 11 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[98] The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 86% approval rating with an average rating of 7.5/10 based on 7 reviews.[99]

text: Robert Canning of IGN wrote that the "New York" season finale "was a decent close to an enjoyable season", while The Atlantic's Meghan Brown called it "an uneven end to an uneven season", and her colleague Kevin Fallon said that season two was "undeniably frustrating" but "there was still ample reason to tune in and enjoy".[97][100] Anthony Benigno of The Faster Times gave the season a "C+", but noted that he was "an easy grader".[101] The A.V. Club's Todd VanDerWerff gave the season a slightly better "B−", and stated: "The season opened and closed strong, but the middle section was mushy and filled with plenty of episodes that just didn’t work."[102] Brett Berk of Vanity Fair summed up as follows: "The quality of Glee's second season has been something like the topography of Utah, or the acting career of Amanda Peet—blandly passable and relying on its good looks, but stumbling occasionally upon unfathomable idiosyncrasy, whose presence is at once baffling, frightening, and a bit melancholy—in a good way." [103]

text: Several episodes drew complaints from advocacy groups. The Parents Television Council named "Britney/Brittany", "Blame It on the Alcohol" and "Sexy" the worst shows of their respective weeks of broadcast, due to their overt sexual content.[104] "Sexy" was also criticized by the children's charity Kidscape for the "wholly inappropriate" inclusion of a song by convicted sex offender Gary Glitter.[105] The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation objected to the use of the pejorative term "tranny" in "The Rocky Horror Glee Show",[106] and "The Substitute" was ill-received by the National Alliance on Mental Illness for its humorous depiction of bipolar disorder.[107] Still, some critics praised the show for its even greater diversity in Season 2; Akash Nikolas at Zap2It wrote, "Yes this show is often erratically written, but what it does best is create a queer fantasia to celebrate "otherness", with much mirth and little victim-hood. No other show on TV features a cast this diverse: people of color, sexual others, different body types, gender subversion and even the disabled." [108]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The season premiere episode, "Audition", aired on September 21, 2010; it averaged 12.45 million American viewers and achieved a 5.6/16 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic. The second episode, which featured the music of Britney Spears, was also Glee's second best showing at that point after its April 2010 return after a four-month hiatus, with 13.51 million viewers and a 5.9/17 rating/share in the 18–49 demographic.[109][110] All but one of the next fourteen episodes ranged in viewership between 10.51 million and 11.92 million. The exception aired on Sunday, February 6, 2011, after the Super Bowl: Glee received its highest-ever ratings. Over 26.8 million viewers watched it, with an initial peak of 39.5 million, and an overall 18–49 rating/share of 11.1/29.[111]

text: When the show returned with its final six episodes on April 19, 2011, after a five-week absence, US viewership dipped below ten million, and on the special ninety-minute episode "Born This Way" reached a season low of 8.62 million, with a rating/share of 3.4/11 in the 18–49 demographic.[112] Only for the season finale, when the show aired an hour later than usual to allow the penultimate night of American Idol to air in Glee's usual slot, did the number of watchers exceed ten million, when the lead-in helped boost viewership to 11.80 million and the 18–49 rating/share to 4.6/11.[113]

text: For the season as a whole, Glee was number 43 of 268 primetime shows that averaged at least a million viewers, with an average viewership of 10.11 million, while it tied for number 13 of 249 of shows that received at least a 0.5 rating in the 18–49 rating demographic, with a 4.1 rating average.[114][115]

text: A mid-season feature story in The Hollywood Reporter, which ran on January 25, 2011, stated that Glee had become the most-watched program of US origin in the UK.[24]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: During its second season, Glee was nominated for forty-five awards. It won in three categories at the 68th Golden Globe Awards, from five nominations,[117] and in two categories at the 37th People's Choice Awards, from four nominations.[118] Its five nominations at the Satellite Awards 2010 and three at the 17th Screen Actors Guild Awards produced no wins,[119][120] nor did two nominations at the NAACP Image Awards.[121] Glee garnered nine nominations at the AfterEllen.com and AfterElton.com Visibility Awards, of which it won four.[122][123] It was awarded a further four awards by the Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association at the 2011 Dorian Awards, with the TV Comedy Performance of the Year accolade resulting in a tie between Colfer and Lynch.[116] Series producer Alexis Martin Woodall won the Television Produced By A Woman accolade at the WIN Awards,[124] where Glee was nominated for three awards in total.[125]

text: Glee was named one of the American Film Institute Television Programs of the Year at the 2010 AFI Awards,[126] and tied with Modern Family for the Outstanding Comedy Series accolade at the 22nd GLAAD Media Awards.[127] Series costume designer Lou Eyrich received the Outstanding Contemporary Television Series award at the Costume Designers Guild Awards 2010,[128] and casting directors Robert J. Ulrich, Eric Dawson and Carol Kritzer won the CSA Media Access Award and for casting performers with disabilities.[129] The series was additionally nominated in the International TV Show category at the British Academy Television Awards 2010,[130] for International Breakthrough Act at the 2011 BRIT Awards,[131] and in the Digital Choice category at the 2011 National Television Awards.[132] Lynch was nominated for Comedy Actress – TV at the inaugural Comedy Awards.[133] Brennan, Falchuk and Murphy received a Comedy Series nomination at the 2011 Writers Guild of America Awards,[134] and they, along with Di Loreto and Kenneth Silverstein, were nominated for The Danny Thomas Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television – Comedy at the Producers Guild of America Awards 2010.[135]

text: Home video releases[edit]

text: Glee: Season 2, Volume 1 contains the first ten episodes of the season. It was released as a three-disc box set on Region 1 DVD in the US and Canada on January 25, 2011,[136] on Region 4 DVD in Australia and New Zealand on March 23, 2011,[137][138] and on Region 2 DVD in the UK and Ireland on April 4, 2011.[139][140] The special features include a DVD-exclusive song from "The Rocky Horror Glee Show".[141] The final twelve episodes of the season are collected on Glee: Season 2, Volume 2, which was released in the US on September 13, 2011, and includes several special features such as "Building Glee's Auditorium" with Cory Monteith and "Shooting Glee in New York City"; Glee: The Complete Second Season was released on the same day in DVD and Blu-ray, and contains all the special features from the second season's first and second DVD volumes.[142] The two DVDs and full-season Blu-ray were released in the UK on September 19, 2011,[143][144][145] and in Australia on October 5, 2011.[146][147][148] Amazon.com began taking pre-orders for the complete season box set on Blu-ray and DVD in September 2010, the week the season premiered.[149]

text:
Glee – Season 2, Volume 1

Set details
Special features

10 episodes
3-disc set
Running Time: 464 minutes
1.77:1 aspect ratio
English
Subtitles: English, French, Spanish

Glee Music Jukebox
Getting Waxed With Jane Lynch
The Making of the Rocky Horror Glee Show
Exclusive Bonus Song

"Planet, Schmanet, Janet"

The Wit of Brittany
Glee at Comic-Con 2010

DVD release dates

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

January 25, 2011 (2011-01-25)
April 4, 2011 (2011-04-04)
March 23, 2011 (2011-03-23)

text:
Glee – Season 2, Volume 2

Set details
Special features

12 episodes
4-disc set
Running Time: 565 minutes
1.77:1 aspect ratio
English
Subtitles: English, French, Spanish

Glee Music Jukebox
Building Glee's Auditorium with Cory Monteith
A Day in the Life of Brittany
Shooting Glee in New York City
Guesting on Glee
Sue’s Quips
Stevie Nicks Goes Glee
Santana's Slams

DVD release dates

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

September 13, 2011 (2011-09-13)
September 19, 2011 (2011-09-19)
October 5, 2011 (2011-10-05)

text:
Glee – The Complete Second Season

Set details
Special features

22 episodes
7-disc set
Running Time: 1001 minutes
1.77:1 aspect ratio
English
Subtitles: English, French, Spanish

All special features on Glee – Season 2, Volume 1
All special features on Glee – Season 2, Volume 2

DVD release dates

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

September 13, 2011 (2011-09-13)
September 19, 2011 (2011-09-19)
October 5, 2011 (2011-10-05)


document_title: Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road

question_text: aurangazeb road in heart of new delhi was renamed after which personality

text: Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road

text: Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road (formerly known as Aurangzeb road) is a road in New Delhi's Lutyen's bungalow zone in Delhi, India. It lies at the north-east end, stretching from the 'Taj Mansingh Hotel' at the roundabout of Mansingh Road, Shahjahan Road, Humayun Road, Prithviraj Road and a road to Khan Market in the north-east. At the south-west end it stretches up to the crossing at Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Marg and Safdarjung Road junction. Abdul Kalam road is home to several Indian billionaires such as ArcelorMittal's L N Mittal, K P Singh of DLF and Max Healthcare's Analjit Singh.[1]

text: Junction[edit]

text: A single junction is formed at the crossing of Tughlaq road, land on this road is worth ₹ 500 Crore (roughly $80 million) per acre.[2]

text: 2014 Renaming[edit]

text: Dr APJ Abdul Kalam road was earlier called Aurangzeb road, named so by the British after the controversial Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb. In November 2014, Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee petitioned the Prime Minister of India to change the name of Aurangzeb road after Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh guru, as a tribute to him on his martyrdom anniversary observed on 24 November.[3] Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed in Delhi on the orders of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, who was known for his religious oppression. Canadian writer and activist of Pakistani origin, Tarek Fatah, suggested renaming Aurangzeb Road to Dara Shikoh road, after Dara Shikoh, the secular brother of Aurangzeb, who was executed by the latter.[4]

text: Aurangzeb road was renamed to Dr APJ Adbul Kalam Road by NDMC on request of Maheish Girri (BJP Member of the India Parliament for East Delhi) on 29 August 2015.

text: "As a tribute to the People's President, I propose to rename the 'Aurangzeb Road' in New Delhi to 'Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road'. In my opinion, this will be a great way of preserving his memories and legacy forever," wrote Maheish Girri for changing the name of the Road.

text: The Renaming of Aurangzeb road to Dr APJ Adbul Kalam Road also got criticism from various sections of historians[5] and politicians, such as Sharad Yadav of Janata Dal (United),[6] Bahujan Samaj Party president Mayawati,[7][8] Tariq Anwar of Nationalist Congress Party[9] and Asaduddin Owaisi of AIMIM.[10][11]


document_title: Deccan Queen

question_text: the name of the first electric train in india is

text: Deccan Queen

text: History[edit]

text: Deccan Queen service  was introduced  on 1 June 1930[1] as a weekend train during the days of the British raj  to ferry rich patrons -fans from Bombay (now Mumbai) to Poona (now Pune) to attend horse racing at Pune Race Course.The first service of the train was conducted from Calyan (now Kalyan) and Pune. It was converted to a daily service soon after, starting from Bombay Victoria Terminus (renamed Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus CSMTM). It is one of the longest running train service on the Indian Railways to have never run on steam power. From the beginning, the Deccan Queen has been run using electric locomotives. Occasionally, it was given diesel locomotives in case of original locomotive failure.

text: The color of its rake has seen a lot of changes, from red colour to yellow to white and then to blue.[1]

text: The Deccan Queen has several firsts or 'among the firsts' to her credit: she was India's first superfast train, she was the first long distance electric hauled passenger train, she was one of India's first vestibuled trains. The Deccan Queen was the first to have a Ladies Only car, and amongst the first to feature a diner.  The train has an exciting and chequered history.  The Deccan Queen got a brand new rake in 1966, consisting of Indian Railways standard integral anti telescopic cars.  For the first time since the history of the train, third class (now second class) passengers were allowed to travel by this train. It had only reserved first class since inception until 1966.

text: Deccan Queen is the second  train in India having ISO 9000 certification and a dining car after the India's first ISO Certified train Shaan - E - Bhopal Express running between Bhopal Habibganj (Bhopal) - Hazrat Nizamuddin (Delhi).[1] It has sixteen coaches including the engine.

text: The Deccan Queen is also one of the most favourite trains among railfans. Every year on 1 June, its regular pass-holders, railfans and railway authorities celebrate the train's birthday. Deccan Queen entered its 89th year of service on 1 June 2018.[2]

text: Schedule[edit]

text: The Pune Mumbai Deccan Queen Express Express is the 2nd of 6 dedicated trains to leave Pune Junction for Mumbai CST & is the last train to return.

text: 12124 Pune Mumbai Deccan Queen Express leaves Pune Junction every day at 07:15 hrs IST and reaches Mumbai CSMT at 10:25 hrs IST. The train travels non stop till Lonavala after leaving Pune junction. On its way the train overtakes Sahyadri Express at Shivajinagar / Khadki. Then it crosses the Bhor ghat and skips Karjat. The train then stop at Dadar (Central) station after traveling 120 km (75 mi) from Lonavala and finally terminates at Mumbai CSMT.

text: On return, the 12123 Mumbai Pune Deccan Queen Express leaves  Mumbai CSMT every day at 17:10 hrs IST and reaches Pune Junction at 20:25 hrs IST. On its way the train halt at Karjat after covering 100 km (62 mi) from Mumbai CSMT for bank locomotive attachment. Then it halts at Lonavala after crossing Bhor Ghat where bank locomotives are detached. Then the train halts at Shivajinagar a major suburb of Pune before terminating at Pune junction.

text: Deccan Queen is Central Railway's flagship train but is often late by 30 minutes when arriving in Mumbai due to suburban network local trains.[3] Deccan Queen, when it started in 1930 was one of the fastest trains in Asia. It used to cover the 192 km Mumbai-Pune distance in 3 hours 45 minutes and now takes 3 hours 15 minutes.[4]

text: Coaches[edit]

text: This train uses ICF coaches. This train has a dinning car and is ISO certified train. This train has 17 coached which include different classes like AC chair car, MST coaches (Monthly Season Ticket), Ladies special, Second class sitter reserved coaches and General Coaches. This train will be upgraded under project utkrist and will have LED lights, Bio tiolets and Braille Signage. GPS-tagged biometric attendance system will be also installed in this train. [5]

text: Rake[edit]

text: Initially this train use to run with two different rakes one colored silver with scarlet moldings and other royal blue, both built in England. Only First Class and Second Class were used in seven coach rake till June 1955 after which Third Class was also introduced. Initially there were seven coaches which were increased to 12 and then to 17 as of today. [6]. Now it has one dedicated rake colored white and blue with red strip on white color. The rake is ICF rake and is hauled by WCAM 3/2P. The rake is attached with bankers from Karjat to Lonavala while traveling from Mumbai CSMT to Pune Junction. to cross steep climbs of the Bhor Ghat.

text:
Loco

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

HP/SLR

(Second MST)

(Second MST)

GEN

GEN

D5

D4

D3

Dining cum Pantry Car

C4

C3

(AC MST)

(AC MST)

D2

D1
(LADIES)

GEN

SLR/HP

text:
17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

Loco

HP/SLR

(Second MST)

(Second MST)

GEN

GEN

D5

D4

D3

Dining cum Pantry Car

C4

C3

(AC MST)

(AC MST)

D2

D1
(LADIES)

GEN

SLR/HP

text: Traction[edit]

text: When it was introduced in 1930, the Deccan Queen was hauled by WCP 1/2 DC passenger locomotives. From 1954 till the 1990s, it was hauled by a WCM 1/2/4/5 DC mixed locomotive. From the 1990s till present, it has been hauled end to end by a WCAM 3 or WCAM 2/2P DC/AC locomotive of the Kalyan (KYN) shed. Starting 1st June 2018, it will be occasionally hauled by the WAP-7 of the Ajni shed or when the Kalyan Electric Loco Shed receives them.

text: At Karjat, it gets two or three WAG-5, WAG-7, WCAM-2 or WCAM 3 bankers of Kalyan shed to push the train on the ghat section between Karjat railway station and Lonavala railway station, where the gradient is of 1 in 40.

text: Incidents[edit]

text: The train derailed in 1990 at Khandala Ghat,  but there were no casualties.

text: The train service was disturbed between late July to early August 2005 due to heavy rainfall in Mumbai (26 July 2005).[citation needed]

text: On 30 November 2006, a mob of around 6000 protestors set fire to some coaches of the train near Ulhasnagar after forcing the passengers to get down.[7] The arsonists were protesting against the vandalism of a statue of B. R. Ambedkar in far away Kanpur though the incident had nothing to do with the Deccan Queen.

text: Sister trains[edit]

text: Below are few other trains which originates and halts between the two cities:

text:
Deccan Express
Indrayani Express
Mumbai Pune Intercity Express
Pragati Express
Sinhagad Express

tag: ul


document_title: List of bodies of water by salinity

question_text: which is saltier dead sea or red sea

question_tokens: which is saltier dead sea or red sea

text: List of bodies of water by salinity

text:
Part of a series onWater salinity
Salinity levels
Fresh water (< 0.05%)Brackish water (0.05–3%)Saline water (3–5%)Brine (> 5%)

Bodies of water
Seawater • Salt lake • Hypersaline lake • Salt pan • Brine pool • Bodies by salinity
vte

text: This is a list of bodies of water by salinity that is limited to natural bodies of water that have a stable salinity above 0.5%, at or below which water is considered fresh. On average, seawater has a salinity of 3.5% (or 35 parts per thousand).

text: Water salinity often varies by location and season, particularly with hypersaline lakes in arid areas, so the salinity figures in the table below should be interpreted as an approximate indicator.

text:
Salinity, g/kg (‰)

Name

Type

Region or countries

Refs

474
Don Juan Pond
Salt lake
Antarctica
[1]

433
Gaet'ale Pond
Salt lake
Ethiopia
[2]

400
Lake Retba
Salt lake
Senegal
[citation needed]

350
Lake Vanda
Salt lake
Antarctica
[citation needed]

350
Garabogazköl
Lagoon
Turkmenistan
[3]

348
Lake Assal
Salt lake
Djibouti
[4]

337
Dead Sea
Salt lake
Israel, Jordan
[5]

317
Great Salt Lake, North Arm
Salt lake
United States
[6]

85–280
Lake Urmia
Salt lake
Iran
[7]

180
Little Manitou Lake
Salt lake
Canada
[8]

142
Great Salt Lake, South Arm
Salt lake
United States
[6]

88 2015
Mono Lake
Salt lake
United States
[9]

66
Hamelin Pool
Lagoon
Australia
[10]

44
Salton Sea
Salt lake
United States
[11]

38
Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean sea
Southern Europe, Levant, North Africa

[12]

36–41
Red Sea
Mediterranean sea
Middle East
[13]

30–40
Lake Natron
Salt lake
Tanzania
[14]

35
Pacific Ocean
Ocean

[15]

35
Atlantic Ocean
Ocean

[16]

28–32
Beaufort Sea
Marginal Sea
North of Alaska and Canada

[17]

0.13–31.73
Chilika Lake
Lagoon
India
[18]

13–23
Black Sea
Mediterranean sea
Eastern Europe, Turkey
[19]

23
Lake Van
Salt lake
Turkey
[20]

12.5
Caspian Sea
Inland sea
Central Asia
[21]

11.4
Sarygamysh Lake
Salt lake
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
[22]

10
Baltic Sea
Mediterranean sea
Northern Europe
[23][n 1]


document_title: Mozart in the Jungle

question_text: who plays cynthia on mozart in the jungle

text: Mozart in the Jungle

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Lola Kirke as Hailey Rutledge, an oboist with a yearning ambition to play with the New York Symphony. She develops a strong bond with Rodrigo as the series progresses.
Gael García Bernal as Rodrigo De Souza, the new conductor of the New York Symphony
Bernadette Peters as Gloria Windsor, the president of the New York Symphony (recurring, season 1; season 2–present)
Malcolm McDowell as Thomas Pembridge, the conductor emeritus of the New York Symphony
Saffron Burrows as Cynthia Taylor, a philandering cellist with the New York Symphony
Hannah Dunne as Elizabeth "Lizzie" Campbell, Hailey's roommate and best friend
Peter Vack as Alex Merriweather, Hailey's dancer boyfriend (seasons 1 & 2)

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Debra Monk as Betty Cragdale, the long-time oboist for the New York Symphony who instantly despises Hailey
Mark Blum as Union Bob, a piccolo player for the symphony and known for bringing up the union rules
Jennifer Kim as Sharon, Rodrigo's assistant
Joel Bernstein as Warren Boyd, the concertmaster for the symphony
Nora Arnezeder as Ana Maria, Rodrigo's estranged violinist wife
John Miller as Dee Dee, the drug-dealing percussionist of the New York Symphony
Rubio Qian as Triangle Tanya, the triangle player of the New York Symphony.
Brennan Brown as Edward Biben, an orchestra board member
Gretchen Mol as Nina, the New York Symphony's lawyer who falls for Cynthia
Makenzie Leigh as Addison, Alex's dancing partner and roommate
Margaret Ladd as Claire, Thomas' ex-wife who dies after hearing his completed symphony.
Jason Schwartzman as Bradford Sharpe, a classical music enthusiast and host of his own podcast, "B-Sharpe"
John Hodgman as Marlin Guggenheim, a purported billionaire infatuated with Hailey
Wallace Shawn as Winslow Eliot, a neurotic concert pianist.
Tenoch Huerta Mejía as Manuel, Rodrigo's childhood friend
Dermot Mulroney as Andrew Walsh, a cello soloist who fraternizes with Hailey.
Monica Bellucci as Alessandra, a reclusive Italian soprano living in Venice, Italy, also known as "La fiamma".

Ana María Martínez provides Alessandra's singing voice.

Sandro Isaack as Pavel, the orchestra's stagehand who becomes friendly with Gloria
Philip Jackson Smith as Mike, a friend of Hailey's whom she recruits to work for the orchestra

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
10
February 6, 2014 (2014-02-06)
December 23, 2014 (2014-12-23)

2
10
December 30, 2015 (2015-12-30)
December 30, 2015 (2015-12-30)

3
10
December 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)
December 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)

4
10
February 16, 2018 (2018-02-16)
February 16, 2018 (2018-02-16)

text: Production[edit]

text: The many oboe solos played by the protagonist and other characters throughout the series are performed by Lelie Resnick, principal oboist of the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra, while the character of Rodrigo is loosely based on Gustavo Dudamel, the Venezuelan music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic.[10] Dudamel coached García Bernal before the latter conducted, in the character of Rodrigo, for a real performance of the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the Hollywood Bowl, scenes of which were used for the second season opener.[11] Dudamel has a cameo in that episode, acting as a stagehand trying to convince Rodrigo to move to Los Angeles. Other musicians that have cameos in the series are violinist Joshua Bell, pianists Emanuel Ax and Lang Lang, composers Anton Coppola and Nico Muhly, Broadway star Brian d'Arcy James and conductors Alan Gilbert and Bernard Uzan. Blair Tindall, oboist and writer of the book on which the series is based, also appears in a cameo.[12] Interior shots of the home concert hall were filmed at the Performing Arts Center at SUNY Purchase.[13]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season of the series received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the series a 'fresh' 95% rating based on 20 critic reviews, with the critical consensus "Though confined to the isolated world of classical music, Mozart in the Jungle's Gael Garcia Bernal makes this charming little show sing."[14] Metacritic gave the series a 73 out of 100, indicating 'generally favorable reviews.'[15] Cory Barker, writing for TV.com, praised the series. "What works so well is that Mozart isn't afraid to throw you into a world you're likely unfamiliar with, but it doesn't swim so far into the deep end that you immediately drown in jargon and distanced dramatic stakes."[16] Robert Lloyd, writing for The Los Angeles Times, also lauded the first season. He stated that "Characters who were mouthpieces for attitudes start to seem like people, more complicated than a thumbnail description can accommodate. You grow interested in what will become of them without expecting or rooting for any particular outcome."[17] Kory Grow of Rolling Stone also praised the series, writing that "[t]hanks to quirky scripts and a smart ensemble cast... it comes off whimsical without ringing off-pitch."[18]

text: Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter also gave the first season a positive review. "Bernal is both likable and magnetic, and makes the eclectic maestro surge on the screen. He alone is worth streaming the series, but, thankfully, there's a lot more going on here."[19] Brian Lowry, writing for Variety, also lauded the series. "While Mozart is surely a niche confection, the show generally shines by proving long on charm even when it's short on laughs."[20] In a more mixed review, Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly gave the series a "B-".

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients
Result
Ref.

2015
Imagen Foundation Awards
Best Actor - Television
Gael Garcia Bernal
Won
[21]

2016
Golden Globe Awards
Best Television Series – Comedy
Mozart in the Jungle
Won
[22]

Best Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy
Gael Garcia Bernal
Won

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation
Thomas Varga, Andy D'Addario, Bill Higley, Chris Navarro (for "Nothing Resonates Like Rhinoceros Foreskin")
Won
[23]

Imagen Foundation Awards
Best Actor - Television
Gael García Bernal
Won
[24]

2017
Golden Globe Awards
Best Television Series – Comedy
Mozart in the Jungle
Nominated
[25]

Best Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy
Gael Garcia Bernal
Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (Half-Hour)
Tobias Datum (for "Now I Will Sing")
Nominated
[26]

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program (Half-Hour or Less)
Tommaso Ortino, Susanna Codognato, Letizia Santucci (for "Now I Will Sing")
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation
Andy D'Addario, Gary Gegan, Marco Fiumara (for "Now I Will Sing")
Won


document_title: Great Barrier Reef

question_text: australia's great barrier reef as well as low coral islands in the pacific are vulnerable to

question_tokens: australia 's great barrier reef as well as low coral islands in the pacific are vulnerable to

text: Great Barrier Reef

text: Geology and geography

text: The Great Barrier Reef is a distinct feature of the East Australian Cordillera division. It includes the smaller Murray Islands.[18] It reaches from Torres Strait (between Bramble Cay, its northernmost island, and the south coast of Papua New Guinea) in the north to the unnamed passage between Lady Elliot Island (its southernmost island) and Fraser Island in the south. Lady Elliot Island is located 1,915 km (1,190 mi) southeast of Bramble Cay as the crow flies.[19]

text: The Plate tectonic theory indicates Australia has moved northwards at a rate of 7 cm (2.8 in) per year, starting during the Cenozoic.[20][21] Eastern Australia experienced a period of tectonic uplift, which moved the drainage divide in Queensland 400 km (250 mi) inland. Also during this time, Queensland experienced volcanic eruptions leading to central and shield volcanoes and basalt flows.[22] Some of these became high islands.[23] After the Coral Sea Basin formed, coral reefs began to grow in the Basin, but until about 25 million years ago, northern Queensland was still in temperate waters south of the tropics—too cool to support coral growth.[24] The Great Barrier Reef's development history is complex; after Queensland drifted into tropical waters, it was largely influenced by reef growth and decline as sea level changed.[25]

text: Reefs can increase in diameter by 1 to 3 centimetres (0.39 to 1.18 in) per year, and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm (0.39 to 9.84 in) per year; however, they grow only above a depth of 150 metres (490 ft) due to their need for sunlight, and cannot grow above sea level.[26] When Queensland edged into tropical waters 24 million years ago, some coral grew,[27] but a sedimentation regime quickly developed with erosion of the Great Dividing Range; creating river deltas, oozes and turbidites, unsuitable conditions for coral growth. 10 million years ago, the sea level significantly lowered, which further enabled sedimentation. The reef's substrate may have needed to build up from the sediment until its edge was too far away for suspended sediments to inhibit coral growth. In addition, approximately 400,000 years ago there was a particularly warm interglacial period with higher sea levels and a 4 °C (7 °F) water temperature change.[28]

text: The land that formed the substrate of the current Great Barrier Reef was a coastal plain formed from the eroded sediments of the Great Dividing Range with some larger hills (most of which were themselves remnants of older reefs[29] or, in rare cases, volcanoes[23]).[21] The Reef Research Centre, a Cooperative Research Centre, has found coral 'skeleton' deposits that date back half a million years.[30] The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) considers the earliest evidence of complete reef structures to have been 600,000 years ago.[31] According to the GBRMPA, the current, living reef structure is believed to have begun growing on the older platform about 20,000 years ago.[31] The Australian Institute of Marine Science agrees, placing the beginning of the growth of the current reef at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum. At around that time, sea level was 120 metres (390 ft) lower than it is today.[29]

text: From 20,000 years ago until 6,000 years ago, sea level rose steadily around the world. As it rose, the corals could then grow higher on the newly submerged maritime margins of the hills of the coastal plain. By around 13,000 years ago the sea level was only 60 metres (200 ft) lower than the present day, and corals began to surround the hills of the coastal plain, which were, by then, continental islands. As the sea level rose further still, most of the continental islands were submerged. The corals could then overgrow the submerged hills, to form the present cays and reefs. Sea level here has not risen significantly in the last 6,000 years.[29] The CRC Reef Research Centre estimates the age of the present, living reef structure at 6,000 to 8,000 years old.[30] The shallow water reefs that can be seen in air-photographs and satellite images cover an area of 20,679 km², most (about 80%) of which[32] has grown on top of limestone platforms that are relics of past (Pleistocene) phases of reef growth.[33]

text: The remains of an ancient barrier reef similar to the Great Barrier Reef can be found in The Kimberley, Western Australia.[34]

text: The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area has been divided into 70 bioregions,[35] of which 30 are reef bioregions.[36][37] In the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef, ribbon reefs and deltaic reefs have formed; these structures are not found in the rest of the reef system.[30] There are no atolls in the system,[38] and reefs attached to the mainland are rare.[21]

text: Fringing reefs are distributed widely, but are most common towards the southern part of the Great Barrier Reef, attached to high islands, for example, the Whitsunday Islands. Lagoonal reefs are found in the southern Great Barrier Reef, and further north, off the coast of Princess Charlotte Bay. Cresentic reefs are the most common shape of reef in the middle of the system, for example the reefs surrounding Lizard Island. Cresentic reefs are also found in the far north of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, and in the Swain Reefs (20–22 degrees south). Planar reefs are found in the northern and southern parts, near Cape York Peninsula, Princess Charlotte Bay, and Cairns. Most of the islands on the reef are found on planar reefs.[39]

text: Ecology

text: The Great Barrier Reef supports a diversity of life, including many vulnerable or endangered species, some of which may be endemic to the reef system.[40][41]

text: Thirty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises have been recorded in the Great Barrier Reef, including the dwarf minke whale, Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, and the humpback whale. Large populations of dugongs live there.[41][42][43] More than 1,500 fish species live on the reef, including the clownfish, red bass, red-throat emperor, and several species of snapper and coral trout.[42] Forty-nine species mass spawn, while eighty-four other species spawn elsewhere in their range.[44] Seventeen species of sea snake live on the Great Barrier Reef in warm waters up to 50 metres (160 ft) deep and are more common in the southern than in the northern section. None found in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area are endemic, nor are any endangered.[45]

text: Six species of sea turtles come to the reef to breed: the green sea turtle, leatherback sea turtle, hawksbill turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, flatback turtle, and the Olive Ridley. The green sea turtles on the Great Barrier Reef have two genetically distinct populations, one in the northern part of the reef and the other in the southern part.[46] Fifteen species of seagrass in beds attract the dugongs and turtles,[42] and provide fish habitat.[47] The most common genera of seagrasses are Halophila and Halodule.[48]

text: Saltwater crocodiles live in mangrove and salt marshes on the coast near the reef.[49] Nesting has not been reported, and the salt water crocodile population in the GBRWHA is wide-ranging but low density.[45] Around 125 species of shark, stingray, skates or chimaera live on the reef.[50][51] Close to 5,000 species of mollusc have been recorded on the reef, including the giant clam and various nudibranchs and cone snails.[42] Forty-nine species of pipefish and nine species of seahorse have been recorded.[45] At least seven species of frog inhabit the islands.[52]

text: 215 species of birds (including 22 species of seabirds and 32 species of shorebirds) visit the reef or nest or roost on the islands,[53] including the white-bellied sea eagle and roseate tern.[42] Most nesting sites are on islands in the northern and southern regions of the Great Barrier Reef, with 1.4 to 1.7 million birds using the sites to breed.[54][55] The islands of the Great Barrier Reef also support 2,195 known plant species; three of these are endemic. The northern islands have 300–350 plant species which tend to be woody, whereas the southern islands have 200 which tend to be herbaceous; the Whitsunday region is the most diverse, supporting 1,141 species. The plants are propagated by birds.[52]

text: There are at least 330 species of ascidians on the reef system with the diameter of 1–10 cm (0.4–4 in). Between 300–500 species of bryozoans live on the reef.[51] Four hundred coral species, both hard corals and soft corals inhabit the reef.[42] The majority of these spawn gametes, breeding in mass spawning events that are triggered by the rising sea temperatures of spring and summer, the lunar cycle, and the diurnal cycle. Reefs in the inner Great Barrier Reef spawn during the week after the full moon in October, while the outer reefs spawn in November and December.[56] Its common soft corals belong to 36 genera.[57] Five hundred species of marine algae or seaweed live on the reef,[42] including thirteen species of genus Halimeda, which deposit calcareous mounds up to 100 metres (110 yd) wide, creating mini-ecosystems on their surface which have been compared to rainforest cover.[58]

text: Environmental threats

text: Climate change, pollution, crown-of-thorns starfish and fishing are the primary threats to the health of this reef system. Other threats include shipping accidents, oil spills, and tropical cyclones.[59] Skeletal Eroding Band, a disease of bony corals caused by the protozoan Halofolliculina corallasia, affects 31 coral species.[60] According to a 2012 study by the National Academy of Science, since 1985, the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals with two-thirds of the loss occurring from 1998 due to the factors listed before.[61]

text: Climate change

text: The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority considers the greatest threat to the Great Barrier Reef to be climate change, causing ocean warming which increases coral bleaching.[62][63] Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998, 2002 and 2006,[64] and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence.[65] As global warming continues, corals will not be able to keep up with increasing ocean temperatures. Coral bleaching events lead to increased disease susceptibility, which causes detrimental ecological effects for reef communities.[66]

text: World Heritage Committee meeting will take place in Krakow, Poland, in July 2017. UNESCO, in a draft decision published in June 2017 as part of the agenda for the meeting, expressed serious concern about the impact of coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. The draft decision also warned Australia that it will not meet the targets of the Reef 2050 report without considerable work to improve water quality. [67]

text: Climate change has implications for other forms of reef life—some fish's preferred temperature range leads them to seek new habitat, thus increasing chick mortality in predatory seabirds. Climate change will also affect the population and sea turtle's available habitat.[68]

text: Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures. Five Great Barrier Reef species of large benthic corals were found bleached under elevated temperatures, affirming that benthic corals are vulnerable to thermal stress.[69]

text: Pollution

text: Another key threat faced by the Great Barrier Reef is pollution and declining water quality. The rivers of north eastern Australia pollute the Reef during tropical flood events. Over 90% of this pollution comes from farm runoff.[70] 80% of the land adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef is used for farming including intensive cropping of sugar cane, and major beef cattle grazing. Farming practices damage the reef due to overgrazing, increased run-off of agricultural sediments, nutrients and chemicals including fertilisers, herbicides and pesticides representing a major health risk for the coral and biodiversity of the reefs.[71] Sediments containing high levels of copper and other heavy metals sourced from the Ok Tedi Mine in Papua New Guinea are a potential pollution risk for the far northern Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait regions.[72]

text: Some 67% of corals died in the reef's worst-hit northern section, the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies report said.[73]

text: Loss of coastal wetland

text: The runoff problem is exacerbated by the loss of coastal wetlands which act as a natural filter for toxins and help deposit sediment.[74][75][76] It is thought that the poor water quality is due to increased light and oxygen competition from algae.[77]

text: Eutrophication

text: Farming fertiliser runoff release nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium into the oceanic ecosystem, these limiting nutrients cause massive algal growth which leads to depletion in oxygen available for other creatures which decreases the biodiversity in the affected areas, altering the species composition. A study by Katharina Fabricius and Glen Death of Australian Institute of Marine Science found that hard corals numbers were almost double on reefs that were far from agricultural areas.[71]

text: Fertilizers also increase the amount of phytoplankton available for the crown-of-thorns starfish larvae to consume. A study showed that a doubling of the chlorophyll in the water leads to a tenfold increase in the crown-of-thorns starfish larvae's survival rate.[71]

text: Sediment runoff

text: Sediment runoff from farming carries chemicals into the reef environment also reduces the amount of light available to the corals decreasing their ability to extract energy from their environment.[71]

text: Pesticides

text: Pesticides used in farming are made up of heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic and other toxins are released into the wider environment due to erosion of farm soil, which has a detrimental effect on the coral.[71]

text: Pollution from mining

text: Mining company Queensland Nickel discharged nitrate-laden water into the Great Barrier Reef in 2009 and 2011 – on the later occasion releasing 516 tonnes (508 long tons; 569 short tons) of waste water. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) stated "We have strongly encouraged the company to investigate options that do not entail releasing the material to the environment and to develop a management plan to eliminate this potential hazard; however, GBRMPA does not have legislative control over how the Yabulu tailings dam is managed".[78]

text: Crown of thorns

text: The crown-of-thorns starfish preys on coral polyps. Large outbreaks of these starfish can devastate reefs. In 2000, an outbreak contributed to a loss of 66% of live coral cover on sampled reefs in a study by the RRC (Reefs Research Centre.)[79] Outbreaks are believed to occur in natural cycles, worsened by poor water quality and overfishing of the starfish's predators.[79][80]

text: Overfishing

text: The unsustainable overfishing of keystone species, such as the Giant Triton, can disrupt food chains vital to reef life. Fishing also impacts the reef through increased water pollution from boats, by-catch of unwanted species (such as dolphins and turtles) and habitat destruction from trawling, anchors and nets.[81] As of the middle of 2004, approximately one-third of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is protected from species removal of any kind, including fishing, without written permission.[82]

text: Shipping

text: Shipping accidents are a pressing concern, as several commercial shipping routes pass through the Great Barrier Reef.[83] Although the route through the Great Barrier Reef is not easy, reef pilots consider it safer than outside the reef in the event of mechanical failure, since a ship can sit safely while being repaired.[84] There have been over 1,600 known shipwrecks in the Great Barrier Reef region.[85] On 3 April 2010, bulk coal carrier Shen Neng 1 ran aground on Douglas Shoals,[86] spilling up to four tonnes of oil into the water and causing extensive damage to the reef.[87]

text: Human use

text: The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Aboriginal Australians have been living in the area for at least 40,000 years,[88] and Torres Strait Islanders since about 10,000 years ago.[89] For these 70 or so clan groups, the reef is also an important cultural feature.[90]

text: In 1768 Louis de Bougainville found the reef during an exploratory mission, but did not claim the area for the French.[91] On 11 June 1770, the HM Bark Endeavour, captained by explorer James Cook, ran aground on the Great Barrier Reef, sustaining considerable damage. Lightening the ship and re-floating it during an incoming tide eventually saved it.[92] One of the most famous wrecks was the HMS Pandora, which sank on 29 August 1791, killing 35 men. The Queensland Museum has led archaeological digs to the Pandora since 1983.[93] Because the reef had no atolls, it was largely unstudied in the 19th century.[38] During this time, some of the reef's islands were mined for deposits of guano, and lighthouses were built as beacons throughout the system.[94] as in Raine Island, the earliest example.[95] In 1922, the Great Barrier Reef Committee began carrying out much of the early research on the reef.[96]

text: Management

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text: Royal Commissions disallowed oil drilling in the Great Barrier Reef, in 1975 the Government of Australia created the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and prohibited various activities.[97] The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park does not include the entire Great Barrier Reef Province.[19] The park is managed, in partnership with the Government of Queensland, through the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority to ensure that it is used in a sustainable manner. A combination of zoning, management plans, permits, education and incentives (such as eco-tourism certification) are employed in the effort to conserve the reef.[59][98]

text: In 1999, the Australian Parliament passed the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, which improved the operation of national environmental law by providing guidance about regional biodiversity conservation priorities. The marine bioregional planning process came from the implementation of this law. This process conserves marine biodiversity by considering the whole ecosystem a species is in and how different species interact in the marine environment.

text: There are two steps to this process. The first step is to identify regional conservation priorities in the five (currently) different marine regions. The second step is to identify marine reserves (protected areas or marine parks) to be added to Australia's National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas. Like protected areas on land, marine reserves are created to protect biodiversity for generations to come. Marine reserves are identified based on criteria written in a document created by Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council called "Guidelines for establishing the national representative system of marine protected areas", also known as just "the Guidelines". These guidelines are nationally recognised and implemented at the local level based on the Australian policy for implementation outlined in the "Goals and Principles for the Establishment of the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in Commonwealth Waters". These policies are in place to make sure that a marine reserve is only added to the NRSMPA after careful evaluation of different data.

text: The priorities for each region are created based on human and environmental threats and the Marine Bioregional Plans are drafted to address these priorities. To assess different region's priorities, three steps are taken, first, a bioregional profile is created, second, a bioregional plan is drafted, and third, the plan is finalised. After the plan is finalised, activity in different bioregions may become limited based on particular threats an activity may pose.[99]

text: In 2001, the GBRMPA released a report about the declining water quality in the Great Barrier Reef and detailed the importance of this issue. In response to this report, in 2003, the Australian and Queensland governments launched a joint initiative to improve the quality of water entering the Great Barrier Reef.[100] The decline in the quality of water over the past 150 years (due to development) has contributed to coral bleaching, algal blooms, and pesticide pollution. These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change.

text: When the plan was introduced in October 2003, it originally contained 65 actions built on previous legislation. Their immediate goal was to halt and reverse the decline in water quality entering the reef by 2013. By 2020, they hope that the quality of the water entering in the reef improves enough so that it doesn't have a detrimental impact on the health of the Great Barrier Reef. To achieve these goals they decided to reduce pollutants in the water entering the reef and to rehabilitate and conserve areas of the reef that naturally help reduce water pollutants. To achieve the objectives described above, this plan focuses on non-point sources of pollution, which cannot be traced to a single source such as a waste outlet.

text: The plan specifically targets nutrients, pesticides and sediment that make their way into the reef as a result of agricultural activities. Other non-point sources of pollution that are attributed to urban areas are covered under different legislation. In 2009, the plan was updated. The updated version states that to date, none of the efforts undertaken to improve the quality of water entering the reef has been successful. The new plan attempts to address this issue by "targeting priority outcomes, integrating industry and community initiatives and incorporating new policy and regulatory frameworks (Reef Plan 5)". This updated version has improved the clarity of the previous plan and targets set by that plan, have improved accountability and further improved monitoring and assessment. The 2009 report found that 41 out of the 65 actions met their original goals, however, 18 were not progressing well according to evaluation criteria as well as 6 were rated as having unsatisfactory levels of progress.

text: Some key achievements made since the plan's initial passing in 2003 were the establishment of the Reef Quality Partnership to set targets, report findings and monitor progress towards targets, improved land condition by landowners was rewarded with extended leases, Water Quality Improvement Plans were created to identify regional targets and identified management changes that needed to be made to reach those targets, Nutrient Management Zones have been created to combat sediment loss in particular areas, education programs have been started to help gather support for sustainable agriculture, changes to land management practices have taken place through the implementation of the Farm Management Systems and codes of practice, the creation of the Queensland Wetland program and other achievements were made to help improve the water quality flowing into the coral reefs.

text: A taskforce of scientists was also created to assess the impact of different parts of the plan on the quality of water flowing into the coral reefs. They found that many of the goals have yet to be reached but found more evidence that states that improving the water quality of the Great Barrier Reef will improve its resilience to climate change. The Reefocus summit in 2008, which is also detailed in the report, came to similar conclusions. After this, a stakeholder working group was formed that worked between several groups as well as the Australian and Queensland governments to update reef goals and objectives. The updated version of the plan focuses on strategic priority areas and actions to achieve 2013 goals. Also quantitative targets have been made to critically assess whether targets are being met.

text: Some examples of the water quality goals outlined by this plan are that by 2013, there will be a 50% reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus loads at the end of catchments and that by 2020, there will be a reduction in sediment load by 20%. The plan also outlines a number of steps that must be taken by landholders to help improve grazing, soil, nutrient, and chemical management practices. There are also a number of supporting initiatives to take place outlined in the plan to help create a framework to improve land use practices which will in turn improve water quality.

text: Through these means the governments of Australia and Queensland hope to improve water quality by 2013. The 2013 outlook report and revised water quality plan will assess what needs to be done in the future to improve water quality and the livelihoods of the wildlife that resides there.[101]

text: In July 2004, a new zoning plan took effect for the entire Marine Park, and has been widely acclaimed as a new global benchmark for marine ecosystem conservation.[102] The rezoning was based on the application of systematic conservation planning techniques, using marxan software.[103] While protection across the Marine Park was improved, the highly protected zones increased from 4.5% to over 33.3%.[104] At the time, it was the largest Marine Protected Area in the world, although in 2006, the new Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument became the largest.[105]

text: In 2006, a review of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act of 1975 recommended are that there should be no further zoning plan changes until 2013, and that every five years, a peer-reviewed outlook report should be published, examining the reef's health, management, and environmental pressures.[6][106] In each outlook report, several assessments are required. Each assessment has a set of assessment criteria that allows for better presentation of available evidence. Each assessment is judged by these criteria and given a grade. Every outlook report follows the same judging and grading process so that information can be tracked over time. No new research is done to produce the report. Only readily available information goes into the report so little of what is known about the Reef is actually featured in each outlook report.[107]

text: Abbot Point coal port dredge dumping controversy

text: In December 2013, Greg Hunt, the Australian environment minister, approved a plan for dredging to create three shipping terminals as part of the construction of a coalport. According to corresponding approval documents, the process will create around 3 million cubic metres of dredged seabed that will be dumped within the Great Barrier Reef marine park area.[108]

text: On 31 January 2014, the GBRMPA issued a dumping permit that will allow three million cubic metres of sea bed from Abbot Point, north of Bowen, to be transported and unloaded in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Potential significant harms have been identified in relation to dredge spoil and the process of churning up the sea floor in the area and exposing it to air: firstly, new research shows the finer particles of dredge spoil can cloud the water and block sunlight, thereby starving sea grass and coral up to distances of 80 km away from the point of origin due to the actions of wind and currents. Furthermore, dredge spoil can literally smother reef or sea grass to death, while storms can repeatedly resuspend these particles so that the harm caused is ongoing; secondly, disturbed sea floor can release toxic substances into the surrounding environment.[109]

text: The dredge spoil from the Abbot Point port project is to be dumped 24 kilometres (15 mi) away, near Bowen in north Queensland, and the approval from the Authority will result in the production of an extra 70 million tonnes of coal annually, worth between A$1.4 billion and $2.8 billion.[109] Authority chairman, Dr Russell Reichelt, stated after the confirmation of the approval:

text: This approval is in line with the agency’s view that port development along the Great Barrier Reef coastline should be limited to existing ports. As a deepwater port that has been in operation for nearly 30 years, Abbot Point is better placed than other ports along the Great Barrier Reef coastline to undertake expansion as the capital and maintenance dredging required will be significantly less than what would be required in other areas. It’s important to note the seafloor of the approved disposal area consists of sand, silt and clay and does not contain coral reefs or seagrass beds.[109]

text: The approval was provided with a corresponding set of 47 new environmental conditions that include the following:

text:
A long-term water quality monitoring plan extending five years after the disposal activity is completed.
A heritage management plan to protect the Catalina second world war aircraft wreck in Abbot Bay.
The establishment of an independent dredging and disposal technical advice panel and a management response group, to include community representatives.[109][110]

text: The Australian Federal Government announced on 13 November that there would now be a ban on the dumping of dredge spoil in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. The World Heritage Committee asked Environment Minister Greg Hunt to investigate alternative options to dump on land instead. The Queensland government and the Commonwealth have now accepted the alternative option and advice from The World Heritage Committee and will now commence dumping on land. [111]

text: Tourism

text: Due to its vast biodiversity, warm clear waters and accessibility from the tourist boats called "live aboards", the reef is a very popular destination, especially for scuba divers. Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef is concentrated in Cairns and also The Whitsundays due to their accessibility. These areas make up 7%–8% of the Park's area.[59] The Whitsundays and Cairns have their own Plans of Management.[112] Many cities along the Queensland coast offer daily boat trips. Several continental and coral cay islands are now resorts, including Green Island and Lady Elliot Island. As of 1996, 27 islands on the Great Barrier Reef supported resorts.[59]

text: In 1996, most of the tourism in the region was domestically generated and the most popular visiting times were during the Australian winter. At this time, it was estimated that tourists to the Great Barrier Reef contributed A$776 million per annum.[113] As the largest commercial activity in the region, it was estimated in 2003 that tourism generated over A$4 billion annually,[114] and the 2005 estimate increased to A$5.1 billion.[112] A Deloitte report published by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority in March 2013 states that the Reef's 2,000 kilometres of coastline attracts tourism worth A$6.4 billion annually and employs more than 64,000 people.[115]

text: Approximately two million people visit the Great Barrier Reef each year.[116] Although most of these visits are managed in partnership with the marine tourism industry, there is a concern among the general public that tourism is harmful to the Great Barrier Reef.[59]

text: A variety of boat tours and cruises are offered, from single day trips, to longer voyages. Boat sizes range from dinghies to superyachts.[117] Glass-bottomed boats and underwater observatories are also popular, as are helicopter flights.[118][119] By far, the most popular tourist activities on the Great Barrier Reef are snorkelling and diving, for which pontoons are often used, and the area is often enclosed by nets. The outer part of the Great Barrier Reef is favoured for such activities, due to water quality.

text: Management of tourism in the Great Barrier Reef is geared towards making tourism ecologically sustainable. A daily fee is levied that goes towards research of the Great Barrier Reef.[112] This fee ends up being 20% of the GBRMPA's income.[120] Policies on cruise ships, bareboat charters, and anchorages limit the traffic on the Great Barrier Reef.[112]

text: The problems that surround ecotourism in the Great Barrier Reef revolve around permanent tourism platforms. Platforms are large, ship-like vessels that act as a base for tourists while scuba diving and snorkelling in the Great Barrier Reef. Seabirds will land on the platforms and defecate which will eventually be washed into the sea. The feces carry nitrogen, phosphorus and often DDT and mercury, which cause aspergillosis, yellow-band disease, and black band disease. Areas without tourism platforms have 14 out of 9,468 (1.1%) diseased corals versus areas with tourism platforms that have 172 out of 7,043 (12%) diseased corals.[121] Tourism is a major economic activity for the region. Thus, while non-permanent platforms could be possible in some areas, overall, permanent platforms are likely a necessity. Solutions have been suggested to siphon bird waste into gutters connecting to tanks helping lower runoff that causes coral disease.[122]

text: The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority has also placed many permanent anchorage points around the general use areas. These act to reduce damage to the reef due to anchoring destroying soft coral, chipping hard coral, and disturbing sediment as it is dragged across the bottom. Tourism operators also must comply with speed limits when travelling to or from tourist destinations, to prevent excessive wake from the boats disturbing the reef ecosystem.

text: Fishing

text: The fishing industry in the Great Barrier Reef, controlled by the Queensland Government, is worth A$1 billion annually.[12] It employs approximately 2000 people, and fishing in the Great Barrier Reef is pursued commercially, for recreation, and as a traditional means for feeding one's family.[90]

text: Dugong hunting

text: Under the Native Title Act 1993, native title holders retain the right to legally hunt dugongs and green turtles for "personal, domestic or non-commercial communal needs".[123][unreliable source?]

text: Four traditional owners groups agreed to cease the hunting of dugongs in the area in 2011 due to their declining numbers, partially accelerated by seagrass damage from Cyclone Yasi.[124]